I

LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY •

A

'm.-^

THE

COMBINED SPANISH METHOD.

A NEW

PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL SYSTEM OF LEARNING

THE CASTILIAN LANGUAGE,

BMBEACING THE MOST ADVANTAGEOUS FEATUEES OF THE BEST KNOWN- METHODS.

WITH A

PROIOUNCIXG VOCABULARY,

CONTAINING ALL THE WORDS USED IN THE COURSE OF THE WORK, AND REFERENCES

TO THE LESSONS IN WHICH EACH ONE IS EXPLAINED, THUS ENABLING

ANY ONE TO BE HIS OWN INSTRUCTOR.

BY

ALBERTO DE TORNOS, A.M.,

POBMEBLT DIRECTOR OF frORMAL SCHOOLS IN SPAIN. AND NO"W TEACHER OF SPANISH \V

THE NEW YORK MERCANTILE LIBRARY, NEW YORK EVENING HIGH SCHOOL, AND

THE POLYTECHNIC AND PACKER INSTITUTES, BROOKLYN.

JOH|« S. PRELL

Civil & Mechanical Engineer.

SAN FKANCISCO, CAL.

NEW YOEK: D. APPLETOIsr AND COMPANY,

1, 3, AND 6 BOND STREET.

1892.

Bntbbbd, according to Act of Congress, in the year 186T, hy

D. APPLETON & COMPANY,

Ijx the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for tne Sonthem District

of New York,

IrdMtolfo^

KoTiCE. — ^A Kej^ to the Exercises of this Grammar is published in a separate volume.

Add toliib.

I i 1

PREFACE.

It is an undoubted fact that in teaching, not only lan- guages, but any other science or art, there neither is, nor can be, any other method than that of uniting theory with, practice ^ and the various modes of applying the one to the other, the extent of the application, and the time at which it should be commenced, have produced the great number of methods hitherto published.

This fact is now universally acknowledged, and each new author proclaims himself to be the only one who has put it into execution. The most insignificant little phrase-book does not fail to announce, in its introduction, that it com- bines theory and jpractice / and grammars containing noth- ing more than confused masses of rules, heaped one upon another, are entitled " Theoretical and Practical^ It is admitted on all hands that much progress has been made within the last few years in the art of teaching languages ; and, in testimony of this, we have only to mention the ex- cellent oral and practical methods of Jacotot, Manesca, Ollen- dorff, Boulet, Hobertson, and others who have followed in their footsteps, all of which are ably treated, and have done much good in their way. But each one of the grammarians referred to, satisfied with his own invention, looked with disdain upon that of his predecessor. Hence the enmity

747

iV PEEPACE.

and the almost unaccountable diversity of opinion which we observe amongst them. Had they studied each other with impartiality, and endeavored to profit by the experience and even the defects of the several systems, their labors would certainly have been attended with still more favora- ble results, and of course more considerable benefit would have accrued thereby to the art in general. Numberless points of excellence are to be found, scattered here and there, throughout the various ancient and modern systems, and chiefly those abeady alluded to; and it has been thouglit that, if carefully sifted out and judiciously com- bined, they would foi-m a new method which would be in details essentially superior to any of the old ones.

This conviction, joined to twenty years' experience in teaching the Spanish language, sometimes through the medium of one, sometimes of another of the before-men- tioned systems, has led the author to prepare and publish the Combined Method, which he now offers to those desir- ing to learn the noble language of Cervantes.

Wliether he has successfully attained his object, the pub- lic will decide.

OBSEEYATION"S

ON

SOME OF THE ADVANTAGEOUS FEATURES OF THE " DE TORNOS'S COMBINED METHOD."

1st. The advantage of presenting the verb as the first and principal part of speech, which serves as the axis upon which all the other parts revolve. These, too, have been introduced in their turn, not in grammatical order, nor by mere chance, but in the logical and natural order in which they occur in discourse, whether written or spoken.

2d. That of explaining these parts of speech in the order just mentioned, not in an isolated manner, but united to form a homogeneous whole, and in such a way that the learner will have no difficulty in finding the explanation relative to the use of each one of them respectively, as often as occasion may require.

3d. These explanations, which embrace the whole theory, and form a complete grammar of the language, are separate from and independent of the exercises ; the latter being com- posed in strict accordance with the examples accompanying each lesson, in such a manner that those unacquainted with grammar in general, and those who have no desire to enter into the theory of the language, or, finally, those who are too young or too old to learn grammar, may acquire a thorough conversational knowledge of Spanish, by merely committing to memory the Vocabulary, studying the Compositions, and care- fully writing the Exercises.

4th. From the arrangement alluded to, arises another great advantage, namely, all the elements are found in the vocabu- lary of each lesson, separated and detached from the examples and rules given in the explanation ; thus enabling the student to see at one glance all that he has to commit to memory for each recitation.

Vi OBSBBVATIONS.

6th. And this division of the lessons into Elements, Compo- sition, Explanation, Version, and Exercise, enables the teacher to divide each lesson into two, three, or even four parts, accord- ing to the age and capacity of the learner.

6tll. Repetition, and constant repetition, is indispensable for acquiring any language ; but by repetition should not be under- stood the simple reiteration of single words and easy phrases ; but repetition of the idioms, and of those forms of expression differing" most widely from the idiomatical construction of the learner's native tongue. It is true, that though this is the proper plan for acquiring a thorough knowledge of a language, that feature might tend to make the present work appear, at first sight, more difficult than the books hitherto used ; but such will not be found the case ; for when there is frequent change of matter there cannot be monotony ; and variety ren- ders study at the same time easy and agreeable. This repetition, then, of useful forms of expression, and contrast of idiom, will be found in every page of our " Combined Method," in which it has been our endeavor to introduce gradually and with the necessary explanations of each, the most important idioms of the Spanish language.

7th. Although we are of opinion that to learn a language, and, above all, to learn to pronounce it, it is always preferable to have the assistance of a skilful teacher, and one who speaks his native tongue with purity and correctness ; yet, as it is not always possible to procure such, we have placed at the end a Vocabulary, containing all the words used in the course of the work, and the pronunciation of each, so that nothing may be wanting to second the efforts of those who, from choice or necessity, may be their own instructors.

8th. The Vocabulary, besides giving the pronunciation and meaning of the words, indicates the lesson in which the expla- nation of each has been given in the Grammar. By this means the learner can with ease refer to the explanation of all those words of which it has been deemed essential to give one.

CONTENTS.

rkon PRKFACE, iii, iv

A FEW REMABK3 ON THE CoifBIKED METHOD, . . . . . V, vl

Contents, .......... vii-xvi

Pbeliminart Lesson on Orthography and Pbonunciation, . xvii-xxiv

LESSON I.

BUI.B

1. Regular verts, classified in three conjugations, ..... 1

2. Eoots, .......... a

8. Terminations of the three model verbs, corresponding to all the regular verbs, 2

— . Suppression of the nominative pronouns, . .... 2

4. F. iUiied) requires the verb in the tliird person, ..... 8

LESSON II.

6. Senor, senorito, sefiora, senorita, use of these words, . . , . 4

6. Don and Bona, use of these words, ....... 5

7. iV'o, placed before the verb, ....... 5

LESSON III.

8. The conjunction y changed into I, .... , ,7

9. Que, interrogative pronoun, ... . . 7

10. Sino.—Wheu but is to be translated by sino, . . . . .7

11. P^ro.— When ftz/Ms to be translated by pen), ..... 7

12. jE'*:pam);, iM5'/es, &c., one word may belong to different parts of speech, , 7

LESSON IV.

13

10

A, preposition to, used after active verbs, when the object is a person, . lu

14. De, used to express position or the material of which any thing is made 10

15. ^, the article <A€, used to determine a noun masculine singular ' * 10 ^. Contraction of the article el and the prepositions a and de into al, del, . 10

16. ^«, the indefinite pronoun used before masculine nouns, . . 10 — . t/«o Is only used as a numeral adjective, .10

LESSON y.

17. Gender, how ascertained, ....... 1.<J

— . Una, used before feminine nouns, ....,,. 13

18. Tour, how translated, . . . . . .','.' IZ

VIU CONTENTS.

LESSON VI.

BULK rxOB

19. The terminations of the persous of the present indicative ; how they differ

in the three conjugations, . . . . . . * . .16

20. Muy^ how translated, ........ 16

21. Noons ending in o change that vowel into a for the feminine, . . .17

LESSON VII.

22. Adjectives ending in o, an, or on form their feminine in a, . . 20 — . Adjectives signifying nationality and ending in a, . . . .20 — . Adjectives are generally placed after their nouns, .... 20 — . Adjectives used metaphorically are always placed before the nouns, . . 20 — . Some adjectives drop their last letter or syllable, .... 20

LESSON VIII.

23. The endings of the second and third conjugations, how they differ, . . 28

24. The conjunction b when changed into w, . . . . . 23

25. iW, how translated, ......... 23

26. The plural of nouns, ........ 23

27. Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number, and case, . . 24

28. The article agrees also, ........ 24

— . Feminine nouns that take the masculine article, 24

.89. The neuter article fo, 34

LESSON IX.

80. Papd^ mama, pie, are exceptions, ....... 27

81. Nouns which are not monosyllables and end in s, their plural, . . 28 — . Words ending in z, their plural, ....... 28

82. Words which are compounds of two nouns, their plural, ... 26 33. The days of the week, when they take the article, . . . .28

84. Donde, adonde, cuando, placed before the verb, .... 28

85. Donde, adonde, cuando, in interrogations require an accent, . . .28

LESSON X.

86. trregular verbs, ......... 31

— . Tener not included in the seven verbs, . . . . . .81

— . Objective case of the third person fe, los, la, las, lo, . . . . ^

87. Lo and le, the difference between them, ,,.... 82 — . If. and so are translated sometimes by to, . , . . . 82

88. Q>/ien, curd, qiie, de quien, used interrogatively do not take the article, . 32

89. When the interrogative is governed by a preposition, the same preposition

must be repeated in the answer, . . . . . . .88

LESSON XI.

W. Alrrt/ien, akruno, the difference between them, . . . .85

— . Any one or any body, when translated by cualquiera, ... 86

41. Nadie, ninfruno, their distinction, . . . • • . 8R

42. Alfjuno and nin/funo, when they lose the o, . ~. . » . 86 48 Algo, alguna cosa, used affirmatively, ...>.. 86

CONTENTS. ix

44. I^ada, ninguna cosa, used negatively, ...... 36

45. Negatives, when placed before the verb, . . . . . .36

— . Two negatives render the negation more emphatic than one, . . 36

46. A or an, when not translated, ....... 36

LESSON XII.

47. Tener and haber, their distinction, ...... 39

— . To have and to be, followed by an infinitive, how they are translated, . . 39

48. Preterit Indefirdte, ......... 40

LESSON XIII.

49. Mio, tuyo, «&c., change the 0 into a for the feminine, . . . .43

BO. Possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the name of the thing

possessed, ......... 43

51. As pronominal adjectives, mio, tuyo, myo precede the noun and drop their

final syllable, .......... 43

52. Mio, when placed after the noun, ..... 44

53. Possessives used as pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns

they represent, and take the article, . . . . . ,44

54. When used indefinitely they take the neuter article, ... 44

55. Whenconnected with the verb to &e, the article is omitted, . . .44

56. Vuestro, vuestra, when used, ....... 44

LESSON XIY.

57. Formation of compound numbers, ....... 48

58. Numbers are indeclinable, except ujio and the compounds of dento, , 48

59. Uno, its agreement ; when it loses the 0, . . . . . .48

60. Ciento, its agreement ; when it loses the last syllable, ... 48

LESSON XV.

61. Ordinals, their agreement and place, . . . . . .51

— . Primero and tercero, when they drop their final letter, ... 52

62. Ordinals, when used, ......... 52

— . N. B.— When ordinals do not require the definite article, ... 52

LESSON XVI.

63. Preterit Definite, 56

64. Ante, its meaning, .......•, 57

65. Mas and menos, how used, ....«.,. 57

LESSON XVII,

66. Qiiien, how used, ......... 61

67. Who, when translated by que, and when by quien^ . , . .61

68. 0>/al and qve relate to persons and things, ..... 61

69. Cijyo refers tc persons and things : its agreement, . . , • . 61 — . It partakes of the nature of the relatives and of the possessives, . . 61

CONTENTS

BULK

rA«<

70. The preposition placed before the relative, . . . • .61

71. Relative pronouns can never be suppressed in Spanish, , , • 61

LESSON XVIII.

72. Declension of the demonstrative pronouns este, ese, aqud, . . .66

78. Esie, how used, .....•••• 66

74. Este, ese, forming one word with the adjective otro^ . • • .67

75. The demonstrative pronouns used as neuter, ..... 67 78. The former and the latter, translated by aqud and este, . . - .67 T7. That of, that who, or that which, translated hYelde,elqm, . . 67

78. English personal pronouns rendered in Spanish by demonstrative pronouns, 67

79. Aqui, ahi, oca, aUd, how employed, . . . . • • . 6»

LESSON XIX.

80. Para and ;?or, how they diflTer, ....... TO

81. Entre, its meaning, ......... "73

^ Hasta^ its meaning, . 73

LESSON XX.

83. Tanto and cuanto, when they lose the last syllable, . . . .77

84. Comparison of equality, how formed, ...... 77

85. Cuan may be employed, ........ 77

86. Comparison of superiority, how formed, ..... 77

87. Comparison of inferiority, ........ 77

88. Mayor, menor, m^or, peor, are already in the comparative degree, . 77

89. Than, translated by de and que, ....... 78

90. Comparison relating to nouns, verbs, and adverbs. .... 78

LESSON XXI.

91. Superlatives ending in est, or formed by most, how translated, . . 82

92. 3fost, or most of, when translated by la mayor parte, or by mas, . . 83

93. In, preposition, when translated hy de, , . . . . .83

94. Superlatives formed by very, most, etc., when formed in Spanish by muy and

when by isim/), ......... 83

95. Adjectives drop the last vowel on taking the termination isimo, . . 83

96. Other superlatives ending in errimo, ...... 83

97. Adjectives which change their endings before the termination isimo, . . 83

98. Superlatives in isimo irregularly formed, ..... 84

99. Irregular comparatives and superlatives, . . . . . .84

— . These make also a superlative in isimo, ..... 84

— . Also with muy, and a comparative with mas or rTienos, . . . .84

100. Substantives used adjectively admit the degrees of comparison, . . 84

LESSON XXII.

101. Ser and estar, the distinction between them,

102. " " their employment,

CONTENTS. XI

LESSON XXIII.

V.VL* PAOI

103. Ihiture simple, .......... 96

IW. The definite article used with numerals, indicating the hour of the day, . 96

105. Evening and night, translated by noche, . . . . . .96

106. The conjunction si, when it governs the subjunctive, and when the indica-

tive, .......... 90

LESSON XXIV.

107. Compound future, ......... 100

108. Acabar de, its meaning, ........ 100

— . N. B.— How the pupil may learn a great number of words with little or no

difficulty, 101-

109. Nouns ending in tion are the same in Spanish, changing the letter t into c, 101

110. The days of the month are counted by the cardinal numbers, preceded by the

article, .......... 101

LESSON XXV.

111. Saber and conocer, how they differ, . ..... 107

112. Aun, ya, todaiyh, their different meaning and uses, . . . .107 — . Once, twice, &c., translated by una vez, dos veces, &c., . . . 107 — . Mzedo, valor, &c., take the preposition de after them, . . . .107

11.3. To be afraid, to be thirsty, &c., how translated, .... 107

114. Jamas and nunca, how used, ........ 107

LESSON XXVI.

115. Pronoun subject, or nominative, ...... 112

116. Two objective cases of the personal pronouns, how used, . . .113

117. The objective case, when not preceded by a preposition, is affixed to infini-

tives, gerunds, &c., ........ 113

118. When the verb drops the final letter followed by nosoros, . . . 113 — . The reason of this, ........ 113

119. When the objective case may follow the verb, . . . . .113

120. When the objective may be placed before the first verb, or after the second, 113

121. Prepositions, when expressed, always govern the second objective case, . 113

122. Mi, ti, si, when preceded by con, . . . . . .Hi

123. Entre, how used, ......... 114

124. The second objective case is used after comparatives, ... 114

125. When the first objective case is used, . . . . , .114

126. The objective case of the third person is rendered by le, les, if the preposition

to govern it in English, 114

LESSON XXVII.

127. The third person rendered in Sp^-nish hy se, . . . . . 119

128. The object of the verb is to be placed last, when two first objective cases

occur in the sentence, ...... .119

129. Placed first when the object of the verb is the reflective pronoun, , . 12G

130. Both of the objective cases belonging to the same person used together, . 120

131. The expressions a ei quiero, a ti amo, are incorrect, . . .120

Xii CONTENTS

132. The pronouns U, la, lo, los, and las, how dibtingulshed from the artldes el, la,

lo,los,la8, ^20

133. The adjective mismo, how used, .,..•.. 120

LESSON XXVIII.

134. When the imperfect is used, ....... 125

135. When the pluperfect is used, ........ 126

136. How the expressions to have just and to be just are translated before a past

participle, ^26

LESSON XXIX.

137. The preterit anterior, its use, 130

138. Derivation of adverbs of manner and quality, .... 131

139. How adverbs are formed from adjectives, . . . . . . 131

140 Adverbs terminating in mente admit, like adjectives, the degrees of compari-

181

141. How these adverbs can be substituted, . . . . • .131

LESSON XXX.

142. What impersonal verbs are, ....••• ^^T

143. 144,

Amanecer and anocher, used in the three persona, . . . .137

jEfofter and /tocer, and other verbs used impersonally, ... 137

145. The pronoun it, accompanying impersonal verbs, not translated, . . 138

— . Nouns taken in a definite sense require the article, .... 138

— . Nouns used in their most general sense take the article, . . .138

J46, Names of nations, countries, mountains, &c., take the article, , ,138 147, Nations, countries, and provinces, when preceded by a preposition, do not take the article, ,..••'••* — . Names of some places that always take the article

138 138

LESSON XXXI

148 144

148. Gttstar, Bignifying to give pimmre to, hocused, ....

149. G^^^ar, followed by the preposition rfe, . - • • ^^

152. The\eThpesar,vfhenmiiaams to regret,

LESSON XXXII

149

163, How the passive voice is ^"^^^^ , \^ ^,,i„ tbe present "and im'perfeci

154. When the passive form is used with tne vero set iu k, i' ^^^

tenses of the indicative, • • • ' * , ' haq

155. When the preposition d. or por is to be used after passive verbs, ^ ' . ' 1^

156. Passive voice formed by ^e, • • ' / ' ' .150

157. When the passive, formed with ^€, is to be preferrca, .

LESSON XXXIII. 168. Elective verbs, what they are, .

165

CONTENTS. XIU

BULB PAOB

159. When are the verbs made reflective ? . . , . . .156

160. When a verb denotes reciprocity^ how it is conjugated, ... 156

LESSON XXXIV.

161. Which are the irre^lar verbs, 161

162. Verbs which, although they undergo slight changes in their radical letters,

are not to be considered as irregular, ..... 161 163, 164. Verbs which change i into y, . . . . . . .162

165. How the irregular verbs are divided, ...... 162

166. What is to be observed relative to the object of the verb pagar, . . 163

LESSON XXXV.

167. Irregularity of the verb acostar, ....... 168

168. Imperative mood, when used, ....... 168

169. The s of the first person plural, and the d of the second, suppressed before

nosaxidos, ... ...... 168

170. The subjunctive, used when the imperative is negative in English, . . 168

171. The future of the indicative, used for the imperative, ... 168

172. Adjectives ending in ous, how rendered into Spanish, . . . .168

173. Nouns and adjectives ending in Englie'h in ic or iccU, how rendered into

Spanish, .......... 169

LESSON XXXVI.

174. Irregiilarity of the verb tnoKer, • . . . . 173

175. Se, as the Spanish indefinite personal pronoun, . . * , * . * 173

176. The pronoun se, in its four functions, . . .'.'.' 174

177. Nouns ending in English in «y, how rendered into Spanish * * 174

178. Doler, how used, ... *^ ' ' * .'*

LESSON XXXVII.

179. Irregularity of the verb a<fen(?er, , . ^^ 180,181,182,183. Subjunctive Mood, when UBed in'spanish, . ' .' ' iso

184. Present tense of the subjunctive «- » ' ' ^Z

185. Perfect tense, . . ' l^

•••..... 181

LESSON XXXVIII.

isa Present Participles, .

187. Oerunds, . . ^ ^^^

1^' ^.^ '^^'^^^^^^^^'l^t*^ the gerund in Spanish, ' .*.'.*.* iS iby. When m English the present participle, preceded by a preposition, is used

how rendered into Spanish ;,87

190. The infinitive used as a verbal noun, . . .*.*.' 187

191. The infinitive governed by an other verb, how rendered into English, ' . 187

LESSON XXXIX.

192. Irregularity of the verb pedir, jgg

193. The usual forms of salutations, . . . * . * . * . * . 192

XIV CONTENTS.

LESSON XL.

194. Conducir, its Irregularity, ....... 197

195. iSegun as a preposition and an adverb, . . . , . .198

196. CoUective nouns, ......... 198

LESSON XLI.

197. Defective verbs podrir, placer, &c., . . . . . . .903

198. Yacer, its use, ......... 203

199. Soler, its use, 203

200. Desde, its meaning and use, ....... 203

201. Contra, rendered into English by against, . . . . . .204

202. Sobre, its signification, ........ 204

203. 7'ms, its meaning, ......... 204

204. Tlie conjunction pues, its use, ....... 204

LESSON XLII.

305. Conjunctions, their classification, . . . . . . .209

206. What is to be observed in relation to the government of conjunctions, . 210

207. Some conjunctions that govern the subjunctive mood, . . . .210

208. Compound conjunctions which require the infinitive mood, . . 210

209. Compound conjunctions which require the indicative, . . . .210

LESSON XLIII.

210. Imperfect and pluperfect of the subjunctive, ..... 215

211. How to render into Spanish the auxiliaries maj/, might, can, could, will,

would, and shotdd, ......... 217

212. What the imperfect subjunctive denotes, ..... 217

213. What the pluperfect denotes, 217

ESSON XLIV.

214. Augmentative and diminutive nouns, ...... fi2S

215. Irregular terminations of certain diminutives, . . . . .294

216. Diminutives may be formed from adjectives, participles, gerunds, and ad-

verbs, .......... 234

217. Some of the primitive words do not admit all the diminutive terminations, . 224

218. There are derivatives which, although they appear to be augmentatives or

diminutives, are not so, ....... S2S

LESSON XLV.

219. The fhture simple of the subjunctive, . . . . . .230

220. How the present of the subjunctive may be substituted by the future, . 230

221. The future compound, ......... 890

222. The compound present of the subjunctive may be Babstitated by the future

compound, ......... SSI

828. What is to be observed in order not to misapply the imperfect and plu- perfect, .......... 881

194. Gtovemment of the fhture simple and compound fhtnre of the subjunctive

mood, .......... SSI

CONTENTS. XV

LESSON XLVI. 226-226. Inteijections, 237

LESSON XLVII.

227. Use of the article, ......... 242

228. The definite article used with common nouns taken in a general sense, . 242

229. The article before the names of the four parts of the globe, names of empires,

kingdoms, &c., ......... 243

230. Nouns of measure, weight, &c., when they require the article, . .243

231. The article repeated before every noun enumerated, ... 243

232. The definite article used before nouns indicating rank, oflace, &c., . . 243

233. Used instead of the possessive adjective, ..... 244

234. Used as in English, before nouns, taken in a particular or definite sense, . ^4

LESSON XLVIII.

235. Correspondence of the tenses with each other, .... 249

236. When the determined verb is put in the Infinitive, . . . .250

237. When the determining verb is ser^ or any impersonal verb, and the governing

verb has no subject, ........ 250

238. Put in the subjunctive when the determining verb has a nominative, . . 251

239. When the governing verb is put in the present or future of the subjunctive, 251

240. Government of the preterit indefiBite, and compound future of the indica-

tive, 251

341. The nominative being the same for both verbs and the governing one in the

indicative, in what mood the determining verb is put, ... 252

LESSON XLIX. 942, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, MS, 249, 250, 251, 252. Derivative nouns, . . 257

LESSON L, 253. Compound nouns, ..••■••* LESSON LI.

254. The natural construction,

264

270

255, 256. Figurative construction, ' * * * * ' 071

257. Which of the two constructions Is preferable, *^

LESSON LII.

258. Past Participles, .....•••'

259. Agreement of past participles, . . . • • • *

260. When a verb has two past participles, one regular and the other Irregular,

how they are used, ....•••*

261. Irregular past participles that may be used with the verb Mber,

262. Extraordinary irregularity of the verb rrwrir, . . .

263. Some past or passive participles take an active siernification, .

264. Past participles may sometimes take the place of substantives, . . 278

265. Other tenses in the infinitive mood, ^"^^

276

277 277 277 278

XVI CONTENTS.

LESSON LIII.

5J66. Idiomatic expresBlons, in which the English preposition differs In meaning

tirom that which most generally constitutes Its proper signification, . 284

LESSON LIV.

267. Conjunctions In English that are frequently used as substitutes for other

words, how rendered into Spanish, , . . . , .289

268. Spanish conjunctions used as substitutes for other words, ... 289 — . Different uses of the conjunction si, ...... 289

LESSON LV.

269. Some of the principal uses of the conjunction^?^, . . . .396

LESSON LVI.

270. Epistolary correspondence, ....... 801

LESSON LVII.

271. Observation in regard to verbs that change their meaning according to the

preposition by which they are followed, ..... 310

LESSON LVIII.

272. The verbs to be glad and to be r^oiced, how translated, . . . .814

273. The verbs to be sorry and to grieve, how translated, .... 814

274. How the verb caber is used, . . . . . . . .814

LESSON LIX.

275. Idioms with the verbs caer, dar, decir, echar, ..... 820

LESSON LX.

276. Idioms with the verbs entrar, hacer, ir, Uevar, mandar, oler a, saber 4, salir,

servir, tardar, and volver, ... .... 828

LESSONS LXI TO LXV. On the Principal Idioms of the Spanish Language, . . . . . 829 to 8B4

General observations on some grammatical and idiomatical peculiarities of the Spanish language, not hitherto treated of In the Grammar, . . . .365

Recapitulation of all the rules of the Grammar, .... 866 to 888

Complete list of the conjugations of all the Spanish verbs, . . . 883 to 438

List of all the Irregular verbs, ........ 439, 440

VocABUiiABT, containing all the Spanish words used In the grammar, . 441 to 470

ly

PRELIMINARY LESSON

ON

ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION^.

THE AL.PHABET.

The Spanish Alphabet contains twenty-seven letters, ex- clusive of IT and W, which are used in foreign words only, and are pronounced as in English. The W appears in a very- few historical names, like Wamba, Witiza. The letters are all of the feminine gender, and theii' names and pronunciation are as follows :

A,	a,	ah.
B,	•h,	lay.
c,	c,	thayl
CH,	ch,	chay.
D,	d,	day.
E,	e,	ay.
F,	f,	ay-fay.
G,	g,	hay.
H,	h,	at-chay.
I,	h	e.
J,	J,	hotah.
L,	1,	a-lay.
LL,	11,	ail-yay.
M,	m,	dymay.

N,	n,	aynay.
%	fi,	ain-yay.
0,	0,	0.
P,	P,	pay.
Q,	q,	Jcoo.
R,	r,	air-ray.
s,	s,	ayswy.
T,	t.	tay.
XT,	"'.	00.
V,	V,	my.
X,	X,	ayJciss.
Y,	y,	e-gree-ay'-gah.
z,	z,	thay-tah.

XVlll PEELIMINAEY LESSON.

All the letters are invariable in sound, except c and ^, which have each two sounds, as will be seen in the proper place; and every letter is pronounced in all positions, except the A, w^hich is always silent, and the w, which is not sounded in the sylla- bles ffue, gui, and que, qui.

So that, with a few exceptions, the Spanish language is pronounced exactly as it is written, and does not present those difficulties met with in the orthography and pronunciation of most other languages. The system of representing, in each les- son, the pronunciation of each word by an incorrect orthography only augments the doubts and labor of the learner, besides in- creasing unnecessarily the size of the work ; one lesson of an hour's duration with a native Spanish teacher will do more toward the acquisition of a pure Castilian pronunciation, than all the works that could be written on the subject.

As the English vowels differ in sound from those of all other languages, great care ought to be taken to learn the true sound of the Spanish vowels ; they are :

a, e, i, o, u.

ah, ay, c, o, oo.

Y is sometimes a vowel. (See the letter Y.)

A has an invariable sound, as heard in the words art, father; as, arte, padre (not varying as in the English words fare, fat, far, fall, swallow, many, courage, mustard),

E has the sound of a in made ; as, hecho,

I sounds like the first e in even ; as, ingles. (See letter 3^.)

O is pronounced like the English o in the word ode ; as, amo,

XJ sounds as the English u in bull; as, bula: it is silent in the syllables gue, gni, guerra, except it has a diaeresis marked over it, agiXero. In the syllables que, qui, it is always silent.

SOUNDS OF THE CONSONANTS.

B has the same sound as in English ; but in Castile and Aragon (where in other respects the Castilian language is most

PEELTMINAEY LESSON. XIX

purely spoken and pronounced), they do not press the lips quite so close as the English do, which causes it very frequent- ly to be confounded with the v, although they are distinct letters, and should be pronounced as in English.

O, when followed by a, o, u, or any consonant, sounds like /c ; before e and i, it sounds like th in thanks ; as, graclas, lee- cion, caballero. (See letter Z.)

CH is not a double consonant, but a letter which, although of a double form, has by itself a particular denomination and sound ; it is pronounced like ch in chess ; as, chico, chocolate. Formerly, in words of Hebrew and Greek origin, it had the sound of k, when the vowel following it was marked with the circumflex accent ; as, archmigel, chimica : but this practice is obsolete, and such words are now written arcdngel, quimica.

D is pronounced like the English <7, except when found be- tween two vowels or at the end of words, when it sounds softer than the English c?, like th in the article the^ but not like th lisped, as in thin, as Madric? (like the), not Madrid (like thin) ; Ustec? (like the), not Ustes; (like thin). This lisped pronunciation on the d is considered vulgar.

P is always pronounced like the English/, and is now used instead of jo/i ; 2^,^, Filosofia, Filadelfia, iustesid of JPhilosophia, Philadelphia.

G has two distinct sounds : one, before a, o, u, or a conso- nant, is the same sound as in English go, good', as, gato, gra- cias : before e and i it has another strong, guttural, aspirated sound, for which the English has no equivalent, and which even a very strongly aspirated h, as in the words hot, holy, does not represent ; as, gente, people ; gesto, gesture ; gigante, giant.

H is never pronounced in the Spanish language ; as, hace, higo, pronounced as if no such h were there. It is, properly speaking, only a sign used to mark the etymology of words, and is now omitted in many words in which it was formerly used ; as, Crista, Filosofia, Teatro, Pitdgoras, Filadelfia.

XX PEELIMINAEY LESSON.

This letter is always written before the words that begin by ue and ^6, and here it has a very soft, almost imperceptible, aspiration ; as, huevo, egg; hueso^ bone; huesped, guest; hierro, iron ; hielo, ice : but great care must be taken not to pronounce it too strong, as the lower classes of certain provinces do, pro- nouncing juevo, or guevo ; jueso, or giieso, which is considered vulgar.

J has always an aspirated guttural sound, like that which the g has before e and *, and is written before the vowels a, o, M, instead of the letter ic, which formerly represented the same aspirated sound ; as, Alejandro^ Alexander ; Don Quijote, Don Quixote.

li always sounds as in English.

LL is, like the cA, a single letter, although of double form, which therefore cannot be divided at the end of a line. It has a liquid sound, resembling that of the English U in William, brilliant; as, Guillermo, hrillante.

M, N, and P have the English sound.

N is always pronounced like ni in the English word pinion.

Q is pronounced like the English k before W6 and ui, in which combination alone it is now used ; in all other positions it has been replaced by c ; as, cuando, cama, comer, quien, qiierer,

R, when single, is sounded soft, as in English ; as, querido, oro: and when double, or at the beginning of a word, and when it comes after /, w, or 5, or in compound words, in which the second begins by r, it is pronounced with a very strong rolling sound ; as, reloj\ malrotar, enriquecer, Israel, prerogati- va, maniroto, cariredondo, &c.

S is pronounced like the English 8 in say\ as, sahio, -^jise; solo, alone ; senor, sir.

T is pronounced as in English.

V has the sound of the English v. (See letter B.)

PRELIMINAEY LESSON. XXI

X has the sound of the x in the English word tax\ as, exdmen^ extrangero. It no longer represents its former guttu-' ral sound, as has been observed. (See letter J.) Some replace it by the letter «, when it comes before a consonant, and write estrangero instead of extrangero. The grammar of the Span- ish Academy does not authorize this practice.

Y is a consonant letter, but use makes it serve as a vowel when it stands alone, used as a copulative conjunction (meaning and) ; it is also used instead of the vowel ^, in the combinations «^, ei^ ui at the end of a word ; as, verdegag, reg, leg, convog, mug.

When used in its proper place, that is to say, as a conso- nant, it has the same sound in Spanish as in the English words goung, gear.

Z has always the sound of th, as heard in thank, hath.

SYL.L.ABLES.

Such syllables only will be noted here as may be subject to doubt as to the pronunciation and orthography.

ca, kah.	que, Tcay.	qui, lee.	CO, ho.	cu, koo.
za, thah.	ce, thay.	ci, thee.	zo, tho.	zu, tlioo.
az, ath.	ez, aith.	iz, eeth.	oz, oth.	uz, ooth.
S^	gue,	g"i,	go,	g^»
gah.	gay.	ghee.	go.	goo.
ja, hah.	ge, My.	hee.	jo, U.	J", hoo.
ya,	ye.	yi.	yo.	yii.
This sound cannot be	properly repre8eBt*^-d	in English,	(See letter T).
cha, tchah.	che, tchay.	Chi, tehee.	cho, tcho.	chu, tchoo.

XXll PEELIMINAEY LESSON,

Ua,		Ue,	)	m,	Uo,	Un,
lyah.		lyay.	lyee.	ly'o.	lyoo.
na,		fie,	>	fii,	DO,	flu,
nydh.		nyai.	7iy«.	nyO,	nyoo.
cua,		cue,	cui,	cuo,
Tcwah		kway.	ifct^^.	hwo.
gua,		giie,	gtli,	gao,
gwah.		gway. DIP]	P'MJ^.	gwo»
	HTHOXGS.
ai,	as in		dabais,	dah'-hah-eess.	Yon gave.
ay,	(I		hay,	ah'-e.		There is.
au,	u		pawsa,	pah'-oo-sa.		Pause.
ei,	a		veis,	vai'-eess.		You see.
ey.	u		%,	lai'-e.		Law.
ea,	u		linea,	U'-nai-a.		Line.
eo,	ii		virgfneo,	teer-he' -nai-o.	Virginal.
eu,	i(		dewda,	dai'-oo-da.		Debt.
ia,	i(		gracia,	grah'-the-a.		Grace.
ie,	((		cielo,	the-ai'-lo.		Heaven.
io,	(1.		precio,	prai'-the-o.		Price.
iu,	ik		ciwdad,	the-oo-dath	.',	Citj.
oe,	u		h6r6>^,	ai'-ro-ai.		Hero.
oi,	u		sois,	8o'-ee88.		You are.
oy,	u		Yoy,	To-e.		I go.
ua,	u		{rsigua,	frati-gwa.		Forge.
ue,	il		dwefio,	doo-ain'-yo		Owner.
ui,	a		rwido,	roo-e'-do.		Noise.
«y,	((		mwi/,	moo'-e.		Very.
uo,	((		ard?/o, TRII	ar'-doo-o.	\,	Ai-duous.
	•HTHOIVOS
iai.	1	as in	L prcc?Vig, prai-t?ie-ah'-ee98.
H		((	vacms, mh-the-ai'-eess.
uaU		i(	BRnti^itais, mn	-fe-fpraTi' -eess.
vny,		(t	Tarnpvny, pal	i-raTi-girah	'-f.
uei,		i(	averigwtfts, n^-	mi-r^-gwai-eeM,
twy,		u	bw^y,	hwai-i.

DE TOEI^OS^S

SPANISH GRAMMAR

LESSOISr I.

REGULAR YERBS.— First Conjugation, Eabl-ax, | To speak.

INDICATIVE PEESENT.
Yo habl-0.	I speak.
Tti habl-as.	Thou speakest.
El or ella habl-a.	He or she speaks.
Usted (Y.) habl-a.	You speak.
Nosotros, or ) , , , Nosotras, [taW-amos.	"We speak.
Yosotros, or ) ,, . Yosotras, [ ^^^^■^^^•	You speak.
Ellos, or ellas, habl-an.	They speak.
Ustedes (Yds.) habl-an.	You speak.
Si (adverb).	Yes.
No "	No, or not
Sefior.	Sir.
COMPO	3ITI0N.
iHablaV.?	Do you speak ?
Si, aenor, yo hablo.	Yes, sir, I speak.
i Hablan Yds. ? 1	Do you soeak ?

LESSON I,

No, senor, ellas hablan.

^ Hablais vosotras ?

No, senor, ellos hablan.

I Habla elk ?

No, senor, ella no habla.

i Hablas tu ?

No, senor, ^1 habla.

i Habla V. ?

Si, senor, hablo.

I Hablan ellas ?

No, senor, no hablan.

6 Hablamos nosotros ?

Si, senor, hablamos.

I Hablais vosotras ?

Nosotras no hablamos.

No, sir, they speak.

Do you speak ?

No, sir, they speak.

Does she speak ?

No, sir, she does not speak.

Dost thou speak ?

No, sir, he speaks.

Do you speak ?

Yes, sir, I speak.

Do they speak ?

No, sir, they do not speak.

Do we speak ?

Yes, sir, we speak.

Do you speak ?

We do not speak.

EXPLANATION.

1. Regular Veebs. — All the verbs of the Spanish language have their endings, in the infinitive mood, either in ar, er, or ir; hence their classification in three conjugations: 1st, those ending in ar; 2d, those ending in er; and 3d, in ir; as, habl-ar, aprend-er^ escrib-ir.

2. Roots. — The letters before the terminations «r, er, iV, in the preceding verbs, are hahl^ aprend, escrlb, and are called the roots.

3. Terminations. — All regular verbs of the^r^f conjugation vary the endings in their respective tenses, so as to correspond with those of the A^erb hahl-ar; all those of the second conjuga- tion correspond to the terminations of ap)'e7id-er ; and all those of the third correspond to escrib-ir.

Consequently, when the student has learned how to conju- gate one of the regular verbs of each conjugation, lie can con* jugate all the regular verbs of the Spanish language (about 8,000). For this reason we recommend the scholars to devote |;beir attention, in the Jirst place, to committing to memory the different moods and tenses of these three model verbs. They will be found complete at the end of the book.

The terminations of the verbs being diffiirent for each per- son, as well in the plural as in the singular number, the nomina- tive pronouns are ordinarily dispensed with, and are only used

LESSON I. 3

i

to give emphasis ; except the pronoun ZTsted^ which must always be expressed. — Usted, meaning You, is a contraction from vtcestra merced. Your Honor ; and, being a title, its omis- sion would be considered impolite.

4. You. — In addressing an individual in Spanish, the third person is used with the pronoun Usted: as, Usted hahla, you speak ; the second person is employed only in speaking to rela- tives or intimate friends.

CONVERSATION AND VERSION.

1. ^Hablan ellas? Si, sefior, ellas hablan.

2. I Hablais vosotros ? No, sefior ; ellos hablan.

3. I Hablamos nosotras ? NTo, sefior ; ella habla.

4. I Hablais vosotros ? No, sefior ; ^1 habla.

5. I Habla ella ? Si, sefior, habla.

6. 2 Habla 61? No, sefior, no habla.

7. ^Hablas tii? Si, sefior, yo hablo.

8. ^Hablais vosotras? Si, sefior, nosotras hablamos.

9. I Hablo yo ? Si, sefior, Y. habla.

10. ^ Habla 61? No, sefior, no habla.

11. ^No hablan ellos? Si, sefior, ellos hablan.

12. I Habla Y . ? No, sefior, yo no hablo.

13. ^No habla Y.? No, sefior, yo no hablo.

14. ^No hablan ellas? Si, sefior, hablan.

15. I No hablais vosotras ? No, sefior, nosotras no hablamos.

EXCERCISE.

1. Do you speak? I speak.

2. Do they speak ? Yes, sir, they speak.

3. Dost thou speak? No, sir, he speaks.

4. Do you speak ? No, sir, we do not speak.

5. Dost thou speak ? No, sir, I do not speak.

6. Does he not speak ? Yes, sir, he speaks.

v. Do you not speak ? No, sir, we do not speak.

8. Does she not speak ? No, sir, she does not speak.

9. Do we not speak ? Yes, sir, we speak.

10. Do they {fern.) not speak? No, sir, they {fern.) do not speak.

11. Do we {fern.) not speak? Yes, sir, we {fern.) speak.

12. Do you speak? No, sir, I do not speak; they {fem.) speak.

LESSON II,

LESSON II.

MASOTTLnfE NOrNS.		FEMININE NOUNS.
Sefior (Sr.). Oaballero. Sefiorito. Don. (Dn.jOr	Sir, Mr., or Gentleman, Young geni D.). Mr., Esq. Emanuel.	Lord. Sir. ieman.	Sefiora (Sra.). Madam, or Mrs. Lady, or My Lady. Sefiorita (Srita). Miss, or younglady. Dofia (Da.) Mrs.
Manuel.
Espafiol. Ingl6s. Frances.	Spanish. English. French.		Luisa. Louisa.
Aleman.	German.	COMPO	3ITI0N.

Sefiorita, ^ habla Y. espanol ? Sf, senor, bablo espanol. Luisa, ^ hablas frances 1 No, senor, no hablo frances. 6 Hablan Vds. ingl6s ? Hablamos ingles. l Hablan alios, 6 ellas, frances ? Sefiora, i habla V. espanol ? Don Manuel, ^ habla V. aleraan? Caballero, i habla V. espanol ? Sefiorita Luisa, i habla V. frances ?

Do you speak Spanish, Miss ? Yes, sir, I speak Spanish. Louisa, dost thou speak French ? No, sir, I do not speak French. Do you speak English ? We speak English. Do they speak French ? Madam, do you speak Spanish ? Mr. Emanuel, do you speak German ? Sir, do you speak Spanish ? Miss Louisa, do you speak French?

EXPLANATION.

B. SeS^or. — ^This word, used alone, i. e., in the vocative case, implies inferiority on the part of the speaker, and answers to the word Xorc? in English. It is used in addressing God, or the King ; or by servants when speaking to their masters. With an equal, the proper term is caballero, gentleman ; never- theless, Sefior may also be used among equals : in the affirma- tive, Si, sefior, or in the negative, no, sefior, in which cases it means sir ; or together with the name of the person ; as, Sefior Kemp, which means Mr. Kemp.

Sefiora, Sefiorita. — In addressing ladies, the word Sefiora, Madam, and Sefiorita, Young Lady, or Miss, mny bo used

LESSON II. 6

alone; as, Senora^ or Senmnta, ^hahla V. espanolf Madam, or Young Lady, or Miss, do you speak Spanish ?

Senorito, like Senoi\ implies inferiority on the part of the speaker, for which reason it is seldom used, except by servants. 6. Don, Mr., applies to gentlemen, and Dona^ Mrs., to la- dies. These terms are only used in conjunction with the Christ- ian names ; as, Don Manuel^ Dona Luisa^ and, still more re- spectfully, Senor Don Manuel^ Senora Dona Duisa. This title, conferred, in old times, only upon members of noble families, is now used in addressing all persons, except those of very humble station, and is written in abbreviation thus, Dn., Da.

7. The negative no^ is always placed immediately before the verb.

CONVERSATION AND VERSION.

1. ^Habla y. espafiol? Hablo espafiol.

2. Luisa, ^hablas frances? Hablo frances.

3. I Habla Manuel ingles ? Habla ingles.

4. Caballero, ^ habla V. aleman? Si, sefior, hablo aleman.

5. I Hablan Vds. frances ? Hablamos frances.

6. I Hablan eUos ingI6s? No, sefior, no hablan ingles,

7. I Hablan eUas espafiol ? No, sefior, no hablan espafiol.

8. ^ Habla Luisa frances? No, sefior, no habla frances; ella habla espafiol.

9. I No habla Manuel aleman ? No, sefior, no habla aleman ; 61 Labia ingles.

10. I Habla Y. espafiol ? No, sefior, no hablo espafiol. H. ^ Habla Manuel espafiol ? Si, sefior, 61 habla espafiol.

12. Don Manuel, i habla Y. frances ? No, sefior, no hablo frances.

13. Sefiora Da. Luisa, ^ habla Y. espafiol? No, sefior ; hablo ingles.

14. Sefiorita Da. Luisa, ^ habla Y. frances? Yo hablo frances. i5. Caballero, i habla Y. aleman ? No, sefiorita, hablo espafiol.

EXERCISE.

1. Do they speak French? They speak French.

2. Do you speak English ? "We speak English.

3. Do they speak Spanish ? No, madam, they do not speak Spanish.

4. Sir, do you speak German ? Yes, madam, I speak Gennan.

5. Does Emanuel speak French? No, sir; he speaks English.

6

LESSON III.

6. Do you speak Spanish ? No, sir, I do not speak Spanish.

7. Does not Louisa speak German ? No, sir, she does not speak Ger- man ; she speaks French.

8. Emanuel, dost thou speak EngUsh ? I speak English.

9. Does Louisa speak Spanish ? Yes, sir, she speaks Spanish.

10. Do you speak French ? No, sir, I speak English.

11. Sir, do you speak French? No, sir.

12. Miss Louisa, do you speak Spanish ? Yes, madam.

13. (Don) Emanuel, do you speak English? Yes, sir, I speak Eng- lish.

14. Do we speak Spanish? We do not speak Spanish; we speak French.

LESSON III

Eatudi-Qi.			To study.
Estudi-o.			I study.
Estudi-as.			Thou studiest.
Estudi-a.			lie studies.
Estudi-amcs.			We study.
Estudi-aia.			You study.
Estudi-an.			They study.
El {masc. sing.),^	/ .		The.
Y or 6. (i ' ^.C	.)M**-f*'^	z .	And.
Qu6 {interrogative pronoun).		What or which.
Pero, sino.^, ■ c			But.
Bien {adverl).			WeU.
Mai "			Badly.
(	ADJECTIVES.
Espanol.			Spaniard.
Ingles.			Englishman.
Frances.			Frenchman.
Aleman.			German.
Americano.			American.
MASCULINE NOUNS.		FEMININE NOUNS.

aXv

Alejandro. Alexander.

I Margarita. Margaret.

LESSON m,

COMPOSITION.

I Estudia V. espanol ?

No, senor, el Frances estudia espanol ;

pero yo estudio ingles. i Qu6 estudia el Americano ? Estudia espanol y frances. Alejandro, ^ estudias frances y aleman ?

No, senor, estudio espanol e ingles. Manuel no estudia sino frances. I Qu6 hablan ellos sino espanol ? I Habla bien ingles el Espanol ? No, senor, el habla el ingles mal, pero habla bien el espanol.

Do you study Spanish ?

No, sir, the Frenchman studies Spanish ;

but I study English. What does the American study ? He studies Spanish and French. Alexander, do you study French and

German ? No, sir, I study Spanish and English. Emanuel studies but (only) French. What do they speak but Spanish ? Does the Spaniard speak English well ? No, sir, he speaks English badly, but

speaks Spanish well.

EXPLANATION.

8. Y. — The conjunction y is changed into ^ when the fol- lowing word begins with i or A^; as, espanol 'e ingles^ Spanish and English ; algodon 'e hilo^ cotton and thread.

9. Que, interrogative pronoun, is written with an accent, to distinguish it from que, relative pronoun, or conjunction.

10. Sino. — When we translate hut into Spanish, we must first ascertain its meaning; because this conjunction is used in English to express many very different things. In Spanish it is translated sino, when it is used in antithesis, that is, when it means except; and also after an interrogation, or a negation. The verb is not repeated with this conjunction ; as, £l no habla sino ingles. He speaks but (only) English. ^ Que habla sino espanol ? What (else) does he speak but Spanish ?

11. Pero is used when it is not preceded by a negative, and the verb is repeated ; as, hahlo espanol, pero no hablo frances. I speak Spanish, but do not speak French.

N. B. — We will see hereafter that but, according to its dif- ferent meanings in English, must bo translated by different words in Spanish.

12. We have again introduced the words espanol, ingVes, frances, and aleman into this lesson, because, while they were given before as substantives, they are now employed as adjec- tives. The pupil will observe that, in Spanish, as in English, some words are, at different times, different parts of speech ; as,

8 LESSON III.

El Espanol habla Men frances. The Spaniard speaks French well. Here the word Espanol is used as an adjective, meaning Spaniard-^ and the word frances as a substantive, meaning the French language \ hien is employed as an ad- verb, meaning well, and it will appear hereafter as a substan- tive, meaning good. Consequently, the learner, before trans' lating a word, must first ascertain the part of speech to whict it belongs.

CONVERSATION AND VERSION.

1. J Habla espafiol Margarita? Margarita no habla espailol, pero habla ingles.

2. I Habla V. espailol ? No, seflor, hablo frances y aleman.

3. Alejandro, i hablas ingles ? Si, sefior, hablo ingles.

4. I Hablan Vds. espailol ? Ilablamos espailol 6 ingles. . 5. I Qu6 hablan ellos ? Hablan aleman.

6. Oaballero, i estudia V. espafiol ? Si, sefior, estudio espafiol 6 in- gles.

7. I Qu6 estudia el Aleman ? Estudia espafiol.

8. jEstudian Vds. espafiol? Estudiamos frances y aleman.

9. I Habla bien Luisa el ingl6s ? Habla bien espafiol 6 ingles.

10. ^ Habla bien Manuel el aleman? No, sefior, habla mal el aleman, pero habla bien el frances.

11. ^ Habla bien ingles el Americano? Habla bien ingles, pero habla mal el espafiol.

12. Sefiora, j estudia V. frances? No, sefior, estudio espafiol.

13. ^ Que estudia Alejandro ? El no estudia sino frances.

14. I Qu6 hablan ellos sino espafiol ? EUos hablan frances.

EXERCISE.

1. Do you study German? We study French and Spanish.

2. Does Alexander speak Spanish ? Alexander does not speak Span- ish, but he speaks English.

3. Margaret, do you speak French ? No, sir, I speak German and Spanish.

4. ^Vhat do they speak ? They speak Spanish and German, but do not speak French.

6. Do you speak Spanish? No, sir, I do not speak Spanish, but I speak English.

6. Does Louisa speak French well? She speaks French badly, but speaks German well.

LESSON" IV

9

7. "What do you study? We study Spanish, and Alexander studies French.

8. What does the German study ? He studies Spanish.

9. Does he study well ? No, madam, he studies badly.

- 10. Do you speak Spanish, madam? JSTo, sir, I do not speak Spanish, but I speak English and German.

11. Does the Frenchman speak English well? No, madam, he speaks English badly, but the Spaniard speaks English well.

12. What does the German study ? He studies English, and the Eng- lishman studies German.

13. What does Alexander study? He studies French only. ^ 14. What do they speak but Spanish ?

What else do they speak but Spanish '

y

]r They speak

French.

	LESSON IV.
Cora'pT-2X		To buy.
Compr-o.		I buy.
Oompr-as.		Thou buyest.
Compr-a.		He buys.
Compr-amos.	We bay.
Compr-ais.		You buy.
Compr-an.		They buy.
Busc-an		To look Tor, to seek.
A.		To.
De.		Of, or from.
Al.		To the.
Del.		Of the, or jfrom the.
Tin irriasc, sing.).	A, or an.
Libro.	Book.
Cuaderno.	Copy-book.
Papel.;	Paper.	Madera. Wood.
CabaJIo.	Horse.
Tintero.	Inkstand. COMPO	SITION.
i Qud compra Y. ?		What do you buy ?
Compro un libro.		I buy a book.

10 LESSON IV

I Compran Vds. papel ?

^No, senor, no compramos papel,

compramos un cuademo. Busco al Americano. ^1 busca el libro. El caballo del Frances. El tintero de madera.

Do you buy paper ?

No, sir, we do not buy paper, we buy

a copy-book. I look for the American. He looks for the book. The Frenchman's horse. The wooden inkstand.

EXPLANATION.

13. A. — The preposition d, to. Active verbs govern their objectives with the aid of the preposition d, if that objective be a person ; as, JBusco al Americano^ I look for the American ; Busco el papel, I look for the paper.

14. De. — The preposition de, of, ov from, is used to ex- press possession, being always placed before the possessor; as, ^l caballo del Frances: The Frenchman's horse. It is also used to denote the material of which any thing consists, or is made ; as, El tintero de madera, The wooden inkstand.

15. El. — The article el, the, is used to determine a noun masculine singular ; as, el libro, the book.

N", B. — When the article el comes after the preposition d (to), or de (of, or from), the e is suppressed, and the two words compounded into one ; thus, al, del, instead of d el, de eL

16. Un. — Th« indefinite pronoun un is used before mascu- line nouns ; as, un ingles, an Englishman ; un caballo, a horse.

N. B. — Uho is only used as a numeral adjective.

CONVERSATION AND VERSION.

1. jQu6 compra el Frances? Compra el caballo del Ingl6a

2. I Qu6 comprais vosotras ? Compramos un cuademo.

3. I Qu6 compra Y. ? Compro un libro.

4. I Compran Yds. un cuademo ? No, sefior, compramos un tintero de madera.

6. I Qu6 buscas tti ? Busco un libro espaflol.

6. I Qu6 buscais vosotros ? Nosotros buscamos un tintero.

7. ^Qu6 buscan ellas? Buscan el papel.

8. Alejandro, j buscas el papel? No, sefior, busco el cuademo.

9. ^Estudia Margarita ingl6s? No, sefior, estudia francos.

LESSON IV. 11

10. I Qu6 estudia cl Americano ? Estudia espatiol.

11. gEstudian Vds. frances? No, sefior, estudiamos ingl^a.

12. ^Qu6 estudia ella? Estudia aleman.

13. ^Que compra V. ? Corapro el caballo del Espafiol.

14. gQu6 compran ellos? Compran un tintero de madera.

15. ^Buscais vosotros al Aleman? No, seiior, buscamos al Frances.

16. ^Ilablais vosotros aleman? Si, senor, hablamos aleman. IT. ^Hablan ellas espafiol? No, senor, hablan frances.

18. ^Que estudia V. ? Estudio ingles y espafiol.

19. ^Compra ella un libro? Si, sefior, compra un libro.

20. gBusca 61 al Frances? No, sefior, busca al Aleman.

21. ^ Que habla el Americano ? Habla espafiol.

22. Manuel i qu6 estudias tti ? Estudio aleman.

23. I Que compran ellos ? Compran un caballo.

24. I Que buscan Vds. ? Buscamos el libro espafiol.

EXERCISE.

1. "What do they look for? They look for an inkstand.

2. What does she look for ? She looks for a book.

3. Do you look for a copy-book? Yes, sir, we (fern.) look for a copy-book.

4. Do they (Jem.) buy a wooden inkstand? Yes, sir, they buy a wooden inkstand.

5. What do you buy ? We buy the Frenchman's horse.

6. Do you buy paper? No, sir, I buy a book.

v. Do you buy a copy-book ? Yes, sir, I buy a copy-book. - 8. What does the Frenchman study? He studies German, 9. Do you study Spanish ? No, sir, I study French.

10. What does she study ? She studies English.

11. What do they (fern.) study? They study Spanish.

12. Do you speak French ? Yes, sir, I speak French.

13. Does she speak English ? No, sir, she speaks German.

14. Do you speak German ? No, sir, we (fern.) speak English.

15. Do you look for the Frenchman? Yes, sir, I look for the French- man.

16. Do you look for paper? No, sir, I look for a copy-book.

17. What do they look for? They look for a book.

18. Do you look for the German? Yes, sir, we (fern.) look for the German.

19. Do you speak French? Yes, sir, I speak French.

20. What does Margaret speak ? She speaks English.

12

LESSON V.

21. What do they buy? They buy a wooden inkstand.

22. What dost thou look for? I look for a horse.

23. What do you study ? We {fern.) study Spanish,

24. What do you speak ? I speak English.

LESSON V.

Necesitar, , ^ Necesit-o. -t/uu/-"^-^^ Necesit-as. Necesit-a.

-M-

To need, or to be in want o£ I need.

Thou needest. He needs.

Necesit-amos.

Necesit-ais.

Necesit-an.

Mi.

Su.

Su {n) de Y., or

El {n) de V.

We need. You need. They need.

My.

His, her, its, their.

Your.

GENDER.

El papa.

El abogado.

El comerciante.

El lacre.

El polio.

El algodon. ..^Eljabon. ,n^ El patiuelo. - (/t« El zapatero.

The papa. The lawyer. The merchant. The sealing-wax. The chicken. The cotton. The soap. The handkerchief. The shoemaker.

La mamd. La pluma. La tinta. La gramatica. La gallina. La seda. La lavandera. La camisa.

COMPOSITION.

The mamma. The pen. The ink.

The grammar^ ,

The hen. Q^ ~y^ '^i^ The sUk. ^ ^ The washerwoman. . The shirt, fi^ -o^.f^ux.

I Necesita el abogado la pluma ?

Sf, senor, necesita la pluma y el tintero.

i Qu6 necesita comprar la lavandera ?

Necesita comprar jabon.

i Necesita cl comerciante mi algodon?

Does the lawyer want the pen ?

Yes, sir, he wants the pen and the ink- stand.

What does the washerwoman want to buy?

She wants to buy soap.

Does the merchant want my cotton ?

LESSON V

13

Necesita comprar el algodon de V. y

la seda del Frances. 6 Necesita V. su pafiuelo de algodon ? No, senora, necesito su pafiuelo de seda

deV. i Que necesitan Yds. ? Necesitamos un polio y una gallina.

He wants to buy your cotton, and the Frenchman's silk.

Do you want your cotton handkerchief?

No, madam, I want your silk handker- chief.

What do you want ?

We want a chicken and a hen.

EXPLANATION.

1 7. Gender. — In Spanish all nouns are either masculine or feminine ; the neuter gender is only applied to those things so indefinitely used that their gender cannot be discovered.

The gender of nouns may be ascertained either by their signification or their termination.

Nouns which signify males, or which denote dignities or professions, &c., applicable to men, are masculine; and those which signify females, or professions, &c,, applicable to women, are feminine, without regard to their terminations: so that, hombre, man ; caballero, gentleman ; polio, chicken ; zapatero, shoemaker; ahogado, lawyer, are masculine; and mitjer, wo- man ; senora, lady ; gallina, hen ; lavandera, washerwoman, are feminine.

Nounds ending in a, d, or ion, are generally feminine, and those ending in other letters are masculine ; as.

't

Papel. Tintero. :^^'Billete.

Paper.

Inkstand.

Billet.

Leccion.	Lesson.
Pluma.	Pen.
Ciudad.	City.

N". B, — Una {indefinite article) is used before feminine nouns.

To facilitate the pupils in the distinction of gender, the left- hand side, in the vocabulary, is reserved for masculine, the right for feminine nouns,

18. When your is preceded by you, it is sometimes trans- lated by Su ; otherwise, it is generally rendered by el de V.,

or su de V.': as.

V. necesita su carta.

/ Que necesita el papd de V. ?

Necesita su libro de V.

You need your letter.

What does your father need ?

He needs your book.

14 LESSONV.

CONVERSATION AND VERSION.

1. jNecesita V. mi gramutica? No, sefior, no necesito sa gram^tica deV.

2. I Necesita ella el pafiuclo de seda? Si, sefior, ella necesita el pafiuelo de seda.

3. I Necesita Y. comprar un libro ? Necesito comprar un cuaderno.

4. ^ Necesitan ellas el lacre ? No, sefior, necesitan el pafiuelo de al- godon.

6. I Que necesita comprar el abogado ? Necesita comprar una pluma.

6. ^Qu6 necesita comprar la lavandera? Necesita comprar jabon.

7. I Busca V. su pafiuelo ? Si, sefior, busco mi pafiuelo.

8. I Busca V. el cuaderno de Manuel ? No, sefior, busco el cuaderno deV.

9. I Habla V. bien el aleraan ? No, sefiorita, hablo mal el aleman.

10. ^Estudian Vds. frances? No, sefior, estudiamos espafiol.

11. ^Compra V. un caballo ingles? Si, sefior, compro un caballo ingl6s.

12. ^ Qu6 compran ellos ? Compran una pluma j tinta,

13. ^Qu6 comprais vosotras? Nosotras compraraos un pafiuelo.de beda.

14. ^Qu6 compra la lavandera? Compra jabon.

15. I Busca V. k mi abogado ? Si, sefior, busco al abogado de V.

16. ^ Compra la lavandera un polio ? Compra una gallina.

17. i Compra jabon el comerciante? No, sefior, el comerciante com- pra algodon.

18. I Buscan ellas el pafiuelo de V. ? Buscan el pafiuelo de V.

19. ^ Necesita V. hablar al abogado? Si, sefiora, necesito hablar al abogado.

20. I Necesita V. comprar un libro ? No, sefior, necesito comprar una pluma y papel.

21. J Necesita V. estudiar ingles? Si, sefior, necesito estndiar ingles.

22. I Qu6 necesitais vosotras ? Necesitamos comprar lacre.

23. ^Necesita V. hablar al Frances? No, sefior, necesito hablar al Aleman.

24. I Qu6 necesita Y. ? Necesito un pafiuelo de algodon.

EXERCISE.

1. What do you need ? I need a book and paper.

2. Wbat does she need ? She needs your handkerchief.

3. Do you need a horse ? Yes, sir, I need an English horse.

4. What do you need ? I need soap.

LESSON VI.

15

5. Does the American need the Spanish book ? Yes, sir, he needs the Spanish book.

6. Do thej need a lawyer ? Yes, sir, they need a lawyer.

7. Do you buy a silk handkerchief? No, sir, we {fem.) buy a cot- ton handkerchief.

8. Do you look for the Frenchman's horse ? Ko, sir, I look for the Enghshman's horse.

9. Dost thou study German ? No, sir, I study English.

10. "What does the merchant buy ? He buys cotton.

11. What does the washerwoman buy ? She buys a hen and a chickei? 13. Does the lawyer buy a book ? No, sir, he buys paper.

13. Do they {fem,) speak well? No, sir, they speak badly.

14. Do you speak French, sir ? No, sir, I speak English.

15. Do yoH study much {muclio) ? No, sir, we study very Uttle {poco).

16. Do you study fast {aprisa) ? No, sir, I study slowly (despacio).

17. Do you buy cotton from the merchant? No, sir, I buy silk from your brother (hermano).

18. What does your papa need ? He needs the lawyer's book.

19. What are they looking tor ? They are looking for paper.

20. Do you need a copy-book? No, sir, I need a book.

21. Do you study Spanish ? Yes, madam, I study Spanish.

22. Do you need paper and pen ? Yes, sir, I need paper and pen.

23. What do they need ? They need a silk handkerchief,

24. What do you need ? I need an Enghsh horse.

A"

LESSON VI.

Aprend-er, Aprend-o. Aprend-es. Aprend-e.

Aprend-emos.

Aprend-eis.

Aprend-en.

To leam. I learn. Thou leamest. He learns.

We learn. You leam. They leam.

Tender.

To sell.

16

r^

/, i^^vO/C

LESSON VI. / — Muy. 'yvx.ro -J^ Very. Mucho. Much, a great deal. Poco. /) , / ^^ Little. Aprisa. C^-^ j^ f Quickly. Despacio. cLoa^ ^jdi^ilz- o ■ Slowly.
Estudioso. n Holgazan. -Hjl -p^ dA^^^^^	Studious. Idle.

Hombre. Mucliacho. Padre. t/ Hijo.-^-^^ Hermano.

Man. Boy. Father. Son. Brother, n ^

Mujer. '^^^^ - '^^^^^^oraan. Muchacha. Girl.

Madre. Mother.

Hija. Daughter.

Hermana. Sister.

COMPOSITION.

^ Aprende muy aprisa el muchacho ?

El muchacho estudioso aprende muy aprisa; pero el muchacho holgazan aprende muy despacio.

^Aprenden ingl6s su padre y su her- mano de V. ?

Sf, senor, y mi madre y mi hermana aprenden frances.

i Aprende mucho la muchacha ?

No, senor, aprende poco.

^Aprenden aprisa su hijo y su hija deV.?

No, senor, aprenden despacio.

Does the boy learn very fast ? The studious boy learns very fast ; the idle one learns very slowly.

but

Do your father and brother learn Eng- lish?

Yes, sir, and my mother and sister learn French.

Does the girl learn much ?

No, sir, she learns little.

Do your son and daughter learn fast ?

No, sir, they learn slowly.

EXPLANATION.

19. The teemination of \h^ first person in the present in- dicative is always o in all the verbs of the Spanish language, to whatever conjugation they may belong, except six irregular verbs, as we shall see in future ; so that the only difference be- tween the termination of the second and first conjugations is the changing the a into e in the second and third persons singular, and in all the plural.

20. Muy is generally translated by very or very much ; as mxcy Men, very well ; muy bueno, very good, &c. ; but it can

LESSON VI. 17

never qualify a verb nor stand alone in discourse ; as, Does he speak very well ? Yes, very. ^ Habla el 7nuy bien f jSi, mucho.

21. Many masculine nouns ending in o, change this letter into a for the feminine ; as,

Hermano.	Brother,	Hennana.	Sister.
/ Hijo.	Son.	Hija.	Daughter.
Muchacho.	Boy.	Muchacha.	Girl.

CONYERSATION AND VERSION.

1. ^Aprende Y. hien elfrances? No, sefior, aprendo muy mal el frances.

2. I Aprenden ellas aprisa ? No, seilor, aprenden despacio.

3. I Aprende mucho el muchacho holgazan ? No, seiior, aprende muy poco.

4. I Aprendeis vosotros aprisa ? Si, seiior, aprisa y bien.

5. g Que vende el hermano de su padre de Y. ? Yende algodon.

6. g Yenden eilas papel ? No, sefior, venden plumas y lacre.

7. I Qu^ vende Margarita ? Yende una gallina.

8. I Yende lacre el comerciante ? No, sefior, vende papel.

9. I Necesita Y. el pafiuelo de su hermana ? No, sefior, necesito el pafiuelo de su hija de Y.

10. ^Busca su mama de Y. el pafiuelo de seda? No, sefior, husca el pafiuelo de algodon.

11. ^Qu6 necesita su hija de Y. ? Necesita hablar al hermano de Y.

12. ^ Necesita la muchacha comprar papel ? No, sefiora, necesita com- prar un cuaderno.

13. g Habla Y. del Frances? No, sefiorita, hablo del Aleman.

14. I Que compra su padre de Y. ? Compra el caballo del hijo del abogado.

15. I Qu6 busca Y. ? Busco un libro y una pluma.

16. I Qu6 busca la muchacha? Busca el jabon de la hermana de Y.

17. g Aprende mucho el muchacho estudioso? Si, sefior, aprende mucho.

18. I Aprende Y. su leccion de frances ? No, sefior, aprendo mi lec- cion de aleman.

19. ^ Habla bien Don Manuel el espafiol? Si, sefior, habla muy bien el espafiol.

20. ^Estudia Y. gramatica inglesa? No, sefior, estudio gramatica francesa.

21. I Compra Y. un tiutero y papel ? No compro sino un tintero.

18 LESSON VI.

22. I Busca V. d mi padre ? Si, sefiorita, busco i su padre de V.

23. I Necesita "V . coraprar un tiutero ? No, sefiora, necesito hablar i mi hermana.

24. ^Necesitamos nosotras aprcnder espafiol? Si, sefior, necesitamos mucho aprender espafiol.

EXERCLSK

1. Does your sister learn English ? Yes, sir, she learns English,

2. What does your brother learn ? My brother learns Spanish.

3. Do you learn quickly ? No, sir, we learn very slowly.

4. Does the studious boy learn well ? Yes, sir, he learns very welL

5. What does your brother sell ? He sells cotton and silk.

6. Do you sell paper ? No, sir, I sell sealing wax and ink.

7. Do they (fern.) need a French book ? No, sir, they need a copy- book, a pen, and ink.

8. Do you need the English grammar ? No, sir, I need the Spanish grammar.

9. Do you want to speak to my father ? Yes, sir, I iTant to speak to your father.

10. Do you want to speak to my sister's son ? No, sir, I want to speak to the Frenchman.

11. Does he want to buy a horse ? Yes, sir, he wants to buy a horse.

12. Do you need my book? No, madam, I need youi* wooden ink- stand.

13. Do you look for the merchant? No, sir, I look for your father.

14. Do they look for papa? No, sir, they look for the lawyer.

15. Do you buy a book ? No, sir, we buy a copy-book and paper.

1 6. Do they study English ? Yes, sir, they study English.

17. Do you study German, sir? No, I study Spanish, madam.

18. Do you speak English well ? No, sir, I speak English badly.

19. Does your sister speak French very well? No, sir, she speaks very little French. . :> ^i ; /- <

20. What does your father speak ? 'He speaks but (only) English.

21. Does he not speak German ? No, sir, he does not speak German.

22. Does your daughter speak to your sister ? Yes, sir, she speaks to my sister.

23. Do you learn very quickly ? Yes, sir, I learn very quickly.

24. Do you sell your book ? No, sir, I sell my paper.

LESSON VII

19

LESSON

Le-Q>v. Ji^uu^e*^^^^^^ Le-o. Le-es. Le-e.

Le-emos.

Le-eis.

Le-en.

Comer. . JrU ■- ^^^-^yux^LA^' Beber. 4-CiA^~ 'v-ccU^iJ

MASCULINE ADJECTIVES.

Good, ^^-uatx-^^-^-vu^ Handsome. ^ Ugly. -^c^yL-^O Little or small.

Grande {rn. &/.)• Large.

Espafiol. Spanish, also Spaniard.

Americano. American.

Bueno. Hermoso. Feo. Pequeno.

Pan. ^ ^fudv-^ Pescado. ^c>u> Queso. ■tJ-y^"^ Vino.

r

,'fc>^ Billete.

Bread.

Fisb.

Cbeese.

Wine.

Billet or note.

VII.

To read. I read.

Thou readest. He reads.

We read. You read. Tbey read.

To eat, to dine. To drink.

FEMININE ADJECTIVES.

Bucna. Good. ^ ^

Hermosa. Handsome. (^^--^^^^^-^Ji-w

Fea. Ugly.

Pequciia. Little or small. , ^4

Espafiola. Spanish, cu^i/i -.a,**-*^ Americana. American.

Carne. Meat. , x/ p '

Lecbe. Milk. ^^^- (^4^c^^<y

Agua. Water. coLi- ^aa^^^^

Cerveza. Beer. ti^a^A^ -X^ ^^

Carta. Letter.

COMPOSITION.

\

I Lee V. un billete ?

No, senor, leo una carta.

^ Que come el Espafiol ?

Come buen pescado, pero come njajla

came. I Beben Vds. vino bueno ? Bebemos buen vino y buena cerveza. 4 Que compra el Americano ? Compra un caballo pequeno. I Habla V. al gran hombre ? No, sefior, hablo al hombre grande. 4 Que vende la Francesa ? Vende hermosa seda.

Do you read a note ? No, sir, I read a letter. What does the Spaniard eat ? He eats good fish, but bad meat.

Do you drink good wine ?

We drink good wine and good beer.

What does the American buy ?

He buys a small horse.

Do you speak to the great man ?

No, sir, I speak to the large man.

What does the French woman sell ?

She sells handsome silk.

20 LESSONVII,

EXPLANATION.

22. Adjectives terminating in o, an, or on, form their feminine termination in a. Those terminating otherwise are common to both genders ; as,

El muchacho holgazan. La muchacha holgazana. El hombre comilon. La mujer comilona. El hombre feliz. La mujer feliz. La gallina buena.

The idle boy.

The idle girl.

The gluttonous man.

The gluttonous woman.

The happy man.

The happy woman.

The good hen.

Adjectives signifying nationality, and ending in a conso- nant, take an a to form their feminine terminations ; as,

Spaniard. Spanish. English book.

Espanol. Espanola. Libro ingles. Gramatica inglesa.

English grammar.

Those ending in o change this letter into a ; as,

Americano. I American.

Americana. | American.

Adjectives are generally placed after their nouns ; but in poetry, or in an elevated style, and even in conversation, we place many before the noun. Reading and practice will form the ear of the scholar so as to use them properly.

Adjectives used metaphorically, or in a signification differ- ent from their proper one, are always placed before ; as,

Un gran caballo. | A great horse.

Some adjectives lose their last letter, or syllable^ when pre- fixed to the singular masculine noun ; as.

Mai muchacho. Buen libro. Gran caballo.

Bad boy. Good book. Great horse, &;c.

CONVERSATION AND VERSION.

1. ^Lee Y. nn buen libro? Si, scflor, leo un libro bueno.

2. ^Leemos nosotros bien el ingl6s ? No, seflor, leemos mal el ingl^Si pero leemos bien el espaflol.

3. I Bebe V. vino ? No, scflor, yo btbo agaa.

LESSON^VII. 21

4. I Qu6 beben ellos ? Beben cerveza.

5. I Comeis vosotros queso j pan ? No, sefior, comemos pescado.

6. I Qu6 comen los Ingleses ? Los Icgleses coraen buena carne.

7. I Que bebe el Espafiol ? Bebe buen vino y cerveza mala.

8. I Qu6 lee la Americana ? Lee mi libro de mi hermana.

9. I Que estudia el hijo pequefio de V. ? Estudia gramatica.

10. g Qu6 necesita la muchacha bermosa ? Necesita un pequeilo pafluelo le seda.

11. g Necesita Y. un caballo grande? No, sefior, yo no necesito un caballo grande, sino un gran caballo.

12. I Qu6 estudia la Espafiola ? Estudia ingMs.

13. I Estudia V. la gramatica francesa? No, sefior, estudio la gramd- tica inglesa.

14. I Come pan la Inglesa ? Si, sefior, come pan y carne.

15. I Qu6 beben Vds. ? Bebemos leche.

16. I Lee V. un libro ingles ? No, sefior, leo un libro frances.

17. I Qu6 lee la Americana ? Lee su leccion.

18. ^ Qu6 vende la Inglesa ? Yende un pafiuelo.

19. gCompra Y. algodon al comerciante americano? Si, sefior, corn- pro algodon al comerciante americano.

20. I Necesita la Francesa un pafiuelo grande ? No, sefior, necesita un pafiuelo hermoso.

21. I Que busca el muchacbo ? Busca a su hermana.

22. I Qu6 compra Y. ? Oompro un pafiuelo feo, pero bueno.

23. I Necesita Y. seda ? No, sefior, necesito algodon.

24. I Qu6 lee Y. ? Leo el libro de mi padre.

25. I Que comeis vosotros ? Comemos pan y pescado.

26. ^ Qu6 bebe el Aleman ? Bebe vino y cerveza.

EXERCISE.

1. What do you read ? I read a great book.

2. Do you read English well ? Yes, sir, I read English very well.

3. Does the German drink wine? No, sir, he drinks beer.

4. What do they (fern.) drink ? They drink water.

5. Do you eat meat ? No, sir, I eat fish.

6. What does the Englishman eat ? He eats bread and meat.

7. What does your daughter buy? She buys a silk handkerchief from the American woman.

8. Does the studious boy buy a book ? Yes, sir, he buys a French grammar.

9. Does the handsome American woman buy a large book ? No, sir, Bhe buys a littie book.

22

LESSON VIII

10. Does your mamma want a large handkercWef ? No, sir, slie wants a handsome handkerchief.

11. Do you need your book ? No, sir, I do not need my book.

12. Do they need a Spanish grammar ? Yes, sir, they need a Spanish grammar.

13. Does the woman sell bread ? Yes, sir, she sells bread and fish.

14. What do you read ? I read my letter.

15. What docs your brother read ? He reads a note.

16. Does the girl sell soap ? No, sir, she sells milk.

17. Does the lazy boy learn well? No, sir, he learns badly.

18. Do you learn much ? No, sir, I learn little.

19. Do you read Ihe book ? No, sir, I read the letter.

20. Do you buy cheese ? Yes, sir, I buy cheese.

21. Do they buy bread ? No, sir, they buy meat and beer.

22. Do you need a handkerchief? No, sir, I need soap.

23. Do you read your father's letter? No, sir, I read my brother's letter.

24. Does your father buy an English grammar? No, sir, he buys a French book.

25. Does your brother read my note ? No, sir, he reads my sister's letter.

LESSON VIII,

	TniHD COls	'JUGATION.
Escrib-iY. .		To write.
Escrib-o.		I write.
Escrib-es.		Thou writest.
Escrib-e.		He writes.
Escrib-imos.		We write.
Escrib-is.		You write.
Escrib-en. Recibir. ^caa. - tu£ --^iU^x^	They write. To receive.
En.		In, into, or at.
Ni.		No, neither, nor.
El {masc, smg.). La {fern. sing.). Lo {neuter). Los {masc. plural). Las {/em. plural).		The.

LESSON VIII.

23

ADJECTIVES.

Mucho. Muchos.

Periodicos.

Ejercicio. ^-'A^'O Ejercicios. ^''. ,/Zapatero. '17^ , y Sombrerero.

9 .

Much. Many.

Poco. Pocos.

Little. Few.

SUBSTANTIVES.

Newspaper.

Newspapers.

Exercise.

Exercises.

Shoemaker.

Hatter.

Leccion.

Lecciones.

Ley.

Leyes.

Plata.

Semana.

Semanas.

/^^^-^^

Lesson.

Lessons

Law.

Laws.

Silver.

Week./^^^^- "^

Weeks.

COMPOSITION.

i Escribe Y. las lecciones 6 los ejerci-

cios ? No escribo ni las lecciones ni los ejerci-

cios. ^ Escriben las senoritas muchos billetes ? Ellas escriben muchos. I Recibe el comerciante plata u oro ?

JEl recibe oro y plata.

I Escribe V. la carta en ingles ?

SI, senor, escribo la carta en ingles.

Do you write tlie lessens or the exer- cises ?

I write neither the lessons nor the ex- ercises.

Do the young ladies write many notes ?

They write many.

Does the merchant receive silver or gold?

He receives gold and silver.

Do you write the letter in English ?

Yes, sir, I write the letter in English.

EXPLANATION.

23. The endings of the third conjugation and those of the second are the same, except in the first and second persons of the plural ; in which the e of the second conjugation is changed into i in the third, as the learner must have observed.

24. The conjunction 6 is changed into '(l when the fol- lowing word begins with 6 or ho ; as,

Plata u oro. | Silver or gold.

25. Ni. — Neither and nor are rendered by ^^^ ; as,

iSl no necesita ni la came ni el pescado. j He wants neither the meat nor the fish.

26. The plural of nouns is formed by adding an s to those terminating in a vowel not accented ; as,

Ejercicio. Exercise. | Ejercicios. Exercises. -

r

24

LESSON VIII

And adding es —

1st. To those ending: in an accented vowel; as,

o Gilliflower.

Gilliflowers.

Lessons.

Laws.

Aleli. Gilliflower. | Alelies.

2d. To those ending in a consonant ; as,

Leccion. Lesson. | Lecciones.

3d. To those ending in y ; as,

Ley. Law. | Leyes.

27. An adjective agrees with its noun in gender, number and case, and forms the jilural according to the rules laid down for nouns ; as,

Buen hombre. Buenos hombres. Buena mujer. Buenas mujeres.

28. The article rrvust agree also with the noun to which it refers, in number, gender and case ; as,

Good man. Good men. Good woman. Good women.

El libro. Los libros. La pluma. Las plumas. Lo bueno.

The book. The books. The pen. The pens. What is good.

Feminine nouns beginning with d accented, take the mascu- line article el in the singular number, instead of the feminine la, in order to avoid the disagreeable meeting of two a's ; as,

El alma. El agua. El alba. El hambre.

The soul. The water. The dawn of day. The hunger, &c.

29. The neuter article lo has no plural number, and is placed only before adjectives used as substantives, in an abso^ lute indeterminate case ; as.

Lo bueno. Lo malo.

What is good. What is bad.

CONVERSATION AND VERSION.

1. ^ Escribe Y. 4 sn padre? No, sefior, escribo d mi hermano.

2. I Qu6 escribe V. ? Escribo una carta 4 la muchacha.

LESSON VIII. 25

8. ^Escribe V. muchos billetes? No, sefior, escribo muj pocos.

4. ^Escriben ellos bien los ejercicios? Si, seiior, cUos escriben bien los ejercicios.

5. I Recibe V. libros ingleses ? No, sefior, recibo libros franceses.

6. I Que reciben ellos ? Reciben plata j oro.

7. e Reciben raucho oro ? No, sefior, reciben muy poco.

8. I Lee V. sus cartas 6 sus billetes ? No leo ni mis cartas, ni mis billetes ; leo mis ejercicios.

9. I Necesita Y. muchos pafluelos ? No, sefior, necesito muy pocos.

10. ^Estudia V. muchas lecciones? No, sefior, estudio pocas.

11. I Busca V. una pluma? No, sefior, busco una gramatica.

12. I Qu6 busca su hermana de V. ? Busca los ejercicios en ingles.

13. ^Estudia Y. frances 6 aleman? No estudio ni frances, ni aleman ; estudio espafiol.

14. 2 Necesita Y. mi ejercicio? Si, sefior, necesito sn ejercicio ingles.

15. ^Escribe Y. al comerciante 6 al abogado? No escribo al comer- ciante, ni al abogado ; escribo d su padre de Y.

16. g Escriben ellas los ejercicios de ingles? No, sefior, escriben los ejercicios de espafiol.

17. J Recibe Y. muchas cartas de su padre? No, sefior, recibo mur pocas.

18. ^ Recibo el comerciants mucho algodon ? SI, sefior, recibe mucho.

19. ^ Compra Y. muchos pafiuelos? Si, sefior, compro muchos.

20. I Compra su padre de Y. muchos caballos ? No, pocos.

21. I Compra Y. la gramatica del muchacho ? No, cuaderno de la muchacha.

22. ^ Habla mucho el Frances ? No, sefior, habla poco.

23. I Escribe Y. bien el ingles ? No, sefior, escribo mal el ingles, pero «scribo bien el espafiol.

EXERCISE.

1. Does your brother write English well? Yes, sir, he writes Eng- lish well.

2. Do you write to my brother ? No, sir, I write to my father.

3. Do you write in English or in Spanish ? I write in English,

4. Do they (/em.) write the lessons or the exercises ? They write neither the lessons nor the exercises ; they write letters.

5. Do you receive many notes ? No, sir, I receive but few.

6. Do they receive gold ? No, sir, they receive silver.

7. Do you receive many letters from your father ? Yes, sir, I receive many.

2

26

LESSON IX.

8. Do yon eat fish ? No, sir, I cat bread and cheese.

9. Do the Genuans drink water? No, sir, they drink hcer.

10. Do you read your brother's letter? Xo, sir, I read my sister's letter.

11. Does the merchant sell French paper? No, sir, he sells English paper.

12. Does your brother learn German and Englisli? No, sir, he learns neither German nor English ; he learns Spanish.

13. Do you need silver or gold ? I need neither gold nor silver.

14. Do you look for my father ? No, madam, I look for the lawyer.

15. Do you buy a grammar from the merchant? Yes, sir, I buy a grammar from theNnerchant.

16. Do they study their lessons well? Yes, sir, they study their les- sons well.

17. Do you speak much to your sister? Yes, madam, I speak much to my sister.

18. Do you speak Spanish or English ? I speak English.

19. Do you receive French books? No, sir, I receive English books.

20. Does the merchant receive silver or gold ? lie receives gold and silver.

21. Do you write your exercises? No, sir, I write my letters.

22. Do you write a letter to your father? No, sir, I write to my sister.

LESSON	IX.
	u^dc^v To live.
Viv-o.		I live.
Viv-es.		Thou livest.
Viv-e.		He lives.
Viv-imos.		"We live.
Yiv-is.		You live.
Viv-en.		They live.
Pwesidir. hyO^ -aI^-oJ^	1	To reside.

Mis {plural).

Sus {plural).

Cuando.

Dondo {without motion).

Adondo {with motion).

My.

Your.

When.

Where.

Campo, pais. Country

LESSON IX.

'jojccL.

Dia. Dias. Lapiz. Lapiccs.

AleKes. .^ Cortaplumas. C^3k^ Hotel, fonda.

Day.

Days.

Pencil.

Pencils.

Gilliflower.

GHliflowers.

Penknife.

Hotel.

Dim de la semana.^ Liines. Martes. Miercoles. Jueves. Vierncs. Sabado. Sabados. Domingo. Domingos.

Flor.

Florcs.

Casa.

Nneva York.

Francia.

Espafla.

Inglaterra.

Alemania.

Tienda.

Ciudad.

27

Flower.

Flowers.

House, or home.

New York,

France. ^Ca^o^^-

Spain. ^

England, lu^y

Germany. ^ ,

Store. "U-^:*^^^ -^/^^ .

City.

'^"tik^

cO

ia^'A

Days of the week. Monday.

Tuesday. ' f (I f ^

Wednesday. O-viX '^^ "f^ "'^^ Thursday. ^ctA^-^s^^t^-'-'^^"'''^'-'''^ ' Friday. ,^ _ aJ(A^' ,--)^xA^a.A^ Saturday. Saturdays. Sunday. Sundays.

COMPOSITION.

4 Vive Y. en el campo 6 en la ciudad ?

Vivo en la ciudad.

I En donde residen sus papas de V, ?

Pap4 reside en Francia, y mama en Nueva York.

I Cuando come V. en casa de sus her- manos de V. ?

Los domingos, martes y jueves como en casa de mis hermanos.

^ Y en donde come V. los lunes, mier- coles, vi ernes y subados ?

Como en casa.

Do you live in the country or in the city ? I live in the city. Where do your parents reside ? Father resides in France, and mother in

New York. When do you dine at your brothers' ?

On Sundays, Tuesdays and Thursdays

I dine at my brothers'. And where do you dine on Mondays,

Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays ? I dine at home.

EXPLANATION.

30. Popc^jpapa; mama, Tnamma; pi^, foot; are exceptions to the general rule, and form the plural by the addition of s ; as, papas, papas ; mamds, mammas ; pi^s, feet.

* All of tlie mascullQC gendct.

28 LESSON IX.

31. Kouns which are not monosyllables, and end in 5, the last syllable not being accented, do not change their termina- tion in the plural number ; as, Liines, Monday or Mondays ; Mdrtes, Tuesday or Tuesdays, etc. Words ending in z take C5, and change the z into c in the plural ; as, Idpiz, Idpices, pencil, pencils ; juez^jueces, judge, judges.

32. Words which are compounds of two nouns differ so va- riously that it is not possible to give rules for the formation of their plurals ; but compounds of a verb and a noun in the singu- lar number form the plural in the same manner as simple nouns ; and compound words of a verb and a noun in the plural will be used the same in both numbers ; as, cortaplumas, penknife, or penknives.

33. The days of the week always take the article when they are employed to mark, or express time ; as,

Estudio espanol el lunes y el viernes. | I study Spanish on Monday and Friday.

34. Donde, where (without motion) ; adonde, where (with motion) ; cuando, when. These adverbs are placed always be- fore the verb; as,

i, Donde reside V. ? I Where do you reside ?

I Cuando escribe V. ? | When do you write ?

35. Donde, adonde, and cwanJo, when used interrogatively require an accent; X\\\x% ^ Donde vivef Where does he live? ^ Cudndo lee V, f W^hen do you read ?

CONVERSATION AND VERSION.

1. J En donde vive V. ? Vivo en Nucva York.

2. I Donde viven sus padres de V. ? Mi padre vive en la ciudad y mi madre en el campo.

8. I Donde viven sus hcrmanos ? Viven en Francia.

4. ^ Donde come V. los sabados y los domingos? Como en el hotel de los Franceses.

5. ^y donde come V. los Idncs y los martes? Como en cl hotel Americano.

6. I D6nde reside V. ? Resido en el campo.

7. i Y d6nde reside su mamd de V. ? Reside en los Estados Unidos.

8. I Cuando ostudia V. sus lecciones de frances ? Los mi^rcoles y loe Ju6vea.

LESSON IX. 29

9. ^ T qu6 estudia V. los vierncs ? Los viernes estudio una Icccion dc frances.

10. ^Cuando lee V. los periodicos? Yo Ico los periodicos los do- mingos.

11. ^ Compran alelies sus herraanas? Si, seilor, ellas compran alelles.

12. ^Estudia V. las leyes de Inglaterra? No, scuor, estudio las de los Estados Unidos ( United States).

13. ^Aprende bien la mucliacha el ingles? Si, seilor, aprende Men el ingles.

14. ^Qu6 bebcn los Espafloles y los Alcmanes? Los Espafioles bcben buen vino, y los Alemanes buena cerveza.

15. I Donde compra el comerciante el algodon? Oompra el algodon on los Estados Unidos.

16. ^ Y donde vende el oro y la plata ? En Inglaterra.

17. ^Cuando necesita su hermano de V. la gramatica? Mi Lermano necesita su gramatica el 1 tines.

18. ^En qu6 hotel come V.? Como en cl hotel de Inglaterra.

19. ^Qu6 compra cl comerciante, plata u oro? El comerciante no compra ni oro ni plata, compra seda.

20. I Que estudia V. ? Estudio los dias de la scmana en ingles.

21. ^Escribe V. a Francia? No, senor, escribo a Inglaterra.

22. ^Qu6 escribe Y.? Escribo los ejercicios de la semana en ingl6s.

23. I Donde reside su hermana do V. ? Reside en el campo.

24. I En qu6 pais vive su papa ? Vive en Alemania.

EXERCISE.

1. Do you live in the country ? No, sir, I live in town.

2. "Where does your sister live? She lives in New York.

3. Where do your parents {padres) live?. They live in France.

4. Where does your brother reside ? He resides in England.

5. Do you not reside in the United States ? No, sir, in Spain.

6. In which country does your mother live ? She lives iji the United States.

Y. Do you write to your father in Spanish or in English ? I write in English.

8. Where does the merchant buy the cotton ? He buys the cotton in England.

9. Which do you sell, silver or gold? I sell gold.

10. Where do you dine on Sundays and Mondays? I dine in the French hotel.

11. And where on Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays? In the German hotel.

so

LESSON X

12. When do thej study their lesson ? On (los) Tuesdays.

13. Does the lawyer study the laws of England? No, sir, he studies the laws of the United States. Jicu,- ^I^-^cCcl

14. Whera docs your mother reside ? She resides in Germany.

15. When do you need your grammar ? On Friday.

16. When do your sons study the French lessons? They study the French lessons on Mondays and Saturdays.

17. Where does the merchant buy the good penknives? In England.

18. What day do you {/em.) receive the newspapers? We receive the newspapers on Sundays.

19. Does your sister buy gilliflowers? Yes, sir, she buys gilliflowers.

20. Where do you buy your pencils ? In the French store.

21. What do you study ? I study the days of the week in Spanish.

22. Where do your parents reside ? My mother resides in Spain, and my father in Germany.

23. Where does your sister reside ? She resides in the country.

24. Do you need my books ? Yes, sir, I need your books.

LESSON X.

Tener.

Ten go. Tienes. Tiene.

Tenemos.

Tcneis.

Tienen.

To have.

I have. Thou hast He has.

We have. You have. They have.

Le, los (masc. pi.). La, las (fcm. pi.). Lo {neuter).

OBJECTIVE CASE.

It, him, them. It, her, them. It, (sometimes) so.

h.

ns'TERROGATITE PRONOUNS.

l Qui^n, qui6nes (pi.) ?

^Cual, cuales (pl.)'i

iQu6?

Do qui6n, de quienes (pi.) ?

Con.

Who?

Which one, which ones?

What, or which?

Whose ?

With.

LESSON X,

Zapato. ShociUL- f^o^-^

Chaleco. Vest. ei^~,&t4 '

Baston. Cane.

Sombrero. Hat.

81

Botas.	Boots.
Casaca.	Coat.
Corbata.	Cravat.
Medias.	Stockings. (yncu^"d&'

COMPOSITION,

i Qxiidn t'lenc mi baston ?

Yo lo tcngo.

i Que corbata tiene V. ?

Tengo la bonita.

^ Tienen dlos mi chaleco ?

No, senor, tienen la corbata de Y.

I De quien liabla V. ?

Ilablo de los Franceses.

I Teneis vosotros casacas ?

Si, seiior, las tenemos.

^ Quien tiene sombreros ?

Los tiane el coraerciante.

I Nocesita V. ami padre ?

Si, SGUor, le necesito,

I Tiene V. mi casaca ?

Si, seuor, la tengo.

I Que bolas tiene V. ?

6 Que tiene V. ?

Who has my cane ?

I have it

"Which cravat have you ?

I have the pretty one.

Have they my waistcoat ?

No, sir, they have your cravat.

Of whom do you speak ?

I speak of the Frenchmen.

Have you coats ?

Yes, sir, we have (them).

Who has hats ?

The merchaut has (them).

Do you neoa my father ?

Yes, sir, I ueed him.

Have you my coat ?

Ye3, sir, I have it

Which boots have vou?

What is the matter with you ? EXPLANATION.

36. Irregular verbs are those which do not retain in- tact the radical letters and the terminations designated for each tense and person.

The verb tener^ to have, is the first of the irregular verba here introduced ; and, like all the auxiliary verbs, is not in- cluded in the seven groups in which the irregular Spanish verbs are classified, on account of their multifarious irregulari- ties. The auxiliaries require, therefore, to be learned separate- ly, or each one by itself.

A complete list of the irregular conjugations will be found at the end of the book.

When the objective case of the third person is the object of the English verb, it is translated by Ze, los^ for the masculine; la^ las^ for the feminine ; and lo for the neuter ; as,

El le busca. I He looks for him.

Ella los compra. She buys them.

Ellos lo necesitan. J They want tt

32 LESSONX.

37. Lo and Le. — It must be obsen-cd, however, with regard to the objective forma le and lo, that their use is very doubtful in Spanisli, since many correct writers employ the neuter lo, instead of the masculine le. Consequently, while custom or general use does not give the preference to either, the learner may use them according to his own discretion or taste, in the accusative case, masculine gender; as,

jllanuel tiene un buen iibro y lo (le) I Emanuel has a good book and sells iL venJe. j

Xo is sometimes employed to avoid the repetition of a whole or part of a sentence, and then it is equivalent to so, or it. Of this, however, more will be said when treating of the regimen of verbs.

38. The intekkogative pronouns quien, cudl, que, de quien, who, which, what, and whose, do not require the arti- cle ; as,

i Quien habla ?

(, Cual tengo yo ?

l Que escribe V. ?

l De quien son los caballos ?

Who speaks ? "Which one have I ? What do you write ? Whose are the horses ?

39. When, in a question, the interrogative pronoun is governed by a preposition, that preposition must also be re- peated in the answer ; as.

g Con quien vive V. ? Con mi amigo. / De quien es el caballo ? De mi amigo.

With whom do you live ? With my friend. Whose is the horse ? My friend's.

CONVERSATION AND VERSION.

1. I Qu6 tiene V. ? Tengo un hcrmoso baston.

2. I Tienes tu un buen sombrero ? Si, seflor, lo (le) tengo.

3. iQu6 pafiuelo tiene ella? Tiene el de seda.

4. I Cual tiene V. ? Tengo mi pafiuelo.

5. ^Teneis vosotros buenos chalecos? Si, sefior, los tenemos. C. I De quien hablan ellos ? Ilablan de las Americanas.

7. ^ Tiene V. las corbatas? Si, sefior, Ins tengo.

8. ^Tienen ellos los hermosos pafiuelos <le seda? Si, sefior, los ticnea

9. I Qui6n tiene las medias ? Yo las tengo.

10. I Tieno V. mi cbaleco ? Si, sefior, lo (le) tengo.

LESSON X. 33

11. ^ Quien tiene mi baston ? Su hermano lo (le) tiene.

12. ^ Ilabla V. a su liermana ? Si, sefior.

13. gBusca V. a su liermana? Si, sefiorita, la busco.

14. ^Estudia V. su leccion ? Si, scilor, la estudio.

15. ^Nccesita V. a su papa? Si, sefior, Ic (lo) necesito. IG. I Que sombrero tiene V. ? Tengo el de V.

17. ^Qu6 botas busca V.? Busco las buenas.

18. 2 Con quien aprcnde Y. cl ingles ? Con un Americano.

19. g A quien busca V. ? Busco al abogado.

20. I Que compra V. ? Compro lapices ingleses.

21. ^ Tiene V. una buena gramatica? Si, sefior, tengo una muy buena.

22. I Tiene Y. muchos libros ? No, sefior, tengo pocos.

23. ^TiencR ellas mucha seda? No, sefior, tienen rauypoca. 24.^ Donde reside Y. ? Eesido en el campo.

25. ^ Donde vive su abogado de Y. ? Yive en la ciudad.

26. I Yivc en Francia su hermano de Y. ? No, sefior, vivo en Espafia.

EXERCISE.

1. Who has the stockings? I have them.

2. What has he ? He has my grammar.

3. Have they my vest? Yes, sir, they have it.

4. Which books have they (/em.) ? They have yours.

5. Of whom do you speak ? I speak of the Erenchmaa.

6. Who has my coat ? They have it.

7. Have you my cravat ? No, sir, I have it not.

8. Have we very good coats ? Yes, sir, we have.

9. Who has the handsome stockings ? They (fern.) have them.

10. Do you speak to the Frenchman? Yes, sir, I speak to the French- man.

11. Do you need my hat? No, sir, I have my hat.

12. Whom do you look for ? I look for your father.

13. What do you buy ? I buy English books.

14. Which shoes do you buy ? I buy the handsome shoes.

15. Which hats have you ? I have the merchant's hats.

16. With whom do you learn jjJiglish? I learn with an American.

17. Have you good coats? Yjni^sk*, I have good coats.

18. Have they many grammars? Nq^ sir, they have very few.

19. Where do you live ? I live in the country.

20. Does your father reside in France ? No, sir, he resides in England.

21. Does your mother live in Germany? No, sir, she lives in the Enited States.

2*

S4

LESSON XI

22. Do you buy many books ? No, sir, I buy very few.

23. Who has my handsome boots? I have them.

24. TVliich liat have you? I liave yours.

25. What have you ? I have my stockings.

2d Of whom do you speak ? I speak of your fatlier.

	LESSON XI.
Ser.		To be.
Soy.		I am.
Eras.		Thou art.
Es.		He is.
Sera 09.		We arc.
Sois.		You are.
Son.		They are.

'-isk'i

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS,

Alguien. oM - a.~<^^i^^ Algimo. OU^''<i^<r6--^iA^^

'^hOA^^-oLou Nada

Ninguno. /^U!,5^tc-^^»^-^ Algo, alguna cosa. Jut ^z^nji

nmguna cosa.

Todo. Todos.

Librcro. Panadero. Carnicero. Sastre.

Bookseller. Baker Butcher. ^ Tailor.

Some one, somebody, anybody;

any one. Some, somebody, anybody. No one, nobody. None, no one, nobody. Something, anything. Nothing, not anything. All, everything. Every one, everybody.

Libreria. Panaderia. Carniceria. Sastreria.

Bookstore. Bakery. Butcher's shop. Tailor's shop.

COMPOSITION.

I Son Vds. carnlccros ?

No, scfior, somos panaderos.

I Es V. carnicero ?

No, senor, yo soy sastre.

i Tiene V. algun pan ?

Are you butchers ? No, sir, we are baker*u Are you a butcher ? No, sir, I am a tailor. Have you some bread f

LESSON XI.

35

No, sefior, no tengo ninguno.

i Tiencn Vds. algo ?

No, sefior, no tenemos nada.

^QuiOn lijne el sombrero?

El Americano lo ticnc.

^Dondc compra V. pan? .

En la panaderia.

^ Donde compra V. sus libros ?

En la libreria.

I Eres tii rany estudioso ?

No, sefior, no lo soy.

^Tienen todos Vds. buenas grama-

licas. Si, sefior.

I Qui^n tiene papel ? Nadie lo (le) liene.

No, sir, I have none.

Have you anything ?

No, sir, we have nothing.

Who has the hat ?

The American has it.

Where do you buy bread ?

In the bakery.

Where do you buy your books ?

In the bookstore.

Art thou very studious ?

No, sir, I am not (so).

Have you all good grammars ?

Yes, sir.

Who has paper ?

Nobody has (it).

EXPLANATION.

40. Alguien, alguno. — Alguien refers only to persons^ and always in the singular number ; as,

Vivo con Mguien. I I live with some one.

Escribo k alguien. | I write to somebody.

When some one, any one is followed by the preposition q/J we must use alguno in Spanish, and not dlgulen ; as, alguno de ellos escribe en el periodico, some one of them writes in the newspaper.

Any one, or anybody, not used interrogatively, is trans- lated by cualquiera, as will be seen when we introduce the in- definite pronoun.

Alguien is used only in the affirmative. Alguno may, on the contrary, be employed either in affirmative or negative sentences ; in the affirmative it always precedes the noun to which it refers, and in the negative it invariably comes after it ; as.

No estudian leccion alguna. I They study no lesson (or do not study

j any lesson).

41. Nadte, ninguno. — Ninguno relates to persons and things, and is used in the negative in the same manner as al- guno in the affirmative ; nadie relates to persons only, and is

06 LESSONXI.

used in the negative in the same way as the pronoun dlguien in the affirmative. In a word, nadle and ninguno are merely the negative forms of dlguien and alguno.

42. Alguno and ninguno lose the o when they come im- mediately before the noun.

43. Algo, and alguna cosa, are used in the affirmative; as, Como algo, or algmia cosa. I I cat something.

i RecibeV. algo, or alguna cosa ? J Do you receive anything ?

Anything, when not used interrogatively, is translated cualquiera cosci^ as will bo seen in its proper place.

44. Nada, ninguna cosa are used in the negative form.

45. Nada, nunguno, nadie, the adverb no, as well as any other words expressing negation, are placed before the verb ; but when no precedes the verb, another negative may be placed after it, and the two negatives serve to strengthen each ether, contrary to the practice of the English language ; as,

No estudio nada. No habl J k nadic. No rccibo ninguno

I study nothing.

I speak to nobody, or no one.

I receive none.

But in omitting the negative no, the words which express the negation must be placed before the verb ; as,

Nada estudio. A nadie hablo. Niajruno recibo.

I study nothing. I speak to nobody. I receive none.

The two negatives are always preferable.

46. The indefinite article a or an, is not translated into Spanish wlien accompanied by a noun which expresses nation ality, profession, &c. ; as,

I Es V. Ingl6s ? I Are you an Englishman ?

No, senor, soy Espauol. | No, sir, I am a Spaniard.

I Es 61 sastrc ? Is he a tnilor ?

No, senor, es zapatero. | No, sir, he is a shoemaker.

CONVERSATION AND VERSION.

1. lEi V» Frances? No, seflor, soy Americano.

2. iSon Vols. Alemanes? No, senor, soinos Ingleses. 8. I Ere? tu buen muchacho ? Si seflor, lo soy.

4. iSois vosotros sastres? Nt>, seflor, somos panaderoe.

LESSON XI. 37

6. ^Es bueno el libro de sii hermano de V. ? Si, seflor, lo es.

6. ^Son buenos sus zapatos de V. ? No, seflor, son muy raalos.

7. ^Tiene alguno mi sombrero? Si, sefior, alguien lo (le) tiene.

8. I Tiene alguien papel ? No, seflor, ningnno tiene papel.

9. g Tiene V. alguna cosa? No, sefior, no tcngo nada.

10. ^No tiene V. cosa alguna? Si, sefior, tengo alguna cosa.

11. ^Compran pan todos Yds. ? Si, sefior, todos compramos pan.

12. ^D6nde compran Yds. todo su pan? Lo (le) compramos en la panaderia.

13. gSon Yds. panaderos? No, sefior, nosotros somos zapateros.

14. ^ Tiene alguien mi sombrero bueno? Si, sefior, alguien le (lo) tiene.

15. ^No compra Y. algo? Si, sefior, compro alguna cosa.

16. ^Escribe Y. algo? No, sefior, no Cscribo nada.

17. t Necesita Y. todo el papel ? Si, sefior, lo (le) neccsito todo.

18. ^Necesita Y. todas las plumas? Si, sefior, las necesito todas.

19. gEs Y. sastre? Si, sefior, yo soy sastre.

20. ^Dondc tiene Y. su sastreria? La tengo en Nueva York.

21. gEs su padre de Y. librero? Si, sefior, lo es.

22. ^ Yende muclios libros? Si, sefior, vende muchos.

23. I Donde tiene 61 su libreria ? La tiene en Francia.

24. ^ Tiene Y. una panaderia? No, sefior, tengo una carniceria.

25. I Habla Y. a alguien ? No, sefior, no hablo a nadie.

EXERCISE.

1. Are you an Englishman? No, sir, I am an American.

2. Are you good boys ? Yes, sir, we are very good boys.

3. Is Louisa a good girl ? Yes, sir, she is a very good girl.

4. Art thou a Frenchman ? No, sir, I am a German.

5. Is yours a good book ? Yes, sir, mine is a very good one.

6. Are they (/em.) studious ? Yes, sir, they are very studious.

7. Have you anything ? No, sir, I have nothing.

8. Have you nothing ? Yes, sir, I have something.

9. Has anybody a good grammar ? Yes, sir, the Frenchman has one.

10. Who speaks French ? The American speaks French. j

11. Do you write an exercise? Yes, sir, I write an exercise. M

12. Where do you buy all your books ? I buy them in the bookstore.

13. Are you a bookseller? No, sir, I am a baker.

14. Where have you your bakery ? I have it in New York.

15. Where do you buy your coats ? In the tailor's shop.

16. Have you all of your books ? Yes, sir, I have all.

38

LE660X XII.

17. Do yon all reside in the United States ? Yes, sir, we reside in the United States.

18. Have you any bread ? No, sir, I have none.

19. Do you speak to anybody ? Yes, sir, I speak to the Americans.

20. Do you buy anything ? No, sir, I buy nothing.

21. Are you a baker? No, sir, T am a tailor.

22. Are they French ? No, sir, they are English.

23. Art thou a Spaniard ? No, sir, I am an American,

24. Who is studious ? Emanuel is very studious.

LESSON XII

Jlaber.

To have.

He. t^^ Has. A><W Ha. oJL'			I hav6. Thou hast. He has.
Hemos. "i^^jL^*-^			We have.
Habeis. cvirc^J-JLLJ Han. oXi^ ^		You have. They have.
PAST PARTICIPLES.-	-First Conjugation.
Habl-ado.			Spoke.
Estudi-ado.			Studied.
Compr-ado. Busc-ado.			Bought, Looked for, sought.
Necesit-ado.	Second ai	Needed. id Third.
Aprend-ido. Vend-ido.			Learned. Sold.
Le-ido.			Read.
Beb-ido.			Drunk.
Com-ido.			Eaten, dined.
Becib-ido.			Received.
Vivido.			Lived.
Kesid-ido.			Resided.
Escrito (irregular	in	this	Written.
participle only).

		L£S$ON XI
	Hoy. Paris.	1
	Paris.
	Londres.	London.
	Madrid.	Madrid.
^xC^*L'<fO	Pano.	Cloth.
c		COMPOSITION.

89

To-day.

Ilabana.	Ilavana.
Viena.	Vienn:i.
Filadelfia.	Philadelphia.
Esquela.	Note.

i Cudndo ha escrito Y. 4 su padre ?

He escrito hoy a mi padre.

^ Ha recibido V. sus cartas ?

Si, sefior, las he recibido.

I Ha vivido V. en Pan's ?

Si, seiior, he vivido una semana.

6 Ha residido V. en Londres ?

Si, serior, he residido algunos dias.

l Han comido ellos ?

Si, senor, han comido.

6 Hemos leido bien nosotros ?

Si, seiior, Yds. han leido muy bien.

^Ilabeis vendido vosotros muchos pa-

fiuelos ? Hemos vendido muy pocos. 6 Cuando habeis aprendido vuestra lec-

cion? La hemos aprendido hoy. I Habeis comprado pan ? Si, seiior, lo hemos comprado. ^ Ha estudiado V. aleman ? No, seiior, no lo he estudiado. I Ha liablado V. con el Frances ? Si, senor, he hablado con 61.

When have you written to your father ?

I have written to my father to-day.

Have you received your letters ?

Yes, sir, I have received them.

Have you lived in Paris ?

Yes, sir, I have lived a week.

Have you resided in London ?

Yes, sir, I resided some days.

Have they eaten (or dined) ?

Yes, sir, they have eaten.

Have we read well ?

Yes, sir, you have read very well.

Have you sold many handkerchiefs ?

We have sold very few.

When have you learned your lesson ?

We have learned it to-day.

Have you bought bread ?

Yes, sir, we have bought it.

Have you studied German ?

No, sir, I have not studied it.

Have you spoken with the Frenchman ?

Yes, sir, I have spoken with him.

EXPLANATION.

47. Tenek and IIaber. To have, used as an active verb, is translated by tener^ as an auxiliary, by haher ; as,

Tener caballos, Tengo oro. Habcr hablado. Hemos hablado.

To have horses. I have gold. To have spoken. We have spoken.

When the auxiliaries to have and to be, followed by an infi-

40 LESSONXII.

nitive, denote Bome future action, to Jmve is rendered by tener que, and to he bj haher de ; as,

Tcnemos que escribir. I "We have to write.

Homos de recibir dincro. | We are to receive money.

48. Pketerit Indefinite. — This tense not only refers to what is past, but also conveys an allusion to the present time ; as,

Alejandro ha estudiado el cspauol. | Alexander has studied Spanish.

It must also be used when we speak indefinitely of any thing past, as happening or not happening in the day, year, or age, in which we mention it ; as,

He escrito hoy muchas cartas. | I have written many letters to-day.

CONVERSATION AND VERSION.

1. ^Ila escrito V. sus cartas? No, seflor, ho cscrito los ejercicios de la leccion.

2. I Ila recibido V. sii dinero ? Si, seflor, lo ho recibido.

8. I Ha escrito V. d su hermana? Si, sefior, he escrito hoy d mi her- mana.

4. I Cuando ha recibido V. los peri6dicos de Paris ? Los he recibido hoy.

5. ^Ha leido V. mi libro? Si, seflor, lo he Icido.

6. I Han vivido Vds. en L6ndres ? Si, seflor, liemos vivido una semana.

7. I Ila coraido V. ? Si, seflor, he comido.

8. I Ha leido V. la carta de mi hermano ? Si, seflora, la he leido.

9. I Ila vendido V. su baston ? Si, seflor, lo he vendido hoy.

10. ^Ha necesitado V. el libro de mi hermana? No, seflor, no lo he necesitado.

11. ^Ila buscado V. bicn el pafluelo? Si, seflora, lo he buscado bien.

12. ^Ha comprado V. pan ? No, seflor, he comprado vino.

13. ^Ila aprendido V. su leccion do espaflol? La he estudiado, pero he aprendido muy poco.

14. ^Ha hablado V. con mi padre? Si, seflor, he hablado con 61.

, 15. ^Ha estudiado V. el aleman? Si, seflor, lo he estudiado con un Frances.

16. J Ha vivido V. en la Habana? No, seflor, he vivido en Filadclfia.

17. J Ha vendido V. muchos Idpioes? No, seflor, ho vendido muy pocos.

18. ^Ha recibido V. sus cartas? No, seflor, he recibido los peri6dico9 del ju6ves.

LESSON XII. 41

19. J Ha leido Y. mi esquela? No, seflor, no la he leido.

20. ^ Ha buscado V. bien mi baston ? Si, senor, lo ho buscado bien.

21. ^Ha comprado V. uii sombrero? Si, seiior.

22. I Han liablado ellos a su padre ? No, seflor.

23. I Ha aprendido V. el ingles ? No, seflor, lo be cstudiado un poco ; pero no lo he aprendido.

24. I Ha leido Y. el periodico de hoy ? Si, senor, lo he leido.

EXERCISE.

1. Have you received your letters? Yes, sir, I have received them to-day.

2. Have you read the newspapers? Yes, sir, I have read them.

3. Have you written to my sister ? No, sir, 1 have not written to her (le).

4. Have you received your letters from Yienna? I have received them.

5. Have you read the English newspapers? Yes, sir, I have (read them).

G. Have you dined with your sister? I have dined with her.

7. Have you bought your hat ? I have bought it to-day.

8. Have you looked for my father in Paris ? Yes. sir, I have looked for him.

9. Have you spoken with him ? Yes, sir, 1 have spoken with him.

10. "Wliere have you spoken with him ? I have spoken with him at his house.

11. Have you studied your Spanish lesson? Yes, sir, I have studied it.

12. Have you learned it well? No, sir, I have learned it httle.

13. Have the bakers sold much bread? No, sir, they have sold very little.

14. Has the tailor bought much cloth ? Yes, sir, he has (bought).

15. Have they (fern.) dined with your sister? Yes, sir, they have dined with my sister.

16. Have they dined with your brother? Yes sir.

17. "What have they eaten? They have eaten bread and meat.

18. What have they drunk? They have drunk Avater, wine and ale.

' 19. Have you spoken with the Spaniard? Yes, sir, I have spoken with him.

20. Have you spoken with him in Spanish or English ? I have spoken with him in English.

21. Have you received your letters from Pliiladelphia? Yes, sir, I have received them.

22. Have you received them all ? I have received them all.

42

LESSON XIII

2.^. Have you lived in London ? No, sir, I have lived in Vienna.

24. Have you lived with your father ? No, sir, I have lived with my

brother.

LESSON XIII.

Querer.

Querido. Quiero. -^'i'Ou^^ .yx.^t^<'^ Qui ores. Qiiiere.

To wish, to be willing, to love.

AVished, loved, dear. I wish, or am willing. Thou wishest. He wishes.

Queremos. Quereis. Quieren. Desear.

Mio. Tuyo.

Suyo.

Nuestro.

Vuestro.

We wish. You wish. They wish. To desire.

POSSESSIVE PKONOrXS.

My, or mine. Thy, or thine. His, hers or its. Our, or oui*s. Your, cr yours.

Amigo. Primo. Dinero.

Friend. Cousin. Money.

Util. cr-O-XjU^^	Useful.
Caro.	Dear.
Barato.	Cheap.
Vigo. A ^ J6ven.'*C^- ^^<^^ ^	Old. Young.
Rico.	Eich.
Pobre.	Poor.

Amiga. Prima. Moneda.

Friend. Cousin. Coin.

COMPOSITION.

\ Quiero V. un sombrero ? No, scfior, quiero un baston. I Quiere V. mucho d su primo ? SI, Bcfior, le quiero mucho.

Do you wish a hat ?

No, sir, I wish a cane.

Do you love your cousin much ?

Yes, sir, I love him much.

LESSON XIII

43

I Quicre Y. escribir ?

No, seiior, quiero leer.

I Quiere V. hablar con mi hermana ?

Si, senor, quiero hablar con ella.

I Qaicre V. comprar el caballo de nues- tro araigo ?

Si, sciior, quiero comprar el caballo del amigo de V.

I Quieres escribir a mi herraano ?

Si, soiior, quiero escribirle.

I Tiene V. mi baston ?

No, seiior, tengo el mio.

(, Tiene 1 ellas nuestros libros ?

Si, seiior, tienen los de Vds.

6 Es viyo su padre de V. ?

Si, seiior, es un poco viejo.

6 Es joven su hermana de V. ?

Si, senor, es muy joven.

I Es pobre el comerciante ?

No, seiior, es muy rico.

6 Ha escrito V. a su amigo ?

Si, senor, he escrito hoy a mi amigo.

I Ha hablado V. con su prima ? No, seiior, he hablado con mi amigo. I Donde vive su primo de V. ? Vive en Filadelfia.

Do you wish to write ?

No, sir, I wish to read.

Do you wish to speak to my sister ?

Yes, sir, I wish to speak to her.

Do you wish to buy our friend's horse ?

Yes, sir, I wish to buy your friend's

horse. Do you wish to write to my brother ? Yes, sir, I wish to write to him. Have you my cane ? No, sir, I have mine. Have they our books ? Yes, sir, they have yours. Is your father old ? Yes, sir, he is rather old. Is your sister young ? Yes, sir, she is very young. Is the merchant poor ? No, sir, ho is very rich. Did yoa write to your friend ? Yes, sir, I have written to my friend

to-day. Have you spoken with your cousin ? No, sir, I have spoken with my friend. Where does your cousin live ? He lives in Philadelphia.

EXPLANATION.

49. Mio, tuyo, suto, nuestro, vuestko, change the final o into a, to form the feminine termination.

50. In Spanish, the possessive pronouns always agree witJi the name of the thing possessed, in gender, number, and case ; as,

Nuestra gramatica. I Our grammar.

Nuestros Ubros. j Our books.

61. When used as pronominal adjectives, they precede the noun with which they agree ; and it is to be observed that, in this case, mio, tuyo and suyo drop their final syllable ; as,

Nuestros caballo3. Mi pluma. Tu papel. Su cuadema

Our horses. My pen. Thy paper. His copy-book.

44 LESSON XIII.

Mis plumas. Tus papcles. Sus cuadernoa.

My pens. Thy papers. His copy-books.

52. Mio, when used in the vocative case — that is, in ad- dressing persons — is placed after the noun governing it ; as,

Escribe, hijo mio. | Write, my son.

53. When posscssives are used as pronouns, they agree in gender, number and case with the noun which they represent, and are preceded by the definite article ; as.

Tu gramdtica y la mia. Do mis muchachos y los tuyos. Su hermano y el nucstro. Sus zapatos y los nmstros. Tus caballos y los suyos.

Thy grammar and mine. Of my boys and thine. His brother and ours. His shoes and ours. Thy horses and theirs^ &c.

54. PossEssivES are preceded by the neuter article, when they are indefinitely used ; as,

Lo mio, lo tuyo, lo suyo. ( What is mine, what is thine, what is his.

55. "When the possessive pronoun is connected with the noun by the verb to be, the article is omitted ; as,

Este billetc es mio.

Esa carta es tuya.

El caballo es suyo.

Muchachos, ^ es este vuestro libro ?

Nines, 6 es este el vuestro ?

Tins note is mine. That letter is thine. The horse is his. Boys, is this your book ? Children, is this yours i

56. VuESTEO, vuESTRA, is chiefly used in addressing per- sons in very high positions ; as,

Scuor, vucstra patria lo cxijc. | Sir, your country demands it.

CONVERSATION AND VERSION.

1. jQuiero V. vino? No, scfior, quicro agua.

2. ^Quieren Vds. mis libros? No, seflor, queremos los nuestros.

3. ^Tienen ellos nucstros peri6dicos? No, seflor, ellos tienen los euyos.

4. ^Ticnc V. nucstro libro ? No, seflor, yo tengo cl mio.

D. ^Teneis vuestros cjercioios? Si, seflor, tenemos los nuestros.

C. ^Es vieja su amiga do V. ? No, seflor, cs joven.

7. ^Es rico el comerciante? Si, seflor, cs muy rioo.

8. I Vendo barato ? No, seflor, compra barato ; pero vende cara

LESSON XIII. 45

9. I Es util la gramatica ? Si, seflor, es mny titil.

10. ^Quiere V. rnuclio d su hermana? Si, senor, la qiiiero mucho.

11. ^Quiere V. beber vino? No, sefior, quiero beberagua.

12. I Quiere V. comprar un pafmelo de algodon ? No, sefior, quiero comprar uno de seda.

13. I Quiero V. vivir en nuestra casa? No, sefior, quiero vivir en la mia.

14. I Qiiiere V. estudiar espafiol ? Si, sefior, quiero estudiarlo.

15. ^ Que quieren ellos ? Quieren hablar con V.

16. I Quiere V. ir {to go) u mi casa el martes? No, sefior, quiero ir hoy.

17. gNeceslta V. un libro? Si, sefior, necesito el mio.

18. I Necesita V. hablar con el abogado ? No, sefior, necesito hablar con el comerciante.

19. ^Necesita su prima un Idpiz? No, sefior, ella no lo necesita.

20. 2 Ha querido V. mucho a su padre? Si, seflor, le ho querido mucho.

21. 2 Ha necesitado Y. dinero? No, sefior, he necesitado amigos.

22. ^Ha escrito V. sus cartas? Si, sefior, las he escrito.

23. I Ha leido V. los periodicos ? Si, sefior, los he leido hoy.

24. I Quiere V. aprender espafiol ? Si, sefior, quiero aprcnderlo.

EXERCISE.

1. Do you wish to eat anything? No, sir, I wish to drink.

2. What do you wish to drink ? I wish to drink water.

3. Do you wish to speak to your brother ? Yes, sir, I wish to speak to him ije).

4. Do you wish to learn Spanish ? No, sir, I wish to learn French.

5. Do they wish to live in New York ? No, sir, they wish to live in Philadelphia.

6. Have you read your note ? Yes, sir, I have read it. '^Y. Do you want some wine ? No, sir, I want some water.

8. Do they want my book ? Yes, sir, they want your book.

9. Does your brother want to speak to my father? No, sir, ho wants to speak to the lawyer.

10. Did you want my father's letter? No, sir, we did not want your father's letter.

11. Did you want any money? Yes, sir, I wanted some.

12. Do you wish to live in Franco? No, sir, I wish to live in the United States.

13. Do you wish to speak French ? No, sir, I wish to speak Spanish.

14. Do they wish to buy a grammar ? No, sir, they wish to buy news- papers.

46

LESSON XIV.

15. Wliat do you wish to buy ? I wish to bny a handkerchief.

16. What do you wish to read? I wish to read the English news- papers.

17. What do you wish to drink? I wish to drink some wine and water.

18. What do they want to sell? They want to sell their horses.

19. When did you receive your letters from England? We have re- ceived them to-day.

20. When did you dine with your friends? I have dined with them to-day.

21. Have you a useful book? Yes, sir, I have a Spanish grammar.

22. Does the merchant sell his hats dear ? No, sir, he sells them very cheap.

23. Is your friend young? N"o, sir, he is old.

24. Arc you ricli ? No, sir, I am poor.

25. Do you wish to have money ? Yes, sir, I wish to have it

26. Do your friend and cousin live m New York? No, sir, they live in Philadelphia.

	LESSONT XIV.
".A^ct.C Llevar,	llevado, tTaery^^'	^"^^ To bring, brought, to take
V t' ' /..-tv'-;/ f JEInviar, enviado.	To send, sent.
JCf. „ v » , -1 ,^ ' Tomar^	tornado.	To take, taken.
Pagar^ pagado.	To pay, paid.
Caanto.		IIow much.
Cuantos.		How many.
Bastante.		Enough.
Peso.	Dollar.	Silla. Chair.
Centavo.	Cent.	Mesa. Table.
Caf6.	Coffee.	Cama. Bed.
Chocolate	Chocolate.
	NTJMEBAL ADJECTIVE9-	—CARDINAL NUMBEBfl,
Uno, una.		One. ^^ C-
Dos.		Two. O^-^'l-Zc
Tres.		Three. ' ^^^-<-^^
Caatro.		Four. ' ■
Cinco.		Five.

LESSON XIV.

47

Seis. A^Ci^u-^Ji^^ ^ Siete. /^-^o ^T/x-t^' Ocho. 6^-e^uo Nueve. '^V'^' - ^ - Diez. .^k - ir.'i< IrS Once. ^/^"'U^.'cx^ ^ Doce. . ^-^ ^- "XM^o^-^. Trece. .(yt^o^iy^^ z£iX>^'^ Catorce. JfeaA.-"t<»-t-''— tA^o Quince. ■i'^JU2^\A,^'W^p*^ Diez y seis. Diez y siete. Diez y ocho. Diez y nueve. . ^ Veinte. '^-^'- --^^^

"ttX-i

Veinte y imo, etc

Treinta. /(/t/<x<y'jLt44^' t^ot

Cuarenta. . /^ /

Cincnenta.t^A/.^'t/t — -y^t^T^W

Sesenta.

Setenta.

Ochenta.

Noventa.

Ciento.

Doscientos.

Trescientos.

Cuatrocientos.

Quinientos.

Seiscicntos.

Setecicntos.

Ochocientos.

Novecicntos.

Mil.

Dos rail.

Mil ciento.

Cieri mil.

Un millon. - /.-'

M.

Six.

Seven.

Eight.

Nine.

Ten.

Eleven.

Twelve.

Thirteen.

Fourteen.

Fifteen.

Sixteen.

Seventeen.

Eighteen.

Kineteen.

Twenty.

Twenty-one, &o.

Thu-ty.

Forty.

Fifty.

Sixty.

Seventy.

Eighty.

Ninety.

A or one hundred.

Two hundred.

Three hundred.

Four hundred.

Five hundred.

Six hundred.

Seven hundred.

Eight hundred.

Nine hundred.

A or one thousand.

Two thousand.

Eleven hundred.

A or one hundred thousand.

A or one miUion.

iHan llevado mi sombrero al sombre-

rero? SI, senor, lo han Uevada

COMPOSITION.

Have they taken my hat to the hatter?

Yes, sir, they have taken it.

43

LESSON XIV,

I Ha cnviado V, la carta h 8u primo ?

La he enviado.

i Ha tornado V. cafe ?

No, senor, he tornado chocolate.

I Cuanto dincro tiene V. ?

Tengo bastante.

I Cuunto tiene V. ?

Tengo diez pesos.

i Ha comido V. con su hermano hoy ?

No, sefior, no he comido con 61.

i Cu4nto ha pagado V. al sombrerero ?

Ocho pesos y seis centavos.

5 Cudutas sillas ha comprado V. ?

He comprado seis.

Have you sent the letter to year cousin f I liave sent it. Have you taken coffee ? No, sir, I have taken chocolate. How much money have you ? I have enough. How much have you ? I have ten dollars.

Have you dined with your brother to- day? No, sir, I have not dined with him. How much have you paid to the hatter ? Eight (lo'lars and six cents. How many chairs have you bought ? I have bought six.

EXPLANATION.

NTHklERAL ADJECTIVES.

57. In tlie formation of compound numbers, the same order is observed in Spanish as in English, except as to the place of the conjunction; as,

Mil ochocientos sesenta y seis. | 1866.

58. All these numbers, except uno^ one, and the compounds of cientOf one hundred, are indeclinable.

69, Uno agrees in gender with the noun to which it refers, but drops the o when it comes immediately before a masculine noun; as,

Uno de los hombres. One of the men.

Una mujer. A woman.

Un hombre. A man.

Un gran caballo. A great horse.

60. CiENTO drops the last syllable when it comes immedi- ately before a noun. Its compounds agree in number and gender with the nouns to which they refer ; as,

Cien hombres y den miyeres.

(Hento veinte y tres caballos. Dosdentos Hbros. Trascioiicu ciyaa.

One hundred men and one hundred

women. One hundred and twenty-three horses. Two hundred books. Three hundred boxes.

LESSONXIV. 49

CONVERSATION AND VERSION.

1. ^Ha escrito Y. sus cartas? Sv^seflor, las he escrito.

2. I Las ha cnviado V. al correo*T Si, seflor, las he enviado hoy. 8. I Ha tornado V. caf6 6 chocolate ? He tornado caf4.

4. I Tiene V. bastante dinero ? Si, sefior, tengo bastante.

5. I Cuanto tiene V. ? Tengo veinte pesos y treinta centavos.

6. I Cuanto ha pagado V. d su sastre ? He pagado a mi sastre veinte y cinco pesos y cuarenta centavos.

7. I Cudndo ha comido V. con su amigo ? He comido con ^1 hoy.

8. I Cudntos caballos ha comprado V. ? He coraprado ocho.

9. I Ha comprado V. sillas ? Si, sefior, he comprado doce.

10. ^ Tiene V. mucho dinero ? Tengo cien pesos y cincuenta centavos.

11. 2 Cuanto tiene su hermano ? Tiene quinientos (500) pesos.

12. I D6nde vive Y. ? Yivo en Nueva York.

13. ^Qu6 niimero {number) tiene la casa de Y.? Tiene el ntimero tiescientos treinta y ocho (338).

14. I Ha recibido Y. sus periodicos de Paris ? Si, sefior, los he recibido.

15. I Que ntimeros ha recibido Y. ? He recibido el once, doce, trece, catorce, y diez y ocho.

16. ^Los ha leido Y.? No, sefior, no los he leido.

17. ^Cudntos afios (year) ha vivido Y. en Paris? He vivido cinco.

18. ^ Cuantas lecciones ha aprendido Y. ? He aprendido trece.

19. ^ Cudntas gramaticas tiene Y. ? No tengo sin o una.

20. I Qui6n ha recibido hoy peri6dicos ? Nadie los ha recibido hoy.

21. ^Es rico el amigo de Y. ? Si, sefior, tiene quinientos mil (500,000) pesos.

22. ^Ha Uevado Y. mis cartas al correo? No he Uevado sino dos.

23. ^Ha enviado Y. mis zapatos al zapatero ? Si, sefior, los he envia- do hoy.

24. J Ha tornado Y. muchas lecciones de espafiol? He tomado doce.

25. I Cudnt^ ha pagado Y. a su amigo ? Tres mil ochocientos cuarenta y cuatro pesos (3,844).

EXERCISE.

1. Do you wish to send anything to your cousin? Yes, sir, I wish to send money to my cousin.

2. How much money do you wish to send ? I wish to send $317.

3. "Who has taken the money to the tailor? My cousin {Jem.) has taken \\.

4. Where have you sent the horses ? I have sent them to Paris.

5. How many have you sent ? I have sent two very good ones.

♦ Correo, post-oflace.

60

LESSON XV

C. My son, have yon taken the $31.50 to the baker? Yes, sir, I have (taken them).

7. Has your brother sent some chairs to your house ? No, sir, but he has sent some to his.

8. How many has he sent ? He has sent ten chairs and three tables.

9. Has the woman bought no chairs? Yes, sir, she has bought tventy-six.

10. IIo^ many letters have they written this {eata) week ? They have written three Imndred and ten letters and one thousand and one notes.

11. Which newspapers have you sent to your father ? I have sent him numbers three, fifteen and eighteen.

12. Has he read them all ? He has read only number fifteen.

13. Has the butcher much money ? He has $1,000.

14. How much have you sent to your fiiend (/em.)? I have sent $111.17.

15. Whom do you wish to pay ? I wish to pay my tailor.

16. Where does your tailor reside? He resides in Vienna.

17. When have you written to Alexander? I have written to Alex- ander to-day.

18. Have you received a letter from him to-day ? Yes, sir, I have re- ceived six.

19. What day do you receive letters from France ? I receive them on Tuesdays and Saturdays.

20. How many has your cousin written to you ? None.

LESSOIN" XY

Pronunciar, pronunciado. Tocar^ tocado.

Cantar, cantado. Beinar, reinado.

Qomo,

To pronounce, puononnced. To touch, touched; to play,

played. To sing, sung. To reign, reigned.

How, like, as.

ORDINAL NUMBERS.

Primero (primer he/ore a noun),

Begundo.

Tercero (or tercer he/are a noun).

First

Second.

Third.

	LESSON XV.
Cuarto.		Fourth.
Quinto.		Fifth.
Sexto.		Sixth.
Septimo.		Seventh.
Octavo.		Eighth.
Noveno, or nono.		Ninth.
D^cimo.		Tenth.
Piano.	Piano.	Cancion.	Song.
Violin.	Violin.	Palabra.	Word.
Mtisico.	Musician.	Guitarra.	Guitar.
Pianista.	Pianist.	Historia.	History.
Cantor.	Singer.	Arpa.	Harp.
Tomo or voliimen.	Volume.	Obra.	Work.
Carlos.	Charles.	Musica.	Music.
Luis.	Louis.	Cantora, cantatriz	. Singer.
Enrique.	Henry.	Calle.	Street.
Key.	King.	Avenida.	Avenue
Trabajo.	Work, labor. COMPO	3ITI0N.

51

I Corao pronuncia Manuel el espanol ?

Lo pronuncia bien.

i Toca V. la guitarra ?

No, senor, toco el violin y el piano.

I Canta V. cancion es espanolas ?

No, seaor, canto canciones inglesas.

4, Quien reina en Rusia ?

Alejandro Segundo.

f. En que calle vive V. ?

Vivo en la calle Once.

6 Y v., donde vive ?

Yo vivo en la calle Yeinte y tres.

6 Que toca el musico ?

Toca el arpa, el violin y el piano.

l Tiene Y. el primer tomo de mi libro ?

^o, senor, tengo el segundo.

'l Ha leido Y. el tomo tercero ?

No, senor, he leido el cuarto,

I Cuantos anos tiene Y. ?

How does Emanuel pronounce Spanish ?

He pronounces it well.

Do you play the guitar ?

No, sir, I play the violin and the piano.

Do you sing Spanish songs ?

No, sir, I sing English songs.

Who reigns in Russia ?

Alexander the Second.

In which street do you live ?

I live in Eleventh street.

And where do you live ?

I live in Twenty-third street.

What does the musician play ?

He plays the harp, violin and piano.

Have you the first volume of my book ?

No, sir, I have the second.

Have you read the third volume ?

No, sir, I have read the fourth.

How old are you ?

EXPLANATION. 61. The ordinals always agree in gender and number witL

52 LESSONXV.

the noun, expressed or understood, to which they refer, and may be placed eitlier before or after that noun ; as,

El primer tomo (or el tomo primero).

El primer buen libro.

Los primeros cnadernos.

Las primcras Iccciones.

El segundo tomo.

Las sescundas intencioncs.

The first volume. The first good boolc The first copy-booka. The first lessons. The second volume. The second intentions.

It has been seen, in the list of ordinal numbers at the open- ing of the present lesson, i\\^t 2:>rimero and tercero lose the tinal letter when they immediately precede their noun, or arc separ- ated from it only by an adjective. We may observe here, that tercero is by some written entire; the contracted form, how- ever, is much to be preferred ; as,

El tcrccr tomo. | The third volume.

62. The ordinals are not so frequently used in Spanish as in English ; and, except primero^ first, their place is generally supplied by the cardinal numbers ; as, for instance, in speaking of the days of the month, which are expressed by cl dos, tres, ciiatro^ etc.^ the second, third, fourth, &c. The following are the principal cases in whir*.h the ordinals are employed: 1st with the names of sovereigns, popes, &c. ; 2d, in the enum eration of books, chapters, lessons, &c., and a few others but, even in tliese cases, after decimo, tenth, they are, by rea- son of their great length, generally replaced by the numerals as.

Carlos Quinto. Pio Nono. Capftulo d6cimo. Calle Veinte y trcs. Luis Catorce.

Charles the Fifth. Pius the Ninth. Chapter tenth. Twenty-third street. Louis the Fourteenth.

N. B. — The definite article is not required in the above ex- amples.

COXTERSATION AND VERSION.

1. ^Pronuncia V. bien el ingl6s? No, sefior, lo pronuncio maL

2. I Es V. cantor ? No, sefior, pero toco. 8. {Qu6 toca v.? Toco el violin.

LESSOKXV. 63

4. gCanta bien su hermana de Y. ? No, seCor, ella canta mal; pero toca bien el piano.

5. I Que lecoion estudia V. ? Estudio la cuarta.

6. ^En qu6 calle vive su padre de V. ? Vive en la calle Catorce.

7. I Que tomos ha leido V. ? He leido el primero, segundo, tercero y cuarto.

8. I Cuantos toraos tiene la obra? Tiene seis.

9. I Que libro lee V. ? • Leo la historia de Carlos Quinto.

10. I Ha leido Y. la historia de Enrique Octavo de Inglaterra ? Si, sefior, la he leido.

11. ^ Que tomo Ice su hermana de Y. ? Leo el noveno.

12. I Cuanto dinero ha recibido Y. hoy ? He recibido cincuenta y un pesos.

13. ^Cuantos hermanos tiene Y.? Tengo cinco.

14. ^Cuantos afios tiene su hermana de Y.? Tiene quince.

15. I Cuanto ticmpo ha vivido Y. en Pai'is ? He vivido seis afios.

16. ^Que niimero tiene su casa? El doscientos seis (206).

17. gQue dia de la semana es hoy? Hoy cs miercoles.

18. ^ Que hora tiene Y. ? Las diez.

19. ^ Cuantos dias tiene una scmana? Tiene siete.

20. Ocho y docc i cuantos son ? Son veinte.

21. I Cuantos afios tiene su papa de Y. ? Tiene sesenta.

22. I Cuantos dias tiene el afio ? Tiene trescientos sesenta y cinco (365).

23. I Como ha leido Y. ? He leido despacio.

24. I Ha llevado Y. mi piano al pianista ? Si, sefior, lo he Uevado.

25. I Ha cantado Y. muclio hoy ? Hoy ho cantado poco.

26. ^ Cuando ha vcndido Y. su caballo ? Lo he vendido hoy.

EXERCISE.

1. "What book have you? A music-book.

2. How many volumes has it? Three.

3. Which volume have you read ? The first.

4. Has your father not read the second volume ? No, sir ; but my cousin has read it.

5. What arc you reading, miss? I am reading the History of Charles the Fifth.

6. Who has sold your sister's History of England? She has sold it.

7. Who has bought the violin? The pianist.

8. Where does he live ? In Seventeenth street.

9. In what street does the butcher live ? In Sixth avenue.

10. Have you bought good meat in the butcher's shop ? The most (which) I have bought is very bad.

54

LESSON ZVI.

11. What things have you sent to the tailor? I have sent stockings, vests, and pocket-handkercliiefs.

12. What day of the week is to-day? Monday.

13. Is Monday the first day of the week? No, sir, it Ls the second; Sunday is the first.

14. How much money does tlic merchant require ? He requires $ 1,500.

15. How much money do you wish to send to your friend? I wiih to, send my friend $50.

16. Does he need much money? Yes, madam, he is very poor.

17. How many letters have your brothers written to Emanuel? Very fewj^

-"TS. How do your sisters pronounce Spanish ? They pronounce it well when tliey read, but not when they speak.

19. When do they write their exercises? When they have studied their lessons.

20. And you, when do you write yours? When my brothers write theirs.

21. How do the poor buy? The poor buy dear, and the rich buy cheap.

^,^^22. Has your father sold his old horse? He has sold it.

23. Have you read the History of Louis X VI. ? I have read volumes first, second, and third.

LESSON XVI.

Fiit&T CONJUGATION — Preterit Definite.

EalU, Habl-aste. Habl-6.	I spoke. Thou spokest. He spoke.
Habl-dmos. Habl-asteis. Habl-aron.	We spoke. You spoke. They spoke.
SECOND CO	NVUOATION.
Aprend-i, Aprend-iste. Aprend-io.	I learned. Thou learn edst He learned.
Aprend-imos. Aprend-isteis. Aprend-ieron.	We learned. You learned. They learned.

LESSON" XVI.

55

Escrib-i.

Escrib-iste.

Escrib-io.

Escrib-imos. Escrib-isteis. Escrib-ieron.

Pasar.

Aycr. Anocbe.

Antes de ayer, or anteayer.

El alio pasado.

El mes pasado.

La semana pasada.

Ante {prep.).

Ante todas cosas.

Ante todo.

Antes («^.). / ^ n ' 4^

Delantc (a^^.).**^^^'^ • Despues (ac?.)» C^^c\.<^ -^Uvu.'t/^

Mas {ad^. ^ ^

Menos (ac?.)./>v*^^'

Que {conj.).

THIRD CONJUGATION.

I wrote. Thou wrote. He wrote.

TVe wrote. You wrote. They wrote.

To pass, to spend {in relation to time).

Yesterday. Last night.

The day before yesterday.

Last year.

Last month.

Last week.

Eefore, in the presence of.

Before all things.

Above all.

Before {refers to time).

Before {refers to place).

Afterwards, after.

More.

Less, fewer.

That, than.

COMPOSITION.

I Hablo V. con mi padre ?

Si, boaor, hable con el ^ntes dc ayer.

^ Han aprendido Yds. su leccion ? Si, seiioi-, la hemos aprendido hoy. <: Cuando ..^cribio V. a su hermana ? Escribi la semana pasada a mi hermana. I Ha recibido V. sus periodicos del

mes pasado ? Sf, scnor, los he recibido hoy. 6 Cuando vendio V. su caballo ? Lo vendi el ano pasado. ^ Estudia Y. antes 0 despues de comer ?

Estudio &ntes de comer.

i Habl6 V. mucho ante el juez ?

Did you speak with my father ?

Yes, sir, I spoke with him the day be- fore yesterday.

Have you learned your lesson ?

Yes, sir, we have learned it to-day.

When did you write to your sister ?

I wrote to my sister last week.

Have you received your newspapers of last month (last month's newspapers)?,

Yes, sir, I have received them to-day.

When did you sell your horse ?

I sold it last year.

Do you study before or after dining (or dinner) ?

I study before dining.

Did you speak much before the judge f

66

LESSON XVI.

No, senor, habl6 muy poco.

I Que libro tiene V. delantc ?

Tcngo la gramatica espanola.

j Escribio V. sus cartas ?

Si, sefior, las escribi el domingo pasa-

do. I Come V. m6no8 que yo ? Ko, senor, como mas que V. I Ha visto V. a su amigo ? Si, senor, lo vi ayer. gDonde lo vio V.? Lo vi delante dc la iglesia.

i Hablo V. con 6\ ?

Si, senor ; pero muy poco.

I Ha comido V. ?

Si, sciiora, he comido pan y lie bebido

vino. i Ha Icido V. y estudiado sus ejercicios ?

Si, seiior, los he leido y estudiado.

I Ha escrito V. h su padre ?

Si, sefior, escribi ayer.

i Cuando ha recibido V. las cartas de

el? Las he recibido hoy. I Ha enviado V. mis cartas despues de

las suyas ? Las he enviado Antes. i Hablo V. ante el rey ? No, seiior, hable ante el juez. i CuAnto tiempo ?

No, sir, I spoke very little. What book have you before you ? I have the Spanish grammar. Did you write your letters ? Yes, sir, I wrote them last Sunday.

Do you eat less than I ?

No, sir, I eat more than you.

Have you seen your friend ?

Yes, sir, I saw him yesterday.

Where did you see him ?

I saw him before (in front of) the church.

Did you speak with him ?

Yes, sir ; but very little.

Have you dined ?

Yes, sir, I have eaten bread and drunk wine.

Have you read and studied your exer- cises ?

Yes, sir, I have read and studied them.

Have you written to your father ?

Yes, sir, I wrote yesterday.

When have you received the letters from him ?

I have received them to-day.

Have you sent my letters after yours ?

I (have) sent them before. Bid you speak before the king ? No, sir, I spoke before the judge. How Ions ?

EXPLANATION.

63. The Preterite Definite refers to a time past, and generally specitied in the sentence, and denotes the thing or Action past in such a manner that nothing remains of that time in which it was done; as.

Escribi & mi padre en el afio 1804. Aprendi el francos el afio pasado.

I wrote to my father in the year 1864. I learned French last year.

In colloquial language, the preterite indefinite (which has been treated of in Lesson xii.), is sometimes, though incorrect'

LESSON XVI. 57

ly, substituted for the preterite definite. The following example will show the impropriety of such a substitution : He eserito k mi padre ayer. | I have written to my father yesterday.

Nothing remains of yesterday ; it is time past, and has no connection with the present ; and, as it has been already seen that the preterite indefinite conveys an allusion to the pi'esent time, the incorrectness of tbe foregoing example is at once apparent.

We may, however, say with propriety :

Escribi la carta a las tres, a las cua- I I wrote the letter at three o'clock, at tro, etc. I four o'clock, &c.

for the time specified is completely past.

64. Ante. — This preposition means be/ore, or in the pres- ence of', as,

Hablo ante el juez. j He spoke before the judge.

And it sometimes denotes priority, antecedence, &c. ; as, Ante todas cosas. | Before all things.

65. Mas, fnoi*e ; Meitos, less, fewer. — These two adverbs are used to form the comparative degree of several adjectives, which last they always precede in the sentence ; as,

El vino es mas caro que la cerveza. I Wine is dearer than beer. Yo soy mas rico que V. | I am richer than you.

When used to express some quality or circumstance re- specting verbs, their usual place in the sentence is immediate- ly after these last ; as,

Yo escribo mas. I I write more.

Tu hablas menos. \ Thou speakest less.

It is needless to observe here, that mas and menos are then> selves the comparatives of mucho and poco, respectively.

CONVERSATION AND VERSION.

1. I Cndndo habl6 V. con el abogado ? Habl6 con 61 anteayer.

2. jHa hablado V. con mi hermana? No, senor, hable ayer con su atnigo de V.

3. ^Ha hablado V. con cl pianisfca ? Si, senor, le habl6 ayer.

68 LESSON XVI.

4. J Ha aprendido V. su leccion? No, scflor; pero he escrito el ejcrcicio.

5. I llan aprendido ellos sus lecciones de frances ? Si, seflor, ban aprendido las de frances y de espanol.

, G. I Cuando aprendi6 su herinana d tocar el piano ? Aprendi6 el afio pasado.

7. I Ha leido Y. la historia de los Estados Unidos ? He leido el tomo priniero y el segundo.

8. ^Ha leido V. la carta de su hermana y la de su amiga? He leido la de mi hennana; pero no la de mi amiga.

9. I Qu6 ha leido V. hoy ? He leido los ejercicios de la semana pasada.

10. i Cuando compr6 V. su caballo ? Lo corapr6 el mes pasado.

11. jDonde haldo V. con mi padre? Delante de su casa de V.

12. iLcy6 V. la carta de su padre antes que la de su hermano? No, sellor, la lei despucs.

13. ^Cuando rcsidio V. en Paris? Residi fintes que V.

14. I Cudntos afios tiene su hermana ? Tiene veinte.

15. jCuantos pesos pago V. el mes pasado al comerciante? Quinien- tos.

16. I Ha llevado V. mis zapatos al zapatero? Si, sefior, los llcv6 ayer.

17. ^Cudndo ha recibido V. su dinero? Lo recibi anteayer.

18. I Ha escrito V. despues quo escribi6 mi padre? No, sefior, cscribi dntes.

19. ^Escribi6 V. su carta despues que recibio la de su hermano? SI, sefior, la cscribi mucho despues.

20. ilia hablado V. con la madre dntes que con la hija? No, sclior, habl6 dntcs con la hija que con la madre.

21. ^Estudio V. su leccion de ayer? No, sefior, estudi^ la de dntes de ayer ; pero no he estudiado la de ayer ni la de hoy.

22. I ITabl6 V. ante el jucz ? Si, sefior, habl6 ante cl juez y ante cl rey.

23. I Habla V. mas que yo ? No, sefior, hablo m6nos ; pero cscribo mas.

EXERCISE.

1. Did you speak more yesterday than to-day? I spoke less; but I read more.

2. IIow many newspapers did your father read yesterday ? Very few. 8. How old is your sister ? She is nineteen.

4. Who took the vest to the tailor last year? The baker took it.

6. How mucb did the tailor pay to the baker afterwards? $59.10. 6. Did he receive the vest after or before the coat ? Ho received ii

after.

LESSON XVII.

59

7. Did yonr sisters sing yesterday ? Yes, sir, they sang and played.

8. What did they sing ? They sang S[)anish songs and played on tho piano.

9. Have you (j^lural) played to-day ? No, madara, we have not played ; but we have written our French exercises.

10. How many words have your brotlicrs written in Spanish to-day? Fewer than last Thursday.

11. Do they speak more English than Spanish? Ko, madam, they speak more Spanish.

12. What have the singers received from Paris ? They have received some good songs and French music.

13. Have the singers (fern,) enough Spanish music? Yes, sir, they have received some to-day.

14. Did they sing well last month? Not very well.

15. Who sang in your house the day before yesterday ? Nobody sang.

16. How long did you reside in Vienna? Five years, six months, and thirteen dnys.

17. How many churches has Paris? Paris has many churches.

18. How did your cousins pronounce their Spanish yesterday? Very well.

19. Are you a musician? Yes, madam.

20. Is your sister a pianist or a singerj or does she play on tlK3 guitar? She sings and plays on the piano.

21. When did you speak before the judge? Tho day before yesterday and last week.

22. Do you sing much with the musicians? I sing a little; but be- fore all things I study my Spanish lessons.

r

. LESSON XVII

Trabajar, viyCLXy-^^&e^Ui^' ^(.^^ Mandar '

Quien, quicnes,

A quien, a quicnes.

iQu6?

Cual, cuales.

Cuyo {maac. sing.\ cuya {/em.'

sing.). Cuyos {masc. plural)^ cuyas

(fern, plural). Varios. Algunas veces.

To work.

To command, to send.

Who.

Whom, to whom.

What (inter.), who, that, or which.'

Which one, which ones.

Whose, which, or of whom. Several. Sometimes.

, f, Ketrato.

Criado.

Concicrto.

Teatro.

Mcrcado.

Parque. f ^^jJuan. f.i^'Trabajador. /y jc Ultimo (a).

LESSON XVII

Portrait.

Pantaloons.

Servant.

Concert.

Theatre.

Market.

Park.

John.

Workman.

Last.

Criada. ^ ^ Servant Iglesia.€--^^- Church. Calle.A^^J^i; Street. V\txzai.U^^^^^^ Square, market, y Company. ^V**<4.y^

Compania. ^

Juana. '^^'^t-^i^^t^t/ Jane

CL^

COMPOSITION.

i Es viejo el caballero d guien V. hablo

en el concierto ? No, senor, pero lo es la senora que ha

hablado con V. en el teatro. I A qui en busca V. ? Busco a la scnorita d quien V. busca.

i Qui6n es el joven que ha hablado con

v.?

Es un criado del hotel.

El rauchacho que lee, y alcual V. man- do trabajar, es mi hermano.

La gramatica qite el tiene, y en la cual estudia, es mia.

El caballero cuija casa Y. compro es amigo mio. -VXS^'n^L^

El comerciante cxiyo vino V. compro, vende muy barato.

El libro en que Iccmos.

La senora d quien habl6 cs mi madrc.

^Manda V. bus niuos al Parque Cen- tral ?

i A qui6n manda V. tralwyar ?

A mis criados.

I Juan I

I Sciior ! ^ qu6 manda V. ?

Quiero la comida.

iEn donde trabajan hoy los trabaja. dores ?

Trabjyan en la calle.

Is the gentleman to whom you spoke

at the concert old ? No, sir ; but the lady who spoke to you

at the theatre is (so). For whom do you look ? I am looking for the young lady that

you look for. Who is the young man that has spoken

with you ? He is a servant in the hotel. The boy that reads, and whom you

commanded to work is my brother., The grammar which he has, and in

which he studies, is mine. The gentleman whose house you bought

is my friend. The merchant whose wine you bought

sells very cheap. The book in which we read (or which

we read in). The lady I spoke to Is my mother. Do you send your children to the Cen- tral Park ? Whom do you command to work ? My servants. John !

Sir ! what do you wish ? I wish my dinner. Where do the workmen work t'Vday?

They work in the street

LESSON XVII. 61

EXPLANATION.

66. QtiiEN. — The relative pronoun quien refers to persons only, and is always preceded by the preposition d, when gov- erned by a verb ; as,

El hombre d quien V. quiere. I The man whom you love.

67. Who, coining immediately after its antecedent, is translated by que ; when it stands alone, or is governed by a preposition, it is rendered by quien ; as,

El muchacho que estudia. I The boy who studies.

La muchacha con quien hablas. | The girl with whom you speak.

68. CuAL and que relate to persons and things ; as,

The boy that reads, and whom you commanded to work, is my brother.

The grammar which he has, and in which he studies, is mine.

El muchacho qite lee, y al cual V.

mando trabajar, es mi hermano. La gramatica que el tiene, y en la

cual estudia, es mia.

69. CuYO also refers to persons and things, but agrees with the word by which it is immediately followed ; as,

El caballero cuya casa V. compro es

amigo mio. El comerciante cuyo vino Y. compro

vende muy barato.

The gentleman whose house you bought

is my friend. The merchant whose wine you bought

sells very cheap.

This pronoun partakes of the nature, both of the relatives and the possessives.

70. In English the preposition does not always precede the relative pronoun ; but in Spanish it is indispensable to place the preposition before the relative ; as.

El lit^ro en que leemos. I The book which we read in (or, in

I which we read).

71. The relative pronoun can never be suppressed in Span- ish ; so that we cannot say, as in English, the lady I spoke to, but, in full ; as.

La senora d quien hable, es mi I The lady to whom I spoke is my madre. | mother.

CONVERSATION AND VERSION.

1. £ A qui^n mand6 V. ayer al mercado ? Maiid6 d mi criado Juan.

2. ^Cuul do sus criados trabaja mas? Juan trabaja mas que todos.

■ 3. I Qui6n cs el hombre d qui^n V. busca? El hombre 4 quien busco es trab^ador.

62 LESSON XVII.

4. I Quien es el caballero con quien liablo V. ayer en el concicrtot Es ua Cibcipulo mio.

6. ^ A quien quiere V. hablar ? Quiero hablar a la seflorita que toca cl piano.

6. I Como pasaron Vds. el tiempo en el carapo ? Lo pasamos muy bien en compaflia de nuestros amigos.

7. ^Es frances el comerciante a quien compro V. el caballo ? Si, sefior, es el Frances cuja casa compr6 V.

8. ^Manda (en via) V. sus niflos al Parqno Central? Si, sefior, Ids mando al Parque Central.

9. I Con quien los en via V. ? Con sus primos.

10. ^Que libro quiere V. leer? Quiero leer el de Manuel.

11. ^No quiere V. leer el que yo tengo? No, sefior, quisro leer el de Alejandro.

12. ^ A quien manda V. trabajar ? A mis criados.

13. J Juan! ; Sefior! ^ Que manda V. ? Quiero la comida.

14. ^Canta Y. bien? No, sefior; pero la sefiorita que reside en sa casa de V. canta muy bien.

15. ^Estudia V. mucho? No, sefior, pero trabajo mucbo.

16. ilia estudiado V. hoy su leccion? No, sefior, la estudie ayer; hoy ho escrito los cjercicios.

IT. ^Como pronuncia su maestro de V. el espafiol? Lo pronuncia bien ; pero pronuncia muy mal el ingles.

18. ^ Toco y. ayer el piano en casa de sus amigos ? Si, sefior, tocamos y can tamos.

19. ^Qu6 cantaron Vds.? Cantamos canciones espafiolas y la can- cion americana llamada, " The Star Spangled Banner."

20. jCaballeros! ^Quieren Vds. tomar chocolate 6 caf6? Queremos beber vino.

21. I Cuantos dias pas6 V. en el campo ? Pas6 toda una semana.

22. jPorqu6 no pasa V. un mes en el campo con nosotros? Porquo necesito residir en la ciudad.

23. I Cual de sus amigos habla bien espafiol ? El que estudia mucho habla bien.

24. I Cual do sus hermanos estudia mas ? El mas pequefio.

25. I De quien recibe V. cartas ? De mi padre y mis hermanos.

26. I Es de V. el libro en el cual estudia su hermano ? No, sefior, es suyo.

27. iTrabaj6 V. mucho ayer? No, sefior; pero he trabtyado mucho hoy.

28. I Cuando estudia V. sus lecciones ? Las estudio los nii6rcoles j los sdbados.

LESSON XVII. 63

EXERCISE.

1. "Whose is the portrait (which) you sent me yesterday ? It is the portrait of my brother who lives in Germany.

2. Which portrait have you sent to Charles? I have sent no portrait to Charles; but I have sent mine to the musician.

8. With whom did you spend last week ? I spent last week with my cousin John.

4. In which city of France does the pianist's brother live ? He lives in the city in which your sister Jane resides.

5. To whom did you send the first volume of your work ? I sent it to Louis.

6. Whom do you order to work ? My servant John.

7. Who is the lady you are looking for ? She is the mother of the singer (fern.) whose piano Charles bought last year.

8. W^ith whom did you send your children to the concert last night? I sent them with a servant.

9. With which servant did you send them ? With one of mine (my own).

10. In which church does Miss Garcia sing ? She sings in Twenty- eighth street church.

11. How did you {plural) pass the time in Philadelphia? Yery well.

12. Did you study many lessons ? We studied very little, and neither read nor wrote our exercises.

13. How much did you write the day before yesterday? I studied a good deal, but wrote little.

14. Which volumes of Robertson's History has your son ? He has re- ceived the first, second, third and fourth.

15. Did you buy any books at the bookstore in Walker street? Yes, madam, I bought the History of Charles V. and some music books.

16. Whom have yon paid with the money I sent you? I have paid the man who worked in my house yesterday.

17. Does your servant work much ? No, sir ; but she reads a great deal.

18. From whom do you receive letters every day ? I receive letters from Henry on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, and from my father on Tuesdays.

19. Who has the boots that I bought in Fourth avenue? John has taken them to his cousin who lives in Philadelphia.

20. Has your servant bought any good meat in the market ? Ho has not bought any to-day.

21. How many songs have you received from Spain ? I have received several from Spain and two from England.

64

LESSON XVIII.

22. Have yon sung any of them ? None ; but my sister sang one or two last night at the concert.

23. Are they very good ? One of them is very good, and my cousin {fern.) sings it very well.

24:. How many pencils does the hatter wish ? He wants twelve pen- cils and three penknives.

25. Does Louisa play much on the piano? No, sir, she is very lazy, and will neither play nor study.

26. The tailor has a handsome vest, very cheap ; will you buy it ? I do not wish to buy a^vest ; but I want pantaloons.

27. Has he any pantaloons ? He has none, he sold them all last week.

LESSOR XYIII,

Ir,

Togo.

PEESENT.

Voy.	I go (or, am gomg).
Vas.	Thou goest.
Va.	He, or she, goes.
Vamos.	We go.
Vais.	You go.
Van.	They go.
PEETEBIT	DEFINITE.
Fui.	I went.
Fuisto.	Thou wentcst
Fu6.	He, or she, went.
Fuimos.	We Went.
Fuisteis.	You went.
Fueron.	They went
PEES	ENT.
Yenir,	To come.
Vengo.	I come (or, am coming).
Vienes.	Thou com est.
Vicne.	He, or slie, comes.
Vcniraos.	Wo come.
Venis.	You come.
Vienen.	They come.

LESSON XVIII.

65

		PEliTEJilT	DEFINITE.
Vine.				I came.
Viniste.			Thou earnest.
Vino				He, or she, came.
Vinimos.			"We came.
Yinisteis.			You came.
Vinieron.			Thc7 came.
		DEMONSTEATIVE PEONOUNS.
			Singular.
Masculine.	Feminine.	Neuter.
Este.	Esta.	Esto.		This.
Ese.	Esa.	Eso.		That.
Aquel.	Aquella.	Aquell	d.	That (yonder).
			Plural.
Estos.	Estas.	No neuter.	These.
Esos.	Esas.	((		Those.
Aqucllos.	Aquellas.	a		Those (yonder).
EUo.			1 It.
Aqui, aca.		Here.
Ahi.	iCUlll
Alii, alld, i			There.
Porqud.		Why.
Porque.				Because.
L4J0S.				Far.
Cerca.				ITcar.
Otro. Ambos.			Another. Both.
Ni uno ni	otro (ind. pro.).		Neither.
Profesor.	Professor.		Juana. Jane.
Discipulo.	Pupi	I.		Discipula. Pupil.
Lado.	Side.			Zapateria. Shoemaker's shop.
Jardin.	Garden.		Manteca. Butter.
		COMPO	SITION.

<t De quien es este libro que tengo aqui? Ese que tiene V. ahi, y esle que yo ten- go aqui, son del profesor.

iQui6n 63 aquel caballero que reside

alii del otro lado de la calle ? Aquel cabellero es mi discipulo.

Whose book is this which I have here ?

That one which you have there, and this one which I have here, are the pro- fessor's.

Who is that gentleman who resides there on the other side of the street ?

That gentleman is my pupiL

66

LESSON XVIII,

I Adonde va V. ?

Voy alia, al otro lado del parque.

^ No quiere V. venir aca de este lado ?

No, senor, voy alia del otro lado.

i Quiere V. comprar aquel libro ?

No, seiior, quiero comprar esc otro.

I Quiere V. venir al teatro con nosotros ?

Fso quioro.

6 Llevo V. aqudlo a la sastrcria ?

Lo llevo.

I Manda V. algo mas ?

No, eao cs todo.

i Envio V. el chaleco L la sastreria, y

las botas a la zapateria ? Envie lo uno y lo otro {or ambos). I Fueron k su casa de V. el mddico

francca y el profesor aleman ? Vino aqud^ pero no vino este.

f, Hablo V. de aqudlo k mi madre ?

No, seiior, pero liable de ello a su pa- dre de V.

En mi casa y en la de su hermano de V.

El jardin de esta casa y el de la que V. compro.

Este caballo y d de mi amigo.

Where do you go ?

I go there to the other side of the park.

Will you not come here to this side ?

No, sir, I go there to the other side.

Do you w idh to buy that book ?

No, sir, I wish to buy that other one.

Will you come to the theatre with us ?

That (is what) I wish.

Bid you take that (thing) to the tailor's ?

I did (or I took il).

Do you command anything more (or have you any more commands) ?

No, that is all.

Did you send the vest to the tailor's, and the boots to the shoemaker's ?

I sent both.

Did the French physician and the Ger- man professor go to your house ?

The former came, but the latter did not come.

Did you speak of that to my mother "f

No, sir, but I spoke of it to your father.

In my house and ia your brother's. The garden of this house and that of

the one you bought. This horse and my friend's (that of my friend).

EXPLANATION.

72. The demonstrative pronouns este^ this, e^e, aquel^ that, are thus declined :

Este, ese, aquel {masc. sing.). Esta, esa, aquella {fern. sing.). Estos, esos, aquelloa {masc. plural). Estas, esas, aquellas {fern, plural). Esto, eso, a^uello {neuter).

73. Este is used to point out what is near to us, and cor- responds to the meaning of the adverb Aere; ese points out that which is at some distance, and corresponds to the adverb

LESSON XVIII. 67

there ; and aquel denotes remoteness, and corresponds to the ad- verb yonder \ as,

Esle libro que tengo a^"^-

E^iC que tiene V. ahi. Aquel que llevo V. alld.

This book which I have here. Thai one which you have there. That one which you took there.

74. When the pronouns este^ ese precede the adjective otrOy another, they may sometimes be written together, so as to form but one word with it, in the following manner :

Estotro. '		Estotros. •
Estotra.	This other.	Estotras.	These others.
Esotro.	That other.	Esotros.	Those others.
Esotra. ,		Esotras.

These forms, however, are now rarely used.

75. The demonstrative pronouns, in their quality of adjec- tives, are used also as neuter. Eso, that, is the most used of the three, and almost as much as the personal pronoun lo^ and in the same manner; as,

Eso se hara. I That will be done.

jEso es ! I That is it !

76. The former and tJie latter is translated in Spanish by aquel and este ; thus.

La aplicacion y la pereza hacen al horabre muy diferente ; aquella le eleva y esta le rebaja.

Industry and slothfulness have a very different effect upon man ; the former elevates him, the latter lowers him.

77. When in English the demonstrative pronoun that is followed by the preposition of, or either of the relatives who, which^ expressed or understood, referring to a noun already mentioned, the definite article, in the corresponding number and gender, is employed in Spanish ; as,

En mi casa y en la de su hermano de

V. El jardin de esta casa y el de la que

V. oompro. Este caballo y el do mi amigo.

In my house and in your brother's.

The garden of this house and that of

the one (which) you bought. This horse and my friend's (t. c, thaf of my friend).

78. English personal pronouns, followed by a relative not agreeing in case, are generally rendered in Spanish by the de- monstrative ; as,

Quiero comprar a ag-Mc^foa que renden I I want to buy from them who sell barato. | cheap.

68 LESSON XVIII.

79. Aqui, aliJ, aca, alla. — Although the adverbs aqui, here, alll, yonder, are employed as synonyms of oca, here, and alldj yonder, respectively, we must observe that aqitl and allt refer to a place more circumscribed or determinate than oca, alia ; for the same reason we can say, mas acd, mas alia, nearer, farther ; and we cannot say, ma3 aqu'i^ more here, m,as alll, more there.

CONVERSATION AND VERSION.

1. ^Yiene Y. del campo? No, seflor, voj alia.

2. I De dondc viene su amigo de V. ? Yiene de Espafla.

3. ^ Adonde va Y. este afio ? Este aflo quiero ir a Paris.

4. I De quien es ese retrato que ticne Y. ahi ? Este que tengo aqui es el de mi padre, y aqucl que tienc su araigo de Y. alii, es dc mi madre.

5. jEs discipulo do Y. el caballero que reside en aquella hermosa casa ? No, seflor ; pero su prima, quo reside de este otro lado de la calle, es mi discipula.

C. I Ya. Y. a su casa todos los dias ? No, seflor, voy alU los lunes, mi^rcoles y viernes.

7. I Cudntas lecciones toma el caballero que vino ayer a su casa de Y. ? Toma dos d la semana.

8. ^ Quien trabaja mas, el profesor 6 cl discipulo? El uno y el otro trabajan mucho.

9. I Es este nifio su liijo de Y. ? Si, sefior, cs mi liijo Manuel.

10. j Manuel! jquieres venir aqui d mi lado? No, seflor, no quiero ir.

11. ^Porqu6? Porque quiero ir con mi padre.

12. I Cudntos nifios tiene Y. ? Tengo cinco, tres nifias y dos nifios.

13. jQuicre Y. venir con nosotros al Parque Central? No, seflor, por- que tengo quo ir con mis niflos al campo.

14. I Ila de ir Y. (tiene Y. que ir) hoy ? Si, seflor, tengo quo ir hoy.

15. ^No quiere Y. venir acd dc este lado?' No, sefior, voy alld del otro lado.

10. ^Llev6 Y. aqnello d la sastreria? Si, seflor, lo llev6.

17. jManda Y. algo mas? No, eso cstodo. ' 18. ^Ilablo Y. do aqucUo d mi amigo? No, seflor; pero habl6 de cllo & su hcrmano.

19. J En donde trab£y6 Y. ayer ? Trabf^j6 en la casa do Y. y en la do su hermnno.

20. I Trab£y6 Y. en mi jardin 6 en cl de mi amigo ? Trabiy6 en el uno y en el otro.

LESSON XVIII. eO

21. I Ad6nde va Y. d trabajar hoy ? Yoj a trabajar en cl jardin de esta casa y en el do la que V. compr6 el ailo pasado.

22. I Llevo V. mis botas a la zapateria, y compi*6 V. el pan que necesita- raos ? Lleve las botas ; pero no be comprado cl pan.

23. ^Que llevas ahi, Alejandro? Llevo mis libros.

24. gQa6 quiere tu hermano? Quiere pan y manteca.

25. I Pago V. al sastre ? Si, seilor, ayer pague al sastre, y hoy he pa- gado al zapatero.

26. ^ De quien son csos caballos? Estc es el de mi padre, y aquel es el de mi hermano.

27. I Cual es el de Y. ? Yo no tengo ninguno. 23. I Quiere Y. tencr uno ? Quiero tener muchos.

20. ^Escribio Y. la carta y la leccion? Escribi aquella, pero no ho escrito esta.

EXERCISE.

1. Do you go to church every day ? I only (solo) go on Sundays.

2. Where is your servant Jane going? She is going to the bakery to buy bread.

nJ 3. Do your music teacher (maestro) and your Spanish professor come to your house every day ? Tlie former comes every day, but the latter only comes on Tuesdays and Saturdays.

4. "Which of the two works the more ? Both have to work much.

5. Which of tlje two horses is the older, this one here or that one there ? This one here is the younger.

6. Have you that letter which you received last Monday ? I have not that one; but I have here the one* I received the day before yesterday.

Y. Who has written these two histories, that of France and that of America ? Eollin has written the former, and Robertson the latter.

8. Does the piano teacher live far from here ? The piano teacher does not live far from here ; but the French professor lives very far.

9. Is that all (lo que) your brother has studied? Yes, sir, that is all.

10. Which lesson have you studied? I have studied the one (la que) we read the other day.

11. Which did we read, the fifteenth or the sixteenth? We read both.

12. Which one do you wish to read first ? I require to read the former.,

13. W^hy do you require to read the former? Because I have not studied it well.

14. Which exercise have you there ? I have mine and my brother's.

15. Is your brother not coming to take his lesson to- day? No, sir, he has to take his music lesson to-day.

16. John I Sirl

• La qn«.

70

LESSON XIX.

17. Have you taken my coat to the tailor's? Yes, sir, I took it last night.

18. Have you paid that man ? Yes, sir, I have paid him to-<lay.

19. How much have you paid him ? I have paid him three dollars and seventy-five cents.

20. Why did you pay him three dollars and seventy-five cents ? Be- cause he worked one day in this garden, and two in that of the Twenty- third street house.

21. How many pupils have you? I have thirty: seventeen learn Spanish and the thirteen others French.

22. Do they study well? Some of them study very well; but none write their exercises well.

23. When do you sing and play on the piano ? I study my lessons before singing and playing.

24. Who is that gentleman that came from Vienna last month ? Tliat gentleman is the one to whom I spoke last week at the concert.

	LESSON XIX.
Bacer. Haciendo. Hecho.		To do, or to make. Doing, making. Done, made.
	PEESENT.
Hago. Haces. Hace.		I do, or make. Thou doest, or makest. He does, or makes.
Hacemos. Haceis. Ilacen.		We do, or make. You do, or make. They do, or make.
	PEETEBIT DEFINITE.
Hicc. Hiciste. Hizo.		I did, or made. Thou didst, or madest He did, or made.
Hicimos. Hicisteis, Hicieron.		We did, or made. You did, or made. They did, or made.
Partir. Marchar. Cambiar.		To set out, to depart, to divide^ To go, set out, set ofi", to march. Change.

LESSON XIX,

71

PEEPOSinONS.

Para.		For, or in	order to.
Asi.		So, thus.
Por.		By, for, through.
Entro.		Between,	among.
Hasta.		Until, even.
Hacia.		Towards.
Sin.	Easta donde.	Without.	How far.
Pedro.	Peter.	Helena.	Helen.
Escritor.	Writer.	Escritora	Writer {female).
Escriban(	). Notary.	Tienda.	Store, shop.
Estado.	State.	Provincia.	Province.
Medico.	J Physician. 1 Doctor.	Manera. Escritura.	Manner. Writing, convey-
Cuarto.	Room.		ance.
Aragon.	Aragon.	Comida.	Dinner.
Tio.	Uncle. COMPO	i SiTlON.

y i Qu6 hizo V. ayer en su cuarto ?

Estudie mi leccion.

i Que ha hecho Y. hoy ?

He escrito los ejercicios.

i Que hace el zapatero en la zapateria ?

Hace zapatos y betas para Y.

^Tiene Y. papel para escribir una

carta ? Si, scfiora, lo tcngo. I Quiere Y. escribir uia carta por mi

herraano ? • I Para qui^n es la carta ? "Es para Manuel. Yo parte para Madrid. / Para donde parte Y. ? Parto para los Estados Unidos. 6 Hablo Y. a su padre por rai hermano ?

HabU jDor 61 h mi padre y 6 roi tio.

What did you do yesterday in your

room ? I studied my lesson. What have you done to-day ? I have written my exercises. What does the shoemaker do in the

shoe-shop ? He makes shoes and boots for you. Have you paper to write a letter ?

Yes, madam, I have.

Will you write a letter for my brother ?

For whom is the letter ?

It is for Emanuel.

I set out for Madrid.

For where do you set out ?

I set out for the United States.

Did you speak to your father for my

brother ? I spoke for hiaa to my father and to my

undo.

72

LESSON XIX

f, Ilabla y. bien cl franccs ?

Lo hablo muy bien, y liasta paso por

frances. ^ For cuanto vendio V. el caballo ? Lo vcndi por doscientos cincuenta

I Necesita V. cnviar j9or algo ?

Necesito enviar por el medico.

/ Por qu6 envia V. ?

Envio por vino.

6 Vive V. para comer ?

No, sen jr, como pai'a vivir.

^ Marcho ayer mucho el regimiento

Soptimo. Marcho hasta el Parque Central

Do you speak French well ?

I speak it very well, and I even pass for a Frenchman.

For how much did you sell the horse ?

I sold it for two hundred and fifty dol- lars.

Do you want to send for anything ?

I want to send for the physician.

What do you send for ?

I send for wine.

Do you live to eat ?

No, sir, I eat to Uve.

Did the Seventh regiment march much (far) yesterday ?

They marched to the Central Park.

EXPLANATION.

80. Paea and Por. — As both these prepositions very fre- quently answer to the English /or, they are apt to be con- founded by foreigners. Such confusion may, however, be avoided by bearing in mind the following rules :

Para expresses aim, object, destination.

Por conveys the idea of want or requirement, substitution, favor, duration of time, direction, &c. Examples :

-WITH PAEA.

Papel joara escribir. Paper for writing. Este libro 63 para V. This book is for you. Parto para Nueva York. I start for New York. Comer para vivir. To eat to live.

Trabajo para ganar la vida.

I work in order to earn a living.

Para cl domingo.

For Sunday.

Estc caballo cs para su padre do V.

This horse is for your father.

Lo bare para tu hermano.

I shall do it for thy brother.

"WITH pon. Escribe por mi hermano. I write for my brother. Cambio mi sombrero por el suya I changed my hat for his. Pasa por docto.

lie passes for a man of learning. Vender^ la casa por diez mil pesos. He will sell the house for ten thousand

dollars. Trabajo jRor gnnar la vida, I work to (endeavor to) cam my living; nabl6 por tu amigo. I spoke for (in favor of) thy friend. Envio por pan. I send for bread. Lo har6 por tu hermano. I will do it for thy brother (for thy

brother's sake).

LBSSOiq^xix. 73

81. Entee. — ^The general meaning of this preposition is between and amongst ; as,

Entre los dos. Between the two.

Entre Y. y yo. Between you and me.

Entre todos. Amongst all.

82. Hasta signifies till^ until, even^ to, as many as, as far asx as.

Hasta el domingo. Pasaron hasta mil. Yoy hasta el Parque Central. Estudio el espanol hasta que lo aprendio.

Till (or until) Sunday.

As many as a thousand passed.

I go as far as the Central Park.

He studied Spanish till he learned it.

CONYERSATION AND YERSION.

1. |Escribi6 Y. la carta para su padre, y los ejercicios de la leccion de espafiol ? Hice aquello ; pero no he hecho esto.

2. ^Tiene Y. papel para escribir una carta? Si, seiior; pero tengo que escribir dntes mis ejercicios.

3. ^Hizo el sastre mi casaca? La hizo.

4. I Que ha hecho el zapatero ? Ha hecho unas botas para Y. y unos zapatos para Manuel.

5. I Para donde parte Y. ? Parto para los Estados Unidos.

6. I Quiere Y. escribir una carta por mi hermano ? Si, sefior, i para qui^n es la carta? Es para Dn. Manuel.

7. I Hablo Y. 6, su padre por mi hermano ? Habl6 por 61 a mi padre y d mi amigo.

8. ^Habla Y. Men el frances? Lo hablo muy bien, y hasta paso por frances,.

9. I Por cuanto vendio Y. la casa ? La vendi por ocho mU pesos,

10. I Por que envia Y. ? Envio por mis libros.

11. ^ Yive Y. para comer ? No, sefior, como para vivir.

12. ^March6 Y. ayer con el regimiento Septimo? March^ hasta el Parque Central.

13. ^Es Dn. Pedro escritor? Ko, sefior, J)n. Pedro es escribano.

14. I De que manera hace Y. eso ? Lo hago asi.

15. iQn^ hizo Y. ayer? Estudi6 la leccion de espafiol, y hoy he escrito los ejercicios.

16. ^Tiene Y. que trabajar mas que yo ? Tengo que escribir mas que Y. ; pero no tengo que trabajar mucho.

17. ^Hacia donde van Yds. ? Yamos hacia la iglesia.

18. ^ En d6nde vive Y. ? Yivo en la Cuarta avenida mimero, trescien- tos treinta y ocho, entre las calles Yeinte y cinco y Yeinte y seis.

4

14 LESSON XIX.

19. ^Para qu6 quiere V. mi libro ? Para leerlo. \20. I Qui6n pag6 la comida ? La pagumos entre todos.

21. I Marchan bieii estos hombres? Marchan muy bien.

22. I Por d6nde pasaron Vds. cuando fueron d la iglesia ? Pasamos por la calle Veinte y tres.

23. I Es esa sefiora escritora ? Si, seJior, y escribe muy bien.

24. I De qu6 pais es V. ? Soy de Espafia.

25. I De qu6 provincia ? De Aragon.

26. I Pronuncian bien el espafiol en Aragon ? Lo pronuncian mny bien.

27. ^ Hablan bien el ingl6s en los Estados Unidos ? Lo hablan bien.

28. g Quiere V. venir d mi casa para comer con nosotroa ? No, seflor, porque tengo que ir a comer a casa de mi amigo.

EXERCISE. 1. How far did the Seventh regiment march yesterday ? They ^t) marched to the Central Park, s/ 2. Did your sister set out yesterday for Philadelphia? No, madam,

she did not set out yesterday, ^i 3. When does she start ? She starts to-day.

4. What does your servant look for ? He looks for my cousin's (fern.) letter.

5. What do you do to learn Spanish ? I study the lessons of my Spanish grammar and read good writers.

6. To whom did you speak last night at the concert ? I spoke to the physician for Peter.

7. Who is that man who came to your house last night ? He is my brother's servant.

8. Do you speak Spanish well ? No, sir ; but I speak Italian very well, and I even pass for an Italian {italiano).

9. How did your uncle spend the day yesterday ? Studying his les- sons and writing to Madrid.

10. Will your uncle write a letter for (in favor of) Charles? He will write it.

11. Do the young ladies want to send for anything? They want to bend for the physician.

12. For what do they send for the physician? To speak for their servant {fern.).

13. Wljere does ho live ? In Fifth avenue, between Twenty-fourth and Twentyrfifth streets.

14. Wliere do you send? I send to the shoemaker's.

15. Wliat do you send there for? For some boots and shoes for Manuel.

LESSON XX.

75

16. How do you write your exercises without ink? I write them with a pencil. ^ 17. How did Louis write his exercise the other day ? He and his sis- ter wrote it between them. 8^ ^ fRAj^y\Ji'\ -^ ■ ■ ''- y Ji' r<-

18. Have you sold your old hat ? I changed it for Peter's new one.

19. Will you pass me that paper to write a letter for my brother? This paper is not for letters.

20. What is it for ? It is for my exercises.

21. Whose letter is that ? This letter is for your mother.

22. Where did the singer go last year? He went to Aragon, a proT- ince in Spain.

23. What have you sent for ? I have sent for nothing.

24. Will you go for wine? I do not want wine, but bread and meat.

25. Do you live to eat ? No, sir, I eat to live.

26. Have you read the newspapers to-day? No, sir; but I have marched with my regiment.

27. Has the tailor made my vest ? Yes, sir, he made it last week.

28. Will you go to the pianist's for my piano ? No ; I have to study my lessons.

29. Do you write before studying? No; I study first and write after- wards.

LESSON XX.

Salir,		To go out, to les
Saliendo.		Going out.
Sahdo.		Gone out.
	PEESENT.
Salgo.		I go out.
Sales.		Thou goest out.
Sale.		He goes out.
Salimos.		We go out.
Salis.		You go out.
Salen.		They go out.
	PEETEEIT DEFINITE.
Sail.		I went out.
Saliste.		Thou wentest out.
Sali6.		He went out.

76

LEQSON XX.

Salimos. Salisteis- Salieron.

M<yico.

Mexico.

"We went out. You went out They went out.

Tanto.	So, so much, as muclu
Cuanto.	IIow much.
Como.	As, how.
Presto.	Soon, speedily.
pronto.	Promptly, quickly.
Teraprano,	Early.
Tarde.	Late.
Mejor.	Better.
Peor.	Worse.
Mayor.	Greater, larger, older.
Menor.	Smaller, younger.
Mejor.	Better.
Peor.	Worse.
Prudente.	Prudent.
Imprudeute.	Imprudent.
Pronto.	Prompt, quick, ready.
Presto.	Ready, prepared.
Callado.	Silent, taciturn.
Hablador.	Talkative.
Lirapio.	Cleanly, clean.
Vivo.	Lively, alive.
Situado.	Situated.
Oanaado.	Tiresome, tired.

Fecha.

Date.

COMPOSITION.

iEs Alejandro Lju prudente como su hermano ?

No, sefior, Alejandro es muy irapru- dentc. Es tan imprudcntc como ha- blador.

iSon los comerciantea mas ricos que lo3 medicos ?

Algunos son mcu ricos; pero otros lo son menos que los medicos.

l Es Nueva York mayor que Madrid ?

Madrid es menor que Nueva York.

Is Alexander as prudent as his brother?

No, sir, Alexander is very imprudent. He is as imprudent as talkative.

Are merchants richer than physicians ?

Some are richer; but others arc leflS

rich than physicians. Is New York larger than Madrid ? Madrid is smaller than New York.

LESSON XX.

77

iQue caballo es mejor, el de Y. 6 el

mio? El de Y. es mayor ; pero es peor que el

mio. ^ Tiene Y. mas de cincuenta pesos ? No tengo mas qite veinte y tres. El tiene tanto dinero como Y. Yo estudio tanto como Y. ; pero no

aprendo tanto. til habla espanol tan bien como Y. ;

pero no lo escribe tan bien. 1^1 tiene tanto cuardo quiere. Tengo tanioi libros y tanto papel como

el. Yo escribo mas que Y. ; pero Y. lee

maw que yo. fil habla menos que Y.

Which horse is the better, yours or

mine? Yours is larger; but it is worse than

mine. Have you more than fifty dollars ? I have not more than twenty-threa He has as much money as you. I study as much as you ; but I do not

learn so much. He speaks Spanish as well as you ; but

he does not write it as well. He has as much as he wishes. I have as many books and as much

paper as he. I write more than you ; but you read

more than I. He speaks less than you.

EXPLANATION.

DEGEEE3 OF COMPARISON.

83. The adverbs tanto and cuanto lose the last syllable, tOy before an adjective or another adverb.

84. The comparative of equality is formed by placing the adverb tan^ so or as, before, and como^ as, after the adjec- tive; as,

Alejandro es tan prudente como su I Alexander is as prudent as his sister, hermana. |

85. CuAN may be employed, if the comparative is followed by an adjective instead of a noun ; as,

Es tan hablador cuan imprudente. | He is as talkative as imprudent. But Gomo is more frequently used.

86. The comparative of <