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A

DICTIONARY

OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE

WITH AN APPENDIX

CONTAINING A PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF BIBLICAL,

CLASSICAL, MYTHOLOGICAL, HISTORICAL, AND

GEOGRAPHICAL PROPER NAMES

ABRIDGED FROM

WEBSTER'S INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY

800 ILLUSTRATIONS

NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

SPRINGFIELD, MASS.: G. & C. MERRIAM CO.-

A Suggestion to the Pupil

As you advance in your studies and are pro- moted to higher grades new and more difficult questions will continually arise. You will often feel the need of a larger and more complete dic- tionary to answer many puzzling questions in spell- ing, language work, history, geography, and science. A new dictionary, — Webster's Collegi- ate, Third Edition, — has just been issued to meet your needs. This new book is the largest and latest abridgment of Webster's New Inter- national, the parent dictionary of the latest Merriam-Webster series, justly known as the One Supreme Authority. At school you probably have access to one or both of these dictionaries, but do you know that study at home is made easier and is more quickly accom- plished when you have there the opportunity to use one of the larger dictionaries ? Have you a New International or Collegiate in your home ? Write for specimen pages, etc., to G. & C. Merriam Company, Publishers, Springfield, Mass., U. S. A.

Web. H. S. Diet, e- p 68

Copyright, 1892, By G. & C. MERRIAM CO.

Registered at Stationers' Hall, London, England. All rights reserved.

PREFACE.

The High School Dictionary here presented is compiled from Webster's International Dictionary of the English Language. As that work replaced Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, so this is designed to take the place of the High School Dictionary originally prepared by Mr. William G. Webster, in 1848. In 1857, Mr. Webster published a re- vision of this work, containing a vocabulary of the more common words which constitute the body of our language, with many technical terms in the sciences and arts. That book was in turn revised and enlarged by Mr. William A. Wheeler, in 1868. The present volume is an entirely new work, and contains many words and definitions not to be found in its predecessors. Its purpose is to give the correct orthography, pronun- ciation, and definition of all words which pupils in High Schools are likely to meet with.

The pronunciation of every word is clearly shown by respelling with phonetic markings that are explained in the key lines below the pages. For the first time in a school dictionary, the pronunciation of unaccented syllables is thus accurately indicated.

The addition of many new words, and the free use of illustrations to help in understanding the subject, have not excessively increased the bulk of the volume. Condensation has been accomplished by omitting defini- tions of derived words (mostly adverbs, adjectives, and abstract nouns) which are self-explaining as soon as the root word is understood ; and, further, such derivatives have usually been grouped in the same para- graph with the root word, where this could be done without interrupting the alphabetical order. On the other hand, care has been taken to dis- criminate between words of the same spelling and pronunciation, but of different etymology and meaning. For instance, Sound is a form repre senting/bwr words of the same pronunciation but of widely different ori- gin and sense. In older dictionaries such words appeared as one word with different meanings. This mode, tending to confuse or mislead the pupil, has been carefully avoided.

There is a copious Appendix which contains a list of Biblical, Classi- cal, Mythological, Historical, and Geographical Proper Names, combined in a single vocabulary.

CONTENTS.

♦

Page PREFACE iii

GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION v-xxi

Key to the Symbols v

The Vowels of the Alphabet in Detail vii

Diagram of the Simple Vowel Sounds xiv

The Consonants of the Alphabet (with the Consonant

Digraphs) in Detail xiv

Table of Consonant Elements xx

Assimilation of Sounds xx

Duplication of Consonants xxi

Accent xxi

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES xxii-xxv

RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS . xxvi-xxix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK xxx

A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE . . . 1-496

A PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF PROPER NAMES . . 497-530

GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.

KEY TO THE SYMBOLS.

In the RESPELLING FOR PRONUNCIATION in the Dictionary, there is employed — as shown in the Table — a symbol for every clear vowel or diphthongal sound in the language ; with, in four instances, a pair of equivalents for the same sound as occurring in different situations, viz. : u = oo ; u = ob ; 6 = a. ; and y (final) =r I ; besides a and e, italicized, as these vowels are in cer- tain cases obscured and turned toward the neutral form ; also, apostrophe for the voice-glide ; and N to indicate foreign nasalized vowels ; — some of the sounds occurring only in accented and others only iu unaccented syllables, and some others, with but slight difference of quality, in both. The a, 3, and 6 are used to represent the similar sounds in foreign words, but not limited as they are in English to unaccented syllables. The u is employed, as the nearest English vowel we have, inexact as it is, to replace u French and u German ; and in like manner the e for the eu French and 6 German.

The consonant letters b, d, f, li, j, k, 1, m, p, r, t, v, w, and y, and the digraphs sh and ng, are used with their ordinary normal value ; g, s, z, and eh are each limited to a single sound ; n and th are marked for one sound of each and used unmarked for the other. No use is made of c, q, x, or the digraphs pli, gh, dg, and wh. The principal substitutions of the consonant symbols used in the respelling are noted in the Table.

a, as in . . . ale, fate, laTbor, cha'os, chamber, pa'tri-ar'chal.

a, „ „ . . . sen'ate, preface, del'i-cate, a-e'ri-al, cha-ot'ic, sal'u-ta-ry.

a, „ „ . . • care, share, par'ent, compare', plow'share', bear, air.

a, „ „ . . . am, add, fat, ran'dom, attack', ac-cept', readmit'.

a, „ „ . . . arm, far, fa'ther, mar'tyr, ah, alms, art, palm.

a, „ „ . . . ask, grass, dance, a-bate', A-mer'i-ca, so'fa, bot'a-ny.

a, „ „ . . . fi'nal, in'fant, guid'ance, val'iant, husband, mad'am.

3, „ >, • • • all, awe, swarm, talk, draw.

e, „ „ . . . eve, mete, se-rene', he'li-om'e-ter.

e, „ „ . . . e-vent', de-pend', cre-ate', so-ci'e-ty, de"-lin'e-ate, se-rene'.

€, „ „ . . . find, met, 6x-cuse', 6f-face', car'pSt, cohdem-na'tion.

g, ,,„... fern, her, er'mine, per-vert', ev'er, in'fer-ence.

e, „ „ . . . re'eent, de'een-cy, pru-dence, pen'i-tent, nov'el.

I, „ „ . . . ice, time, sight, bind, in-splre', jus'ti-fPa-ble.

t, „,,... f-de'a, tri-bu'nal, dt-am'e-ter, bi-ol'o-gy.

I, „ „ . . . Ill, pin, pit'y, ad'mit', hab'it, di-vide', in-fin'i-tive.

o, „ „ . . . old, note, row, bold, o'ver, pro-pose', lo'co-mo'tive.

&, „ „ . . . o-bey', to-bae'eo, sor'row, a-nat'6-my, pro-pose'.

6, „ „ . . . orb, lord, dr'der, landlord', ab-hor', ab-hor'ring.

5, ,,„... 5dd, n5t, tfir'rid, for'est, oc-cur', in'cor-rect'.

u, „ „ . . . use, pure, mute, tune, du'ty, hu'man, assume'.

u, „ „ . . . vi-nite', ac'tu-ate, ed-u-ca'tion, humane'.

u, „ „ . . . rude, ru'mor, intrude7.

u, „ „ . . . full, put, push, fulfill', joy'ful, in'stru-ment.

ii, „ „ * * . tip, tub, stud'y, uu'der, submit', in'dus-try.

V

▼l GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.

Hi, „ „ . . . urn, furl, con-cfti', burn.

y, „ „ . . . pit'y, in'ju-ry, di-vin'i-ty.

<To, „ „ . . . food, moon, fool, noon, wdb'ing. •

do, „ „ . . . foot, wo^bl, book, good, crdbk'ed.

ou, ,,„... out, tliou, de-vour'.

oi, „,,... oil, nois'y, a-void', rejoice', em-broid'er-y, goi'ter.

N, representing simply the nasal tone (as in French or Portuguese) of the preceding vowel J 80

in ensemble (aN'saN'b'l), intrigante (SN'tre'gaNf). ' (for voice-ghde), as in pardon (par'd'u), eaten (et"n), evil (eVl).

g (hard) : as in go, begin, great, anger ; for gu, as in guard ; for gue, as in plague ; for

gli, as in ghost. s (surd, or sharp) : as in so, this, haste ; for c, as in cell, -vice ; for sc, as in scene, science ;

for ss, as in hiss, z (like s sonant) : as in zone, haze ; for s, as in is, lives, wise, music, ears, figs ; for x, as

in Xenophon, xylography. ch (= tsh) : as in chair, much ; for tch, as in match, etching, sh : for ch, as in machine, chaise, chandelier ; for ce, as in ocean ; for ci, as in social ;

for sci, as in conscious ; for s, as in sure ; for se, as in nauseous ; for si, as in pension ;

for ss, as in issue ; for ssi, as in passion ; for ti, as in nation, zh (= sh made sonant) : for z, as in azure ; for zi, as in glazier, brazier ; for s, as in pleas- ure, usual ; for si, as in vision ; for ssi, as in abscission ; for g, as in rouge, cortege, j (= dzh) : for g, as in gem, giant, engine ; for gi and ge, as in religion, pigeon ; for di,

as in soldier ; for dg, as in edge, knowledge, k : for ch, as in chorus, epoch, anarchy ; for c, as in cat, cube ; for ck, as in pack, duck;

for qu, as in conquer, coquette ; for que, as hi pique, oblique, kw : for qu, as in queen, quit, quality, ks (surd) : for x, as iu vex, exit, perplex, dextrous, gz (sonant) : for x, as in exist, exact, example.

f : for ph, as in philosophy, triumph ; for gh, as in laugh, rough, hw : for wh, as in what, why, where.

t : for ed, as in baked, crossed, capped ; for th, as in thyme, Thomas, n (the ordinary sound) : as in no, none, man, many, ng : as in long, singer ; for ngue, as in tongue.

n (like ng) : for n before the sound of k or hard g, as in bank, junction, linger, single. th (surd) : as in thin, through, wealth, worth, breath, width, th (sonant) : for th, as in then, though, this, smooth, breathe.

Note. Foreign consonant sounds are represented by the nearest English equivalents.

Accents and Hyphens. The principal accent is indicated by a heavy mark ('), and the second- ary accent by a lighter mark ('), at the end of the syllable. Syllabic division is otherwise indicated by a light hyphen ; a heavier hyphen joins the members of compound words.

The Table here appended, together with the preceding Table, furnishes a method of INDICA- TING PRONUNCIATION WITHOUT RESPELLING. It is, in its main features, the same as that employed in previous editions of the Dictionary, and will serve except in the case of a comparatively few words, which must be respelled. Use is made of it in this Guide to Peonunciation.

To each of the symbols here given, the equivalent is added that takes its place in the respelling <thus : a = 6, etc. ; what = whdt, etc. ; c = k, etc.). The unmarked letter in a digraph is to be taken as if silent ; as in break, bread, hail, yield , veil, etc. Silent e at the end of sylLv

GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.

vu

bles, as in fate, etc., or in the -ed of preterits and participles, as in baked, burned, etc., need not be marked.

The method has diacritical marks applied to such consonant letters and digraphs as offer espe- cial and frequent occasion for their use. Certain syllables, as tion, sion, tial, cial, etc., which would naturally be correctly pronounced, need not be marked or respelled. The sounds, as de- scribed, of x, ph, qu, and wh, unmarked, are what these characters will usually, but not invaria- bly, represent.

as in What, "Was, Quality, In'stal-la'tion.

„ „ Eight, Prey, Vein, Obey', Un-f eign'ed-ly.

,, „ There, Where, Heir, Wherein'.

„ „ Ewe, Dew, Hewn, etc. ; or (= u), as in Brew.

„ ,, Eel, Feet, Fee'ble, Unseen', See'ing.

,, ,, Pique, Ma-chine', Po-l'ice'.

„ „ Irk'some, Fir, Bird, Vir'tue, Vir-gin'i-ty, E-lixIr.

„ „ Qoze, Do, Who, Tomb, Ke-mov'al.

,, „ Wolf, Wom'an, Wol/ver-ine/, Bos'om.

„ „ Oth'er, Son, Wel'come, Wis'dom, Can'non.

„ „ Owl, Cow'ard, Vow'el, Al-low', Bow' wow'.

„ „ Oys'ter, Boy, Roy'al, En-joy', An-noy'ance.

„ „ Fly, Sky, Style, Defy', Dy'ing.

Yt'tri-a, Hymn, Eyr'ic, My-thol'o-gy.

Myrrh, Myr'tle, Sa'tyr, Mar'tyr-dom.

a(=»),

E, e (= a), . . . .

E, 6 (= a), . : . . Ew, ew (= u), . Ee, ee (= e), . . ,

i (= e),

I,t(=e):

Q, o (= oo), . . o (= ob or u),

6, *(=«), . .*.

Ow, ow (= ou), Oy. oy (= oi), . .

y(=i),

*,y(=D,

y(=«),

5> )> ?> >>

C, e (= k), . . C, c (= s), . . , Ch,ch(=k), Ch, ch (= sh), G, g (= g), • •

as in Cat, Concur.

„ „ Cell, Vice.

„ „ Chorus, Epoch.

„ „ Chaise, 3Iachine.

„ „ Get, Begin, Anger.

„ „ Gem, Engine.

dg(=j),

x. (= gz), . . . ,

x (= ks), Ph, ph t= f ), . . Qu, qu (= kw), . Wh, wh (= hw),

as in Edge, Badger. „ ,, I§, Hag, "Wigdom. „ ,, Ejist, Example. ,, „ Vex, Exit. ,, ,, Phantom, Sylph. „ „ Queen, Conquest. „ „ When, What.

THE VOWELS OF THE ALPHABET IN DETAIL.

A.

§ 1. A, a : as in ale, fate, mak'er, pro-fane'. The sound is otherwise represented, as in pain, day, gaol, gauge, break, veil, whey, also aye (ever) ; and is the name sound of the letter. The vowel is called " long a."

A is diphthongal, its initial element being nearly 6 in end, and its vanish i in ill or e in eve.

The vanish is heard most distinctly when the sound ends a word or an accented syllable, and ifc varies according to the nature of the consonant by which it is stopped.

The radical or initial element, somewhat widened, is the exceptional sound of a in many, any, Thames; and of ai in said, again, against. See § 13.

§ 2. A, & '■ a modification of the preceding vowel in syllables without accent ; ranging between a (ale) and 6 (end) ; and never taking the vanish. It occurs in the endings -ace, -age ; as, pref- ace, sol'Sce, rav'Sge, ad'age, etc. The ending -ate, in the case of verbs, takes a (ale), with accent, primary or secondary (though with the secondary accent not marked in the Dictionary) ; as, re-late', ad'vo-cate (v.), em'u-late, con'ju-gate (v.), ag'gre-gate (v.), etc. ; while, in the case of nouns and adjectives, a without the accent is commonly used ; as, sen'ate, prel'ate, ad'- vo-cSte (n.), ag'gre-gate (».), con'ju-g£te (a.). Also, a often occurs as preceding another vowel — usually accented — in the following syllable; as, a-e'ri-al, cha-ot'ic, Ju'da-ism. In words like mis'cel-lavny, sal'u-ta-ry, sunuVtu-aV-ry, the a, before ny or ry final, and with the preceding syllable unaccented, has properly this sound ; but if the preceding syllable be accented, as in bot'a-ny, di'a-ry, sal'a-ry, pri'ma-ry, boun'da-ry, the a, sound (so'fa), is usually preferred ; yet in con'tra-ry and li'bra-ry the 2fc is the easier to give, and in these and some others of the class is common and allowable. In final syUables, the tendency of the sound is to pass

vm GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.

through 6 to i, as in village, sur'f ace, etc., in which the a is followed by a j or an s sound. The ai in moun'tain, cap'tain, etc., in the same way becomes I (ill).

§ 3. A, a : only in syllables closed by the sound of r and more or less strongly accented ; as in care, share, corn-pare', par'ent, plow'share'. The sound is also represented by e (thdre) ; and otherwise as in air, bear, heir, prayer.

The a before r does not ordinarily take this sound when the r precedes a vowel or another r in the following syllable of the word ; as in par'i-ty, par'ry, com-par'i-son, char'i-ty, etc. But the sound remains without change by an added verb inflection or the suffix -er ; as in com-par'- ing, shar'er ; and appears exceptionally in par'ent, par'ent-age, gar'ish.

The sound is the narrow correlate of the wide a (am). It is not simply a prolongation of that sound ; though, if we attempt such prolongation, the organs naturally slide into a position which gives the sound in question.

The difference between this sound and that of a may be readily distinguished by sounding the first syllable of charity and the word chair.

Some orthoepists, as Walker, Smart, Stormonth, Ellis, identify this sound with a, or with e" pro- longed, but this sound is not now commonly given in the United States.

§ 4. A, a : as in am, add, fat, r&n'dom, have, par'i-ty ; also in plaid, guar'an-ty, etc. ; the regular " short a." It is usually followed by a closing consonant sound, whether accented or unaccented.

As unaccented, it is more commonly found in initial closed syllables : as in al-lude', at-tack', annul'.

§ 5. A, a : as in arm, far, father, ah, alms, palm, etc. ; having equivalents as in hearth, aunt, guard, etc. ; called the " Italian a."

This is the most open of all the vowel sounds. In its formation the mouth and throat are opened widely, and the tongue is left in its natural position of rest.

§ 6. A, a. This is the sound to be preferred in certain words or syllables ending in sk, ff, ft, th, ss, sp, st, nee, nt, nd ; as, ask, staff, graft, path, pass, grasp, last, dance, chant, com-mand' ; and in some other cases ; besides its frequent use in unaccented syllables, — for one class of which it will in this Dictionary be indicated by a, the Italic form of the letter. See § 7.

In organic position, a lies between a in am, and a in arm. The main part of the tongue is Taised higher than in arm, and the mouth is not so widely opened.

In unaccented stllables this sound (a) is of frequent occurrence, though in rapid speech more or less obscured and often falling into the neutral form.

In open syllables unaccented, as in a-rise', di'a-dem, ca-lor'ic, mu'ta-ble, bot'a-ny, sal'a-ry, vil'la, so'fa, etc., the sound may be regarded as a brief and obscure form of a.

§ 7. In final or medial syllables, unaccented, and closed by n, 1, nt, nee, nd, s, ss, st, p or ph or n*, m, or d, as in syl'van, va'can-cy, mor'tal, loy'al, va'cant, val'iant, guid'ance, hus'band, Was, com'pass, bal'last, break'fast, jal'ap, ser'aph, mad'am, myr'i-ad,

etc., the Italic a is used in the spelling for pronunciation. See § 6.

§ 8. A, a : as in all, talk, swarm, wa'ter, ap-pall' ; otherwise represented in haul, draw, awe ; also in orb, bdrn, bought, etc.

This is called the " broad sound " of a, and is formed by a depression of the larynx and a con- sequent retraction of the tongue which enlarges the cavity of the mouth posteriorly,

In the words salt, malt, quarrel, etc., as commonly heard, the sound of a falls between 5 in not and a in all (or is a somewhat shortened).

§9. A, a: as in was, what, wan'der, wal'low, qual'i-ty, etc. The sound is identical

GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. ix

with that of 5 (5dd, n5t), and ow in knowledge, etc. In the respelling for pronunciation, it will be represented by 6.

E.

§ 10. E, e : as in eve, mete, con'crete', etc. ; the name sound, having equivalents as in feet, beam, de-ceive', peo'ple, key, Cse'sar, ma-cbine', field, quay, Phoe.'bus, Por'tu-guese', etc. The vowel is called "long e." In the formation of this element, the tongue is raised convexly within the dome of the palate, pressing against its sides, and leaving the smallest possible passage through which a vowel sound is uttered.

§ 11. E, e" : in unaccented syllables, as e-vent', S-pit'o-me, erg-ate', de'-lin'e'-ate', so-ci'-

e-ty ; shorter than accented e (eve), verging towards, or sometimes even reaching, I (ill).

§ 12. E, e. This, in genuine English words, occurs only with i or y added, so as to make a digrapb ; as in eight, prey, vein, etc. The sound is identical with a in ale, and will be indi- cated by a in the respelling.

In naturalized and half-naturalized foreign words, as forte, finale, abbe, ballet, con- somme, adobe, auto-da-fe, Jose, and in the interjection elx and in a few other instances, we have this sound of e without the vanish. In such cases, in the respelling, it is indicated by the symbol a.

§ 13. £, 6 : as in end, pfit, ten, fir'ror, etc. ; otherwise as in featb/er, heif'er, leop'ard, friend, di-ser'e-sis, as/a-fcet'i-da, bur'y, guess, a'ny, said, etc. ; called "short e." The syllable is usually closed by a consonant sound.

This is not the short sound of e in eve, but the initial or radical sound, somewhat widened, of the diphthongal a. It is made by arching up the tongue under the hard palate, as in e, but its place of formation is farther back.

Unaccented it occurs, as in ex-cuse', fin-large', fif-f ace', fis-tate', fir-ro'ne-ous, lev'fil, in'tfil-lect7, car'pfit ; and sometimes it verges to or towards i, as in ro'ses, hors'fis, fair'fist, wis'est, riv'et, end'ed, wicked, wool'fin, kitch'fin.

§ 14. E, 6 : as in there, where ; also in heir, etc. ; only before r ; — identical in sound with a (care).

§ 15. £, e: as in fern, err, her, er'mine, verge, in-feV, per-vgrt'; otherwise as in sir, bird, earn, mirth, niyr'tle, guer'don, etc. It occurs when immediately followed by r in a mono- syllable or in the same accented syllable ; but not when the r precedes a vowel or another r in the following syllable, as in vfir'y, pfir'il, meVry, fir'ror, he'ro, pe'ri-od, etc., except that verbs having this sound of the letter almost always retain it when inflected or suffixed ; as in con-f Sir- ring, de-tfir'rlng, con-fer'rer, re-fer'ri~ble.

This sound is formed by placing the organs in a position intermediate between that requisite for sounding u (urn), and that for sounding 6, thus making (as Smart observes) a compromise between the two. A majority of English-speaking people, however, make no distinction between e in her, and u in urn ; but as many orthoepists do make a slight difference, the two markings have been retained in this Dictionary.

§ 16. Unaccented S (before r),~ as in ev'er, read'Sr, lov'Sr, sev'Sr, sev'er-al, per-form', rev'Sr-ent, in'fer-ence, cav'grn, etc., with equivalents in e-lix,ir, zeph'yr, ac'tor, li'ar, etc., — is nearly identical with the accented e (f ern).

§ 17. The e before n in unaccented syllables, — as in pru'dent, rai'ment, con-ven'ient, cre'dence, de'een-cy, etc., — takes a sound of obscure quality in ordinary speech The e before n in wool'en, kitch'en, etc., takes properly the 6 (find) sound, which in rapid speech tends toward i (ill). In words like com'ment, con'vent, — correct with fi (find), — we have the final

X GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.

syllable actually under a secondary accent. Before 1, the unaccented e is, in some cases, like that above before n ; as in nov'el, in'fi-del ; while in shriv'el and some others it takes the form ex- plained below (see § 18) ; — but, in many cases, it is commonly and properly given as e (end) ; thus in jew'el, cru'el, cam'el, gos'pel, fun'nel, an'gel, chan'nel. In some of these, and in other words of the kind, there is considerable diversity of usage as between these sounds.

In the case of words like pru'dent, nov'el (see above in this paragraph), the vowel will be in- dicated by a bare Italic e in the spelling for pronunciation.

§ 18. The unaccented vowel of obscure quality before n or 1, is sometimes reduced to the attenu- ated form called the voice-glide, — as in eat'en, heav'en, o'pen, shriv'el, a'ble, gen'tle, par'ti-cle, ba'sin, cous'in, par'don, sea'son, etc.

Syllables are also made by m with the voice-glide ; as in schism (siz'm), chasm (kaz'm), mi'- cro-cosm (-koz'm), etc. Substituting the vowel u for the voice-glide is not sanctioned.

In this Dictionary, an apostbophe (') is used in the respelling for pronunciation to indicate the vowel elision or the voice-glide ; as, par'd'n, a'b'l, etc.

§ 19. The letter e silent. As annexed to a consonant at the end of a syllable, this letter has no sound ; but serves commonly, in accented syllables, to indicate the preceding vowel as long ; as in came, tone. It also marks the preceding consonant c or g as soft ; as in ser'vice, rav'age, vice, o-blige'.

§ 20. The letter e, with consonant value. Like the short I, when e unaccented is closely followed by another vowel, it naturally falls into more or less of a consonant y sound, and the e thus makes with the following vowel an imperfect, or consonantal, diphthong. After t, or d, or c, or s, this y sound often coalesces with the consonant and changes its sound ; as in right'eous (ri'chus) ; gran'deur (gran'dur or gran'jur), mi-ca'ceous (-shus), o'cean (o'shan), and nau'seous (na/- shus). Even after the sound of the e has changed the preceding consonant, it may still appear, espe- cially when the accent falls upon the following vowel ; as in o'ce-an'ic (o'she-Sn'Tk), nau'se-ate (na'she-at).

I.

§ 21. I, I : as in ice, time, sight, child, bind, gi'ant : the name sound of the letter. It is called "longi." Equivalents are vie, guile, height, aisle, thy, buy, choir, rye, eye, ay or aye (yes) as sometimes heard.

The sound is diphthongal. The main part is the glide between its initial (a in arm) and its ter- minal (i in ill).

§ 22. 1,1: unaccented : as in f-de'a, bt-ol'o-gy. trt-bu'nal, bf-car'bo-nate, dl-am'e-ter.

The quality of the sound is subject to variation ; the diphthong (l in ice) being more curtailed as the syllable takes less stress and shorter quantity.

§ 23. I, i : as in pique, ma-ch'ine', in-trigue', etc. The sound is the same as that of e (eve), by which it is represented in the respelling for pronunciation.

§ 24. I, i : as in ill, pit, pit'y, Ts'sue, admit', un-til', etc. Equivalents are hymn, guin'ea, sieve, breech'es, been, Eng'lish, bus'y, wom'en. This is not the short sound of i in ice, but the short correlative of e in eve. It is called " short i."

Unaccented syllables with this vowel are, in the greater number of cases, closed by a conso- nant, as in cab'in, il-lume', in-hab'it. But there are many words in which i ends an unac- cented syllable or forms a syllable by itself, as di-vide', visl-ble, vis'i-bill-ty.

§ 25. I, i, before r : as in fir, bird, vir'tue, vir'gin, irk'some. etc. : the precise equiva- lent of e (fern). In some words the sound, before 1 or n, is reduced to the voice-glide ; as in e'vil (eVl), ba'sin (ba's'n), etc. See § 18.

GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. xi

§ 26. The letter i, with consonant value. A short i, closely followed by another vowel, often falls into a y sound, and thus produces an impure diphthong, and makes one syllable out of two ; as in f il'ial, min'ion, gen'ius, etc. A preceding s surd, c soft, or sc, by fusion with the y, takes an sh sound ; as in man'sion, con'scious, vi'cious ; and an s sonant or a z takes a zli sound ; as in vi'sion, gla'zier, - the i sound being wholly lost. A preceding t does the same, as in na'tion, par'tial, etc. ; with the exception that when preceded by a syllable ending in s or x, the ti takes a ch (tsh) sound ; as in ques'tion, mix'tion, Christian, etc. After g, the i falls out, leaving the g soft ; as in re'gion. When d precedes the i, the di in some words becomes, or tends to become, a j (dzh) ; as cordial, In'dian, etc., are sometimes, and sol'dier is always, pronounced.

§ 27. 0,5: as in old, note, bone, o'ver, pro-pose', lo'co-mo'tive, etc. ; with equiva- lents as in roam, foe, shoul'der, grow, owe, sew, yeo'man, beau, hautboy, door. It is the

" regular long " sound, and the name sound of the letter.

This vowel takes a distinctly perceptible vanish in db (fbbt), or sometimes in oo (food), and is thus diphthongal. In the formation of the radical part, the lips are contracted to a circular open- tag ; and the jaw is less depressed than for $, and more than for oo (food). As in the similar case of a (ale) the vanish is not universal, yielding more or less to counteracting influences.

Before r in accented syllables, the long o naturally and more properly takes a vanish in u (urn) instead of db ; as in glo'ry, ore, door, four.

§ 28. 6, 6. In unaccented and usually open syllables, in English ; as in 6-bey', to-bac'co, bil'low, bil'lows, So-crat'ic, po-et'ic, eu'16-gy, a-nat'6-my, trail s'i to-ry. This sound differs from the o (old), not only by absence of the vanish, but by taking a somewhat wider form.

§ 29. 6, 6 : only before r ; as in 6rb, lord, or'der, abhor', ex-hdrt', etc. ; with equiva- lents, as in extraordinary, georgic, etc.

The most generally approved pronunciation here represented by this symbol is identical with that of a (all).

The 6 is limited to accented syllables with the r not followed by a vowel or another r in the fol- lowing syllable of the same word (the case of inflected verbs, as ab-hor'ring, and the cognate nouns in -er, as ab-hor'rer, excepted) ; while otherwise the vowel is 5, as in f or'eign, tor'rid, or o, as in more, o'ral.

There are some words in which o before consonants other than r takes usually and properly a medial sound between a. (all) and 5 ; as song, long, soft, cross, gone, off, trougb, oft, often, cost, broth, cloth, etc. In the respelling for pronunciation in the Dictionary, this medial sound is indicated by 6 (odd).

In unaccented syllables, we sometimes have the 6 (orb) ; as in mor-tal'i-ty, f 6r-get', dr- dain', etc., and in for, nor, or, unaccented as well as accented.

§ 30. O, o : as in n5t, odd, etc. ; called "short o ; " having a (in was, etc.) as an equivalent, and also ow in knowledge and ou in hough, lough. It is the short correlate of a (all).

Unaccented syllables with 6 are naturally closed by a consonant ; as in con-elude', 5c-cur', 5p-press/, dis'edn-tent', rec'ol-lect', re'cSm-mit' ; falling into the neutral sound in very rapid speech. They are rarely final syllables, the 6 (son) sound being commonly given in final syllables.

§ 31. O, o : as in do, prgve, tomb, etc. ; the same as db, and represented by db in the respelling for pronunciation.

§ 32. O, o : as m wolf, wo'man, bo'som, etc. ; with sound of tyo, and represented by o^o in the respelling for pronunciation.

xu GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.

§ 33. 6, 6 : as in sdn, done, oth'er, etc. ; doubled in flood, blood, etc. ; —the same as fi (up), or before r as u (urn), and in the respelling for pronunciation represented by these sym- bols in accented syllables.

In unaccented syllables the 6 occurs frequently ; as in ac'tor, at'om, wel'come, f el'on, bish'op, hig'ot, etc., with sound either as u (up) or as e (ev'er). In the respelling for pronun- ciation, it will appear before r as e, and in most other cases as ii ; but sometimes before n it repre- sents merely a voice-glide ; as beck'on (b5k''n), rea'son (reVn).

Oo.

§ 34. The double letter oo has two sounds, marked do and <ib ; besides the oo in door, and in flood, etc. In uttering these sounds the labial opening is still more contracted than for o.

§ 35. Oo, do : as in moon, food, fool, boot, etc. ; with equivalents in do, canoe, group, rude, rue, recruit, rheum, drew, manoeuvre.

§ 36. Oo, do : as in foot, wool, good, crdbk'ed, etc. Equivalents are o (wolf) and u (full). It is the wide or short correspondent of the long do.

Oi and Oy.

§ 37. The diphthong oi and oy is made by the rapid change or glide of the organs in passing from a. to 1, as in oil, boy, etc.

Ou and Ow.

§ 38. The dipthong ou and ow is formed by a rapid passage of the organs from a to Sit, as in outrun, owl, outlive, etc. Making the firet element a is a local peculiarity, and is very ob- jectionable.

As digraphs, these combinations of letters take several other sounds ; as in soup, route, Zouave (zwav or zob-av'), soul, cou'ple, griev'ous, know, bil'low, knowl'edge, cham'ois, av'oir-du-pois', choir, tor'toise, etc.

§39. €", u : as in use, a-buse', fu'sion, pure, mute, cube, tune, du'ty, lute, ju'ry,

etc. ; called " long u ; " having equivalents as in beauty, feodal, feud, pew, ewe, lieu, view, cue, suit, yule, yew, you.

The general type of the sound is that of a diphthong, which has do (food) for the terminal and main part, and for the initial a very brief and evanescent element, nearly related to I (ill) or to e (eve) ; but in the greater number of cases there comes in, as a glide, a more or less full sound of consonant y, which displaces the initial vowel element. When preceded by certain consonants, the y glide has a tendency to be fused with the consonant, thus taking the shape of a sibilant, sh or zh, glide (see below). This tendency, in accented syllables, — to which the u is limited, — should be severely restricted. Also, in no case whatever should the y sound be forced in when it will not come in smoothly as a glide.

At the beginning of a syllable, as in use, u'nit, etc., the initial vowel element becomes y, — the G here sounding the same as you in the words you, youth, etc. Next to this, the y sound comes in the most clearly after p, b, m, v, f , c, and g hard ; as in pure, bu'reau, beau'ty, mute, view, fii'tile, cube, gule. After n, it is less prominent ; as in new. After s, th, 1, and j, the y sound comes in with difficulty, and need not be attempted ; as in suit, assume', thew, en-thii'si-asm, lute, ju'ry. After t or d, the u may better be given without the y ; as in tune, tu'tor, due, duke, du'ty. In all these cases of y omitted, the initial vowel element (a brief form of 1) is retained : it would be quite wrong to give an ordinary do for the entire sound In such words. The y, if attempted after t or d, is apt to degenerate into a sibilant, and pro- duce, with the consonant, a decided tsh or dzh sound, tnus making tune, choon, and due the same as Jew. The y sound after d or n is common in England, as in due, new, etc., but not in

GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. xm

America. As exceptional, the s in sure, sug'ar, and their derivatives, is entirely displaced by the sh developed from the y sound, and the vowel is reduced to a simple ob (food) or ob (foot) sound.

§ 40. U, u : representing a modification of the sound of u (use), in unaccented syllables ; as in u nite', grad'u-ate, ac'tu-ate, em'u-late, tu-mul'tu-ous, ju-di'cial, ad'ju-tant, con'ju-gate, supreme', in'svi-lar, lu-cid'i-ty, in-dis'sol-u-ble, val'u-a-ble, virtue, na'ture, ver'dure, cen'sure, sen'su-al, is'su-ing, meas'ure, etc. The sound differs from that of u by taking for the final element the wide do (fbbt) ; and, after t, by a partial or entire change of the y into a more or less clear sh, and usually after d into a zli glide ; as in na'ture, ver'ilfire, etc. A preceding s, in a syllable not initial (as in cen'sure, sen'su-al, etc.), takes more commonly an sh sound, and a z or an s sonant (as in az'iire, sei'zure, lei'suro, cas'ti-al, etc.) takes a zh sound, and the vowel becomes nearly, if not quite, the same in sound as u (joy'- f ul). But the preceding s remains unchanged in initial, and sometimes also in medial syllables ; as in supreme', con'su-lar, in'svi-lar, etc. After j or 1 in the same syllable, the vowel has nearly or exactly the sound of u (joy'ful) ; as in ju-di'cial, ad'ju-tant, lu-cid'i-ty, indis'- so-lu-ble. Before r, the sound often inclines towards e (ev'er) ; as in na'ture, cen'sure, meas'ure, etc.

§ 41. U, u : only after r ; as in rude, ru'mor, ru'ral. The sound does not differ essen- tially from that of do (food). The sound occurs after s, as exceptional, in sure and its deriva- tives, the s being heard as sh.

§42. TJ, u: as in bull, full, put, push, pull, etc. ; with sound the same as do (fbbt), heard also in sug'ar after s as sh.

Unaccented the u occurs in the syllable f ul ; as in joy'ful, joy'f ul-ness, f ul-nlF, etc. ; also, after r, in f ru-gal'i-ty and a few other words.

§ 43. U, u: as in urn, urge, burn, hurl, etc. ; with equivalents as in worm, journal, etc., before r only. The sound, as more commonly heard, is the narrow form of the vowel, correspond- ing to the wide u. (up).

§ 44. U, ii '. as in tip, bud, tub, us, ush'er, iin'der, etc. ; the " short u ; " with equiva- lents as in sun, does, blood, touch, etc.

In unaccented syllables the vowel occurs in cir'cxis, sub-mit', etc., and falls readily into the " neutral vowel." The ou in pi'ous, etc., oi in por'poise, eo in dun'geon, etc., usually the ow in bel'lows, etc., and the final element of the eou in right'eous, etc., and of iou in gra'- cious, etc., and the o in at'om, irk'some, na'tion, etc., have the same sound.

§ 45. U, ivith consonant value, having the sound of w, before another vowel in the same syllable : after qorg; as in qual'i-ty, quite, ques'tion, gua'no, lan'guage, etc. ; also after s, as in persuade', suite, etc.

§ 46. The neutral vowel, sometimes called the " natural vowel," is the vooal sound made with the least articulative effort, or with no effort to shape the sound, and heard, except as a glide, only in unaccented syllables. It may be described as an obscure sound approaching that of ii (up) or u (urn).

§ 47. This letter, as a vowel, has four sounds : y = T ; as in de-f y', style, fly ; — y, the equiva- lent of i (idea) , as in hy-e'na, my-ol'o-gy ; — y = i ; as in nymph, lyr'ic, and (unaccented) pit'y, hap'py ; — y = e or I ; as in myrrh, myr'tle and (unaccented) zeph'yr.

xiv GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.

DIAGRAM OF THE SIMPLE VOWEL SOUNDS.

a ; • . . as in . . . arm ;

>> ?>

ask;

a, a; 6, a; . . "" . care, am ; odd, all ;

a, e; 6,5; "" ale, end ; obey, old;

[8,3; [ti, ft; "" [f3rn, ever ; [tip, urn ;

e, I; do, do; "" eve, ill ; f dot, food.

DIPHTHONGS. The compound ou is a glide from a to do. The compound I is a glide from a to I. The compound u is composed of y or I and do, The sound of a. has a vanish in I or e. The sound of o has a vanish in do or ob.

THE CONSONANTS OF THE ALPHABET (WITH THE CON- SONANT DIGRAPHS) IN DETAIL.

B.

§ 48. This is a labial sonant, correlative of p, as in boy, cab, ebb, beau'ty, bring, blow, a'ble, herb, bulb, robbed (r5bd), etc. It is usually silent after m in the same syllable ; as in bomb, climb, tomb ; also before t ; as in debt, doubt, sub'tle ; also in bdellium.

§ 49. The " soft c " has a sibilant sound of three varieties : — One like s sharp, marked C, c, and represented by s in the respelling for pronunciation. C has this sound before e, I, or y ; as in cede, civil, cypress, acid, glance, force, vice, etc. — In a few words the letter has the z sound ; as in sacrifice, suffice, discern. —When ce or ci is followed by another vowel in the same syllable, the sli sound is taken, either by the c alone, as in oceanic, viciosity, or by the ce or ci together, as in ocean, vicious, etc.

§ 50. The " hard c," marked C, -e, has the sound of k, and is represented by k in the respelling. The letter has this sound before a, o, or u, or a consonant, and at the end of a syllable if not fol- lowed by i or e ; as in call, cold, pic'ture, act, ethics ; and before e in sceptic, and i in scirrous, etc.

§ 51. C is silent in czar, victuals, indict, and in muscle, corpuscle, etc.

CH.

§ 52. The digraph ch (unmarked) has nearly the sound of tsh ; as in chin, church. It is the surd correlative of j.

The sound is also represented by ti in bastion, question, Christian, etc., by te in righteous, and by t with the initial part of u in texture, nature, etc.

§ 53. The digraph marked Ch, ch, has the sound of sh, in words from the French which have retained this sound ; as in chaise, chivalry, chagrin, machine, mustache.

§ 54. Ch hard, marked Ch, ch ; with sound like k, which is used to represent it in the respell-

GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. xv

Ing. It has this sound in words derived from the Greek, and through the Latin in all but quite modern words; as in chorus, epoch, echo, chlorine, chrism, character; or from the Hebrew ; as in Nebuchadnezzar, Enoch, etc. ; exceptions are church, chart, Rachel, cherub, and the prefix arch- in archbishop, archdeacon, archduke, etc. ; but the k sound remains in archangel, and in architect, architrave, etc.

§ 55. Ch is silent in drachm, schism, yacht ; also in fuchsia.

§ 56. This is a dental sonant, correlative of the surd t ; as in day, dry, bed, aimed, idle. tt sounds as t when preceded by a surd in the same syllable ; as in hissed, looked, arched < nist, 166kt, archt). It is silent in the first syllable of Wednesday and in handkerchief, handsome, and windrow.

§ 57. This is a labiodental, the surd correlative of the sonant v ; as in fame, fly, few, staff, oft, etc. It has gh and ph for equivalents ; as in laugh, photograph, etc. It takes the sound of v in the word of, and usually in the compounds, hereof, thereof, whereof.

G.

§ 58. The " hard g " is marked G, g ; but in the respelling for pronunciation is represented by g unmarked. It is a guttural sonant, the correlative of k, used before a, o, u, or 1, r, s, in the same syllable; as in gay, go, gun, glad, grow, lingual, argue, bags, haggle ; — sometimes, though not usually, before e, i, or y ; as in get, give, gig, muggy. The letter g is always hard at the end of a word ; as in hug, berg ; also in the derivatives of such words, even when the doubled g is followed by e, i, or y ; as in cragged, druggist, foggy.

The interposition of a slight sound of e (eve) or I (ill) between g hard and a following a or I sound, in garden, guard, guide, guile, etc., and in like manner after a k or hard c, in card, kind, etc., — upheld by the authority of Walker, — is not approved.

§ 59. The " soft g," marked G, g, has the sound of j, and is represented by j in the respelling for pronunciation ; as in gem, engine, rage, caged,' etc. It is found usually before e, i, or y.

§ 60. In a few words from the French, the letter g retains the sound like that of z in azure ; as in rouge, mirage, cortege, etc.

§ 61. The letter g is silent before m or n final, and when initial before n ; as in phlegm, siirn, gnat, gnostic, etc. No g sound is heard in the digraph ng; as in sing, long, etc. ; nor jn seraglio, nor in bagnio.

GH.

§ 62. At the beginning of a word, this digraph is sounded like hard g ; as in ghastly, ghost, etc. It is silent after i ; as in high, sigh, weigh, straight, eight, right, etc. ; also before t in the same or a following syllable ; as in bought, brought, thought, wrought, causrht, taught, fraught, daughter, drought, etc. ; but has the sound of f in the word draught; the sound of f also commonly after au or ou at the end of a syllable ; as in laugh, cough, rough, enough; that of k in hough, lough, shough ; and is often silent after au or ou in the same syllable ; as in overslaugh, dough, doughy, though, bough, through.

§ 63. This is a pure breath sound, representing no fixed configuration of the vocal organs, and is often called the aspirate. It occurs at the beginning of words or syllables, as in hate, here, hire.

XVI

GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.

house, home, hard, hit, hoop, hoot, etc. The sound may be produced before any of the vowel sounds and before the semivowel sounds y and w. It is represented by wh in who, whose, whom. H is silent in heir, herb (usually), honest, honor, hour, and their de- rivatives.

J.

§ 64. This, with the equivalents g soft and dg, is compounded of d and zh. We have it in jar, jam, jest, jut, jury, join, etc. It is the sonant correlative of the surd ch. In some proper names of foreign origin, and in other foreign words, j or dj occurs at the end of a syllable ; as in Aj'a-lon, hadj, hadj'i, Mij'a-min, Raj, Raj'poor'.

The sound is represented by ge in surgeon, outrageous, etc. ; by gi in region, religious, etc. ; by di in soldier, etc. ; by de in grandeur, etc. ; and by d with a part of u in verdure.

K.

§ 65. This is a guttural surd mute, the correlative of sonant g (hard) ; as in kite , kill, skill, ask, ark, elk, ilk, mink, oak, etc. It has hard c, hard ch, gh, cu, qu, que, cque, and q for equivalents; as in call, chorus, hough, biscuit (-kit), coquet, antique, sacque, queen.

The sound is the first component of the ordinary x ; as in box, etc. Before n, in the same syllable, k is silent ; as in knot, knee, etc. ; ck has the sound of k alone ; as in back ; as does Ik after a, (all) or o (old) ; as in walk, folk, etc.

I*

§ 66. This is a palatal sonant made by contact of the point of the tongue with the palate, as for t, d, n ; but with the sides of the tongue in this case left free for the passage of the breath. It is one of the liquids. We have it in lie, all, sole. The 1 in an unaccented following an accented syllable fulfills the office of a vowel ; as in battle, bustle, bridle, couple, pickle, etc., and in some other cases, as in evil, easel, etc. The 1 is silent in would, could, should, alms, balm, malmsey, calm, palm, palmer, psalm, salmon, almond, half, behalf, calf, halve, salve, calves, balk, chalk, calk, talk, stalk, walk, folk, yolk (often), with like words and their derivatives.

M.

§ 67. M has but one sound, produced by closing the lips, as for b and p, and letting the vocalized breath into the nasal passage ; as in me, tame, times. At the beginning of a word, m before n is silent ; as in mnemonics.

N.

§ 68. N, as in none, inn, one, ten, fern, snow, tent, annul, change, ingress, con- gressive, etc., is the dentonasal consonant; the oral passage being closed by contact of the point and the sides of the tongue with the palate, just as it is for t and d, — n being continuous and nasal, while t and d are momentary and oral.

§ 69. When n is final after m it is silent ; as in hymn, condemn, solemn, etc. ; but when to such words is added a suffix or an inflection beginning with a vowel, the n is generally sounded ; as in condemnation, condemnatory, solemnize, solemnity, hymnology, hymnist, limner, autumnal, etc. N is silent in kiln, limekiln, etc. In the participles damned, damning, condemning, contemning, hymning, limning, etc., and also in the cognate nouns condemner and contemner, usage is divided. Initial kn, pn, mn, are sounded as n ; as in know, pneumatics, mnemonics, etc.

§ 70. N at the close of an accented syllable, with g, c, or ch, hard, or k or qu, commen- cing a following syllable, commonly takes the ng sound, and is marked n ; as in an'ger, un'- cle, din'gle, an'chor, con'gress, con/gre-ga'tion, can/ker, con/quest, con'quer,

GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. xvii

etc. ; but not generally if the accent falls on the latter syllable ; as in con-gres'sive, con-cor'- dant, etc. ; nor in the prefixes in-, en-, on-, un-, 11011- ; as, in'come, un'con-cern', non'- com-mit'tal ; nor in quin'cunx, and the derivatives and compounds of quin'que ; nor in pen'guin and a few other words. In e'lon-ga'tion, pro'lon-ga'tion, san-gnif'er-ous, etc., and often in con-gres'sion-al, con-gru'i-ty, and like words, the n, though unaccented, retains the sound of ng, which is given ic by rule in the words from which these are derived, as e-Ion/gate, etc. It takes the ng sound also before k, or ch hard, or x, at the end of a syllable ; as in ink, think, thank, monk, conch, anx'ious, etc.

NG.

§ 71. The digraph Ng, ng, is the equivalent of n. This sound is formed with the organs in the same position as g (hard), except that the nasal passage through which the sound passes is left open. The digraph occurs only at the end of syllables ; as in long, wing, hang, sins, song' Stress ; or with ue added at the end ; as in tongue ; except that m the comparatives and super- latives of long, strong, young, the g goes with a proper hard g sound to the inflection, while the 11 takes to itself the n sound ; as, lon'ger, lon'gest. In diphthong and triphthong the g goes, in a like way, to the suffix -al.

§ 72. This is the surd correlative of b ; as in pea, cup, pray, play, harp, spy, spread, oppress, etc. It is silent as initial before n, s, sh, and t ; as in pneumatics, psalm, pshaw ; also in raspberry, receipt, sempstress, accompt, corps, and their derivatives.

PH.

§ 73. This digraph occurs chiefly in words of Greek derivation, and has usually the sound of £ ; as in phantom, sylph, philosophy, etc. It has the sound of v in Stephen ; and, according to most orthoepists, in nephew, though in America it has commonly its regular sound of f in the latter word. In diphthong, triphthong, ophthalmy, naphtha, and other allied words, and their derivatives, the ph is sometimes sounded as p.

§ 74. Q is in all cases followed by u, and the two together have commonly the sound of kw ; as in queen, conquest, etc. ; but they have that of k in a few words from the French, as in co- quette, etc. ; as has also the ending -que in antique, burlesque, etc.

R.

§ 75. The sound of r, as in rip, trip, carol, far, form, etc., is produced by the passage of the voice over the tongue, the end of which is raised, but does not touch the roof of the mouth, while its sides close the passages through which the sound of 1 passes.

There are two leading varieties of the consonant r. One, the dental r, is made between the point of the tongue and herd palate not far back of the teeth ; need before a vowel, as in ri»e. try, oral, array. This, as requiring a more forcible expulsion of the breath, is commonly called " rough " r. The other, the palatal r, is made between the tongue and the palate, somewhat farther back, with less friction of breath than the dental, and hence is commonly called " smooth " r. It occurs at the end of a syllable or before a consonant, as in far, arm, orbit.

The " rough " r is by some speakers more or less trilled, but this practice is not common in the United States.

A prevailing fault in New England is (like that which Walker says prevailed in England, especially in London) not sounding the r at the end of words and before a consonant ; thus, ea (with the vowel somewhat prolonged) for car, f am for farm, etc. It still prevail*, .n the south of England. In the United States, the fault is not uncommon in New England. But among educated people the r takes generally in the United States a more or less clear sound as a consonant in all situations.

xviii GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.

The letter r never takes the regular short sound of a vowel before it, except when in primitives and their derivatives it ends a syllable, and is followed by a syllable beginning with a vowel sound; as in marry, very, spirit, mirror, florid, morrow, hurry, myriads. The doubling of the r does not affect this statement, since but one r is sounded.

When primitives end in r their derivatives do not take the regular short sound of a vowel simi- larly situated ; as in bar, barring; infer, inferring; err, erring; stir, stirring ; ab- hor, abhorring ; occur, occurring.

S.

§ 76. The proper sound of s as a surd is made by breath forced through a contracted channel between the tongue and the hard palate near the front teeth, and impinging upon the edges of the upper or the lower teeth; as in see, so, hiss, yes, scorn, sky, sly, smile, snow, spy, square, stay, swim, cuffs, picks, cups, cuts, sense, curse, best, message, display, lisp, gipsy, absurd, etc. Equivalents are : c soft, as in cell, civil, vice ; sc, as in scene, science, etc. ; sch as in schism.

§ 77. The sonant s (marked §), corresponding to the surd, as above, is made with the same artic- ulative position, except that the tongue is pressed somewhat closer to the palate. The sound is pre- cisely like that of z ; as in i§, ha§, etc. The s is sonant as the final sound of some verbs and surd as the final sound of the cognate nouns or adjectives ; as use, abuse, diffuse, house, etc. Notice close, with s as z in verb and noun, and s sharp in the adjective. Compare advise (v.), advice (n.), etc.

§ 78. S takes sometimes the sound of sh, by fusion with a following y sound, with consequent vowel change; as in version, mansion, convulsion, censure, sensual, sure, sugar,

etc. ; in the case of s doubled, the first is assimilated to the second ; as in passion (pSsh'Gn), issue (Ish'u or Tsh'u). In a few words s takes the sh sound while leaving the following vowel unchanged ; as in Asiatic, nausea, etc. Compare § 49.

§ 79. S takes the sound (zh) of z in azure by fusion with a following y sound, when it is pre- ceded by a vowel in an accented syllable ; as in virion, de-ci'§ion, ad-he'gion, suasion, ex- plosion, con-fusion, pleasure, lei'sure, vig'u-al, u'su-ry, etc. ; also in sci§'§ion, ab-scis/sion, re-sci§'§ion.

SH.

§ 80. This digraph, as in sharp, shine, rash, usher, represents a surd sibilant made between tongue and palate at a place farther back than the g. It is reckoned as a simple element, and is the correlate of the sonant sound represented by zh.

The sound is otherwise represented by c or s with or before e or i, and by t or sc with or before by s, sometimes, before u ; as involved in the x in anxious, luxury, etc. ; by ch in chaise, machine, etc. ; by chs in fuchsia; and by sch in schorl, schottische, from the German.

§ 81. This is the dental surd correlative of sonant d ; as in tie, it, note, try, tune, twine, Stay, stray, art, last, apt, sent, aft, act, salt, next, attend, etc.

§ 82. This digraph is used to represent two sounds, a surd and a sonant, both made with the same articulative position: the surd, as in thin, thing, thrive, enthusiasm, breath, length, birth, width, etc ; the sonant, marked Ph, th, as in the, this, thy, then, with, breathe, bathe, father, northern, etc.

In the following nouns the th is surd in the singular and sonant in the plural : bath, cloth,

GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. xix

lath, mouth, oath, path, wreath, moth ; pi. bath§, clothg, etc. Verb and noun forms differ : the verb sonant, the noun surd ; as, breathe, breath ; wreathe, wreath ; bathe, bath ; mouth, mouth.

§ 83. Th has the sound of t in thyme, Thomas, Thames, Esther ; and in phthisic,

(ph being silent). It is commonly silent in isthmus and asthma.

V.

§ 84. This is the sonant correlative of the surd f ; as in vain, vivid, ever, live, lived, move, move?, calves., wolves, etc. The sound is taken by f in of ; but in pronouncing its compounds, hereof, thereof, etc., usage is divided between v and f.

W.

§ 85. At the beginning of a word or of a syllable, as wet, worse, inward, this letter (which is unmarked) is a sonant, formed from, and nearly resembling, the vowel oo, but requiring for its utterance a closer position, or greater contraction, of the labial aperture ; and this compression of the lips changes the quality of the sound, giving it a buzzing and articulative instead of a smooth and purely vocal character.

It is often represented by u occurring before another vowel in the same syllable, as in quail, query, languid, assuage, etc.

§ 86. After a vowel in the same syllable, w is generally silent ; as in glow, thrown, etc., though sometimes significant, as in flaw. With e it unites to form a diphthong, which is generally sounded like long u, as in dew, few, new ; but it is sounded like oo, or like u in rude, if the letter r stands before it, as in crew, shrew. It is often joined with a preceding o to represent the diphthongal sound otherwise expressed by ou, as in brow, cow, town.

§ 87. W is always silent before r in the same syllable, as in wring, wrote, awry ; also in the words answer, sword, toward, two.

WH.

§ 88. The true sound of these letters is in the reverse order, namely, hw, as they were written in Anglo-Saxon; e. g., when is pronounced hwen ; wharf, hwarf. The h is here a free emission of breath through the position taken by the lips in the formation of w. In who, whole, whoop, whore, and their derivatives, the w is silent.

§ 89. The surd sound of x, as in box, wax, execute, exit, exodus, exudation, ex- claim, extreme, excel, excellent, etc., is equivalent to that of ks. X, as preceding an ac- cented syllable, is exceptionally surd (ks) in ex-ar'chate, ex-er'cent, ex-ude', hexam'o ter, ox-al'ic, and a few other words (see § 90). In words such as anxious, noxious, luxury, the s component of the x becomes sh by fusion with a following y sound.

§ 90. X is, with few exceptions, sonant (gz) when followed by an accented syllable that begins with a vowel, or by a silent h and a vowel under the accent ; as in exist, exalt, exaggerate, example, exempt, exert, exotic, exult, exhaust, exhibit, exhort, exhilarate, etc. Some derivatives of such words often retain the sound with the x falling under the accent ; as in ex'em-pla-ry, ex'emp-ti'tious.

§ 91. At the beginning of words, x has the sound of z ; as in xanthic, xebec, xylography. It retains this sound in certain compounds, as in par a-xan'thin. met a-xy'lene, etc.

XX

GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.

§ 92. T, aa a consonant, is a palatal sonant ; as in year, you, young, beyond, vineyard,

halyard, etc. It is classed with w as a semivowel. In certain cases the sound is represented by I ; as in poniard, onion, genial, familiar, etc. ; and in like manner by e, and it forms a part of the vowel u (use). The place of articulation for this consonant extends farther back than the place of constriction for the vowel e (eve), involving the soft palate, as the place for e does not.

Y, as a consonaut, occurs only at the beginning of a syllable ; at the end or in the middle, it is a vowel, as in my, happy, eye. It is used in this Dictionary in giving the pronunciation of some foreign words, as fiord, lorgnette, camarilla, etc. ; and, in such case, is not restricted to the beginning of a syllable.

Z.

§ 93. The ordinary z is a sonant ; as in zeal, zone, maze, size, amazed, frozen, hazy, dizzy, sizar, buzz, etc. ; the sound is often represented by s ; as in easy, his, ears, etc. ; some- times by c ; as in suffice, etc. It is the correlative of the surd s.

§ 94. In some words, z takes a sound (zh) which is the sonant correlative of the surd sh ; as in azure, seizure, grazier. The sound is represented by si in fusion, etc. ; by ti, exception- ally, in transition (cf. insition) ; and by g in rouge, manege, mirage, and other words from the French.

TABLE OF CONSONANT ELEMENTS.

Place of Articulation.	Oral.	Nasal.
Momentary.	Continuous.	Continuous.
Surd.	Sonant.	Surd.	Sonant.	Sonant.
Lips	P	b	f ' th(in) s gh	w th(y) z; r zh; r y;i	m n ng
Tongue and hard palate (forward) Tongue and hard palate (back) . . Tongue, hard palate, and soft palate Tongue and soft palate .... Various places	t ch It h	d J g

ASSIMILATION OF SOUNDS.

When a surd and a sonant consonant come together in the same syllable, it is generally very diffi- cult, in fluent pronunciation, to preserve each in its regular and appropriate sound. Hence it fre- quently becomes necessary to change the character of the one or of the other, in order to make the combination readily pronounceable. This is generally done, in English, by assimilating the sound of the second consonant, whether surd or sonant, to that of the first. Thus, in chintz, the vocal consonant z assumes the sound of its surd correspondent s, in order to unite with the surd t. On the other hand, the s in winds is vocalized, or assumes the sound of z, for the sake of correspond- ing with the sonant d. Sometimes, though rarely, the sound of the first consonant is assimilated to that of the second, as in spasm (spaz'm), prism (priz'm).

This affinity between these two classes of consonants is an important fact, and one which needs to be familiarly known. For there are four very common inflectional terminations which come under its influence, namely: 1. Possessive forms in s, as maid's (maidz); 2. Plurals In s, as tubs (tubz), groves (grovz) ; 3. S in the third person singular of verbs, as loads (loadz), smooths (smoothz) ; 4. Preterits and participles in d preceded by e mute, as in dashed (dasht), ingulfed (ingulft).

GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. xxi

DUPLICATION OF CONSONANTS.

In many words, a consonant is doubled between two vowels ; yet, in such cases, no more than one articulation is used in speaking. In banner, for example, we close the organs but once between the first and second syllables ; nor is it possible to use both of the letters 11 without pronouncing ban, then intermitting the voice entirely, opening the organs, and closing them a second time. Hence, in all cases, when the same consonant is written twice between vowels, as in banner, rob- bing, madden, letter, horrid, one of them only is represented by an articulation of the organs ; and the only reason for repeating the consonant is to indicate the fact that the preceding vowel has its short sound.

But although only one articulation is ever used where a consonant is written twice, yet in some words the articulation is dwelt upon for an appreciable space of time, producing an apparent dupli- cation of the sound. This effect takes place in many derived words, in which the primitive ends ©i begins with the same letter as that with which a superadded suffix and prefix of English origin re- spectively begins or ends, as in soulless, foully, keenness, misstep, outtravel, imna t- ural. The same effect takes place in most compound words, in which the second part begins with the same sound as that with which the first part ends, aa in post-town, headdress, half-filled.

ACCENT.

Accent is a particular stress or effort of voice upon certain syllables of words, which distinguishes them from the others by a greater distinctness and loudness of pronunciation. Accent is of two kinds, primary, as in in-tend', where the full force of the voice is on the last syllable, and second- ary, as in su'per-in-tend', where the first syllable is distinguished by a stress greater than that laid on the second and third syllables, though less than that laid on the last. In some words there are two secondary or subordinate accents, as in in-com'pre-hen'si-bil'i-ty.

Note. — (1.) The general tendency of accent, whether primary or secondary, is to shorten all vow- els but u, when further back than the penultimate syllable, as in ten'ement, nec'essariness, an atom'ieal, person'ifica'tion, etc. (though we say lu'bricate, and not lub'ricate ; tru'culency, and not truc'ulency ; su'perabun'dant, and not superabundant, etc.). This tendency generally fails, if the first of the two following syllables ends, and the «econd begins, with a vowel ; as in pe'ri-od, o/ri-en'tal, le-vi'a-than.

(2.) The primary and secondary accents are, in certain cases, so nearly equal that we interchange them freely, " making," as Walker remarks, " the secondary accent principal and the principal sec- ondary." Examples are ambuscade, cavalcade, caricature, etiquette, reverie, confi- dante, governante, parachute, etc.

(3. ) Many in America give a marked secondary accent in certain words which properly have but one accent, and that on a pre-antepenultimate syllable, as in ter'ri-to'ry, dif'fi-cul'ty, cir'- cum-st&n'ces, in'ter-Sst'ing, etc. This droning fault may be corrected by giving the accented syllable a sharp percussion, which carries the voice lightly through the rest of the word.

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.

PREFIXES.

A*. [E.] On; at; to; in; of; for; up; from; — often with intensive force.

A-. [L.] A form of Ab-, Ad-.

A-. [Gr.] A form of An-.

All-. [L.] From ; away ; separation ; departure.

ADS-. [L.] A form of Ab-.

Ac-. [L.] A form of Ad-.

Ad-. [L.] To ; towards ; at ; near.

Af-, Ag-, A1-. [L.] Forms of Ad-.

A1-. [E.] AH ; wholly ; completely.

A1-. [Arab.] The (rendering nouns definite).

Amb-, Ambi-. [L.] About ; around ; on both sides.

Amp hi-. [Gr.] About; on both or all sides; double; surrounding. (Greek form of L. Ambi-.)

An-. [L.] A form of Ad-.

An-. [Gr.] Not; without; privation or nega- tion. (Greek form of L. In-, E. Un-.)

Ana-. [Gr.] Up; through; throughout; on; again ; back ; backward ; previously.

Ant-. [Gr.] Against. A form of Anti-.

Ante-. [L.] Before ; fore ; in front.

Anti-. [Gr.] Against ; over against ; in opposi- tion or hostility.

Ap-. [L.] A form of Ad-.

Ap-, Aph-. [Gr.] Forms of Apo-.

Apo-. [Gr.] Away ; apart ; asunder ; off ; from.

At-. [L.] A form of Ad-.

Arch-, Arcfli-. [Gr.] Chief ; head ; principal ; ruling.

As-, At-. [L.] Forms of Ad-.

Auto-. [Gr.] Self ; of one's self.

Be-. [= E. by.] About; on; by; near; at; nearness or closeness ; — often with an inten- sive or a privative force.

Bi-, Bis-. [L.] Two; twice; doubly; in two ways.

Cata-, Cat-, Oath-. [Gr.] Down; downward;

through ; completely ; according to. Circum-. [L.] Around ; about ; surrounding. OiS-. [L.] On this side of. Co-, Col-. [L.] Forms of Com-. Com-. [L.] With ; together; altogether; against. Con-. [L."J A form of Com-. Contra-. [L.] Against; in opposition; counter

to ; across. Cor-. [L.] A form of Com-. Counter-. [F.] Against ; opposite ; answering

to. (French form of L. Contra-.)

D6-. [L.] Down; from; away; — often with negative force, sometimes intensive, xxii

Deca-. [Gr.] Ten; tenfold.

Demi-. [F.] Semi-; half. (A form of Gr. Hemi-,

L. Semi-.) Des-. [F.] Apart ; away ; not. (A form of F.

&L. Dis-.) Di-. [Gr.] Double ; twice. (Form of Dis-,L.Bis-.) Dia-. [Gr.] Through ; between ; across ; double. Dif-. [L.] A form of Dis-. Dis-. [L.] Apart ; asunder ; in two ; undoing ;

— often with negative force. Dys-. [Gr.] Ill; bad; difficult; dangerous;

unlucky.

E-, EC-. [Gr. & L.] Forms of Ex-.

El-. [L.] A form of Ex-.

Em-, En-. [F.] In ; on. (French forms of L. In-.)

En-. [Gr.] In ; into ; upon.

Enter-. [F.] Between ; among. (French form of Inter-.)

Ep-, Eph-, Epi-. [Gr.] Upon ; to ; over ; after ; above ; among ; near ; besides.

Es-. [L.] Out; away. (A form of Ex-.)

EU-, EV-. [Gr.] Well; easy; good; advanta- geous.

Ex-. [Gr. &L.] Out; out of; from; off; pro- ceeding from ; beyond.

Extra-. [L.] Beyond; outside, or in excess of ; not limited by.

For-. [E.] Forth; away; out; without; against ; utterly ; —used with intensive or neg- ative force.

Fore-. [E.] Beforehand; in advance; progres- sing in time or place.

Hemi-. [Gr.] Half. (Greek form of L. Semi-.)

Hetero-. [Gr.] Other; different.

Hepta-. [Gr.] Seven ; sevenfold.

Hexa-. [Gr.J Six; sixfold.

HolO-. [Gr.] Whole; complete; entire.

Homo-. [Gr.] Same ; similar ; like.

Hyper-. [Gr.] Over; beyond; too; — used to denote excess.

Hypo-. [Gr.] Under ; beneath ; — used to de- note diminution.

Ig-, I1-, Im-. [L.] Forms of In-.

In-. [E.] Within; into; among; — often used

to give emphasis. In-. [L.] In ; into ; on ; upon. In-. [L.J Not; contrary to; without. (Latin

form of Gr. An-, E. Un-.) Inter-. [L.] Between; among. Intro-. [L.] In; into; inwards; within.

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.

XXlll

IT-. LL.] A form of In-. JllZta-. [L.] Near; nigh; close.

Mai-, Male-. [F. & L.] Badly ; ill.

Met-, Meta-. [Gr.] Among; beyond; after; behind ; between ; over ; with ; reversely.

Mis-. [E.] Bad ; ill ; wrongly ; wrongful ; erro- neous ; defective ; unlike.

MiS-. [F. & L.] Ill ; unfortunate.

Mon-, Mono-. [Gr.] Single ; only ; sole ; alone.

Mult-, Multi-. [L.] Many ; repeatedly.

N- [E.], Non- [L.] Not ; un-; in-.

Ob-. [L-] Against; in the way; in front; be- fore ; to ; at ; toward ; reversed ; back.

OC-, Of-. [L.] Forms of Ob-.

Off-. [E.] From; away.

Omni-. [L.] All; entirely.

On-. [E.] Upon ; againot.

Op-. [L.] A form ot Ob-.

Out-. [E.] From; beyond; more; not within.

Over-. [E.] Above; beyond; in excess; too great ; undue ; needless ; superfluous.

Pan-, Panto-. [Gr.] All ; entire.

Par-. [F.] Through.

Par-, Para-. [Gr.] Beside ; aside from ; against ;

beyond ; unlike ; amiss ; wrong ; contrary. Pel-. [L.] A form of Per-. Pen-. [L.] Almost; nearly. Per-. [L.] Through ; throughout ; thoroughly ;

very ; to the utmost extent ; by ; — sometimes

with force of E. For-. Peri-. [Gr.] With; around; about; near. Pol-. [L.] A form of Por-. Poly-. [Gr.] Repeated ; many. Por-. [L.] Forth ; forthwith. Post-. [L.] After ; behind ; later. Pre-, Prae-. [L.] Before ; forward ; forth ; prior

in time, place, or rank. Preter-. [L.] Past ; beyond ; above ; more than ;

besides. Pro-. [L. & Gr.] Fore; before; forth; for- ward ; in favor of ; in the place of. Pros-. [Gr.] Towards ; at ; by ; beside ; forth ;

— noting connection and engagement.

Prot-, ProtO-. [Gr.] Original; first.

PseudO-. [Gr.] False; pretended; spurious;

counterfeit. PUT-. [F.] Forward ; before. (A form of Pro-.)

Re-, Red-. [L.] Back; again. Retro-. [L.] Back; backward.

Se-. [L.] Aside ; apart ; away ; without ; by it- self. (A form of Sine-.) Semi-. [L.] Half. (L. form of Gr. Hemi-, F.

Demi-. ) Sine-, Sim-, Sin-. [L.l Without ; lacking. Step-. [E.] Having (a specified) relationship

through a parent's marriage. Sub-. [L.] Under ; after ; beneath ; inferior ;

subordinate ; imperfect. Subter-. [L.] Under; beneath. (A form o

Sub-.) Sue-, Suf-, Sug-, Sum-, Sup-. Forms of Sub-. Super-. [L.] Above ; over ; more ; in excess.

(A form of Gr. Hyper-, E. Over-.) Supra-. [L.] Beyond; above; over. Sur-. [F. & L.] Over; above; beyond; upon. Sur-. Sus-. [L.] Forms of Sub-. Syl-, Sym-. [Gr.] Forms of Stn-. Syn-. [Gr.] With ; together with ; at the same

time.

To-. [E.] This ; on this ; the.

Tra-, Trans-. [L.] Over ; beyond ; through ;

across ; on the other side ; — often indicating

complete change. Tri-. [L. & Gr.] Three ; thrice ; threefold.

Ultra-. [L.] Beyond ; on the other side ; in ex- cess ; more than is common, natural, or proper.

Un-. [E.] Not ; privation ; undoing ; revers- ing. (A form of Gr. An-, L. In-, not.)

Under-. [E.] Below ; beneath ; inferior. (A form of In-, Inter-, An-.)

Uni-. [L.] One ; single.

Up-. [E.] Upwards ; over ; above. (A form of Over-.)

Vice-. [L.] Instead of ; representing.

With-. [E.] Against ; back ; from ; away ; by.

SUFFIXES.

-able. [F. & L.] Capable of being ; that may

be ; causing. -ac [Gr.] Of ; pertaining to ; one who. -aceous. [L.] Having properties of; full of;

like. -acious. [F. & L.] Characterized by ; showing ;

indicating. -acy. [L.] State or quality of being ; office of. -age. [F.] Collection of ; state of being ; act

of ; allowance for. -al. [L.] Of ; pertaining to ; befitting ; becom- ing ; act of. -an, -ian. [L.] Pertaining to (office, profession,

character, etc.) ; one who. -ana. [L.] Pertaining to (persons or places), —

used of collections of anecdotes, sayings, etc. -ance, -ancy. [L.] Condition; state of being;

act of. -aneous. [L.] Pertaining to.

-ant [L.] One who ; that which {= E. -ino.

See -ent).

-ar. [L.] Of ; pertaining to.

-ar. [E.] One who ; that which. (See -er.)

-arch (ark). [G.] A ruler ; a leader.

-ard, -art. [E. & F.] Of (such) a disposition or character ; one who ; liable or addicted to ; manifesting.

-ary. [L.] Of or pertaining to ; a doer of (some- thing specified) ; place where.

-asm. [L.] A form of -ism.

-ast. [G.] A form of -ist.

-ate. [L.] Of (such) a nature, quality, effect, office, etc. ; noting salts having as much as one degree of oxygen ; having ; one who ; to make ; to give ; to take.

-ble. -ble.

[L.] A form of -ple (=r -fold). [L.] A form of -arle, -ible.

XXIV

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.

-cal. [L.] Of or pertaining to. (A form of

-AL.)

-cle, -CUle. [L.] Small ; diminutive ; little.

-cy. [F.] Condition ; state of being.

-d. [E.

?A form of -ed. E.J State ; condition ; quality ; prop- erty; jurisdiction.

-ean. [Gr.] Of or pertaining to ; resembling ; like ; somewhat.

-ed, -d. [E.] Suffix of past tense and past par- ticiples ; also of some adjectives and nouns.

-ee. [F.j Recipient of; one on or to whom something is done.

-eer, -ier. [F. & L.] Engaged in ; employed at ; one who.

-el, -le. [E.] Used for, — a diminutive form.

-en, -n. [E. J Made of ; pertaining to.

-en. [E.] Small, — a diminutive form.

-en. [E.] Two or more, — a plural form.

-en. [E.] To make or render, — a termination of verbs.

-ence, -ency. [L.] Form of -ance, -ancy.

-ent. [L.] Having (such) a habit, property, etc. ; one who.

-eons. [L.] Belonging to ; containing ; show- ing.

-er, -yer. [E.] One who does ; agent ; inhabit- ant of a (specified) place. (Teutonic form of L. -OR.)

-er, -or. [E. & L.] More, — form of the com- parative.

-erel. [F.] Small; unimportant, — a diminu- tive form.

-erly. [E.] Going to ; coming from.

-ern. [E ] Toward.

-ery. [E. & F.] Place where something is done ; agency ; art of ; collection.

-63, -8. LE-] Plural termination in all Aryan languages.

-escence. [L.] State of becoming ; approach to ; — usually with an incipient force.

-escent. [L.] Growing; becoming; gradually progressing.

-ese. [It., fr. L.] Belonging to (such) a city or country.

-esqne. [F., fr. L.] Like ; partaking of.

-ess. [F fr. L., & Gr.] Form distinguishing feminine nouns from similar masculines ; -ix.

-BSt [E.] Most, — form of the superlative.

-et, -ette. [F.] Diminutive ending of nouns.

-Jul. [E.] Full of ; abounding in ; causing. -Jy. [F., fr. L.] To make ; to render ; to be- come. -fold. [E.] Repeated (so many) times.

-geneous, -genous. [L. & Gr.] In respect of

kind ; by nature, -gram, -graph. [Gr.] A writing on ; a writer of. -grapny. [Gr.] A writing or describing; a

treatise.

-head, -hood. [E.] State ; condition ; quality ; character; fixedness; totality.

. [L.] A form of -an. >. [L.J A form of -able.

-lble. LJu.j ~x

-lc. [L. & Gr.] Of or pertaining to ; made of ;

one who. -leal. [L.] A form of -ic. -Ice. [L.] Act of ; quality of.

-lcs. [G.] The science or art of (the subject specified in the stem word).

-id. [L.] Having a (specified) quality.

-id, -idae. [Gr.] Of the (specified) family or kind.

-ide. [Gr.] Compounded of a (specified) chem- ical substance.

-ie, -y. [E.] Little, — diminutive suffix.

-ier. [F. & L.] A form of -eer.

-ile. [L.] Capable of being ; of ; pertaining to ; apt to.

-ine. [F., fr. L.] Form distinguishing feminine nouns from corresponding masculines.

-ine. [L.] Like; of; pertaining to.

-ing. [E.] The act of ; continuing.

-ing. [E.] Terminations of present participles and of verbal nouns.

-ion. [L.] Act of; state of being, — termina- tion of abstract nouns, — usually in -sion or

-TION.

-ique. [F.] Having; involving. (A form of -ic, -ICAL.)

-ise, -ize. [Gr.] To make ; to act; to become ; to give.

-ish. [E.] Pertaining to; somewhat; in some degree.

-ish. [F., fr. L.] To make ; to cause.

-ism, -izm. [Gr.] Of (specified) tenets, doc- trines, or principles ; state of being ; peculiar- ity.

-1st. [Gr.] One who, — designating a person from his occupation, principles, etc.

-ite. [L. & Gr.] One of; a follower of, or be- liever in ; having.

-ite. [Gr.] A form of -lite, — in geological terms.

-ite. [L.] Having ; like, — in chemical terms.

-itls. [Gr.] Inflammation of (the part specified).

-ity, -ty. tL0 State or quality of ; power to effect.

-ive. [L.] Able to ; acting as ; given to ; used or designed for ; -ing ; one who.

-ix. [L.] An agent, — feminine form of a mas- culine -er or -OR.

-ize. [Gr.] To make ; to act ; to become,

-kin. [E.] Small, — a double diminutive.

-le. [E.] Used for, — a diminutive. (Form of

-EL.)

-le. [E.] A diminutive and frequentative suffix of verbs.

-lence. [L.] Suffix to abstract nouns corre- sponding to -lent in adjectives.

-lent [L.l Full of ; abounding ; affording.

-less. [E.J Without ; free from ; lacking ; des- titute of ; deficient in.

-let. [F.] Used for ; little ; small, — a diminu- tive. (A form of -el, -le.)

-ling. [E.| Condition; offspring; progeny,— a diminutive form.

-ling, -long. [E.] In a (specified) condition or direction, — suffix of adverbs.

-lite. [Gr.] Of or pertaining to stone, — in geo- logical terms, etc.

-logy. [Gr.] Science of.

-ly. [E.] Like; in the manner of ; of a (speci- fied) nature.

-ment. [F., fr. L.] Act, state, or condition of ;

that which. -meter. [Gr.] A measure. -mony. [L.] Action; faculty; state of being;

abstract condition.

PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.

XXV

-most. [E.] In the highest degree, — form of the superlative.

-nee, -ncy. [F., fr. L.] Act ; state ; condition, -ness. [E.] State; condition; quality.

-OCk. [E.] Small ; young.

-Oid, -Oidal. [Gr.] Formed like ; resembling.

-on. [F., fr. L.] Act; process; result; condi- tion.

-Or. [L.] One who does (something) ; an agent. (Latin form of E. -kk.)

-Ory. [L.] Of or pertaining to ; for the purpose of ; place where ; that which.

-Ose, -ous. [L.] Full of; abounding in; ad- dicted to ; having.

-phorous. [Or.] Bearing ; having.

-pie. [L.] Repeated, — same force as -fold.

-red. [E.] Condition; state. -ric [E ] Jurisdiction; district; office. -ry. [F., fr. L.] Method; place; region; col- lection ; art of.

-'s. [E.J Form of the possessive case, — not an

abbreviation of his. •Scope. [Gr.] An instrument for observing, -scopy. [Gr.] View; survey. -Ship. [E.] State ; office ; dignity ; profession ;

art ; -head or -hood. -Sion. [L.] State ; action. (Form of -ion,

-tion.) •some. [E.] Having in a considerable degree or

quantity ; full of ; abounding in ; causing. -Ster. [E.] One who ; employed at ; skilled in ;

addicted to. •sy. [Gr.] Condition ; state of being.

-t, -th. [E.] Having; being; act; deed; — ter- mination of abstract nouns.

-teen. [E.] Ten, — termination of numerals.

-ter, -ther. [E.] More, —form of the compar- ative.

-th. [E.] Possession of, — termination of ab- stract nouns.

-th. [E.] Having (such a) place or order, — termination of ordinal numbers.

-ther. [E.] An agent.

-tion. [L.] State; action. (Form of -ion, -sion. )

-tor. [L.] An agent. (Form of -theb.)

-toiy. [L.] Having ; manifesting ; affording.

-trix. [L.] An agent, — feminine form of

-TOR.

-tnde. [L.] Action ; state of being, -tare. [L.] A form of -urb. -ty- [F., fr. L.] The being or having a (speci- fied) property or quality, -ty. [E.] Ten times. (See -teen.)

-Ule. [L.] Little ; petty, — diminutive termi- nation of nouns.

-nre. [L.] Action; being; thing produced ; ab- stract condition.

-ward, -wards. [E.] In a (specified) direction ;

having a (certain) motion or tendency, -way, -ways. [E.] In a (specified) manner, -wise. [E.] In a (specified) manner, guise, or

direction.

-y. [Gr.] Condition ; state of being.

-y. [E.] Little. (Form of -ie.)

T> -ey- [E.] Having; showing; resembling;

somewhat. -yte. [Gr.] One who is.

RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS.

FOUNDED ON THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF DR. WEBSTER, EXHIBITED IN THIS VOLUME.

AS

§ 1. The letters / and I, at the end of mono- syllables, and standing immediately after single vowels, are generally doubled ; as in staff, cliff, doff, puff; all, bell, hill, toll, null. The words clef, if, of, and sol, are exceptions.

§ 2. The letter s, at the end of a monosyllable, and after a single vowel, is generally doubled, ex- cept when used to form the possessive case or pkiral of a noun, or third person singular of a verb ; as in grass, press, hiss, moss, truss. The only important exceptions are as, gas, has, was, yes, his, is, thus, and us.

§ 3. Besides /, I, and s, the only consonants doubled at the end of a word are b, d, g, m, n, p, r, t, and z. Words in which these letters are doubled are abb, ebb; add, odd, rudd; egg, mumm (to mask) ; inn, bunn ; wapp ; gnarr, parr, err, birr, shirr, skirr, burr, purr ; mitt, butt ; fizz, fuzz, buzz.

§ 4. A consonant standing at the end of a word immediately after a diphthong or double vowel is never doubled. The words ail, peat, haul, door, and maim, are examples.

§ 5. Monosyllables ending, as pronounced, with the sound of k, and in which c follows the vowel, have usually k added after the c; as in black, knock, buck. The words lac, sac, talc, zinc, ploc, roc, soc, arc, marc, ore, and fi.se, are exceptions.

Words of more than one syllable, ending in ic or iac, which formerly ended in k, also words de- rived from the Latin or Greek languages, or from other sources, or formed in an analogous manner, are now written without the k; as, maniac, mu- sic, public. The word derrick is an exception. Words of more than one syllable, in which c is preceded by other vowels than i or ia, commonly end in ck ; as, arrack, barrack, hammock, hillock, wedlock. The words almanac, sandarac, limbec, xebec, manioc, and havoc, are exceptions.

§ 6. In derivatives formed from words ending in c, by adding a termination beginning with e, i, or y, the letter k is inserted after the c, in order that the latter may not be inaccurately pro- nounced like s before the following vowel : as, colic, colicky; traffic, trafficked, trafficking, traf- ficker; zinc, zincky.

§ 7. In derivatives formed by adding a termi- nation beginning with a vowel to monosyllables find words accented on the last syllable, when these words end in a single consonant (except x) preceded by a single vowel, that consonant is doubled ; as, clan, clannish ; plan , planned, plan- ning, planner ; hot, hotter, hottest; wit, witty ;

xxvi

cabal', cabal'ler ; abet', abel'ted, abet'ting, abetr~ tor; infer', inferred', infer'ring.

The derivatives of the word gas (except gassed, gassing, and gassy) are written with but one s; as, gaseous, gaseity, gasify. Excellence, as being from the Latin excellens, retains the double I, though one I has been dropped from the termina- tion of excel'. It is no exception to this rule that chancellor, and the derivatives of metal and crystal, as metalloid, metallurgy, crystalline, crystallize, and the like, are written with the I doubled, since they are derived respectively from the Latin cancellarius (through the French), and metallum, and the Greek KpvcrTaAAos. So also the word tranquillity retains the double I as being from the Latin tranguillitas, while the English derivatives of tranquil, though often written with two Ps, are more properly written with only one, as tranquilize, tranquilizer, and the like.

§ 8. When a diphthong, or a digraph repre- senting a vowel sound, precedes the final conso- nant of a word, or the accent of a word ending in a single consonant falls on any other syllable than the last, or when the word ends in two different consonants, the final consonant is not double* in derivatives formed by the addition of a termina- tion beginning with a vowel : as, daub, daubed, dauber; need, needy ; rev'el, rev'eled, rev'eling ; trav'el, trav'eling, trav'eler; profit, profited; stand, standing.

The final consonant is doubled in the deriva- tives of a few words ending in g, in order to diminish the liability to its being pronounced like j, before e or i : as, humbug, humbugged, hum- bugging ; periwig, periwigged. The word woolen is more generally thus written, in the United States, with one I ; but in England it is written woollen.

Note.— There is a large class of words ending in a single consonant, and accented on some other syllable than the last, the final consonants of which are, by very many writers and lexicogra- phers, doubled in their derivatives, unnecessarily and contrarily to analogy. These words are chiefly those ending in 1, with also a few of other terminations. The following list, the words in which are chiefly verbs, includes the most im- portant of those in regard to which usage varies : namely, apparel, barrel, bevel, bias, bowel, and its compounds, cancel, carburet, and all similar words ending in urct, cavil, enrol, channel, chisel, com- promtt, counsel, cudael, dial, dishevel, dowel, dried, duel, empanel, enamel, equal, funnel, <jam- l)ol, gravel, grovel, handsel, hatchet, imperil, jew- el, kennel, kid?urp, label, laurel, level, libel, mar- shal, marvel, medal, rnelal, model, panel, parallel.

RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS. xxvii

parcel, pencil, peril, pistol, pommel, quarrel, rav- el, revel, rival, rowel, shovel, shrivel, snivel, tas- sel, tinsel, trammel, travel, tunnel, unravel, vial, victual, worship. In this Dictionary, the deriva- tives of these words are made to conform to the rule,as recommended by Walker, Lowth, Perry, and other eminent scholars.

§ 9. Derivatives formed from words ending in a double consonant, by adding one or more sylla- bles, commonly retain both consonants : as, ebb, ebbing; odd, oddly ; stiff, stiffness ; fell, Sellable ; skill, skillful, skillfulness ; will, willful, willful- ness ; dull, dullness ; full, fullness. So also the double I is retained in the words installment, in- thr ailment, thralldom, and enrollment (from in- stall, inthrall, thrall, and enroll), in order to pre- vent the false pronunciation they might receive if spelled with one I. Many writers and lexicogra- phers, especially in England, omit one I in these words, as also in the derivatives of skill, will, dull, and full, formed by adding the syllables ly and ness.

The derivatives of pontiff are exceptions to the rule, being written with only one // as, pontific, pontifical, pontificial, and the like. One I also is dropped in a few words formed by adding the termination ly to words ending in 11, in order to prevent the concurrence of three Vs : as, ill, illy ; dull, dully ; full, fully.

§ 10. In derivatives formed from words end- ing with silent e, the e is generally retained when the termination begins with a consonant : a&,pale, paleness ; hate, hateful ; move, movement. When, however, the e is immediately preceded by an- other vowel (except e), it is often dropped from the derivative: as, due, duly; awe, awful; and derivatives and compounds of these words.

The words wholly, nursling, wisdom, abridg- ment, acknowledgment, lodgment, judgment, and the compounds of some of these, are exceptions. The last four, however, are written, by many authors, abridgement, acknowledgement, lodge- ment, judgement.

§ 11. In derivatives formed from words end- ing with silent e, when the termination begins with a vowel, the e is generally omitted, except in the cases mentioned in the next paragraph : as, bride, bridal; use, usage; come, coming ; shape, shaping; move, movable; fleece, fleecy ; force, forcible.

The e is retained in the words hoeing, shoeing, and toeing (from hoe, shoe, and toe), in order to prevent doubt as to the pronunciation. It is re- tained, also, in the words dyeing, singeing, springeing, swingeing, tingeing (from dye, singe, springe, swinge, tinge), to distinguish them from dying, singing, springing, swinging, tinging (from die, sing, spring, swing, ting). The word mileage, as commonly written, does not omit the e, though it is sometimes, and more correctly, spelled milage. The words lineage, lineal, and pineal, though apparently exceptions, are not really such, since they are derived not directly from line and pine, but from the Latin linea (through the French), linealis, and pinea. The e, standing, in a derivative, before a termination beginning with a or o, and immediately after c or g, is retained in order to preserve the soft sounds of these consonants : as, peace, peaceable ; notice, noticeable ; manage, manageable ; change, change- able ; advantage, advantageous : outrage, outrage- ous . mortgage, mortgageor. The latter word is sometimes very improperly written mortgagor, and pronounced mor'ga-jor.

§ 12. In derivatives formed from words end- ing in ie, by adding the termination ing, the e is dropped, and the i changed to y, in order to pre- vent two Vs from coming together : as, die, dying ; vie, vying.

§ 13. In derivatives of words ending in y pre- ceded by a consonant, and formed by appending any termination except one beginning with i, the y is usually changed into i : as, icy, iciest, icily ; mercy, merciless; foggy, fogginess ; pity, pitiful. The derivatives of adjectives of one syllable ending in y preceded by a consonant, are excep- tions, and usually retain the y : as, shy, shyness. But the adjectives drier and driest, from dry, are commonly written with i instead of y. Deriva- tives formed by adding the termination ship, as secretaryship, suretyship, ladyship, and the like, also retain the y. The words babyhood and lady- kin are likewise exceptions. The y is also re- tained in the possessive case singular of nouns, when formed by adding s with the apostrophe : as, country'' s, everybody's.

§ 14. Derivatives formed by affixing a termi- nation to words ending in y preceded by a vowel, generally retain the y unchanged : as, gay, gay- ety, gayly ; obey, obeying; joy, joyful; gluey, glueyness.

The words daily, laid, paid, said, saith, slain, and staid (from day, lay, pay, say, slay, and stay), with their compounds, are exceptions. Staid, however, is sometimes written stayed. Deriva- tives from words ending in uy, as colloquies, from colloquy, are not exceptions to the rule, as u, in such cases, is not strictly a vowel, but stands for the consonant w.

§ 15. Derivatives formed by appending a syl- lable beginning with a vowel to words ending with a vowel sound, generally retain the letter or let- ters representing such sound : as, huzza, huz- zaed; agree, agreeable, agreeing ; weigh, weigh- ing; bow, bowed; beau, beauish.

Derivatives of words of this class ending in silent e, as also those formed from words ending in double e by adding a termination beginning with e, drop the finale.- as, hoe, hoed; agree, agreed. The cases mentioned in sections li, 12, and 13 are also exceptions.

§ 16. Derivatives formed by prefixing one or more syllables to words ending in a double con- sonant commonly retain both consonants : as, re- buff, befall, inthrall, foretell, fulfill, emboss (from buff, fall, thrall, tell, fill, boss).

The word until is an exception, being always written with one I. Those words of this class which end in 11 are written by some authors, es- pecially in England, with one I : as, befal, in- thral, foretel, fulfil, enrol. The words distill and instill should be written with the I doubled, though they are often written distil and instil, with only one I.

§ 17. Compound words formed by joining two or more words commonly retain all the let- ters of the simple words : as, stiff-necked, wide- mouthed.

There are numerous exceptions to this rule, many of them compounds which by long use have acquired the force of single words. They are the following : namely, some compounds of all and u-rll ; as, almighty, almost, alone, already, also, although, altogether, always, withal, therewithal, wherewithal, welcome, welfare ; — compounds of mass ; as, Christmas, Michaelmas, etc. ; — words of which the second part is the adjective full ; as,

xxvm RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS.

artful, woeful ; — also, the words chilblain, ful- fill, namesake, neckerchief, numskull, pastime, standish, and wherever.

§ 18. The plural of nouns regularly ends in s, or, in certain classes of words, in es.

When the noun in the singular ends with such a sound that the sound of s can unite with it and be pronounced without forming a separate syllable, s only is added in forming the plural : as, sea, seas; woe, woes; canto, cantos; claw, claws; chief, chiefs; path, paths; gem, gems; act, acts. A few plurals from nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant, end in es: as, eclw, echoes ; cargo, cargoes ; potato, potatoes. Other nouns of this class generally form their plurals regularly, though usage differs with regard to some of them. Those in which final o is preceded by a vowel form their plurals regularly. The plural of alkali is written alkalis or alkalies; that of rabbi, either rabbis or rabbies. With regard to other nouns ending in i usage differs, though they are more properly written with the termi- nation is.

When the noun in the singular ends with such a sound (as that of ch, sh, j, s, x, or z) that the sound of s can not unite with it in pronunciation, but must form a separate syllable, e is inserted before * in forming the plural, unless the word ends with silent e, in which case the latter serves to form a separate syllable with s : as, church, churches; age, ages; lace, laces; gas, gases; maze, mazes.

To express the plural of a letter, figure, or any character or sign, or of a word mentioned with- out regard to its meaning, the letter s, generally preceded by the apostrophe, is appended, as in the phrases, "The two Ps in all;" "The two 0's in 400 ; " " The why's and wherefore's of the question."

§ 19. Nouns ending in y preceded by a conso- nant form their plural by adding es and changing y into i : as, mercy, mercies ; sky, skies ; pity, pities. This rule includes words ending in quy, in which u, being pronounced like w, is strictly a consonant : as, colloquy, colloquies. The plural of proper nouns ending in y preceded by a conso- nant, is formed by changing y into ies, according to the rule: as, "The three Maries.'" Many writers, however, form the plural of such words by simply adding s: as, "The three Marys."

When the singular of a noun ends in y preceded by a vowel (except u having the power of w), the plural is regularly formed by adding s only : as, day, days; key, keys ; money, moneys; attorney, attorneys; alloy, alloys; guy, guys. Some plu- rals of the latter class are often inaccurately writ- ten with the termination ies : as, monies, attor- nies, and the like.

§ 20. The plurals of a few nouns ending in / orfe are irregularly formed by changing / or fe into ves. The following words, with their com- pounds, are the principal examples : namely, life, lives ; knife, knives ; wife, wives ; leaf, leaves ; shen f, sheaves; loaf, loaves; beef, beeves; thief, thieves; calf, calves; half, halves; elf, elves; shelf, shelves; self, selves; wolf, wolves. The plural of staff is sometimes written staffs, but more commonly staves, except when it means a corps of officers, either military or civil, in which sense it is always written staffs. The plural of wharf is generally written wharfs in England ; in the United States it is more commonly, but im- properly written wharves, as it is also by some

recent English writers. The plurals of hoof and turf, formerly written hooves and turves, are now written hoofs and turfs. The plurals of other nouns ending in/,/e, or^", are formed regularly by the addition of s only.

§ 21. In the following nouns, the plural is distinguished from the singular only by a change of the vowel or vowel sound of the word : namely, man, men; woman, women; goose, geese; foot, feet; tooth, teeth; brother, brethren ; louse, lice; mouse, mice. Words which end in the syllable man, and are not compounds, form their plurals regularly, by adding s only : as, cayman, cay~ mans ; desman, desmans ; firman, firmans ; tal- isman, talismans; German, Germans; Mussul- man, Mussulmans.

§ 22. A few plurals end in en: namely, broth- er, brethren ; child, children ; ox, oxen. To these may be added the obsolete forms eyne, kine, shoon, hosen, housen (from eye, cow, shoe, hose, house), the first three of which, though they have received a slightly different form, end, as pro- nounced, with the sound of n.

§ 23. The words brother, die, pea, and penny, have each two plurals of different forms and with different significations: as, brothers, male chil- dren of the same parent, also, members of the same society, association, class, or profession; brethren, members of the same religious or eccle- siastical body, the word. in this form being rarely used except in religious writings, or in scriptural language, where it also has the same meaning that brothers has in ordinary language ; dies, im- plements for making impressions by stamping, or for making screws, also the cubical parts of ped- estals ; dice, the cubical blocks used in games of chance ; peas, seeds of the pea plant, when a defi- nite number is mentioned ; pease, the same in bulk, or spoken of collectively ; pennies, the coins, especially when a definite number is mentioned ; pence, the amount reckoned by these coins.

§ 24. A few words, mostly names of animals, have the same form in the plural as in the singu- lar : as, deer, sheep, trout, and the like.

§ 25. Many words adopted from foreign lan- guages retain their original plurals : as, datum, data ; criterion, criteria ; genus, genera ; larva, larvae ; crisis, crises ; matrix, matrices ; focus, foci ; monsieur, messieurs.

Many words of this class, while retaining the original plurals, have also a second, formed after the analogy of English words of similar termina- tion : as, formula, formulae, or formulas ; beau, beaux, or beaus ; index, indices, or indexes ; stra- tum, strata, or stratums ; bandit, banditti, or ban- dits ; cherub, cherubim, or cherubs; seraph, ser- aphim, or seraphs. The plurals of the last two words are sometimes incorrectly written cher- ubims and seraphims, with double plural termina- tions, from ignorance or forgetfulness of the fact that, in Hebrew words, im is a plural ending.

§ 26. In certain loose compounds consisting of a noun followed by aD adjective or other qual- ifying expression, the plural is commonly formed by making the same change in the noun as when it stands alone : as, court-martial, courts-mar- tial ; cousin - german, cousins - german ; son - in - law, sons-in-law. When, however, the adjective is so closely joined to the noun that the compound has the force of a simple word, the plural of the compound is commonly formed like that of any other word of the same termination : as, cupful^ cupfuls; handful, handfuls.

RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS. xxix

§ 27. There are many words, besides those mentioned in the preceding paragraphs, in respect to which usage, even that of the best authors, is variable. The most important of these words are mentioned in this and the succeeding sections.

The derivatives of the word villain, as villain- ous, villainy, etc., though often written villanous, villany, etc., properly retain the i, like those of other words similarly ending in ain: as, moun-\ tainous, from mountain ; captaincy, from cap- tain.

The words connection, deflection, inflection, and reflection follow the spelling of the words con- ' necl, deflect, inflect, and reflect, though often written, especially in England, connexion, deflex- j ion, inflexion, and reflexion.

The word woe, though often written without | the final e, should retain it, like most other nouns of one syllable and of similar form : as, doe, foe, hoe, toe, and the like. Monosyllables other than nouns, and words of more than one syllable, hav- ing a similar termination, omit the e; as, do, go, no, so, canto, motto, potato.

The words defense, expense, offense, and pre- tense are properly written thus, though often spelled with c instead of s, for the s belongs to the words from which they are derived, and is also used in all their derivatives.

The words drought and height were formerly written drouth and hight, and are still very often thus written in America.

The verb practice is thus written like the noun, in preference to the form practise, though the latter spelling is used by many writers, especially in England. The difference in spelling between the noun and the verb is properly observed, in words of this kind, only in such as are accented on the last syllable, as device, devise.

Derivatives of the Greek eSpa (seat, base, side ; pronounced hed'ra), as polyhedron, tetrahedron, octahedral, and the like, are properly thus writ- ten with h before the e of the termination, but are sometimes written polyedron, lelraedron, oc- taedral, etc., without the h.

§ 28. There is a class of words beginning with en or in, as enclose or inclose, enquire or inquire, ensure or insure, and the like, many of which take either form of the prefix indifferently. They are chiefly derived from the Latin, either di- rectly or through the French, the prefix in be- longing to the former language, and en to the lat- ter. In some of these words, en is to be pre- ferred ; in others, in ; in many of them, either may be used indifferently.

§ 29. There is a class of words ending in er, some of which are written by many authors with the termination re; as, center, meter, theater, etc., which are often written cntre, metre, the- atre, etc. Acre, chancre, lucre, nacre, massacre, and ogre, retain the termination re, in order to preserve the hard sound of the c and g.

§ 30. There are two classes of chemical words ending respectively, as more commonly written, in ide and ine, in regard to which usage has been variable. Most of them were formerly written without the final e , but it is now the almost uni-

versal practice to retain it : as, bromide, iodide, chlorine, fluorine, etc. The word tannin is al- ways written without the final e. Oxide is now generally written with the termination ide, though formerly by many written oxyd, from the supposition that the y of the last syllable repre- sented the v of the Greek 6£v?, from which the word is derived ; whereas the last syllable is sim- ply the same as the termination of the words bromide, sulphide, and the like.

§ 31. There is aclassof words ending, r.s pro- nounced, with the sound of long i, followed by z, some of which are differently written, by differ- ent authors, with either ise or ize to represent this sound : as, criticize or criticise ; patronize or pa- tronise. These words are mostly verbs, and are chiefly derived from Greek words ending in i<Jiw, or from French words ending in xser or ise. Those formed from Greek words have the termi- nation ize ; as, anathematize, characterize, drama- tize, tantalize. The words catechise aijd exorcise are exceptions. Those formed in an analogous manner from English words are likewise written with ize : as, albumenize, memorize, sensitize. Those derived from the French verb prendre (par- ticiple pris or prise) end in ise : as, apprise, com- prise, emprise, enterprise, surprise. Of those formed from French words other than prendre, or which have corresponding forms in the French, a majority end in ize, though in respect to some of them usage is variable : as, civilize, satirize. The following are the principal English verbs end- ing in ise : namely, advertise, advise, affranchise, apprise, catechise, chastise , circumcise , comprise, compromise, criticise, demise, despise, devise, disenfranchise, disfranchise, disguise, divertise, emprise, enfranchise, enterprise, exercise, exor- cise, franchise, manumise, misprise, premise, reprise, revise, supervise, surmise, surprise. It may be remarked that most of those in respect to which usage varies are more frequently writ- ten in England with the termination ise, and in the United States with the termination ize.

§ 32. The words mold and molt, and their compounds and derivatives, are written in this Dictionary with o instead of ou, in analogy with the words bold, bolt, colt, gold, etc., from which thew has been dropped. Many authors, however, write these words mould and moult, and their de- rivatives in like manner.

§ 33. There is a numerous class of words al- most universally written, in the United States, with the termination or, many of which are writ- ten, in England, with the termination our: as, candor, honor, labor, vigor. English usage, how- ever, is not uniform with respect to these words, many being written with or in English books.

§ 34. There is a small class of words ending with the syllable ped (from Lat. pes, pedis, foot), the termination of some of which was formerly, and is still frequently, written pede : as, biped, centiped, milliped, quadruped, soliped, etc. The words l/iped and quadruped are universally writ- ten without the final e, and the others, according to the best usage, should be written in the same manner.

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK.

a. stands for . adjective. adv adverb.

C. .

colloq.

comp.

conj.

contr.

E.

e.g.

esp. .

F. . J., fern, Fahr. Jr. .

Centigrade, colloquial, comparative, conjunction, contracted, con- traction.

English. exempli gratia (for example), especially.

. French.

. feminine.

. Fahrenheit.

. from.

G German.

gen genitive.

Gr Greek.

i. e id est (that is).

imp. . . . imperfect.

ind. . . . inf. . . . interj. . . It. ...	. indicative. . infinitive. . interjection . Italian.
L. . . .	. Latin.
w., masc. .	. masculine.
n. ... neut. . .	. noun. . neuter.

obs.

obsolete.

p participle.

p. a. ... participial ad- jective. pass. . . . passive.

pers, pi. p.p. p. pi

prep pret. pron

R.

sing.

subj. superl.

U.S.

v. t.

person, plural.

participle past, participle pres- ent, preposition, preterit, pronoun.

Rare.

singular. Spanish, subjunctive, superlative.

United States.

verb.

verb intransi- tive. v. t verb transitive.

*#* In the vocabulary, words from foreign languages, both ancient and modern, which have not become anglicized, are printed with two bars before them ; as, I! A'qua, jBaga-telle', llFor'te.

*#* Words which are to be written or printed with a hyphen between their components have this hyphen indicated by a mark longer and heavier than the short light hyphen used to indicate the division between unaccented syllables ; as, Ald'-de-camp', Bird's'-eye . Chicken-heart ed.

DICTIONARY

OF THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

A (a). The indefinite article, contracted from an, used before nouns singular beginning with a consonant sound ; any ; every ; one.

Aback/ (a-b5k'), adv. Backward ; by surprise ; unexpectedly.

Ab/a-cus (aVa-kus), n. A counting frame ; the uppermost mem- ber of a pillar.

A -'baft' (a-baff), adv. Abacus.

& prep. Toward the stern ; astern.

A-bail'dOll (a-b$n'diin), v. t. To give up wholly ; to forsake. — A-ban'doned (-dund), a. Given up to vice ; corrupt ; wicked. — A-bau'don-ei", n. — A-ban'don-ment, n. Entire desertion ; re- linquishment.

Abase' (a-bas'), v. t. To bring low ; to degrade ; to humble. — A-base'ment, n.

A-bash' (a-b2sh'), v. t. To make ashamed ; to shame ; to confuse. — A-bash'ment, n.

A-bate' (a-baf), v. t. To diminish ; to lessen.— v. i. To decrease ; to become less. — A-bat'- a-ble, a. Capable of being abated. — A-bate'- ment, n. An abating ; decrease ; deduction.

Ab'a-tis, Ab'at-tis (E. 5b'a-tTs; F. a'ba'te'), n. Branches of trees turned outwards as a barrier.

A'bat'toir' (^bat/twar'), n. Slaughterhouse.

AVba' (Xb'ba/), n. Father ; a religious superior.

Ab/ba-cy (aVba-s^), n. Condition, rights, or priv- ileges of an abbot. — Ab-ba'tial (-ba'shal), a. Pertaining to an abbey.

Ab'be7 (ab'ba'), n. [F.] An ecclesiastic devoted to teaching, literature, etc.

Ab'bess (ab'bes), n. Governess of a nunnery.

Ab'bey (aVb^), n. ; pi. Abbeys (-biz). Monastery or convent.

Ab'bot (Sb'but), n. Head of a society of monks ; superior of an abbey. — Ab'bot-ship, n. Office of an abbot.

Ab-bre'vl-ate (aVbre'vT-at), V. t. To shorten ; to abridge ; to condense. — Ab-bre'vi-a'tion (-a'- shun), n. A shortening; contraction. — Ab- bre'vl-a'tOT (-a'ter), n. One who shortens. — Ab-bre'vi-a-tO-ry (-a-to-r^), a. Abbreviating.

Ab'dl-cant (5b'dY-krtnt), n. One who abdicates.

Ab'di-cate (Xb'dT-kat), v. t. To relinquish ; to give up. — v. i. To give up an office. — Ab'di- ca'tlon (-ka'shun), n. Abandonment of office.

ABNORMAL

Ab-do'men (Sb-do'me'n), n. Belly. — Ab-dom'i- nal (-dom'T-n«l), a. Pertaining to thejibdointn.

Ab-duce' (£b-dus'), v. t. [Abduced (-dust') ; Ab- ducingJ To draw away. — Ab-duct' (-dukf), v. t. To take away by force. — Ab - due ' Uon (-duk'shun), n. An abducing or abducting.

A-beam/ (a-bem'), adv. On the beam ; in a line at right angles to the ship's length.

A'be-ce-da'ri-an (a'be-se-da'rT-an), n. A teacher or a learner of the a, b, c, or alphabet.

A-bed' (a-bed'), adv. In bed, or on the bed.

Ab'er-ra'tion (aVSr-ra'ahun), ». A wandering from the right way.

A-bet' (a-bSf), v. t. [Abetted ; Abetting.] To encourage; to instigate; to incite. — A-bet'- ment, n. An abetting ; support. — A-bet'ter, -tor (-ter), n. Instigator ; accessory.

A-bey'ance (a-ba'ans), n. State of suspense.

Ab-hor' (ab-h6r'), v. t. [Abhorred (-h6rd') ; Ab- horring.] To regard with horror; to loathe; to detest Ab-hor'rence (-hoVmis), v. De- testation ; great hatred. — Ab-hor'rent (-hor'- rent), a. Abhorring ; repugnant : inconsistent.

A-bide' (a-bid'), v. i. [Abode (-bo<V) ; Abiding.] To continue in a place; to dwell, —v. t. To await ; to endure ; to bear.

Ab'i-gail (5b'T-gal), n. A lady's waiting-maid.

A-btl'I-ty (a-bll'T-ty), n. Power ; skill ; pi. men- tal powers.

Ab'ject (aT/jSkt), a. Mean ; base ; despicable. — n. One in a miserable state. — Ab-Jec'tion (- jSk'shun). n. Baseness; low state. — Ab- jectly (ab'jSkt-l?), adv. — Ab'ject-ness. «.

Ab'JU-ra'tlon (aVju-ra'slmn). n. An abjurine.

Ab-jU'ra-tO-ry (-ju'ra-to-rjf), a. Containing or re- lating to abjuration.

Ab-jure' (5b-jur'), v, t. To renounce on oath : to disclaim solemnly ; to recant. — Ab-Jur'er. n.

Ab'la-tive (aVla-tiv), a. Taking awiy or remov- ing; — applied to the sixth case of Latin nouns.

A-blaze' (a-blaz'), adv. On fire ; highly excited.

A'ble (a'b'l), a. Having power ; strong ; capable.

— A'bly C-bl3f), adv.

Ab-lu'tion (Xb-lu'shun), n. A washing ; cleansing

or purification. Ab'ne-gate (Xb'ne-gat), v. t. To deny and reject,

— Ab'ne-ga'tion. n. Renunciation. Ab-nor'mal (Xb-n6r'mal), a. Contrary to rule,

a, e, I o, u, long; a, e\ 1, 5, ix, y, short;^enate, ^vent, idea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final, f5rn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin.

ABNORMALLY

law, or system ; irregular. — Ab - HOI ' mal - ly, adv. — Ab-nor'mi-ty (-mY-ty), re. A-board' (a-bord'), adv. In a vessel ; on board.

— prep. On board of.

A-bode7 (a-boJ'), imp. & p. p. of Abide, v. i. & I.

— n. State or place of residence ; dwelling. A-bol'ish (a-b51'Ysh), v. t. To do away with ut- terly ; to annul ; to destroy. — A-bol'ish-a-ble, a. — A-bol'ish-ment, n. An abolishing.

Ab'O-li'tion (aV6-IYsh'un), re. Doing away with finally and forever ; — applied particularly to slavery. — Ab 0-li'tion-ist, re. One who favors abolition, esp. of slaver}'.

A-bom'i-na-ble (a-bom'Y-na-b'l), a. Worthy of ab- horrence; odious; hateful; shocking. — A-bom'- i-na-bly (-bly), adv.

A-bom'i-nate (a-bom'Y-nat}, v. t. To hate intense- ly ; to abhor. — A-bom'1-na'tion (-na'shun), n. Aversion or loathing; object of hatred and dis- gust.

Ab'O-rig'i-nal (aVo-rYj'Y-nfl]), a. First, original, or primitive. — re. A first inhabitant. — Ab'O- rig'i-nes (-Y-nez), n. pi. Original inhabitants of a country.

A-bor'tion (a-b6r'shiln), re. A miscarriage ; thing which fails to come to maturity.

A-bor'tive (a-b6r'tYv), a. Unsuccessful ; prema- ture. — A-bor'tive'ly, adv. — A-bor'tive-ness. re.

A-bound' (a-bound'), v. i. To be or to possess in abundance.

A -bout' (a -bout'), prep. On every side of; through or over; near ; ready to ; touching. — adv. On all sides ; around ; nearly ; in an op- posite direction ; circularly.

A-bove/ (a-buv'), prep. Higher than; more than. — adv. Overhead; in a higher place. — A-bove^board' (-b6rd'), adv. Above the board or table ; not concealed ; without deception.

Ab-rade7 (5b-rad'), v. t. To rub or wear off. — Ab-ra'Sion (-ra'zhun), re. A scraping off.

A-breast' (a-brgsf), adv. Side by side ; on a line.

A-bridge' (a-brYj'), v. t. To make shorter ; to cut off ; to lessen. — A-bridg'ment, re. A shorten- ing ; contraction ; work abridged or epitomized ; epitome ; abstract ; synopsis.

A-broach' (a-broch'), adv. In a condition to let out linuor, or to be diffused or propagated.

A-broad' (a-brad'), adv. At large ; out of doors ; out of a country ; extensively ; astray.

Ab'ro-gate (£b'r5-rat), v. t. To annul ; to abolish ; to repeal. — Al^ro-ga'tion, re. An abrogating.

Ab-TOpt/ (iCb-rQpt'), a. Broken ; steep ; sudden ; unceremonious. — Ab-rupt'ly, adv. — Ab-rupt'- ness, re. — Ab-rup'tion (-rfip'shun), re. Violent separation of bodies.

Ab'scess (aVses), re. A tumor filled with pus or purulent matter.

Abscind' (Xb-sYnd'), v. t. To cut off. — Ab-scls'- Sion (-sY'h'Qn), re. A cutting off.

Ab-SCOnd' (Xb-skond'), v. i. To secrete one's self • to steal away. — Ab-scord'er, re.

Ab'sence (Xb'sens), re. State of being absent ; destitution ; heedlessnpss.

Ab'sent (Sb'sgnt), a. Not present in ; inatten- tive ; heedless. — AVsent-ly, adv. — Ab-sent' (5b-sgnt')., v. t. To keep away. — Ab/SOn-tee' (-sgn-te'), Ab-sent'er (Xb-sgnt'e'r), re. One who absents himself ; a. non-resident.

AVso-lute (Sb'sS-lut), a. Unlimited ; certain ; peremptory ; despotic. — Ab ' SO - lute - ly, adv. Positively ; arbitrarily. — Ab'so-lute-ness, n. —

. ACADEMICAL

Ab'SO-lu'tism (-tiz'm), re. Absolute govern- ment or its principles ; despotism.

Ab'SO-lu'tion (aVso-lu'shun), re. An absolving.

Ab-SOl'u-tO-ry (ab-sol'u-to-ry), a. Absolving.

Ab-SOlve' (ab-solv'), v. t. To set free from ; to pardon ; to acquit.

Ab-SOrb' (ab-s6rb'), v. t. To drink in ; to suck up ; to swallow up ; to engross wholly. — Ab- sorb 'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being ab- sorbed. — Absorb a-bil'i-ty (-a-bYl'Y-ty), «. — Ab - sorb ' out, a. Sucking up ; imbibing. — re. Substance or bodily organ which absorbs.

Ab-sorp'tion (5b-s6rpM.un), re. An absorbing.

— Ab-sorp'tive (-s6rp'tYv), a. Able to absorb.

— Ab'sorp-tiv'i-ty (-tYv'Y-ty), re. Ab-stain' (Sb-stan'), v. i. To iorbcar ; to refrain. Ao-ste'mi-OUS (ab-ste mY-u- ), a. Sparing in diet ;

temperate ; abstinent. — Ab-Ste'Hii-OUS-ly, adv.

— Ab-ste'mi-ous-ness, re.

Absterge7 (Sb-sterj'), v. t. [Absterged (-sterjd') ; Absterging.] To clean by wiping ; to v- iiy. — Ab-Ster'gent (-stei 'jent), a. Serving to cleanse.

Ab-Sterse7 (3b-sters'), v. t. To cleanse by wiping.

— Ab-ster'sion (-stei'sliGn), re. A cleansing by lotions, etc. — Ab-Ster'sive (-sYv), a. Cleansing.

Ab'sti-nence (aVstY-nens), re. An abstaining, esp. from indulgence of appetite. — Ab'sti- nent, a. Temperate.

Ab-stiact' (Sb-strSkt'), v. t. To draw from or separate ; to consider by itself ; to epitomize or reduce ; to purloin. — Ab'stract (aVs trSkt), a. Distinct from something else ; difficult ; ab* struse. — re. Inventory ; summary ; epitome. — Ab'Stract-ly (Sb'strakt-ly), adv. By itself ; in a separate state. — Ab - Strac ' tion (-strSk'.-l.un), re. A separating ; idea of an abstract or theo- retical nature ; inattention to present objects ; a taking another's property for one's own use.

— Ab-Strac'tive (-etrik'tYv), a. Having power to abstract. — Ab-stract'ed (-strSkt'ed), a. En- grossed in thoupht. — Ab-stract'ed-ly, adv.

Ab-Struser (5b-strus'), a. Hard to understand ; obscure. — Ab - struse ' ly , adv. — Ab - struse ' - ness, re.

Ab-surd' (Sb-sfird'), a. Opposed to manifest truth ; inconsistent with reason ; irrational ; ri- diculous. — Ab-snrd'ly, adv. —Ab-surd 'ness, Ab-surd'i-ty (-Y-ty), n. Quality of being absurd ; that which is abirurd ; folly.

A-bun'danCO (a-bun'd«ns), re. Great plenty ; wealth ; affluence. — A-bun'dant, a. Fr.lly suf- ficient ; copious ; ample. — A-lbun'dant-ly, adv.

A-buse' (a-buz'), v. t. [Abused (-tuzd') ; Abus- ing.] To misuse ; to deceive ; to impose on. — A-buse7 (-bus'), re. Ill use ; oorrrpt practice or custom ; derision ; insult. — A-bu'slve (-bu'sYv), a. Containing abuse ; insolent. — A-bU'sive-ly. adv. — A-bu'sive-ness, n.

A-bUt' (a-buf), v. i. To terminate or border upon; to meet. — A-but'mODt (-ment), re. That on which a thing abuts ; solid part of a wall, etc., which receives the pressure of an arch, etc.

— A-but'tal, n. Boundary of land. A-byss' (a-bYs'), re. Bottomless depth ; gulf ;

hell, or the bottomle«»s pit. — A-byss'al (a-LYs'- al), A-bys'mal (a-bYz'mol), a. Bottomless ; unending. A-cad'e-my (a-kSd'e-my), re. School or seminarj', ranking between common school and college ; a society for learned pursuits. — Ac'a-deni'lC (Sk'A-dgm'Yk), Ac'a-dem'ic-al, a. Belonging

a, e, 1, 5, u, long ; a, 8, i, 5, ft, y, short ; senate, Svent, tdea, 6b*y, ftnite, care, jirm, ask, all, final,

ACADEMIC

to an institution of learning. — Ac a-dem'ic n. Student in a college or university. — ACa-dem'- lc-al-ly, adv. — Ac a-de-mi'ciari (Sk'a-de-mTsh'- an), n. Member of a society for promoting arts and sciences.

Ac-cede' (5k-sed'), v . i. To agree ; to become a party to (an agreement, etc.) ; to be added to.

Ac-Cel'er-ate (2k-sel'er-at), v. t. To quicken the action of; to expedite. — Ac-celer-a'tion, n. Increase of motion or action. — Ac - eel ' er - a- tive (-s6i'er-a-tiv), Ac-cel'er-a-to-ry (-a-t6-r^), a. Quickening motion.

ACcent (Sk'sgnt), n. Modulation of voice ; stress laid upon some syllable ; mark used to regulate pronunciation, express magnitude, etc. — Ac- cent' (Sk-sSnt'), v. t. To mark with accent. — Ac-cen'tU-al (-sen'tu-al), a. Relating to accent. — Ac-ceil'tU-ate, (-at), v. t. To mark with ac- cent. — Ac-cen'tu-a'tlon (-a'shfin), n. An ac- centing ; stress.

Ac-cept' (5k-sSpt'), v. t. To receive ; to admit ; to subscribe to and become liable for. — Ac-cept'er . n. — Ac - cept ' a - Die, a. Worthy of being ac- j cepted ; pleasing to a receiver ; welcome ; grati- fying. — Ac-cept'a-ble-ness, Ac-cept'a-bil'i-ty (-sSpt'a-bll'T-ty), n.— Ac-cept'a-bly, adv.— Ac- ceptance, n. An accepting ; favorable recep- tion ; assent to pay a bill of exchange when due ; bill itself when accepted.— Accep-ta'tion (-sSp- ta'shun), n. Acceptance ; meaning ; sense.

Ac-cess' (5k-seV or Sk'sSs), n. Approach ; ad- mission ; increase.

Ac-ces'sa-ry (5k-seVsa-r^), a. Additional ; ac- cessory.— n. One who accedes to an offense without perpetrating it.

Ac-cess'1-Dle (5k-seVT-b'l), a. Easy of access; approachable. — Ac-cess'i-Dil'i-ty (-T-bTl'T-t^), n. Quality of being approachable.

Ac-ces'sion (Sk-sgsh'un), n. An acceding to; increase; addition.

Ac-ces'SO-ry (Sk-ses'so-ry), a. Aiding ; contrib- uting ; accompanying. — n. One guilty of a fe- lonious offense, though not present at its perpe- tration ; an accompaniment. — Ac ces-so'ri-al (-sSs-so'rl-crl), a. Pertaining to an accessory. — Ac-ces'so-ri-ly (-seVso-rT-ly), adv.

Ac'ci-dence (£k'sT-dens), n. Book of rudiments in grammar.

Ac'ci-dent (5k'sT-dent), n. Event proceeding from an unknown cause, or one not expected ; chance ; mishap. — Ac'ci-den'tal (-dgn'tal), a. Happen- ing by chance ; not necessarily belonging ; cas- ual ; fortuitous ; incidental. — n. Casualty. — Ac'ci-den'tal-ly, adv.

Ac-Claim' (2k-klam'), v. t. [Acclaimed (-klamd') ; Acclaiming.] To honor with applause; to sa- lute. — Ac-claim', Ac ' cla - ma ' tion (-kia-ma'- shun), n. Shout, expressive of assent, choice, or approbation. — Ac-Clam'a-tO-ry (-klSm'a-to-ry), a. Expressing applause.

Ac-Cli'mate (5k-kll'mat), v. t. To habituate to_a climate not native. — Ac'cli-ma'tiOli (-kli-ma'- shfin), 7i. Process or state of being acclimated.

Ac-cli'ma-tize (5k-kli'ma-tlz), v. t. To acclimate.

Ac-Cliv'i-ty (5k-klTv'T-ty), n. Ascending slope ; rising ground ; ascent. — AC-Cll'VOUS (Xk-kll'- vus), a. Rising with a slope, as a hill.

Ac-com'mo-date (Xk-kom'mo-dat), v. t. To ren- der fit ; to adapt ; to furnish with something desired or convenient : to reconcile. — Ac-COm'- mo-da-ting (-da-ting), a. Affording accommo-

Accordion. A reckoning ; compu-

I ACCURSED

dation ; kind ; obliging. — Ac-COm'mo-da'tlon (ak-kom' mo-da' shun), n. Supply of conven- iences ; fitness ; reconciliation ; a loan of money.

Ac-COm'pa-ny (ak-kiim'pa-ny), v. t. To go with ; to attend. — Ac-COm'pa-nist, n. Musical per- former who takes the accompanying part. — Ac- Com'pa-ni-ment (-nT-ment), n. That which ac- companies or is added for ornament.

Ac-com'plice (ak - kom ' plis), n. Associate in crime.

Ac-COm'plish (ak-kom'plish), v. t. To finish en- tirely ; to bring to pass ; to fulfill. — Ac-com'- plished (-plisht), a. Complete and perfected.

— Ac-COm'plish-ment, n. An accomplishing; acquirement ; attainment.

Ac-compt/ant (5k-kount'ant), n. Accountant.

Ac-C0rd'(Sk-k6rd'),w. Agreement; consent; con- cord. — v. t. To harmonize ; to concede. — v. i. To be in accordance ; to agree. — Ac-cord'ance (-kSrd'rtns), n. Agreement ; conformity. — Ac- cord'ant, a. Corresponding ; agreeable. — Ac- cord'ant-ly, adv. — Ac-COrd'ing, a. In har- mony with ; suitable. — Ac-cord'ing-ly, adv.

Ac-COT'di-on (ak-k6r'dT-iin), n. A musical wind instrument, played by keys and bellows.

AC- COSt ' (ak-kosf), v. t. To address; to speak first to.

II Ac-couche'ment (ak-

kdosh'maN), n. [F.]

Delivery in childbed.

Ac-COUnt' (Sk-kount'), n.

tation ; statement ; explanation ; profit ; value.

— v. t. To reckon ; to compute ; to estimate ; to regard. — v. i. To render an account or a rea- son ; to constitute a reason (for an occurrence, etc.). — Ac-COUnt'a-ble, a. Liable to be called to account ; responsible. — Ac-COUnt'a-ble-ness, Ac-count/ a-bil'i-ty (-bTlT-ty), n. — Ac-count'- ant, n. One skilled in accounts.

Ac-cou'ple (5k-kup'p'l), v. t. [Accottpled; Ac- coupling.] To couple; to join together; to unite.

Ac-cou'ter, Ac-cou'tre (Xk-kob'ter), v. t. To furnish with dress, equipage, or equipments ; to equip. — Ac-cou'ter-ments, Ac-cou'tre-ments, n. pi. Dress ; equipage ; trappings.

Ac-cred'it (Sk-kred'Tt), v. t. To give credit to ; to furnish with credentials.

Ac-cres'cent (5k-krgs'sent), a. creasing.

Ac-cre'tion (ak-kre'shiin), n. A growing to or together ; increase. — Ac-cre/tive, a. Increas- ing by growth.

Ac-crue' (5k-kru/), v. i. To arise ; to be added ; to follow ; to increase.

Ac-cum'bent (ak-kum'b«nt), a. Leaning ; re- clining.

Ac-CU'mU-late (ak-ku'mu-lat), v. t. To heap up in a mass ; to pile up ; to collect. — v. i. To in- crease greatly. — Ac-CU'mU-la'tor, n. — Ac-CU'- mu-la'tion, n. An accumulating ; mass; heap.

— Ac-CU'mu-la-tive, a. Causing accumulation. Ac'Cu-rate (ak'ku-rat), a. In conformity to truth ;

free from error ; correct ; precise. — Ac'CU- rate-ly, adv.— Ac'cu-ra-cy, Ac'cu-rate-ness, n.

Ac-CUTSe7 (Sk-kflrs'), V. t. To devote to destruc- tion ; to curse. — Ac-CUr'sed, p. p. (Sk-kQrsf) & a. (-kfirs'ed). Doomed to misery ; detest- able ; execrable.

Growing ; in-

fgrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin.

ACCUSE

ADAPTATION

Ac-cuse' (Xk-kuz'), v. t. To charge with crime ; | to censure. — AC CU- sa'tion (-ku-za'shim), n. An accusing ; charge of crime. — Ac-CU'sa-tive | (-ku'za-tl v), a. Producing or containing accusa- tions. — 7i. A case (of the direct object) of nouns in grammar. — Ac-CU'sa-to-iy (-ku'za-to-ry), a. \ Containing accusation. — Ac-CUS'er, n.

Ac-CUS'tOm (ak-kus'tiim), v. t. To make familiar by use ; to habituate. — Ac-CUS'tOm-a-ry (-a-ry), a. Usual.

Ace (as), n. Single point on a card or die ; very an til quantity ; atom.

A-cel'da-ma (a-sel'da-ma), n. Field of blood.

A-ceph/a-l0US (a-sef'a-lus), a. Without a head.

A-cerb'i-ty (a-ter'bi-ty), n. Sourness of taste ; i. rshuesa; bitterness; severity.

A-ces'cent (a-ses'sant), a. Turning sour ; readily becoming acid. — A - CGS ' cen - cy (-sen-sy)^n. Tendency to sourness. — Ac'6-tate (5s'e-tat), n. A salt formed by acetic acid united to a base. — A-ce'tic (a-se'tik or -set'Tk), a. Hav- ing the properties of vinegar. — A-cet'1-fy (-sef- T-fi), v. i. To turn into acid or vinegar. — A-cef i-fi-ca'tion, n. A making sour ; operation of making vinegar. — A-CO'tOUS (-se'tus), a. Sour ; causing acetification.

A-cet'y-lene (a-sgtT-len), n. A brilliant lighting gas, composed of carbon and hydrogen.

Ache (ak), v. i. [Ached (akt) ; Aching.] To be in pain. — n. Continued pain.

Achieve' (a-chev'), v. t. To do ; to accomplish. — A-cWeve'ment, n. Performance ; feat ; deed.

Ach'ro-mat'iC (5k'r6-m5t'Ik), a. Free from color.

Ac'id (XsTd), a. Sour, like vinegar ; sharp. — n. A sour substance, or one forming salts. — A-cid'- i-ty (a-sld'l-ty), Ac'id-ness, n. — A-cid'u-late (a-sl J'u-lat), v. t. To make slightly acid. — A-cid'U-lOUS (-lus), a. Slightly sour. — A-cid'- 1-ly (a-sTd'I-fi), v. t. & i. To make or become acid. — A-cid'i-fl'a-ole (-T-fi'a-b'l), a. Capable of being acidified. — A-Cid'i-li-ca'tion (-fT-ka'- shun), n. An acidifying.

Ac-knowl'edge (Sk-nSl'gj), v. t. To own ; to con- fess ; to avow ; to concede. — Ac-knowl'edg- ment, n. The owning of a thing ; thanks.

Ac'me (Xk'me"), n. Highest point ; crisis.

Ac'o-lyte (Sk'6-lit), Ac'O-lyth (-lith), n. Compan- ioji ; associate ; an inferior church servant.

Ac'O-nite (ak'o-nit), n. Wolfsbane, a poison.

A'COrn (a'kum), n. Seed or fruit of an oak.

A-COt/y-le/don (a-kSt'T-le'dun), n. Plant having no seed lobes, or cotyledons. — A-COt'y-led'on- OUS (-lSd'Qn-us), a. Having no seed lobes, or such as are indistinct.

A-COUS'tic (a-kous'- or a-kobs'tTk), a. Pertain- ing to the ears, sense of hearing, or doctrine of sounds. — A-COUS'tlcs, n. Science of sound.

Ac-quaint' (5k-kwanf), v. t. To make familiar ; to inform. — Ac -quaint' ance, n. Familiar knowledge ; person or persons well known. — Ac - quaint ' ance - Ship, n. State of being ac- quainted.

Ac ' qui - esce' (5k ' kwT - gs '), v. i. [Acquiesced (-Ssf) ; Acquiescing (-es'sing).] To rest sat- isfied, or without opposition ; to assent ; to com- ply. — Ac ' qui - es ' cence (-eVaenB), n. Silent assent or submission. — Ac qul-es'cent, a. Sub- mitting ; disposed to submit.

Ac-quire' (Xk-kwlr'), v. t. To gain ; to obtain ; to secure. — Ac-quir'a-ble, a. Capable of being

acquired. — Ac - quire ' ment, Ac ' qui - si ' tion

(-kwt - zish ' tin), n. An acquiring; thing ac- quired ; gain.

Ac - quis ' i - tive (Sk-kwIz'T-tTv), a. Disposed to make acquisitions. — Ac-quis'i-tive-ly, adv. — Ac-quis'i-tive-ness, n.

Ac-quit' (5k-kwTf), v. t. [Acquitted; Acquit- ting.] To set free ; to release ; to discharge ; to clear ; to absolve ; to conduct (one's self). — Ac-quit' tal (-tal), n. Formal release from a charge. — Ac-quit'tance (-tans), n. An acquit- ting or discharging from debt ; a receipt.

A'cre (a'ker), n. Tract of 160 square rods.

Ac'rid (ak'rid), n. Of biting taste ; sharp ; pun- gent. — Ac'rid-ness, n.

Ac'ri-mo-ny (5k'ri-mo-n^), n. Sharpness or se- verity (of language or temper) ; asperity. — AC- ri-mo/ni-OUS (-mo'nT-Qs), a. Sarcastic ; severe ; bitter. — Ac/ri-mo/ni-ous-ly, adv.

Ac'ro-bat (Sk'ro-bSt), n. One who practices high vaulting, rope dancing, etc. — Ac ro-bat'ic, a.

A-crop'0-lis (a-kr5p'6-lis), n. Citadel or castle.

A-cr0SS' (a-kr6s'), prep. From side to side of ; athwart ; over. — adv. Crosswise.

A-croS'tiC (a-kros'tlk), n. Poem in which certain letters in each line form a name or a sentence.

— A-cros'tic-al-ly, adv.

Act (Skt), v. t. To perform ; to do ; to feign ; to play. — v. i. To exert power ; to be in motion ; to do. — n. A deed ; action ; exploit ; division of a play. — Ac' tor (Sk'ter), n. — Ac 'tress (-toe's), n. Female actor or stage player. — Ac'- tion (Sk'shun), n. Thing done ; deed ; conduct ; gesture ; battle ; law suit. — Ac ' tion - a - ble (-a-b'l), a. Admitting an action at law. — Ac'- tion-a-bly, adv.

Ac'tive (Sk'tTv), a. Having or communicating action or motion ; energetic ; busy ; transitive.

— Ac'tive-ly, adv. — Ac'tive-ness, Ac-tiv'i-ty, (-tTv'T-ty), n.

Ac'tor, ACtress, n. See under Act, v. t.

Ac'tU-al (Sk'tu-al), a. Existing in act ; real ; cer- tain ; present. — Ac'tU-al-ly, adv. — Ac'tU-al- ness, Ac'tU-al'i-ty (-51'T-ty), n. State of being actual. — Ac'tU-al-ize, V. t. To make actual.

Ac'tU-a-ry (5k'tu-a-r^), n. A registrar ; clerk.

Ac'tU-ate (5k'tu-at), v. t. To put into action ; to impel ; to animate.

A-CU'le-ate (a-ku'le-at), a. Having sharp points ; prickly.

A-CU'men (a-ku'mSn), n. Quickness of percep- tion ; shrewdness ; discernment. — A-CU'mi- nate (-mT-nat), v. t. To render sharp or keen.

— v. i.~ To come to a sharp point. — a. Having a long tapering point. — A-CU mi-na'tion. n. A sharpening ; termination in a point ; quickness.

A-CUte' (a-kuf), a. Sharp ; shrewd ; keen ; high or shrill. — A-cute'ly, adv. — A-cute'ness, n.

Ad'age (Sd'aj), n. Saying ; maxim ; proverb.

l!A-da'giO (a-da'j6), a. [It.] Slow; moving slowly. — adv. Slowly ; — a musical term. — n. A piece of music in adagio time.

Ad'a-mant (Xd'a-mSnt), n. Stone of impenetrable hardness; diamond. — Ad'a-man-te'an (-m5n- teVrn), Ad a-man'tine (-mXn'tln), a. Extremely hard.

A-dapt' (a-dXpf), v. t. To make fit or suitable. — A-dapt'a-ble, a. Capable of being adapted. — A-dapt'a-bil'i-ty, A-dapt'a-ble-ness, v.— Ad'- ap-ta'tion (Sd'Sp-ta'shun), n. An adapting ; fitness.

a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, 6, 1, 5, u, y, short ; senate, gvent, tdea, 6bey, Anite, care, arm, ask, all, final,

ADD i

Add (Sd), v. t. To join or unite.

II Ad-den' dum (5d- den 'dum), 7i.; pi. Addenda

(-da). [L.] A tiling to be added. Ad'der (ad'der), ft. A venomous serpent ; a viper. Add'i-ble (ad'dl-b'l), a. Capable of being added. Ad-dict' (Sd-dTkf), v. t. To apply habitually; to habituate. — Ad-dict'ed-ness, Ad - die ' tion (-dTk'shun), ra. Devotedness. Ad-di'tlon (Sd-dish'iiu), ft. An adding things to- gether ; tiling added ; increase ; branch of arith- metic which treats of adding numbers. — Ad- di'tion-al, a. Added. — Ad-di'tion-al-ly, adv. Ad'dle (ad'd'l), a. Putrid ; corrupt ; unfruitful or barren. — v. t. & i. To make or become addle, corrupt, or morbid. Ad-dress' (5d-drSV), v. t. [Addressed (-dresf ) ; Addressing.] To make ready ; to speak or ap- ply to ; to direct (a letter or a petition) ; to woo. — ft. An application ; a petition ; a direc- tion (of a letter, etc.); skill; tact; courtship, — usually in pi. Ad-duce7 (aM-dus'), v. t. [Adduced ( - dust ' ) ; Adducing (-du'sing).] To bring forward or offer ; to allege. — Ad-du'cent (-du'sent), a. Bringing forward or together. — Ad-du'ci-ble (-sT-b'l), a. Capable of being adduced. — Ad- duc/tion (-duk'shun), ft. A bringing forward. — | Ad-duc'tive (-duk'tlv), a. Bringing forward. A-depf (a-depf), n. One skilled in any art. — a. j

Skillful. Ad'e-quate (5d'e-kwat), a. Fully sufficient; equal, proportionate, or correspondent ; enough ; requisite. —Ad'e-quate-ly, adv. — Ad'e-qua-cy (-kwa-sy), Ad'e-quate-ness, n. Ad-here' (Sd-heV), v. i. [Adhered (-herd') ; Ad- hering.] To stick fast; to cleave; to cling; to be attached or devoted. — Ad-her'ence (-ens), Ad-her'en-cy (-en-sy), n. Quality or state of adhering ; steady attachment. — Ad-her'ent, a. United with or to ; sticking. —». One who ad- heres ; a follower ; a supporter ; an advocate. — Ad-her'ent-ly, adv. — Ad he'sion (-he'zhun), ra. A sticking, or being attached. — Ad-he'sive (-he'slv), a. Sticky; tenacious. — Ad-ne'- sive-ly, adv. — Ad-he' sive-ness, ra. Ad-hor'ta-to-ry (5d-h6r'ta-to-ry), a. Containing

counsel ; advisory. A-diea' (a-du'), adv. 6ood-by ; farewell. — n.

A farewell. Ad'i-pose' (a l'T-pos'), a. Consisting of fat. — Ad'- i-po-cere' (Sd'T-po-seV), ft. A waxy substance, into which fat is sometimes changed. Ad'it (51'Tt), ft. A horizontal entrance into a

mine ; a drift. Ad-ja'cent (Sd-ja'sent). a. Lying near ; contigu- ous. — Ad-Ja'cen-cy (-sen-sjf), n. State of being adjacent. Ad'jec-tlve (51'jek-tTv), ra. A word used to de- note some property of a noun. — Ad'Jec-tive-ly, adv. In the manner of an adjective. Ad-jOln' (51-join'), v. t. [Adjoined (-joind'); Adjoining.] To join or unite to. — v. i. To be contigu > is or very near. Ad-joura' (5 1-jGrn'), v. t. [Adjourned (-jfimd') ; Adjourning.] To put off to another day ; to postpone ; to defer ; to delay. — v. i. To sus- pend business for a time. — Ad-journ'ment, ft. An adjourning; postponement. Ad-jud;e/ (Xl-jfij'), v. t. [Adjudged (-jiijd') ; Adjudging.] To award or decree judicially ; to sentence.

Adjutant.

A measuring ;

ADMISSION

Ad-Jn/di-cate (ad-ju'dT-kat), v. t. To determine by law ; to aujudge. — Ad-]U di-Ca'tion, ra. An adjudicating ; sentence ; decision.

Ad'junct'(ad'junkt/),n. Something joined to an- other thing ; a colleague. — a. Added or united.

— Ad - June ' tion (-junk ' shiin), n. A joining ; thing joined. — Ad-junc'tive (-tiv), a. Having the quality of joining, — ft. One who, or that which, is joined.

Ad-jure7 (5d-jur'), v. t. [Adjured (-jurd') ; Ad- juring.] To charge on oath, or solemnly. — Ad'jU-ra'tion (ad'ju-ra'shuu), ft. An adjuring ; a charging on oath ; form of oath.

Ad-just' (ad-jusf), v. t. To make exact or con- formable ; to reduce to order ; to set right ; to settle ; to fit ; to regulate ; to accommodate. — Ad-just'er, ra. — Ad - just '- a-ble, a. Capable of being adjusted. — Ad-just' ment, ra. An adjusting ; an ar- rangement ; a settlement.

Ad'jU-tant (Sd'ju-tant), ? A military officer who as- sist s superior officers ; a large stork, native of India.

— Ad'Ju-tan-cy (-tan-sjf), n. Office of an adjutant.

Ad'Ju-vant (5d'jfi-vant), a. Helping ; assisting, — ra. An aid; an assistant.

Ad-meas'ure (5d - mgzh ' ur), v. t. To take the dimensions or capacity of; to appor- tion. — Ad-meas'ure-ment, dimensions.

Ad-men su-ra'tion (5d - men ' shu-ra ' shun), n. Measurement.

Ad-min'is-ter (ad-inln'Ts-ter), v. t. To manage (business) ; to dispense (justice) ; to tender (an oath) ; to settle (an estate), —v. i. To contrib- ute ; to act as administrator. — Ad-min'is-te'- ri-al (-Ts-te'ri-al), a. Pertaining to administra- tion. — Ad-min'is-tra-ble (-tra-b'l), a. Capa- ble of being administered. — Ad-min'is-trant (-trant), a. Executive, —ft. One who adminis- ters. — Ad-min'is-tra'tion (-tra'shun), n. An administering ; executive part of government.

— Ad-min'is-tra'tive (-mTn'Ts-tra'tTv), a. Ad- ministering. — Ad-min'is-tra'tor (-ter), n. One who administers (esp. an intestate estate). — Ad-min'is-tra'tor-ship, ft. Office of adminis- trator. — Ad - min ' is - tia ' trix (-trTks), n. A woman who administers.

Ad'mi-ra-ble. etc. See under Admire, v. t.

Ad'mi-ral (ad'inT-ral)), n. A naval officer of high- est rank. — Ad'mi-ral-ship, n. Office of an admiral. — Ad'mi-ral-ty (-ty), n. A body of officers who manage naval affairs ; a court for determining naval causes.

Ad-mire/ (ad-mir'), v. t. [Admired (-mird') ; Ad- miring.] To regard with wonder or affection. — v. i. To marvel ; to wonder. — Ad-mir'er , ft.

— Ad'mi-ra'tion (ad'mT-ra'shun), ft. Wonder; esp., wonder mingled with love or veneration.

— Ad'mi-ra-ble (Sd'mT-ra-b'l), a. Worthy of admiration ; delightful ; excellent ; surprising.

— Ad'mi-ra-bly, adv.

Ad-mit' (Sd-mTf), v. t. [Admitted ; Admitting.] To let in ; to concede ; to grant ; to allow. — Ad- mit'tance, n. The act or power of entering. — Ad-mis'sion (Sd-mTsh'an), ft. An admitting;

fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin.

ADMISSIBLE

6

ADVOCATE

access. — Ad -mis 'si- ble (-mTs'sY-b'l), a. Proper to be admitted. — Ad-mis' si-bil'i-ty, n. Ad-mix' (£d-inlks'), v. t. To mingle (with some- thing else). — Ad-mix'tion (-nilks'chun), ra. A mingling. — Ad-mix'ture (-tur), n. A mixing ; a compound iormed by mixing. Ad-mon'isll (ad-nion'ish), v. t. [Admonished (-Isht) ; Admonishing.] To reprove gently ; to caution ; to warn ; to advise. — Ad-mon'ish-er, n. — Ad'mo-ni'tion (-mo-msh'uu), n. Gentle reproof ; advice. — Ad-mon'i-tive (-mon'i-tiv), Ad-mon'1-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Containing admo- ♦ uition. Ad'nate (ad'nat), a. Growing close to (a stem,

etc.). A-dO' (a-dbo'), n. Bustle ; trouble ; fuss, i A-do'be (a-do'ba), n. Unburnt, sun-dried brick. Ad'O-les'cent (au'6-les'sent), a. Growing ; ad- vancing from childhood to manhood. — Ad'O- les'cence (-sens), n. Youth. A-dopt'(a-dopt'), v. I. To take as one's own (when not so before). — A-dop'tion (a-dop'- shun), n. An adopting ; state of being adopted. — A-dop'tive (-tlv), a. Adopted ; adopting. A-dore' (a-dor'), v. t. [Adored (-dord') ; Ador- ing.] To worship with profound reverence ; to love in the highest degree; to venerate. — A-dor'er, n. — A-dor'a-ble, a. Worthy of ado- ration. — A-dor'a-ble-ness, «. — A-dor' a-bly, adv. — AuVo-ra'tion (2d ' o - ra ' shun), n. Wor- ship ; homage ; great reverence. A-dorn' (a-d6rn'), v. t. [Adorned (-d6rnd'); Adorning.] To render beautiful ; to decorate ; to embellish ; to ornament. — A-dorn'ment, n. Ornament; embellislunent. A-down' (a-doun'), prep. Down ; toward the

ground. — adv. Downward. A-drift' (a-drlff ), a. & adv. Floating at ran- dom ; at large. A-dTOit' (a-droif), a. Skillful; dexterous; in- genious. — A-droit'ly, adv. — A-droit'ness, n. Ad'SCi-ti'tioUS (ad'sT-tish'iis), a. Supplemental;

additional. Ad'u-la'tion (Sd'u-la'shun), n. Servile flattery ; compliment. — Ad'U-la'tor (Xd'u-la'ter), n. A sycophant. — Ad'U-la-tO-ry (-la-to-rjf), a. Flat- tering. A-dlllf (a-dult'), a. Having arrived at mature years, or to full size and strength. — n. One grown to maturity. A-dul'ter-ate (a-dul'ter-at), v. t. To debase or cor- rupt by mixture. — a. Tainted with adultery ; spurious ; corrupted. — A-dul'ter-ant, n. One who, or tbat which, adulterates. — A-dul'ter-a'- tion (a-dul'ter-a'shun), n. An adulterating. — A-dUl'ter-er (-dul'ter-er), n. A man guilty of adultery. — A-dul ' ter-ess, n. A woman who commits adultery. — A-dul'ter-ine (-in or -in), a. Proceeding from adultery. — n. An illegit- imate child. — A-dul'ter-OUS (-us), a. Pertain- ing to, or guilty of, adultery. — A-dul'ter-y (-y), n. Violation of the marriage bed. Ad-um'brate (Sd - um ' brat), r. t. To shadow faintly forth ; to typify. — Ad ' um - bra ' tion (-bra'shun), n. A shadow ; faint resemblance. A-dun'Ci-ty (a-dun'sl-t^), n. A bending in form

of a book. A-duSt' (a-dusf), a. Burnt or scorched. Ad-vance' (id-vans'), v. t. [Advanced (-vansf) ; Advancing (-van'slng).] To bring forward ; to raise to a higher rank ; to help on ; to offer

(arguments or inducements) ; to supply before- hand. — v. i. To move forward ; to improve ; to rise in rank, office, or consequence. — n. A moving forward ; an offer ; a gilt. — a. Before in place or time. — Ad-vance'ment, n. An ad- vancing ; improvement ; promotion ; payment of money in advance.

Ad-van'tage (ad-van'taj), n. Favorable circum- stances ; superiority ; benefit ; profit. — v. t. [Advantaged (-tajd) ; Advantaging (-t£-jing).] To benefit ; to prom ote. — Ad ' Van - ta ' geous (Sd'van-ta'jiis), a. Being of advantage ; useful ; beneficial. — Ad'van-ta'geous-ly, adv. — Ad'- van-ta'geous-ness, n.

Ad'vent (ad'vent), n. A coming ; esp., the com- ing of Christ ; season of four weeks before Christmas.

Ad'ven-ti'tious (Sd'ven-tTsh'us), a. Added ex- trinsically ; not essentially inherent ; acciden- tal; casual. — Ad/ven-ti/tious-ly, adv.

Ad-ven'tUie (5d-v8n'tur), n. An extraordinary event; bold undertaking; risk; chance, —v. t. [Adventured (-turd) ; Adventuring.] To put at hazard ; to risk ; to run the risk of attempting.

— v. i. To try the chances ; to dare. — Ad-ven'- tur-er, n. — Ad-ven'ture-some (-sum), Ad-ven'- tur-OUS (-us), a. Inclined to adventure ; daring ; enterprising ; attended with risk.

Ad'verb (Sd'verb), n. A word used to modify a verb, adjective, or other adverb. — Ad-ver'- bi-al (-ver'bT-al), a. Relating to or like an ad- verb. — Ad-ver'bi-al-ly, adv.

Ad'verse (Sd'vers), a. Acting in a contrary di- rection ; conflicting ; contrary to the wishes ; unfortunate; calamitous. — Ad'verse-ly, adv.

— Ad'verse-ness, n. — Ad'ver-sa-ry (Sd'ver-sa- ry), n. One hostile or opposed ; an antagonist ; an enemy; a foe. — a. Adverse; antagonistic.

— Ad-ver'sa-tive (ad-ver'sa-tiv), a. Express- ing contrariety, opposition, or antithesis. — n. A word denoting opposition. — Ad - ver ' si - ty (-\ er'sT-ty), n. Adverse circumstances ; calam- ity ; affliction ; distress.

Ad-vert' (Sd-verf), v. i. To turn the mind or at- tention ; to refer ; to regard ; to observe. — Ad- vert'ence (-ens), Ad-vert' en-cy (-en-sy), n. Attention; regard; consideration. — Ad-veit'- ent, a. Attentive ; heedful.

Ad'ver-tise' (Sd'ver-tiz' or gd'ver-tiz'), V. t. & i. [Advertised (-tizd' or -tizd'); Advertising (-tlz'ing or -ti'ztng).] To give notice or intel- ligence to ; to make known through the press.

— Ad-ver'tise-ment (ad-ver'tlz-ment or ad'ver- tiz'ment), n. Information ; notice through the press. — Ad'ver-tis'er, n.

Ad- vice' (Sd-vis'), n. Opinion offered as worthy to be followed ; counsel ; notice ; admonition.

— Ad- vise7 (5d-viz'), v. t. [Advised (-vizd') ; Advising.] To give advice to; to counsel; to apprise ; to warn ; to inform ; to consult ; to consider, —v. i. To deliberate; to weigh well. — Ad-vis'er, n. — Ad-vis'a-ble (-viz'-a- b'l), a. Fit to be advised or to be done ; expe- dient. — Ad- vis'a-ble-ness, Ad-vis'a-bil'i-ty (-a-bTll-ty), n. — Ad-vis'ed-ly ( - vi ' zed - W ), adv. With full knowledge ; purposely. — Ad- vls'ed-ness, n. — Ad-vise'ment (-viz'ment), n. Counsel ; deliberation; consideration. — Ad-Vi'- SO-ry (-vl'zo-ry), a. Having power to advise; containing advice.

Ad'vo-cate (5d'vo-kat), n. One who pleads for

a, e, I, o, u, long ; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short ; senate, event, idea, 6bey, Clnite, care, arm, ask, all, final,

ADVOCACY

AFFLUENCE

another. — v. t. To plead in favor of ; to tain by argument ; to defend ; to vindicate. — Ad'vo-ca-cy (-ka-sy), Ad'vo-ca'tion (-ka'shun), to. An advocating or pleading.

Ad'VOW-ee7 (5d'vou-e'), n. One who has the right of advowson. — Ad-VOW'SOn (-vou'zun or -sun), n. Right of presenting a priest to a va- cant benefice.

Ad y-nam'ic (Sd'Y-nSmlk), a. Weak in the vital powers ; feeble.

HAd'y-tum (5d'T-tum), [L.] A secret place in ancient temples.

Adz, Adze (adz), n. A carpenter's chip- ping tool, with arch- ing blade at right angles to the handle.

.ffi'dile (e'dll), n. An of- Adz.

ficer in ancient Rome in charge of public buildings, spectacles, etc.

|| JE'gls (e'jis), n. Shield ; protection.

2E-0'li-an (e-o'lT-an), a. Pertaining to JSolia or jEolis, in Asia Minor, or to JSolus, god of the winds ; produced by wind. — JEolian harp. A musical instrument with strings vibrated by the wind. — M Ol'ic (-511k), a. Pertaining to JSolia.

JE'on (e'5n), n. An age ; eternity ; eon. — JE-O'- ni-an (e-o'nT-an), a. Eternal ; everlasting.

A'er-ate (a'er-at), v. t. To combine with carbonic acid ; to supply with common air ; to arterial- ize. — A'er-a'tion (-a'shun), ra. An aerating.

A-e'ri-al (a-e'rT-al), a. Pertaining to the air ; high; lofty; Ugh t as air; ethereal

Ae'rie (e'rl), n. An eyrie.

Are'r-l-form (a'er-i-fSrm), a. Having the form of air, as gas.

A'8r-i-fy (a'er-T-fl), v. t. To infuse with air.

A'er-O-drome (a'er-o-drom), to. A flying machine ; aeroplane.

Arer-0-gram (a'er-6-gra'm), n. A wireless message.

A'e'r-O-lite (a'er-o-lit), n. A meteoric stone.

A'er-om'e-ter (a'er-Sm'e-ter), to. An instrument for measuring the weight or density of gases. — A'er-O-met'rlC (-6-met'rTk), a. Pertaining to aerometry. — A'e'r-om/e-try (-om'e-try), to. Science of measuring the air ; pneumatics.

A'er-O-naut (a'er-o-nat), to. An aerial naviga- tor ; balloonist. — A'er-O-naut'ic (-nat'Tk), a. Pertaining to aeronautics. — A'er-O-naut'ics, n. Science of sailing in the air ; ballooning.

A'cr-O-phyte7 (a'er-o-fltf), n. A plant deriving support from air alone.

A'e'r-O-plane (a'er-o-plan), to. A flying machine, or a plane that Hies in the air.

A'e'r-os'co-py (a'er-os'ko-pjr), to. Observation of the atmosphere.

Are'r-o-Stat/ (a'er-o-staV), to. A machine sustain- ing weights in the air ; an air balloon. — A'er- O-atat'lc, a. Pertaining to aerostatics. — A'er- O-Stat'ics, n. Science of the equilibrium of elastic fluids, or of aerial navigation. — A'er-OS- ta'tion (-Ss-ta'sliun), n. Aerial navigation.

.ffis-thet'ic (Ss-theVik), a. Pertaining to aesthet- ics. — .ffis-thet'iCS, n. Theory or philosophy of taste ; science of beauty in nature and art. — iEs'thete (eVthet or es'-), n. One greatly atten- tive to aesthetics. [SpHled also esthetic, etc.]

£!'ther (either), to. Ether.

A-far' (a-far'), adv. At a great distance ; remote.

Af'fa-ble (Sf'fa-b'l), a. Ready to converse ; easy

of access ; courteous ; accessible. — Af 'f a-bly, adv. - Af 'f a-bil'i-ty (-bTl'I-ty), n.

Af-f air' (5f-f aV), to. Business ; a partial or minor engagement of troops.

Af-fect' (af-fSkf), v. t. To act upon ; to change ; to influence ; to move ; to aim at ; to put on a pretense of ; to assume. — Af/f ec-ta'tion (Sf'fgk- ta'shiin), n. Assumption of what is not real ; artificial appearance ; false pretense. — Af-f ect'- ed (-fekt'ed), a. Moved ; disposed ; assumed artificially ; not natural. — Af-fect'ed-ly, adv. — Af-fect'ed-ness, to. — Af-f ect'ing, a. Hav- ing power to move the passions or affections ; pathetic. — Af-fect'ing-ly, adv. — Ai-fec'tive (-tiv), a. Affecting, or exciting emotion.

Al-fec'tion (5f-f5k'shun), to. Quality or property inseparable from its subject ; state of the mind respecting a particular object ; love ; tender at- tachment ; disease. — Af-fec'tion-ate (-at), a. Having great love or affection ; proceeding from affection; loving; kind. — Af - f ec'tion-ate-ly, adv.

Af-fi'ance (5f - fi ' ans), to. Plighted faith; the marriage contract or promise ; trust ; confi- dence. — v. t. [Affianced (-anst) ; Affiancing (-an-sing).] To betroth ; to promise marriage to ; to trust. — Af -f i'ant, n. One who makes an affidavit ; a deponent.

Af'fi-da'vit (Sf'f T-da'vit), to. [L., he made oath.] Statement made upon oath before a magistrate ; deposition.

Af-fil'1-ate (5f-f Yl'T-at), v. t. To adopt ; to re- ceive into fellowship ; to ally. — v. i. To asso- ciate; to accord. —Af-f iM-a'tlon (-a'shiin), to. Adoption ; association in the same family or so- ciety ; legal assignment of a child to its father.

Af-fin/i-ty (£f-f Yn'Y-ty^, to. Relationship by mar- riage ; close agreement ; chemical attraction.

Af-firm' (a"f-ferm'), v. t. [Affirmed (-fermd') ; Affirming.] To confirm ; to establish ; to rat- ify; to maintain as true; to aver; to assert.

— v. i. To declare positively. — Af-f irm'er, to.

— Af-f inil' a-ble, a. Capable of being affirmed.

— Af-flrm/ance (-ans), to. Confirmation; rati- fication. — Af-f irm'ant, to. One who affirms or asserts. — Af'fir-ma'tion (Sf'fer-ma'shun), n. An affirming ; thing asserted ; ratification. — Af- firm'a-tive (af - f erm ' a - ti v), a. Affirming or asserting ; — opposed to negative ; confirmative ; ratifying. — n. That which contains an affirma- tion. — Af-firm'a-tive-ly, adv.

Af-fix' (af-fiks'), v. t. [Affixed (-f ikst') ; Af- fixing.] To add at the end ; to attach ; to con- nect ; to annex ; to unite. — Affix (Sf'f Tks), to. A syllable or letter joined to the end of a word ; a suffix ; a postfix. — Af-f ix'ture (-tur), to. That which is affixed or annexed.

Af-fla'tus (af-fla'tus), to. [L.] A breath or blast ! of wind ; inspiration. I

Af-flict' (af-flikf), v. t. To strike down ; to give continued pain ; to distress ; to torment ; to grieve. — Af-flict'lng, a. Grievous ; distress- ing. — Af-fliCtlon (-fllk'shun), to. State of be- ing afflicted ; state of pain, distress, or grief ; misfortune. — Af-flic/tive (-fllk'tiv), a. Giving pain ; causing affliction. — Af-flic'tive-ly, adv.

Af'flu-ent (5f'flu-ent),a. Wealthy; plentiful; abundant ; copious. — to. A stream flowing into a river or lake. — Af 'flu-ent-ly, adv. In abun- dance ; abundantly. — Af 'flU-enC6 (-ens), to. Abundance of any thing ; wealth ; plenty. —

fSrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sine, ink, then, thin*

AFFLUX

8

AGITATOR

Afflux (Sf'fluks), Af-flux'ion (Sf-flHk'shfin), n. A flowing to ; that which flows to.

Af-ford' (Sf-ford'), v. t. To yield ; to give ; to be able to expend ; to impart ; to confer ; to supply.

Ai- fray' (Sf-fra'), n. A tumultuous quarrel; scume ; encounter ; brawl. — v. t. [Affrayed (-irad') ; Affraying.] To frighten.

AI-iright' (Sf-frif), v. t. To impress with sudden fear ; to terrify ; to shock ; to alarm. — n. Sud- den fear ; terror.

Af-zront' (£f-friint'), n. Contemptuous action or conduct ; indignity ; insult ; offense. — v. t. To orfend ; to insult ; to abuse ; to outrage. — Af- front'ive (-Iv), a. Giving offense ; insulting ; abusive.

Af-fuse' (5f-fuz'), v. t. [Affused (-fuzd') ; Af- fusing.] To pour out ; to sprinkle. — Af-fu'- Sion (-iu'zhun), «. A pouring upon ; baptism ; bathing a part or all of the body with water or other fluid as a remedy for disease.

Afghan (Sf'gan), n. A native of Afghanistan ; a blanket or wrap.

A-field' (a-ield'), adv. To, in, or on, the field.

A-fire' (a-fir'), a. & adv. On fire.

A-float' (a-flof), adv. In a floating state ; with- out guide or control ; adrift ; in general circu- lation.

A-f00f (a-f68f), adv. On foot ; in action ; astir.

A-fore' (a-for'), adv. & prep. Before. — A-f ore'- gO'ing, a. Going before ; foregoing ; previous. — A-f ore' hand', adv. Beforehand; before.— A-fore'men'tioned, A-fore'said', adv. Spoken of or named before. — A-fore'thoUght' (-that'), a. Premeditated. — A-f ore'tlme' ( - tlm ' ), adv. In time past ; formerly ; of old.

A-foul' (a-foul') a. & adv. Not free ; entangled ; in collision.

A-fraid' (a-frad'), a. Struck with fear ; timid.

A-fresh' (a-fresh'), adv. Anew ; over again ; once more ; newly.

Aft (aft), adv. & a. Astern ; abaft ; behind.

Aft'er (aft'er), prep. Behind in place ; later in time ; moving toward from behind ; in imita- tion of ; concerning. — a. Subsequent; more aft. '—adv. Subsequently in time or place.

Aft'er-clap' (aft'er-klap'), n. An unexpected sub- sequent event.

Aft'er-crop' (aft'er-krop'), n. A second or sub- sequent crop.

Aft'er-math' (aft'er-miith'), n. A second crop of grass ; rowen.

Aft'er -noon' (affer-nobn'), n. The time from noon to evening.

Aft'er-piece' (aft'er-pes'), n. A piece performed after a play.

Aft'er- thought' (aft'er-thaf), n. A reflection after an act.

Aft ' er - ward (aft'er- werd), Aft'er- wards (-werdz), adv. In later time ; subsequently.

A-gain' (a-ggn'), adv. Another time ; once more ; in return ; back ; on the other hand ; moreover. |

A-galnst' (a-ggnsf), prep. Opposite to ; in oppo- sition to ; in provision for ; by the time that.

A-gape' (X-gap' or -gap'), adv. Gaping, as with wonder ; having the mouth wide open.

Ag'ate (ag'ut), n. A variety of quartz ; kind of type, next smaller than nonpareil. HHg^This line is printed in agate.

Ag'a-tlne (Xg'a-tTn), a. Pertaining to, or resem- bling, agate.

Agave.

A-ga'VO (a-ga've), n. The American aloe, or cen- tury plant.

Age (aj), n. Any period of time; a particular period ; maturity ; de- cline of life; genera- tion ; century. — v. i. [Aged (a j d) ; Aging (a'jing).] To grow old ; to become aged. — A'ged (a'jed), a. Ad- vanced in age or years ; old; ancient ; having lived (for some time specified).

A'gent (a'jgnt), n. Per- son or thing that exerts power, or has power to act ; deputy. — A'gen- cy (a'jen-sy), n. Qual- ity of acting or state of being in action ; offlc* of an agent. — A ' gent - ship, n. Office of at agent ; agency.

Ag-glom'er-ate (Sg-glSm'er-at), v. I. To wind, or collect, into a ball or mass. — a. Collected into a ball or heap. — Ag-glom'er-a'tion (-gl5m'- er-a'shiin), n. A gathering into a ball or mass.

Ag-glu'tl-nate (ag-glu'tT-nat), v. t. To unite, or cause to adhere. — Ag-glu'ti-nant, a. Uniting, as glue. — n. An adhesive substance. — Ag- glU'tl-na'tion (-na'shun), n. A uniting, or state of being united. — Ag-glu'tl-na'tive, a. Tend- ing to unite.

Ag'gran-dize (5g'gran-diz), v. t. [Aggrandized (-dizd); Aggrandizing (-di'zing).] To make great or greater ; to exalt. — Ag-gran'dize-ment (ag-gran'diz-ment or Sg'grSn-diz'-), n. An ag- grandizing.— Ag'gran-di/zer (-di'zer), n.

Ag'gra-vate (ag'gra-vat), v. t. To make worse ; to enhance ; to exaggerate ; to irritate ; to tease. — Ag'gra-va'tion (-va'shun), n. Act of aggra- vating ; that which aggravates.

Ag'gre-gate (5g'gre-gat), v. t. To bring together ; to collect into a sum or mass ; to accumulate ; to pile. — a. Formed of collected parts. — n. An assemblage of particulars ; collection ; sum total ; lump. — Ag'gre-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n . An aggregating ; an aggregate. — Ag'gre-ga'tive (-ga'tTv), a. Causing aggregation ; collective.

Ag-gress' (Sg-grgs'), v. i. & t. To attack ; to assail. — Ag-gres'sion (Sg-grgsh' un), n. First attack ; assault ; intrusion. — Ag-gres'sive (Sg- grgs'sTv), a. Making the first attack ; pugna- cious. — Ag-gres'slve-ness, n. — Ag - gres ' sor (-ser), n.

Ag-grieve' (Sg-grev'), v. t. [Aggrieved (-grevd') , Aggrieving (-grev'ing).] To pain; to afflict; to vex ; to harass. — Ag-griev'ance (-grev'- ans), n. Injury ; grievance.

A-ghast' (a-gasf), a. & adv. Amazed ; stupefied

with horror. Ag'ile (Sj'Tl), a. Quick of motion; nimble; brisk. — Ag'lle-ness, A-gil'i-ty (A-jH'T-ty), n. Ag'i-o (Sj'Y-o or a'jT-o), v. ; pi. Agios (-6z). Dif. ference in value between metallic and paper money ; premium. — Ag'i-O-tage (Sj'T-6-taj), n. Stockjobbing. Ag'I-tate (Sj'T-tat), v. t. To disturb; to excite; to discuss earnestly ; to debate. — Ag'i-ta'tion (-ta'shHn), n. Disturbance ; violent motion ; excitement: debate. — Af/i-ta'tor (-ta'terV n.

;i. e, i, o, u, lung , a, C, I, 5, u, y, short ; sen&te, event, tdea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final,

AGNAIL

9

ALB

Ag'nail (Sg'nal), n. Inflammation round a finger

nail ; a whitlow. Ag'nate (ag'nat), a. Related on the father's side.

— n. One thus related. — Ag-na'tion (-ua'- shun), n. Relation by the father's side.

Ag-nos'tic (ag-n5s'tlk), a. Professing ignorance.

— re. One who neither affirms nor denies, but declares himself ignorant.

A-gO' (a-go'), adv. & a. Past ; gone.

A-gOg' (a-gog'), a. & adv. Excited and eager.

A-go'ing (a-go'Tng), adv. In motion ; going ; ready to go.

Ag'O-ny (ag'o-ny), n. Extreme pain of body or mind ; anguish ; pang. — Ag'O-nize (-6-niz), v. i. [Agonized (-nizd) ; Agonizing.] To writhe with agony ; to suffer anguish. — v. t. To torture. — Ag'0-ni/zing-ly, adv. With extreme anguish.

A-gra'ri-an (a-gra'rT-an), a. Relating or tending to equal division of lands. — re. One who fa- vors agrarianism. — A-gra'ri-an-ism (-Tz'm), re. Equal division of property.

A-greer (a-gre'), v. i. [Agreed (-gred') ; Agree- ing.] To be of one mind ; to concur ; to accord ; to assent ; to resemble ; to suit ; to correspond in gender, number, case, or person. — A-gree'a-ble (-a-b'l), a. Agreeing or suitable ; in conformity or accordance ; pleasing. — A-gree'a-ble-ness, A-gree'a-bil'i-ty (-a-bil'i-ty), re. — A-gree'a- bly, adv. In an agreeable manner ; in accord- ance ; conformably. — A-gree'ment, re. An agreeing ; harmony ; contract ; bargain.

A-gres'tic (a-grgs'tlk), a. Pertaining to the fields ; rustic.

Ag'ri-CUl ture (Sg'rT-kul'tur), n. Art of culti- vating the ground ; tillage ; husbandry ; farm- ing. — Ag'ri-CUl'tur-al, a. Relating to agricul- ture. — Ag'ri-cul'tur-ist, n. A farmer.

A-ground' (a-ground'), adv. On the ground ; stranded.

A'gue (a'gu), re. Chilliness ; intermittent fever.

— A'gU-ish (a'gu-Tsh), a. ChiUy.

Ah (a), inlerj. Expressing surprise, pity, exulta- tion, etc. — A-ha' (a-ha'), inlerj. Expressing triumph, contempt, or surprise.

A-head' (a-hed'), adv. Farther forward ; in front.

A-hull' (a-hul'), adv. With sails furled and helm lashed.

Aid (ad), v. i. To assist ; to help ; to relieve ; to sustain. — re. Help ; succor ; relief ; a helper.

HAid'-de-camp' (ad'de-k5N'), re. ; pi. Aids-de- camp (adz'-). [F.] An officer assisting a general.

Ai'gret (a'grgt), Ai-grette' (a-grgf), re. The small white heron ; a tuft (of feathers, diamonds, etc.).

All (al), v. t. [Ailed (aid) ; Ailing.] To affect with pain ; to trouble ; to be the matter with.

— v. i. To feel pain. — re. Disorder ; indisposi- tion ; pain. — Ail'ment, re. Disease ; malady.

Ai-lan'tus (a-lan'tus), n. A tree, native of the East. [Improperly spelt ailantkus.]

Aim (am), v. i. & I. [Aimed (amd); Aiming.] To point or direct (a weapon, effort, intention, etc.). — re. Direction; design; end; scheme.

— Aim/less, a. Without aim ; purposeless. Ain't (ant). See Arn't.

Air (Sr), re. The fluid we breathe ; the atmos- phere ; tune ; manner, mien, or carriage of a per- son ; pi. show of pride.— v. I. [Aired (Srd) ; Airing.] To expose to the air ; to ventilate. — Air'ing, re. Exposure to air ; excursion out of doors. — Alr'y (Sr'y), a. Open to the air; light ; unsubstantial ; fantastic. — Air'i-ly

Air Pump.

(-i-\f), adv. Gayly; merrily. — Air'i-ness, n. Openness to the air ; levity ; gayety. — Air bath- An apparatus for applying air to the body, also for drying substances in air of any tempera- ture. — Air bed. An inflated sack used as a bed.

— Air bladder. A sac or bladder, containing air, in an animal or plant ; a bubble in a cast- ing. — Air brake. A railroad brake operated by condensed air. — Air cell. A cell containing air. — Air Chamber. A cavity, containing air, in an animal or plant, also in a pump, for regula- ting the flow of a liquid. — Air cock. A faucet to allow escape of air. — Air drill. A drill driven by pressure of condensed air. — Air engine. An engine operated by heated or compressed air. Air gun. A gun discharged by the elastic force of air. — Air hole. An opening to admit or discharge air; an unfrozen spot in ice; ul in a casting caused by a bubble. — Air line. A straight line; bee line. — Air pipe. A pipe for drawing off foul air. — AirjJlant A plant nourished by air only ; an aerophyte. — Air pump. A machine for exhausting air from a closed vessel. — Air sac. An air cell, in birds. — Air shaft. A passage supplying fresh air to a mine or tunnel. — Air spring. A spring oper- ated by the elasticity of air. — Air Stove. A stove for heating a current of air driven against it and distributed through a building. — Air trap. A contrivance for shutting off gases from drains, sewers, etc. ; a stench trap. — Air trunk- A shaft for conducting foul air from a room. — Air vessel. A vessel or cell (in birds, plants, pumps, etc.) containing air. — fr\r way. A passage for a current of air.

Air'-tighf (Sr'thV), a. So tight as to exclude air. Aisle (il), n. The wing of a building ; a passage

in a church. — Aisled (fld), a. Having aisles. A-jar' (a-jai-/), adv. Partly open. A-kimHJO (a-kim'bo), a. With a crook ; bent. A-kin' (a-kin'), a. Related by blood ; allied by

nature. Al'a-bas'ter (aVa-baV ter), n. A compact variety

of sulphate or carbonate of lime. A-lack' (a-15k')» A-lack'a-day' (-a-daO, interj.

An exclamation of regret or sadness. A-lac'ri-ty (a-lSk'rT-tjf), n. Cheerful readiness ;

briskness ; liveliness. Al'a-mode' (5Pa-mod'), adv. According to the

mode or fashion. — n. A thin, glossy silk. A-lan'tUS. See Ailantus. A-larm' (a-larm'), n. A summons to arms ; notice

of danger; surprise with fear or terror, —v. t.

[Alarmed (-larmd') ; Alarming.] To give notice

of danger ; to frighten ; to disturb. — A-larm'-

ing-ly, adv. So as to alarm. — A-larm'ist, n.

One who intentionally excites alarm ; a croaker.

— Alarm bell. A bell that gives notice of dan- ger.—Alarm Clock or watch. A dock or watch made to ring at a particular hour. — Alarm gauge. An attachment to a steam, boiler for showing an overpressure of steam or deficiency of water. — Alarm post A place to which troops must repair in case of alarm.

A-las' (a-las'), interj. An exclamation of sorrow. A'late (a'lat), A'la-ted (-la-ted), a. Winged. Alb (Sib), n. A church vestment of white linen.

f5m, recent, drb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin.

ALBATA

10

ALL SOULS' DAY

Albatross.

Al-ba'ta (51-ba'ta), n. German silver.

Al'ba-tross (aPba-tros), n. A large, web-footed sea bird, of the Southern Ocean.

APbe'it (al'be'It), conj. & adv. Al- though ; be it so ; notwithstanding.

Al-bes'cent (51-beV- sent), a. Becom- ing white; whit- ish.

Al-bi'no (51-bl'n6-), n. ; pi. Albinos (-noz). A person or animal preternaturally white ; a white negro.

Al'bU-gin/e-OUS (Sl'bu-jTn'e-us), a. Pertaining to the white of an egg, also of the eye.

APbum (51'bum), n. A blank book for photo- graphs, autographs, etc.

Al-bu'men (Sl-bu'men), n. A viscous animal sub- stance found in the white of egg.

Al-bur'num (al-buVnum), n. The white soft part of wood next to the bark ; sapwood.

HAl-cal'de (al-kal'da), n. A Spanish magistrate.

Al'che-my (51'ke-my), n. Occult chemistry ; art of changing base metals into gold. — APche- mist (-mist), n. One skilled in alchemy.

Al'CO-hol (al'ko-hol), n. Pure or highly rectified spirit. — Al'CO-hol'ic (-hSl'ik), a. Relating to alcohol.

Al'CO-ran (aPk6-r5n or 5Pk6-ran'), n. See Koran.

Al'cove (aPkov or 51-kov'), ri. A recess in a li- brary or other room ; a niche.

Al'der (al'der), n. A tree of several varieties.

Al'der-man (al'der-man), n. A magistrate rank- ing below the mayor.

Ale (al), n. Fermented malt liquor. — Ale'hoof7 (-hoof), n. Ground ivy, — formerly used in mak- ing ale. — Ale'house, n. A place where ale is retailed. — Ale' wife, n. A woman who keeps an alehouse ; a fish akin to the herring.

A-lee/ (a-le7), adv. On the side (of a ship, etc.) away from the wind.

A-lem'bic (a-lgn/bTk), n. A chemical vessel used in distillation.

A-lert' (a-lerf), a. Watchful ; vigilant; brisk; prompt; nim- ble; lively. —A- lertly, adv.

— A-lert'ness, n. APex-an'drine (al'eg-z5n'-

drin), n. A poetic verse of

twelve syllables. A-lex'i-phar'mic (a-leks'T-far'-

nnk), n. A drug that resists

poison. — a. Expelling poison

or infection. — A-lex'i-ter'lc

(-tgr'Ik), A-lex'i-ter'ic-al

(-Y-kal),a. Resisting poison. ilAl'ga (51'ga), n.; pi. Alg*: (Sl'je). [L.] A

division of water plants, embracing seaweeds.

— Al'gOUS (-giis), a. Pertaining to seaweed. Al'ge-bra (£l'je-bra), n. Mathematical calcula- tion by means of letters and symbols. — APge- bra'ic (al'je-bra'Yk), Al'ge-bra'ic-al (-T-kol), a. Pertaining to, or performed by, algebra. — AP- ge-bra'lc-al-ly, odv .

IlA'li-as (a'lY-£s), adv. [L.] Otherwise ; other- wise called. — n. A second writ; an assumed name.

llAl'i-bi (XlT-bl), n.

Alembic.

Another place ; an accused

person's plea that he was absent when crime was committed.

Al'ien (al'yen), a. Foreign; adverse. — n. A foreigner. — Al'ien-a-ble, a. Capable of being alienated. — Al'len-a-Ml'i-ty (-a-bYl'Y-ty), n. Capacity of being alienated. — APien-ate (-at), v. t. To transfer to another ; to estrange. — a. Estranged. — APien-a'tion, n. Transfer ; legal conveyance ; estrangement ; insanity. — Al'ien- a'tor (-a/ter), n. One who alienates or transfers property. — Al/ien-ee/ (-yen-e'), n. One to whom property is sold. — Al'ien-ism (-iz'm), n. State of being an alien ; science of mental dis- ease. — Al'ien-ist, n. One who treats insanity.

Al'i-form (al'Y-Idrni), a. Shaped like a wing.

A-light' (a-lif), v. i. To get down ; to dismount ; to descend and settle.

A-ligB/ (a-lin'), v. t. To adjust or form by a line.

— v. i. To form in line ; to lay out the ground plan (of a road). — A-lign'ment, n. An adjust- ing to a line ; line of adjustment ; ground plan of a road.

A-like' (a-tfk'), a. Similar ; without difference.

— adv. In the same manner, form, or degree. Al'i-ment (Sl'T-ment), n. That which feeds

or supports ; food ; nutriment. — Al i-men'tal (-men'tal), APi-men'ta-ry (-ta-ry), a. Pertain- ing to food or aliment ; nutritive. — APl-men- ta'tion (-ta'shun), n. Act or power of affording nutriment ; state of being nourished. — APi- men/tive-ness (-men'tiv-ngs), n. Appetite for food or drink.

APi-mo-ny (al'i-mo-n^), 7i. An allowance to a wife out of her husband's estate, on her divorce or separation from him.

Al'i-ped (aPI-pgd), a. Wing-footed. — n. An ani- mal whose toes are connected by a membrane which serves as wings.

Al'i-quant (al'Y-kwant), a. Not dividing another number without a remainder.

Al'i-quot (aPY-kwot), a. Dividing exactly, or without remainder.

A-live7 (a-liv'), a. Having life ; active ; suscep- tible.

A-liz'a-rin (a-liz'a-rin), n. A red coloring matter obtained from madder or coal tar.

Al'ka-hest (Sl'ka-hgst), n. A universal solvent.

Al'ka-li (al'ka-li or -IT), n. A caustic substance which neutralizes acids. — Al ka-les'cent (-leV- sent), a. Tending to the properties of an alkali.

— Al'ka-li-fy (-lY-fi), v. t. & i. To change into an alkali. — APka-LLne (-lTn or -lln), a. Hav- ing the qualities of an alkali. — Al'ka-lize (-Hz), v. t. To make alkaline ; to alkalify. — Al'ka-loid (-loid), n. A vegetable principle having alka- line properties.

Al'ko-ran (H'kS-rSn or 51'k$-ran'), n. The Mo- hammedan Bible ; the Koran.

All (al), a. Every one ; the whole number or quantity of. — n. The whole ; the total ; every- thing. — adv. Wholly; completely; entirely; quite. — At all. In the least degree ; to the least extent ; under any circumstances. — All fools' day. April 1st, when people are tricked, or made fools of. — All lours. A game at cards, in which four points are scored ; — called also High, Low, Jack, and the Game. — All hall. All health ; — a phrase of salutation. — All Saints, or A 1 1 Saints' day. A church feast (November 1) held in honor of the saints ; — called also Allhnllou'S or Hallowmas. — Ail SOUls' day A Roman

5, 5, 1, o, G, long , a, 6, 1, 6, u, y, short ; sen&te, 8vent, Idea, 6bey, Unite, cftre, arm, ask, all, final,

ALL THE SAME

11

ALP

Catholic day (November 2) of prayer for the souls of the faithful. — All the same. Never- theless. — All told. All counted ; in all.

! Al'lah (al'la), n. Arabic name for God.

Al-lay' (51-la'), v. t. [Allayed (-lad') ; Allay- ing.] To make quiet ; to put at rest ; to abate ; to appease ; to repress ; to subdue. — Al-lay'- ment, n. An allaying ; that which allays.

Al le-ga'tion (51'le-ga'shun), n. Positive asser- tion or declaration.

Al-lege' (al-lej'), v. t. [Alleged (-l§jd') ; Alleg- ing.] To bring forward positively; to declare ; to assert ; to plead ; to cite ; to quote.

Al-ls'giance (al-le'jans or -jT-ans), n. Fidelity of a subject to his government ; loyalty ; fealty.

Al'le-gO-ry (al'le-go-ry), n. A figurative discourse; a parable.— Arie-gor'ic (-gor'Ik), AHe-gor'- ic-al (-T-k«l), a. In the manner of allegory ; de- scribing by resemblances. — APle-gOr'iC-al-ly, adv. — Al'le-gO-rist (-go-rist), n. One who teaches by allegory. — Al'le-gO-rize (-rlz), v. t. To form into allegory ; to understand in an alle- gorical sense, — v. i. To use allegory. — Al'le- gor'i-za'tion. (-gor'T-za'shiin), n. A turning into allegory, or understanding allegorically.

IIAI-Ie'gro (51-la'gro), a. Quick ; brisk ; lively. — n. A sprightly strain or piece in music.

Al'le-lu'ia, Alle-lu'iah (Xl'le-lu'ya), n. Praise to Jehovah. See Hallelujah.

Al-le/vl-ate (51-le'vT-at), v. t. To make light ; to ease ; to lessen ; to mitigate ; to allay. — Al-le7- Vi-a'tion (-a'shfin), n. An alleviating ; mitiga- tion ; that which makes more tolerable. — AP- le'vi-a-tive (-tiv), n. Something mitigating.

APley (51'ly), n. ; pi. Alleys (-Hz). A passage ; a narrow street.

AH hal'low (al'hal'li!,), AU'hal'lows (-lSz), A1P- hal'lOW-mas (-mas), n. All Saints' day. See under All. — AU-hal'low-tide' (-tuP), n. The time near All Saints'.

Al-li'ance (51-li'ans), n. Union by treaty or mar- riage ; compact ; persons or parties allied.

APli-gate (Xl'lT-gat), v. t. To tie together; to unite. — APU-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. Arithmet- ical solution of questions concerning ingredients of different qualities or values.

Al'li gator (Sl'lT-ga'ter), n. The American croc- odile, a carnivorous y m amphibious reptile.

Al-li'slon (Xl-lTzh'- uii), n. A striking against.

Al-lit er-a'tion ( 51- liter- a' sh tin), n. Repetition of the same letter at the beginning of suc- ceeding words. — Al-lit'er-a-tive (-lTfer-a-tl'v), a. alliteration.

Al'lo-cate (Xl'lo-kat), v. t. To distribute ; to as- sign ; to allot. — APlo-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. A putting one thing to another.

Al'lo-Cu'tlon (Xl'lo-ku'shun), n. An address.

Al-lo'dl-um (Xl-loMT-um), n. Freehold estate; land which is the absolute property of the owner. — Al-lo'dl-al (-al), a. Pertaining to allodium ; free of rent or service ; opposed to feudal.

Al-lop'a-thy (al-15r/a-thy), n. The employment of medicines to produce effects different from those which result from disease ; — opposed to

Alligator.

Pertaining to

homeopathy.— AMo-path'ic (Sl'lo-pSthlk), a. Pertaining to allopathy.

Al-lot' (51-15f), v. t. [Allotted ; Allotting.] To divide by lot ; to distribute ; to assign ; to apportion. — Al-lot'ment, n. An allotting; part allotted ; share.

Al-low' (51-lou'), v, t. [Allowed (-loud') ; Al- lowing.] To give ; to own or acknowledge ; to abate ; to permit ; to admit ; to consent. — v. i. To make abatement or deduction. — Al-low'a- ble, a. Proper to be allowed ; permissible. — Al-low'a-bly, adv. — Al-low'ance (-ans), n. An allowing ; sanction ; thing allowed ; stated quantity, as of food or drink ; abatement ; deduc- tion. — v. t. To put upon allowance ; to limit.

Al-loy' (51-loi'), v. t. [Alloyed (-loid') ; Alloy- ing.] To debase by mixing ; to impair ; to cor- rupt. — n. A compound of two or more metals ; a baser metal mixed with a finer. — Al-loy'agO (-aj), n. An alloying ; a mixture of metals.

All'spice' (al'spis'), n. The berry of the pimento ; Jamaica pepper.

Al-lude' (51-lud'), v. i. To refer to something not mentioned ; to hint ; to intimate ; to advert to.

Al-lure' (Xl-lur'), v. t. [Allured (-lurd') ; Al- luring.] To attempt to draw to ; to decoy ; to seduce. — Al-lur'ing, a. Having power to al- lure ; enticing. — Al-lure'ment, n. That which allures or entices ; temptation.

Al-lu'sion (al-lu'zhuu), n. Indirect reference. — Al-lu'slvo (-siv), a. Hinting at ; referring to indirectly.

Al-lu'vi-on (ai-lu'vT-un), Al-lu'Vl-um (-um), n. Earth deposited by water. — Al-lu'vi-al (-vi-al), a. Pertaining to or composed of alluvium ; of fresh-water origin.

Al-ly' (51-11'), v. t. [Allied (-lid') ; Allying.] To unite by treaty, league, friendship, marriage, etc. — n. One united to another by any tie ; a confederate.

HAl'ma Ma'ter (51'ma ma'ter). [L., fostering mother.] The college or seminary where one is educated.

Al'ma-nac (al'ma-nXk), n. A calendar of days, weeks, months, etc.

Al-might'y (al-mlt'j-), a. All-powerful ; omnipo- tent. — n. God ; the Supreme Being.

Alm'ond (a'miind), n. Fruit of the almond tree ; one of two glands, called tonsils, in the throat.

Al'mon-er (51'mun-er), n. One who distributes alms for another.

Al'most (al'most), adv. Nearly ; well-nigh ; for the greatest part.

Alms (amz), n. pi. Anything given to relieve the, poor; charity. — Alms'nouse/ (-hous'), n. A house for the care of the poor.

Al'oe(aTo), n. ; pi. Aloes (-oz). An evergreen herbaceous plant; pi. the thickened cathartic juice of several species of aloe. — APo-et'lc (-St'Tk), Al'O-et'ic-al (-T-kol), a. Pertaining to or having qualities of aloes.

A-loft' (a-15ff), adv. On high ; above the deck.

A-lone' (a-lon'), a. Single ; solitary. — adv. Sep- arately ; only.

A- long' (a-long'), adv. Lengthwise ; onward ; for- ward ; together, —prep. By the length of. — A-long'side7 adv. By the side of (a ship).

A-loof ' (a-looP), adv. At or from a distance; apart. — prep. At or to a distance from ; away.

A-loud' (a-loud'), adv. With a loud noise ; loudly.

Alp (Sip), n. A high mountain ; pi. the elevated

fSrn, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, tlien, thin.

ALPINE

12

AMBER

mountain ranges of Switzerland. — Al' pine (Sl'pin or -pin), a. Pertaining to the Alps ; lofty.— Al'pen-StOCk' (-pen-st5k'), n. A staff used in mountain- climbing.

Al-pac'a (al-pak'a), n. Peruvian sheep or llama ; cloth made of its wool.

Al'pha (SI 'fa), n. First letter of the Greek alphabet. — Al'pha-bet (-fa- bet), n. The let- ters of a language arranged in order.

— v. t. To arrange in the order of an alphabet. — AP-

pha-bet'ic (-bet'ik), Al'pha-bet'ic-al (-T-kal), a. Pertaining to, or in the order of, the alphabet.

— APpha-bet'ic-al-ly, adv. Al'pine, a. See under Alp, n. Al-read/y (al-red'y), adv. At or before this time ;

now ; previously.

Al'so (al'so), adv. & conj. In like manner ; like- wise ; too.

Al'tar (al'ter), n. A table to receive offerings to some deity ; the Christian communion table.

Al'ter (al'ter), v. t. & i. [Altered (-terd); Altering.] To change ; to vary. — Al'ter-a-ble, a. Capa- ble of being altered. — Al'ter- a -ble-ness, Alter-a-bil'i-ty (aP-

ter-a-bTl'T-ty), n. — Al'ter-a-bly, adv — Al'ter-ant (-ant), a. Producing gradual change, —n. Medi- cine which gradually corrects the state of the body ; an alterative. — APter-a'tion (-a'shun), n. An altering ; change made. — Al'ter-a-tive (-a-tlv), a. Having power to restore the healthy functions of the body without sensible evacua- tions. — n. Medicine having these effects.

Al'ter-cate (51 ' ter - kat), v. i. To contend in words ; to wrangle. — APter-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. Warm contention ; controversy ; dispute.

Al-ter'nate (51-ter'nat), a. Being by turns ; one after another ; reciprocal. — n. That which hap- pens by turns ; vicissitude ; a substitute. — Al'- ter-nate (51'ter- or 51-ter'nat), v. t. To per- form by turns, or in succession ; to change re- ciprocally. — v. i. To happen or to act by turns.

— Al-ter'nate-ly (-teVnat-iy), adv. — APter- na'tlon (-na'shun), n. An alternating ; recip- rocal succession ; permutation. — Al - ter ' na- tive (Sl-ter'na-tTv), a. Offering a choice of two tilings. — n. Choice of two things. — Al-ter'- na-tive-ly, adv. — Al-ter'na-tive-ness, n.

Al-the'a (51-the'a), n. Plant of the Mallow family.

Although' (al-tho'), conj. Grant all this ; sup- pose that ; notwithstanding.

Al'ti-tude (al'tT-tud), n. Height ; elevation.

Al'to (51'to), n. A musical part sung by the lowest female voices ; in instrumental music, the tenor.

APtO-geth'er (aPldo^eWer), adv. With united action ; conjointly ; wholly ; completely ; with- out reserve.

APtTU-ism (al'tr66-Tz'm), n. Regard for others' interests. — AHru-is'tic (-Ts'tlk), a. Unselfish.

Al'um (al'um), n. An astringent mineral sub- stance. — APum-ish, n. Having the nature of alum. — A-ln'mi-nous (a-lii'mi-niis), a. Per- tainining to, or containing, alum or alumina.

A-lu'mi-na (a-lu'mT-na), n. One of the earth?, containing aluminum.

APu-min'i-um (aPu-mTn'T-um), A-lu'mi-num (a- lu'mT-uum), n. Metallic base of alumina ; a very light, white metal, not easily oxidized.

I'A-lum'nus (a-lum'nils), n. ; pi. Alumni (-ni). A pupil ; a graduate of a college or seminary.

APve-a-ry (al've-a-ry), n. A beehive ; hollow of the external ear. — APve-O-lar (al've- or al-ve'- 6-lar), a. Having, or like, cells or sockets.

APvine (51'vTn or -vin), a. Pertaining to the belly or intestines.

APway (al'wa), Al'ways (al'waz), adv. Per- petually ; continually ; invariably.

Am (am). 1st person sing, indie, of Be.

A-main' (a-man'), adv. Violently and suddenly ; vigorously.

A-maPgam (a-mal'gam), n. A compound of mer- cury with another metal. — A-maPga-mate (-ga-mat), v. t. To mix (quicksilver) with an- other metal ; to mingle, so as to make a com- pound. — v. i. To unite in an amalgam ; to coa- lesce. — A-maPga-ma'tion (-ga-ma'shun), n. An amalgamating ; mixture.

A-man'U-en'sis (a-mSn'u-en'sis), n. A writer of what another dictates ; a copyist.

Am'a-ranth (5m'a-r5nth), n. An annual plant with showy flowers ; a fabled unfading flower ; a purplish color. — Am a-ran'thine (-rSn'thin), n. Like amaranth ; unfading ; purplish.

A-mass' (a-mas'), v. t. [Amassed (-mast'); Amassing.] To collect into a mass or heap ; to accumulate ; to gather. — A-mass'ment. n. A heap ; an accumulation.

AnPa-teur' (am'a-ter' or Sm'a-tuV), n. One fond of some study or art.

Am'a-tive (5m'a-tTv), a. Full of love ; amorous ; amatory. — Am'a-tive-ness, «. — AnPa-to'ri-al (-to'rl-al), Am'a-tO-ry (-to-ry), a. Relating to, induced by, or expressive of, love.

llAm'an-ro'sis (Srn'a-ro'sTs), n. Loss or decay of sight, without visible defect in the eye. — Am au-rot'ic (-rSt'Tk), a. Affected with, or re- sembling, amaurosis.

A-maze' (a-maz'), v. t. [Amazed (-mazd') ; Amaz- ing.] To confound ; to astonish, —n. Astonish- ment; perplexity; amazement. — A-maz'ed-P' (-Sd-iy), adv. With amazement. — A-maz'ed ness, n ■ — A-maze'ment (-maz'nient), n. Fee) ing of surprise and wonder ; admiration ; per- plexity ; confusion. — A-maz'ing-ly, adv. In an amazing degree. Am'a-zon (5m'a-z5n), n. A warlike or masculine woman; virago. — Ama-ZO'ni-an (-zo^nT-an). a. Pertaining to an Amazon, or to the River Ama- zon or the country it traverses. Am-bas'sa-dor (5m-b5s'sa-der). n. An envoy of the highest rank. See Embassador. — Am-bas'- sa-dress (-dies), n. A female ambassador ; wife of an ambassador. Am'ber (Sm'ber), n. A yellowish fossil resin. — a. Consisting of, or reseniblirg, amber.

a, e, 1, 0, u, long , a, e, I, 6, H, y, short ; senate, event, idea, 6bey, tlnite, care, arm, ask, all, final,

Altar.

AMBERGRIS

13

AMPHIBOLOGY

AmHiftT-grls (am'ber-gres), ra. A fragrant waxy secretion of the intestines of the sperm whale, used in perfumery.

Am'bi-dex'ter (am'bT-deks'ter), ra. One who uses both hands with equal facility ; a double-dealer.

— Am/M-dex-ter'i-ty (-ter'I-ty), n. Power of using both hands with equal ease ; double-deal- ing. — Am'bi-dex'tTOUS (-dgks'trus), a. Using both hands equally ; tricky.

Am'bi-ent (Sm'bT-eut), a. Encompassing ; sur- rounding ; investing.

Am-big'U-OUS (am - big ' u - us), a. Of uncertain meaning ; doubtful ; equivocal. — Am - big ' U - ous-ly, adv. — Am-big'u-ous-ness, Am'bi-gu'i- ty (5m'bT-gu'T-ty), ra.

Am'bit (Sm'bTt), ra. Circuit or compass.

Am-bi'tion (Xra-bTsh'un), ra. Eager desire of pre- ferment, honor, or power ; aspiration ; greedi- ness.— Am-bi'ti0US (-bTsh'us), a. Possessing, moved by, or indicating, ambition. — Am-bi'- tious-ly, adv. — Am-bi'tious-ness, ra.

Am'ble(am'b'l),7;. i. [Ambled (-b'ld) ; Ambling.] To move with the gait called an amble ; to pace.

— ra. A gait of a horse, in which both legs on one side move at once. — Am'bler (-bier), ra. A horse which ambles ; a pacer.

Am-bro'sia (Sm-bro'zha or -zhT-a), ra. The fabled food of the gods, which conferred eternal youth ; a genus of plants. — Am-bro'sial (-zhal or -zhT- al), a. Resembling ambrosia ; delicious.

Am'bU-lance (aui'bu-lans), ra. A flying hospital ; a vehicle for the sick or wounded. — Am'- bu-lant, a. Walk- ing; moving from place to place. — Am'bu-la'tion (-la'-

shun), ra. Act of walking. — Am'bu-

la-to-ry (-bu-la-t6-

rf),a. Able to walk;

walking ; movable ;

alterable. — ra. Part of a building intended for

walking in, as aisles of a church or a portico.

Am'bus-cade' (am'bus-kad'), ra. A hiding, or hiding place, for troops about to surprise an enemy; ambush, — v. t. To lie in wait; to at- tack from concealment.

Am'bush (am'bdosh), n. Act or place of lying in wait to attack ; troops hidden in ambush. — v. t. [Ambushed (-bdosht) ; Ambushing.] To lie in wait for ; to surprise ; to place in ambush.

HA-meer', A-mir' (a-mer'), ra. Same as Emir.

A-mel'iO-rate (a-mel'yo-rat), v. t. To make bet- ter ; to improve. — v. i. To grow better ; to meliorate. — A-mel io-ra'tion ( - ra ' shun ), ra. Improvement. — A-mel'io-ra'tlve (-ra'tlv), a. Producing amelioration.

A'men' (a'mgn' ; in singing, aVmgn'). [Heb., firm, true.] An expression used at the end of prayers, meaning, So be it, truly, or verily. — n. Truth. — v. t. To sanction fully.

A-me'na-ble (a-me'na-b'l), a. Liable to be brought to account or punishment ; answerable ; responsible; submissive. — A-me'na-bil'i-ty (-me'na-bTl'T-t^), A-me'na-ble-ness, n.

A-mend' (a-mgnd'), v. t. & i. To change for the better. — A-mend'a-to-ry (-a-to-r^), a. Con- taining amendment ; corrective. — A - mend ' - ment, n. A change for the better ; reforma- tion ; recovery ; a change in a legislative bill or

Ambulance.

motion. — A-mends' (a-m8ndz'), n. Compensa- tion for loss or injury ; satisfaction ; equivalent. A mende' (a/m'aNd'), ra. [F.] A pecuniary fine ; reparation ; retraction.

A-men'i-ty (a-men'T-ty), ra. Agreeableness.

Am'ent (am'Snt), ra. A sort of spike, in the alder, birch, etc. ; a catkin.

A-merce' (a-rners'), v. 1. [Amerced (a-mersf) ; Amercing.] To punish by a fine fixed by the court; to mulct. — A-merce'a-ble, a. Liable to amercement or fine. — A-merce'rnent, ra. A fine by a court.

A-mer'i-can (a-mer'T-kan), a. Pertaining to America, esp. to the United States, —ra. A na- tive of America or citizen of the United States.

— A-mer'i-can-ism (-Tz'm), n. A word or idiom peculiar to America ; love of Americans for their own country, its interests, etc. — A-mer'i-cail- ize (-iz), v. t. To render American.

Am'e-thyst (am'e-thlst), ra. A species of quartz, of a violet color. — Am' e-thys'tine (-thls'tin), a. Composed of, or like, amethyst.

A'ml-a-ble (a'mT-a-b'l), a. Worthy of love ; charming ; delightful. — A'mi-a-bil'i-ty (-bil'- T-tyl, A'mi-a-ble-ness, ra. — A'mi-a-bly, adv.

Am i-an'thus (Sm/I-Sn'thiis), ra. An incombus- tible mineral substance resembling flax.

Am'i-ca-ble (am'T-ka-b'l), a. Friendly; peace- able; kind. — Am'i-ca-ble-ness, Am/i-ca-bil'- i-ty (-bTPT-ty), ra. — Am'i-ca-bly, adv.

A-mid' (a-midO, A-midst' (-midst'), prep. In the midst or middle ; among. — A-mid'sMps, adv. Midway between stem and stern.

A-mir' (a-mer'), ra. Same as Emir, ra.

Amiss' (a-mts'), a. Wrong; faulty; out of order.

— adv. Wrongly; improperly.

Am'i-ty (Sm't-ty), ra. Friendship ; harmony.

Am-mo'ni-a (am-mo'nT-a), ra. A volatile alkali ; spirit of hartshorn. — Am-mo'ni-ac (-nT-ak), Am mo-ni'ac-al (-nl'a-kal), a. Pertaining to or like ammonia. — Am-mo'ni-ac, ra., or Gum am- moniac Concrete juice of a Persian plant.

Am/mu-ni'tion (aui'mu-msh'un), ra. Military stores, as powder, balls, shot, etc.

Am-ne'si-a (am-ne'si-a or -zT-a), ra. Forgetful- ness ; misemployment of words.

Am'nes-ty (am'ngs-t^), ra. General pardon of offenses. — v. t. [Amnestdsd (-tid) ; Amnesty- ing.] To pardon.

A-mong' (a-miing'), A-mongSt' (-mungsf), prep. Mixed or associated with.

Am'O-rous (5m'o-rus), a. Inclined to love ; en- amored ; passionate. — Am'0-IOUS-ly, adv. — Am'o-rous-ness, ra.

A-mor'phous (a-m6r'fiis), a. Having no determi- nate form or character ; anomalous.

A-mor'tlze (a-m&r'tTz), v. t. To alienate in mort- main, that is, to convey (land, etc.) to a corpora- tion. — A-mor'ti-za'tion (-tT-za'simn), A-mor'- tize-ment, ra. Act or right of alienating lands to a corporation ; extinction of debt, esp. by means of a sinking fund. [Spelled also amortise, etc.]

A-mount' (a-mount')» v. i. To come in the ag- gregate or whole; to be equivalent. — ra. Sum total ; effect, substance, or result.

A-mour' (a-moor'), ra. A love intrigue.

Am-phib'i-an (Sm-fib'T-rm), n. An amphibious ani- mal. — Am-phib'i-ous (-us), a. Able to live in both air and water ; partaking of two natures.

— Am-phib'i-ous-ness, ra. Am'phi-bol'O-gy (Sm'fT-bSl'o-jy), a. Ambiguous

fern, recent, orb, rude, full, urn, food, foot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin.

AMPHIBOLOUS

14

ANCIENT

discourse or proposition. — Am - phib ' 0 - lous (Sm-fTt/o-lus), a. Of doubtful meaning.

Amphi-the'a-ter, or -tre (aWf I-the'a-ter), n. An oval or circular edifice for public sports.

|[Am'phO-ra ( 5m ' f 6 - ra ), n. An ancient two- handled vessel for wine, oil, etc.

Am'ple (5m/p'l), a. Of large size, extent, capac- ity, or bulk ; abundant ; plenteous. — Am'ply (-ply), adv. Fully ; abundantly. — Am'pli-fy (-plT-fi), v. t. & i. [Amplified (-fid) ; Amplify- ing.] To enlarge ; to treat copiously ; to dilate ; to exaggerate. — Am' pli - li - ca ' tion (-fT-ka'- shun), n. An amplifying ; enlargement ; exag- gerated description or diffuse narration. — Am'- pli-tude (-plT-tud), n. Largeness; extent: range ; capacity ; abundance.

Am'pu-tate (am'pu-tat), v. t. To cut off (a limb, etc. Y — Am'pu-ta'tion (-ta'shiin), n. A cutting off (a limb).

A-muck' (a-muk'), a. & adv. In a frenzied man- ner; recklessly. — To run amuck. To rush out frantically, attacking. all comers.

Am'u-let (5in'ii-lgt), n. Something worn to pre- vent evil ; a charm.

A-muse' (a-inuV), v. t. [Amused (-muzd') ; Amus- ing.] To entertain agreeably; to divert; to delude. — A-muse'ment, n. That which amu- ses ; entertainment ; sport. — A-mu'sive (-mu7- ziv or -siv), n. Capable of amusing ; pleasing.

A-myg'da-late (a-mTg'da-lat), a. Made of alm- onds. — n. An emulsion made of almonds. — A-myg'da-line (-lin), a. Pertaining to almonds.

Am'y-la'ceous (ani'i-la'shiis), a. Pertaining to or containing starch ; starchy.

All (an). One ; any ; — same as a, the indefinite article, used before a vowel sound.

An'a-bap'tist (an'a-bSp'tTst), n. One of a Chris- tian sect which disallows infant baptism.

HAn'a-bas (an'a-bas), n. A kind of fish which walks on land and climbs.

An-ach/ro-nism (5n-5k'rS- niz'm), n. Er- ror in chronol- ogy . —Att- ach/ro-nis 'tic (-nls'tik), a. Involving an anachronism.

An'a-COn'da (aVa-kon'da), n. A large South American snake of the Boa family.

HAn'aes-the'si-a (an'es-the'zhi-a or -sT-a), llAn'- aes-the'sis (-the'sis), n. Insensibility produced by inhaling chloroform, etc. — An aes-thet'ic (-the"t'Tk), a. Causing or characterized by in- sensibility. — n. That which produces insensi- bility, as chloroform, etc.

An'a-glyph (an'a-gllf ), n. An embossed Or chased ornament.

An'a-gOg'ic-al (an'a-goj'T-kal), a. Mysterious; mystical ; spiritual.

An'a-gram (aVa-grXm), n. Transposition of the letters of a name, so as to form a new word.

A'nal (a/nal), a. Belonging to the anus or lower opening of the alimentary canal.

An'a-lep'tic (an'a-lep'ttk), a. Invigorating ; giv- ing strength after disease. — a. A restorative medicine.

A-nal'0-gy (a-nSl'o-jy), n. Agreement between things which are in most respects entirely dif- ferent. — A-nal'O-gize (-6-jIz), V. t. To explain by analogy. —A-naPo-gOUS (-gus), a. Having

Anabas.

analogy; correspondent. — An'a-logue (Sn'a- 15g), n. A thing analogous to some other thing. — An'a-log'ic-al (an'a-loj'I-kal), n. According to, or founded on, analogy.

A-naPy-SiS (a-nal'T-sis), n ; pi. Analyses (-sez). The resolution of a thing into its constituent or original elements ; — opposed to synthesis. — An'a-lyst (an'a-list), n. One who analyzes. — An'a-lyt'ic (-lTt'Ik), -ic-al (-T-kal), a. Of the nature of, or fond of, analysis. — An'a-lyt'ic- al-ly, adv. — An'a-lyt'ics, n. Science of analy- sis. — An'a-lyze (5n f a - liz), v. t. [Analyzed (-lizd) ; Analyzing.] To resolve into first prin- ciples or elements. — An'a-lyz'er, n.

An'am-nes'tiC (an'am-nes'tTk), a. Aiding the memory.

An'a-pest, An'a-past (an'a-pgst), n. A metrical foot of 2 short and 1 long syllables (w " ~); a verse composed of such feet. — An'a-pest'ic (-pest'Tk), An'a-pest'ic-al (-T-kal), a. Pertain- ing to, or consisting of, anapests.

An'arch (Sn'ark), n. Author of anarchy. — An'- arch-ist, n. One who promotes disorder or would overthrow civil government. — A n ' - arch-y (-ark-y), n. Want of government ; law- lessness ; confusion. — A-nar'chic (a-naVkik), A-nar'chic-al ( - ki - kal ), a. Without govern- ment ; confused.

HA-nas'tro-phe (a-naVtro-fe), n. Inversion of the natural order of words ; as, echoed the hills, for the hills echoed.

A-nath'e-ma (a-n£th'e-ma), n. Ecclesiastical curse ; excommunication ; person or thing anath- ematized.— A-nath'e ma-tize (-ma-tiz), v. t. [Anathematized (-tizd) ; Anathematizing.] To denounce with curses.

A-nat'O-my (a-nat'o-my), n. A dissecting; the science of the structure of organic bodies ; the thing dissected ; a skeleton. — A-nat'O-mist. n. One skilled in anatomy. — A-nat'o-mize. v. t. [Anatomized (-mizd) ; Anatomizing.] To dis- sect ; to lay open the interior structure of ; to analyze. — An'a-toni'ic (an ' a - torn ' Tk), An'a- tom'ic-al (-I-kal), a. Belonging to anatomy or dissection. — An'a-tom'ic-al-ly, adv.

An'ces-tor (an'sgs-ter), n. One from whom a person is descended ; a forefather ; progenitor. — An'ces-try (-try), n. A series of ancestors; lineage ; descent. — An-ces'tral (5n-ses'tral), a. Relating to, or descending from, ancestors.

An'chor (an'ker), n. An instrument for holding a vessel at rest in water ; firm support, —v.t. [Anchored (-kerd) ; Anchoring.] To place at anchor ; to fasten ; to fix. — i v. i. To cast anchor ; to come to anchor ; to stop ; to rest. — An'chor-age (-aj), n. A ,An*h"- ,

place where a ship can an- ■yggjiififfi chor ; anchor and necessary tackle ; charge for anchoring in a harbor.

An'cho-ret (an'ko-rgt), An'cho-rite (-rit), n. A

hermit ; a recluse ; a monk. rSs), n. A female hermit.

An-cho'vy (5n- cho'vy), n. A small sea fish of the Herring fam- ily, used in sea- soning.

An'cient (an'shent), a. Old

l'cho-ress (-ko-

^-H,

Anchovy.

of former times

of

a, e, i, o, u, long ; a, 6, i, 5, u, y, short ; senate, event, tdea, obey, unite, care, arm, ask, all, final,

ANCIENTLY

15

ANKLET

great age ; antiquated ; obsolete. — n. pi. Those who lived in former ages, as opposed to the moderns; very old men ; governors. — An'cient- ly, adv.

An/cil-la-ry (an'sil-ht-ry), a. Subservient or sub- ordinate, like a handmaid.

And (Snd), conj. A particle expressing addition, and used to connect words or sentences.

HAn-dan'te (an-dan'ta or an-dan'te), a. [It.] In music, rather slow ; moderate, —re. A move- ment or piece in andante time.

And/iron (andl'urn), n. A utensil for support- ing wood in a fireplace ; a firedog.

An-drog'y-nal (an - droj ' I - nal), An-drog'y-nons (-nu.i), n. Having both sexes ; hermaphrodite.

An'ec-dote (an'ek-dot), a. A short story or inci- dent. — An'ec-dot'ic-al (-dot'T-kal), a. Pertain- ing to anecdotes.

An'e mol'O-gy (an'e-mol'o-jy), n. The doctrine of winds, or a treatise on them.

Ane-mom'e-ter (an'e-inom'e-ter), n. An instru- ment tor measur-

ing the force and

-l=_r-

Anernorneter.

velocity of the iw.^^CggPX

A-nem'o-ne (a- nein'6-ne), n. A plant of the Crow- foot family; wind-flower,

A-nem'0-SCOpe (a-neui'6-skop), n. A weather- cock ; a register of changes of the wind.

An'e-roid (an'e-roid), n. Dispensing with the use of quicksilver. — n. A watch-shaped barometer.

An'eu-rism (5n'u-rTz'm), n, A soft, pulsating tumor, caused by enlargement of an artery.

A-new' (a-nu'), adv. Newly ; over again ; afresh.

An'gel (an'jel), n. A divine messenger ; minis- tering spirit ; ancient gold coin of England. — Angel fish. A species of shark, having large pectoral fins, which extend horizon- tally, like wings. — An-gel'ic(5n-jel'- Tk), An-gel'ic-al (-T-kal), a. Of or pertaining to an- gels. — An-gel'ic- al-ly, adv.

An'ger (Sn'ger), n. Strong passion ex- cited by injury ; in dignation; wrath; mL'a. — v. t. [An- gered (-gerd); Angering.] To ex- AnSel Flsh-

cite to anger ; to provoke ; to vex ; to displease.

HAn-gi'na (an-ji'na or Sn'jT-na), n. [L.] Inflam- lii a»- ion of the throat. — i Angina pectoris (pek'to-ris). A distressing affection of the chest : breast pang.

An'gle (Sn'g'l), n. A corner tion of two lines or planes ; fishing tackle. — r. i. [An- gled (Sn'gl'd) ; Angling.] To fish with line and hook ; to use bait or arti- fice ; to intrigue. — An'- gler, n. One who fishes with a hook ; a kind of fish ; fishing frog. — An'- gle-wise, adv. Angularly.

difference of direc- C

A

CAE Right Angle ; CAD Acute Angle ; BAE Obtuse Angle.

— An'gle- worm' (-wGrui'), n. An earthworm used lor bait.

An'gli-can (an'gll -kan), a. English.— n. A member of tiie church of England ; an Episco- palian. — An'gli-can-ism (-Tz:ui), n. Attach- ment to England or to the English church. — An'gli-cism (-slz'm), n. English idiom or ex- pression. — An'gli-cize (-siz), v. t. [Angli- cized (-sizd) ; Anglicizing. ] To render into English ; to conform to English idiom or usage. An'gli-ce (an/gll-se), adv. In English; in the English manner.

An'gry (an'gry), a. [Angrier (-gri-er) ; An- griest.] Inflamed ; moved with anger ; resent- ful ; indignant ; hot ; raging ; furious ; inf uri- ated. — An'gTi-ly (-grT-ly), adv.

An'guish (an'gwlsh), n. Extreme pain ; agony ; torture ; torment.

An'gU-lar (an'gu-ler), a. Having or consisting of an angle; forming an angle. — An'gU-lar'i-ty (-15r'i-ty), n. Quality of being angular. — An'- gU-lar-ly (-ler-ly), adv. With angles ; in the direction of the angles. — An'gU-late (-lat), An'gU-la'ted (-la'ted), a. Formed with angles.

An'he-la'tion (an'he-la'shun), n. Shortness of breath.

An-hy'drous (an-hi'drus), a. Destitute of water.

An'il (an'Tl), n. A West India plant ; indigo dye.

— An'i-line (an'l-lln or -lin), n. A dye obtained from indigo, also from jcoal tar. — a. Made from, or of the nature of, aniline.

An'ile (anil), a. Old-womanish ; imbecile ; dull.

— A-nil'i-ty (a-nTl'I-ty), An'ile-ness, n. Do- tage.

An'i-mad-verr (an'T-mSd-vert'), v. i. To turn the mind ; to remark by way of criticism or cen- sure ; to comment. — An/i-mad-ver'sion (- veV- shun), n. Criticism ; censure ; comment ; blame. — An'i-mad-ver'sive (-ver'sTv), a. Hav- ing the power of perceiving.

An'i-mal (5n'T-m(/l),«. An organized living being endowed with sensation and power of voluntary motion ; an irrational being. — a. Pertaining to animals. — An'i-mal-ism (-Tz'm), n. The state of mere animals ; brutishness. — An'i-mal-ize (-Iz), t\ t. To give animal life or properties to ; to regard as merely animal or sentient. — An-i- mal'i-ty (an-T-mai'T-ty), n. Animal existence.

An i-mal'cnle (an'T-mai'kiii), lAn'i-mal'cu-lum (-ku-lum), n. ; pi. Animalcdla (-la). An animal invisible, or nearly so, to the naked eye. — An'- 1-mal'cu-lar (-ku-ier), An'i-mal'cu-line ( - kfi - lTn), a. Pertaining to animalcules.

An'i-mate (Sn'T-mat). v. t. To give natural life, spirit, or vigor to ; to enliven ; to stimulate ; to inspire ; to cheer ; to gladden, —a. Alive ; pos- sessing animal life. — An'i-ma'ted, a. Full of life ; spirited. — An'i-ma'tion (-ma'shun), n. An animating, or the state of being animated ; vivacity ; spirit ; liveliness ; promptness.

An'i-mism (Sn'T-inTz'm), n. The doctrine that the soul is the principle of life and bodily develop- ment. — An'i-mist. v. A believer in animism.

An'i-mos'i-ty (Xn'T-mosT-ty), n. Violent hatred; active enmity ; malignity.

An'i-mns (an'T-mQs), n. [L.] Intention; pur- pose ; spirit.

An'ise (an'Ts). n. A plant bearing aromatic seeds.

An'kle (Sn^kl). n. The joint connecting foot and leg. — Antlet (-klet), n. An ornament worn on the ankle.

fSrn, recent, 6rb, rude, full, urn, food, foTot, out, oil, chair, go, sing, ink, then, thin.

ANNALS

16

ANTEMUNDANE

An'nalS (Sn'nalz), n. pi. A chronological history ; chronicles. — An'nal-ist, n. A writer of annals ; historian ; chronicler.

An-neal' (an-nel'), v. t. [Annealed (-neld') ; An- nealing.] To heat (glass or metal) nearly to fluidity, and cool slowly, rendering it less brittle.

An-nex' (an-neks'), v. t. [Annexed (,-neksf) ; Annexing.] To unite at the end; to subjoin; to affix. — n. Something appended; an exten- sion of a building. — An'nex-a'tion (-a'shun), An-nex'ion (-nek'shiiu), n. An annexing ; ad- dition ; union.

An-ni'hi-late (an-ni'hT-lat), v. t. To reduce to nothing ; to destroy the form or peculiar distinc- tive properties of. — An-ni/hi-la'tion (-la'shuu), n. Destruction.

All' ni-ver'sa-ry (an'nT-ver'sa-ry), a. Returning with tiie year ; annual ; yearly, — n. A day cele- brated each year.

An'no-tate (an'no-tat), v. i. To make annota- tions, comments, or remarks. — An'no-ta'tion (-ta'shiin), n. An explanatory note. — An/no- ta'tor (-ta'ter), n. A commentator.

An-not'to (an-not'to), n. A red vegetable dye, used to color cheese, butter, etc.

An-nounce' (an-nouns'), v. t. [Announced (-nounsf); Announcing {-noun'slng).] To give notice of ; to make known ; to publish ; to ad- vertise. — An-nounce'ment, n. An announ- cing ; proclamation ; declaration.

An-noy' (an-noi'), v. t. [Annoyed (-noid') ; An- noying.] To incommode ; to vex ; to pester ; to bother; to plague. — n. Annoyance. — An-noy'- ance (-noi'ans), n. Disturbance ; molestation ; injury ; bore.

All'nu-al (au'u-al), a. Happening every year; yearly ; continuing only one year or season. — n. A thing happening yearly ; a work published once a year ; a plant that lives but one season.

— An'nu-al-ly, adv. Yearly ; year by year. All-nu'i-ty (an-nu'T-ty), n. A yearly allowance of

money. — An-nu'i-tant, n. A person who has an annuity.

An-llUl' (an-nul'), v. I. [Annulled (-nuld') ; An- nulling.] To make void or of no effect ; to nul- lify ; to abolish ; to cancel ; to set aside. — An- nulment, n. An annulling.

An'nu-lar (5n'u-lar), An'nu-la-ry (-la-ry), a. Having the form of a ring; round. —An'nu- la ted (-la'ted), a. Having rings or belts. — An'- nu-let, n. A little ring. — An'nu-lose7 (-u-los'), a. Furnished with, or composed of, rings.

An-nun'ci-ate (an-nun'shT-at), v. t. To announce.

— An-nun'Ci-a'tion (-si- or -shT-a'shun), n. An announcing ; a church festival (March 25), com- memorating the angel's announcement of Christ's approaching birtli to the Virgin Mary.

An'O-dyne (an'6-din), n. Medicine which allays pain. — a. Assuaging pain ; opiate ; narcotic.

A-noint' (a-noint'), v. t. To pour oil upon ; to consecrate by unction ; to smear or daub. — A-noint'ed, n. The Messiah. — A-noint'ment, n. An anointing.

A-nom'a-ly (a-nom'a-ly), n. A deviation from the common rule or from analogy ; an irregularity.

— A-nom'a-lism (-liz'm), n. A deviation from rule ; anomaly. — A - nom ' a - lis ' tic (-ITs'tTk), A-nom'a-lis'tlc-al (-tT-krtl), a. Irregular.— A-nom'a-lOUS (-a-liis), a. Deviating from rule ; abnormal ; irregular. — A-nom'a-loUS-ly, adv.

A-non' (a-n5n'), adv. Quickly ; immediately ; at

another time ; again. — Ever and anon. Now and then ; frequently ; often.

A-non'y-ttlOUS (a-non'i-inus), a. Wanting a name ; without the author's real name ; nameless. — A-non'y-mous-ly, adv.

An-Oth'er (5n-uth'er), a. Not the same ; differ- ent ; one more ; any other.

A-not'ta (a-not'ta), n. See Annotto.

An'sa-ted (an'sa-ted), a. Having a handle.

An'ser-ine (an'ser-In), a. Pertaining to, or re- sembling, a goose, or its skin.

An'swer (an'ser), v. t. [Answered (-serd) ; An- swering.] To speak or write in return to; to refute ; to comply with ; to face ; to suit ; to atone for. — v. i. To reply ; to account ; to suit ; to conform. — n. A reply ; return ; solution. — An'SWer-a-Dle (-a-b'l), a. Capable of being an- swered ; liable to answer; accountable; suita- ble.— An' swer- a- ble- ness, n. — An'swer- a-bly (-a-bly), adv. Suitably ; agreeably.

An't (ant). Colloq. contr. of am not, are not, is not.

Ant (ant), n. An emmet ; pismire. — Ant'-eat'er (ant'e'ter), n. A tropic- al Ameri- can animal that feeds on ants.

An-tag'o-nize (an-tag'6-. niz), v. i. To act in oppo- s i t i o n ; to contend. — An-tag'O-nism ( - 6 - nTz'm ), n. Op- position of action ; contest. — An-tag'o-nist, n. One who contends with another ; an enemy ; adversary ; opponent ; foe. — An-tago-nis'tic (-nis'tTk), a. Opposing ; hostile , acting in op- position.

An-tal'giC (an-t51'jik), a. Alleviating pain. — n. Medicine which relieves pain.

Ant-arc'tic (ant-ark'tik), a. Opposite to the northern or arctic pole ; relating to the south- ern pole or region near it.

Antar-thrit'ic (ant'ar-thrlt'Tk), a. Counteracting gout. — n. A remedy against gout.

An'te-Ced'ent (an'te-sed'ent), a. Going before in time ; prior ; preceding ; foregoing ; previous.

— n. That which goes before. — An'te-ced'- ent-ly, adv. — An'te-ced'ence (-sed ' ens), An'- te-ced'en-cy (-en-sy), n. A going before ; pre- cedence.

An'te-ces'sor (an'te-ses'ser), n. One who goes

before ; predecessor. An'te-chanVber (an'te-cham'ber), n. A chamber

leading to the chief apartment. An'te-date (an'te-dat), n. A date before the true

time. — v. I. To anticipate ;

to precede. An'te-di-lu'vi-an (aVte-dT-lu'-

vT-an), a. Before the deluge.

— n. One who lived, before the flood.

An'te-lope (5n'te-lop), n. A ruminant quadruped, inter-

Ant-eater.

Antelope.

mediate between deer and I goat.

1 An'te-me-rid'i-an (an'tg-me-rTd'T-ffn), a. Being | before noon.

I An'te-mun'dane (Xu'te-munMan), a. Being be- I fore the creation of the world.

a, e, i, o, u, long ; i, 6, i, 5, ii, y , short ; senate, event, idea, obey, finite, care, arm, ask, all, final,

ANTENNA

17

ANTISCRIPTURAL

a a Antennae, foretaste ; antici-

iAn'te-pe-nult'i-

An-teil'na (Sn-ten'na), 7i.; pi. Antennb (-ne) One of an insect's feelers.

An te-nup'tial (an/te-nur/- , shal), a. Being before marriage.

An'te-pas'chal (an'te-pas '- kal), a. Being before Eister.

An'te-past (au'te-past), n. A pation.

Ante-pe'nult (an'te-pe'nult),

ma (-pe-nult'T-ma), n. The last syllable but two of a word— An'te-pe-nult'i-mate (-mat), a. Relating to the antepenult. — n. The ante- penult.

An-te'ri-or (Sn-te'rl-er), a. Before; prior; an- tecedent ; former ; foregoing. — An-te'ri-or/i-ty (-5r'T-ty), n. The state of being anterior; pre- cedence.

An'te-room (5n'te-rodm), n. A room leading to another ; a waiting room.

An'thel-min'tic (aVthgl-min'tik), a. Destroy- ing or expelling worms. — n. A vermifuge.

An'them (Sn'thSm), n. Church music adapted to passages from the Scriptures ; a motet.

An'ther (Sn'ther), n. The tip of the stamen of a plant, containing the pollen. — An'ther-al, a. Pertaining to an- thers. — An'ther-ifer-ous ( - if ' - er-fis), a. Producing anthers.

An-thol'o-gy (5n-thol'5-jy), n. A collection of flowers, or of beauti- ful passages from authors. — An/- thO-log'ic-al (an'th$-15j'T-kal), a.

An'thra-Cite (£n ' thra - sit), n. A hard, compact variety of mineral coal. — An'thra-cit'ic ( - sTV Ik), a. Pertaining to anthracite.

An'thro-pold (5n'thr6-poid), a. Re- sembling man. — n. An ourang ; a gorilla.

An'thro-pol'o-gy (an'thro-poVo-tf)

history of the human species ; science of man, in his entire nature. — An'thro-po-lOg'ic-al (-po- lSj'T-kal), a. Pertaining to anthropology.

An'thro-po-mor/phism (aVthro-p6 -mQr'flz'm), n. Rspresentation of Deity under human form. — An'thro-po-mor/phous (-moVfus), a. Hav- ing the figure of man.

llAlVthro-poph'a-gi (Sn'thro-pof 'a-ji), n. pi. Mui-eaters ; cannibals. — An'thro-poph'a-gy (-jy)t n. The eating of human flesh ; cannibal- is n.

An'tic (Sn'tTk), a. Odd ; fanciful ; fantastic. — n. A buffoon ; odd appearance ; trick ; caper.

An'ti-cnrist (an'tT-krl-st), n. An adversary of Christ. — Aa ti-chris'tian (-krTs'chan), n. An opposer of Christianity. — a. Opposing Chris- tianity.

An-tlc'i-pate (an-tYsT-pat), v. t. To take or do before another ; to take up beforehand or before the proper time ; to foresee. — An-tic'i-pa'tor (-pa'ter), n. — An-tic/i-pa'tion (-pa'shun), n. An anticipating ; impression of what is to hap- pen afterward; preconceived opinion. — An- tic'i-pa-tive (-tTsT-pa-tiv), a. Anticipating, or containing anticipation. — An-tic'i-pa-to-ry (-pa-to-r^), a. Forecasting. An ti-cli'max (an'tT-kli'mSks), n. A sentence or expression in which the ideas become less strik- ing, at the close ; — opposite of climax.

ee Anthers. n. Natural

An ti-cli'nal (an'ti-kli'nal), a. Inclining or slop- ing in opposite directions. — n. A crest line from which strata dip in opposite directions ; — called anticlinal axis.

An'ti-dOte (an'tl-dot), n. A remedy for poison or other evil. — An'ti-do'tal (-dental), An'ti-do/- ta-ry (-do'ta-ry), a. Efficacious against poison.

An-ti-feb'rile (au-tT-feVrll), a. Able to allay fever. — n. Medicine to cure fever.

An'ti-fric'tion (Su'ti-frik'shun), n. Anything which lessens friction. —a. Reducing friction.

An'ti-mo-nar/cMc-al ( Sn'tT-mo-nar'kl-kal ), a. Opposed to monarchy.

An'ti-mo-ny (Sn'ti-rno-ny), n. A whitish brittle metal used in medicine and the arts ; an ore of the same. — An'ti-mo'Dl-al (-mo'm-al), a. Of or pertaining to antimony. — n. A preparation of antimony.

An ti-no'mi-an (5n/tT-no/mT-an), n. One of a Christian sect which holds good works not es- sential to salvation. — a. Pertaining to Antino- mians. — An/ti-no/ml-ail-isin (-Tz'rn), n. The tenets of Antinomians.

An-tin'O-my (an-tTn'o-mjf), n. ; pi. Antinomies (-mTz). Contradiction between two laws ; in- compatibility of thought or language.

An-tip^a-tliy (an-tiya-th^), n. ; pi. Antipathies ( - thtz ). Aversion ; dislike ; repugnance ; dis- gust. — An'ti-pa-thet'ic (an^T-pa-thSt'Ik), An'- tl-pa-thet'ic-al (-T-k«l), a. Having aversion.

An'ti-phlo-gis'tic (an'tl-flS-jis'tik), a. Counter- acting inflammation. — n. Medicine or diet to check inflammation.

An'ti-phon (an'tl-fon), An-tiph'o-ny (-tTf'S-ny), n. Alternate or responsive singing; response. — An-tiph'o-nal (-tif'6-nal), An ' tl - phon 'ic (-fon'Tk), An'ti-phon'lc-al (-T-kal), a Pertain- ing to alternate singing. — An-tipn'O-nal, n. A book of antiphons or anthems.

||An-tlph'ra-sis (an-tif'ra-sTs), n. Use of words in a sense opposite to the true one. — An'ti- phras'tic (Sn'tT-frSs'tTk), An'ti-phras'tic-al (-ti-kal), a. Involving antiphrasis.

An'ti-pode