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I
SCHOOL OF EDUCATION LIBRARY
TEXTBOOK COLLECTION
STANFORD V^p/ U N I V E R S I TY LIBRARIES
Thi> last reviiL™ is bi lif llie mMt compltle that the nork hai tier uudcirone during lie uxtv-two jtits thai it has Deeo befcTe the public, evciy page being treated ai if ine book «u dot publithed for the first lime.
Sold by all BookMller*.
a. & C. MERRIAM COMPANY, Publishers. Springfield, Mass., U.S. A.
jy Send (or Ere. el Ok ItUtrnatitv^, i
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J
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MiioaN (QielMiter'd 9igQ ^cQool J^ctionar;
DICTIONARY
j:i OF THE
.11.!
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
WITH AN APPENDIX
^
CONTAINING A PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF BIBLICAL,
CLASSICAL, MYTHOLOGICAL, HISTORICAL, AND
GEOGRAPHICAL PROPER NAMES
EDUCATION. "J
, WEBSTER'S II^ERNATIONAL . '■''^'^^ ^^" DICTIONARY
'^ ' THNlORUNlVElRSirY.
^ V- ' 4
i^'v>'W
NEW YORK .:. CINCINNATI .:• CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
SPRINGFIELD, MASS.: G. & C. MERRIAM CO.
594358
Copyight, 1892, Bt G. & G. MERRIAM COMPANY.
Entbbbd at Stationbbs* Hall. [All rights reserved.}
WEB. H. 8. 0I& E-P 0
/
PEEFAOE.
The High School Dictionary here presented is compiled from Webster's International Dictionary of the English Language. As that work replaced Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, so this is designed to take the place of the High School Dictionary originally prepared by Mr. William G. Webster, in 1848. In 1857, Mr. Webster published a re- vision of this work, containing a vocabulary of the more common words which constitute the body of our language, with many technical terms in the sciences and arts. That book was in turn revised and enlarged by Mr. William A. Wheeler, in 1868. The present volume is an entirely new work, and contains many words and definitions not to be found in its predecessors. Its purpdse is 4|o ^v^ the correct orthography, pronun- ciation, and definition of all words which pupils in High Schools are likely to meet with.
The pronunciation of every word is clearly shown by respelUng with phonetic markings that are explained in the key lines below the pages. For the first time in a school dictionary, the pronunciation of unaccented syllables is thus accurately indicated.
The addition of many new words, and the free use of illustrations to help in understandings the subject, have not excessively increased the bulk of the volume. Condensation has been accomplished by omitting defini- tions of derived words (mostly adverbs, adjectives, and abstract nouns) which are @elf -explaining as soon as the root word is understood ; and, further, such derivatives have usually been grouped in .the same para- graph with the root word, where this could be done'^without interrupting the alphabetical order. On the other hand, care has been taken to dis- criminate between words of the same spelling and pronunciation, but of different etymology and meaning. For instance, Sound is a form repre- senting ^bt^r words of the same pronunciation but of widely different ori- gin and sense. In older dictionaries such words appeared as one word with different meanings. This mode, tending to confuse or mislead the pupil, has been carefully avoided.
There is a copious Appendix which contains a list of Biblical, Classi- cal, Mythological, Historical, and Geographical Proper Names, combined in a single vocabulary.
lU
CONTENTS.
t^
PREFACE . iij
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION v-xxj
Key to the' Symbols y
The Vowels of the Alphabet in Detail vii
DiAaBAM OF the Simple Vowel Sounds xiv
The Consonants of the Alphabet (with the Consonant
DiQRAPHs) IN Detail ziv
Table of Consonant Elements
Assimilation of Sounds
Duplication of Consonants xxi
Accent . . .- xxi
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES xxii-xxv
RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS . xxvi-xxis
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK . . . xxx
A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE . . . 1-496
A PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF PROPER NAMES . . 497-530
IV
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
KEY TO THE SYMBOLS.
In the RESTBLLING FOR PRONUNCIATION in the Dictionary, there is employed— M ■hown in the Table — a cfymbol for every clear yowel or diphthongal sound in the language ; with, in four instances, a pair of equiyalents for the same sound as occurring in different situttions, viz. : ^ = do ; ^ = db ; d = 9 ; and j^ (final) = I ; besides a and e, italicized, as these vowels are in cer- tun cases obscured and turned toward the neutral form ; also, apostrophe for the yoice-glide ; and N to indicate foreign nasalized vowels ; — some of the sounds Dccurring only in accented and others only in unaccented syllables, and^ some others, with but slight difference of quality, in both. The ft, 6, and 6 are used to represent the similar sounds in foreign words, but not limited as they are in English to unaccented syllables. The ^ is employed, as the nearest English yowel we have, inexact as it is, to replace u French and u German ; and in like manner the 8 for the eu French and ft German.
The consonant letters b, d, f, li, j, Ic, 1, m, p, r, t, ▼, i^, and y, and the digraphs sbi and ng, are used with their ordinary normal value ; g, b, z, and cli are each limited to a single sound ; n and tb are marked for one sound of each and used unmarked for the other. No use is made of c q, X, or the digraphs pb, gb, ds, and ivb. The principal substitutions of the consonant qnnbda used in the respelling are noted in the Table.
. ale, fate, laHbor, cba'os, cbam'beT, pa'tri-ar^cbal.
. sen'ftte, pref'ftc^, del'l-cftte, ft-e'ri-al, cbft-ot'ic, sal'n-tft-ry.
cftre, gb&re, pftr'ent, com-p&re', ploiv'sbftre', beftr, ftir. . ftm, &dd, f&t, r&n'doin, ftt-tftck', ftc-cept', re^&d-mlt'. , i&rm, fiir, f ft'tber, milr'tyr, ftb, films, ftrt, piUm. . ask, s^rass, dance, a-bate', A-mer'i-ea, so'fa, boi'ftriiy.
fl'nal, In'fant, guld'ance, val'iant, bnsHband, mad'am.
^11, ^'vre, s-vr^rm, t^lb, dr^i^.
eve, mete, se-rene', bS^li-om'e-ter.
d-Tent', depend', cr^-ate', so-cl'd-ty, d^-lin'^-ate, sd-reni/.
£nd, met, Sx-cuse', £f-face^ car'p^t, con'dSm-na'tion.
fSrii, bSr, Sr'mine, pSr-vSrt', ev'Sr, in'fSr-ence.
re'cent, de'cen-cy, pru-dence, pen'i-tent, novVl.
Ice, time, slgbt, bind, in-spire', jus'ti-fi'arble.
i-de'a, trt-bu'nal, dt-ani'e-ter, bi-oFo-sy.
ni, pin, pit'y, ad'mlt', babit, dl-vlde', In-flnl-tlve.
51d, note, rSiv, b5ld, 5'Ter, pro-p5se^ lo'co-mo^tive.
6-bey', t6-bac'c6, sor'rftiir, a-nat'6-my, pr6-pose'.
drb, Idrd, dr'der, landadrd', ab-bdi/, ab-bdr'ring.
ttdd, n5t, tSr'rld, fSr'est, ttc-cui/, in^c5r-rect'.
Use, pflre, mate, tflne, dfi'ty, bfl'man, as-sGme'.
tl-nite', ac'ttl-ate, ed-ti-ca'tion, btl-mane'.
ir\|de, rn'mor, in-tr^de'.
fyll, p^t, pysb, f ^I•flll^ joy'fyl, in'str^-ment.
tip, ttib, sttid'y, iln'der, sab-mlt', in'dfiA-try.
|
a, |
as m . |
|
», |
»» »» • |
|
A, |
»» »» • |
|
&, |
»♦ »» • |
|
ft, |
»» »» • |
|
&, |
»» »» • |
|
a. |
»» »» • |
|
«i |
„ „ • |
|
s, |
„ 1, • |
|
«, |
»» »» • |
|
6, |
»» »» • |
|
», |
», »» • |
|
«. |
„ ,» • |
|
i. |
„ „ • |
|
I |
», „ • |
|
I. |
,» »» • |
|
5, |
i» »» • |
|
ft. |
»» ,» • |
|
6, |
»f »» • |
|
», |
,» »♦ • |
|
«, |
»♦ ♦» • |
|
tl, |
„ »» • |
|
Jh |
»» »» • |
|
^ |
»» »» • |
|
% |
» » • |
l.-i
▼i GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
fkt tf It • • • Ibm, ittrlf eon-dkr', bftrn.
% M » • • . Pit'y, iii'Ju-rt, di-vin'i-tt.
do, „ „ . . . food, mdbn, fdbl, ndbn, vroa^ing.
ffOf „ „ . . . fo^t, ivo^l, bdblc, gShdj ortfbk'ed.
ou, ),«*••• out, tlioa, de-voiir'.
oi, M „ . . . oil, notary, a-Told', re-jolce', em-broid'er-y, gol'ter.
N, representing simply the nasal tone (as in French or Portuguese) of the preceding vowel } as
in ensemble (aN's&i'bl), intrigante (SH'trft'gaNtO. ' (for Yoice-glide), as in pardon (piu/d'n), eaten (ef'n), evil (e'vl).
i> (hard) : as in go, begin, great, anger ; for gn, as in guard ; for gue, as in plague ; for
gb, as in gbost. s (surd, or sharp) : as in so, tbis, baste ; for c, as in cell, Tioe ; for sc, as in scene, science :
for SB, as in blss. B (like s sonant) : as in zone, base ; f or s, as in is, IItcs, 'wiee, music, ears, figs ; for x, as
in Xenopbon, xylograpby. cb (= tsb) : as in cbair, mucb ; for tcb, as in matcb, etcbing. sb : for cb, as in niacbine, cbaise, cbandelier ; for ce, as in ocean ; for ci, as in social ;
for sci, as in conscious ; for s, as in sure ; for se, as in nauseous ; for si, as in pension ;
for ss, as in issue ; for ssi, as in passion ; for ti, as in nation, zb (= sb made sonant) : for z, as in azure ; for zi, as in glazier, brazier ; for s, as in pleas- ure, usual ; for si, as in vision ; for ssi, as in abscission ; for g, as in rouge, cortege. J (= dzb) : for g, as in gem, giant, engine ; for gi and ge, as in religion, pigeon ; for di,
as in soldier ; for dg, as in edge, knoivledge. k : for cb, as in cborus, epocb, anarcby ; for c, as in cat, cube ; for ck, as in pack, duck;
for qu, as in conquer, coquette ; for que, as in pique, oblique. kiv : for qu, as in queen, quit, quality, ks (surd) : for x, as in vex, exit, perplex, dextrous, gz (sonant) : for x, as in exist, exact, example. i : for pb, as in pbilosopby, triumpb ; for gb, as in lau^, rougb. bifv : for ivb, as in ivbat, VFby, ivbere.
t : for ed, as in baked, crossed, capped ; for tb, as in tbyme, Tbomas. n (the ordinary sound) : as in no, none, man, many, ng : as in long, singer ; for ngue, as in tongue.
B (like ng) : for n before the sound of k or hard g, as in bank, junction, linger, single. tb (surd) : as in tbin, tbrougb, ivealtb, ivortb, breatb, ivldtb. tb (sonant) : for tb, as in tben, tbougb, tbis, smootb, breatbe.
IfOTS. Foreign consonant sounds are represented by the nearest English equivalents.
AocBSTB AND Htphbns. The principal accent is indicated by a heavy mark (0, and the second- ary accent by a lighter mark (0, at the end of the syUable. Syllabic division is otherwise indicated by a light hyjdien ; a lieavier hyphen Joins the members of compound words.
The Table here appended, together with the precedhig Table, furnishes a method of INDICA- TING PRONUNCIATION WITHOUT RESPELUNG. It is, in its main features, the same as that employed in previous editions of the Dictionary, and will serve except in the case of a comparatively few words, which must be respeUed. Use is made of it in this Gums to Pbonuitciation.
To each of the symbols here given, the equivalent is added that takes its place in the respelling (thus : a = », etc. ; wbat = wb6t, etc. ; « = k, etc.). The unmarked letter in a digraph is to be taken as if silent ; as in break, brdad, bail, yield, veil, etc. Silent e at the end of sylla-
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
vu
bles, as in fate, etc., or in the -ed of preterits and participles, as in baked, burned, etc., need not be marked.
The method has diacritical marks applied to such consonant letters and digraphs as offer espe- cial and frequent occasion for their use. Certain syllables, as tion, gion, tial, cial, etc., which would naturally be correctly pronoimced, need not be marked or respelled. The sounds, as de- scribed, of X, ph, qu, and vfIi, unmarked, are what these characters will usually, but not invaria- bly, represent.
a (= »), . . E, e (= a), . . . . £, 6 (=&),... . Eiir, ew (= 1i), . Ee, ee (= e), . . .
X(=5),
tt(=8),
Q, « (= Ob), . . .
9 (r= dt> or u),
6, 6 (= ii), . . . .
Oiv, ow (= ou), . Oy, oy (= ol), . .
y(=i)
%f(=i\
^(=s),
as in What, Was, Qa^ity, In'Rtal-la'tion.
>» >>
u »>
»> »>
»> >»
11 »»
»» »»
>» »»
>» 11
11 11
11 11
»» 11
11 11
11 11
11 11
£iglit, Prey, V§in, O-bey', Un-f eign'ed-ly.
Tbdre, Whdre, H6ir, Whdre-in'.
Ewe, Deiv, Heivn, etc. ; or (= ^), as in Brei^.
Eel, Feet, Fee'ble, Un-geen', See'ing:.
F¥que, Marcll¥ne^ Po-lice'.
Irk'gome, Fir, Bird, Vlr'tue, VIr-gln'i-ty, E-Uxir.
Qoze, D<j, WhQ, TQinb, Re-m^v'al.
W9lf, W9m'an, W9Fver-lne', B9s'om.
6tb'er, S6n, Wel'cdme, Wig'ddm, Can'n6ii.
Owl, Cowa'rd, Voiv'el, Al-loiv', 'Bow'-wo-w',
Oys'ter, Boy, Roy'al, En-joy', An-noy'ance.
Fly, Sky, Style, De-^', Dy'lng.
1^t'tri-a, njrmn, I^^h-'lc, M^-fbol'o-gy.
Myrrb, Mj^tle, Sa'tyr, Mar't^-dom.
•€, € (= k), ....
9' 9 (= »)' • • • • €h, ell (= k), . .
^b, ^b (= 8li), .
G, t (= g), . . . . 6, g (= j), . . . .
as in Cat, Concur.
„ „ ^ell, Vi^e.
„ „ Cborus, Epoeb.
„ „ ^baise, Ma^bine.
„ „ Get, Begin, Anger.
„ „ Gem, Engine.
Ak (= j),
? (= K^)i (= ks),
. . as in Ed^e, Badgrer.
. . „ „ Ig, Hag, Wigdnni.
. . „ ,, E^igt, Example.
..,,,, Vex. £iXit. Pb, pb (= f ), ...,,„ Fbantom, Sylpb. Qu, qu (= kiv), . „ „ Queen, Conquest. Wb, wh (= hw), „ „ Wben, Wbat.
THE VOWELS OF THE ALPHABET IN DETAIL.
A.
§ 1. A, a : as in ale, fate, mak'er, pro-fane'. The sound is otherwise represented, as in pain, day, gaol, gauge, break, veil, whey, also aye (ever) ; and is the name sound of the letter. The vowel is called *' long a."
A is diphthongal, its initial element being nearly Q in Snd, and its vanish I in HI or e in eve.
The vanish is heard most distinctly when the soimd ends a word or an accented syllable, and it varies according to the nature of the consonant by which it is stopped.
The radical or initial element, somewhat widened, is the exceptional soimd of a in many, any, Tbames; and of at in said, again, against. See § 13.
§ 2. A, ft : a modification of the preceding vowel in syllables without accent ; ranging between a (ale) and £ (Snd) ; and never taking the vanish. It occurs in the endings -ace, -age ; as, pref- ace, sol'ftce, rav'ftge, ad'ftge, etc. The ending -ate, in the case of verbs, takes a (ale), with accent, primary or secondary (though with the secondary accent not marked in the Dictionary) ; as, re-late', ad'vo-cate (t'.), em'u-late, con'ju-gate (v.)» ag'gre-gate (v.)» etc. ; while, in the case of nouns and adjectives, & without the accent is commonly used ; as, sen'ftte, prel'&te, ad'- TO-cftte (n.), ag'gre-gftte (n.), con'ju-gftte (a.). Also, & often occurs as preceding another vowel — usually accented — in the following syllable; as, A-e'ri-al, cbft-ot'lc, Ju'dft-ism. In wo^s like nii8'cel-lft-ny, sal'u-tft-ry, sump'tu-ft-ry, the a, before ny or ry final, and with the preceding syllable unaccented, has properly this sound ; but if the preceding syllable be accented, as in bot'a-ny, di'a-ry, sal'a-ry, pri'ma-ry, boun'da-ry, the a sound (so'fa), is usually preferred ; yet in con'tra-ry and li'bra-ry the ft is the easier to give, and in these and some others of the class is common and allowable. In final syllables, the tendency of the sound is to pass
•••
TO! GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
through fi to I, as ia TUIftge, sui/f ftce, etc., in which the ft is foUowed by a J or aa s sound. The ai in moon' tain, cap'taiu, etc., in the same way becomes I (111).
§ 3. A, ft : only in syllables closed by the sound of r and more or less strongly accented ; as in cftre, sliftre, com-pftre', pftr'ent, ploiv'aliftre'. The sound is also represented by 6 (tlidre) ; and otherwise as in air, bear, heir, prayer.
The a before r does not ordim^y take this sound when the r precedes a vowel or another r in the following syllable of the word ; as in pfti/i-ty, p&r'ry, oom-p&i/l-goii, diftr'i-ty, etc. But the sound remains without change by an added verb inflection or the sulflz -er ; as in com-pftr'- ins, shfti/er ; and appears exceptionally in pftr'ent, pftr'ent-age, sftr'isli.
The sound is the narrow correlate of the wide ft (ftm). It is not simply a prolongation of that sound ; though, if we attempt such prolongation, the orguis naturally slide into a positi<m which gives the sound in question.
The difference between this sound and that of & may be readily distinguished by soundii^ the first syllable of cli&rity and the word cliair.
Some orthoepists, as Walker, Smart, Stormonth, Ellis, identify this sound with a, or with S pro* longed, but this sound is not now commonly g^ven in the United States.
§ 4. A, ft : as in ftm, ftdd, f ftt, rftn'dom, b&ve, pftr'l-ty ; also in plaid, gnar'an-ty, etc. ; the regular *' short a." It is usually followed by a closing consonant sound, whether accented or unaccented.
As VNACCKNTED, it is more commonly found in initial closed syllables : as in ftl-lude', ftt-tack% ftn-nuV.
§ 5. A, ft : as in ftrm, f ftr, fattier, ftb, ftlmg, pftlm, etc. ; having equivalents as in hearth, aunt, guard, etc. ; called the " Italian a.**
This is the most open of all the vowel sounds. In its formation the mouth and throat are opened widely, and the tongue is left in its natural position of rest.
§ 6. A, a. This is the sound to be preferred in certain words or syllables ending in gk, IT, ft, th, 8S, sp, at, nee, nt, nd ; as, ask, staff, graft, path, pftss, srasp, last, dance, cliant, com-mand' ; and in some other cases ; besides its frequent use in unaccented syllables, — for one class of which it will in this Dictionary be indicated by a, the Italic form of the letter. See §7.
In organic position, a lies between ft in ftni, and ft in ftrm. The main part of the tongue ia raised higher than in ftrm, and the mouth is not so widely opened.
In UNACCENTBD SYLLABLES thls sound (ft) is of frequout occurrence, though in rapid speech more or less obscured and often falling into the neutral form.
In open syllables unaccented, as in a-rise^ di'a-dem, ca-lor'ic, mu'ta-ble, bof^a-ny, sal'a-ry, villa, so'fa, etc., the sound may be regarded as a brief and obscure form of ft.
§7. In final or medial syllables, unaccented, and closed by n, 1, nt, nee, nd, s, ss, at, p or pli or ff, m, or d, as in syl'van, va'can-ey, mor'tal, loy'al, va'eant, val'iant, guid'anee, liusHband, bi'as, eom'pass, bal'last, break'f ast, jal'ap, ser'apb, mad'am, myr'i-ad,
etc, the Italic a is used in the spelling for pronunciation. See § 6.
§ 8. 4^,%: as in ^11, t^lk, sw^rm, iv^'ter, ap-p^U' ; otherwise represented in haul, dravr, awe ; also in drb, bdm, bought, etc.
This is called the "broad sound " of a, and is formed by a depression of the larynx and a con- sequent retraction of the tongue which enlarges the cavity of the mouth posteriorly.
In the words salt, malt, quarrel, etc., as commonly heard, the soimd of a falls between 5 in not and ^ in all (or is ^ somewhat shortened).
§ 9. A, 9 : as in wfs, wb^t, i^^'der, i^^loi^, qu^'i-ty, etc. The sound is identical
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. «
with th&t of 5 (Sdd, n5t), and ow in knowFedge, etc. In the reepaUing for pronnndation, it will be represented by ft.
E.
§ 10. JB, e : as in eve, mete, con'crete', etc. ; the name sound, having eqtdvalents as in feet, beam, de-ceive', poc/ple, key, Cae'sar, marchlne', field, quay, Phoe'bus, Por'ta-gueae', etc. The vowel iA called " long e." In the formation of this element, the tongue is nused convexly within the dome of the palate, pressing against its sides, and leaving the smallest possible passage through which a vowel sound is uttered.
§ 11. £, ^ : in unaccented syllables, as ^-vent', d-pit'o-m^, cr^-ate', d^-lin'^-ate', so-oi'-
&ty ; shorter than accented e (eve), verging towards, or sometimes even reaching, i (111).
§ 12. E, e. Tliis, in genuine English words, occurs only with i or y added, so as to make a digraph ; as in eiglit, prey, vein, etc. The soimd is identical with a in ale, and will be indi- cated by a in the respeUiug.
In naturalized and half-naturalized foreign words, as forte, finale, abb^, ballet, eon- Bomme, Mobe, auto-da-f 6, Jos^, and in the interjection eli and in a few other instances, we have this sound of e without the vanish. In such cases, m the respelling, it is indicated by the qrmbolft.
§ 13. £, £ : as in £nd, pfit, t£n, Sr'ror, etc. ; otherwise as in feath'er, heif'er, leop'ard, friend, di-ser'e-sis, as^a-focfi-da, bur'y, guess, a'ny, said, etc. ; called "short e." The syllable is usually closed by a consonant sound.
This is not the short sound of e in eve, but the initiiJ or radical soimd, somewhat widened, of the diphthongal a. It is made by arching up the tongue under the hard palate, as in S, but its place of formation is farther back.
Unaccbhtbo it occurs, as in £x-cnse', Sn-large', £f-f ace', £g-tate', £r-ro'ne-ou8, lev'Sl, In'tdl-lect', car'pSt ; and sometimes it verges to or towards 1, as in ro'sds, hors'ds, f air'^st, wis'Sst, riv'St, end'Sd, wick'Sd, wool'Sn, kitcb'Sn.
§ 14. ll!, 6 : as in tlidre, wbdre ; also in heir, etc. ; only before r ; -^ identical in sound with A (cftre).
§ 15. £, S : as in fSm, Srr, bSr, Si/mine, vSrge, in-f 8^^ per-vSrt' ; otherwise as in sir, bird, earn, mirth, m5^tle, guer'don, etc. It occurs when immediately followed by r in a mono- syllable or in the same accented syllable ; but not when the r precedes a vowel or another r in the following syllable, as in vfir'y, pSr'il, mfir'ry, fir'ror, he'ro, pe'ri-od, etc., except that verbs having this sound of the letter almost iJways retain it when inflected or suffixed ; as in con-f Sr'- ring, de-tSr'ring, con-fSr'rer, re-fSr'ri~ble.
This sound is formed by placing the organs in a position intermediate between that requisite for sounding ti (A^rn), and that for sounding 6, thus making (as Smart observes) a compromise between the two. A majority of English-speaking people, however, make no distinction between 8 in tier, and tL in urn ; but as many orthoepists do make a slight difference, the two markings have been retained in this Dictionary.
§ 16. Unaccbnted S (before r), — asin ev'Sr, read'Sr, lov'Sr, sev'Sr, sev'Sr-al, pSr-form', rev'Sr-ent, in'fSr-ence, cav'Srn, etc., with equivalents in e-iixir, zeph'yr, ac't6r, li'ar, etc., — is nearly identical with the accented S (f grn).
§ 17. The e before n in unaccented syllables, — as in pru'dent, rai'ment, con-ven'ient, creMence, de'cen-cy, etc., — takes a sound of obscure quality in ordinary speech. The e before n in ivooFen, kitch'en, etc., takes properly the 6 (Snd) sound, which in rapid speech tends toward I (HI). In words like com'ment, con' vent, — correct with 6 (dnd), — we have the final
X GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
syllable aetoAUy under a aeoondary accent. Before 1, the unaccented e ia, in some caaee, like that above before n ; as in nov'el, in'fl-del ; while in shriv'el and some others it takes the form ex- plained below (see § 18) ; — but, iu many cases, it is commonly and properly given as d (dud) ; thus in je^dl, cru'Sl, cam'Sl, goa'pdl, fun'nSl, an's^l, dian'iiSl. In some of these, and in other words of the kind, there is consi4erable diversity of usage as between these sounds.
In the case of words like pru'dent, nov'el (see above in this paragraph), the vowel will be in« dicated by a bare Italic e iu the spelling for pronunciation.
§ 18. The unaccented vowel of obscure quality before n or 1, is sometimes reduced to the attenu- ated form called the voice-glide, — as in eat'en, heav'en, o'pen, sJbriT'el, a'ble, gen'tle, pai/tl-ole, ba'sln, coua'ln, par'don, sea'son, etc.
Syllables are also made by m with the voice-glide ; as in scliisiii (stz'm), cliagm (kXz*m), mi'- cro-cosm (-k52*m), etc. Substituting the vowel ii for the voice-glide is not sanctioned.
Iu this Dictionary, an afostbophb (') is used in the respelling for pronunciation to indicate the vowel elision or the voice-glide ; as, par'd'n, a'b'l, etc
§ 19. The letter e sUent. As annexed to a consonant at the end of a syllable, this letter has no sound ; but serves commonly, in accented syllables, to indicate the preceding vowel as long ; as in came, tone. It also nuurks the preceding consonant c or g as soft ; as in ser'vice, rav'aKOi vice, o-blige'.
§ 20. The letter e, loUh consonant value. X4ke the short I, when e unaccented is closely followed by another vowel, it naturally falls into more or less of a consonant y soimd, and the e thus makes with the following vowel an imperfect, or consonantal, diphthong. After t, or d, or ^ , or g, this •y sound often coalesces with the consonant and changes its soimd ; as in riglit'eoag (ri'chfis) ; S^ran'deur (grSn'dtir or gran'jur), ml-ca'ceoug (-shfis), o'cean (o'shan), and naa'geous (n^'- shfis). Even after the sound of the e has changed the preceding consonant, it may still appear, espe- cially when the accent falls upon the following vowel ; as in o'ce-an'ic (o'shft-Sntk), iiau'ge-ate (n{('jht-at).
§ 21. f , i : as in ice, time, gii^lit, cblld, bind, gi'ant : the name sound of the letter. It is called **long i." Equivalents are vie, guile, height, aisle, thy, buy, choir, rye, eye, ay or aye (yes) as sometimes heard.
The sound is diphthongal. The main part is the glide between its initiiU (ft in ftrm) and its ter- minal (I in HI).
§ 22. t, i : unaccented : as in t-de'a, bi-ol'o-sy, trt-ba'nal, bt-cai/bo-nate, dt-am'e-ter.
The quality of the sound is subject to variation ; the diphthong (I in Ice) being more curtailed as the syllable takes less stress and shorter quantity.
§ 23. Ji, *i : as in pi'que, ma-cliine', in-trigue', etc. The sound is the same as that of e (eve), by which it is represented in the respelling for pronunciation.
§ 24. I, I : as in HI, pit, pit'y, Ig'sue, ad-mlt', un-tll', etc. Equivalents are hymn, guin'ea, sieve, breech'es, been, English, bus'y, wom'en. This is not the short sound of i in Ice, but the short correlative of e in eve. It is called " short i."
Unaccented stllabiiEs with this vowel are, in the greater number of cases, closed by a conso- nant, as in cabin, O-lume', in-bab'it. But there are many words in which I ends an unac- cented syllable or forms a syllable by itself, as di-vide', vis^-ble, vig^i-bifi-ty.
§ 25. I, I, before r: as in fir, bird, vir'tue, vlr'sln, Irk'gome, etc. : the precise equiva- lent of S (f Srn). In some words the sound, before 1 or n, is reduced to the voice-glide ; as in e^rll (e'v'l), ba'gin (ba^s*n), etc See § 18.
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. n
§ 26, The letter I, ieUh consonant value. A short i, doaely foUowed by another vowel, often falls into a y sound, and thus produces an impure diphthong, and makes one syllable out of two ; as In f U'ial, min'ioii, gen'tus, etc. A preceding s surd, o soft, or sc, by fusion with the y, takes an 8h sound ; as in man'sion, con'scious, vi'cioua ; and an a sonant or a sb takes a zli sound ; aa in vi'sion, gla'zier, — the i sound being wholly lost. A preceding t does the same, as in na'don, palatial, etc. ; with the exception that when preceded by a syllable ending in g or x, the tl takes a cli (tgli) sound ; as in qaes'Uon, mix'Uon, Cliris'tiaii, etc. After g, the i falls out, leaving the g soft ; as in re'sion. When d precedes the i, the di in some words becomes, or tends to become, a J (dzh) ; as cor'dlal, lu'dian, etc., are sometimes, and sordier isalways, pronounced.
O.
§ 27. 5, o : as in old, nSto, bone, 5'ver, pro-poB©', lo'co-mo'tive, etc. ; with eqniva- lents as in roam, foe, shoul'der, grow, owe, sew, yeo'man, beau, haut'boy, door. It is the " regular long *' sound, and the name sound of the letter.
This vowel takes a distinctly perceptible vanish in di> (f dbt), or sometimes m do (food), and is thus diphthongal. In the formation of the radical part, the lips are contracted to a circular open- ing ; and the jaw is less depressed than for 9, and more than for do (food). As in the similar case of a (ale) the vanish is not universal, yielding more or less to counteracting influences.
Before r in accented syUables, the long o naturaUy and more properly takes a vanish in ft (lim) instead of db ; as in glo'ry, ore, door, four.
§ 28. 6, t. In unaccented and usually open syllables, fai English ; as ha ft-bejr', t6-bac'c6, bUaftw.biltftws, S6-crat'ic, p6-et'ic, euaft-gy, a-nat'6-my, trans'l-tft-ry. This sound differs from the o (old), not only by absence of the vanish, but by taking a somewhat wider form.
§ 29. 6, 6 : only before r ; as fai drb, Idrd, dr'der, ab-bdr', ex-lidrt', etc. ; with equiva- lents, as in extraordinary, georgic, etc. The most generally approved pronunciation here represented by this symbol is identical with that
of « (all).
The 6 IS limited to accented syllables with the r not followed by a vowel or another r in the fol- lowing syllable of the same word (the case of inflected verbs, as ab-bdr'rlng, and the cognate nouns in -er, as ab-bdr'rer, excepted) ; while otherwise the vowel is 5, as in f Sr'eisn, tSr'rld, or 9, as in more, o'ral.
There are some words in which o before consonants Other than r takes usually and properly a medial sound between 9 (9II) and ft ; as sons, long, soft, cross, gone, off, trousli, oft, often, cost, brotb, dotb, etc. In the respelling for pronunciation in the Dictionary, this medial sound is indicated by tt (5dd).
In uNAOCKiiTBO 8TLLABLES, we sometimes have the d (drb) ; as in mdr-tal'i-ty, f dr-get', dr- dain', etc., and in f dr, ndr, dr, unaccented as well as accented.
§ 30. O, ft : as in n5t, 5dd, etc. ; called " short o ; " having 9 (in iv^s, etc.) as an equivalent, and also our in knoivl'edge and ou in bough, lough. It is the short correlate of 9 (%11)>
Unaooentbd syllabubs with 5 are naturally closed by a consonant ; as in c5n-clude', Sc-cur', ftp-press', dis^cttn-tent', rec^ftl-lect', re'cttm-mit' ; falling into the neutral sound in very rapid speech. They are rarely flnal syllables, the 6 (s6n) sound being commonly given in final syllables.
§ 31. O, Q : as in dQ, pr^ve, t^mb, etc. ; the same as <>b, and represented by do in the respelling for pronunciation.
§ 32. Q, 9 : as in ^r9lf , 'W9'nian, b9'som, etc. ; with sound of dbt and represented by db In the respelling for pronunoiaticm.
• •
ru GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
§ 33. 6, 6 : as in gAn, d6ne, 6th'er, etc. ; doubled in flood, blood, etc ; ~the same m ft (tip), or before r as A (lirii), and in the respelling for pronunciation represented by these sym^ bols in accented syllables.
In uvAOCKNTBD BTLLABLBS the 6 occurs frequently ; as in ac^tftr, at'6in, ivel'c6ine, f el'6ii, bl8li'6p, bis'At, etc., with sound either as H (ilp) or as 8 (ev'Sr). In the respelling for pronun- ciation, it will appear before r as S, and in most other cases as ti ; but sometimes before n it repre* aents merely a voice-glide ; as beck'on (bSk''n), rea'son (re'z'n).
Oo.
§ 34. The doable letter oo has two sounds, marked do and dh ; besides the oo in door, and in flood, etc. In uttering these sounds the labial opening is still more contracted than for o.
§ 36. (5b<, ob : as in moon, food, f dbl, boot, etc. ; with equiralents in dQ, canoe, groupt rude, rue, recruit, rheum, dre^v, manoeuvre.
§ 36. <)o, cR) : as in f dbt, ivcjbl, gdbd, crdbk'ed, etc. Equivalents are 9 (117911) and ^ (f ^^). It is the wide or short correspondent of the long do.
Oi and Oy.
§ 37. The diphthong oi and 07 is made by the rapid change or glide of the organs in passing from 9 to I, as in oU, boy, etc.
Ou and Ovir.
§ 38. The dipthong ou and aw is formed by a rapid passage of the organs from U. to db, as in outrun, ofvl, outlive, etc. Making the first element ft is a local peculiarity, and is very ob- jectionable.
As digraphs, these combinations of letters take several other sounds ; as in soup, rente, Zouave (zw&v or zoo-Sv'), soul, cou'ple, grleVous, knoiv, bllloi^, IcnovFl'edge, duun'ois, av'oir-da-poiB', choir, tor'toise, etc.
§39. fT, 11 : as in tise, a-bUse', fH'sion, pSre, mflte, cflbe, tflne, dtl'ty, lute, JU'ry,
etc. ; called " long u ; " having equivalents as in beauty, feodal, feud, peiv, eive, lieu, vieifr, cue, suit, yule, yenr, you.
The general type of the sound is that of a diphthong, which has do (f dbd) for the terminal and main part, and for the initial a very brief and evanescent element, nearly related to I (ill) or to e (eve) ; but in the greater number of cases there comes in, as a glide, a more or less full sound of consonant y, which displaces the initial vowel element. When preceded by certain consonants, the y glide has a tendency to be fused with the consonant, thus taking the shape of a sibilant, sb or zb, glide (see below). This tendency, in accented syllables, — to which the fl is limited, — should be severely restricted. Also, in no case whatever should the y sound be forced in when it will not come in smoothly as a glide.
At the beginning of a syllable, as in Qse, fl'nit, etc., the initial vowel element becomes y, — the ft here sounding the same as you in the words you, youtb, etc. Next to this, the y sound comes in the most clearly after p, b, m, v, f , c, and s hard ; as in pfire, bU'rean, beau'ty, mUte, ▼levir, ffi'tile, cflbe, gfile. After n, it is less prominent ; as in neiv. After s, tb, 1, and J, the y sound comes in with difficulty, and need not be attempted ; as in sfilit, as-siime', theiv, en-thii'si-asni, lUte, ju'ry. After t or d, the H may better be given without the y ; as in tune, tfi'tor, due, diike, dfl'ty. In all these cases of y omitted, the initial vowel element (a brief form of i) is retained : it would be quite wrong to give an ordinary do for the entire sound in such words. The y, if attempted after t or d* is apt to degenerate into a sibilant, and pro> duce, with the consonant, a decided tab or dzb sound, thus making tune, cboon, and due the •ame as Je^r. The j sound after d or n is oommon in England, as in due* ne^r, etc, bat not in
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. xiii
America. As exceptional, the g in sure, sug'ar, and their derivatiTes, ia entirely displaced by the sli developed from the y somid, and the vowel is reduced to a simple ob (f <>bd) or db (f dbt) sound.
§ 40. U, fl : representing a modification of the sound of u (use), in unaccented syllables ; as in di-nlte', grad'ti-ate, ac'ttl-ate, em'ti-late, ttl-uiul'ttl-ous, jtl-di'cial, ad'jtl-tanti con'jti-sate, gtl-preme', in'stl-lar, Kl-cid'i-ty, in-dig'sol-ti-ble, Tal'ti-a-ble, vir'ttlei na'ttlre, irer'dtire, cen'stlre, sen'stl-al, ig'stl-ing, meas'tlre, etc. The sound dijffersfrom that of u by taking for the final element the wide c^ (f c»bt) ; and, after t, by a partiiU or entire change of the j into a more or less clear gb, and usually after d into a zb glide ; as in na'ttlre, Ter'dtlre, etc. A preceding s, in a syllable not initial (as in cen'stlre, geii'gfl-al, etc.), takes more commonly an sb sound, and a z or an s sonant (as in az'flre, &ei'zt!lre, lei'stlre, cas'tl-al, etc.) takes a zb sound, and the vowel becomes nearly, if not quite, the same in sound as i^ (Joy'- f 1^1). But the preceding g remains unchanged in initial, and sometimes also in medial syllables ; as in gti-preme', con'sfl-lar, in'gti-lar, etc. After j or 1 in the same syllable, the vowel has nearly or exactly the sound of if. (joy'f ^1) ; as in jti-di'cial, ad'jtl-tant, Itl-cid'i-ty, Indis'- go-ltl-ble. Before r, the sound often inclines towards 8 (ev'Sr) ; as in na'tflre, cen'gtlre, meag'tire, etc.
§ 41. U, ^ : only after r ; as in rude, ru'mor, rn'ral. The sound does not differ essen- tially from that of do (food). The sound occurs after s, as exceptional, in sure and its deriva- tives, the g being heard as gb.
§42. \r, 11 : as in bull, full, put, PV<sl>) Pyll? ®tic. ; with sound the same as db (fdbt), heard also in sug'ar after s as gb.
Unaccented the u occurs in the syllable f ul ; as in Joy'f \il, Joy'ful-negg, f ^1-filF, etc. ; also, after r, in f ru-gaFi-ty and a few other words.
§ 43. ty, il : as in Arn, Arge, bilrn, bArl, etc. ; with equivalents as in worm, journal, etc., before r only. The sound, as more commonly heard, is the narrow form of the vowel, correspond- ii^; to the wide H {Up).
§ 44. U, il : as in tip, bild, tiib, iig, iigb'er, iUi'der, etc. ; the " short u ; ** with equiva- lents as in sun, does, blood, touch, etc.
In UNACCENTED SYLLABLES the vowel occurs in cir'ciig, gtlb-mit', etc.. and falls readily into the *' neutral vowel." The ou in pi'ong, etc., ol in por'pol^e, eo in dnn'geon, etc., usually the avr in bel'loivg, etc., and the final element of the eou in rigbt'eoug, etc., and of lou in gra'- cloug, etc., and the o in at'om, irk'some, ua'tlon, etc., have the same sound.
§ 45. U, toiih consonant value, having the sound of iv, before another vowel in the same syllable : after q or g ; as in qual'i-ty, quite, queg'tlon, gua'no, lan'gruage, etc. ; also after g, as in perguade', gulte, etc.
§46. The neutral Toivel, sometimes called the "natural vowel," is the vocal sound made with the least articulative eifort, or with no effort to shape the sound, and heard, except as a glide, only in unaccented syllables. It may be described as an obscure sound approaching that of ii (up) or tL (urn).
Y.
§ 47. This letter, as a vowel, has four sounds : y = I ; as in de-fy', style, fly ; — y, the equiva- lent of t (tdea) ; as in by-e'na, my-ol'o-gy ; — y =: i ; as in nympb, l^lc, and (unaccented) pit'y, bap'py ; — y = SorI; asin myrrb, myr'tle and (unaccented) zepb'yr.
»▼ GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
I
DIAGRAM OF THE SIMPLE VOWEL SOUNDS.
ft; • • .asin, • . ftrm;
■ •
&, ft ; tt) 9 ; • • '* " • cftre, ftm ; 5dd, 9II ;
a, £ ; 6« o ; " " ale, find ; 6bey, old ;
[», « ; [«, il ; " " [f »m, ev»r ; [tip, ^m ;
e, i ; db, do ; " " eve, 111 ; f dbt, food*
DIPHTHONGS.
The compound on is a glide from ft to db.
The compound I is a glide from ft to X.
The compound fl is composed of y or i and do,
The sound of a has a vanish in X or e.
The sound of o has a vanish in db or do.
THE CONSONANTS OF THE ALPHABET (WITH THE CON- SONANT DIGRAPHS) IN DETAIL.
B.
% 48. This is a labial sonant, correlatiye of p, as in boy, cab, ebb, beauty, bring, bloiv, a^ble, herb, bulb, robbed (rSbd), etc. It is usually silent after m in the same syllable ; as in bouib, clin&b, tomb ; also before t ; as in debt, doubt, Bub'tle ; also in bdel^um.
C.
§ 49. The " soft c " has a sibilant sound of three varieties : — One like g sharp, marked ^, (, and represented by s in the respelling for pronunciation. C has this sound before e, fl, or y; as in cede, civil, cypress, acid, glance, force, vice, etc. — In a few words the letter has the z sound ; as in sacrlflce, suffice, discern. — When ce or cl is followed by another vowel in the same syllable, the sli sound is taken, either by the c alone, as in oceanic, vlcloslty, or by the ee or ci together, as in ocean, vicious, etc.
§ 50. The " hard c," marked C, e, has the sound of k, and is represented by k in the respelling. The letter has this sound before a, o, or u, or a consonant, and at the end of a syllable if not fol- lowed by 1 or e ; as in call, cold, plc'ture, act, ethics ; and before e in sceptic, and i in scirrous, etc.
§ 51. C is silent in czar, victuals, indict, and in uiuscle, corpuscle, etc.
CH.
§ 52. The digraph ch (unmarked) has nearly the sound of tsh ; as in chin, church. It is the surd correlative of j.
The sound is also represented by tl in bastion, question. Christian, etc., by te in righteous, and by t with the initial part of u in texture, nature, etc.
§ 53. The digraph marked K^^ ^h, has the sound of sh, in words from the French which have retained this sound ; as in chaise, chivalry, chagrin, machine, mustache.
\ 54. Ch hard, marked Ch, eh ; with sound like k, which is used to represent it in the respell-
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
fng. It haa this somid in words derived from the Greek, and tlirough the Latin in all but quite modem words; as in chorus, epoch, echo, chlorine, chrism, character; or from the Hebrew ; as in Nebuchadnezzar, £noch, etc. ; exceptions are church, chart, Rachel, cherub, and the prefix arch- in archbishop, archdeacon, archduke, etc. ; but the fc sound remains in archangel, and in architect, architrave, etc.
§ 66. Ch is silent in drachm, schism, yacht ; also in fuchsia.
I>.
§ 66. This is a dental sonant, correlative of the surd t ; as in day, dry, bed, aimed, Idleb It sounds as t when preceded by a surd in the same syllable ; as in hissed, loolced, arched (hTst, ld6kt, i&rcht). It is silent in the first syllable of Wednesday and in hancdierchief , handsome, and iirindroiv.
§ 67. This is a labiodental, the surd correlative of the sonant v ; as in fame, fly, f ei/r, stalls oft, etc. It has gh and ph for equivalents ; as in lauffh, photograph, etc It takes the sound of V in the word of, and usually in the compounds, hereof, thereof, ivhereof .
G.
§ 58. The " hard g '* is marked G, £ ; but in the respelling for pronunciation is represented by g unmarked. It is a guttural sonant, the correlative of k, used before a, o, u, or 1, r, s, in the same syllable; as in gay, go, gun, glad, groiiv, lingual, argue, bags, haggle ; — sometimes, though not usually, before e, 1, or y ; as in get, give, gig, muggy. The letter g is always hard at the end of a word ; as in hug, berg ; also in the derivatives of such words, even when the doubled g is followed by e, i, or y ; as in cragged, druggist, foggy.
The interposition of a slight sound of e (eve) or i (ill) between g hard and a following & or I sound, in garden, guard, guide, guile, etc., and in like manner after a k or hard c, in card, kind, etc., — upheld by the authority of Walker, — is not approved.
$ 69. The " soft g," marked 6, ^, has the sound of J, and is represented by J in the respelling for pronunciation ; as in gem, engine, rage, caged, etc. It is found usually before e, i, or y.
§ 60. In a few words from the French, the letter g retains the sound like that of z in azure ; as in rouge, mirage, cortege, etc.
§ 61. The letter g is silent before ni or n final, and when initial before n ; as in phlegm, sign, gnat, gnostic, etc. No g sound is heard in the digraph ng ; as in sing, long, etc ; nor in seraglio, nor in bagnio.
GH.
§ 62. At the beginning of a word, this digraph is sounded like hard g ; as in ghastly, ghost, etc. It is silent after i ; as in high, sigh, iireigh, straight, eight, right, etc. ; also before t in the same or a following syllable ; as in bought, brought, thought, wrought, caught, taught, fraught, daughter, drought, etc. ; but has the sound of f in t|»e word draught: the sound of f also commonly after au or ou at the end of a syllable ; as in laugh, cough, rough, enough; that of k in hough, lough, shough ; and is often silent after au or ou in the same syllable ; as in overslaugh, dough, doughy, though, bough, through.
H.
§ 63. This is a pure breath sound, representing no fixed configuration of the vocal organs, and is often caUsd the tupirata, it oconrs at the beginning of wosds or qyUsUas, as hi hate, here, hire^
Tn GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
house, home, hard, hit, hoop, hoot, etc The sound may be produced before any of the vowel sounds and before Mm aemivowel sounds y and iv. It is represented by -virh in "vrho, i^hose, iirhom. H is silent in heir, herb (usually), honest, honor, hour, and their de- rivatiTes.
J.
$ 64. This, with the equivalents g soft and ds, is compounded of d and zh. We have it in Jar, Jani, Jest, Jut, Jury, Join, etc. It is the sonant correlative of the surd ch. In some proper names of foreign origin, and in other foreign words, J or dj occurs at the end of a syllable ; as in AJ'arlon, hadj, hadj'l, Mij'a-mln, BaJ, RaJ^poor'.
The sound is represented by ge in gurgeon, outrageous, etc. ; by gi in region, religious, etc. ; by di in soldier, etc. ; by de in grandeur, etc. ; and by d with a part of u in verdure.
K.
$ 65. This is a guttural s&rd mute, the correlative of sonant g (hard) ; as in kite, kill, skill, ask, ark, elk, ilk, mink, oak, etc. It has hard c, hard ch, gh, cu, qu, que, cque, and q for equivalents; as in call, chorus, hough, biscuit (-kit), coquet, antique, sacque, queen.
The sound is the first componelit of the ordinary x ; as in box, etc. Before n, in the same syllable, k is silent ; as in knot, knee, etc. ; ck has the sound of k alone ; as in back ; as does Ik after 9 (9II) or o (old) ; as in -viralk, folk, etc.
§ 66. This is a palatal sonant made by contact of the point of the tongue with the palate, as for t, d, n ; but with the sides of the tongue in this case left free for the passage of the breath. It is one of the liquids. We have it in lie, all, sole. The 1 in an unaccented following an accented syllable fulfills the office of a vowel ; as in battle, bustle, bridle, couple, pickle, etc., and in some other cases, as in evil, easel, etc. The 1 is silent in would, could, should, alms, balm, nialmsey, calm, palm, palmer, psRlm, salmon, almond, half, behalf, calf, halve, salve, calves, balk, chalk, calk, talk, stalk, -walk, folk, yolk (often), with like words and their derivatives.
M.
§ 67. M has but one sound, produced by closing the lips, as for b and p, and letting the vocalized breath into the nasal passage ; as in me, tanie, times. At the beginning of a word, m before n is silent ; as in mnemonics.
N.
§ 68. N, as in none, inn, one, ten, fern, snoiv, tent, annul, change, ingress, con- gressive, etc., is the dentonasal consonant; the oral passage being closed by contact of the point and the sides of the tongue with the palate, just as it is for t and d, — n being continuous and nasal, while t and d are momentary and oral.
§ 69. When n is final after m it is silent ; as in hymn, condemn, solemn, etc. ; but when to such words is added a suffix or an inflection beginning with a vowel, the n is generally sounded ; as in condemnation, condenuiatory, solemnize, solemnity, hymnolog^, hymnist, limner, autumnal, etc. X is silent in kiln, limekiln, etc. In the participles damned, damning, condemning, contemning, hymning, limning, etc., and also in the cognate nouns condemnor and contemner, usage is divided. Initial kn, pn, mn, are sounded as n ; as in knoiv, pneuuiatlcs, mnemonics, etc.
§ 70. N at the close of an accented syllable, with g, c, or ch, hard, or k or qu, comment tdng a following syllable, commonly takes the ng sound, and is marked n ; as in ag'ger, u||'< elAf din'gle, ao'ehort coQ'greM, con^gre-ga^tion, can'ker, eon'quett, coQ'qnei)
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION. xvn
etc. ; but not generally if the accent falls on the latter syllable ; as in con-grres'give, con-cor^- dant, etc. ; nor in the prefixes in*, en«, on-, on-, non- ; as, In'couie, un'con-cern', non'^. com-uiit'tal ; nor in quin'cunx, and the derivatives and compoonds of quin'qoe ; nor in pen'suin and a few other words. In e^lou-Ka'tlon, pro'lou-sa/tion, Bas-ffnif'^er-oas, etc., and often in cou-sres'slon-al, con-ffru'l-ty, and like words, the n, though unaccented, retains the sound of ns, which is given ic by rule in the words from which these are derived, as e-ioQ^gate, etc. It takes the ng sound also before k, or cli hard, or x, at the end of a syllable ; as in ink, think, tbaak, mottfc, conch, anx'loas, etc
* NG.
§ 71. The digraph Nff, ng, is the equivalent of n. This sound is formed with the organs in the same position as g (hard), except that the nasal passage through which the sound passes is left open. The dign^aph occurs only at the end of syllables ; as in long, wtng^ hang, sing, song'- stress ; or with ue added at the end ; as in tongue ; except that in the comparatives and super- latives of long, strong, young, the g goes with a proper hard g sound to the inflection, while the n takes to itself the o sound ; as, lofi'ger, lon'gest. In diphthong and triphthong* the g goes, in a like way, to the suffix -aL
P.
«
§72. This is the surd correlative of b; as in pea, cup, pray, play, harp, spy, spread, oppress, etc. It is silent as initial before n, s, sh, and t ; as in pneumatics, psalm, pshavr s also in raspberry, receipt, sempstress, accompt, corps, and their derivatives.
PH.
$ 73. This digraph occurs chiefly in words of Greek derivation, and has usually the sound of f ; as in phantoni, sylph, philosophy, etc. It has the sound of v in Stephen ; and, according to most orthoepists, in nephcvr, though in America it has commonly its regular sound of f in the latter word. In diphthong, triphthong, ophthalmy, naphtha, and other allied Words, and their derivatives, the ph is sometimes sounded as p.
Q.
§ 74. Q Is In all cases followed by u, and the two together have commonly the sound of kvr ; as in queen, conquest, etc. ; but they have that of k in a few words from the French, as in co- quette, etc. ; as has also tbe ending -que in antique, burlesque, etc
B.
§ 75. The sound of r, as in rip, trip, carol, far, form, etc., is produced by the passage of the voice over the tongue, the end of which is raised, but does not touch the roof of the mouth, while its sides close the passages through which the sound of 1 passes.
There are two leading varieties of the consonant r. One, the dental r, is made between the point of the tongue and hard palate not far back of the teeth ; used before a vowel, as in rise, try, oral, array. This, as requiring a more forcible expulsion of the breath, is commonly caUed ** rough '* r. The other, the palatal r, is made between the tongue and the palate, somewhat farther back, with less friction of breath than the dental, and hence is commonly called *' smooth " r. It occurs at the end of a syllable or befo]:e a consonant, as in far, arm, orbit.
The *' rough " r is by some speakers more or less trilled, but this practice is not common in the United States.
A prevailing fault in New England is (like that which Walker says prevailed in England, especially in London) not sounding the r at the end of words and before a consonant ; thus, eft (with the vowel somewhat prolonged) for ear, f ftm for farm, etc. It still prevails in the south of England. In the United States, the fault is not uncommon in New England. But among educated people the r takes generally in the United States a more or leas dear sound as a consonant in all aituationat H. B. Diot.-l.
• ••
xviu GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
The letter r neyer takes the regular short sound of a vowel before it, except when in primitiTes and their derivatives it ends a syllable, and is followed by a syllftble beginning with a vowel sound ; as in marry, very, spirit, mirror, florid, morroiir, liorry, myriadB. The doubling of the r does not affect this statement, since but one r is sounded.
When primitives end in r their derivatives do not take the regular short sound of a vowel simi- larly situated ; as in bar, barring ; infer, Inferring ; err, errins ; ttir, ttirrlns ; ab* lior, abhorring ; ocenr, occurjrinK.
S.
§ 76. The proper sound of s as a surd is made by breath forced through a contracted chsimd between the tongue and the hard palate near the front teeth, and impinging upon the edges of the upper or the lower teeth ; as in see, so, bias, yes, scorn, sky, sly, sntiile, snoiv, spy, square, stay, suvim, coflis, piciss, cups, cuts, sense, curse, best, message, dispiay, lisp, gipsy, absurd, etc. Equivalents are : c soft, as in cell, civil, vice ; sc, as in scene, science, etc. ; sch as in schism.
§ 77. The sonant s (marked g), corresponding to the surd, as above, is made with the same artic- ulative position, except that the tongue is pressed somewhat closer to the palate. The sound is pre- cisely like that of z ; as in iig, bag, etc. The s is sonant as the final sound of some verbs and surd as the final sound of the cognate nouns or adjectives; as use, abuse, dlflUse, bouse, etc. Notice close, with s as z in verb and noun, and s sharp in the adjective. Compare advige (v.), advice (n.), etc.
§ 78. S takes sometimes the sound of sb, by fuMon with a following y sound, with consequent vowel change; as in version, mansion, convulsion, censure, sensual, sure, sugar,
etc. ; in the case of s doubled, the first is assimilated to the second ; as in passion (pSsh'fin), issue (Tsh^ or Tsh'u). In a few words s takes the sb sound while leaving the following vowel unchanged ; as in Asiatic, nausea, etc. Compare § 49.
§ 79. S takes the sound (zb) of z in azure by fusion with a following y sound, when it is pre* ceded by a vowel in an accented syllable ; as in vl'gion, de-cl'gion, ad-be'gion, sua'glon, ex' plo'gion, con-fu'gion, pleag'ure, lei'gure, vig'u-al, u'gu-ry, etc. ; also in scig'glon, ab-scig'gion, re-scig'gion.
SH.
§ 80. This digraph, as in sharp, shine, rash, usher, represents a surd sibilant made between tongue and palate at a place farther back than the s. It is reckoned as a simple element, and is the correlate of the sonant sound represented by zb.
The sound is otherwise represented by c or s with or before e or i, and by t or sc with or before i ; by 8, sometimes, before u ; as involved in the x in anxious, luxulry, etc. ; by cb in chaise, machine, etc. ; by chs in fuchsia ; and by sch in schorl, scbottlsche, from the German.
T.
§ 81. This is the dental surd correlative of sonant d ; as in tie, it, note, try, tame, twine, stay, stray, art, last, apt, sent, aft, act, salt, next, attend, etc.
TH.
§ 82. This digraph is used to represent two sounds, a surd and a sonant, both made with the same articulative position: the surd, as in thin, thing, thrive, enthusiasm, breath, length, birth, width, etc. ; the sonant, marked Th, tb, as in the, this, thy, then, with, breathe, bathe, father, northern, etc.
In the following nouns the th is surd in the singular and sonant in the plural : bath, dothf
GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
lath, mouth, oath, path, ^rreath, moth ; pi. bathg, clothg, etc. Verb and noun forma differ : the verb sonant, the noun surd ; as, breathe, breath ; vnrekthe, iirreath ; bathe, bath ; mouth, niouth.
«
§ 83. Th has the sound of t in thyme, Thomas, Thames, Esther ; and in phthlsiOt (ph being silent). It is commonly silent in isthmus and asthma.
V.
$ 84. This is the sonant correlatiye of the surd f ; as in vain, vivid, ever, live, lived, move, moves, calveg, wolveg, etc. The sound is taken by f in of ; but in pronouncing its compounds, hereof, thereof, etc., usage is divided between v and f.
W.
§ 85. At the beginning of a word or of a syllable, as ivet, -worse, inivard, this letter (which Lb unmarked) is a sonant, formed from, and nearly resembling, the vowel oo^ but requiring for its utterance a closer position, or greater contraction, of the labial aperture ; and this compression of the.lips changes the quality of the sound, giving it a buzzing and articulative instead of a smooth and purely vocal character.
It is often represented by u occurring before another vowel in the same syllable, as in quail, query, languid, assuage, etc
§ 86. After a vowel in the same syllable,, w is generally silent ; as in glow, thrown, etc., though sometimes significant, as in flaw. With e it unites to form a diphthong, which is generally sounded like long u, as in dew, few, new ; but it is sounded like oo, or like u in rude, if the letter r stands before it, as in crew, shrew. It is often joined with a preceding o to r^resent the diphthongal sound otherwise expressed by ou, as in broiv, coiv, town.
§ 87. W is always silent before r in the same syllable, as in -wring, vnrote, a^^ry ; also in the words ans-wer, s-word, to-ward, t-wo.
WH.
§ 88. The true sound of these letters is in the reverse order, namely, h-w, as they were written in Anglo-Saxon ; e. g., -when is pronounced h-wen ; -wharf, h-warf. The h is here a free emission of breath tlirough the position taken by the lips in the formation of iv. In ivho, -whole, -whoop, -whore, and their derivatives, the w is silent.
X.
$89. The surd sound of x, as in box, -wax, execute, exit, exodus, exudation, ex- claim, extreme, excel, excellent, etc., is equivalent to that of ks. X, as preceding an ac- cented syllable, is exceptionally surd (ks) in ex-ar'chate, ex-er'cent, ex-ude', hex-am'e- ter, ox-al'ic, and a few other words (see § 90). In words such as anxious, noxious, luxury, the s component of the x becomes sh by fusion with a following y sound.
$ 90. X is, with few exceptions, sonant (gz) when followed by an accented syllable that b^^ with a vowel, or by a silent h and a vowel under the accent ; as in exist, exalt, exaggerate, example, exempt, exert, exotic, exult, exhaust, exhibit, exhort, exhilarate, etc. Some derivatives of such words often retain the sound with the x falling under the accent ; as in ex'eni-pla-ry, ex'emp-ti'tious.
§ 91. At the beginning of words, x has the sound of z ; as in xanthic, xebec, xylography. It retains this sound in certain compounds, as in par^a-xan'thin, uiet^a-xylene, etc
XX GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION.
Y.
§ 92. T, as a oonflonant, is a palatal scxumt ; as in year, yon, jovokg, beyond, vineyard,
halyard, etc. It is classed with iv as a semivowel. In certain cases the sound is represented by I ; as in poniard, onion, genial, familiar, etc. ; and in like manner by e, and it forms a part of the vowel H (Use). The place of articulation for this consonant extends farther back than the place of constriction for the vowel e (eve), involving the soft palate, as the place for e does not.
Y, as a consonant, occurs only at the beginning of a syUabie ; at the end or in the middle, it is a vowel, as in my, liappy, eye. It is used in this Dictionaiy in giving the pronunciation of some foreign words, as fiord, lorgnette, camarilla, etc. ; and, in such case, is not restricted to the beginning of a syllable.
Z.
§ 93. The ordinary z is a sonant ; as in zeal, zone, maze, size, amazed, frozen, liazy, dizzy, Blzar, buzz, etc. ; the sound is often represented by g ; as in easy, his, ears, etc. ; some- times by c ; as in suffice, etc. It is the correlative of the surd s.
§ 94. In some words, z takes a sound (zh) which is the sonant correlative of the surd sh ; as in azure, seizure, grazier. The sound is represented by si in fusion, etc. ; by ti, exception- ally, in transition (cf. flnsition); and by b in rouge, uian^ge, mirage, and other words from the French.
TABLE OF CONSONANT ELEMENTS.
Flaob or Abticvlatxoh.
Ups
Lip and teeth
Tongue and teeth
Tongue and hard palate (forward) Tongue and hard palate (back) . . Tongue, hard palate, and soft palate Tongue and soft palate .... Various places
ORAIto
Momentary.
Continuous.
Surd. Sonant. Surd.
t cb
h
d
J
f
th(in)
8
sb
Sonant.
ni(y)
z; r zb; r
y;i
Nasal.
Continuous.
Sonant.
m
n
ng
ASSIMILATION OF SOUNDS.
When a surd and a sonant consonant come together in the same syllable, it is generally very diffi- cult, in fluent pronunciation, to preserve each in its regular and appropriate sound. Hence it fre- quently becomes necessary to change the character of the one or of the other, in order to make the combination readily pronounceable. This is generally done, in English, by assimilating the soimd of the second consonant, whether surd or sonant, to that of the first. Thus, in cbintz, the vocal consonant z assumes the sound of its surd correspondent s, in order to unite with the surd t. On the other hand, the s in -winds is vocalized, oi assumes the sound of z, for the sake of correspond- ing with the sonant d. Sometimes, though rarely, the sound of the first consonant is assimilated to that of the second, as in spasm (spaz'm), prism (priz'm).
This affinity between these two classes of consonants is an important fact, and one which needs to be familiarly known. For there are four very common inflectional terminations which come under its influence, namely : 1. Possessive forms in s, as maid's (maidz) ; 2. Rurals in s, as tubs (tubz), groves (gr5vz) ; 3. S in the third person singular of verbs, as loads (loadz), smootbs (smootfaz) ; 4. Preterits and participles in d preceded by e mute, as in dagbed (dasht), ingulfed (ingulft).
GUIDE TO PRONUNOIATION. DUPLICATION OF CONSONANTS.
In many words, a consonant is doubled between two vowels ; yet, in such cases, no more than one articulation is used in speaking. In banner, for example, we close the organs but once between the first and second syllables ; nor is it possible to use both of the letters n without pronouncing ban, then intermitting the voice entirely, opening the organs, and closing them a second time. Hence, in all cases, when the same consonant is written twice between vowels, as in banner, rob- bing, madden, letter, borrld, one of them only is represented by an articulation of the organs ; and the only reason for repeating the consonant is to indicate the fact that the precedii^ vowel has its short sound.
But although only one articulation is ever used where a consonant is written twice, yet in soma words the articulation is dwelt upon for an appreciable space of time, producing an apparent dupli- cation of the sound. This effect takes place in many derived words, in which the primitive ends or begins with the same letter as that with which a superadded suffix and prefix of English origin re- spectively begins or ends, as in goullegs^ foully, keennesg, misstep, outtravel, unnat- ural. The same effect takes place in most compound words, in which the second part begins with the same sound as that with which the first part ends, as in post-toivn, headdress, half-filled.
ACCENT.
Accent is a particular stress or effort of voice upon certain syllables of words, which distinguishes them from the others by a greater distinctness and loudness of pronunciation. Accent is of two kinds, primary, as in in-tend', where the full force of the voice is on the last syllable, and second- ary, as in 8u'per-in-tend', where the first syllable is distinguished by a stress gn^eater than that laid on the second and third syllables, though less than that laid on the last. In some words there are two secondary or subordinate accents, as in In-com^pre-hen^si-bll'l-ty.
NoTB. — (1.) The general tendency of accent, whether primary or secondary, is to shorten all vow- els but u, when further back than the penultimate syllable, as in ten'ement, ne^essariness, an'atom'ical, person'fflca'tion, etc. (though we say m'bricate, and not lilb'rli^ite ; tru'culency, and not triic'ulency ; su'perabun'dant, and not sttp'erabon'dant, etc.). This tendency generally fuls, if the first of the two following syllables ends, and the second begins, with a vowel ; as in pe'ri-od, o'ri-en'tal, le-vl'a-than.
(2.) The primary and secondary accents are, in certain cases, so nearly equal that we interchange them freely, ** making,'* as Walker remarks, ** the secondary accent principal and the principal sec- ondary." Examples are ambuscade, cavalcade, caricature, etiquette, reverie, confi- dante, governante, parachute, etc.
(3.) Many in America give a marked secondary accent in certain words which properly have but one accent, and that on a pre-antepenultimate syllable, as in ter'rl-to'ry, dif 'fi-cill'ty, cir'- cnnoL-stftn'ces, in'ter-Sst'lng, etc. This droning fault may be corrected by giving the accented syllable a sharp percussion, which carries the voice lightly through the rest of the word.
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.
PREFIXES.
A^, [E.] On; at; to; in; of; for; up; from;
— often with intensive force. A-. [L.] A form of As-, Ad-.
A-. [Gr.l A form of An-
Ab-. L^- J Prom ; away ; separation ; departure.
Abik. [L.] i "
Ao-. Ad
A form of Ab-. A form of Ad-. To; towards; at; near.
Af-f Air-, ~A1-. [L.] Forms of Ad-.
Al-> ^B'] All ; wholly ; completely.
A1-. [Arab.] The (rendering nouns definite).
Ami)-) Ann-. [L.] About; around; on both sides.
AnpU-. [Gr.] About ; on both or all sides ; double; surrounding. (Greek form of L. Aval-.)
An-. [L.] A form of Ad-.
An-. [Or] Not; without; privation or nega- tion. (Greek form of L. In-, E. Un-.)
Ana-. [Gr.] Up ; through ; throughout ; on ; again: back; backward; previously.
Ant-. [Gr.l Against. A form of Antz-.
Ante-. [L.I Before ; fore ; in front.
Antl-. [Gr.j Against ; over against ; in opposi- tion or liostility.
Ap-. [L.] A form of Ad-.
Ap-, Aph-. [Gr.] Forms of Apo-.
Apo-. [Gr.] Away ; apart ; asunder ; off ; from.
Ar-. [L.] A form of Ad-.
Arcll-, Arohl-. [Gr.] Chief ; head ; principal ; ruling.
As-) At-. [L.] Forms of Ad-.
AntO-. [Gr.] Self; of one's self.
Be-. [= E. by.'} About; on; bjr; near; at; nearness or closeness; — often with an inten- sive or a privative force.
Bi-, Bis-. [L.] Two; twice; doubly; in two ways.
Oata-, Oat-, Oath-. [Gr.] Down; downward;
through ; completely ; according to. OiXCUn-. [L.] Around ; about ; surrounding. GiS-. [L.] On this side of. Oo-, Ool-. [L.]] Forms of Com-. Com-. [L.] With ; together ; altogether ; against. Con-, l^^ A form of Com-. Contra-. [Ii.] Against; in opposition; counter
to; across. Oor-. [L.] A form of Com-. Gonnter-. [F.] Against ; opposite ; answering
to. (French form of L. Contra-.)
Dd-. [L.] Down; from; away; — often with negative force, sometimes intensive.
xzii
Deca-. [Gr.] Ten ; tenfold.
-. [F.] Semi-; half. ( A form of Gr. Hsmi-,
Doml-
L. Ssw-. ) Des-. [F: J Apart ; away ; not. (A form of F.
& L. Da-.) Di-. [Gr.] Double; twice. (Formof Di8-,L.Bis-.) Dia-. [Gr.] Through ; between ; across ; doable. Dif-. TL.1 a form of Dis-. Dls-. [L. J Apart ; asunder ; in two ; undoing ;
— often with negative force. Dys-. [Gr.] Ill; bad; difficult; dangerons;
unluclqr«
E-, Eo-. [Gr. & L.] Forms of Ez^
Ef-. [L.] A form of Ex-.
Em-, En-. [F.] In ; on. (French forms of L. In-.)
En-. [Gr.] In ; into ; upon.
Enter-. [F.] Between; among. (French form of Intkb-^
Ep-, Eph-, Epl-. [Gr.] Upon ; to ; over ; after ; above; among; near; besides.
Es-. [L.] Out; away. (A form of Ex-.)
En-, Ev-. [Gr.] Well; easy; good; advanta- geous.
Ez-. [Gr. &L.] Out; out of ; from; off; pro- ceeding from ; beyond.
Extra-. [L.J Beyond ; outside, or in excess of ; not limitec
:..] B
saby.
For-. [E.] Forth; away; out; without; against ; utterly ; — used witii intensive or neg- ative force.
Fore-. [E.] Beforehand; in advance; progres- sing in time or place.
Heml-. [Gr.] Half. (Greek form of L. Sua-.)
Hetoro-. [Gr.] Other; different.
Hopta-. [Gr.J Seven ; sevenfold.
Hexa-. tGr.j Six; sixfold.
Holo-. [Gr.] Whole; complete; entire.
Homo-. [Gr.] Same; simiUr; like.
Hyper-. [Gr.J Over; beyond; too; — used to denote excess.
Hypo-. [Gr.] Under ; beneath ; — used to de- note diminutioik.
Ig-, n-, Im-. [L.] Forms of In-.
In-. [E.] Within; into; among; — often used
to g^ve emphasis. In-. [L. 1 In ; into ; oa ; upon. In-. [L.J Not ; contrary to ; without. (Latin
form of Gr. An-, E. Uh-.) Diter-. [L.] Between; among. Intro-. [L.] In; into; inwards; within.
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.
Ir-.. [L.] AformoflH-i Jnzta-. [L.] Near ; nigh ; close.
Mai-, Male-. [F. & L.] Badly ; ilL
Met-, Meta-. [Gr.] Among; beyond; after; behind ; between ; oyer ; with ; reversely.
Mis-. [E. 1 Bad ; ill ; wrongly ; wrongful ; erro- neous; defective; unlike.
Mia-. [F. & L.1 111 ; unfortunate.
Men-, Mono-. [Gr.l Single ; only ; sole ; alone.
Mult-, Mnlti-. [L. J Many ; repeatedly.
H- [E.], Hon- [L.] Not ; un-; in-.
01>-. [L.] Against ; in the way ; in front ; be- fore ; to ; at ; toward ; reversed ; back.
Oo-, Of-. [LJ Forms of Ob*.
Off-. [E.J From; away.
Omni-. [L.] All; entirely.
On-. [E.l Upon ; against.
Op-. [Lj A form of Ob-.
Ont-. [K] From ; beyond ; more ; not within.
Over-. [E.l Above; beyond; in excess; too great ; undue ; needless ; superfluous.
Pan-, Panto-. [Or.] AU ; entire.
Par-. [F.] Through.
Par-, Para-. [Gr.] Beside ; aside from ; against ;
beyond ; unlike ; amiss ; wrong ; contrary. Pel-. [L.] A form of Pbb-. Pen-. TikJ Almost; nearly. Per-. [L.J Through ; throughout ; thoroughly ;
very ; to the utmost extent ; by ; — sometimes
with force of E. Fob-. Perl-. [Gr.] With; around; about; near. Pol-. [LJ A form of Fob-. Poly-. [Gr.] Repeated ; many. Per-. [L.] Forth; forthwith. Post-. [L.] After ; behind ; later. Pre-, Pxv-. [L.] Before ; forward ; forth ; prior
in time, place, or rank. Preter-. [L.] Past ; beyond ; above ; more than ;
besides. Pro-. [L. & Gr.] Fore ; before ; forth ; for- ward ; in favor of ; in the place of. Proa-. [Gr.] Towards ; at ; by ; beside ; forth ;
— notmg connection and engagement.
Prot-, ProtO-. [Gr J Original ; first. Psendo-. [Gr.] False; pretended; spurious;
counterfeit. Pur-. [F.] Forward ; before. (A form of FBO-.)
Re-, Red-. [L.] Back ; again. Retro-. [L.] Back; backward.
So-. [L.] Aside ; apart ; away ; without ; by it*
self. (A form of Sink-.) Semi-. [L.] Half. (L. form of Gr. Hbki-, F.
Demi-.) Sine-, Sim-, Sin-. [L.l Without ; lacking. Step-. [E.] Having (a specified) relationship
through a parent's marriage. Sn1>-. [L.] Under ; after ; beneath ; inferior ;
subordinate.; imperfect. SnbtN:-. [L.] Under; beneath. (A form of
Sub-.) Sno-, Snf-, Sng-, Sun-, Snp-. Forms of Sub-. Siner-. [L.] Above ; over ; more ; in excess.
(A form of Gr. Htfbb-, E. Ovxb-.) Snpra-. [L.] Beyond; above; over. Snr-. [F. & L.] Over ; above ; beyond ; upon. Snr-, Sua-. [L.J Forms of Sub-. S7I-, Sym-. [Gr.] Forms of Syn-. Syn-. [Gr.] With ; together with ; at the same
time.
To-. [E.] This ; on this ; the.
Tra-, Trana-. [L.] Over; beyond; through;
across; on the other side; — often indicating
complete change. Trl-. [L. & Gr.] Three ; thrice ; threefold.
Ultra-. [L.] Beyond ; on the other side ; in ex- cess ; more than is common, natural, or proper.
Un-. [E.] Not; privation; undoing; revers- ing. (A form of Gr. An-, L. In-, not.)
Un&r-. [E.] Below; beneath; inferior. (A form of In-, Inteb-, An-.)
Uni-. [L.] One; single.
Up-. [E.] Upwards ; over ; above. (A form of Ovsb-.)
Vioe-. [L.] Instead of ; representing.
With-. [E.] Against; back; from; away; by.
SUFFIXES.
-aUe. [F. & Ik] Capable of being; that may
be ; causing. •ao. [Gr.] Of ; pertaining to ; one who. -aGeona> [L.] Having properties of; full of;
like, -aciona. [F. & L.] Characterized by ; showing ;
indicating. -aoy. [L.] State or quality of being ; office of. -tLg9. [F.J Collection of; state of being; act
of ; allowance for. -aL [L.] Of ; pertaining to ; befittmg ; becom- ing ; act of. -an, -ian. [L.] Pertaining to (office, profession,
character, etc.) ; one who. -ana. [L.] Pertaining to (persons or places), —
used of collections of anecdotes, sayings, etc. -anoe, -anoy. i^.'] Condition; state of being;
act of.
[L.] Pertaining to.
-ant [L.] One who ; that which (= E. -INO. See -BNT).
-ar. [L.] Of ; pertaining to.
-ar. [E.l One who ; that which. (See -lr.)
-aroh (ark). [G.] A ruler ; a leader.
-ard, -art. [E. & F.] Of (such) a disposition or character ; one who ; liable or addicted' to ; manifesting.
-ary. [L.] Of or pertaining to ; a doer of (some- thing specified) ; place where.
-asm. [L.] A form of -isu.
-ast.
-ate. office, etc. ; noting salts having as much as one degree of oxygen ; having ; one who ; to make ; to give ; to take.
[G.V A form of -ist.
[L.J Of (such) a nature, quality, effect.
-Me. -Die.
m
A form of A form of
•FUB (^ -IOXiD). -ABLB,-IBLa.
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.
•Ctl. [L.] Of or pertaining to. (A form of
▲L.)
-€le, -onla. [L*] Small; diminutive ; little.
-oy. [F.] Condition ; state of being.
[E.] A form of -ed.
-don. [B*^ state; condition; quality; prop- erty; juriadiction.
[Gr.] Of or pertaining to ; resembling ; like; somewliat.
-ed, -d. [E.] Suffix of past tense and past par- ticiples ; also of some adjectives and nouns.
-M. [F.j Recipient of; one on or to. whom something is done.
-•or, -lor. [F. & L.] Engaged in ; employed at ; (me who.
-Olt -lo. [E.l Used for, — a diminutive form. , -n. L^l Made of ; pertaining to. Small, — a diminutive form.
-on. [E.l Two or more, — a plural form.
-on. [E. J To make or render, — a termination of verbs.
-onoo, -onoy. [L.l Form of -ANCB, -ANGT.
-Ont [L.] Havmg (such) a habit, property, etc. ; one who.
-OOm. [L.] Belonging to; containing; show- ing.
.-, -yer. [E.] One who does ; agent ; inhabit- ant of a (specified) place. (Teutonic form of
Ik -OR.)
-or, -or. [E. & L.] More, — form of the com> parative.
-oroL [F.] Small; unimportant, — a diminu- tive form.
-Orly. TE.] Going to ; coming from.
-om. [E ] Toward.
-017. [E. & F.] Place where something is done ; agency ; art of ; collection.
S. [E.] Plural termination in all Aryan
lang^uages. -OBOOnoo. [L.] State of becoming ; approach to ;
— usually with an incipient force. -OBOOnt U".] Growing; becoming; gradually
progressing. -OM. [It., fr. L.] Belonging to (such) a city
or country. -OSQUO. [F., fr. L.] Like; partaking of. -OM. [F. fr. L., & Gr.] Form- distinguishing
feminine nouns from similar masculines ; -ix. -OSt. [E.] Most, — form of the superlative. -Ot, -otto. [F.] Diminutive endii:^ of nouns.
-fnL [E.] Full of ; abounding in ; causing. -fy. [F., fr. L.] To make ; to render ; to be- come. -f(dd. [E.] Repeated (so many) times.
-SOnoonft, -gonons. [L. & Gr.] in respect of
kind ; by nature. -gram, -graph. [Gr.] A writing on ; a writer of. -graphy. tGr.] A writing or describing; a
treatise.
-hoad, -hood. [E.] state ; condition ; quality ; character; fixedness; totolity.
-Ian. [L.1 A form of -an.
-iblO. [L.] A form of -ablb.
-io. [Lu & Gr.] Of or pertaining to ; made of ;
one who. -loaL [L.] A form of -ic. -iM. [L.] Act of ; quality oL
-lOS. [G.l The scienoe or art of (the sabjeot specified in the stem word).
-Id. [L.] Having a (specified) quality.
-Id, -Ida. [Gr.1 Of the (specified) family or kind.
-Ido. [Gr.] Oompounded of a (specified) chem- ical substance.
-10,-7. [B-I Little, —diminutive suffix.
-lor. [F. & L.] A form of -ub.
-llo. [L.] Capable of being ; of ; pertaining to ; apt to.
-ino. [F., fr. L.] Form distinguishing feminine nouns from corresponding masculines.
-ino. [L.] Like ; of ; pertaining to.
-lug. Te.I The act of; continubig.
-Ing. [E.J Terminations of present participles and of verbal nouns.
-Ion. [L.] Act of; state of being, — termina- tion of abstract nouns, — usually in -bion or
-TIOH.
-iqno. [F.] Having; involving. (A form of
-10, -ICAL.)
-iM, -Izo. [Gr.] To make ; to act ; to become ; to give.
-islL. [E.] Pertaining to; somewhat; in some degree.
4s]l. [F., fr. L.] To make ; to cause.
-lam, -izm. [Or.] Of (specified) tenets, doc- trines, or principles ; state of being ; peculiar- ity.
-ist. [Gr.] One who, — designating a person from his occupation, principles, etc.
-ito. [L. & Gr.] One of ; a follower of, or be- liever in ; having.
-ito. [Gr.] A form of -xjtb, -^ in geological terms.
-ito. [L.] Having ; like, — in chemical terms.
-itis. [Gri'\ Inflammation of (the part specified).
-ity, -ty. [I^O State or quality of ; power to effect.
-ive. [L.] Able to ; acting as ; given to ; used or designed for ; -ing ; one who.
-ix. [L.] An agent, — feminine form of a mas- culine -KB or -OR.
-izo. [Gr.] To make ; to act ; to become.
■
-Un. [E.] Small, — a double diminutive.
-lo. [E.] Used for, — a diminutive. (Form of
-EL.)
-lo. [E.] A diminutive and frequentative suffix of verlM.
-lonoo. [L.] Suffix to abstract nouns corre- sponding to -LEirr in adjectives.
-lont. [L.1 Full of ; abounding ; affording.
-less. [E. J Without ; free from ; lacking ; des- titute of ; deficient in.
-lot [F.] Used for ; little ; small, — a diminu* tive. (A form of -bl, -lb.)
-ling. [E.^ Condition; offspring; pK^eny,^ a diminutive form.
-ling, -long. [E.] In a (specified) condition 01 direction, — suffix of adverbs.
-lite. [Gr . ] Of or pertaining to stone, — in geo^ logical terms, etc.
-logy. [Gr.] Science of.
-ly. [E.] Like; in the manner of ; of a (speci- fied) nature.
-mont [F., fr. L.] Act, state, or condition of \
that which. -motor. TGr.] A measure, -mony. [L.] Action; faculty; state of beings
abstract oonditton.
PREFIXES AND SUFPIXBa
-most [B.] In the highest degree, — form of the superlative.
-nee, -noy. [F., fr. L.] Act ; state ; condition. -II08B. [£.] State; condition; quality.
Small; young. Fc
•«ok. [E.
-old, -ofdaL [Or.] Formed like ; resembling.
-on. [F., fr. L.] Act; process; result; condi- tion.
-«r. [L.] One who does (something) ; an agent. (Latin form of E. -er.)
•ory. [L.] Of or pertaining to ; for the purpose of ; place where ; that which.
•OSe, -0118. [L.^ Full of; abounding in; ad- dicted to ; having.
-phoroilS. [Or.] Bearing; having.
-plo. [L.] Repeated, — same force as -vold.
Condition; state. Jurisdiction ; district ; office.
-red. [E.] -rlo. [E.J J
-ry. iV.y fr. L.] Method; place; r^on; col- lection ; art of.
-'■. [E.^ Form of the possessive case, — not an
abbreviation of his. -BOOpe. [Or.] An instrument for observing. -BOOpy. [Or.T^ View; survey. -Sllip. [E.] State; office; dignity; profession; -head or -hood.
State; action. (Form of -ion,
art;
-sion. [L.]
-TTON.)
-some. [E.] Having in a considerable degree or quanti^ ; full of ; abounding in ; causing.
'BUoc. [E.] One who ; employed at ; skilled in ; addicted to.
-sy. [Or.] Condition ; state of being.
State; action. (Form of -ion,
-t, -th. [E.] Having; being; act; deed; — ter- mination of abstract nouns.
-teen. [E.] Ten, — termination of numerals.
-ter, -tber. [E.] More, —form of the compar- ative.
-tlL [E.] Posseadon of, — termination of ab- stract nouns.
-th. [E.] Having (such a) place or order, — termination of ordinal numbers.
-ther. [K] An agent.
-tlon. [L.] ~
-SION.)
-tor. [L.] An agent. (Form of -thkb.) -tory. [L.l Having ; manifesting ; affording, -trlz. [L.J An agent, — feminine form of
-TOB.
-tnde. [L.] Action ; state of being.
-tnre. [L.] A form of -use.
-ty. [F., fr. L.] The being or having a (speci-
fted) property or quality. -ty. [E.] Ten times. (See-TXBN.)
-nle. [L.] Little ; petty, — diminutive termi- nation of nouns.
-nre. [L.] Action ; being ; thing produced ; ab- stract condition.
-ward, -wards. [E.] in a (specified) direction;
having a (certain) motion or tendency. -way, -ways. [E.] In a (specified) manner. -wise. [E.] In a (specified) manner, guise, oi
direction.
-y. [Or.] Condition ; stat? of being.
-y. [E.] Little. (Form of -n.)
-y, -ey. [E.] Havmg ; showing ; resembling ;
somewluit. •yte. [Or.] One who ia.
RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS.
(l. The
■^Qnblet, u
{a. Thelett*!
sn f |DcT [, at tbA end of i juidlag ioimedjately after ,_ „,- nllj doubled: u in (^jr, eUff; b-ll, hat, loU, nuU. The miSbi
.r » "t t"e^nii oU monMvlUbU
abaV, caial'leT; abeV, abefled, aitVtbta, lOtf- lot: Mer', infemd', m/er'Tvm.
The darlrUlvu of Ibe word gat (eio»pl gamd, ffturinfff tad ffotty) are written witb but onft t; u, gatfout, gateUy, gatify. Ex-allena, u being
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§ 3. BeeldH /. I, uid 4, the only conKnuiU |
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doubled .t the e„i of JL word Te 6, rf, 0, m. n.p, r. 1, and I. Worda la wlilch tbeee fetters an |
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ZZ-^S^Si^TSX-^L |
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doubled am abb, cbi; add. add, rudd; tgg. |
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maram (to muk); inn, 6unB; teapp.- jnarr, |
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parr, err, birr, ihirr, ntirr, burr, purr; mill, ImU; fla./iat.&mi. |
two t'l, are more properly wrinen with only one, |
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! 4. A conHnuuit ituding it tbe end of a |
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vowel i> nerer doubled. The worfi oil, pea/, |
•euUng a vowel eound, pcecedet the final coueo- oanTc! a word, or the accent of a word endi>« hi |
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Aauf. dam-, and mai-a, ue eiamp1<». |
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wlib the MuDd of t, and in which » tollowa the |
the laat, or when the word end> ta two dWerent |
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Towel, hare uaually i addod after tbe e,- ai In Woe*, *n<w*, ftmr*. Tbe word, fau, mc, laic. |
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tJon beginning wfthaTOwel: aa, daub, dauM, |
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Bine, ploc, ™, «c, arc, more, orc,mifiK,m |
daub^' ,J^«tedg ,- mW, iWrfBl, WrffaiJ ; |
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Irm'el, ttaxfiting, traCtltr; prnj'it, profited; |
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Wotdi of more than one nllablB, ondinE (o ic or Joe, which fomerijr ended ln*ra»™aa de- |
The final conaonant I. doubled h. the deri™- |
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rived from the Latin or Greek laniuagel, or from other eenrcea, or rormed in an aaE^^manner, |
lives of a few word, ending in 0, ta order to |
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are now written witliont tbe t; *>, maniac, wm- |
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tiCp-Hie. The word derrict la an eiceptlon. |
Bt^^wJuToiw h bnTlu England it ia writMp |
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Words o( more than one .jllible, in which c ie |
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end in ek ; aa. arract, barrack, hnmnock, kittock. |
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tcootltn. |
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vndtock. Tbt«nTd,alma,>ac,^ndaTac,limb^, |
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xebtc, maniac, and kamc, are eieeption*. |
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§6. In deri™tl.8.fL.mied from word, ending er ti. tbe letter * ie ineerted af£r the>, in order |
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c" |
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Dounced like . before the followinj vowel: ta. |
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eofic, raiictji; traffic, Irafflcicd, Irafflcking, Iraf. |
wl |
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57. Inderivatfraafonneabyaddingatennl. |
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and words accented on the lait ayllable, when |
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fr |
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preceded by a ainide vo»^, that coMooant ig |
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doubled; a>. clan.clannith; plan, platmrd, plan- B(iV, plaaner; iol, hoUtr, lUOed; leH, vHlty; |
i |
RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OP WORDS.
XXVll
parcels pencil^ verily pistol^ pommel^ quarrel^ rav- el, revels rivdls rowels shovel^ shrivel^ snivel^ tas- sels tinsels trammels travelsiunnels unravels vials victtuil. worship. In this Dictionary, the deriva- tives 01 these words are made to conform to the rule,as recommended by Walker, Lowth, Perry, and other eminent scholars.
J 9* Derivatives formed from words ending in ouble consonant, by adding one or more sylla- bles, commonly retain both consonants : as, ehh^ elbing; odd^ oddly ; stiffs stiffness ;fell, fellaNe ; skill f skill/ulj skill/ulness; willf wilful, icillful- ness; dtUlf dullness ; full, fullness. So also the double I is retained in the words installment^ in- thrallment, thralldom, and enrollment (from in- staU, inthrallf thrall, and enroll), in order to pre- vent the false pronunciation they might receive if spelled with one I. Many writers and lexicogra- phers, especially in England, omit one I in these words, as also in the derivatives of skiU, unll, dtUl, ajid full, formed by addii^ the syllables ly tuadness.
The derivatives of pontiff are exceptions to the rule, being written with only one // as, poniific, ponHfical, poniiftcial, and the like. One I also is dropped in a few words formed by adding the temunaticn ly to words ending in II, in order to prevent the concurrence of three Vs : as, ill, illy; dtdl, dully ; full, fully.
$ 10. In derivatives formed from words end- ing with silent e, the e is generally retained when the termination begins with a consonant : aa^le, paleness ; hate, hateftU ; move, movement. When, however, the e is immediately preceded by an- other vowel (except e), it is often dropped from the derivative: 9A,due, duly; awe, awful; and derivatives and compounds of these words.
The words wliolly, nursling, wisdom, abridg- ment, acknowledgment, lodgment, judgment, and the compounds of some of these, are exceptions. The last four, however, are written, by many authors, abridgement, <icknowledgemen4, lodge- ment. Judgement.
§ 11. In derivatives formed from words end- ing with silent e, when the termination begins with a vowel, the e is generally omitted, except in the cases mentioned in the next paragraph : as, bride, bridal; use, usage; come, coming; shape, shaping; move, movable; fleece, fleecy; force, forcible.
The e is retained in the words hoeing, shoeing, and toeing (from hoe, shoe, and toe), in order to prevent doubt as to the pronunciation. It is re- tained, also, in the words dyeing, singeing, springeing, sunngeing, tingeing (from dye, singe, springe, suringe, tinge), to distinguish them from dying, singing, springing, sunnging, tinging (from die, sing, spring, swing, ting). The word mileage, as commonly written, does not omit the e, though it is sometimes, and more correctly, spelled milage. The words lineage, lineal, and pineal, though apparently exceptions, are not really such, since they are derived not directly from line and pine, but from the Latin linea (through the French), linealis, and pinea. The e, standing, in a derivative, before a termination beginning with a or o, and immediately after c or g, is retained in order to preserve the soft sounds of these consonants : as, peace, peaceable ; notice, noticeable ; manage, manageable ; change, change- able ; advantage, advantageous ; outrage, outrage- ous ; mortgage, mortgageor. The latter word is sometimes very improperly written mortgagor, nod pronounced mor^ga-Jor*
§ 12. In derivatives formed from words end- ing in ie, by adding the termination ing, the e is dropped, and the i changed to j^, in order to pre- vent two t'« from coming together : as, die, dying vie, vying.
§ 13. In derivatives of wo(ds ending in ypre- ceaed by a consonant, and formed by appending an^ termination except one beginning with i, the y IS usually changed into i: as, icy, iciest, icily; mercy, m^ciless; foggy, fogginess; pUy, pitiful. The derivatives of adjectives of one syllable ending in y preceded by a consonant, are excep- tions, and usually retain the y: as, shy, shyness. But the adjectives drier and driest, from dry, are commonly written with i instead of y. Deriva- tives formed by adding the termination ship, as secretaryship, suretyship, ladyship, and the lUce, also retain the 2^. The words ba^nood and lady- kin are likewise exceptions. The y is* also re- tained in the possessive case singular of nouns, when formed by adding s with the apostrophe : as, country^s, everybody's.
§ 14. Derivatives formed by affixing a termi- nation to words ending in y preceded by a vowel, generally retain the y unchanged : as, aay, gay- c'y> fl'ay^y; obey, obeying; joy, joyful; gluey, glueyness.
The words daily, laid, paid, said, saith, slain, and staid (from diay, lay, pay, say, slay, and stay), with their compotuods, are exceptions. Staid, however, is sometimes written stayed. Deriva- tives from words ending in uy, as colloquies, from colloquy, are not exceptions to the rule, as u, in such cases, is not strictly a vowel, but stands for the consonant w.
§ 16. Derivatives formed by appending a syl- lable beginning with a vowel to words ending with a vowel sound, generally retain the letter or let- ters representing such sound: as, huzza, huz- zaed ; agree, agreeable, agreeing ; weigh, weigh- ing; bow, bowed ; beau, beauish.
Derivatives of words of this class ending in silent e, as iJso those formed from words ending in double e by adding a termination beginning with e, drop the finale.* va, hoe, hoed; agree, agreed. The cases mentioned in sections 11, 12, and 13 are also exceptions.
§ 16. Derivatives foilned by prefixing one or more syllables to words ending in a double con- sonant commonly retain both consonants : as, re- buff, befall, inthrall, foretell, fulfill, emboss (from buff, fall, thrall, tell, fill, boss).
The word until is an exception, being always written with one I. Those words of this class which end in II are written by aprae authors, es- pecially in England, with one 2; as, b<fal, in- thral, foretel, fulfil, enrol. The words distill and instill should be written with the I doubled, though they are often written distil and instil, with only one I.
§ 17. Compound words formed bv joining two or more words commonly retain all the let- ters of the simple words : as, stiff-necked, wide- mouthed.
There are numerous exceptions to this rule, many of them compounds which by long use have acquired the force of single words. They are the following: namely, some compounds of all and well ; as, almighty, almost, alone, already, also, although, altogether, always, withal, therewithal, wherewithal, welcome, welfare ; — compounds of mass ; as, Christmas, Michaelmas, etc. ; — words of which the second part is the adjective /»/2; as,
J
xxvui RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS.
artful^ woeful ; — also, the words ehUhlain, ful- fiUy namesake, neekerehi^t nunuktUlf pastime^ etandishf and wherever.
§ 18. The plund of nouns regularly ends in s, or, in certain classes of words, in es.
When the noun in the aingiilar ends with such a sound that the*sound of « can unite with it and be pronounced without forming a separate syllable, s only is added in forming the plural : as, seOf seas; woe, woes; canto, cantos; daw, daws; chUf, chiefs; path, paths; gem, gems; act, cuits. A few plurals from nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant, end in e«.* as, ecfio, echoes ; cargo, cargoes ; potato, pokUoes. Other nouns of this class generally form their plurals regularly, though usage differs with re^ud to some of them. Those in which final o is preceded bv a vowel form their plurals regularly. The plural ottolkcUi is written alkalis or alkalies ; that of rahbi, either rabbis or rcMnes, With regard to other nouns ending in i usage differs, though they are more properly written with (he termi- nation is.
When the noun in the singular ends with such a sound (as that of ch, sh, j, s, x, or z) that the sound of s can not unite with it in pronunciation, but must form a separate syllable, e is inserted before s in forming the plural, unless the word ends with silent e, in which case the latter serves to form a separate syllable with s : as, church, churches; age, ages; lace, laces; gas, gases; maze, mazes.
To express the plural of a letter, figure, or any character or sign, or of a word mentioned with- out regard to its meaning, the letter s, generally preceded by the apostrophe, is appended, as in the phrases. **The two r« in a/2;" ''The two 0'» in 400; '» " The why^s and wherefore's of the question."
§ 19. Nouns ending in y preceded by a conso- nant form their plural by adding es and changing y into i : as, mercy, mercies ; sky, skies ; pity, pities. This rule includes words ending in quy, in which u, being pronounced like w, is strictly a consonant: as, colloquy, colloquies. The plural of proper nouns ending in y preceded by a conso- nant, is formed by changing y into ies, according to the rule: as, "The three Maries.^* Many writers, however, form the plural of such words by simply adding «.* as, ** The three Marys.''''
When the singular of a noun ends in y preceded by a vowel (except u having the power of w), the plural is regularly formed by adding s only : as, day, days; key, keys; money, moneys; attorney, attorneys; alloy, alloys; guy, guys. Some plu- rals of the lattez*class are often inaccurately writ- ten with the termination ies: m, monies, attor- nies, and the like.
§ 20. The plurals of a few nouns ending in / or/c are irr^alarly formed by changing / or fe into ves. The following words, with their com- pounds, are the principal examples : namely, life, lives; knife, knives; wife, wives; leaf, leMves; sheaf, sheaves; loaf, loaves; beef, beeves; thief, thieves; calf, calves; half, halves; elf, elves; shdf, shelves; self, selves; wolf, wolves. The plursd of staff is sometimes written staffs, but more commonly staves, except when it means a corps of officers, either military or civil, in which sense it is always written staffs. The plural of wharf is generally written wharfs in England ; in the United States it is more commonly, but im- properly written wharves, as it is also by some
recent Wnglish writers. The plurals of hoof and turf, formerly written hooves and turves, are now written hoofs and turfs. The plurals of other nouns ending in f,fe, ocff, tatt formed r^ularly by the addition of s only.
§ 21. In the following nouns, the plural is distinguished from the singular only by a change of the vowel or vowel sound of the word : aamely, man, men; woman, women; goose, geese; foot^ feet; tooth, teeth; brother, brdhren ; louse, lice; mouse, mice. Words which end in the syllable man, and are not compounds, form their plurals regularly, by adding s only : as, cayman, cay- mans; desman, desmans ; firman, firmans ; tal- isman, talismans; German, Oemuuu; Mussul- man, Mussulmans.
§ 22. A few plurals end in en: namely, broth- er, brethren ; child, children ; ox, oxen. To these may be added the obsolete forms eyne, kine, shoon, hosen, housen (from eye, cow, shoe, hose^ hoiue), -the first three of which, though they have received a slightly different fomif end, as pro- nounced, with the sound of n.
§ 23. The words brother, die, pea, and penny, have each two plurals of different forms and with different significations: as, brothers, male chil- dren of the same parent, also, members of the same society, association, class, or profession; brethren, members of the same religious or eccle- siastical body, the word in this fonn being rarely used except in religious writings, or in scriptural language, where it also has the same meaning that brothers has in ordinary language ; dies, im- plements for making impressions by stamping, or for making screws, also tlie cubical parts of ped- estals ; dice, the cubical blocks used in games of chance ; peas, seeds of the pea plant, when a defi- nite number is mentioned ; pease, the same in bulk, or spoken of collectively ; pennies, the coins, especially when a definite number is mentioned ; pence, the amount reckoned by these coins.
§ 24. A few words, mostly names of animals, have the same form in the plural as in the singUr lar : as, deer, sheep, trout, and the like.
§ 25. Many words adopted from foreign lan- guages retain their original plurals : as, datum, data ; criterion, criteria ; genus, genera ; larva, larvae : crisis, crises ; matrix, matrices ; focus, foci : monsieur, messieurs.
Many words of this class, while retaining the original plurals, have also a second, formed after the aniJogy of English words of similar termina- tion : as, formula, formulas, or formulas ; beau, beaux^OT beaus; index, indices, or indexes; stra- tum, strata, or stratums; bandit, banditti, or ban- dits; cherub, cherubim, or cherubs; seraph, ser- aphim, or seraphs. The plurals of the last two words are sometimes incorrectly written clter- ub%ms and seraphims, with double plural termina- tions, from ignorance or forgetfulness of the fact that, in Hebrew words, im is a plural ending.
§ 26. In certain loose compoimds consisting of a noun followed by an adjective or other qual- ifying expression, the plural is commonly formed by nuiking the same change in the noun as when it stands alone : as, court-martial, courts-mar- tial; cousin -german, cousins - german ; son-in- law, sons-in-law. When, however, the adjective is so closely joined to the noun that the compound has the force of a simple word, the plural of the compound is commonly formed like that of any other word of the same termination : as, oupfulf cupfyU; handful, handfuls.
RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS, xxix
§ 27* There are many words, beiddes those mentioned in the preceding paragraphs, in respect to which usage, even that of the best authors, is variable. The most important of these words are mentioned in this and the succeeding sections.
The derivatives of the word villain^ as villain' ou«, villainy t etc., though often written villanous^ villanyf etc., properly retain the t, like those of other words similietrly ending in ain : as, moun' tainousy from mountain; captaincy , from cap- tain.
The words connection^ deflection^ inflection^ and reflection follow the spellmg of the words con- nect, deflect, inflect, and reflect, though often written, especially in England, connexion, deflex- ion, inflexion, and reflexion.
The word woe, though often written without the final e, should retain it, like most other nouns of one syllable and of similar form : as, doe, foe, hoe, toe, and the like. Monosyllables other than nouns, and words of more than one syllable, hav- ing a similar termination, omit the e ; as, dh, go, no, so, canto, motto, potcUo.
The words defense, expense, offense, and pre- tense are properly written thus, though often spelled with e instead of s, for the s belongs to the words from which they are derived, and is also used in all their derivatives.
The words drought and height were formerly written drouth and hight, and are still very often thus written in America.
The yerh practice is thus written like the noun, in preference to the form practise, though the latter spelling is used by many writers, especiaUy in England. The difference in spelling between the noun and the verb is properly observed, in words of this kind, only in such as are accented on the last syllable, as device^ devise.
Derivatives of the Greek eSpa (seat, base, side ; pronounced hed^ra), as polyhedron, tetrahedron, octahedral, and the like, are properly thus writ- ten with h before the e of the termination, but are sometimes written polyedron, tetraedron, oc- taedral, etc., without the A.
§ 28. There is a class of words beginning with en or in, as enclose or inclose, enquire or inquire, ensure or insure, and the like, many of which take either form of the prefix indifferently. They are chiefly derived from the Latin, either di- rectly or through the French, the prefix in be- longing to the formei' language, and en to the lat- ter. In some of these words, en is to be pre- ferred ; in others, in ; in many of them, either may be used indifferently.
§ 29. There is a class of words ending in er, some of which are written by many authors with the termination re; as, center, m^er, theater, etc., which are often written centre, metre, the- atre, etc. Acre, chancre, lucre, nacre, massacre, and ogre, retain the termination re, in order to preserve the hard sound of the c and g.
§ 30. There are two classes of chemical words ending respectively, as more commonly written, in ide and ine, in regard to which usage has been variable. Most of them were formerly written without the final e ; but it is now the almost uni-
versal practice to retain it : as, bromide, iodide^ chlorine, fluorine, etc. The word tannin is al- ways written without the final e. Oxide is now generally written with, the termination ide, though formerly by many written oxyd, from the supposition that the y of the last syllable repre- sented the V of the Greek 6^v$, from which the word is derived ; whereas the last syllable is sim- ply the same as the termination of the words bromide, sulphide, and the like.
§ 31. There is a class of words ending, as pro- nounced, with the sound of long t, followed by z, some of which are differently written, by differ- ent authors, with either ise or ize to represent this sound : as, criticize or criticise ; patronize or pa- tronise. These words are mostly verbs, and are chiefly derived from Greek words ending in t^<o, or from French words ending in iser or ise. Those formed from Greek words have the termi- nation ize ; as, anathematize, characterize, drama- tize, tantalize. The words catechise and exorcise are exceptions. Those formed in an analogous manner from English words are likewise written with ize: as, albumenize, memorize, sensitize. Those derived from the French Yerh prendre (par- ticiple pris or prise) end in ise : as, apprise, com- prise, emprise, enterprise, surprise. Of those formed from French words other than prendre, or which have corresponding forms intiie French, a majority end in ize, though in respect to some of them usage is variable : as, civtlize, satirize. The f oUowing are the principal English verbs end- ing in ise : namely, advertise, advise, affranchise, apprise, catechise, chastise, circumcise, comprise, compromise, criticise, demise, despise, devise, disenfranchise, disfranchise, disguise, divertise, emprise, enfranchise, enterprise, exercise, exor- cise, franchise, manumise, misprise, premise, reprise, revise, supervise, surmise, surprise. It may be remarked that most of those m respect to which usage varies are more frequently writ- ten in England with the termination ise, and in the United States with the termination Hee.
§ 32. The words m^ld and molt, and their compounds and derivatives, are written in this Dictionary with o instead of ou, in analogy with the words bold, bolt, colt, gold, etc., from which the u has been dropped. Many authors, however, write these words mould and moult, and their de- rivatives in like maimer.
§ 33. There is a numerous class of words al- most universally written, ip the United States, with the termination or, many of which are writ- ten, in England, with the termination our: as, candor, honor, labor, vigor. English usage, how- ever, is not uniform with respect to these words, many being written with or in English books.
§ 34. There is a small class of words ending with the syllable ped (from Lat. pes, pedis, foot), the termination of some of which was formerly, and is still frequently, written pede: as, biped, centiped, mUliped, quadruped, soliped, etc. The words biped and quadruped are universally writ- ten without the final e, and the others, according to the best usage, should be written in the same manner.
' < ' ■ ,
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TfflS WORK.
a. atonda for . adjective.
adv adverb.
C. .... Centigrade.
ooUoq. . . . colloquial.
comp. . . . comparative.
conj. . . . conjunction.
corUr. . . . contracted, con- traction.
B. .... English.
e. g. ... exempli gratia (for example).
e»p. .... especially.
F. .... French.
/•tfem, . . feminine.
Fahr, . . . Fahrenheit,
/r. . . . . from.
Q German.
gen genitive.
Or Greek.
i.e id e«< (that is).
imp. . . . imperfect.
ina inmcative.
inf. .... infinitive.
interj. . . . interjection.
It. .... Italian.
L Latin.
m.f mase. . . masculine.
n noun.
neut. . . . neuter.
obs. .... obsolete.
p participle.
p. a, ... participial ad-
jective.
pcus, . . . passive.
pert, pi. . p.p. p.pr.
prep.
pret.
pron.
R, .
ting. Sp. . tubj. tuperl.
U.S.
V.
v.i
person, plural.
participle past, participle pre»
ent. preposition, preterit, pronoun.
Bare.
singular. Spanish, subjunctive, superlative.
United States.
. verb.
. verb intransi- tive. v.t., . . . verb transitive.
*«* In the vocabulary, words from foreign languages, both ancient and modem, which have not become anglicised, are printed with two bars before them ; as, DA'qiia, llBag'a-telle', DForte.
*«* Words which are to be written or printed with a hyphen between their components have this hyphen indicated by a mark longer and heavier than the short light hyphen used to indicate the division between unaccented syllables ; as, Ald'-dd-oamp', Bird'S'^eye^, OUok'eil-lieart'Od.
A
DICTIONARY
OF THE
ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
A (S). The indefinite article, contracted from arif used before nouns singular beginning with a consonant sound ; any ; every ; one.
A-lMUSk' (&-bSk'), adv. Backward ; by surprise ; unexpectedly.
Aya-ons (Sb^i-kfis), n. ▲ counting frame; the uppermost mem- ber Of a pillar.
A -baft' (i-bAftO, adv, Abaciu.
& prep. Towaurd the stem ; astern.
A-lian'OOn (&-bSn'd&n), v. t. To give up wholly ; to forsake. — A-1ian'dOlied (-dfind), a. Given up to vice ; corrupt ; wicked. — A-lian'don-er, n. — A-lian'don-ment, n. Entire desertion ; re- linquishment.
A-lMM' (A-bis'), V. t. To bring low ; to degrade ; to humble. — A-base'teent, n.
A-tesh' (&-bSshOt V. t. To make ashamed ; to shame ; to confuse. — A-tesh'llLent, n.
A-bate' (&-bat')t v. t. To diminish ; to lessen. '— V. i. To decrease ; to become less. — A-baf- a-bla, a. Capable of being abated. — A-bate'- mont, n. An abating ; decrease ; deduction.
AVa-tla, AVat-tls (K. a/A-tls; F. k/\A/t^r), n. Branches of trees turned outwards as a barrier.
A'battOlX' (A'b&VtwSr'), n. Slaughterhouse.
AVba' (Sb'bA^), n. Father ; a religious superior.
AbHUL-oy (Sb^bft-sf), n. Condition, rights, or priv- ileges of an abbot. — Ab-batlal (-ba'shal), a. Pertaining to an abbey.
AVb6^ (&ba>&0> *»• [^0 An ecdesiaatic devoted to teaching, literature, etc.
AVbOM (SlKbSs), n. Governess of a nimnery.
AbHtoy (Sb'b]^), n. ; pi. Abbbts (-bTz). Monastery or convent.
AVbOt (Sb'bttt), n. Head of a society of monks ; superior of an abbey. — AVbOt-sUp, n. Office of an abbot.
Ab-bre'Yl-ate (Sb-brS'vT-at), v. t. To shorten ; to abridge; to condense. — Ab-bre'Yl-atiOll (-a'- shfin), n. A shortening ; contraction. — Ab- breM-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who shortens. — Ab-breM-a-tO-IY (-A-tft-ry), o. Abbreviating.
AVdl-oant (Sb'dT-kant), n. One who abdicates.
AVdl-oate (Sb'dT-kSt), v. t. To relinquish ; to give up. — V. i. To give up an office. — AVdl- Oatlon (-ka'shfin), n. Abuidonment of office.
ABNORMAL
Ab-dO^en (Sb^S'mSn), n. BeUy. — Ab-doml- nal (-dSm'I-nal), a. Pertaining to the abdomen.
Ab-dnoe' (Sb^us')« v. t, [Abducbd (-dusf] ; Ab- DUGZN€»J To draw away.— Ab-dnot' (-afikf), V. t. To take away by force.— Ab-dno'tlflll (-diik'shttn), n. An abducing or abducting.
A-beam' (&-bSmO> odv. On the beam ; in a line at right angles to the ship's length.
A'be-oe-da'rf-aii (S^bt-sS-di'rT-an), n. A teacher or a learner of the a, b, c, or alphabet.
A-bed' (&-bSdOt odv. In bed, or on the bed.
AVw-ra'ttOll (Sb'fir-ril'shfin), n. A wandering from the right way.
A-bot' (&-bSf ), f7. t. [Abkttbd ; ABvrnNo.l To encourage; to instigate; to incite. — A-D6t'- ment, n. An abettmg; support. — A-betHtTt -ttnr (-t8r), n. Instigator ; accessory.
A-bey'anoe (A-bS^ons), n. state of suspense.
Ab-hor' (Sb-h8r'), v. t. [Abhorbbd (-h8rd0 ; As* HORBiifO.] To regard with horror; to loathe; to detest. — Ab-borTrenoe (-hSr'rens), n. De* testation ; great hatred. — Ab-hor'ttnt (-h5r'' rent), a. Abhorring ; repugnant ; inconsistent.
A-blde' (&-bidOt V. «. [Abodb (-b5d0 ; ABiDiNe.] To continue in a place; to dwell.— v. t. To await ; to endure ; to bear.
AVl-gall (Sb^-gia), n. A lady^s waiting-maid.
A-bil'l-ty (&-bTl^-t5^), n. Power; skiU ; pi. men- tal powers.
AVJeot (Sb'jSkt), a. Mean ; base ; despicable. — n. One in a miserable state. — Ab-]eotlon ( - j8k ' shfin), n. Baseness; low state. — AV'
jeot-l7 (n/j&t-ij^), adv. — Ab']eo^ne88, n.
AVJn-ra'tlon (Sb^tt-ra'shfin), n. An abjuring.
Ab-Jnta-tO-ry (-ju'ri-ti-ij^), a. Containing or re- lating to abjuration.
Ab-Juzi' (Sb-lur'), V. t. To renounce on oath ; to disclaim solemnly ; to recant. — Ab-Ju'er, n.
AVla-tlT0 (Sb^lA-ti v), a. Taking away or remov- ing ; — applied to the sixth case of lAtin nouns.
A-blazo' (A-blazO, adv. On fire ; highly excited.
AHlle (a'b'l), a. Having power ; strong ; capable.
— AOllyC-biyijarft;.
Ab-ln'tlon (Sb-lu'shfin), n. A washing ; cleansing
or purification. AV&e-gate (Sb'nS-gSt), v. t. To deny and reject.
— AVne-jgatloll, n. Renunciation. Ab-nor^al (Sb-ndr'mal), a. Contrary to rule,
&i e, 1, 5, a, long ; ft, 6, 1, tt, H. f^ short; senftte, dvent, tdea, Obey, finite, cAre, iirm, &8k, ^I, final, x8m, recent, 6rb, rude, f^, Am, ftfbd, foTot, out, oU, obair, go, sing, iQk, tlien, thin.
ABNORMALLY
ACADEMICAL
law, or syBtem ; irregular. — All - BOOT ' flUd - l7t adv. — Ab-nor'nl-ty (-ml-ty ), n.
A-board' (A-bSrdOi adv. In a veaael ; on board. ^'prep. On b<Murd of.
A-boae' (A-bSdOf imp. & p. p. of Abidk, v. i, & t. — n. State or place of rekidenoe ; dwelling.
A-boFlsll (i-b51ash), V. t. To do away with ut- terly ; to annul ; to destroy. — A-bol'lSlHi-ble, a. — A-borish-mont, n. An abolishing.
Ab^O-lltlon (Sb'A-lTsh'&n), n. Doing away with finally and forever ; — applied piuticularly to slavery. — Ab^O-lltlon-ist, n. One who favors abolition, esp. of slavery.
A-bdml-na-bla (i-bSmT-nArbl), a. Worthy of ab- horrence; odious; hateful; ahoddng. — A-bom'- l-na-bly (-b»), adv.
A-bom'l-nate (a-bSmT-nSt), v. t. To hate intense- ly ; to abhor. — A-bom'l-natlOB (-na'shfin), n. Aversion or loathing ; object of hatred and di»-
gUBt
AS'O-rlff'tlUd (Sb'ft-rTjOr-nal), a. First, original, or prunitive. — n. A first inhabitant. — AVo- rlg1-nM (-T-n8s), n. pi. Original inhabitants of a country.
A-bor'tlon (i-bdr'ahttn), n. A miscarriage; thing which fails to come to maturity.
A-bOl/tlTe (ft-bdr'tlv), a. Unsuccessful ; prema^
ture. — A-bor'tlye^ly, adv. — A-bor'tlye-iieM, n.
A-bOund' (A-boundO» v.i. To be or to possess in abundance.
A-bonV (&-boutOf prep. On every side of; through or over; near ; ready to ; touching. — adv. On all sides ; around ; nearly ; in an op- posite direction ; circularly.
A-boye' (&-bfivO« prep. Higher than; more than. — a<2v. Overhead; in a higher place. — A-boyeHboard^ (-b5rdO) adv. Above the board or table ; not concealed ; without deception.
Ab-nde' (Sb-rldO, V. t. To rub or wear off. — Ab-ra'8ion (-ra'zhtln), n. A scraping off.
A-breast' (&-brSsf), adv. Side by side ; on a line.
A-brldge' (A-brTjO) v. t. To make shorter ; to cut off ; to lessen. — A-brldE'ttent, n. A shorten- ing ; contraction ; work abridged or epitomized ; epitome; abstract; synopsis.
A-broaoh' (il-brSch'), adv. In a condition to let out liquor, or to be diffused or propagated.
A-broad' (&-brf(d'), adv. At large ; out of doors ; out of a country ; extensively ; astray.
Ablro-gate (Sb'ro-gat), v. t. To annul ; to abolish ; to repeal. — AVro-gatiOll, n. An abrogating.
Ab-rnpt' (Sb-rfipf ), a. Broken ; steep; sudden ; unceremonious. — Ab-mptly, adv. — Ab-mpt'- )ieS8, n. — Ab-rnp'tton (-H&p^sh&n), n. Violent separation of bodies.
Ab'soesff (Sb'sSs), n. A tumor filled with pus or purulent matter.
Ab-SOind' (Sb-sTndOf v. t. To cut off. — Ab-SCis'- Slon (-sTzh'Qn), n. A cutting off.
Ab-SOOnd' (Sb-8k5nd'), v. i. To secrete one's self ; to steal away. — Ab-SOOnd'er, n.
AVsenoe (Sb's^ns), n. State of being absent; destitution ; heedlessness.
AVsent (Sb'sSnt), a. Not presoit in ; inatten- tive ; heedless. — AVsent-ly, adv. — Ab-sont' fSb-sSnt')} V. t. To keep away. — Ab^ssn-tee' (-sSn-te'), Ab-sent'er (Sb-sSnfer), n. One who absents himself ; a non-resident.
AVso-lnte (XVsd-lfit), a. Unlimited ; certain ; peremptory ; despotic. — Ab ' 80 - lute - ly, adv. Positively ; arbitrarily. —AVso-lntO-ness, n. —
AVao-lv'tlsni (-tTa'm), n. Absolute gorem- ment or its principles ; despotism.
AVflO-ln^tton (Sb'si-lu'ahfin), n. An absolving.
Ab-Ml'n-tO-ry (Sb-e51'd-t<-rf ), a. Absolving.
Ab-solye' (Sb-s51v'), v. t. To set free from ; to pardon ; to acquit.
Ab-aoilK (Sb-sOrbO, v. t. To drink in ; to suck up ; to swallow up ; to engross whoUy. — Ab- 80tb'a-ble (-A-b'l), a. Capable of being ab- sorbed. — Ab-lorb'a-Ml'l-ty (-A^bllTt^), n. — Ab - BOlll ' ent, a. Sucking up ; imbibing. ^ n. Substance or bodilv organ which absorbs.
Ab- Wirp'tion (Sb-sdrp'sh&n), n. An absorbing.
— Ab-80xp^ye (-sdrp'tTv), a. Able to absorb.
— Ab'aorp-ttyl-ty (-tTvT-ty), n. Ab-ltaln' (ab-BtSnOi v. i. To forbear ; to refrain. Ab-Ste'mi-Oiu (Sb-stS'mT-fis), a. Sparing in diet ;
temperate ; abstinent — Ab-ltd'inl-GIUhly, adv.
— Ab-sto'ml-oiu-neBS, n. Ab-sterge' (Sb-stSrj'), v. t. [Abstkrosd (-stSrjdO ;
Abstkbgiho.] To dean by wiping ; to purify. —
Ab-Ster'g«]lt(-st8r'jent),a. Serving to cleanse. Ab-Btane' (Sb-stSrs'), t;. t. To cleanse by wiping.
— Ab-Star'alOll (-ster'shtln). n. A cleansing by lotions, etc. — Ab-Stei/alye (-sTv), a. Cleansing.
Ab'Stl-nenoe (XystT-nens), n. An abstaining, esp. from indulgence of appetite. — Ab'SU- nent, a. Temperate.
Ab-Stract' (Sb-strSkt'), V. t. To draw from or separiU« ; to consider bv itself ; to epitomize or reduce ; to purloui. — AVstraot (Sb'stiiQct), a. Distinct from something else; difBcult; ab- struse. — n. Inventory ; summary ; epitome. — Aystraot-ly (n/striCkt-lj^), adv. By itself; in a separate state. — Ab - Strao ' tlon (-strSk'shtln), n. *A separating ; idea of an abstract or theo- retical nature ; inattention to present objects ; a taking another's property for one's own use.
— Ab-Strac/tlye (-strSk'tTv). a. Having power to abstract. — Ab-stract'ed (-striCkt'Sd), a. En- grossed in thought. — Ab-straot'0d-ly, adv.
Ab-Stmse' (Kb-strusO, a. Hard to understand ;
obscure. — Ab - strnso ' ly, adv. — Ab - fltnise ' - nes8,n.
Ab-snrd' (Sb-sCtrdO> a. Opposed to manifest truth ; inconsistent with reason ; irrational ; ri- diculous. — Ab-snrdly, adv. — Ab-midlieai, Ab-SVrd'l-ty (-T-tj^), n. Quality of being absurd ; that which is absurd ; f oUy.
A-bua'danco (A-btiu'dans), n. Oreat plenty; wealth ; affluence. — A-bun'dant, a. Fully suf- ficient; copious; ample. — A-bun'dant-ly, acfv.
A-buso' (&-buz'), V. t. [Abussd (-buzd') ; Abus- ing.] To misuse ; to deceive ; to impose on. — A-bUSO' (-busOt »• 111 use ; corrupt practice or custom ; derision ; insult. — A-bn'uye (-bu'sTv), a. Containing abuse ; insolent. ~ A-bn'siye-ly, adv. — A-bn'slya-ness, n.
A-bnt' (&-bttf ), V. i. To terminate or border upon ; to meet. — A-bufmont (-ment), n. That on which a thing abuts ; solid part of a wall, etc., which receives the pressure of an arch, etc
— A-bnt'tal, n. Boundary of land. A-byss' (&-bTs'), n. Bottomless depth; gulf;
hell, or the bottomless pit. — A-byss'al (ArbTs'- ol), A-bys'mal (A-bTz'mal), a. Bottomless ; unending. A-oad'e-my (A-kSd't-m)^), n. School or seminary, ranking between common school and college ; a society for learned pursuits. — Ao'a-dem'iO (Sk^A-dgmTk), Ao'a-dem'lc-al, a. Belonging
fti 5y I, S, II, long ; &, 6, 1, tt, il, f, abort ; senftte, Svent, tdea, 6bey , finite, c&re, llrm, ask, f^ll, final,
AGADEMIO
ACCURSED
to aa liutitation of learning. — AlKa-dflm'iOf n.
Student in a college or nniveraity. — Ac'a-dSllL'-
to-al-ly, adv. — Ao^a-de-ml'cian (Sk'ft-di-mTsh'-
an), n. Member of a society for promoting arts
and sciences. AlHtede' (Sk-s6dO» v. i. To agree ; to become a
party to (an agreement, etc.) ; to be added to. Ao-cerer-ftte (u-s81'3r-at), v. t. To quicken the
action of; to expedite. — Ao-oel'er-atloil, n.
Increase of motion or action. — Ao-cel'er-a-
tive (-sBi'Sr-^.tTv), Ao-oerar-a-to-ry (-A-tft-ry),
a. Quickening motion.
Ao'cent (Sk'sSnt), n. Modulation of voice ; stress laid upon some syllable ; mark used to regulate pronunciation, express magnitude, etc. — Ao- oent' (Sk-sfinf), V. t. To mark with accent. — Ao-oontn-al (-sSn'ttt-al), a. Rehiting to accent ->Ao-Ofln'tll-ate, (-at), v. t. To mark with ac- cent. — Ao-C«n't11-atl01l (-a'shtbi), n. An ac- centing; stress.
AOHWpf (Sk-a8pf ), V. t. To receive ; to admit ; to subscribe to and become liable for. — Ao-CVpfOX, n. — Ao - oept 'a - We, a. Worthy of being ac- cepted ; pleaidng to a receiver ; welcome ; grati- fying. — Ac-cept'a-llle-ness, Ao-oept^a-liil'l-ty (-s8pV*pbT11-^), n.— Ao-oepra-UTt adv.— Ao- oapt'anco, n. An accepting ; favorable recep- tion ; assent to pay a bill of exchai^e when due ; bill itself when accepted.— Ac'cep-ta'tloil (-s8p- tS'shttn), n. Acceptance ; meaning ; sense.
AlHmia' (Sk-aSs' or Sk'sfis), n. Approach ; ad- mission; increase.
Ao-oes'sa-ry (Sk-^&^sfi-rj^), a. Additional; ac- cessory.—n. One who accedes to an offense without perpetrating it.
Ao-oesB^l-ble (Sk-sfisn-b'!), a. Easy of access; approachable. — Ao-cess'l-llil'l-ty (-T-bTlT-tj^), n. Quality of being approachable.
Ac-CM^sion (Sk-a8sh'tln), n. An acceding to; increase; addition.
Ao-ces'ao-ry (Sk-sSs'sft-rj^), a. Aiding ; contrib- uting ; accompanying. — n. One guQt^ of a fe- lonious offense, though not present at its perpe- tration ; an accompaniment. — Ao'ces-BO'rl-al (-sSs-sS'rT-al), a. Pertaining to an accessory. — Ao-ces'flo-rl-ly (-sSs'si-rl-iy ), adv.
Ac'Ol-dence (Sk'si-dens), n. Book of rudiments insrammar.
Afi'Ol-dait (Sk'sY-dmt), n. Event proceeding from an unknown cause, or one not expected ; chance ; mishap. — Ao'ol-dflntal (-dSn'tal), a. Happen- ing by chance ; not necessarily belonging ; cas- ual; fortuitous; incidentaL — n. Casualty. — Ao'ol-den'tal-ly, adv.
Ao-dalm' (Sk-kISm<), V. t. [ AcoxJJMSO (-klSmd^) ; AooLAiHiNo.] To honor with appUuue ; to sa- lute. — Ac-clialm^ Ao ' cla - ma ' tlon (-kii-mS'- ahttn), n. Shout, expressive of assent, choice, or approbation. — Ao-olam'a-to-ry (-kltn/i-td-ij^), a. Expressing applause.
Ac-Cll'mate (Sk-kll'mSt), v. t. To lufbituate to a climate not native. — Ao^oll-matloil (-klT-ma'- ahfin), n. Process or state of being acclimated.
Ao-Oll'ma-tlze (Sk-k]ym&-tiz), v. t. To acclimate.
Ao-OllY'l-ty (Sk-klTv^-tJ^), n. Ascending slope ; rising ground ; ascent. — Ao-cll'VOlUl (Sk-kli'- vlis), a. Rising with a dope, as a hill.
Ao-OOmrmo-date (Sk-kSm'knS-dat), V. t. To ren- der fit; to adapt; to furnish with something desired or convenient ; to reconcile. — Ao-OOBl'- rtbkg (-da-tIng), a. Affording accommo-
dation; kind; obliging. — Ao-OQUl'lllD^t'tlat (Sk-k5m' mi-da 'shfin), n. Supply of convene iences; fitness ; reconciliation ; a loan of money.
Ao-oom'pa-ny (UE-kfim'pi-ny), v. t. To go with ; to attend. — AG-C0m'pa-]ll8t, n. MusiosJ per- former who takes the accompanying part. — Ao- OOm'pa-lli-Illflllt (-nT-ment), n. That which ac- companies or Im added for ornament.
Ao-oom'pllce (8k-k5m'plls), n. Associate in crime.
Ac-oom'pllsll (Sk-kSm'plTsh), v. t. To finish en- tirely ; to bring to pass ; to fulfill — Ao-oom'- pllued (-plTsht), a. Complete and perfected.
— Ao-oomlillall-lllflnt, n. An accomplishing; acquirement; attainment.
Ac-OOinpt'ant (Sk-kounf ant), n. Accountant.
AG-C(ffd'(Sk-kDrd'),n. Agreement; consent; con- cord. — V. U To harmonize ; to concede. —v. i. To be in accordance ; to agree. — Ao-oord'anoo (-kdrd'ans), n. Agreement; conformity. — Ao- cord'ant, a. Corresponding; agreeable.— Ao- cord'ant-ly, adv. — Ac-cord1nf , a. In luu> mony with ; suitable. — Ao-OOrd'lOg-ly* adv.
Ao-cox'dl-on (Sk-k8r'dT-un), n. A musund wind instrument, played by keys and bellows.
A0-OO8t' (8k-kdst0, V, t. To address; to speak first to.
II Ao-ocnche'mait (&k- kddsh'mto), n. fF.] Accordion.
Delivery in childbed.
Ao-counr (Sk-kountOt n. A reckoning ; compu- tation; statement; explanation; profit; value.
— V. t. To reckon ; to compute ; to estimate ; to regard. — v. i. To render an account or a rea- son ; to constitute a reason (for an occurrence, etc. ). — Ao-ooii]it'a-1)le> a. Liable to be called to account ; responsible. — AtHMIIIlLfa-llle-neBSf Ac-oonnVa-bU'l-ty (-bli'T-ty), n.— Ao-oonnf- ant, n. One skilled in accounts.
Ao-oon'ple (Sk-kHp'p'l), v. f. [Agcouflbd; Ao- couPLiNo.] To couple; to join together; to unite.
Ao-ccnter, Ao-contre (Xk-k5o'tSr), v. t. To
furnish with dress, equipage, or equipments ; to
equip. —Ao-oontw-ments, Ao-con^re-ments,
n. pi. Dress; equipage; trappings.
Ac-crod'lt (Sk-krgdTt), v. t. To give credit to ; to furnish with credentials.
Ac-cres'oent (Sk-krSs'sent), a. Growing; in- creasing.
Ac-ore'tlon (Sk-krS'shOn), n. A growing to or together ; increase. — Ao-OTO'ttydf a. Increas- ing by growth.
JLo-crne' (Sk-kruO* v. i. To arise ; to be added ; to follow ; to increase.
Ao-ClimlMnt (Sk-kSmlient), a. Leaning; re- clining.
Ao-cn'mil-late (Sk-ku'mti-lat), v. t. To heap up in a mass ; to pile up ; to collect.— v. t. To in- crease greatly. — Ao-on'mn-la'tor, n. — Ao-ou'- mn-la'tlon, n. An accumulating ; mass ; heap.
— AG-cn'mn-la-tlye, a. Gausii^ accumulation. Ao'on-rate (Sk'kfi-r&t), a. In conformity to truth ;
free from error ; correct ; precise. — Ao'Oll- rate-ly, adv.— Ao'cn-ra-cy, Ao^cn-rate-nesa, n. Ac-cniSO' (Sk-kfirsO« v. t. To devote to destruc- tion ; to curse. — Ao-cnr'sad, p. p. (Sk-kfirsf) & a. (•kfirs'ed). Doomed to misery; detest- able; execrable.
tinii NOffit, 6rb| rude, fyll, Ami fdikU fdbt, ooti ollt ohalr^ goi dnst l]|k| tbmx% thin.
ACCUSE
ADAPTATION
Afl-eiLM' (Sk-kuzO, V. t. To charge with crime ; to censure. — Ao ' on - sa ' tion (-ktt-zS'sh&n), n. An accusing ; charge of crime. — Ac-on'sa-ttve (-ku'z&-trT), a. Producing or containing accusa- tions. — n. A case (of the direct object) of nouns in grammar. — Ac-CU'sa-tO-xy (-ku'z&-t^-rj^), a. Containing accusation. — Ao-GU'Wi n.
Ao-OluKtoin (Sk-k&s'tfim), V. i. To make familiar by use ; to habituate. —AlHnLi'tom-ft-ry (-i-r3^)t a. UsuaL
Aoo (as), n. Single point on a card or die ; very small quantity ; atom.
A-cerda-ma (&-BSl'd&-m&), n. Field of blood.
A-ceph'a-lons (&-B8f '&-l&s), a. Without a head.
A-oerb'l-^ iks&Tnyf-tf), n. Sourness of taste ; harshness ; bitterness ; severitPir.
A-ces'COnt (A-sfis'sant), a. Tummg sour ; readily becoming acid. — A- oes ' cen - cy (-sSn-i^),' n. Tendency to sourness. —Ac'e-tate (Ss'l-tat), n. A salt formed by acetic acid united to a base. — A-oe^O (A-sS'tTk or -setTk), a. Hav- ing the properties of vinegar. — A-OVvi-tf (-sfif- T-fi), V. i. To turn into acid or vin^iar. — A-GOt'l-fi-catLoil, n. A making sour ; operation of making vinegar. — A -00 'tons (-se'ttLs), a. Sour ; causing acetification.
Aohe (ak), v. i. [Ached (akt) ; Achino.] To be in pain. — n. Continued pain.
A-OlllOVO' (&-chev'), V. t. To do ; to accomplish. — A-cUeye'mont, n. Performance ; feat ; deed.
Aoh'ro-maVio (Sk^ri-mXt^k), a. Free from color.
Aold (SsOfd), a. Sour ; sharp ; having the taste of vin^ar. — n. A sour substance ; substance by which salts are formed. — A-cld'l-ty (&HsTd'- Y-tJ^), Ao'ld-ness, n.— A-old'n-late (&-sTd'u- lat), V. t. To make slightly acid. — A-Old'11-l0118 (-Itts), a. Slightly sour.— A-cld1-ty (A-sTd'- i-fl), V. t. To convert into acid.— «. t. To become acid. — A-cid'l-fl/a-blO (-T-fl'A-b'l), a. Capable of being acidified. — A-Cld'1-fi-oa'tlOll (-fT-ka'shttn), n. An acidifying.
Ao-knowl'edge (Sk-n51'Sj), v. t. To own ; to c<»i- fess; to avow; to concede. — Ao-knowl'odg- mont, n. The owning of a thing ; avowal ; thanks.
Ao'me (Sk'mt), n. Highest point ; crisis.
ACo-lyte (Skr$.Ht), Ao'o-lyth (-ITth), n. Compan- ion ; associate ; an inferior church servant.
Ao'0-nlte (8k'i-nit), n. Wolfsbane, a poison.
A'oom (a'kiSm), n. Seed or fruit of an oak.
A-OOt'^T-le'don (A-kSt^T-le'dfin), n. Plant having no seed lobes, or cotyledons. — A-OOt^y-lod'on- ons (-ISd'fin-fis), a. Having no seed lobes, or such as are indistinct.
A-COna'tlc (A-kous^- or A-koos'tTk), a. Pertain- ing to the ears, sense of hearing, or doctrine of sounds. — A-OOna'tlCS, n. Science of sound.
Ao-linalnt' (Sk-kwanf ), V. t. To make familiar ; to inform. —Ao- quaint 'anoe, n. Familiar knowledge; person or persons well known. — Ac - qnamt ' anco - aUp, n. State of being ac- quainted.
Ao ' qnl - OSOe' (Sk ' kwT - 8s 0* v. i, [ACQUIBSCBD (-Ssf); AcQmBsciNO (-Ss'sing).] To rest sat- isfied, or without opposition ; to assent ; to com- ply.— Ao'iini-ei'oenoe (-Ss's^ns), n. Silent assent or submission. — Ac'linl-es'oont, a. Sub- mitting ; disposed to submit.
Ao-(inir^ (Sk-kwirOi V. t. To gain ; to obtain ; to secure. — Ao-qnlr'a-ble, a. Capable of being
acquired.— Ao-«nira'mont, Ao'gni-Bl'tloii
(-kwl - zTsh ' fin), n. An acquiring; thing ac- quired ; gain.
Ao - qnis ' i - ttve (Sk-kwTzT-tTv). a. Disposed to make acqtusitions. — Ac-qnis'l-ttye-ly, adv.— Ao-onis'l-tlyo-nesa, n.
AO-qnlf (Sk-kwlf), V. t. [AcQUiTTBD ; AcQunv Tisro.] To set free ; to release ; to discharge ; to clear ; to absolve ; to conduct (one's self). . ' AO-qnit'tal (-tal^, n. Formal release from a charge. — A(Hinittanoe (-tans), n. An acquit- ting or discharging from debt ; a receipt.
A'oro (SncSO) n. Tract of 160 square rods.
Ao'lld (Sk'rid), n. Of biting taste ; sharp ; pun- gent. — Ao'rld-noss, n.
Ao'H-niO-ny (Sk'rT-ms-nj^), n. Sharpness or se- verity (of language or temper) ; asperity. — Ao'- li-mo'ni-ons (-mo^nT-fis), a. Sarcastic; severe; bitter. — Ac^n-mo'M-ona-ly, adv.
Ao'ro-bat (Sk'r^-bSt), n. Onewho practices high vaulting, rope dancing, etc. — Ac'ro-bat'lo, a.
A-oroi/0-liS (A-krSp'd-lis), n. Citadel or castle.
A-oroas' (ft-krSs'), prep. From side to side of ; athwart ; over. —adv. Crosswise.
A-croa'tlo (A-krCs'tTk^, n. Poem in which certain letters in each line form a name or a sentence. — A-oro8tlc-al-ly, adv.
Aot (Skt), V. t. To perform ; to do ; to feign ; to play. — v. i. To exert power ; to be in motion ; to do. — n. A deed; action; exploit; division of a phiy.— Ao'tor (Sk'tSr), n. —Ao'treaa (-trSs), n. Female actor or stage player. — Ao'- ttim (Sk'shfin), n. Thing done ; deed ; conduct ; sesture ; battle ; law suit. — Ao ' tlon - a - blo (-&-b'l), a. Adznitting an action at law. — Ao'- tlon-a-1ily, adv.
Ac'tlve (Sktiv), a. Having or communicating action or motion ; energetic ; busy ; transitive.
— Ae'ttYO-ly, adv. — AxKtlye-nesa, Ao-ttvl-ty, (-tTv'T-ty), n.
Ao'tor, Ao'tFOas, n. See under Act, v. t.
Ao'tn-al (Sk'tS-al), a. Existing in act ; real ; cer- tain; present. — Aotn-al-ly, adv. — Ao'tn-al- neas, Ac'tn-al'i-ty (-SlT-ty), n. state of being actual. — Aotn-al-izo, v. t. To make actual.
Aotn-a-ry (Sk'tfi-a-rj^), n. A registrar ; clerk.
Ao'tn-ate (Sk'tn-at), v. I. To put into action; to impel ; to animate.
A-on1e-ate (A-kul£-&t), a. Having sharp points ; prickly.
A-on'mon (A-ku'm&i), n. Quickness of percep- tion ; shrewdness ; discernment. — A-cn'ml- nate (-mT-nat), V. t. To render sharp or keen.
— V. t. To come to a sharp point. — a. Having a long tapering point. — A-on'ml-nation, n. A sharpening; termination in a point ; quickness.
A-cnt^ (&-kutOt <>• Sharp ; shrewd ; keen ; high or shrill. — A-onto'ly, adv. — A-onto'noaa, n.
Ad'age (Sd'aj), n. Saying ; maxim ; proverb.
llA-da'glO (A-dS'jft), a. [It.] Slow; moving slowly. — adv. Slowly ; — a musical term. — n. A piece of music in adagio time.
Ad'a-mant (Sd'A-mSnt), n. Stone of impenetrable hardness; diamond. — Ad'^a-man-tO'an (-mSn- te'an), Ad'^a-man'tlne (-mSn'tTn), a. Extremely hard.
A-dapt' (&-dSptO« V. t. To make fit or suitable. — A-dapt'a-ble, a. Capable of being adapted. — A-dapra-Ul'l-tT, A-dant'a-ble-ness, n.— Ad'- ap-tation (Sd^ap-tS'shon), n. An adapting; fitness.
&, 5, 1, 5, 0, long ; &, £, I| 5, ii, j^, diort ; M&Ate, dventi tdea, bbey, fliiite, cAxe, iUm, &ak, al^
(-di). [L.] A thing to bs wldsd. Ad'dn (M'dBr), n. A venomoui wmot ; ■ viper. AU'l-bll (Kd'dl-b'l), n. CsTuble of Ming added,
-■ "llf), V- I. To upply h.bitu^j;
— Ad^aillftd-uiu, Ad-dlo'tm
Ai-iiaV ISd-OJW]
.D adiing thJnga to-
aitll»«],<(. Add
Z^-o
jr(ia-iMi^).v.l. [Addbbmd l-drtttO ;
-OBUBBIBO.] Tomahareidj; tospmk ot ^)- plv to : to direct (a letter or ■ petltloa) i V> voo.— n. AnippUcalloD! speUtloDi kdlno tiaa(r>( ■ letter, etc.); ikill; Cut) eouitablp,
— URLially lapL
A4illl»' (SdJusT, V. I. [Adduom) (.dilBt')l AiiDDCiiro(-du'iTngl.] To brinif lormrd or oRet i to Bllege. - AaSn'omt {-du'mt), a. Brmgmg forward or togothor. — Afl-Jn'd-bl*
S<I-b'l), a. Capable oF being adduced.— Ad- Bdtlail f-dKk'Bhtln), n. A hrmglng forward. —
- ■ •—~in MKk'tlV), o. BHialng forward. dSptO.n. OnsiUlledinniyart.— a.
I ADMISSION
AO-lB'ltwta lld-jE'dl-kit}, 1. 1. bylaw; to adjudge. — Ad-JVU-Mllom, :
Ad'|UllIt'(Id'JBiikf).n. Sometbing joioed to otber thine ; a'coUeafoe. ^ a. Added or uoil — Ad-|uiC'ttan(-mnh'>haD}, n. A jolni tlungirfiied.—Ad-iimo'tlTB !-«•), a. Hai the quality of JouUiig. ^n. Ooa wbo, or- 1 wblch, ia jolniid.
Al-lni*' (Sd-iiii'), v. I. [Adjubid {-jurd') ;
Aa'jB-ntloii (U/]ft-rI'ahlln),'
Ad-liut' (M-jnaCa e'. 1. To m>
Httle ; to' at ; to rwuhOe ; to' Ad-luFn, iL - id- hut'- ■-bU, a. OuMUe of being ■djiuted. — lii-lut'nim^ n. Ad adjiuting; an mx- msenunti a aettlement. i Ad'la-tUlt (M'ja-tant}, »./ A military officer wbo b»<
?^2B-tul-07 T-S
UlKllut.
- Aa-in«u'tir»-m«nt, n
A4nf (lUUptO. n. OnsiUUedinwyart.— a. HelpirigiH
Ad'e-auMCId't-kwtt), a. Fully ntffli^eiit ;
equal, pn^wriioiiato, OF cormporHlBDt; eeougb;
requiifte.— Ad'«.ailRt»-lT. adv.— Ad'»-an«-<l7
(-kw*-^}, AVt^uM-BMl, n. Ad-haf (Sd-h5r'), v. i. [Adhkbk) (-hSrd') ; Ad-
buihbJ To stick Ian; to cleare ; to cling; . Aanun'an-ratlan (id-mBa'shv-
to be attached or deT(ited. — A(l-1in'uu>t(4nu), ' Heaaureraent.
At-'ktt'tM-Ct (■<n-4f}. "■ QuaUty or Uate of Ad-nlnla-ter (ftd-mln^t-Cic). v. '
■dbeiingi atoady attachment. —Ad-lnr'aiit, a. " — '■ '- ■■■ i^— .:— i
ttnltedwithorto; Btlcking.— n. Ode who ad-
AO-hti'Bnt-lT, lufv.— Ad^f^ (-hS'ihnn)', n. A atlcUng, or being attached. —A4-h»'»lT» (JiS'riv), a. Sticky; lenaciona. — Al-H'- «|T«-Iy, adv. — Ad-ho'llTC-iwu, n. Ad-hoi^tft^rT (Id-ber'ti-tJ-r;), a. Contaiolng
A-Uan' (i-dii'), wlv. Good-by; fanwell. — n.
-Ad'.
^UlMIl), n. A horUontal sntnioce Into a
Ad-la'otBt <td-j£'i«nt), a. Lying near ; contlgu- Dua.— Ad-|a'»«l-cy(4n»^},B. Stateofbelng
Adli^thf (id-jek-tl.),
AO-loln' (Id-ioln'), V. .
lo.] ■;
word u«d to de- ^AdlN-tlV>-l7,
[ADjomn C - Joli
m' (id-iam'), f . /. [Ad, iDssiNa.] To put olr tt
SX^
robe
^-JOrad')^
tJne, — 'Ad-lotmi'iiunt, n.
[AnjDDOm {-Jllid') ; or decree JudlclaUy ; to
„ - -,, - "■(an
istrator. — Aa-mlll'U-to'-
ble of being administered. — Ad-mliL'li-trut (-trout], 1. Execntlre.— n. One who adminLb tera. — Ad-mU'la-tntlaii (-tri'itaOn), n. An AdmiDiBteTing; executive part of goremment. -.Al-mla1a-tn'tln(-mTDl>-trS^T),a. Ad. mlDJBterlng. — Ad-mlltU-tntOT i-tSt), n. One who admiidat«ra (eap. an intestate eotate). — Aa-mla1*.tnitOT-(Ul, t- Office of admlnla- trator, — Ad-nln'li-tM'trlX (-trlki),n. A
Ad'nil-ni-blB, etc. Bee under Aduu. «. (.
Ad'ml-ni (»d'iDt-rnl)), n. A naval officer of high- est rank. — Ad'ral-nl-alilp. n. OScH of an admiral. —AlTBtMl-ty (-»), B. A body of
°''"""'"""°" [ADKMD(-mIrd')i Ad-
rnr,Hn: — Ad-igll'a . R.
Wonder; h'i), a. Worthy of
Al-mli*' (Id.
— Atml-Mllttn (M'ml-ra'
-^^-W-wSTsd'ml ' ■ - delightful.
AO-Mf'tid-m'
C, 6Tb, rf|de, f^ On, ftfM, Wbi, oat, oU, cbalr, go, daf, ink, then, tblo.
ADMISSIBLE
6
ADVOCATE
aooesB. — Ad-mls'sl-Ue (-mTB'Bl-bM), a. Proper to be admitted. — Ad-inls^Bl-llil'l-ty, n. AA-maf (Sd-mlksO, v. t. To mingle (with some- thing elsey. — Ad-mlxtlon (-mika'chfin), n. ▲ mingling. — Ad-mlx'tnre (-t(ir), n. A mixing ; a compound formed by mixing. AArinon'ialL (Sd-m5n'Ish), V. t. [ADMOinaHBD (-laht) ; Admomishino.] To reprove gently ; to caution ; to warn ; to advise. — Ad-mon'islL-er, n.— Ad^mo-nl'tlOll (-mi-nTsh'fiu), n. Gentle reproof ; advice. — Ad-mon'1-ttye (-mSnT-tlv), Ad-moil'l-tO-ry i'tt-if)^ a. Containing admo- nition. Ad'nate (fid^nSt), a. Growing close to (a stem,
etc.). A-dO' (&-d5o0t n. Bustle ; trouble ; fuss. llA-doHM (&rd5'b&), n. Unbumt, sun-dried brick. Ad'G-les'cent (fid^d-lSs'sent), a. Growing; ad- vancing from childhood to manhood. — Ad'G- les'oence (-s^ns), n. Youth. A-dlOPt'(&-d5pf), V. t. To take as one's own (when not so before). — A-doptlon (&-d5p'- shfin). n. An adopting ; state of being adopted. — A-dop^ve (-tlv), a. Adopted ; adopting. A-dore' (ardSr^), v. L [Ado&bd (-dSrd') ; Adob- IMO.] To worship with profound reverence; to love in the highest degree; to venerate. — A-dor'w, n. — A-der'a-llle, a. Worthy of ado- ration. —A-dor'a-bld-ness, n. — A-dor'a-Uy, adv. — Ad'o-ratlon (Sd ' 6 - r5 ' shiin), n. Wor- ship ; homage ; great reverence. A-dom' (i-d8rn'), v. t. [Adorned (-dCmd'); Adobnino.] To render beautiful ; to decorate ; to embellish ; to ornament. — A-dmi'lllflllt, n. Ornament; embellishment. A-dOWn' (i-doun'), prep. Down; toward the
ground.— a<2i;. Downward. * A-dzUt' (&^rlft0, a. & adv. Floating at ran- dom ; at large. A-drelt' (&-droitOf a. Skillful; dexterous; in- genious. •— A-dreltly, adv. — A-droit'nuui, n. Ad'SCl-tl'tlollB (Sd/sT-tlsh'iis), a. Supplemental;
additional. Ad'n-lation (Sd/u-IS'shttn), n. Servile flattery ; compliment. — Ad'n-la'tor (Sd'd-lSaSr), n. A sycophant.— Ad'll-Ul-tO-ry(-li-tft-ry), a. Flat- tering. A-dult' (&-dtUf), a. Having arrived* at mature years, or to full size and strength. —n. One grown to maturity. A-dnl'ter-ate (&-diil'ter-at), v. t. To debase or cor- rupt by mixture. — a. Tainted with adultery ; spurious ; corrupted. — A-dul'tW-ant, n. One who, or that which, adulterates. — A-dnl'ter-a'- tlon (&-dQFtSr-a'shiin), n. An adulterating. — A-dnl'ter-er (-d&l'tSr-Sr), n. A man guilty of adultery. — A-dul'ter-ess, n. A woman who commits adultery. — A-dnl'ter-ine (-Tn or -In), a. Proceeding from adultery. — n. An illegit- imate child. — A-dnl'ter-ons (-&s), a. Pertain- ing to, or guilty of, adultery. — A-dnl'ter-y (-y), n. Violation of the marrii^^e bed. Ad-nmninrate (Sd-fim'brat), v. t. To shadow faintly forth; to typify. —Ad' nm- bra' tlon (-bra'shlin), n. A shadow ; faint resemblance. A-dnn'ol-ty (&-diin'sT-tj^), n. A bending in form
of a hook. A-dnst' (ft-dHsf ), a. Burnt or scorched. Ad-vance' (Sd-v&ns'), v. t. [Advanced (-v&nsf ) ; ADVANdNQ (-vAn'sIng).] To bring forward ; to raise to a higher rank; to help on; to offer
(aramments or inducements) ; to mepi^j before- hand.—v. i. To move forward; to improve; to rise in rank, office, or consequence. — n. A moving forward ; an offer ; a gift. — a. Before in place or time. — Ad-Yano^&lflllt, n. An ad- vancing ; improvement ; promotion ; payment of money in advance.
Ad-yan'tage (Sd-v&n'ttj), n. Favorable circum- stances ; superioritv ; benefit ; profit. — v. /. [Advantaged (-tijd).; Advantaoino (-tt-jTng).] To benefit ; to promote. — Ad ' van - ta ' geoiu (Sd'van-ta'jtts), a. Being of advantage ; useful ; beneficial. — Ad'Yan-ta'geoilS-ly, adv. — Ad'- yan-ta'geoiis-ness, n.
Ad'YOnt (Sd'vfint), n. A coming ; esp., the com- ing of Christ; season of four weeks before Christmas.
Ad'ven-tltioilB (Sd'vSn-tTsh'lis), a. Added ex- trinsically; not essentially inherent; acciden- tal; casual.— Ad'YODrtltlOlia-ly, adv.
Ad-Yflntlire (Sd-v6n'tur), n. An extraordinary event; bold undertaking; risk; chance. —v./. [Adventttbed (-turd) ; Adventubino.] To put at hazard ; to risk ; to run the risk of attempting. — V. i. To try the chances ; to dare. — Ad-YOn'- tnr-er, n. — Ad-Yan^tnre-sonie (-silm), Ad-Yon'- tni-ons (-Us), a. Inclined to adventure ; daring ; enterprising ; attended with risk.
Ad'Ytfb (Sd'vSrb), n. A word used to modify a verb, adjective, or other adverb. — Ad-YOr'- M-al (-vera)T-al), a. Belatii^ to or like an ad- verb. — Ad-Yeinbl-al-ly, adv.
Ad'Yerse (Sd'vSrs), a. Acting in a contrary di- rection; conflictmg; contrary to the wishes; unfortunate; calamitous. — Ad'YWSO-ly, adv. — Ad'Yene-neas, n.— Ad'Yer-sa-ry (Ed'ver-s4- ij^), n. One hostile or opposed ; an antagonist ; an enemy ; a foe. —a. Adverse ; antagonistic. — Ad-Yer'sa-tlYe (Sd-vSr'si-tIv), a. Express- ing contrarietv, opposition, or antithesis. — n. A word denotmg opposition. — Ad - Yer ' sl - ty (-ver'sY-tj^), n. Adverse circumstances ; calam^- ity ; affliction ; distress.
Ad-Yert' (5d-vSri/), v. i. To turn the mind or at- tention ; to refer ; to regard ; to observe. — Ad-
Yert'ence (-^ns), Ad-Yert'en-cy (-«n-By), ».
Attention; regu?d; consideration. — Ad-Y6rt'- ont, a. Attentive ; heedfuL
Ad'YW-tlse' (Sd'vSr-taz' or Sd'vSr-tazO, v. t. & i. [Advebtised (-tizd' or -tizd');, Adyeetisino (-tiz'Ing or -ta'zing).] To give notice or intel- ligence to ; to make known through the press. — Ad-Yor'tlse-ment (Sd-vSr'tTz-m«ntor Sd'vSr- tiz'meut), n. Information ; notice through the press. — Ad'YW-tls'er, n.
Ad-Yloe' (Ed-vis'), n. Opinion offered as worthy to be followed ; counsel ; notice ; admonition. — Ad-Ylae' (Ed-viz'), v. t. [Advised (-vizd'); Advibino.] To give advice to; to counsel; to apprise ; to warn ; to inform ; to consult ; to consider. —V. i. To deliberate; to weigh well. — Ad-Yls'er, n. — Ad-Yls'a-bl« (-viz'-&- b'l), a. Fit to be advised or to be done ; expe- dient. — Ad-Yl8'a-W»-ll6iS, Ad-YlB'a-bU'l-ty (-A-bllT-ty), n.— Ad-YlB'ed-ly (-vi'zSd-iy^, adv. With full knowledge; purposely. — Ad- Yls'ed-ness, n. — Ad-Ylse'Bient (-loz'mcnt), n. Counsel ; deliberation ; consideration. — Ad-Yl'- SO-ry (-vi'zft-ry), a. Having power to advise ; containing advice.
Ad'YO-oate (Sd'vd-kat), n. One who pleads for
», e, I« o, O, long ; &, d» if 5, ii, ft short ; senAte, dvent, tdea, 6bey, tUiite, cAre, i&rm, ask, {|11, final,
k.
ADVOCACY
AFFLUENCE
Adz.
motAer. — v. t. To plead in favor of ; to main- tain by argument ; to defend ; to vindicate. — Ad'VO-oa-G7 (-k«.s3^), Ad'YlHUi'tlon (-kS^ahttn), n. An advocating or pleading. Ad'YOW-ee' (Sd'vou-S'), n. One who has the right of advowson. — Ad-TOW'SOn (-vou'zQn or HBfin), n. Right of presenting a priest to a va-
Ad'y-nam'tC (ad/T-nlbnTk), a. Weak in the vital powers; feeble.
llAd'j-timL (Sd'T-tfim), n. ; pi. Adtta (-t&). [L. J ▲ secret place in ancient temples.
Adz, Adze (Sdz), n. A carpenter's chip- ping tool, with arch- ing blade at right angles to the handle.
JE'dUe (e'dO), n. ▲ civil officer in ancient Rome having charge of public buildings, spec- tacles, etc.
llJfi'fflS (e'jTs), n. Shield ; protection.
A-oOl-an (e-S'lT-^rn), a. Pertaining to JEolia or .fiolis, in Asia Minor, or to ^olua, god of the winds ; pertaining to or produced by wind. — JBclian naxp. A musical instrument containing stretched strings, which the wind sets in vibra- tion. — A-cl'lC (-Sl^Tk), a. Pertainmg to ^olia.
JB'on (S'Sn), n. An age ; eternity ; eon. — M-(/' nl-an {t-t^nX-an), a. Eternal ; everlasting.
A'l^-ate (i'Sr-at), v. t. To comlnne with carbonic acid ; to supply with common air ; to arterial- ize. — K'^'tJxixaL (-a'shfin), n. An aerating.
A-tf^-al (a-e'rT-al), a. Pertaining to the air; high ; lofty ; light as air ; ethereal.
AoMe (e'rT), n. Nest of an eagle or other bird of prey; eyrie.
A4lr-l-form (S'Sr-T-fdrm), a. Having the form of air, as gas.
A'ilr-l-ty (a'Sr-I-fi), V. t. To combine or fill with air.
A'Sr-O-llte (a'Sr-^-Iit), n. A meteoric stone.
A^r-om'»-ter (a'Sr-8m'£-t8r), n. An instrument for measuring the weight or density of gases. — A'tfr-O-met'no (-4-mSVrTk), a. Pertaiuing to aerometry. — A^^r-om'e-txy (-5m'ft-try), n. Science of measuring the air ; pneumatics.
A'Sr-O-nant (S'Sr-^-nat), n. An aerial naviga- tor; balloonist. — A^er-O-nant'lo (-nt^t^k), a. Pertaining to aeronautics. — A'te-o-nant'lOS, n. Science of sailing in the air ; ballooning.
A'tlr-O-phyte' (S'Sr-ft-nt), n. A pUmt deriving support from air alone.
A^r-0S'C0-P7 (a^Sr-Ss'kd-pj^), n. Observation of the atmosphere.
A'Sr-O-StaV (a'Sr-o-stSt/), n. A machine sustain- ing weights in the air; an air balloon. — A^lfl- 0-stat'lC, a. Pertaining to aerostatics. — A ^ ^r- 0-8tat'l0S, n. Science of the equilibrium of elastic fluids, or of aerial navigation. — A^tfr-08- tatlon (-Ss-ta^shtin). n. Aerial navigation.
JBs-theVlc (6s-th8fTk), a. Pertaining to esthet- ics. — JEs-thet'lCS, n. Theory or philosophy of taste ; science of the beautiful in nature and art. — JBstliete (Ss'thet or Ss'-), n. One greatly attentive to esthetics. [Spelled also esthetic^ etc.]
MXhSt (S'thSr), n. E::her.
A-fax' (li-far'), adv. At a great distance ; remote.
AlTfa-Me (Sf'f &-b*l), a. Ready to converse ; easy
of access; courteous; accessible. — Afft-Uft adv. — Al'fa-Wl-ty (-btlT-ty), n.
Al-fair' (Sf-fSr'), n. Business ; a partial or minor engagement of troops.
Af-feot' (Sf-fSkf ), V. t. To act upon ; to change ; to influence ; to move ; to aim at ; to put on a pretense of ; to assume. — Af ^f eo-tatlon (Sf'f 6k- ta'shtin), n. Assumption of what is not real ; artificial appearance : false pretense. — Af-feof- ed (-fSkVSd), a. Moved ; disposed ; assumed artificially ; not natural. — Af-feot'ed-ly, adv. — Af-feot'ed-ness, n. — Af-feot'lng, a. Hav- ing power to move the passions or affections; pathetic. — Af-feot'lng-ly, adv. — Al-feo'tlve (-tTv), a. Affecting, or exciting emotion.
Af-feo'tlon (Sf-fSk'shun), n. Qutdity or property inseparable from its subject ; state of the mind respecting a particular object ; love ; tender at- tachment ; disease. — Az-feo'tlon-atO (-&t), a. Having great love or affection ; proceeding from affection; loving; kind. — Af-feotion-ato-ly, adv.
Af-ft'ance (Sf-n^ans), n. Plighted faith; the marriage contract or promise ; trust ; confi- dence.—v. /. [AnriANCBD (-anst); Affiancino (-on-sTng).] To betroth; to promise marriage to ; to trust. — Af-fi'ailt, n. One who makea an aflBdavit ; a deponent.
Af'fl-daMt (Sf/fT-dS'vTt), n. [L., he made oath.] Statement made upon oath before a magistrate ; deposition.
Al-fU'l-ate (Sf-niT-at), v. t. To adopt ; to re- ceive into fellowship ; to ally. — v. i. To asso- ciate; to accord. — Af-fil^l-atlon (-a'shfin), n. Adoption ; association in the same family or so- ciety ; legal assignment of a child to its father.
Af-fln'l-ty (Sf-fTn'I-tj^;, n. Relationship by mar- riage ; close agreement ; chemical attraction.
Af-firm' (fif-ferm'), v. t. [Atfibmed (-fSrmdO ; Affibmino.] To confirm ; to establish ; to rat- ify; to mamtain as true; to aver; to assert. — v. i. To declare positively. — Af-firm'er, n. — Af-finn'a-Ue, a. Capable of being affirmed. — Af-fim'anoe (-mis), n. Confirmation ; rati- fication. — Af-fim'ant, n. One who affirms or asserts. — Af ^fll-ma'tloil (Sf 'fSr-mS'shfin), n. An affirming ; thing asserted ; ratification. — Af- finn'a-tlye (Sf - fSrm ' & - tT v), a. Affirming or asserting ; — opposed to negative ; confirmative ; ratifying. — n. That which contains an affirma- tion. — Af-fim'a-ttye-ly, adv.
Af-flz' (Sf-flks'), V. t. [Afpixbd (-flkstO ; Af- Fixnfo.] To add at the end ; to attach ; to con- nect ; to annex ; to unite. — Al'flz (Sf'fTks), n. A syllable or letter joined to the end of a word ; a suffix ; a postfix. — Af-flz'tnre (-tur), n. That which is affixed or annexed.
Af-na'tna (Sf-fisafis), n. [L.] A breath or blast of wind ; inspiration.
Af-Oior (Sf-f ITktO, V. t. To strike down ; to give continued pain ; to distress ; to torment ; to grieve. — Af-fUot'lng, a. Grievous ; distress- ing. — Af-Oicmon (-flTk'shfin), n. Stote of be- ing afflicted ; state of pain, distress, or grief ; misfortune. — Af-fll(KtiTe (-fllk'ttv), a. Giving pain ; causing affliction. — Al-fllotlye-ly, adv.
Arfln-ent (Sf'fid-0nt),a. Wealthy; plentiful; abundant ; copious. — n. A stream flowing into a river or lake. — Afllll-eilt-lY, adv. In abun- dance ; abundantiy. — Al'flll-ence (-«ns), n. Abundance of any thing ; wealth ; plenty. —
fSm, zeoent, 6rb, rude, f^^ llm, fdbd, fcTot, out, oil, cbair, go, sing, iQk, then, thin*
AFFLUX
8
AGITATOB
AltlBX (Sf'flfiks), Al-nnx'lon (Sf-flSk^ahfin), n. A flowing to ; that which flows to.
Af-ford' (Sf-tSrdO, v. L To yield; to give; to be able to expend ; to imput ; to confer ; to supply.
id-mj' (Sf-frSOf n. A tumultuous quarrel; scuffle; encounter; brawl. —v. t, [Affbated (-frSdO ; Atfeatino.] To frighten.
M'tAglax' (Sf-f rif ), V. t. To impress with sudden fear ; to terrify ; to shock ; to alarm. ■» n. Sud- den fear ; terror.
Af-lront' (Sf-frQnf ), n. Ck>ntemptuous action or conduct ; indignity ; insult ; offense. — v. t. To offend ; to insult ; to abuse ; to outrage. — Af- front'iTO (-Tv), a. Giving offense ; insulting; ftbufiivfi
Al-fnse' (Sf-fuzO, v. t. [Avfdsbo (-fuzdO ; Af- FV8iNO.J[ To pour out; to sprinkle. — Af-fn'- Sion (-fu'zhQu), n. A pouring upon ; baptism ; bathing a part or all of the body with water or other fluid as a remedv for disease.
Afghan (2(f 'gan), n. A natiye of Afghanistan ; a blanket or wrap.
A-field' (A-feldO, adv. To, in, or on, the field.
A-ftt^ iir-fiT^), a. & adv. On flre.
A-float' (&-fl5V), adv. In a floating state ; with- out guide or control ; adrift ; in general circu- lation.
A-foOt' (A-fd6f ), adv. On foot ; in action ; astir.
A-f ore' (A-f or'), adv. & prep. Before. — A-fOTO'- gO^lng, a. Going before ; foregoing ; previous. — ^we']land^ adv. Beforehand; before.— A-fore'men'tloned, A-fcro'aald', adv. Spoken of or named before. — A-foro'tllOllgbt' (-th^tO, a. Premeditated. — A-foro'tlmo^ (- tim f ), adv. In time past ; formerly ; of old.
A-fonl' (&-foul') a. & adv. Not free ; entangled ; in collision.
A-fraid' (A-frad'), a. Struck with fear ; timid.
A-fresll' (&-fr68h'), adv. Anew ; over agidn ; once more ; newly.
Aft (Aft), adv. & a. Astern ; abaft ; behind.
Affer (Affer^, prep. Behind in place ; later in time ; moving toward from behind ; in imita- tion of; concerning.— a. Subsequent; more aft. — a<fv. Subsequently in time or place.
Aft'er-Olap^ (Affer-klSp^), n. An unexpected sub- sequent event.
Aft'er-orop' (&f f3r-kr5p^), n. A second or sub- sequent crop.
Aft'er-matli' (AffSr-mSthO, n. A second crop of grass; rowen.
Aft'er-noon' (AffSr-noon'), n. The time from noon to evening.
Aft'er-pleoe' (Aft'Sr-pes^), n. A piece performed after a play.
Aft'er-thonghf (&ffer-thftt/), n. A reflection after an act.
Aft'er-ward (ift'er-wSrd), Aft'er-wards (-wSrdz), adv. In later time ; subsequently.
A-galn' (a-gSn'), adv. Another time ; once more ; in return ; back ; on the other hand ; moreover.
A-galnat' (a-gSnsf), prep. Opposite to ; in oppo- sition to ; in provision for ; by the time that.
A-gape' (ft-gSl/ or -gap'), adv. Gktping, as with wonder ; having the mouth wide open.
Ag'ate (&g'at), n. A variety of quartz ; kind of type, next smaller than nonpareil. tt^- This Mne is printed in agate.
Ag'a-tlne (Sg'A-tTn), a. Pertaining to, or resem-
^oling, agate.
Agave.
A-ga^e(&-ga'v$), n. The American aloe, or om- tury plant.
Age (aj), n. Any period of time; a particular period; maturity; de- cline of life; genera- tion ; century. — v. i. [AoKD (ajd); Aoino (a'jtng).] To grow old; to become aged. — A'ged (a'jSd), a. Ad- vanced m age or years ; old; ancient ; having lived (fbr some time specified).
A'gent (a'jSnt), n. Per- son or thing that exerts power, or has power to act ; deputy. — A'gen- oy (a'j«n-fi^), n. Qual- ity of acting or state of being in action ; office of an agent. — A'gent-slllp, n. Office of an agent; agency.
Ag-glom'er-ate (Sg-gl5m'8r-at), v. /. To wind, or collect, into a biEdl or mass. — a. Collected into a ball or heap. — Ag-glom'er-a'tlon (-gl5m'- Sr-a'shfin), n. A gathering into a ball or mass.
Ag-gln'tl-nate (Sg-glu'tT-nSt), v. t. To unite, or cause to adhere. — Ag-gln'ti-nant, a. Uniting, as glue. — n. An adhesive substance. — Ag- gln^tl>natlon (-nS'sh&n), n. A uniting, or state of being united. — Ag-gUltl-na'tlye, a. Tend- ing to unite.
Ag'gran-dlze (Sg'grSn-diz), v. t. [Aograkdizkd (-dizd); AooBANDiziNO (-di'zTng).] To make great or greater ; to exalt. — Ag-gran'dlze-ment (Sg-grSn'dTz-ment or Xg'grSn-diz^-), n. An ag^ grandizing. — Ag'gran-dl'zer (-di'zSrJ, n.
Ag'gra-yate (Sg'grA-vat), v. t. To make worse ; to enhance ; to exaggerate ; to irritate ; to tease. — Ag'gra-ya'tlon (-vS's^iin), n. Act of aggra- vating ; that which aggravates.
Ag'gre-gate (Sg'gr^-gat), v. t. To bring together ; to collect into a sum or mass ; to accumulate ; to pile. — a. Formed of collected parts. — n. An assemblage of particulars ; collection ; sum total; lump. — Ag'gre-ga'tlon(-ga'shan),n. An aggregating ; an aggregate. — Ag'gre-ga'tlYe (-ga^tl v), a. Causing aggregation ; collective.
Ag-giess' (Sg-grSs'), V. i. & t. To attack ; to assail. — Ag-gres'slon (Sg-gr8sh' iin), n. First attack ; assault ; intrusion. — Ag-gres'sive (8g- grSs'sTv), a. Making the first attack ; pugna- cious. — Ag-gres'siye-ness, n. — Ag - gres ' sor
(-ser), n.
Ag-grleye' (Xg-grev'), v. t. [Aogrxbykd (-grevd') ; AooBiEViMO (-grev'ing).] To pain; to afflict; to vex ; to harass. — Ag-grleY'anoe (-grev'- ons), n. Injury ; grievance.
A-ghast' (&-g4Bt'), a. & adv. Amazed ; stupefied with horror.
Ag'ile (SjTl), a. Quick of motion; nimble;
^risk. - Ag'Ue-neas, A-gU'i-ty (i-jTi'^-ty), »•
Ag'l-O («jT-* or a'jl-ft), n. ; pi. Agios (-ftz). Dif- ference in value between metallic and paper money ; premium. — Ag'1-O-tage (SjT-ft-ttj), n. Stockjobbing.
Ag'1-tate (Sj1^tSt), v. t. To disturb ; to excite ; to discuss earnestly ; to debate. — Ag^l-ta'tlon (-tS'shfin), n. Disturbance; violent motion; excitement ; debate. — Ag'i-ta'tor (-ta'tSr), n.
fiiS,I,o,u,long; &,£,i,5,a,j^,alunrti aeoAte, tvent, tdea, 6bej, finite, cAre, ftrm, Aak, |^, final,
AGNAIL
ALB
Ag^flU (Sg'nal), n. Inflammation round a finger
nail ; a whitlow. Ag'nate (Sg'nat), a. Related on the father's side.
— n. One thus related. — Ag-nation (-ua'- shfin), n. Relation by the father's side.
Ag-noi/tto (Sg-nSs'tTk), a. Professing ignorance. — n. One who neither affirms nor denies, but declares himself ignorant.
A-g(/ (&-goO« odv. & a. Past ; gone.
A-gOi^ (A-gog^), a. & adv. Excited and eager.
A-ginng (i-go'tng), adv. In motion; going; ready to go.
Ag'O-ny (^'d-n^), n. Extreme pain of body or mind ; anguish ; pang.— Ag'O-B^ (-^-niz), v. i. [AooNizBD (-nizd) ; Aoonizino.] To writhe with agony ; to suffer anguish. — v. t. To torture. — j^O-nl'zlng-ly, adv. With extreme anguish.
A-gra'rl-ail (&-gra'rT-an), a. Relating or tending to equal division of lands. — n. One who fa- vors agrarianism. — A-gTa'xi-an-lsIll (-Yz'm), n. Equal division of property.
A-gree' (&-gre'), v. i. [AasEBD (-gredO ; Aobes- DTO.] To be of one mind ; to concur ; to accord ; to assent ; to resemble ; to suit ; to correspond in sender, number, case, or person. — A-gree'a-'ble (-A-b'l), a. Agreeing or suitable ; in conformity or accordance ; pleasing. — A-groe'a-bl^ness, A-gree'a-bU'i-ty (-A-bTiT-tj^), n. — A-gree'a- 1ll7t adv. In an agreeable manner ; in accord- ance ; conformably. — A-groe'inant, n. An agreeing; harmony; contract; bargain.
A-grestiC (&-gr6s'tIk), a. Pertaining to the
Ag'Tl-onl^tnre (Sg'rT-kQiafir), n. Art of culti- vating the ground ; tillage ; husbandry ; farm- ing. — Ag^rl-onl'tiur-al, a. Relating to agricul- ture. —Xg^rt-onl'tnr-lst, n. A farmer.
A-KlWn!li/{6>-gto\md^)t adv. On the groimd ; stranded.
A'gne (a'gru), n. Chilliness ; intermittent fever.
— A'gn-ish (a'gfi-Ish), a. Chilly.
All (a), interj. Expressing surprise, pity, exulta- tion, etc. — A-ha' (&-hS'), interj. Expressing triumph, contempt, or surprise.
A-head' (&-h8d'), adv. Farther forward ; in f r'Hit.
A-hulI' (i-htUO , adv. With saUs furled and helm lashed.
Aid (ad), V. i. To assist ; to help ; to relievp ; to sustain.— ». Help; succor; relief; a helper.
||Aid'-de-oamp^ (ad'de-k5N0, n. ; pi. Aids-db- CAMP(adz'-). [F.] An officer assisting Ft general.
Al'gret (a'grSt), Ai-grette' (&-gr8t'), » The small white heron ; a tuft (of feathers, diamonds, etc.).
All (al), V. t. [Ailed (aid) ; Ailinq.] To affect with pain ; to trouble ; to be the matter with. '— V. i. To feel pain. — n. Disorder ; indisposi- tion ; pain. — All'ment, n. Disease ; malady.
Al-lan'tUS (a-lSn'tfis), 71. A tree, native of the East. [Improperly spelt aUanthus.']
Aim (am), V. i. & t. [Aimed tamd); Aimhto.] To point or direct (a weapon, effort, intention, etc.).— n. Direction; design; end; scheme.
— Aimless, a. Without aim ; purposeless. Ain't (ant). See Akn't.
Air (fir), n. The ^uid we breathe ; the atmos- phere ; tune ; manner, mien, or carriage of a per- son ; pi. show of pride, —v. /. [Aired (fird) ; Airino.] To expose to the air ; to ventilate. — Alr'lng, n. Exposure to air ; excursion out of doors. ^ Alr'y (fir'y), a. Open to the air ; light * unsubstantial ; fantastic. — Alr'l-ly
{-\'\^\adv. Oayly; merrUy.— Alxf-neiS, n. Openness to the air ; levity ; ^yety. — Atr bath. An apparatus for applymg air to the body, also for drying substances in air of any tempera- ture.— Air Md. An inflated sack used as a bed. — Atr bladder. A sac or bladder, containing air, in an animal or plant ; a bubble in a cast- ing. — Atr brake. A railroad brake operated by condensed air. — Air oeU. A cell containing air. — Atr Cliamber. A cavity, containing air, in an animal or plant, also in a pump, for regula- ting the flow of a liquid. — Air OOGk. A faucet toallowescapeof air. — Air drllL A drill driven by pressure of condensed air. — Atr engine. An engine operated by heated or compressed air. Air gun* A gun discharged by the elastic force of air. — Air hole. An opening to admit or discharge air ; an unfrozen spot in ice ; a fault in a casting caused by a bubble. — Air line. A straight line; bee line. — Air pipe, for drawing off foul air. —Atr plant nourished by air only; ui aerophyte. — JUr pump. A machine for exhausting air from a closed vessel. — Air sao* An air cell, in birds. — Atr shaft A passage supplying fresh air to a mine or tunnel. — Air spring, ated by the elasticity of air. -
A pipe A plant
Air Fum]).
A spring oper^ Air stove. A stove for heating a current of air driven against it and distributed through a building. — Atr trap. A contrivance for shutting off gases from drains, sewers, etc. ; a stench trap. — Atr tmnk. A shaft for conducting foul air from a room. — Atr YOSSeL A vessel or cell (in birds, plants, pumps, etc.) containing air. — Atr way. A passage for a current of air.
Alr'-tlgllt^ (ftr'titO, a. So tight as to exclude air.
Aisle (Q), »• The wing of a building ; a passage in a church. — Aisled (Od), a. Having aisles.
A-)ar' (4-jSr'}, adv. Partly open.
A-klmObO (&-kTm'b&), a. With a crook ; bent.
A-Un' (^klnO, a. Related by blood; alUed by nature.
Al'a-bal^ter (Sl'^-bSs^tSr), n. A compact variety of sulphate or carbonate of lime.
A-lack' (*.i«k')» A-laok'a-day (i-da'), interj. An exclamation of regret or sadness.
A-lac^-ty (&-lSkM-t3^), n. Cheerful readiness ; briskness; liveliness.
Al^a-mode' (Sl'^A-mSdO, odv. According to the mode or fashion. — n. A thin, glossy silk.
A-lUitUS. See AiLAirrns.
A-larm' (&-liirm'), n. A summons to arms ; notice of danger; surprise with fear or terror.— ». /. [Alashbo (-ISrmd') ; Alabhino.] To give notice of danger*; to frighten ; to disturb. — A-larm'- Ing-ly, adv. So as to alarm. — A-larm'lst, n. One who intentionally excites alarm ; a croaker. — Alarm beU. A bell that gives notice of dan- ger.—Alarm clock or watch. A clock or watch made to ring at a particular hour. — Alarm gange. An attachment to a steam boiler for showing an overpressure of steam or deficiency of water. — Alarm post A place to which troops must repair in case of alarm.
A-las' (&-1&S'), interj. An exclamation of sorrow.
AOate (a'l&t), AOa-ted (-l£-ted), a. Winged.
Alb (Sib), n. A church vestment of white linen.
nm, lecent, drb, r^de, f^ fkxn, food, ftfbt, out, oil, cliair, go, sins, ink, then, tbin.
the ^m^ at to egg. Allnm (ntritas), n, a bluk book for phi
RKpho, MltOffrAphBf fllc-
Afta^BUn (llMin^nBD)t n. A vIhcoui uiinul b oUoca fonnd in tba white ol CKg-
Al-bnl^Sm (il-bQr'n(Im), n. The white »tt i of wood ll«It to the ^lark. ; Bapwood.
lAtMl'd* (il-kil'dl), n. A Spanish miniitr
Al'flkMny (Il'M-mj), n. Occult ihemiMry ; of l^faukfflnR buB metalA hito BOjd, — Al'G mist (mTBt), n. One skilltd Jn llchemy.
Al'IW-hoUll'ke-hin). n. Pure or Dlghlv recti niLnt.-JU''C0-llDl'la(-httl1k],a. BjluiDt
A'l<m1llS|iU«m'blli),n. A
A-lBir (i-lirfj, a. ■Wnttht TlgiUnt; b^isk; prompt ; n ble; ll>elj. — A-tainy, 0 — A-larfneu,!!.
Al'n-ui'diliis (tl'Sg-tS
— Al'KI-
IA11-U (Ul-bl), n
ALL SOTJI£' DAT
Allm IWyen), a. Porelgn; advene.— n. A foreiinior. — AI'lin->-1>ll. a, Cepibla of bdl« •UeuWed. — Al'tal-A-Ml'1-ty (A-bm-tJf), n. CsMciUr of being elieiiUed.~A11ai->t« (-St), p. (. Ts (niufer to kuother ; to F>>trui|{a. — a. Brtruged.— Al'lu-a'tlon, n, Tiauif?ri legal oonveiiDce ; eitnagenieDt ; msmily. — Allan- ata <->'t{r), n. One oho alienatM or tnuiif en property. — Al'l«n-w' (-Vfn-i'), B. Oneto
eue. — Al'i^-lM.n. One who tnaU^unlty.
All-Iom (Ul-ierm), a. Bheped like a wing.
A-llsht' IMiV), v.i. To get doam ; to dkmount i to deacend and nettle,
A-Ilcil'(t-UD'),D, f. ToadJiutoTfonnbyBllDB. ^ V. i. To form in line i to Uj out tbe ground plan (uf a road). — A-UflL'iKin, ». An adjiut- ing to a lloe ; line of adjuitmeat { ground plao
A-llkD' (il-UkO. a. BlmOir ; witbont dlSersace.
Sn'lnl), Al'l-mWU-ry (-td-tyi.o. Pertain-
.(-IS'tliaii). n. Act orpowetof aSocdiiw "■ being nouriahed. — Al'l- ^rv-n&),i ■ ■
(IM-kwnnl), All-snot («1-kwSt), a. Dividing eiaetl;, or A-llTf (^lii'), a. HavlDe Ufa ) acUn ; luaoep- A-lli'i-iliL (t-lli't-rln),fi. AiedeoloTingmatter
Klde. — ATb-lJdi'O^T-^'
HDt), cr. Tending to the properUee of an alkali- - atMH-tl (-TT-fn, v.i.Sti. To etaange into jn alkali. — Al'ta-aiieHIn or-lin),a. Hai- ii« the queUties of an alkalL — Al'U-llM <-Ut), D.I. To make alkaline) toalkallfy. — Al'kl-loU [-lold), II- A Tf^table principle having alkfr
,— adv. Wholly; complalely; entin .-Atill. IntheleMtdcgree;totJiel. it ; under any circumatancea. — Alllo April Ipt, when people are tricked, or ID _ nra. «me a ca ^J.^ "^
All'SKlnti. or j
urpolt
fSMKNo-i
f OmJ.
lo AUhall
|,B,I, S, a, long I ^ Bi <i ill "i f • •>i™t 1 unBCe, ereat, Idea, Obey, Unit*, ctn, arm, &a, tU, fiMi^
AT.T. THE SAUB I
CktboUo duT (HaFember 2) of pnyer for the
tbelta. — All toU. All counUd ; In ill, lAll&ll (Klli), n. An^ic uuas for Ood. Al-lsT («l-li'), V. I. [AujYiD (-lid'); Allat-
to BpiHaBe -. to cepreBB ; to lubdua, ~ AI-U7'- m^t, n. An iJUyliiH i thai wWch alleys. Al>pi'tlon (K'lS-na'iliap), n. Pomtivo a»»er-
Al-hwe'lawSj'). (."i. [AumiD (-Igji') i AuM- to°J«rt° t^feIj'""'*cCM uota" ''"'^'
ia-l»**iilfl« (^-l&jnua o^'-Jl'-am.?,"". Fidelity of H Rub)Bct ta hiB goverainent ; loyalty; fealty.
Allno-rT^ne-sS-rJ)." AfigumtivediBCOurae;
lo-ll (-I-kal), (X. In the mauner of^iillegory ; de- enrtbing by raeomWaDcoa. —Al']»-gafla-tl-lJ, adc.—illt-puM (-gS-rlat), n. One who tHuhu by alFegory. —ill^n-TlM i-H'). V. I. To rurm [ntObllegDry ; to underatBud in ao alle-
fOFl-Uttim (-iDr'I-ii'ilian), n. A turning into aUeftoiTi or undentandlng allegoricnlly.
IAl-]lPpa(ll-lfgrS),a. tjulck ; briik ; llialy. — n. A wrlahtLr rtrain or piece in muaii;.
AlOt-lDOA, Al'Ia-lnlik (tl'lE-lii'y*), n. Fn^ee
— Al-lOW'UlBt <-ana), n, m; tbiag allowed; etaled
I ALP
iomeopalhg. — U.'iit-Vt.lh'la (D'lt-FUliTk), a.
Al-lol' (ffl-Rif), 11. I- [AiioiTiD; AiLormra.] apportion. — Al'lotmint, n. ' An allottuigi
Al-loW (Sl-lou'), f. <■ [ALLomo (JoudO 1 Al- io m^ abatement o[ deduction. — Al-low*!- bl*, a. Proper to ha allowod: uonnlBtible, — Al-loWi-bly, <
Al-lor' (S)-loi'J, tr. I. [Alloud (-loid'l ; AiMi- IHQ.] To debue by mixing ; to impair ; to cor-
a baeei metal miied with a finer. — Al-lOT'IIO
(■ij), n. An alloying ; a mlltUM of metafe.
All'llill*' ()tl'>Pi*'li »• The berry of Ibe pimento ;
Al-lBito' (n-l^d'l, ii.f. To ref er to soDiethlog not
AtlM^ ta-mr'), V. i. [ALtHMD't-lurdOi At
eeduee. — Al-lnr^iWr o- Having power to al- lure ; enticing. — AT-Inifmant, n- That whloh
Al-In'Blon (Al-lu'zhtin). n. Indirect reference. — Al-la'»i« (-alvl, o. Hinting at ; referring to
!u?^iS-:
btllow-tmv (-til
riage i eompaot i pereena or parties allled- UIMat* («*ll-^t;. •- *■ To tie together ; to
unito.-lMtrt'toK-^'ahlln).!!. Arithmet-
ical ulutiDO DfqDeitloni conceTTUog Ingredienla
of different qiuJitleB or valuea. Allt-gt'toi (snI-gi'tJr), n. Tbe American croc-
nu). n. A Uriking
AI-Ufli-Atlai (11- llt^r-i'tfaOn), n. Repetition of tbe
— AlVdl-ia (J!i), (7. " Pe'iUMnina to ^^a\ Al-layA-^ (sll^i^t^hj)',''n. The employment
■llUMTdtl-niifJ),
ent, — n. God; the Supreme Btiag. Alrn'ona (K'mtind), n. Fruit of the a£nond tm ;
one of twoglande, called tonelli, In the throat. Al'mon-n (U'mHn^), ». One who diatributea
Al'tnast (*1'mSBt)i odf. Nearly ; wan-mgh ; lor
Almt t^mi), n. of. AnTthinE given t< the poor; chanty. —AMlTlon-" "■
Al'l»e(B'S), n. ;pj. Atoaa l-Bi). An evergreen
Juice of BBveral Bpeclea of aloe. — Al's-aflo Mt11>). AI'^SMe-tK-T-kdl), o. Pertaining to or having qualities of aloea.
A-lOlf (A-nutO. adv. Od high ; above the deck.
' -Imi' ii-JSn'), a. Single; solltarjr.—iKfr. Bep-
_-lou'(&-]Cng'},a4ftJ. LengtIiwTae ; onward ; for- wani 1 together, ^prep^ By the length of. — A-lOU'sld*' adv. B) the Bide of (a elilp).
A-lo^^A-lDof). >^- At or trom ■ distance 1
^ Orb, rfide, tifh^ Hm, Moi, Itftft, out, oil, dulr, s
uonaUin nan of BwilHrlaid. — Al ' bIii* (U'liln or -^m), a. PwUinlng to tbs Alu ; lort^'— Al'pan-MiMk' l-p&i-itEk'). "■ A itoO cltohiM. Al-pWi ^at-pXk'*),
n. FeruvivL thOBa \
mule ot Itl wDoL
ATj^hi <.^'>*'\. "' , OreslEilphibeC— I AlWlm <-f4.'
ten ot ■ iBiiguags uTKB^ed ia order, ,
ii *h\b?"-^ iT *'""■
pli«-b«'lo (-hSWk) Al'plia-btt'io-tl (-T-kol),
— Al'pll«-bBHo-«l-ly, adv. Al'Flai. <i. See under Alf, n. Al-IudT (Al-rSd'f J, a,Jv. Atorbefont
AI'U (ftPst), odt. jl amj. In like muu
offedugB
Alto-llth'IT (>l'U»«lth'ir), odr, Vltb nidM irtlou; coDJofntlji wholly; complBtelj; with-
Altn^lnn (UtilK-It'in), n. lUgwd Idt othen' interasM.— Al'tni-li^o(-'r9'tlk),a. Cnulfiib.
Al'IB (n'Bm), n. An utrlngent minenl uilk- etiiEc«- — Al'nnL-lftlL, n. Having the nHture of oluiu. _ A-la'ml-noiu (t-lii'iul^nas), a. Fer-
A-la'ml-u (i'lB'mI-n*)l''»'' Oi^ °ol the earth*,
Al^mlnl-Bm (U'e-mln^-Bm), A-lBl«l-IM& |1- lu'lDl-nnm), n. Uetallie bug of elumioa; » veiv Ugtit, wbila metal, not eaill; oiidlied.
lA-lia^lUUI(i-mn'Dn<>). n. ,-pI. AuiKHlW). A pupil ', 1 gnduate of a college or KiniiuTv.
AITl-L-IT (H'tS-fcrJ), n. A heehive: ho]iow of
"- eitemal ur. — Al'VM-lu (ffl'tS- or il-vS"-
.r), a. Having, or Uhe, cell* or Bocb«t«-
Alttr-Mt* (U'E
le bo^ win
. I35„
■tteraoMIWr; iwHpiwaL— n. Tliat nhich In pengbytarna: ibilialtude; » iubatltuls. — J M-Uta (nnif «r U-ttrMU), V. I. To p fOTQ bv tuma, or In aucoeatlon ; to chongo oiprocally.-^v.^ To hmppep or to actby tvr — AttWnate-lT (-taifnit-lj), mfu. — All Utioii (-nE'ehHo), n. An ^teniating : reo roco) HuccoBalon; permutatLon, — Al-ta'J UTS (U-lSi'na-tTi), 0. Oflerinn a choice of I
l*«-ly, o
i'«(n-thi
„, — 41-t»rtl«-llT»-B«», n.
Al-tlU'«(n-thS'k),n. PUnt of the Hallow famili. Al-thDIVh' (gl-ttiS^, (wni. Grant all this; aup-
pDoe that \ notwithatandinE, Altl-tlOl (Utl-tod), n. Height; elevation.
%'aavr^iolta^j end ludd.
■t^.l),i_
IIAm'an-ro'ila (Soi'k-cS'bIs), ' -f bight, withoot vWble '- un'tn-iot'lo (TiSnk), o
BBZf "^mii'o.V (. [Ai .8.] Toe-
Fertainii^ to an I
(-inlEdn;AHis-
I'-A-mM'BVhr ^nt.-A-maz'sd-
■•6.I.e,a.loiif; ft,e.I.a,tt.*.>>iaitiauaie,8vaat,tdea, Obey, Unite, due, ttmi,Ju]i,sU,fliial,
AMBERGRIS
13
AMPHIBOLOGY
AmOber-grls (Sm'bSr-grSs), n. A fragrant waxy secretion of the intestines of the sperm whale, used in perfumery.
Am^M-dez'ter (Sm'^bT-dfiks'tSr), n. One who uses both hands with equal facility ; a double-dealer. — Am'M-dex-tMr'l-ty (-t6r^-ty), «. Power of using both hands with equal ease ; double-deal- ing. — Am^U-deztrons (-dSks'trlls), a. Using both hands equally ; tricky.
Amlll-ent (Sm'bl-«nt), a. Encompassing; sur- rounding ; investing.
Am-blg'n-OIUI (Sm • big ' fi - Us), a. Of uncertain meaning ; doubtful ; equivocal. — Am - big ' U - ciiA-ly, adv. — Am-blg^n-ons-noM, Am'M-gn'l- ty (Sm/bt-gu1-ty), n.
Amnbit (Sm'bTt), n. Circuit or compass.
Am-bl'tlon (Sm-bTsh'&n), n. Eager desire of pre- ferment, honor, or power; aspiration; greedi- ness. — Am-bi'tlOllS (-bTsh'&s), a. Possessing, moved by, or indicating, ambition. — AnL-bl'-
tlons-ly, adv. — Am-bl'tloii8-iiess, n.
Amllle (Sm'b'l), v. i. [Amblkd (-b'ld j ; AuBLmo.] To move with the gait called an amble ; to pace. — n. A gait of a horse, in which both legs on one side move at once. — Amlller (-blSr), n. A horse which ambles ; a pacer.
Am-bro'sla (Sm-bro'zh& or -zhT-&), n. The fabled food of the gods, which conferred eternal youth ; a genus of plants. — Am-bro'slal (-zhal or -zhT- al), a. Resembling ambrosia ; delicious.
Axanbn-lanoe (Sm'bu-lans), ». A flying hospital ; a vehicle for the sick or wounded. — Am'- lin-lant, a. Walk- ing; moving from place to place. — Am^bu-la'tlon (-la'- sh&n), n. Act of walking. — Am 'bn - la-to-ry (-ba-i&-t6- ry),a. Able to walk; walking ; movable ; alterable. — n. Part of a building intended for walking in, as aisles of a church or a portico.
Am^bns-cade' (Sm^b&s-kSd'), n. A hiding, or hiding place, for troops about to surprise an enemy ; ambush, —v. t. To lie in wait ; to at- tack from concealment.
Amlmsh (Sm^bddsh), n. Act or place of lying in wait to attack ; troops hidden in ambush. — v. I. [Ahbushbd (-bd68ht) ; Ambushino.] To lie in wait for ; to surprise ; to place in ambush.
tiA-meer', A-mlr' (&-raerO, n. Same as Emib.
A-mel'lO-rate (&-mel'y&-rat), v. t. To make bet- ter ; to improve. — v. i. To grow better ; to meliorate. — A-meHo-ra'tlon (-rS'shfin), n. Improvement. — A-mel'lO-ra'tlve (-ra'tlv), a. Producing amelioration.
A'men' (S^mSu'; in singing^ a'raSn'). [Heb., firm, true.] An expression used at the end of prayers, meaning. So he it, truly y or verily. ■» n. Truth. —V. /. To sanction fully.
A-me'na-ble (&-me'n&-b*l), a. Liable to be brought to account or pimishment ; answerable ; responsible ; submissive. — A-me^na-bll'l-ty (-me/n4-bI11-ty), A-me'na-ble-ness, n.
A-mend' (&-mSnd'), v. t. & i. To change for the better.— A-mend'a-tO-ry (-A-tft-ry), a. Con- taining amendment; corrective. — A -mend' - mont, n. A change for the better ; reforma- tion ; recovery ; a change in a legislative bill or
Ambulance.
motion. — A-mends' (&-mSndz'), n. Gompenaai tion for loss or injury ; satisfaction ; ec^uivalent.
I) A^mende' (ft^maird'), n. [F.] A pecuniary fine ; reparation; retraction.
A-men'1-ty (A-mSu'I-tj^), n. Agreeableness.
Am'ont (&n'$nt), n. A sort of spike, in the alder, birch, etc. ; a catkin.
A-merce' (ft-mSrs'), v. t. [Ahebced (&-merst') ; AiiEBcma.] To punish by a fijie fixed by the court; to mulct. — A-merca'a-ble, a. Liable to amercement or fine. — A-m0ZO6'Ul0Ilt, n. A fine by a court.
A-mor'HMUl (A-mSr'I-kan), a. Pertaining to America, esp. to the United States. — n. A na- tive of America or citizen of the United States. — A-mer'l-oan-lsm (-Iz'm), n. A word or idiom peculiar to America ; love of Americans for their own country, its interests, etc. — A-mex'l-oail- ize (-iz), V. /. To render American.
Am'e-thyst (Sm'^-thlst), n. A species of quartz, of a violet color. — Am'O-tliys^tlne (-this'tin), a. Composed of, or like, amethyst.
A'ml-a-ble (S'ml-A-bn), a. Worthy of love; charming ; delightful. » A'ml-a-bll'1-ty (-bll'- T-t^>. A'ml-a-ble-neM, n. — A'ml-a-bly, adv.
Am^I-an'tlms (Sm^T-Sn'thtU), n. An incombus- tible mineral substance resembling flax.
Am'i-oa-ble (Sm'I-k&-b'l), a. Friendly; peace- able; kind.— Am'1-ca-ble-ness, Aml-ca-bil'- l-ty (-blW-ty), n. — Am'i-oa-bly, adv.
A-ndd' (4-mTdO, A-mld»r (-midst'), prep. In the midst or middle; among. — A-mid'sblps, adv. Midway between stem and stem.
A-mlr' (&-mer'), n. Same as Emir, n.
A-mlss' (&-mTs'), a. Wrong; faulty; out of order. •^adv. Wrongly; improperly.
Am'l-ty (Sml-tj^), n. Friendship ; harmony.
Am-mo'nl-a (Sm-mo^nl-i), n. A volatile alkali ; spirit of hartshorn. — Am-mo'&l-ao (-nl-Sk), Am^mo-nl'ac-al (-nl'&-kal), a. Pertaining to or like ammonia. — Am-mc/nl-ac, n., or Ovm am- moniac Concrete juice of a Persian plant.
Am'mn-nl'tton (Sm'mu-nlsh'lin), n. Military stores, as powder, balls, shot, etc.
Am-ne'sl-a (Sm-nS'8l-& or -zI-&), n. Forgetful- ness ; misemployment of words. •
Am'nes-ty (Sm'nes-tj^), n. General pardon of offenses. — v. t. [Amnkstzbd (-tld) ; Ahnsstt- INO.] To pardon.
A-mong' (A-mttn^), A-mongSt' (-miSngst'), prep. Mixed or associated with.
Am'O-rons (Sm'ft-rtls), a. Inclined to love; en- amored ; passionate. — Am'O-rona-ly, adv. — Am'o-rons-ness, n.
A-mor'pllons (A-mdrfCLs), a. Having no determi- nate form or character ; anomalous.
A-mortlze (A-mdr'tTz), v. t. To alienate in mort- main, that is, to convey (land, etc.) to a corpora- tion.—A-mortl-zation (-tT-zS'shiin), A-mor'- tlze-mont, n. Act or right of alienating lands to a corporation ; extinction of debt, esp. by means of a sinking fund. [Spelled also amortise, etc.]
A-monnt' (&-mount')« v. %. To come in the ag- gregate or whole; to be equivalent.— n. Sum totid ; effect, substance, or result.
A-moni/ (&-modr'), n. A love intrigue.
Am-phib'l-an (Sm-fibT-an), n. An amphibious ani- mal. — Am-pblVi-OUS (-Qs), a. Able to live m both air and water ; partaking of two natures. — Am-phiVi-ons-neas, n.
Am'phi-DOl'O-gy (Sm'fT-b51'6-jj^), a. Ambig^uouB
fSm, recent, 6rb, r||de, f^^ ftm, fdbd, f oTot, out, oil, cliair, go, aiiiB, ink, then, tliin*
AMPHIBOLOUS
14
ANCIENT
diaoouTte or proposition. — AxiL-pllib'O-loiU (Sm-fTl/i-ltLs), a. Of doubtful meaning.
jlm'phi-tlio'a-ter, or -tre (Sm/f T-the^A-tSr), n. An oval or circular edifice for public sports.
ilAin'pllO-ra (Sm'fd-r&), n. An ancient two- handled vessel for wine, oil, etc.
Amlple (Sm'p'l), a. Of laiige size, extent, capac- ity, or bulk ; abundant ; plenteous. — Ain^ly (-pl^), adv. Fully ; abundantly. — Am'pll-fy (-pli-fiV, V. t. & i, [Ahplifibo (-fid) ; Amsiaty- xiTG.] To enlarge ; to treat copiously ; to dilate ; to exaggerate. — Am' pli-fi- caption (-fl-kS^- sh&n), n. An amplifying ; enlargement ; exag- gerated description or diffuse narration. — Am'- pli-tude (-plT-tud), n. Largeness; extent; range; capacity; abundance.
Am'pll-tate (Sm^pti-tSt), v. t. To cut off (a limb, etc.). — Am'pn-ta'tion (-ta'shiin), n. A cutting off (a limb).
A-muck' (&-mQk'), a. <& adv. In a frenzied man- ner; recklessly. — To mn amnck. To rush out frantically, attacking all comers.
Am'U-let (Sm'u-16t), n. Something worn to pre- vent evil ; a chann.
A-mnsa' (&-mu2'), v. t. [Amuskd (-muzdO ; Aiius- IMO.] To entertain agreeably; to divert; to delude. — A-mnso'&ieilt, n. That which amu- ses ; entertainment ; sport. — A-mu'sive (-mu'- zTv or -sTv), n. Capable of amusing ; pleasing.
A-myg'da-late (A-mTg^dft-lat), a. Made of alm- onds. ^ n. An emulsion made of almonds. — A-myg'da-llne (-ITn), a. Pertaining to almonds.
Am'y-la'ceons (Sm^T-la'shfis), a. Pertaining to or containing starch ; starchy.
An, (Sn). One ; any ; — same as a, the indefinite article, used before a vowel sound.
An'a-baptlgt (Sn^A-bSp'tTat), n. One of a Chris- tian sect which disallows infant baptism.
OAlL'a-tMUl (Sn'A-bSs), n. A kind of fish which walks on land and climbs.
An-acli'ro-niam (Sn-Sk'rS- nTz'm), n. Er- ror in chronol- ogy . — An- acli'ro-iilstlo (-nTs'tTk), a. Involving an anachronism.
An'a-COn'da (Sn^&-k5n'd&}, n. A large South American snake of the Boa family.
ilAn'mi-tlio'sl-a (Sn/6s-the'zhT-& or -sT-&), ||An'- ns-tho'sis (-the'sTs), n. Insensibility produced by inhaling chloroform, ete. — An'flBS-tliet'ic (-thSt^k), a. Causing or characterized by in- sensibility. ^ n. That which produces insensi- bility, as chloroform, etc.
An'a-glypll (Sn'&-glTf ), n. An embossed or chased ornament.
An'a-gOK'io-al (Sn'ArgSj'T-kal), a. Mysterious ; mystical ; spiritual.
An'a-graxn (Sn'&-grSm), n. Transposition of the letters of a name, so as to form a new word.
A'nal (a'nal), a. Belonging to the anus or lower opening of the alimentary canal.
An'a-lep'tic (Sn^ft-lSp'tTk), a. Invigorating ; sav- ing strength after disease. ^ a. A restorative medicine.
A-nal'o-gy (&-nSl'ft-jy), n. Agreement between things which are in most respects entirely dif- ferent. — A-nal'0-giza (-i-jlz), v. t. To explain by analogy.— A-nal'O-gons (-gOs), a. Having
Anabas.
analogy; correspondent. —AA'a-lQgue (fil'4- 15g), n. A thing analogous to some other thing. — An^a-log'io-al (Sn/&-15j1-kal), n. According to, or founded on, analogy.
A-nal'y-alB (ft-nSlT-sTs), n; ^l. Analtsks (-sSz). The resolution of a thing into ite constituent or original elemente ; — opposed to synthesis. — An'a-lyat (Sn'^-lTst), n. One who analyzes. — An'a-lyt'lo (-llt'Ik), -Ic-al (-I-kal), a. Of the nature of, or fond of, analysis. — An'a-lyt'iC- al-ly* adv. — An^a-lyt'ics, n. Science of analy- sis.— An'a-lirze (ftn'&-iiz), v. t. [Akaltzbd (-lizd) ; Analtzino.] To resolve into first prin- ciples or elements. — An'a-IyT'er, n.
An^am-nestio (Sn^Sm-ngs'tTk), a. Aiding the memory.
An'a-peat, An'a-pmt (Sn'&-p6st), n. A metrical foot of 2 short and 1 long syllables (*""); a verse composed of such feet. — AA'a-pest'iO (-pSstntk), An'a-pest'lo-al (-T-kal), a. Pertain- ing to, or consisting of, anapests.
An'aidl (Sn'&rk), n. Author of anarchy. — Aa'- arcll-lst, n. One who promotes disorder or would overthrow civil government. — An'- arcll-y (-&rk-j^), n. Want of government ; law- lessness; confusion. — A-nai'ClllC (A-nSr^klk), A-nar'cUc-al ( - kl - kal ), a. Without govern- ment; confused.
IjA-nas'tTO-plie (ft-nSs'tri-fS), n. Inversion of the natural order of words ; as, echoed the hills^ for the hills echoed.
A-natli'e-ma (&-nSth'^-m&), n. Ecclesiastical curse ; excommunication ; person or thing anath- ematized.— A-nath'e-ma-tize (-m&-tiz), v. t, [Anathkmatizbd (-tizd) ; Akathsmatizino.] To denounce with curses.
A-nat'O-my (&-nSt'i-mj^), it. A dissecting; the science of the structure of oi^anic bodies ; the thing dissected ; a skeleton. — A-nat'O-mlst, n. One skilled in anatomy. — A-nat'O-mlze, v. t, [Anatomized (-mizd) ; Anatomizing.] To dis- sect ; to lay open the interior structure of ; to analyze. — An'a-tom'io (Sn'' & - t5m ' Tk), An'a- tom'ic-al (-T-kal), a. Belonging to anatomy or dissection. — An'a-tom'ic-al-ly, adv.
An'ces-tor (Sn's8s-ter), n. One from whom a person is descended ; a forefather ; progenitor. — ^An'ces-txy (-trj^), n. A series of ancestors ; lineage ; descent. — An-ces'tral (Sn-sSs'tral), a. Relating to, or descending from, ancestors.
An'clior (Sn'ker), n. An instrument for holding a vessel at rest in water ; firm
support. ^V.t. [A N 0 H O E E D
(-kSrd) ; Anchobino.] To place at anchor ; to fasten ; to fix. ^ i V. i. To cast anchor ; to come to anchor ; to stop ; to rest. — An'clior-age (-aj), n. A „^ ^-^"^^i^J* .. place where a ship can an- ««S.toc5» *,§T55* Shor; anchor and Necessary <^cFluke.iddArw».
tackle ; charge for anchoring in a harbor.
An'clio-ret (anncd-rgt), An'dio-rite (-nt), n. A
hermit ; a recluse ; a monk. — An'CllO-ross (-ki- rSs), n. A female hermit.
An-clio'vy (Sn-
cho'vy), n. A small sea fish of' the Herring fam- ily, used in sear Anchovy, soning. An'Cient (Sn'shent), a. Old ; of former times ; of
&, 5t I| o, a, long i &, 6, i, 6, a, f^ short ; senftto, Avent, tdea, dbey , finite, cAre, ibrm, Ask, §11, fimili
k
ANCIENTLY
gTHt age ; aatlqiuted ; obaolote. —
« (in-diDi: or tn-Sto'tt), a.
Inafmnt&^'i'an)
bigwoodinHfliBP— ,^. ^ „-
(-nlliT, a. HuTliiji both wu ; be
Aa'M4«ta (In'a-At), a. Aetaon..
deut. — U'ca-dOflO^ (-dat/I-kil),
Ah'huoI'ht (•n'S-mSl't-JJ), n. 1
AB-dnCT-nani
hermaphrtxll'"
(-n«),«
A-turn'O^OOp* (t-ii«iD'A-ikGp), n. A wuthe Aa'fr-nll (iD^rold), nTE^peatliiK with the uj An'im-ilim (iDll-rli'ED), n. A toft, pulsAtli ewlyiover»Biuii;»(re»
An'KtL (in'jei), n.
AiLffal EbIi. a Bpeci«i ol ahork, JiatIi pecltinl fins, vbicb
Aa-iallD (tn-j«'- Ik). Aa-pl'fo-al (-Lkal), o. Mm
gels. — Aa-iil'la-
Aa'gU lls'gSr), n. StronE pauloa ex- / cited by injuiy t in H dlgiutlciii wnth; ^
Aiiranlo!? To t^ *°«*' *''^-
IAU-Ei'n« (fcir'n* or Kn'|l-n*).'" ' [L.] ma^DD ol (be thmt. — liAntliU (l)«k'ts-rl>). A diatrusing sifecHoi
An'ilo (Ka'g'l), n- 4 coniBr ; differance of dlrec
flihini tMkle v.i. [As- ■
■LiDTto'Kl'^); ARoi-ara,] ' To aih witb line and
flee ; to Intrigue. — An'- — (liT, n. One wbo flahea with I. book; ■ kind or C flail ; Babing frog. ~ An'- tlfr-wlia. ode. AnKuUrly,
y
ANKLET — Aa'tlv-wonn' (-wflrmO. n.
Aa'|ll-OU (»B'gll-koo), a, BogUah.— n. A member oT the church cf Buftlbid i an £piacr^ paliui. — Ao'tll-ouirlmi (-Ii'm), n. Attacb-
An'tU-dwn (h
a^(!itod); Engliah ; to coi An'fU-M (in'sll-a*), a
in'gry Us'b^')' o- [Ahoii«h t-gil -'-' -An^flil-"'-' -'"■ -'■'- B («s'gti'
Engliab; lu tha t.^-ar); AH.
An'gU-Ul (*S'gti-lSc), a. Having or conalaUng of
._ .__._. . — j ^ angle. — Afl'rn-Ur'l-W
iuality o( baing angiiian — An'-
An'hv^'tlon (an'he-li'ihllii), All-lI7'ai01u (&a^'drila)> a. I
Lfl^mw
; indl™ dy< dya obtiune
-mU-virt'), V. i. To turn
- An'l-nufl-Tu'daii (■ »Sr'.
-wilM (■vif'tli), o. HaT^
An'tnUlO^T-mal),!!. An Drgnnlied Ullngbeblg endowed wltb lananUoD and powar of Toluntary
■oiinala'.— iJi'1-BUl-lam C-Ii'in), n. The atata of mere animalai bnitisbneaB. — Aal-mil-iia
to ragard aa maraly animal or aentlant. — An-ft- IIUl'l-tr<«i>-l-mm-l»), n. Animal eibitence. Aif l-nul'onl* (Sn'f.iDlU'kai), iiAn'l-mal'm-luii C-kB-ldm). „. ; pi. AMiMALCou (.U). Ananlmal Iniltlble, or nearly >o, (o tha nahrd eye, — Alt'- l-mal'Dii-lu (-hE-l&), Afl'l-mtl'Da-Uns ( - kfl -
ollifai Bpiritad, — An'l-i ■oul ia tbe principle of 1!
''luU
; promptneai ) and bodily devel
leg.-An'kM (-kilt), n.
IBiii, noaot, Ocb. nid*, tfO, ftn, MM, ttfM, oat, a
ANNALS
16
ANTEMUNDANB
AB'lllll (In'nalx), n. pi. A chronologioal history ; chronicles. — Anfntl-ilt, n. Awiiterof annahi; historian; chronicler.
A]l-llMU,'(Sn-nelOf v. t. [Annsalbd (-nSld') ; Am- MBALiNG.] To heat (glass or metal) nearly to fluidity, and cool dowly, rendering it less brittle.
An-nez' (Sn-nSks^), v. t. [Annszso (-nfiksf); Annbxino.] To unite at the end ; to subjoin ; to affix, ^n. Something appended ; an exten- sion oi a building. — An^naz-ation (-S^shfin), An-]l9Z'lon (-nfik'sh&n), n. An annflxing ; ad- dition ; union.
An-nl'ld-late (Sn-ni'hT-lSt), v,L To lednoe to nothing ; to destroy the form or peculiar distinc- tive properties of. — All-Ill^lli-lation (•lS'sh&n)| n. Destruction.
An'Ill-ver'Sa-ry (Sn'nT-vSr'si-rj^), a. Betuming with the year ; annual ; yearly, ^n. A day cele- brated each year.
AB'no-tate (Sn'ni-tSt), v. i. To make annota- tions, comments, or remarks. — An'no-tatioil (-tS'shfin), n. An explanatory note. — An'no- tator (-ta'tSr), n. A commentator.
An-notto (Sn-n6t^), n. A red vegetable dye, used to color cheese, butter, etc.
An-noimco' (Sn-nouns'), V, t. [AimouHCKo (-nounstO; Anhovncino (-noun'sTng).] To give notice of ; to make known ; to pubush ; to ad- vertise. — An-nonnGO'meiit, n. An announ- cing; proclamation; declaration.
An-noy' (Sn-noi')* v, t. [Ammotbd (-noidO ; An- KOTiifo.] To incommode ; to vex ; to pester ; to bother ; to plague. ^ n. Annoyance. — An-lioy'- ance (-noi'ans), n. Disturbuice; molestation; injury ; bore.
An'nn-al (Sn'u.<il), a. Happening every year; yearly ; continuing only one year or season. ^ n. A thing happening yearly ; a work published once a year ; a plant that lives but one season. — An'xm-al-ly, adv. Yearly ; year by year.
An-nn'i-ty (Sn-nu'T-ty ), n. A yearly allowance of money. — An-nn'l-taJlt, n. A person who has an annuity.
An-nnl' (Sn-nfil'), v, t, [Annullsd (-nfild') ; An- NULLiNO.] To make void or of no effect ; to nul- lify ; to abolish ; to cancel ; to set aside. — An- niil'meiit, n. An uinulling.
An'nn-lar (Sn'tt-i&r), An'nn-la-ry (-ift-i^), a. Having the form of a ring ; round. — An'mi- la'ted (-IS'tgd), a. Having rings or belts. — An'- nv-let, n. A little ring. — An'nu-lose' (-{i-los^ ), a. Furnished with, or composed of, rings.
An-nnn'oi-ate (Sn-nfin'shT-St), v. t. To announce. — An-nnn^ci-a'tloii (-sT- or -shT-S'shfin), n. An announcing ; a church festival (March 25), com- memorating the angel's announcement of Christ's approaching birth to the Virgin Mary.
An'O-dyne (Sn'ft-din), n. Medicine which allays pain. ^ a, Assuag^g pain ; opiate ; narcotic.
A-noint' (A-noint'), v. t. To pour oH upon ; to consecrate by unction ; to smear or daub. — A-nolnt'ed, n. The Messiah. — A-nolnflmeilt, n. An anointing.
A-nom'a-ly (&-nSm'&-lj^), n. A deviation from the common rule or from analogy ; an irregularity. — A-nom'a-llSBI (-ITz'm), n. A deviation from rule ; anomaly. — A - nom ' a - lis ' tio (-ITs'tTk), A-nom'a-lls'tlO-al ( - tl - kal), a. Irregular. — A-nom'a-lOUS (-&-1&8), a. Deviating from rule ; abnormal; irregular. — A-nom'a-loas-ly, adv.
A-non' (&-n8n'), adv. Quickly ; immediately ; at
another tfane; again.— B¥«r and man. Now and then; frequently; often.
A-non^-mona ( A-n5na-m&s), a. Wanting a name ; without the author's zeal name ; nameless. — A-non'y-mona-ly, adv.
An-Oth'er (Sn-lith'er), a. Not the same ; differ- ent ; one more ; any other.
A-notta (&-n5t't&), n. See Annotto.
An'sa-tad (Sn'sa-t6d), a. Having a handle.
An'ier-lna (Sn's3r-in), a. Pertaining to, or re- sembling, a goose, or its skin.
An'iwer (fin'ser), v. t. [Answkbkd (-s8rd) ; An- swBBiifo.] To speak or write in return to; to refute; to comply with; to face; to suit; to atone for. — > v. i. To reply ; to account ; to suit ; to conform. ^ n. A reply ; return ; solution. — • An'BWar-a-ble (-4-b'l), a. Capable of bemg an- swered; liable to answer; accountable; suita- ble. —- An ' Bwer - a - hie - ness, n. — An'awnr- a-hly (-A-blj^), adv. Suitably ; agreeably.
An't (ant). CoUoq. contr. of am not, are not^ is not.
Ant (&nt). n. An emmet ; pismire. — Ant'-eaVar (int'e'tSr), n. A tropic- al Ameri- can animal that feeds on ants.
An-tag'o-nlzo (Sn-tSg'6- niz), V. i. To
act in oppo- ^ ^
Bition; to Ant^ter.
contend. — An-tag'O-nlam < - i - nTz'm ), n. Op- position of action ; contest. — An-tag'o-nlst, n. One who contends with another ; an enemy ; adversarv; opponent; foe. — An-ta£'0-nls'tLo (-nTs'tTk), a. Opposing ; hostile ; acting in op- position.
An-tal'gio (Sn-tSl'jTk), a. Alleviating pain. — n. Medicine which relieves pain.
Ant-arctiO (Snt-ark'tTk), a. Opposite to the northern or arctic pole ; relating to the south- em pole or region near it.
AnVar-t]llit'io(Snt'ar-thrTtnrk), a. Counteracting gout. ^ n. A remedy against gout.
An^te-oed'ent (Sna^-sed'ent), a. Going before in time ; prior ; preceding ; foregoing ; previous. ->n. That which goes before. — An'te-ced'- «nt-ly, adv. — An'te-oed'ence (-sed' ens), An'- ta-ced'en-oy (-Sn-s^), n. A going before ; pre- cedence.
An'te-ces'BOr (Sn^tft-sSs'sSr), n. One who goes before ; predecessor.
An'te-Cham^her (Sn't^-chSm'bSr), n. A chamber leading to the chief apartment.
An'te-date (Sn'tMSt), n. A date before the true time. —v. t. To anticipate; to precede.
An'ta-dl-ln'yi-an (Sn^t^-dMu'-
vl-on), a. Before the deluge. ^ n. One who lived, before the flood.
An'te-lope (Sn't^-15p\ n. A ruminant quadruped, inter- mediate between deer and goat.
An^te-me-lld'1-an (Sn't6-m$-rTd1-an), a. Being before noon.
An'te-mnn'dane (SnaS-m&n'dan), a. Being be- fore the creation of the world.
Antelope.
S| S| If 0( a, long ; ft, 6, 1, 1^ tt, j^, short ; seziAte, tvent, tdea, dbey, Ibiifce, eAie, i&rm, Ask, ||U, flnol.
ANTENNA
17
ANTISCRIPTURAL
Antennas.
A foretaste ; antici-
ilAn^te-pe-niilt'l-
An-tan'na (Sn-tSn'nA), n.; pi.
One of an insect's feelers. An^te-nnp'tial (Sn/ti-nfii/-
shal), a. Bekig before
marriase*
An'te-pas'oliAl (Sn'ti-pSs'-
kal), a. Being before
Easter. An'te-past (Sn'tt-p&st), n.
pation.
An^te-pe^vlt (Sn't^pe^nrnt),
ma (-p$-nfilt^-m&), n. The last syllable but two of a word. — An^te-pe-niilt'i-mate (-m&t), a. Relating to the antepenult. ^ n. The ante- penult.
An-te'll-or (Jn-te'rl-Sr), a. Before; prior; an- tecedent ; former ; foregoing. — An-ta^ll-Ol/i-ty (-5KT-ty), n. The state of being anterior ; pre- cedence.
Ante-room (Sn't^room), n. A room leading to another ; a waiting room.
An^thel-mlnmo (SnahSl-mTn'tTk}, a. Destroy- ing or expellii^ worms. ^ n. A vermifuge.
An'uem (an'th»n), n. Church music adapted to passages from the Scriptures ; a motet.
Antber (fin'thSr), n. The tip of the stamen of a plant, containing the pollen. — AA'thar-al, a. Pertaining to an- thers. — AA'tber-lf 'er-oni ( - If ' • Sr-&8), a. Producing anthers.
An-thoro-gy (Sn-th51'2^jj^), n. A collection of flowers, or of beauti- ful passages from authors. — An'- thO-log'lo-al (Snah«-15jT-kal), a.
An'Uira-olte (Sn'thr&-sit), n. A hard, compact variety of mineral coal. — An'tlira-oino ( • sTt ' Ik), a. Pertaining to anthracite.
An'thro-pold (itoahrS-poid), a. Re- sembling noan. ^n. An ourang ; a gorilla.
An'tliro-pol'O-gy (Snahrft-p51'o-j]^), n. Natural history of the human species ; science of man, in his entire nature. — An'tlllO-pe-log'iC-al (-p^- 15jT-kal), a. Pertaining to anthropology.
An'Uiro-po-mor^liism (Wthr6-p6 - mdr'fTs'm), n. Representation of Deity under human form. — An'tnro-pe-mor^llOlU (-mOr'ftis), a. Hav- ing the figure of man.
IIAn'Uiro-popli'a-gl (Snahrft-p5f'£-ji), n. pi. Man-eaters ; cannibals. — An'thro-pf^ll'a-gy (rif)* n. The eating of human flesh ; cannibal- ism.
An'tiO (Sn'tTk), a. Odd ; fanciful ; fantastic. — n. A buffoon ; odd appearance ; trick ; caper.
Antl-clirlst (Sn'tT-krlst), n. An adversary of Christ.— An'tl-Glirls'tlan (-krTs'chan), n. An opposer of Christianity.^ a. Opposing Chri»- tianitv.
An-tio'1-pate (Sn-tTsnr-pSt), v. t. To take or do before another ; to take up beforehand or before the proper time ; to foresee. — An-Uo'1-pa'tor (-palter), n. — An-tiO'i-pa'tion (-pa'shttn), n. An anticipating ; impression of what is to hap-
Sm afterward; preconceived opinion. — An- O'i-pa-tlve (-tlW-pa-tTv), a. Anticipating, or containing anticipation. — An-tiC'i-pa-tO-ry (-p4-ti-ry), a. Forecasting. An'tl-Olirmaz (Sn'tT-kli'mSks), n. A sentence or expression in which the ideas become less strik- ing, at the close ; — opposite of cliinax.
ee Anthers.
An'tt-Oli'nal (Sn^tT-kli'nal), a. Inclining or slop- ing in opposite directions. ^ n. A crest line from which strata dip in opposite directions ; — caHed anticlinal axis.
An'ti-dOtO (Sn'tT-dSt), n. A remedy for poison or other evil. — An'tl-dO'tal (-dS'tal), An'ti-dO'- ta-X7 (-d5^t&-ij^), a. Efficacious against poison.
An-ti-XeVrile (Sn-tT-fSb'rTl), a. Able to aUay fever, ^n. Medicine to cure fever.
An'ti-frlO'tion (Sn/tl-frTk'shfin), n. Anything which lessens friction, —a. Reducing friction.
An'ti-mo-nar'Gliio-aKSnaT-mS-niu/kf-kal), a. Opposed to monarchy.
An'ti-mo-ny (Sn'tT-mS-nj^), n. A whitish brittle metal used in medicine and the arts ; an ore of the same.— An'ti-mo^-al (-mS'nT-al), a. Of or pertaining to antimony. ^ n. A preparation of antimony.
An'tl-no'ml-an (Sn^tT-nS'mT-an), n. One of a Christian sect which holds good works not es- sential to salvation, ^a. Pertaining to Antino- mians. — An'ti-no'mi-an-iBm (-Tz'm), n. The tenets of Antinomians.
An-tln'O-my (Sn-tTn'i-mj^), n. / pi. AirriNOiOBS (-miz). Contradiction between two laws; in- compatibility of thought or language.
An-tllKa-tliy (Sn-tTp^A-thj^), n. ; jU. Ahtipathiss (-thiz). Aversion; dislike; repugnance; dis- gust. — An'ti-pa-tlieriG (Sn/tT-p&-th6tnrk;y, An'-
n-pa-thet'io-al (-T-kal), a. Having aversion.
An^U-pUo-fls'tlo (SnaT-fl6-jTs'tTk), a. Counter- acting inmunmation. ^n. Medicine or diet to check inflammation.
Antl-plion (Sn'tT-f5n), An-tlpli'o-ny (-tTf'i-nj^), n. Alternate or responsive singing; response. — An-tlpli'0-nal (-tTf '6 -nal), An' ti-plionMo (-f Snlk), An'tt-pkon'lO-al (-T-kal), a. Pertam- ing to alternate singing. — An-tlpA'0-nal, n. A b<>ok of antiphons or anthems.
IlAn-tlpll^-Bls (Sn-tTf'rik-sTs),n. Use of words in a sense opposite to the true one. — An'ti- phiastlo (Sn/tT-frSs^Tk), An'ti-pluastio-al
(-tT-kal), a. Involving antiphrasis.
An'tl-pede (Sn'tT-pSd), n.; pi. Aktifodks (Sn- tTp'S-dSz). One of those on the opposite side of the globe. —An-tip'o-dal (-t-dal), a. Perw taiuing to the antipodes ; diametrically opposed.
Anti-pope (SntT-p9p), n. One who usurps the popedom.
An'n-py-rettG (Sn'tT-pt-rStmc), a. Preventive of fever. ^ n. A febrifuge.
An'tl-qna'll-an (Sn'tT-kwa'rl-an), a, Pertiuning to antiquity. — >n. An antiquaiy ; a large size of drawhig paper. — An'ti-qna'n-an-ism (-Tz'm), n. Love of antiquity.— Antl-4|na-ry (Sn'tt- kwt-rjh, n. . One versed in antiquities. — Antl- qnate (-kwSt), v. t. To make obsolete, old, or void. — An ' U - dJUL ' ted (-kwa'tSd), a. Grown old, or out of fashion ; obsolete ; out of use.
An-tidne' (Sn-tek'), a. Old ; ancient ; of old fash- ion, ^n. Anything very old; a relic. — An- tlqne^ess, n. — An-tiq^ii-ty ( - tlk ' wl - ty ), n. Ancient times ; people or relics of ancient times ; great age.
An-tls'Cl-anS (Sn-tTsh'anz), ||AA-ti8'0i-l (-T-i), n. pi. Persons on different sides of the equa^ tor, whose shadows fall in contrary directions.
An'tl-80or-1intlc (Sn'tT-skSr-bu'tTk), An'tl-BGor- bn'tio-al (-tT-kal), a. Counteracting scurvy.
An'tl-80rlp'tlir-al (Sn'tT-skrTp'tttr-al), a. Not ac- cordant with Scripture.
(Sm, recent, drb, r||de, li^ ftm, fdind, f tfbt, out, oU, duir, S0| cinSi ^Ph tbm, thilL
ANTISEPTIC 1
Aatl-MPtla (In'tl-iSiATk), a. Oppodnf |nb«-
tati-tla.T'n-Jiti^a-iiiiy'ir-f),n. Oppodtlonta
■Urerr. —a. Hoatile to dsTery, An'tl-ipu-Boaia (lii'tI->pti-m&dTk), a. Op-
Aail-»HS^(«n!a-.p£rtrk" r* "cSng i"^
lAl-U^pIl* (Xn-llB'trS-fEl, n. "Ss^iitlni of
(-tT-Orimk), a. PtrlalnJiiB U
unllitreplio.
n. OppoflttiDn ol IM. — In'tl-tlllt'lo (In'tI-aiAr[k),Al^-111»fla<l('l-ka]),a. Cdq-
lB^-tn« (biM:-ep), n. Ttut prtegond by tli«
which Chrlit ia tbeiRHIyiM. — Ao'tt-typ^lHll (■m/ll-tTi/T-kal), a. Relating to, or aiplainlog,
AnrioT (tot^Sr), n, A bnzich o[ ■ Btic'i hom, AD'Tll<iD'''[l),R. Ad iron block, on i^chmetjdi
lad) di>-
A'<nM (it-rlit),ii.
: nuDT, iDdeSiiltelT
— A-OfUK-tol),
t4in{ng to Che vHtL A-pUC t*-p£Oi 'vJV' Quickli; baitilv; tut li^^p (Kp'i-gO'l«), n. IndlHct UKument,
proiring a tuafE by ibowluic tbe [mponlBillty of
the DontnrT.— Ara-torlV-*! (-gBfr-kol), o.
Ptoiliubyuaefws. A/^uV^tiiiin,aav. Bcpomtelf luMei Intwo
A-pufmrnt (i-i^bfumt), n. A iDom or lat of
AfiL-tbr |Ip'»-thr), n.
- Ai'i-thsria (-thll/Ik), e
" "sEind of
APOSTTATIZE
A-PMI^ (^pR'). IKJC- On the poinl
.-prti-illt (t-pyrt-mt), o. Tonding lo openi goDtly purntiTe. — fi. A UxKtiva mediciDe.
Ap'tl-taiV (ifp^C'tac), R. An opening ; i hole.
Ap'«r-Tp f^' oee under Ava. n-
A-PIt'kl-nu (tpSf al-iu). a. HmTini no sittii.
A'pu (i'peiul, ».; jW. Amu (-Sij; J. Aficu ^tp^■«*^). Top,tip.ornmin.ltotiuiyllibf|.
' A-pknr'i-iU. A-plur'B-iU (4-fer^-iIa). n. The takltig a letter or lylUble from the begliLaing of
A-nkt'Bt^ (i-fi'ihT-k), Apb'i-n (Kt'i->f), n. Iiosa of the po»er of speech, without Injur; to *'-- Tora] orguii or Uie intellect. ~ A-phk'BlS
A'pllll(i'nri),n. . ;>J. i
Aph'ft-av (tl't-n^). n. Lou of voice. ^b'o-IUHL (If't-rTi'm), n. A prei?ept eipreaied
fr-Illt.n. A writer of »phori«nn Ajh'o-rl*'-
ao(-rl»'tIk),A»h'Wl«W«l(-tI-kolj,a. Like
Aph'thou (U^bSne)) Ik Letter having no aoimd. A'pl-»-mi^l-*'JJ.''- ApUcelorkoepinftbew. A-plao*' (i-i^l. lidv. Id wch ; to the shire ot
each: euhbyltKlt. AP^, a- Bee under Apa. n. llA'plomV (f pianOi A-poa'a-lTPH (JL-pSk
. RerelatEon; dia-
OmlBaion of the hut — -r syllnhleof.
ihlfSTflo^
Ap'oddp^), ATodat-Bd), n. An unliDil w outtnt. — Ap'o-atl(-t-dal),a. Hivlngiut l)A-pDd'»-lJB,(k-plIdt-9Ts),n. AcoiiMquHitcli
Ap'MM («i/*-JB
. That pcdnt In Uh moon'i
Ap'o-logne (Xp't-lfi;), n. A moral tahle. *-pol'B-£y (*-p81'*-Jj), n. Something said lo de-
~A-]»1' a-cet'lo (-^'Tk), A-pdl'a-Ett'lo-d (-I-hnl),a. Eieuiatorrcr delemlte. — A-Ptl'- O-gllt (-pSlt-JIit), n. One who makee ipDlegy.
JBAtlD iif^tfee-mWtk).
iitai-flKj
rS^
ATapk-tliCkia (Ip^-thSm), n. See Aiwmiaii.n.
AV^flarr (l^-pWkalf). »■ a ill""* charac toriied by auddea lua of eenie and motion, — > Ap'»«lMtl« (-pimtTk), A^»-glnrtla-«l <-tI- k£), a. Fsiialnfnc or predinKMed to ■poplai*.
A-rotW* (i-pBi^, ». One who lerttkea hli piindplea or religion. ^ a. Falie ; miegade- — A9Mn«-iy l-Ut^), n. AlMndonment of oae'a faltb, pilni^plet, or pBtty.~A-p»'U-tlM
1 1 MiAto, «nat, Idea, ttbej, amia, oAre, Him, Aik, bD. ODi^
APOSTEME
19
APPOGGIATURA
(•t&-tiz), V, i. To abandon one^a faith, party, church profession, etc.
Ap'OS-tsme (Sp^Sa-tem), n. An abscess; a sore filled with purulent matter. — A-pOB'te-mate (A-pSs't^mat), v. «. To form into an abscess, and fill with pus.— Ap^oa-tem'a-tous (Sp^Ss- tSm'&-tiis), a. Pertaining to an aposteme.
A-pos'Ue (ft-pSs's'l), n. One sent to execute im- portant business; one of the twelve disciples sent by Christ to preach the gospel. — A-pos'- tle-slllv, n. Office of an apostle. — A-p08'to-late (-t(-14t), n. Mission ; apostleship. — Ap'OS-tOl'- lc(«p'»»-t511k),Ap'0S-t0l'l0-al(-I-kal),a. Per- taining to the apostles or their doctrines. —
Ap^OB-tol'i-oism (-T-sTz*m), A-pos^to-licKl-ty (A-pSs't^-lTs'T-tj^), n. State or quality of being apostolical.
A-pOBtro-plie (A^p5s'tri-f$), n, A turning away from real auditors, and addressing an imaginary one ; contraction of a word by omission of a le&> ter, or the mark ['] which indicates such omis- sion. — A-postro-pUze (-fiz), v. t. [Afostbo- FmzsD (-fizd); A^FOSTBOFHiziiirG.] To address by apostrophe ; to contract by omitting letters. — Ap'OS-tropll'io (Sp'Ss-trQf'Tk), a. Pertain- ing to an apostrophe.
A-potli'e-oa-ry (&-potht-ki-ij^), n, A compounder of medicines ; a druggist.
Ap^o-thoim, Ap'oph-Uiegm (Sp^-thSm), n. A short, pithy saying ; a precept ; a maxim. — ^Ap'-
o-tbeg-matlo (-thSg-mSt^k), Ap^o-tbeg-mat'-
lo-al (-T-kal), cu Like an apothegm.
Ap'O-tlM'O-siB (Sp'^-thS'ift-sTs), n. The elevation of a mortal to the rank of the gods ; deification. — Ap'0-tlio'o-size (-nz), V, t. [AeoTHsoeizBD (-sizdl; Apothhosizino.j To deify.
Ap-palr (Sp-pal'), V. t. [Appauad (-paid') ; Ap- palling.] To smite with terror ; to scare ; to intimidate, —v. i. To occasion fear or dismay.
Ap^a-nage (Sp^pA-nij), n. A portion of land as- s^ed by a prince for the subsistence of his younger sons ; sustenance ; a dependency or de- pendent territory.
Aj^pa-ra'tns (Sp^pA-rS'tils), n. A collection of implements or organs ; furniture ; utensils.
Ap-pax^el (Sp - pSr ' 61), n. Clothing ; dress ; rai- ment. ^ V, t. [A^ABELED or APPAKELLBD
(-Sid) ; Appabelino or Afpabbllino.] To dress ; to clothe ; to attire ; to adorn ; to embellish.
Ap-pax^ent (Sp-pfo/^nt), a. Visible to the eye ; beyond question or doubt ; plain ; certEun ; ap- pearing, but not real. — Ap-par'eilt-ly, adv.
Ap^pa-ri'tlOll (Sp^pA-rTsh^i^, n. An appearance ; a thing appearing ; a visible object ; a preter- natural appearance ; a ghost ; a specter.
Ap-par'i-tor (Sp-pSr1-tSr), n. A messenger of a spiritual court.
Ap-peal' (Sp-pel'), n. A removal of a cause or suit to a superior court ; a call for proof or decision, or to grant a favor ; resort ; recourse. — v. i. [Appealed (-peld') ; Appbalino.] To remove a cause to a superior judge or court ; to refer to another for decision ; to call on for aid ; to im- plore, ^t;. t. To remove to a superior judge or court; to accuse.— Ap-peal'a-Ue (-ft-bU), a.
Ap-pear' (Sp-per'), v. i. [Appbarbo (-perd') ; Ap- pbabing.] To come or be in sight ; to become visible, obvious, or manifest ; to seem. — Ap- PMT'anoe (-<ms), n. A coming into sight ; thing seen; phenomenon; semblance, or apparent likeness ; pretense ; personal presence.
Ap-PMUW (Sp-p9z0> V* '• [Appbabkd (-pSsdO; APFBAsmo. J To make quiet ; to pacify ; to as- suage ; to compose ; to calm. — A^PMUi'a-blA ( - & - b * 1 ), a. Capable of being quieted. — Ap- peas'a-lilo-xieBB, n.— Ap-peaad^ont, n. An
appeasing ; state of being appeased. — Ap-pM'- Blve (-pe'stv), a. Having power to appease.
Ap-poldaiLt (Sp-p611ant), n. One who appeals. — Ap-pel'lato (>lat), a. JBelonging to, or having cognizance of, appeals. — Ap^pel-latioxL (-IS'- shfin), n. The name by which a person or thing is called ; title ; address. — Ap-pel'la-tive (-pSl'- l&-tTv), a. Pertaining to a common name. — n. A common, as distineuished from a proper name.— Ap-pel'la-tO-XT (-t$-rj^), a. Contain- ing an appeaL — Ap^pel-lee' (Sp'pfil-lSOt »• The defendant in an appeal; one prosecuted by a private man for a crime. — Ap^pol-lOl' (-Idr'), n. One who prosecutes anotherfor crime.
Ap-pend' (ap-pSnd'), v. t. To hang or attach ; to add ; to annex. — Ap-pend'agO (-pSn'daj), n. Something added as subordinate or incidentaL — Ap-P^d'ant, a. Hanging; annexed; ap- pended by prescription. —n. Something ap- pended to another as subordinate to it.
Ap-pon'dlx (Sp-pSn'dTksV n. / pi. E. Afpbndixis (•6z) ; L. II Appendices (-dl-sez). Something ap- pended; an adjunct; a concomitant; literary matter added to a book.
Ap^per-oeptlon (Sp'pSr-sSp'shfin), n. Self-con- sciousness.
Ap/per-tain' ( Sp ' pSr - I5n ' )> v> <• [Afpbetained (-tand') ; AppEBTAiNiNa.] To belong ; to relate.
Ap'pe-tite (Sp'p^-tlt), n. Desire of gratification, especially of food or drink. — Ap'po-tlze (-tiz), V. t. [Apfbtizbd (-tizd) ; Apfetizino.] To create or whet (an appetite). — Ap'po-tiz'er (-tiz^r), n. That which creates or whets an appetite. — Ap'pe-tent (-tent), a. Desiring ; very desirous. — Ap'pe-tenoe (-tens), Ap'pe-ton-oy (-t«n-e^), n. Strong natural desire ; eager appetite.
Ap-plaud' (Sp-plftdO, v.L&L To praise by clap- ping the handJs, ete. ; to commend ; to extol ; to magnify. — Ap • plaud ' ar, n. — Ap-plauM' (-plf^z'T, n. An applauding ; praise publicly ex- pressed ; commendation. — Ap-plan'lfdYe (-pl{/- sTv), a. Applauding ; containing applsiuse.
^'ple (Sp^p^l), ft. A tree of temperate climates and its fleshy fruit ; the pupil of the eye.
IjAp^pli^qud' (&{/pl^kaO, a. Ornamented with a pattern (cut from other material) applied or fixed upon a foimdation.
Ap-ply' (5p-pli')» V. t. [AmiKD (-plidO, Applt- ING. J To lay or place ; to put ; to bring ; to en- gage and employ (one*s self) diligently, or with attention. ^v. i. To suit; to i^n^ee; to have recourse. — Ap-pll'anoe (Sp-pU'ans), n. An applying ; a thing applied ; ui instrument ; a means. — Ap^ll-oa-ble (Sp/plT-kA^bl), a. Ca- pable of being, or fit to be, applied ; suitable ; fit.— Ap'pU-ca-Wl'l-ty (-bTi'I-ty), AiKpU-oa- Ue-neSB, n. — Ap'pli-oant (-kont), n. One who applies ; a petitioner. — Ap'pli-CatO (-kftt), n. A right line drawn across a curve, so as to be bisected by the diameter; an ordinate. — a. Applied or put to some use. — Ap^pli-oatlon (-kS'shiin), n. An appljring ; anything applied ; a request ; employment of means ; act of fixing the mind ; intenseness of thought.
llAp-po^^gla-tu'n (&-pSd/jA^too'r&), n. A small note m music, indicating a passing tone.
fSni, recent, 6rb, ryde, f^, ftm, food, fdbt, out, oUf ohair, (o, siBip, iQk, thSDi tbiBi
H. S. Dict.^
APPOINT
20
AQUILINE
^poillt^ (Sp-point/), V, t. To fix ; to establish ; to ordain ; to prescribe ; to assign ; to desig- nate ; to provide ; to equip. — >v. t. To deter- mine ; to ordain. — Ap^polnt-ee' (Sp' point- SOi n. A person appointed. — Ap-polnt'llieilt (tp- point'ment), ». An appointing or state of being appointed ; arrangement ; position ; estabUshed order or constitution ; pi. equipment.
Ap-pOHT'ttoll (Sp - p5r ' shQn), v. t. [APPOBTlOXnBO (-shfind) ; Afpobtioning.] To divide and assign fairly ; to allot ; to distribute. — A^ - por ' tlfUL- nailt, f». An apportioning; a dividing into shares.
^'pO-site (Sp'pi-stt), a. Very applicable ; suit- able or fit ; relevant ; pat. — Ap 'po - lite - ly, adv, — ApiH>-site-ne8S, n.
Ap^PO-sitlon (Sp/p6-zTsh'1in), n. The state of two nouns put in the same case, without a connect- iiiyg word between them.
Ap-praisa' (Sp-praz'), v. t. [Afpbaiskd (-prSzd') ; Affraising.] To set a value on; to estimate the worth of. — Ap-pralft'al (-prSz'al), Ap- pralse'meilt* i»- An appraising ; valuation. — Ap-prall'ar} n. One who appraises; one i^ pointed to value goods and estates.
Ap-pro'Oi-atO (Sp-prS'shl-St), v.t. To value; to estimate justly ; to raise the value of. -> v. i. To rise in value. — Ap-prt'oi-ft-ble (-A-bU), a. Capable of being estimated or appreciated ; per- ceptible. — Ap-J^d-ation (-a'shfin), n. Just valuation or estimate ; increase of worth or value.
— Ap-pre'ci-a-tiYe (-A-tTv), Ap-pre'cl-a-to-ry
(-t$-ij^), a. Having or implying a just appreciar tion. — Ap-pro'ol-a-tive-ly, adv.
Ap^pre-liend' (Sp^pr^-hSndO, v. t. To seize or lay hold of ; to understand ; to entertain suspicion or fear of. ^v. i. To be of opinion ; to believe. — i^pro-lieil'Bi-'ble (-hSn'sT-bU), a. Capable of being apprehended. —Ap^pre-lien'siOlL (-hSn'- shttn), n. A seizing or taking hold of, especially by legal process ; a conception ; a sentiment ; an idea ; fear at the prospect of future evil. — Ap'pre-ben'SlYO (-sTv), a. Fearful; suspi- cious; perceptive. — Ap^pre-lieil'siTe-ly, adv. — Ap'pre-lian'sive-xiess, n.
^p-prantlce (Sp-pr6n'tTs), n. One bound to an- other to learn a trade or art. ^v. t. [Appben- TiGBD (-tTst) ; Appbknticimo.] To bind out as an apprentice ; to indenture. — Ap - pren ' tice- slllp, n. Condition of an apprentice ; term for which he serves.
Ap-pilso' (Sp-priz'), V. t. [Afpbibbd (-prizd^) ; Afpeisiko.] To inform ; to give notice ; to ac- quaint ; to communicate.
^-proach' (Sp-pr5ch'), V. i. [Affboaghbd (-prSchf); Afpboachino.] To draw near; to approximate. -^ v. t. To come near ; to ap- proximate. ^ n. A drawing near ; access. — Ap-proacll'a-ble (-&-b'l), a. Capable of being approached ; acoessiUe. — Ap - proacll 'a - ble- ness, n.
^'pro-bate (Sp'pro-bat), v, t. To express or manifest approbation of. — Ap'pro-batlon (Sp^- pr$-ba ' shun), n. An approving ; consent ; ap- proval; liking; attestation. — Ap'pro-ba^tO-ry (-baaft-ry), Ap^TO-ba'tlYe (-tTv), a. Approv- ing ; containing approbation.
Ap-pxVpil-ate (Ip-pro'prT-at), v. t. To set apart for a purpose, or for one's self ; to assign. — Ap-pro'pll-ate (-&t), a. Set apart for a partic- ular use or person ; belonging peculiarly (to) ;
fit ; suitable ; proper ; adapted ; peitiiient ; well> timed; peculiar. — Ap - pro ' pri-ate-ly, adv.^ Ap - pro ' pil - ate - ness, n. — Ap-pnKprl-a-bl« (-i-b'l), a. Capable of being appropriated. — ~ Ap-pro'pri-a-tiYe (-a-tTv), a. Appropriating ; making appropriation. — Ap-pro'pn-a-tlYd-
ness, n. — Ap-pro'prl-atlon (-S'shiin), n. An
appropriating or setting apart for a purpose ; anything, esp. money, thus set apart.
Ap-prOTO' (Sp-pr66v'), v. t. [Apfbovsd (-prSovd') ; Ansovore.] To be pleased with ; to think well