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quintilian's nstitutes of oratory;
EDUCATION OF AN ORATOR.
IN TWELVE BOOKS.
TRANSLATED WITH NOTES.
BV THI
REV. JOHN SELBY WATSON, M.A., M.R.S.L.
LONDON • GEORGE BELL AND SONS
1903
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PREFACE.
It vaa obscrred by Dr. Drake in faia "Litem; Hoiira.* ■bout fifty years ago, that no veruon of Quintiliaa U all odeilDate to the merits of the or^pnal exiated in English, snd that to translate him throughout with energy, epirit, and fidelity, would prove a task of the most arduous and difBcult kind ; such is tke beauty of his diction, and such the peculiar propriety of his epithets.
The difBculties alleged by Dr. Drake nro by no means exaggerated ; and since his time no translator has applied him* self to execute the task. The language of writers extremely nice in the choice of words and the collocation of phrases, ia always difficult to render satisfactorily. What is graceful in the original can biit seldom be made graceful in a Tersion, But the present tzanslator, if he has not entirely succeeded, hopes that he has no great cause to deprecate censure. He will only request that, should the student think some pasa^es loo treely rendered, he will bear in mind the necessity of endea- vouring to satisfy the mere English reader; and that, if the English reader finds some passages too stiff, he will con- sider the necessity for a certain degree of doeeness to duswer the wants of the student.
Of the two translations which have previously appeared in Bnglish, those of Guthrie and Patsall, neither is complete whole chapters being omitted in each. In regard to fidelity, Patsall is, on the whole, rather to bo preferred ; but neithet
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he nor Gutfarie bad the requisite scboUrsbip to do justice b their author. When they could not ascertain Uie sense of a passage, they substituMd some vague p&mphrsse or omitted it altogether.
In the following pages the whole of the original is tnns- lated, and the ntmoHt care has been taken to obeerve an exact adherence to the sense. On evet; obscure or corrapt psasBge, illustration is given in a note. The text which baa been need is that of Spalding, &om whose valutU)le commen- urf muoh useful matter has been adopted.
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CONTENTS.
Quintniiji to TiTpho, wuhiug bolUi. . . . Tt* 1
QUINTILUirS PREFACE.
The object and intentioD of the work, S 1— >- To whom dadkatod, S. noaatlioriEed pablioatioiu iind«' the name of Quintiliui, 7. Tho -profetaong of the rbetoricun and. philo ophar were fomierlj united, 9 — 10. The perfect ontor, 17. Partition of the work, 21, 22. Further oburmlioiii on teaohing and ipeaking, SS — 27 > 3
BOOK I. Cb. I. SemaAa on the c»p>ciMa« of boya in jamml^ j 1 — S. Of nurna, 4, Z. '"l»TfWlft ata™. ^pdl|>aHtajio^'^-^ll. Of learning Ureek and Latin. 12 — W. Ot the proper aa» for barinniiig to lenrp;' '- ifi— 19. Of ttte vasot-Buiboi erjM<!hii>g. children, 3o=^B. Of ' learning the allpfaftbetkUld of nliitlKi ^'^ — &. Ofleamtngtoreod, ctf Bnlijecta for writing of laai^ing by heart, and of improTine the '-*i~[i, 30 — 37 . , , . . '"' . 0
Ch. n. CoDnd«ntu)aa.on.p]Lblk«id_friT«.ta_educal3oo; public ednca- Jum to be preferred ; allied corraptiop of morala in public achooli ; "^mJ oorruptiiiD at home, § 1 — 8. Replj to die o^ection Uiat a - pnpll rBceivee Itaa attention froiq a qiatter In a eeliool than from ^ a dtimeetio tutor, 9->-10. Emulation, friendkhip, indtameitta Ut maaten and pupil%_ and other advitntaiea of public .education, 17— «1 . . ' ■ - 18
Ch! IIL Dupoiition and abilifai of a pnpil to be aacertained, g 1 — 3,
Piwiuininrniaj nrJ. i1i-itiihln, II — Fi On the IDUUggmnit of popil^ '—
B, 7. On relaialioQ and play, 8 — 18. On coiporai puniahnient,
14-18 , ■' r . . " . .as
Ca. lY. Of erammBT, g 1 — 6. Remotka on certun letter* and doriTa- tiona <^ irorde, 7—12. Changea in vordg, IS— 17. Of the of Bpeeeh, IS — 21. Some ohBerratkona on nouna and Terbs, 19 28
Cd. V. Neccwt; of oorreotnenin Bpeakingand writing, { 1. On nngla
wordB, 2, 3. ciotce of word*, i. Barbariams, 5— 10. Barbariann
in poete and other writran, 11—17. Faults in pronundiBOB, IT^'
t»!- Om *ka a^Miatia^ 10—21. The aooento, 22—24. On ending
. a word with an acnte accent 2G — SO, Legitimate accentuation
^^2
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SI — 39. Ou the lolvdim, 81 — ST. Diff««iit kinds of soleoiam^
parts of speach, iS — Gl. ngnree ofspeedi, 63 — 6*. On foraigi] wordi, 56— S7. Onck wcrds, 68 — 64. Componad words, 66—7.0. Words proper, metaphorinl, oommoD, neir, 71, 73 . Page 37
i/ Ch. VI. Of lanRuage, S 1 — 8. Analogy, 4—11. Daparhirea from it,
12—27. Etjmolt^f, 2S-SS. Abiueaofit, 34— S8. Old words,
O O »8— 41. Authori^, 42. Custom, 43-45 . .64
Ch. VILJU^hograflij, gl. DUtlnotion of words of doubtful signifi- oation, 2-6. Composition with prepoaitjons, 7 — 0 On the letter t, 10. Orthography subeorvient to custom; antiijiie spoiling, 11 — 27, DiSerenco between spelling and pronundation, 28, 29. Ne- oassitj of judgment, 30—32. Quintilian defends hia remaib on this subject, 33 — 36 , , . . , .64
O v<l Cn. VIII. Of reading, § 1—4. Authors to be read. Greet and Latin,
^ *— 12.Dn&_of the grammarian, 13 -17. Of !ectureB"on" historical
reading. 18—31 . . . .' . ' . 7C
^ Ch. X. Of other studio prellminarr to that of rhetoric, 31. Necessity ^— of them, 2 — 8- Authority of th? anctents in favour of learn-
ing muaio, 11—16. 'Union of mnsia with granunar, 17—21. Utility of musk to the orator, 22-80. What sort of i
knowledge of itj 46—48 77
Ch. XI. Instruotion to be racelred from t^" "j^'i ' 1—8 Ho ihonid correct bu|ta of pronunciation, 4 — S. He should give directions as to look sod gesture, 9 — 11. Passages from playe dioaldbe recited by tbe papil, 12. 13. Passages also fVom speechas, 14. Exercisnt of tJie paleeatn to be practiwd, 1 6—18 . , , 8S
Ch. XII. No fesr to be entertained lest boys should be engaged In loo many ntudies, if judgment be used ; examples of the nntnber of , thiuga to which Uie huniao mind can attend at once, % I — 7. [ Boys endure study with spirit and paMenoe, 8 — 1 1 . Abundance of | time tor all neceseary acquirementB, 12 — 15. UnceMpnable pre- texts for not pursuing gtady, 16^19 , . . . 91 !
f BOOK II. ■ /
Cb. I. Boys are not put under the profesaor of rhetcrlo sarij enoa^; H reasons why they should begin to receive instruction from him at I an earlier age, % 1—3. The profesdons of the grammarian and teacher of thetoric idiould be in some degree nnitad, 4~^18 • M I
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Oa. II CluHM of k tMcliBr, g 1^. How the ttaolier ahoold conduct ' hiicMlf towards his pupils, 5— B. How tbe pupils ahould bchava, 9 — 13. Soma additiotul obHerratioiiB, 14, 16 . . Page 99
Ch. IIL a pupU alioald be put under an nninent teaohar at first, not '
under an inferior one, i 1 — S. M'-'-fc-r of pareota aa to this
pcant, 3, t. The beat teacher can teach little Ihingi bait, ai well
1 OB great onea, 5 — 9. Tbe pupila of enunent teaohera will alTonl
I bettereiamplaa toeachothH', 10— 12 . . .102
Ca. IV. Blemantary exerciaeB, { 1. NairatiTei, or rtatementa of faoti, ^ 2 — I. Bmbenuiee in early compoaitious bettar than stcrilitj, t — 8. A teacher ahould not be wiUijut imagination, or too mnch givcD to find fault witJi hia pupil's attempts, S-~\t. The pupil'a compo- aitione should be written with great care, 1 iS — 1 "1. EierciBea in oonErmatiaD and refutation, 18, 19. In commendation and censure i>fnnurhablemen,20— 21. Common planes, 22— 28. Thcaea, 24, SS, Reasons, 26. Written pmparatians for pleadings, 27 — 82. Praise and oanaure of partioiUnr laws, 33 — 40. DeclamationB on fictitious subjects a later invaotian, 41, 42 , , . lOfi
Ok. Y. Advantagea of reading historj' and speeches g 1 — 3, On nhat points in them the professor of rhetoric abould lecture, 4 — S. faulty compOBition may sometimea be read, to exercise the pupil's iodgmant, 10—13. URefulnesa of thia eieroise, 14— IT. Best sutbora to be read at on early ag^ IS — 20. The pupil should be cautious of imitating ve[7 ancient or very modem writers, 21—28 114
Ca. VIT, Pupila should not always declaim their own Bompoottions,
Cb. TIIL Tarie^ of talent and disposition in pupils requires variety of treatment, B 1 — S. How fiu' an inclination for any particular line of atndj should be encouraged and sultivatad, fl — 1 S . 122
l.IX. Pupila should regard tiietrtutoTB as intelleotual parenta . 125
Ch. X. Bemarfcs on dec^atians, §1,2. Injudioiousnem in the choice of suligects has been an obetmction to improvement in eloqaenca, 8 — 6. On what sort of subjects pupils may be permitted to declaim, S — 8. What alteiations ahould be made in the common practice 9—15 12ff
Cb. XL Some think instruction In oratory nnneceasary, g 1,2, Boasts and practices of the ignorant, 3—5. Some study only parts of. their qKiMhea ; want of conneiiua in their matter, t — 7 . 12S
f
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Tw««M ia <MtfW7. «, 1*. Oawii— By tm bb2 ■ ' ' te faa^n «r aolaiy. 1), IS . . f^e ISl ,
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2S. Tbat «r OatsMiB Pbta; t^tof Flrto . .,
FknbiHk £t— SI. Tkat af CocBdiaa Cain. S3, Olbr dBfioi- \ liMMB»a>prTO«dbrl>Miakuva-«T. Qnaliba'i
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t iBBkaa for cnltirstion.
tkiw llMrt M* •flowed t* b* hamrtM. S. 9. Ita exadkooM. 7~U. The abtudaat ntan
HuavUtCioaatkwBit^l*, io. Bn>r oDBttutnafcaNtwlaii ontoc, ll-lS. Ogmoa at Aiidt4it, It. Other datsa auiiut . oratwr; that it h«a ■» BMoliar (olriactar matto', and that H I a>M<aUN*«id»MiT«4M-rt. B«ltatolM<irtlMa«(li<«1»— 2L LIMtairiraMaetM to it that it lMaMiFtimrand.tt-4*. Not mm^kimmUtmi^aUmnm^mta mJJraifc fl tf Aaadur abjnv ttoa, IJW it «W ba cuttad on aflkcr lid* at a qaation. md Uiat J it iwatndLito ttattf; aMwwiaJ. SO— M. Ontory h ■omeliiiu f %M)DMt4riJw tntkoTwlMtitaaaMti; botlka.aamaiallM c>J»«
Cm. XIX. VatuK and art;' »at«a MBMbotoa uom to oratorr, in abatosUsf BwdtntoabiUf, tUaart; ia tboa* of gmtar taJant. art i* of auf* aviil ; ao aHiopU . , . - , 160
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OOHTBIITI. u
Ca. XX. WbrihtT rtutorieb«»*irMK. MaoQMOaUitill— 4. PkmA y of this Moording to tlw ^uloaophtn, 6 — T. Otiiar prooh, 8—10 . . ' P^B 181
Ca.XXI. O^nioniutothembjwtof riiatockill— 4, ThatafQulD-
tilian, whieh*gi««swithtlioMofPl>b>Hid(ai9Wv.fi.6. ObJmdoDi y to it Datioed, 7 — II. No dispnta batwaan riutoric and jdiiWaphjr about thsir reapactiTe aabjacta, 12, IS. Tha orator Dal obKgad to know eTeiything, 14, 16. He will oftaii ipakk baUar Ml art* tbui the artistB tbemaalvea, 10 — 19. Tbe op&ion of QnintdiMI *up- ported b; thoaa of other ktrtluin, 20— 3S . . . Jti
BOOK III. Ch. I. Quintilion propoasi lo cooaidar the Tariooi braochaa tad precepta of orator; more fiitly Utao thn are geiMndl; wt forth is traatiaaa on the art ; a }art of hia watt more dadimble for atDdanta thu ■igraeabla to (hem, 9 1 — 4. DiTorsitiea of opiniooa and method*, ^T. Variona writers on tha art ; the Oraeki, 8 — IE. Followara of Hennagoraa, Apollodoroa, Theodoitia, lA — 18. Tha Rouuna, 19-21. Quintilian will give bia own ^inioa on matteia aa thej occur, '22 . .... . . 170
Ch. IL Of tha oriate ot <«*totT, I I, 2. Katon and art, I. Objec- -^ tion to CioeroV ootiQn, 4 170
Ch. III. IHTidona of the art of Oratory, 1 1- 3. Varioua opioiona respecting tfaatn, 4, E, doero'a not always tbe aama. 6, 7. ppiniotia of aotne Greek writw% 8,9. Of the order of the diriaioD or parte, 1 0. Whether they should be called parte, of woAa, or elemanb), 11 177
Ca. IV. Wbei^er there are three aorta of orator;, or more, | I — 3. ,.■- Qnintilian adherea to the old opioion that there m but three ) hia rtaaoiM^ 4—8. Opiuioiu <if Anaiimenea, Plato, laocntas, 6 — 11. Qdiutiliaii'B own method, 13 — IS. He does not assign particular (ubjecta to aai^ kind, IS .... , ISO
Ch. V. Division into things and words j other diTimons, 3 1 — S. Qnet- tiona oonoeming what ia writt«D and what is not written, 4. Definite and indefinite quea&>n% S — 7. Species of indefinite ones, S — 11. Questions on general aubjecta not lueleea, 12 — 16. De- finition of a ouiae, IT, 18 . . . . .183
GH.yi. Of theKdte* orifateof asause, I 1-4. What it ia, 6— 12. y' FroO) whom tlie Itats prooeeds, the aotmser or defendant, 18—21. ^ How man; ilata them are ; the ten ostrgoriee of Ariatotit, 2-2 — 24. Others roue nine, others seven, 25 — 28. Aa to the number at ilatm, some make one "^J, 20, 30. OtJiers two, as Arohidemua, Pamphiliw ApoUodMma, Theudorua, Poaidonio^ Cornelius Celao^
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X OOSTEMTS.
SI— 33. Aaother mods of makiiig two ttoM^ 40—43. Hart BDtJion make thrm, m Cicero, FatroclM, Murciu Autouiua, Tirginiui^ 11—16. AthantBus, Cracdliiu, and Theon m&ke four, 45—18. The qaadtipuiite metliods of Arutotle and Cicero, 19, 50. Some biiTe made fivs, ax, ■even, eight ilata, SI — S4. Dii- tinctioo of tUUut miionales, gvattiona Ugala, 55—51. Cicero ipeaka of a itatia negoiialu, 68, 69. Eemugoraa fiist introduced txetptian. 60. J/BBii queatdons ; AlbutiuB, 61, 62. Quiutilian departs in aooi' dsirree from the method which he formertj adopted, 63—67. Hia opinion of vcceptior- • remarks hhuj it. 68 — 79. In every cauM there are thrtw pointa to oo aaoertameo, 80^82. A fourfold diviraon, uaefal to leamerB. S3— 8S. These four pointa included under two gtnera, the Tationaie and the Ugale, 86. ST. Reeeniblancei in the gmut legale spring frota the three poiatB above-mentioned. 88 — 90. In every aimple cause there la but one tiaie, 91 — 93. In complex causes there are several tiata, either of the same or of difihrent khads ; eiamples,
64—104 . Page 188
Ch. TII. O panc^Trlo or laudatory eloquence ; not wholly distinct from piacticBJ discuasioo, § 1, 2. An orator does not always speak on doubtful points, 3, 4. Panegyric aometimes requires proof and defence, and very frequently amplification, fi, 6. Proiae of tbe goda, 7- B. Fralsa of men more varied, ID, 11. Men extolled for personal endowments and fortunate drcumstances, 12 — II. For mental qoolifiaations, IG, 16, For memoruds which tbe7 leave of themselves, 17, 18. In censure the case ia rovcrsed, IS--- 21. On pruae of the living. 22. It makes a difference when a panegyric is delivered, 23, 24. Advontuge may be taken by the orator of the proximity of certain virtues to nertain vices, 2fi. Praise of cities, placea, publio works, 26, 27. What state most prevailed in this department of oratory, S8 ■ . • 218
'~' Ch. VIII. Deliberative oratoiy not Donfln«d to queatdons of utility, S I. Whethernothingiauaeful but what is honourable, 2,3. DalibOTative oratory not concerned wholly with the itale of quality, 4, 6. What kind of exordium requisite in it, 6 — 9. Statement of facta, 10, 11. The pasaiona to be moved, 12, 13. Whether it solely concerns atbirs of government, 14. That a thing can be done, ia either certain or uncertun, 17 — 21. The tffi'ee topics of persuaeiOD, I 22—26. Some do not distinguish topics from divisions of topics, 27, 38. The pleasing, the naeful, and the honourable, 29— 3S. Uae of examples, 86, 37. How things that are honourable may be I'eoommended, i ' ' ' ' ' '
Authority of the ape^er, 48. Prosopopeite, 49 — 6'. In the schools deliberative subjects have a great. resem- I bloDca to cantrareraiee, 52 — S7, An error into which deduDiers cut, se-66. AdTantageofreadinghistory, 67— TO . . 22-1
Ca, IX. Of judicial oratoiy, the departments of it often injudidonsly / inoreosed ; the proper number is five, § 1 — 6. The order to M ' otwerved in speaking and wriUi^ 7-0 . . .Hi
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CSh. X. A auwe resta eitbeT on one point oT eontrormy, or on MranJ ; on poiuts of the ume or of diSbrent kiod^ ), 1, 2. ComiHUiioii, 3,4. We moot flnt settle the kind of canae ; what points are to be conaidered next, C .... Paga 812
en. XI. Hennagona'B metho'l of proceeding; ; die queation, S 1 — S. The mode of defence, 4 — 6. The point for decidon, 7, 8. The ground or Bubstaoce of the cauae, 9. The queaUon and the point for dedaion may be conjoined or aeparale, acoording to the nature ot the csuee, 10— IT. Opinions of Cicero, 18-20. HemugoTa* too fond of nice mbdiTluous, 21 — SG. Method of Theodonu, 26, 27. CoDolnuon, 28 ..,•.. 344
BOOK IV. INTBODCCnON. The gnuAaoBt of the giater of Domitwn committed to the toHdon of Qnintilian ; a new notlre for care ia compoaing hia work. He proceeda to apeak of Uie exordium of a apeech, the atatement of tacts, the proof, the refutation of advene allegationa, and the peroration ....... 2S1
Ch. I. Etymology of the word proem, S 1 — S. An erroneona practice io the achooia and in the forum, 1. Object of the piiiem or exordium, S. How the good will and attention of the judge may be gained l^ alluaian to different characters concerned in the cause. 6 — 19. Farther obeervations on the same subject, '.10 -37. DiStarence between the exordium and the oonctqnon, 28, 2S. Hsttera con. nected with the character aod the cause to be considered, 30 — 33. Solicitude to be sbowu by the pleader j brerity to be promiaed ; accurate difisiou of matter to be made, 33 — 3S. To conciliate the judge must be the pleader'a oonatant object throughout hia speech, 37—39, Five kinds of causes, 40 — 41. Some msks two purpoBBB of B proem, proposition and inainustion ; the latter more eaay for the advocate than for his client, 12 — 19. An unneceasaiy rule of the Apollodoreans, GO, CI. Poiuta to be regarded in the exordium, 62 — 60. The apeaker'a mamory muet not fail him in It, 61. Its length must be proportioned to ttie cause, S2. Whether apostrophe, and other figures of speech, may be used in it, 83—71. Whether a formal exordium is always necessary, 72 — 76. Mode of tranaiUoQ to the statement of facta, 7B — 79 . . . 2S3
Ch. n. Of the Blatement of iaota; some make too nice distinotiona ^^ respecting it, S 1 — 3. A formalstatomentnotalwaja neoataary,*— 8. Those are mistaken who suppoae that a statemant is never neoea. aary on the part of an aooused person who denies the chsrg^ 9 — 16. What the judge already knowi tnay aometimei be stated, 20- 23. Thtf sta-tement need not always immodiatelr follow the exordium.
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1 COITTEirTN.
wedtU^Sl— Sfi. Of alaaniMa, 39—89. Of btanU^ 10—47. Of
cradibllit7, 48 - SS. Tha ■btemenC of fiioti ihonld prepAre tha Judge for the proof of them, G4 — 00. Certaiii qnalibei luve in judiciously beea nuvie - peculiar to the atitameiit^ 61 — 69. A ridiculous diraotion th*t the (tAtement should be omitted in a which la nnbTOOnblfl to u^ fl6. Difficult polnta n
B, 76 — 81. We most somatimea divide our statemeii^ ind iuTert the order of ooeurreDoea, 82 — 87. Of fictitjous st Complexion of a statement, 9 le foots be psjily for lu and pi Apostrophe snd other Ggurea absordly . . .
.meDt, lOS — lis. The statement should be embellislied with every grace of language, IIS — 124. Of authority in the pleader,
S 1—8. Not alivays nnreas<jaaU(^ 4 — 8. Some preparation ofteu iteccasary before prooeediilg to proof, 9— 11. Digr^cdons may be i made in any part of a 'apeeoh, but those in the middle ahonld be Bhort,19— 17 . SOI I
Ca. IT. Of proportions preparatory to proof; not always neoeasary, g I, 2. Sometimce Tei7 useful, S, 4. Tarioua kinds of propoaitiona, and remaAs on than, 6—0 ..... 304
Ca. T. FaititioQ of our matter generally osefol, 1 1 — 3. Whan it should be omitted, 4— S. Ezamples from Cicero, 10 — 12. As to tIaUt ot i eoDJeoture Hid quality, 13 — 17- Artiftoea that may be ueed, ' 18 — 21. tJtllit; of partition, and the proper qualities of it, S3— 28 80T
BOOK V. INTRODDCTION. Some ritetoridazu have thought that the only duty of an orator i£ ta faocA / others have called this his chief duty. The neoewt; for this book ....... 31S
Ca. I. Inartificial proofa. Eloquence not ineffideiit in regard to
Ch. IIL Of public report . . . . , SIt'J
Co. IT. Of eridenoe exacted bj tortura . . . .81}
L.Coogk'
Ca. T. Of thBnifataliMiofwi!JttantMiiiiiu>r . . Pig« SIS
Oa. TI. On offoring to l«ka an aMli,kiHlrM«iTlDj;aut of thaopposh* partf, 1 1, 8. Aigumenta od ihe nibJM^ B — E. Judgment of th* experienced nspcctiiig it, 6 . . . . S18
Cb. til Writtn eridaiiM; how to be refuted, 1 1, 2. Kodei of pro- ceeding with ngud to wttnaw thrt a^iear in ponoo, S-6. An intiiiiate knowledge of the eaoae neonwtry, 7, S, How Tolnntarr witneisee ahould beprodooed, 9 — 11. Caation raqniiite in reepeot to them, 13— U. How n pleader mnrt act with ztgtzd to a wit- nesH vhom he knows to be advene or hkTOotBble to the aoonaad, IS — 19. How lie mnst act in regwd to one whoa* diepoaitioD he I does not know, 20, 31. Of the iotetTOgatirai of witoenea, 33 - S2. 1 Of the coUieion between written and onJ tertimoDr,S3-8L Of
' ■apernatiml teatiinony, SG — ST ..... S20
Ch. VIIL Artifidat proofi too mnah neg^eetod, | 1 — 8. Hiere are
Ca. IX. DiArenoe of aigne, indioationa, or dronmstantial erideoee, trt>m proofa, t 1, 2. Of ooncliuiTe ogna or indicationa, 3 — T. InconcluaiTe aigna are of weight when aopported by othera, S — 11. 1,13—11. Of pronoatioa, IG, 10 . 380
Cbi X. Of Uie different namea given to argnmenta among the Oreeka and Latiua, § 1 — S. Yarioua aignificationa of the word argument, 9 — 11. In every oaoae there niuat be aomething that doea not require proo^ 12 — 14. Of credibtlitiea, IG — 19. Uf aonroea from wmch aivnmeuta aM drawn, 20—32. From the character of indiTidnala, 23—81. From oircnmatancea, aa motivaa, place, time, manner, 83 — (S. Opportmiitiea and maana, 19—62. Argn- menta from definition, S3- -61. Bemarka on (%»n>'a method' ai^vunenl and definition aaaiated by diviDon, 02 — 70 Ar^umenta trata oommencement, inoreaae. and event, 71, 7^ From diau. militude, oppoaitioD, coniiequeDtiBlity. 78— TS. From eaoaes and efieatB, 80—85. From coinpariaon, 88—89. Too many aub- diviaiona under thia head, 90—91. ArgomeDta irom BDppoaitiDn, 96 — 99. Preoepta not to be followed too raperstjtjoualy ; ez- amplea, 100 — 108. An orator miiat take caie what lie propoeea to be proved ; an example, 109—118. Utilitv of rulee, 119—131. Ncoeeuty and advantagea of atndy and practice, 132 — 13S . S31
(te. XL Ofelampleaandinatancea, S 1 — G. Of the elBoieney, and variona
apeciea, of siamplea, a-rl6. Of eiamples from the fablea of the
Ssta, IT, 18. From the &blea of .^aop, and proverba, 1 9— 21. mpariaon, 22 — 2!>. Caution neceaaary with reapact to it, 38 — 89. Too much aob-diviaion in it, SO, SI. Companaon of pointa of law, 32, 33. Analogy, 34, 36. Authority, 86- 41. Authority of the goda, 43. Of the judge, and of the adv-ine party, 48. Eiamplea and authority not to be numbered among inartifidal proofa, 44 Ssa
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Cb. XII. How ttr we nu; uM dooblfiil groundi of trgatatat, S !-->■ Soma irgumenta to be urged in a body, some nugly, i, S. Some to ba oftrefuU; supported, uul refen«d to particular pointa in our awB, 8, T. Not to be too numeroua, 8. Argfumenta from the charBa- tera of jpenoDi, 6 — 13. In what order argumeota should be ■dronced, 11. QuintiUaii atatea aummariij what others baTe
ground of deftoae, 1 — 6. Nothing to be guned by ailoDce in regatd ■I. to matter* that cumot be defended, 7 — 11. We may attaok aome of I our advsraary'a argpiments id a body, gome eingly, 12 — 14. What 3 argameote may be easily refuted, IS, IS. What argumenta of | I our advaraiuy may be turned to our adTontage, IT, 18. Many I will Ikll under conjecture, definition, quality, 19 — 21. Some WF \ the advaraary'a argumenta may be treated oa unworthy of notice, i ' 32. Precedenta, which he aaaumea to be applicable to hii oaae, r i we muat endeaTour to prove inspplioable, '28, 2*. We may repeat i I the atatementa of the adversary so aa to weaken Chem, 25 — TJ. | We may aometunes expose the whole charge, aometimea partioular ' parte of it, 28. Bow we make argumenta common to both sides adverse to us ; how diacreponciei in the pleading of the adveraarj I ore t« be exposed, 29—33. Som« faulti eaaUy abown, 34, 36. Not to neglect argumenta of our adveraary, and not to be too ; aoiioUB to refute ttaem all, 39, ST. How for we nboold apore our advenaiT personally, 3S — 44. Some pleaders, in endeavouring to expose their adversaries, ^ve oocsaioa agajnat (bemsBlvee, 46—48. Sometimes, however, we nmy represent that there are contradic- tions in his statements, 49, GO. A pleader ought to appear con- fident of the justice of his cause, 51, G2. Order which we must I observe in supporting our own nrgumenta and refuting those of the opposite party, G3— 55. We must support our proofs and I refutations by the power of eloquonce, £8—68. Foolih dispute between Theodorua and Apollodorua, 66, SO . . 3T9
Ch. XIT. Of the enthymeme and its pnrts, S ■ad its parts, fi — 9. Not always of tha sk
cheirema of the orators is the syllogism of the philosophers, 14 — 18. All the parts of it not always neoaasary to be specified, 1 7 — 10. Three modes of opposing this foim of argument, 20 — 23. How the enthymeme difiera from the ayllogiam, 24 - 26. We must not crowd our speech with rhetorical forms of argument, 27 — 82. We must not leave our arguments nnsmbelllshed, B3 — SA , 394
BOOK VI. INTRODUCTION.
Quintilianlamentstliathia SOD. whose improvement, in conjunctioD with j tiial of tbs sons of Maioallns and Cseaar, h« had had in lien w |
2. Hb hid prvTuiiul; lost, duiing the oompodtion of anoUiw woA, k Toongar mm, u wdlu hit wife, t—S, Abilitioa of which hie childniD g>T« indicatknu^ T — 9. Hi* giiof ; he intnata indnl- genoe it, in oouaqnoMe of it, he piumea hia mric with lea (pint, 11>— 16 Page «0S
Ch. I. FeTontioiiof*Bpeeeh;theobjeeta^it}iom«tUnkUiatit>hould , oonnvt wholly of tvoafdtnlataini, | 1 — B. Appeal* to the ftelinga 1B*J be nude t:^ the aoenaer and the advocate alike, 0. What
the exordium and the perontion bava in common, and in what renwcts they differ, 10—11. Tha accmer excites the feeling* either bj ahowing the heinanmea of the charge which tie make*, or the pitiable condition of the par^ for whoa be seek* ledresa, 16 — 30. What qoalitiea excite fading in bvoar of an accuaed person. 21, 23. SoUcitalioni for pitj ma; have great effect, but should not be long, 23-38. Modes of eidting pity, 2S — 38. How penODfi who lire introdaced to move pity at the concliuion of a Bpeecli, ahould bebaTS thenuelTea, 8T— 43. No ontormoat attempt to drew tear* trom the judges dnlea* he be a man of great ability, H, 46. It i* the part of the peroration to dispel coinpaadanat« emotion*, aa well as lo excite them, 4fl— 18. Pero- mtioiiB uiraetimes of a Tcry mild character, 60. Appeals to the feeiliDg* may be made in other parte of a speech as well as in the pworatloD, 91— GS , . . . . ,407
Cb. II. Neceacty of atudjing how to woA on the minds of the judges,
^pila she
■hould be exerdsed in thu in the . 420
Cb. in. Of the power of exciting laughter in an aodience, § 1. There na* little of it in Semoatheneii; peth&p* a laperabundanoe of it in Cicero, 2— S, Causes of laughter not snfHcientlj explaiued, 6, 7. Is of gi«at effect, 8 — 10. Depends far mora on nature and faronrabls circnmetanco than on ar^ 11 — 13. No iuBtruetioDs given in exciting laughter, 14 — 16. Tarioua names for jocularity or wit, IT — 21. Depend* pBrtly on matter, partly on word* ; snhjecbi of il^ 23—24. Laughter may be excited by aome act, or look, or gesture, 2fl — 27. What ia becoming to the orator, 28 — 32. What to be avoided by him. 33 — 3S. Topics far jestjng, and modes of it^ 36-4S. Ambiguity in words, 47—66. The beet juts are taken &om thing*, not from words ; of omilarity, 67 — 1>2- Of die- Utnihui^, 03, 04. From all forms of argument arise occaiuona for jesting, 66, 66. Jeste in the form of trapes and figures, 07 — 79. Of jocular refutation, 71 — 78. Of eluding a charge; of pretended confeffiioQ, T[l — 81. Some kinds of jests are beneath an omtor, 68, 83, Of deceiving expectation, B4r— 87. Of jocular imitation, a. Of attributing thoughts u onrseives or other* ; and of b'ony,
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m coBTKim.
89—92. The last offenuTC jokea are the best, 93— SE. Quota- '
tiout from poati, pntverlw, and aneodotea, 96 — 9B. Appweot t
abaorditu^ 99, 100. Domitiui Ibmia cunroiiDdf politmesa with (
bumour, 101—107. Hii dutiuolioiu,- lOS— 113 . Page 430 1
Ca lY. R«nark> on ailtnatioii, or iliMnijnrai, S 1—6. Too much neg- ) Ucted by some plndon, 6, 7. ' Qoaliffcotioiu IDquiinta for Baccega ' in it ; acntanen, knowledge of the o»8e, good temper, attention tc the nudn qoeatioa, B — 13. Further obaerral^ona, 1 4 — 16. Wemaj dinemble our itrangth, in order to miileid oar MiTerBuy, 17, 18. Dijqioaition of the judge to be obaened, 19, 20. The student ■hould exentiie himielf in this depsitmeni, 21. Order of proofs it importut, 22 . . . . . . 4S6
t, Google
QUINTILTAN EDUCATION OF AN ORATOR.
QUHTTILIAN TO TETPHO,*
WISBINO BKAI/ra.
Tod have prevailed on ids, hj your daily importonity.t to pn>> ce«d at once b> publish the books on the Education of an Orator, which I bad addressed to aiy friend Uorcellus ; for, for mj own part, I thought that the; irere not ;et sufficiently advanced towtuds perfection. J On the o<)it]po6ition of them, as tou know. I spent Uttlg morg than jwQ years, «ttile_ distracted bj . 80 many other occupations ;§ and this time was devotM. not 60 much to the labour of vmlinff. as to that of researoh for the . almnat hguflilleip woi^V which J baj. OudertAlwiU-BAd . JA ItlB^ perusal of authors, who are innumerable. Following, besides, the mivine of Hbrnce. who, in his Art of Foetrj, recommenda that v pnblinfttinn shtjuld not he hurried, and that a work tkotdd b» retained tUl the nintk year, I allowed time for re-oonsidering them, in order that, when the ardour of invenuon had cooled, I might judge of them, on a more careful re-pemsal, as a mere reader. Tet if they are so mach demanded, as you Ht;, let us give our sails to the winds, and pray for success
* An emiiunit bookwiller at Boma, uuaitioDed by MaxtUI, iv. 72;
+ Omvjn'o.] Thu word ii Dot naed hen in > reproachful, but in a fHsnd^HiHa; u in Cicero, Ep. tA Q. Pnttr. iL 10 : Bpitiiiam lutme convKW iffiagmrunt evdiaUi (ui. See kIbo Go. kd Div. xii. 36, and Pb> Clnant. o. 27, irher* eoni'idum maximmm ftat ia, u Spoldiiy obHTVSB, for maximepen etmtatdit, pcpoKit. " Bj anwintw* ha masM aarrima frtca' RcSi^
X iSUu—vuilimiuK.] Nondrnn Bstia sunt oipoliti. Btgitu. ~ ' Uofii titgMt dittrMut.] " DUtncted otbenriM bj lo nunjr DS. He lud not only to work at hii txMik, bnt to ettend to i'b eAin. Two manuiorlpta, wji Bnrmuui, Iibt* oiimHi
u we loose our oable.* But maoh also depends on yourT &ithfa]aes8 and aare,. that tfaej^nay come into the hands of ' the public in aa correct a state aa possible.
^_ JI
PREFACE,
MAECELLUS VTCTOEITTa.
The abjeot and intantloii of the woi^ { I — >. To vhom dedicated, fi.t UiututhoriEod publtoatiom under the name of Quintilian, T. Thn prDfennaiia of the rhetoridui and pbilnaophar ven totmtrlm united, 9—16. The perfect ontor, 17. Parbtioo of the woA, 3li 23. Pnrther obnrratioiu on t«aohiiig and qieaking, SS~S7. T
When certtun persona, afwr I had secured rest from mi labours, which for tweo^ years I had detoted to the instructioa of Tonth, requested of me, in a friendly maDner, to write some- thiDg_on_the_art of speakings I certainly resisted their soUcita- tiona for a long time ; because I was not ignorant that authora j ^of the greatest celebrit; in both languages t had bequeathed to posterity many treatises having reference to tins subject, wTitten with the greatest care. S. But hj the very plea on which I thought that eicuse for my refusal would be more reaiiily admitted, my friends were rendered still more urgent ; "since," they said, "amidst the various opinions of former writets, Bolne of them contradicting each other, choice was difficult;" so that they, appeared, not uiyi^tifiably, to press ^ upon me the task,, if not of inventing new precepts, at least I of pronouncing judgment concerning the old. 3. Although t however it was not so much the confidence of accomplishing what was required of me, as the shame of refusing, that prevfuled with me, yet, as the subject opened itself mon widely, I v<duntarily undertook a heavier duty than was laid
■ Oram talptKMiu.] That the word era msuig fuait twMtic^t ii ■{^areat bom Idvy, xiiL 19 ; iituL S6, on which paasages the read«( u^ oouult Drakmborcb'a edition. QCdntilian bImj uses the word ii the aame aeaat in iv. 3, 41. it is ^tl]> obaerved by Qeauer, in U^ Tbeeaurus, that the word in thii sigoificaljoa Mema to have befi -peculiar to Uu common r^opl^ i^ taiton, and is oonsaqueatlj b ' ran among writera. Spalding, f iMiu sad Qreek. DaOt Mntoatt uiriittque liitgita, Hor,
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PRZFACB.] EDDCATIOK OF AK OKATOB. I
upon me, not onlj that I might oblige my best frionds br fuller compliance, but also that, while pursuiug s common roM, 1 might not tread mere);* in other men's fbotsteps.
i. Other authors, who have commitl^ to writing th« art of oratory, have in general commenced in such a manner, aa if they were to put the last hand of eloquence t to those who w«re accomplished in eieiy other kind of leamiDg ; whether from despising the branches of knowledge which we previousl/ learn, as insignificant, or fibm supposing that they did not foil under their prorince, the duties of the professions being distinct; or, what is more probable, from expecting no credit to ' their ability in treating of subjects, which, however necessary, are yet fai removed from display ; as the pinnacles of bnildings are seen, while the foundations are hid. ^ For myself, as I consider that nothing is unnecessary to the art of oratory, without which it must be confessed that an orator cannot be formed, and that there is no possibility of arriving i at the summit of any thing without previous initiatory efibrts ; I shall not shiink from stooping to those lesser matters, the 'neglect of which leaves no pi see for greater ;{ and shall ; proceed to regulate the Btiidies pf the orator fmm hia infani-j, y juetas if he were entnistfid hi me lo be brought up,
6. This work, Marcellus Victorius, I dedicate to yon, whom, as being most friendly to me, and animated with an extra- ordinary love of letters. I deemed most worthy of such a pledge of our mutual affection ; and not indeed on these considerations alone, though these are of great weight, but because my tr^tise{ seemed likely to be of use for the instruction of your son, whose early ^e shows his way clear to the full splendour of genius ; |] a treatise which 1 have resolved
*. Detmm.'] Evidentlr pat foi IwiIihb, the nation of time L«iiig sat wide or foi^otten. Tbe word ia often Uioa UMd in QuiQtiliui and otfasT writerB of tbe aune oga. So PauIoB Diooonui sayi, from Featiu, " Alii dflawn pro dmnlaxai pomerunt." See also Ruboken on Butilius LDpas, p. ST. SBoUUng.
t PerfeaU—nnmam eloquaHiu! numum.] The word aaqaentia a to ~ B taken ■■ u a ganitive, not aa a dative ; tbe dative ia perftclU. ' ' iitg. Bnrmaim'i edition, and othens prior to Qtuner'i, tuve nun-
jn ^omentid mamim.
t Qua n ntgligat, non lit m^ori&mt loctui] '' Which if joa neglect
ere is do place for greater.'
g LOri.] Th«M twelve books on the education of an orator.
- ' "" "'" yi'lMmtn.'] Moaellanua cites Cicero, Brut. c. 16. Ut enin
B 3
D,j„..;^L,Coo^|i:
A QOINTtUAN. [PBXFACK ■]
to oondnct, from tbe verj cradle aa it were of oratorf, through f all the atudies which can at all assist the future speaker, to the fl Bnmmit of that art 7. Thia I the rather designed, because {' two hooka od the Art of Bbetoric wore already in circulation ' I under m; name, though neither published bj me nor composed | ! for that object ; for, after holding tvio days' discourse with me,. I •ome youths, to whom that time was devoted, han utught u^ ' the first by heart ; the other, which was learned indeed in a.' I greater number of days (as far as they could learn by taking notes), some of my young pupils, of excellent disposition, bat | of too great fondneaa for me, had made known through tbe in- . discreet honour of publication. 6. In these books, accordingly, ' there will be some things the same, many altered, very many ' added, but all better arranged,* aud rendered, as far aa £ shall | be able, complete. ,
9. We are to form, then, the perfect .oratori_v^o cannot | t nnleaa as a good man :t and we require in bim. tbere-
t the prin- ciples of moral and honourable conduct are, as some have thought, to be left to the philosophers ; since the man who can duly sustain hia character as a citizen, who U qualitied for the management of public and private af&irs, and who con govern communities by his oouiisela, settle them by means of laws, sod improve them by judicial enactments, can certainly be nothing else but an orator. 11. Although I acknowledge, therefore, that I shall adopt some precepts which are contained in the writings of the philosophers, yet 1 shall maiutotn, with justice and truth, that they belong l« mj subject, and have ^ a peculiar relation to the art of oratory. 19. U_ffiiL_have ', constantly occasion to discourse of justice, fortitude, temper- ance,, aiii Jlther^ similar topics, so that a cause can scarce be fnani in which some such discusaion does not occur,! and if
' \ ^
. ' homiaii deoui ingnnlnm, Ai ingmii Ipaiui Iubka «t sloquentia. " QuiDtQiui ma; be thoiu-ht to have had thaw words of Cic«ro ia hi> mind, if the rwdiag of vm text be but sound." Spalding. ' CompotSiOFa.'] Magis ordioalaj In unam camnanm mnnmiiint <
1 See this point digcuued at leogth, b, j: In quam non aliqua qaoMio tx kit incidat ticiD of thase (quBvlions) doea Dof '" "
if 1 " Oa wbinb Kline qoM
,„..;'^L,Coo^lc 1
ntlTACB.] BDCCATIOM OF AS OBiTOE.
tect and copiousness of language are required, the art of the orator is to be there pre-eminently exerted? 19. These two acconplishmeats, as Cicero vet; plaialy protes.t werS, as / they are joined by nature, so also nnitad in practice, so that ' .the saine persons were thought at once wise and eloquent. Subsequently, the study divided itself,} and, through want of art,S it came to pass that the arts were considered to be diverse ; for, as soon as the tongue became an instrument of gain, and it ^vas' made a practice to abuse the gifts of elo- quence, those who were esteemed as eloquent abaodoued iJie care of morale, which, when thus neglected, became as it were the prize of the less robust intellect8.| 14. Some, dis- hking the toil of cultivating eloquence, afterwards retomed to the disciphne of the mind and the establishment of rules of life, relAJning to tbemselves the better part, if it conld be divided into two; but asaumtug, at the same time, the most presumptuous of titles,^ so as to be called the only cultivMors of wisdom ; a distinction which neither the most eminent commanders, nor men who were engaged with the utmost distiuctioD in the direction of the greatest afiairs, and in the management of whole commonwealths, ever ventured to claim for themselves ; for they preferred rather to practise excellence of conduct than to profess it 15. That many of the ancient professors of wisdom, indeed, both delivered virtuous precepts, and even lived as they directed others to
■ iMmOioiu.] The faculty of finding out argumenta, and all that
"TVf IMtrS apmiuimi aBi^.] See Cio. Orat c IS. " OoBigert eat
Tmentia — coDoludrre et camprobore." SegUu. It waa in the time of Socratsa that eloquence waa first aepanted froDi philOBOph; ; for aoont«B, Betting at nought and throwing discred't upon rhetoric, devoted hinueV wholly to pbiloaophiool diacuaaiou. Turtulnu. See CJc de Orat. iiL 10; Menag. ad Liwrt i. 12. JJme- lovam. '
§ ItiertiA faetwm at Kt arta mte pUmi vidfitHlm;'] QninUlian, tayg Spalding eridently playa upon tbe woida iHerlid and artet. By " ■ ma to mean mmt of art or judgment to keep the two
M, that of rhetoric and that of philoaophy, united. II Infrmioribm tn^tnui.] Ha calla them vnjfrmt^nt, u being unfit ful pnblio buainen. Bigiut. H Namely, that of phfloaoplioTB jcot' 1Cox4>'>
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6 qvnrmjAH. [pbetux.
lire, I *riU read iy admit ; but, io our own timee.* the greatest Tic«8 have been bii] under this name in manj of the profesaora; for thei" did not strire, W tirtne and study, to be esteemed pbiloBophera ; but adopted a peculiarity of look, ansterilf of demeanour, and a dress difTerent from that of other men, as cloaks for the nlest immoralities.
16. But those topics, which are claimed as peculiar ta philosophy, we all everywhere discuss; for what person (if he be not an utterly corrupt charactert) does not sometimes speak ' of justice, equi^, and goodness? who, eren among rustics, does not make some inquiries about the causes of the operations of nature ? As to the proper use and distinction of words.^ it ought to be common to all, who make their langut^e at all an object of care. 17. But it will be the orator that will under- stand and express those matters beet, and if he should ever arrive at perfection, the precepts of virtue would not have to be sought from the schools of the philosophers. At present it is necessaiy to have recourse, at times, to those authore who have, as I said, adopted the deserted, but pre-eminently better, part of philosophy, and to reclaim as it were what is our own ; not that we may appropriate their discoveries, but that we may show them that they have usurped what belonged to others.
18. Let tbs onttor. tbftrefore, be such a man as may be called truly wise, not blameless in morals^ only (for th^ in
■ Qulniiliui ■eeniH to have written these abMrv^tiouB kftor the philoaophen were ejected from the city by the edict «[ Domilun. PHiaiu. Dodwell thinks that QiuDtilUii's work was Snishsd bsfore DomiUui's edict, and supposen that he woul 1 not hare ventniad ts pnJsa philosophy or philoeophars at all after auob an edict ; but Domitiaii, M Spaldiiig obiterves, nished to be regarded an haiiog pro- scribed the pntunded philosophers of his time on aoconnt of the badnesa of their chancten, not ss haviag ooDcnved n dislike to philoaophy in geoeml. There are aome satinoal versea on th'i edict ■aoribad to the poetess Sulpicia. On tlie cbancter of the hypocritical philoaophen of that day, aee JuTsiml, ii 3, stque alibi
t Modi wow et nr Mwimit-.] For et Bunnonn would read nf. " Qaintiliao reflects od those seosslesa fellows (at i^om thne has been •bundanca at aU timea), who ouiDot evea speak decently, bat indolga in libaldij, irithout Um least regard for Uieir character.* Partut. ,
t Th* atUntive reader wiU notice that Quintiliao aHodea here ti' the tbrae ohisf departmeuta of philosophy, ethics, phyaici, and d IsotiM. Asiur.
i both morals, a
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PRSPAOB.] KDUOATIOM Of AK O&ATOK. 7
"7 "riniiftn frll'tj'' °"""' ■^'--p"" — "*■ -m j- oot enon^).
tion for apeaking; a chantcter such as. pprhinw, ni^ ypn'r^ tiiBL MM. JD. .bWt we Sb not the lesa, for that reasop, to aim ar*perlSSDon, for which most of the ancients Btrove; who, though they thought that no wise man hod ;et been found. ueTertheless laid down directions for gaining wisdom. QU. For the perfection of eloquence is assuredly something,* nor does the nature of the haman mind forbid as to reach it ; but if to reach it be not granted us, jet those who shall strive to gain the summit will make higher advances than those who, prematurely conceiving a despair of attaining the point at which they aim, shall at once sink down at the foot of the ascenL
SI. Indulgence will so much the more then be granted me, if 1 shall not even pass over those lesser matters, which yet are necessary to the work which I have uodertaken. The first book will, therefore, contain those particulars which are ante- cedent to the duties of the teacher of rhetoric In the .second we shall consider the first elements of inauuction under the hands of the professor of rhetoric, and the questions which are asked concerning the sulgect of rhetoric itself. 33. The five next will be devoted to invention (for under this head will also be included arrangement), and the four following to elocution, within the scope of which Ml memoir and pronuucialion. Oue will be added, in which the orator himself will be com- [detely formed by ns, since we shall consider, as far as our weakness shall be able, what his morals ought to be, what shoold be bis practice in undertaking, studying, and pleading causes ; what should be his style of eloquence, what terminik- tiont there should be to his pleading, aud what may be his employments after its termination.
S3. Among all these discussions shall be introduced, as
occatiion shall require, the art of bpeaiinq, which will not
only instruct students in the knowledge of those things to
* Alitpid.] Something tb&t may ftctuftUy be attuned ; not a nun
fivtion at the inuinuatiaQ.
' t Whan he ahiQl le&ve off pleading niuea, md devote himself t< '' r empUiTiaeiit ] for the orator, «veii when be hu ceased t tin u an orator, u not to consider hiinieir whollr relaused froni ii vocation. Spaidiag.. He SHt* initruot and adviw. Se* Cic, Orak
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which alone some have given the nama of art, and interpret (so to express myself) the law of rhetoric, but maj serve to nourish tiie &cnltjr of speech, and strengthen the power of eloquence; it. for, in general, those bare treatises on art,* through too much aRbctation of subtilty, break and cut down whatever is noble in eloquence, drink up aa it were all the blood of ibought, and Isj bore the bones, which, whUe the; onghl to exist, and bo be united by their ligaments, oi^ht still to be coTered with flesh. S5. We therefore hare not, like most authors, inctnded in our books that small portf merely, but whatever we thought useful for the education of the orator, explaining every point with brevity ; for if we should say, on every particular, as much as might be said, no end would be found to our work.
36. It ia to be stated, however, in the first place, that precepts and treatises on art are of no availwithont the assistance of nature ; and these instructions, therefore, are not written for him to whom talent is wanting, any more than treatises on agriculture for barren ground.
37. There are also certain other natural aids, us power of voice, a constitution capable of labour, health, courage, gracefulness ; qualities whi<^, if they fall to our lot in a moderate degree, may be improved by practice, but which are often so ^ wanting that their deficiency renders ahortive the beneSts of understanding and study ; and these very qualities, likewise, are of no profit in themselves without a skilful teacher, persevering study, and great and continued exercise in writing, reading, and speaking.
• Auia iila arid.] At*ei was a name for books oonUining rulen of rhetorio. Spaldiiiif,
+ PaHinUan iltiaiii] By p^rtieija Quintilian mcniu the mere brief rules on the dibnot psiii c€ alo^aBuoc^ laid down l>y otiier wril«n on thsut. JUgiut.
1
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■DCCATION OF AM ORAtOB.
CHAPTER I. 1 the cspacitiea of tx^ in gsneral, | 1 — S. Of panmta, bUt«b, i ^ . . . . -
Greek sod Latio, 13—11.
Of panmta, bUtcb, and padagogi, 9 — 11. Of lunniiig
[ and Latin, 13 — 1*. Of ito proper age for beginniDg to
leun, 15—19. Of the proper method of teacLing cfaildren. 'M —
34. Of leamiog the ^pb&bet, and of writing, 25— 2ir~ Of learn- ing to read, af gabjects for writing, of learning by heart, and of improving the pronunciatioD, 80 — 87.
1. L&T a fiither, tben. as soon as his boh ia bom, conceiTe, /' Bret of all, the beat posaible hopes of him : for he will thus grow the more aolicitouH about Jiia imgrovement from the ve^ beginnmg; eiuce it is a complaint without foundation that ^ , " to very few people is granted the faculty of comprehending what is impftQeiCu) them, and that most, through daln<is8 of V underatanding, lose their labour and their time," For, on the eontraiy, you will find the greater number of men both ready " in conceiving and quick in learning ; since such quickness is natural to man ; and as birds are born to fly, horses to run, -^ apd wild beasts to show fierceness, so to us peculiar!; belong'~~ activi^ and sagacity of understanding ; whence the origin of the mind is thought to be from heaven. 2. But dull and unteachable persons are no more produced in the course of V nature than are persons marked by monstrosity and deformi-*^ ties ; such are certainly but few. It will be a proof of this assertion, that, among bojB, good promise is shown in the far greater number ; and, if it passes off in the progress of time, . It is manifest that it was not natural ability, but care, that was wanting, 8. fiut one surpasses another, yon will say, iu ability. I grant that this is true ; but only so far as to acoompUsh more or less ; whereas there is no one who has Dot*~ gained something by study. Let him who is convinced of this truth, bestow, as soon as he becomes a parent, the most vigi- - lant possible care on cherishing the hopes of a future orator. V- 4. Before all things, let the talk of the child's nurses not be^^ ungrammatical. Chrjsippua wished them, if possible, to be women of some knowledge ; at any rate he would have the x meet, as far as circumstances would allow, chosen.' To their /morals, doubtless, attention is firat to be piud ; but let them Mao speak with propriety. Ci. It is they that the child will heat
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10 qunrriLiAH. [b. l
first ; it is tbeir words that he will trj to form bj imitation.
Wn itre by ffiUsre. ino$t tenacious of what we have imbibed in
X ^- -CUT ittfant ^ears ; as the BaTOur, with which jou scent vesselB
when new, remains in them ; nor can the colours of wool, for
which its pUin whiteness has been ezcbanged, be ef&ced;
and thwe verj habits, which are of a more objectionable
nature, adhere with the greater tenacity ; for good ones are
ensily changed for the worse, but when will yon change bad
ones into good? Let the child not be accustomed, therefore,
even while he is yet an infant, to phraseology which must hi
unl earned.
I 6. In parents I should wish that there should be as much
y I learning as possible. Nor do I speak, ipdeed, merely of
' / fathers ; for we have heard that Conielta. t^e mother of the
I Gracchi (whose very learned writing in her letters has come
down, to posterity), contributed greatly to their eloquence ;
the daughter of Lnlius* is said to hare exhibiiod her
father's elegance in her conversation; and the oration of
the daughter of Quintus Uortensius, delivered before the
I Triumviri,^ b read not merely as an honour to her sex. 7.
' Nor let those parents, who have not had the fortune to get
I learning themselves, bestow the leas care on the instruction of
I their children, but let them, on this veiy account, be more
' solicitous as to other} particulars.
Of the boya,§ among whom he who ia destined to this prospect is to be educated, the seme may be said as concerning nurses.
8. Of pmdagogi{ this further may be said, that they should
■ Ciiiu LaUui, lunumed Uie WIm, had two danghterB, od« of whom wu married to Cuns FannioB, mi Um other to HQeina Sanroli. See Ck. Bnit. c B8. Regim. From the wnga of Cicero to which RegiuH refen, it appnn that the one to whom Qnintiliui allndea wu the nife of Mucius. BmmaM.
■t- Of this ipeech Frainshemiiu, with the ud of AppUn, has pvea lome DotioD in hU eiaellent Bapplemeot to Livy, ciiii. 44, 16 ; and thei'e ie an alliuioa to it in Y>t Mis. Tiii S. Horteniia pleaded before Octaviauiu, Aotony, and Lepidna, for ■ raoiaraon of part of the tax laid on matrona. Speldijig.
X other diitiea not properl; included under tuition, \tUcIi parent^ who ani themaelvea unlearned cannot diacbaive. — SpoJding. \
1 It ii not free-born yontba, oompeera of uie pufdl, that Quintiliag mesne, but jooag alavea. Spalding.
I There ia no word in our l»nguage-G>r the padagogtu, who waa ■
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OH. I.'^ KDVOATIOir Of IK OBATOB. 1 1
either be men of acknowledged .emiing. which I should with ' to be the first olgect, or thai thej should be couBcious of theit want of leaning ; for none are more pernicbus tbaa those who, hftTing gone some little beyond the first elements, clothe themselvee in a mistaken persnasion of their own knowledge ; since they disdun to yield to those who are skilled in teaching, and, growing imperious, and sometimes fierce, in a certain right, as it were, of exercising their antiiorily (with which that sort of men are ganerally puffed up), they teach only their own folly. 9. Nor is their misconduct less prejudicial to th« manners of their pupils ; for Leooides, the tutor of Alexander, aa is related by Didgenea of Babylon,* tinctured him with certain bod habits, which adhered to him, from his chitdisb education, even when he was grown op and become the great- est of kings.
10. If I seem to my reader to require a great deal, let him , consider that it is an orator that is to be educated ; an ardu- ous task, even when nothing is deficient for the formation of hia character; and that more and more difficult labours yet remain ; for there ia need of constant study, the most excel ,. lent t«achers, and a Taiiety of mental exercises. 11, The best of rules, therefore, are to be laid down ; and if any one shall refuse to observe them, the fault will lie, not in the method, bnt in the man.t
■lare of (p>od chai«cter, and lometimei of lome edocation, that had " ' ' t, but was quite dintmot tmn the liliataXot
I Dictioiuu7 of Qr. and Bom. Antiq. art.
* We haTB DO book extant of DiogeiiM of Babjion ; be was a Stoic phUoaopber, who came to Rome with Critolaua and Cameade* in that celebrated embaasy mentioned by Cicero, De Oiut,.!]. 3T, S8, and who wrote on langtiage and dialectics ; nor is tbera any meatioa in other writcTB of the bad habits nhich Alexander oontraotad frma fail tutor, except an alluaion to them in Hiocmar, biahop of Rheims, EpiBt. xiT. ad Procerea B^ni- ■^mMing. Tbis patwtge of Hincmar WIS first pointed oat b^ Colomestus, who obeerres Uiat there ia a Mcood alliuioQ to the subject in another letter of the aama writer ; and tliat it ia also noticed bj St. Jerome in his Spui. ad Latm dt Z-utttUi- (iinM Paula ^ia.
f Qita ri quit gravMtmr, -non ratiom difiiml, ted Xomhw.] Varimu ikplanatJoDB of these words huTe been Bttemj^ed. The moat latii- actory appears to be that of Spalding, who eappliea aJiqvid aa tha lominatire oaae to rfs/aerit, and b; Aoaitnt undcntanda him whc liir^ardi tha nlea
13 qOINTILIAIt. [B. 1
If however it ehoald not be the good fortaae of children to haie such nurses as I should wish, let them at least have one attentive padago^HM, not unskilled in language, who, iranything !i spoken incorrectlj by the nurse in the presence of bis pupil, may at once correct it, and not let it settle in his mind. But let it be understood that vhat I prescribed at first is the right coarse, and this only a remedy.
(13. T„ prpfer that a boy should begin with the Grreek language, because he will acquire Latin, which is in general use, even though we tried to prevent bim, and because, at the same time, he ought first to be iiistructefT \n Greek learning, from wbichours ja derived. 13. Yet I shouIH not wish this rule to be BO superstitiously observed that he should for a long time speak or learn only Greek, hs is the custom with most people ; for hence arise many &ults of pronunciation, which is viciously adapted to foreign sounds, and also of lai^^ge, in which when Greek idioms have become inherent by constant usi^e, they keep their place most pertinaciously even when we speak a different tongue. 14. The study of Latin ought therefore to follow at no long interval, and soon after to keep |«ce with the Greek ; and thus it will happen, that, when we have began to attend to both tongues wiUi equal care, neither will impede the other.
15. -Some have thought that boys, as long as they are under seven years of age, should not be set to learn, because that is the earliest age that can understand what is taught, and endure the labc«ir of learning. Of which opinion a great many writers say that Hesiod was, at least such writers as lived before Aristophanes the grammarian,* for he was the first to deny that the ' T«vdqxai,t in which this opinion is found, was the work of that poet. 1 6. But other writers likewise, amon"
* CoDOBming this grunmuian, coniult eepwdaHy F. A. Wolfa Prolegomena in Homerum, p. 216, nqq. Spaldmg.
+ Thia poem U lost. It wu atbibntra by some to the Centnur Chiron, th« tutor of Aohlllei, but to Hesiod bj fta m^oriiy of writen, uuoDg whom was Ariatoph&nes tJie comic poet, who is said )>j liuTniehiui and lliomas Hagiister to have ridicoled it aa the work .ri Hsaiod, in his lost comedy of tiie AairoX^c. Ariatotls^ Polit. vii. 17, KCDU vary neatly to agree with Hesiod in opinion, thoogh he does not (h Beeius states, and after him Hories ad Fabrio. BlbUoUi. Or. t. 1, ri, 1^ mak* any ollauaD to tllia precept of Heaiod. Raiding. 1
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CB. l] IDDCAT10\ or AK OBATOa. IS
whom is Erastotbenes,* have gi*en the ume adviM. TboM, honever, adviao better, who, like Chrystppus, thick tli&t no put of a child's life should be exempt from tuitioD ; for Chi^sippna, though he bu allowed three yean to the nunes, yet is of opi- nioQ that the minds of childreD may be imbued with excellent iiistructipn even by them, 17. And why should not that age '« under the influence of learninB, which is now conleBseiUT^ subject to moral influence ?t 1 am not iodeed ignorant that, during, {he. whole time of which 1 am speaking, scarcely as much can be done as one year may afterwards accomplish, yet those who are of the opinion which I have mentioned, ap- pear with regard to this part of life to have spared not so much the learners as the leactere. 16. What else, after they are able to speak, will children do better,^ for they must du somfr- thing ? Or why should m despise the gaiq,,boiLJiltle soever it be. previous to the age of seven years ? For certainly, small as may be the proficiency which an earlier age exhibits, tlie child will yet learn something greater durii^ the very year in which he would have been learning something less. 19. This advancement extended through each year, is a profit on~tEe~ whole ; and whatever is Rained in infancy is an acquisition lo _ youtli. The same rule should be prescribed as to "the following years, so that what eveiy boy has to leam, he may not be too late in beginning to learn. Let us not then lose even the earliest period of life, and so much the less, as the elements of learning depend on the memory alone, which not only exists in children, but is at that time of life even most tenacious.
20. Yet I am not so unacquainted with differences of age, as to think that we should urge those of tender years severely, r* or exact a fall complement of work from them ; for it will be
* Ha waa flia keapcr of Oxt Alexuidriui libnir in tlie time of Pbdemj EnargelMi, and tlie antlior of wrenl booki, which u« all loat, axocpt Bome tngaiMiU ot his Qeognphy, which hav« been col- lacted \ij Aacker, Smel, uid Beniluirdy. A wotk called Kamv- Ttputfto) went for a long tiine imtter hia name, but is now considered to e aoma grammarian's compilation from HjguinB. See Dr. Smith's [Motionarv of Biogn^hy and Hjtholog;, and Fabriciuai Bibl. Qr. nA. '•• • Hurl
r. p. 117, ed. HorL t C^tr amtan flflt wrwtntat aa rKn-tu inaf, qme U4t »vra jam iftrHnet r] " Why should not that age belong to Icamisfb which aliwly ■ loom to manners or morala," f BetterU
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necesaaiy, above all diiogB, to take care lest the child should nwCODceive a dialiVe to the applicadon which he cannot yet love, and cotitinne to dread the bittemeis which he has once tasted, even beyond thi3 years of infancy. Xist his instruction be an amusement to him ; let him be questioned, and praised ; and let him never feel plegteed that he does not know a thing ; and somedmes, if he is unwilling to learn, let another be taught before him, of whom he may be envious. Let him strive for victory now and then, and generally suppose that he gains it ; end let his powers be called forth by rewards, such as that agp prizes.
21. We are giving small instructions, while professing to "^educate an orator; but even studies have their infancy ; and as die rearing of the very strongest bodies commenced with milk and the cradle, so be, who was to be the most eloquent ot men, once uttered cries, tried to speak at first with a stutter- ing voice, and hesitated at the shapes of the letters. Nor, if it 13 impossible to learn a thiug completely, is it therefore un- necessary to learn it at all.* 22, If no one blames a fiither, who thinks that these matters are not to be n^lected in regard to his son, why should he be blamed who communicates to the public what he would practise to advantage in bis own house ? And this is so much the more the case.t as younger minds more easily take in small things ; and as bodies cannot be formed to certain flesuTes of the limbs unless while they are .' tender, so even strength itself makes our minds likewise more unyielding to most things. 22. Wonld Philip, king of Macedonia, have wished the first principles of learning to be communicated to bis son Alexander by Aristode, the greatest philosopher of that age, or would Aristotle have underta^n that office, if they bad not bodi thought that the first rudiments of iustmction are l)est treated by the most accomplished teacher, and have an influence on the whole course ? 34. Let us sup- pose, then, that Alexander were committed to me, and laid in my lap, an inbnt worthy of so much solicitude (though every
* Nte ri qiJd ditart tati§ lum ett, idta «t« ■aesas at.'] If a raanot learn bo mach of aaything aa we conld wiih, it is not oi aooount proper tliat he shoiUd be kept from learning It altogether.
t Atqite to magii quod,] So much the more u a father not la .. tlamtd, i.1!. is to be commnided for pajin^ attentioD to uuall matter
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CH. l] BDUCAnOH OF AK OKATOB. 15
■nan thinkB his owd sod worthy of similar solicitude), sboul 1 I be ashamed, even in teaching him his very letters, to point out iom% compendious methods of inatructioa ?
For that at least, which I see _jtractiaed iu regard to roost children, by no means pleases me, uamel;, that they learn the names and order* of the letters before they learn their sbapes. 39. This method hioders their recognitiou of them, as, while they follow their memory that takes the lead,t they do not fix their attention on the forms of the letters. This is the reaaou why teachers.J even when they appear to hare fined them Buf&ciently in the minds of children, in the straight order in vhich they are usually first written,§ make them go over them again the contrary way, and confuse them by variously changing the arrangement, until their pupils know them by their Bbape, not by their place. It will be best for children, therefore, to be taught the appearances and names of the letters at once, as they are taught those of men. 26. But that which is hurtful with regard to letters, will be no impediment with regard to Byllabtes.|| I do not disapprove, however, the f> practice, which is well known, of ^viug children, for the sake <rf stimulating them to learn, ivory figures of letters to play with, or whatever else can be invented, in which that infantine age may take delight, and which may be pleasing to handle, look at, or name.
27. But as soon as the child shall have begun to trace the forms of the letters, it will not be improper that they should be cut for him, as exactly as posdble, on a board, that his
* Centeinhim.'] Thsir arrBngement and podtiou in the alphabet. SptUding.
■(■ AnitcedaUem mnaortom.] They know b7 heart the i^er in which the letters follow each other, and theiefora do Dot attend aufRcJeDtly to their >bap«a, but pronounce tbeir nemea aa it were from memory. Tanuttu. I quote tlii> note from Tiimebus beoatue Spalding hentatea at anteeciiatlfflt, not knowing what sense to give it^ and obeerring thst Gedoyne renders the won^ Intr tatmoirt jut va phtt vilt jm Uun itFtbi. But Tuinebus is undoubtedly right.
J Qad aai^a at pnxci^mt^xtt, W.] " Which is the cause to teachei*
g The order of the alphabet, in iriiiah letters are first shown ta 'V^cva, bdbre they begin to form them into eyllablca.
It will do no hsnu if boys learn eyllabUa by heart befiKe thej
1 the look of them. Btgim.
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■t^e* TDhj be guided along them as along grooves, for he will tlien make do mistakes, as on wax (since he nill be kept in by the edge on each ude, and will be unalde to stray beyond the boundaryt); (uid, by following these sure traces rapidly and frequently, he will form his hand, and not require the aasistance of a peraon to guide his band with his own hand placed over it. 38. The accomplishment of writing well and expeditiously, which is commonly disregarded by people of quality, is by no means on indifierent matter ; for ss writing itself is the principal thing in our studies, and tbat by which alone sure proficiency, resting on the deepest roots, is secured, a too slow way of writing retards thought, a rude end confused hand cannot be read ; and hence follows another task, that of reading off what is to be copied from the writing.} SB- At all times, therefore, and in all places, and especially in writing [Mrivate and &miliar letters, it will be a source of pleasure to us. not to have neglected even this acquirement.
30. For learning syllables there is no short way ; thej must all be learned throughout ; nor are the most difficult of then), as is the general practice, to be postponed, that children may be at a loss, forsooth, in writiug words.J 31. Moreover, we must- not even trust to the first learDin|; by heart ; it will be better to have (^llables repeated, and to impress tliem long upon the memory; and in readit^ too, not to huny on, in order to make it continuous or quick, until the clear and certain con- nexion of the letters become femiliar,|| without at least any necessity to stop for recollection. Let the pupil then begin to form words from syllables, and to join phrase* blether from words. 33. It is incredible how much retard- ation is caused to reading by haste ; for hence uise hesita
* The Iron pencil luad for writing on vazed tableti. i- Bpklding notioea that this pUHg* ii aoioewhat tuitologiail, bst t^jt that it a the nina in all the muKUcripU.
t Quo ex JUf trandtraida tmti.'j By kit ii meant lam «aU teHptit
% Utin nomirabv tcribendit (iepnAemiantor.} DeprAtndi is harert, to be obliged to liesjtate, to be brought to a staiid, to be oonpluSBe^ ; *a in lii. 8, 6. . . . Uti* uBfld with a certain irony, as it tuton put A~ the learning of diffloult ejllablas for tt* vaypnrpett of pniding '^ child afterwu^ Spoldiitff. Burmann and Oeaoer pro the ■ •Blue to depreAtttdantitr which Spalding siveo.
Q S^ppeditart—foterU.i Potent n^Mttart t, "thtSL be able ] prtaent itself." Ntti fOMiS " ai>l<ea whan," 1 have rendered by " iii
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oill) bducatior of an oratos. 17
tjja, interraption, utd rapetitioti, as children attempt Doro Uian they csn mauA^fo ; atid then, afbsr making mistakes, they become distniBtfnl eTen of what Uiej know. S3. Let reading, therefore, be at first aure, then continuomi, and for a long time slow, until, bj exercise, a correct quickness jt gained. 34. For to look to Uie right, as everybody teaches, and to look forward, depends not merely on rule, but on habit,* since, while the duld is lookii^ to what foUons, he has to pronouuje what goes before, and, what is very difficult, the direction of bis thoughts most be divided, so that one duty may be dift- chai^ed with his voice, and another with his eyes.
When the child shall have begun, as is the practice, to write wsrde, it will cause no regret if we take care that he may not waste his efEbrts on common words, and such as perpetual^ occur. 36. For he may readily leara the exphmationB of obscure terms, which the Greeks call vXiimof, while some other occupation is before him, and acquire, amidst his first rudi- ments, a knowledge of that which would afterwards demand a special time for it Since, too, we are still attending to small Dudters, 1 would express a wish that even the lines, which are set him for his imitation in writing, should not contain useless sentences, but such as convey some moral instruction, 39. The remembrance of such admonition will attend him to old ^e, and will be of use even for the formation of hi* oharacter.t It is possible for him, also, to learn the sayings 01 eminent men, and select passages, chiefly &om the poets (for the reading of poets is more pleasing to the young), in his play-time; since memory (as I shaU show in its proper place) is most neces- sary to an orator, and is eminently strengthened and nourished l^ exercise ; and. at the age of which we are now speaking, and which cannot, as yet, produce anjrthii^ of itself, it is almost the only faculty that can be improved 1^ the aid of teachers. 37. It will not be improper, however, to require of boys of this age (in order that their pronunciation may be
* Win rotuHHf mcd« *ti ti»i* ^itOfK cf<.] The Hnae ia eridmUy, " H la more ewly reoonunended Uiui pnctiaed." RatioKit oMiJa at ma; be applied to what ii done mU rationt, i.e., in this psaiage at leai^ *oIu ■pracefta ; and if thin will 31109M Mf, it appean that the>e ii tixo Deed of much Omh or practioe that it ma; be dune effBctuoll; t^aldiag- Bv rdtio l^ mtdentood art or method. SoUin.
t ZApwaW^MorMfrigWd.] « Ad lysoa bimm putinget, penrtraM .'
T
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19 li-nnToJUt. 1% L
falter and their speech more diBttnot) to roll forth, aa ra{ndlj ■8 posaibte, certun worda and lines of studied difficultj, com- posed of several sfllahlea, and those rou^ly clashing together, and, as it were, rugged-sound ing ; the Greeks call them yrai^Hrti, This may seem a triBing matter to mention, biit when it is neglected, mar 7 faults of pronnnciation, unless they are re- mOTOd in the years of youth, are fixed by incorrigible ill habit for the reat of life.
CHAPTER II.
\ CoBBideratioDi on public uid prirate eduosttoD ; public edoaitioa to ba preferred ; allegsd ootruption of monle ia public schoidi ; equal
J carrupV ou at home, % 1 — B. B^7 to tint objeotion thst a
pupil receives leiM ftttentioD from ■ muter in a Bohool than from a domestic tutor, 9 — I6L Emuliticm, fnandahip, inoitsaiSDts to lUBHtflrB and pupils, and other sdvantagn of puUio edusation, 17—31.
] . Box let ua suppose that (tie child now gradual]; increases in size, leaves die tap, and applies himself to learning in earnest. In this place, accordingly, must be considered the question, whether it be more advantageous to confine the learner at home, and within tiie walls of a private house, or to *■ commit him to the large numbers of a school, and, as it were, to public teachers.* 2. The latter mode, I observe, has had ' the sanction of those by whom the polity of the moat eminent states was settled, as well as that of the most illustrious authors.
Yet it is not to be concealed, that tnere are tome wfat^ from
* VdtU piiblicii preeeefdorikHt.'] Retpaetiiig Uu meaning of the word vilui I cannat utiaff myaelf, and am mupiuad that no aomntantatar haa made any remark upon it, I auapect, however, that Qiimtilian thought it neonairy to quali^ the word piiblicU by vdiU bacaiua thaaa teachera oould not properly be called pitbUe, u they did not reodva lalariea from the publia trsaaury. Quintiliaii hinuelf ia mentioned by St. Jerome, in Etuebiua'a Chrooicon, aa the Srat master of a public ■ohool that received a itipend from the emperor ; and perhaps, acoord- ing to the mode of apeaking iu those timaa, he oould not properij be <^ad a public teacher, for the veiy reason that he received his pay, ■tot from the public treaani;, but from the empcror'a [civy pontb
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GH.n.] tDucuknon of an obator 19
r«rt^Q notiunB of their own, dinpproTe of this almost* publie mode of instruction. These persons appear to be swajed citisfl^ bj two reasons : one, tliat thej take better precatUiona for thi9 morals of the young, bj ftvoidii^ a concourae of human •- beings of tbat age which is most prone to vice ; (from which cause I wish it were falsely asserted that prnvocations to immoral conduct arise;) the other, that whoever may be the teacher, he is likely to bestow his time more liberally oil one pupil, than if he has to divide it among several.^ 8. The first reason indeed deserres great consideration ; for if it wero certain that schools, though advantageous to studies, are pemiciouB to morals, a rirtuous course of life would \ seem to me preferable to one even of the most distiaguisbed eloquence. But in my opinion, the two are combined and inseparable ; fnr T am convinced that no one can be an orator ^ who iq Bftl, i\ y>od man : and, even if any one could. I should be nnwilling that he should be. Ou this point, theiufbre, I shall ^leak first
4. People think that morals are corrapted in schools ; for in- . deed they are at times corrupted; but suui may be the case even at home. Many proofs of this fact may be adduced ; proofs of characterf having been vitiated, as well as preserved with the utmost purity, under both modes of education. It is the dis- position of the individual pupil, and the care taken of him, that make the whole diETerence.} Suppose tbat his mind be prone . - to vice, suppose that there be neglect in forming and guarding his morals in early youth, seclusion would afibrd no less ^ opportnnity for immoraliiy than publicity ; for the privaie tutor may be himself of bod character ; nor is intercourse with vicious slaves at all safer than that nith immodest free-born youths. 0. § But if bis disposition be good, and if there be Dot a blind and indolent negligence on the part of his parents,
■ Prope piibt*m tsord] Finr this mdverb prope it wemi itall mora difficult to Bay anytlmiR ntiafsol'nT tbui tor the pnoading vtiut. Ferb&pB QainUHan used it beoaiua the chi)dr«o uta not oAqgnttcr tal«a from under tht ooDtrol of tludr ptmita, u ww the esaa, for fautance, ■t Sputa.
t (teuwmJL^ That w, KtutimiaHtmit, fama. Spalding So Bagius.
j ifatvn efiiq:t tatum tyirajmi dutot.] " Katora oujaiqaa poari el tnnMTestnm.' Qttiur.
I The TtaaaAm in this seeUoQ M«i> to rate lAol^ to pahUe ed»
0 a
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it will be polbit>le for them to select a tator of irreproach able character, (a matter to which the atmost attention ia paid b; senwble porenta,) taiA to fix ou a course of instruction of the Tei7 strictest kind ; while ihej may at the same time place at the elbow of their wo aome influential friend or fiuthful freedman, vhose constant attendance maj improre even those of nhom appreheuBiona maj be entertained, t 6. The remedy for this object of fear is easj. Would that I we ourselves did not corrupt the morals of our children ! We teuerrata their very io&uic; with lutories. That delicacy of {education, which we call fondness, weakens all the powers, I both of body and mind. What lusory will he not covet in hia manhood, who crawls abont on purple I He cannot yet articu- late his first words, when he already distinguiahea scarlet, and wants his purple.* 7. We form the palate of children before we form their pronunciation. Tbey grow up in sedan chairs; if they touch the ground, they hang by the hands of attendants supporting them on each side. We are delighted if they utter any thing immodest Expressions which would not be tole- rated even from the effeminate youths of Alexandria ,t we hear from them with a smile and a kiss. Nor is this wonderful ; we have taught them ; they have hoard such language from our- selves. 6. They see our mistresses, our male objects of ' affliction; every dining-room rings with impure eonga; things , shameful to be told are objects of sight. From such practices springs habit, and afterwards nature. The unfortunate children leam these vices before they know that thej are
* Jam> MMH iiUiBigii, jam eonAylium fiitcit^ Spalding, with PasM- ratiuB, would read eoqumm, " he knows the oook, and take amiAylimii ia theaeoMiof " HheU-fisb," u in Hor. Epod-ii. IB; Sat ii. 4, 80.; 8,27, in order that there ma; be do recarreuM to purple, after » pwrfmru rtfit, but that thia aentaiice may refer wholly to eating, and be aptly followed by anti palatum torum, qitdm ot, itutituiimu. All the othw " " ' with aMcwn, " ocorlet," and imdentonil "purple;" but certainly this appeatn to Pliny iadeed diatinguiahes toncijrtMim ttom
., , I obliged to tntDBlate them both b; the wme word.
t Aleat»idrm»t—ddicm,y All the cotumentatora before Burmaiin refemd then wordi to the genenl luxuiy of the S^yptiana, or to tEko ritaa of 8an[di ; " but QoiDtilian," says that critic, " do«a nut alloda so muah to the Inxory of the Egyptiam, as to that of the Ronuju, cu-ea pttrot Aieumdriiui ; sea the Bnmnrntatnn ou Petroniui^ c. xzxL' fipalding loUawa Bociuaiui.
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ch-ilJ kducatiok or ur ok&tob. Sr
vices ; and benc«. rendered effeminate and liunnooa, ihey d» not imbibe immorality from Bchools, but carry it tbemaelvn into echools,
9. But, it ia eaid, one tutor will have more time for on< pupil. First of all, however, nothing prevents that one pupil, whoever he may be,* from being the same with bim who is taught in the school. But if the two objects cannot be united, I should still prefer the day-light of an honourable seminary to t- darkneas and solitude ; for erery eminent teacher delights ia a lat^e concourse of pupils, and Uunke himself worthy of a still more numerous auditory. 10. But inferior teachers, from a con- sciousness of their inability, do not disdain to fasten on single pupils, and to discharge the duty as it were of padagogi. 11. Bnt supposing that either interest, or friendship, or money, should secnre to any parent a domestic tntor of the highest learning, and in every respect DQrivalled, will be how- ever spend the whole day on one pupil? Or can the applica- tion of any pupil be so constant as not to be sometimes wearied, like the s^t of the eyes, by continued direction to one object, especially as study requires the far greater portion of time to be solitary.t 13. For the tntor does not stand by . the pupil while he b writing, or learning by heart, or thinking ; and when he ia engaged in any of those exercises, the company of any person whatsoever is a hindrance to him. Nor doea every kind of reading require at all times a prelector or interpreter; for when, if such were the case, would the know- ledge of so many authors be gained? The time, therefore, during which the work as it were for the whole day may be laid out, ia but short. 13. Thus the instructions which are In be given to each, may reach to many.- Most of them, indeed, are of ench a nature that they may be communicated to all at OQce witii the some exertion of the voice. I say nothing of the topics t and declamations of the rhetoricians, at which, cer-
* Jffcio gnen.] This eipnMiDa 1> nnd with ■ oarteln irony, u U QoinUljAn would mj, " That wonderful pupil of whom ;ou talk m much." ^aidiag. .He reoominenda Um uttum of publio uid prints iiutruclJOD. (7efMr.
t PlMt teatti.} That Ii^ "ploi Morati qukm oonjuncU cum doceato, vie, atndii vel operia." ^Uimg.
* Partitiomibiu.] ThU word, ntya Spalding, hai rafeisnoe to tb* differoDt to^ca and baadi undsr vhioh iiatmctioD warn given by rtie< torioiana to their pupils Be nfen to Emeiti. Lex. Teolm. Lat in voce porfMe, and Lei. Techa. Qneo. v, liaifiait. Cin. ds Ont. ii. IS.
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tainlf, vhftteTer be the nnmber of the andiencs, each will adll cany off the whole. 14. For the voice of the teacher is not like a meal, which will not suffice for more than a certain number, but like the sun, which diffusa the same portion of light and heat to all. If a grammariiin, too, discourses on the art of speaking, solves questions, expltuos matters of histoij, or ^ustrates poema, aa many as shall near him will profit bj his instractious. IS. But, it maj be said, number is an obstacle to correction and explanation.* Suppose that tbb be a dis- advantage in a. number, (for what in general t satisfies us in eveiy respect?) we will sooa compare that disodTantage with other advant^ea.
Yet I would not wish a boy to be sent to a place where he will be neglected. Nor should a good master encumber him- self with a greater number of scholars than he can mantle ; and it is to be a chief object with us, also, that the master may --_ be in every way our kind friend, and may havo regard in his teaching, not so much to duty, as to affection. Thus we shall never be confounded with the multitade. 16, Nor will auy mister, who is in the slightest degree tinctured with literature, fail particularly to cherish that pupil in whom he shall observe application and genius, even for hia own honour. But even if great schoob ought to be avoided (a position to which T cannot assent, if numbers flock to a master on account of his merit), the rule is not to be oarried so far that schools should be avoided altogether. It is one thing to shun schools, another to choose from them.
^ 17. If I have now refuted the o^ectiona which are made to._ach(»ls,.let mo next state what opinions 1 myself en- terWin. 18. First of all. Jet him who is to be an orator, and
^ who must live amidst the greatest publicity, and in the full day- ^ light of public a£^rs, accustom himself, firom his boyhood, not to be abashed at the sight of men, nor pine in a solitary and , s ii were recluse way of life. The mind requires to be con- / atantly excited and roused, while in such retdremeat it either languishes, and contracts rust, as it were, in the shade, or, on the other hand, becomes swollen with empty conceit, uuce he
o be midenrlaod thkt Inttraotiati D hon in Ibbkoih which they have to preparej and whioh can loariMly b« Riven U> two at onoe. Spiildmg.
f <^ad ftrt-l " Wbtit, afnunt, MlJafiei us.* The meaning ia, QxaX there ii AonUy an jrtAtn; that satiKSea ua If iiil fl ab omni parte beatutn.
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who eompaies himsetf to no one eke, win neoB warily tttributs too much to his ovm powers. 19. Besides, when his acqaire- ments sre to be dispuTed in poblic, he is blinded st the light - <4 the snn, and stnmhlee atenerj new utject, as having leamed in Bolitnde that which is to be done in public. 90. I say nothing of friendships formed at school, which remain in full ^ force even to old age, as if cemented with a certain religious '' obligation ; for to have been initiated in the same studies is a not less sao^ bond than to have been initiated in the same sacred rites. That sense, too, which is called common sense,* where shall a young man learn when be hua separated himself from society, which is natural not to men only, but even to dumb animals? 31. Add to thb, that, at home, he can learn only what is taa^t himself; at scfwol, even what is tan^t others.^ a. He will daily hear many things commended, many things corrected ; the idleness of a fellow student, when reproved, will be a warning to him ; the industry of any one, when com- , mended, will be a stimulus ; emulation will be excited by praise; and he will think it adi^race to yield to his equals in age. and an honour to sarpass his seniors. All tliese matters excite the mind ; and though ambition itself be a vice.t yet it is often the parent of virtues.
33. I remember a practice that was observed by my masters, not without advantage. Having divided the boys into classes, they assigned them their order in speaking in conformity to the abiUties of each ; and thus eadi stood in the higher [ilace to declaim according as he appeared to excel in proficiency. Hi. Judgments were pronounced on the perfonnances ; and great was the strife among ua for distinction ; but to talte the lead of the class was by far the greatest bonoar. Nor was sentence given on our merits only once; the thirtieth day brought the Tanqoisbed an opportunity oic contending again.
■ SpaWng obaarv* that Uh axprMrioa tetuaa eommtmk, in the aivniflooUan <rf «ir " oonmiia •enw^" did not oome into mdh«1 naa till kftar tha time of Ooero. It it found, he obaefreo, in Bonos, Set. L 3, 8d, and PhEBd^u^ L 7. Uuch the Bsine mey h» aaid of oaMw, which ocean m, little below ; it wu not generallj lued for " uabition,' in OUT Moae of t]ie word, tJU lAer Cioaro'a daj, though it waa oertainlj ooining into nae in that wnse in hii timft
I AnibitioD is not to be celled e vioe nulen it be inordinate, or ■bown in a bad ouue. I know not wh; Quintiiian u well u Sellust (Cet. o. IS) ehould have eo deddedlj sailed it a vioe. A virtuoiu niaa naf be amtatiaua ai well a» a vioiooa maa.
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, Thiu he nho was most Boocessfi]], did not relsx his efibrta, / while uneasiness incited the unsnC'CessfDl to retrieve his honour.* Sfi. I should be inclined to miuotain. as &r as I can form a judgment from what I conceive in tnj own mind, that this method furnished stronger incitements to the stodj of eloqaoac«, than the exhortations of preceptors, the watch- fulness ofpttdagogi, or the wishes of parents.
S6. But as emulation is of use to those who have made some advancement in leamii^.i' so, to those who are but banning, and are still of tender age, to imitate their school-fellows is more pleasant than to imitate their master, for the very reason that it ismoreeasj; for thej who are learning the fint rudiments} will acarcel; dare to exalt themselves to the hope of attaining! that eloquence which they regard as the highest; they will \ather fix on what is nearest to them, as vines attached to trees gain the top by taking hold of the lower branches first. QT. This is an observation of such truth, that it is the care even of thd master himself, when be has to instruct minda that are still unformed, not (if he prefer at least the useful to the showy) to overburden the weakness of his scholars, but to moderate his strength, and to let himself down to the capacity \ of the learner. 38, For as narrow-necked vessels reject a ^great quantity of the liquid that is poured upon them, hut are filled by that which flows or is poured into them by d^rees, so it is for us to ascertain how much the minds of boys can receive, since what is too much for their grasp of intellect will not enter their minds, as not being sufficiently expanded to admit it. S9. It is of advantage therefore for a boy to have school -fellows whom he may first imitate, and afterwards tiy to eunmss. Thus will he gnidually conceive hope of higher ex- cellence.
To these obserrations I shall add, that masters themselves, when they have but one pupil at a time with them, oannot feel the same degree of energy and spiflOn addressing him, as
■ Ad dep^lmdam ignoaamlam.'y "To throw <M
j ^higenda:\ " Qi compUtely fanQint"
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OH. ni,1 iDVaaiox or am okaiob. m
when tlwj are excit«d bj m lu^ nnmber of hMners. 80. Eia- quenoe dependa in a great d^ree on the state of the mind;^' which must conceive im^es of otgects, and tranafonn itself, so to speak, to the natore of the thinge of which we diBoourae. Besides, the more noble and loft; a mind is, bj the more powerful springs, as it were, is it moved, and accordinglj ia both Btrengtbened bj praise, and enlarged bj effort, and is filled with joy at achieving something great. 31. But a certain secret disdain is felt at lowering the power of elo- queoce, acquired by so muoh labour, to one auditor : and the teacher is ashamed to raise his style above the level of ordinary conversation. Let any one imagine, indeed, the air of a man haranguing, or the voice of one entreating, the gesture, the proaunoiation, the agitation of mind and bodj, tiba eiertion, and, to mendon noting else, the fat^e, while he has but oue auditor; would not He seem to be tweeted with something like madness ? There would be no eloquence in the world, if we were to speak only with one person at a time.
CHAPTER III
Uipodtdon and aInlitMa of » papU to ba tMetrtaiaei, | 1 — t. Pi^ OMdovuMK not dcnnbl^ i—6. " " . . ■.
, .__ On the E
0, 7. On reUiaUon tod play, 3 — ISl On oorpoitl p 14—18.
1 . Lei him that is skilled in teaching, ascertain first of all, when a boy ia entrusted to him, his ability and dispoflition.*~ The chief symptom of ability in. children is memory,. of which — the ^Mollence is twojbld, to receive with ease and retain with y- fidelity. Ilie next symptom is imitation ; for that is an indi -y catdon of a teachable disposition, but with this provision, that it express merely what it is taught^ and not a person's manner or walk, fbr instance, or whatever may be remarkable far de- fonnity. 3. The boy who shall make it his aim to raise a laugh by his love of mimioiy, will afibrd me no hope of good capacity; for he who ia possessed of great talent will be well disposed ; else I should think it not at aill worse to be of a dull, than of a bad, disposition ; but he who is honourably inclined will be very difiierent trom the stupid oi
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idle. 3. SDoh B pnpl as I woald ban, wOl «ulj leun wbst ~ is buigfat him, and will uk qaestionB about aome things, but will sdll rather follow than nin on before. ^That precmuoos sort of talent scarcely ever comes to good mtit. ^4. Such are those who do little things easily, and, impelled bj impadence, ^ show at once all that tney can accomplisli in such matters.* But they succeed only in what is r«ady to tlieir hand ; the; Btring words together, uttering them, with aa intrepid connte- nance, not in the least disoouraged by b«ri)fiiliieae ; and do -.j— little, but do it readily. 6. There is no real power behind, or any that rests on deeply fixed roots ; bat they are like seeds which have been scattered on the Burfiue of the ground and shoot op prematurely, and like grass that resembles corn, and grows yellow, with empty ears, before the time of harvest Their efforts give pleasure, as compared with their years ; but theic progress comes to a stand, and otir wonder
6. When a tutor has observed these indications, let him netf^ ^ consider bow the mind ofhis pupil is to be mantled. Some boys are indolent, unless you stimulate them ; some are indignant at being commanded ; fear restrains some, and unnerves others ; continued labour forms some ; with others, hasty efforts succeed better. 7.. Let the boy be gi'en to me. whom praise stimulates, whom honour delights, who weeps when he is unsucoessful. *^HiB powers must be cultivated jinder the influence of am- bition; reprMch will stiughim to the quick; honour will . incite him ; and in such a boy I shal! never be apprehensive of indifference. V- 8. Yet some relaxation is to be allowed to all ; not only becaP8e_diew is nothing that can tear perpetoal labour, (and even those things that are without sense andlife are unbent by alternate rest, as it were, in order tbat they may preserve their vigour,) but because applicarion to learning depends on the '~' will, which cannot be forced.- S. Boys, accordingly, when re- invigorated and refreshed, bring more eprightliness to their learning, and a more determined spirit, which for the moat p^[)art spurns compulsion. 10. Nor will play in boys dis- please me ; it is aiso a si * ' "
a sign of vivacity ; and I cannot expect
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Uut h« who is alwajB doll uid apiritlaM will be of an Mget dispoeition in his etudiea, when be ia indiSerant even to iSal excitement wbidi is natnnl to his ag«. II. There mitat how- ever be bounds set to relaxation, lest the refusal of it beget an aveision to study, or too mnoh indulgence in it a habit of idleness. There are some kinda of amusement, too, not -* unserrieeable for sharpening the wits of bojs, as when they contend wilb each other bj proposing all sorts of questions in turn. IS. In their pkys, also, their moral dispositions show themselves more plsinly, supposing* that there is no i^e so tender that it ma; not readilj learn what is right and wrong ; and the tender age may best be formed at a time when it isigno- rant of dissimulation, and most willingly submits to iustmctors ; for you may break, sooner than mend, that which has hardened >. into deformity. 19. A child is aa early as possible, therdore.
dishonestly, nothing without self-oontrol ; and we must always keep in mui9 the &UM St VITgtl. AJeo tn Untru conmetcere midtmnttt, "of so much importance is the acquirement of habit in the young."
H. R^t thyt boTS should suffer corporal punishment, though (
it. I by no means approve ; first, hecaose it is a disyraee. and a pOMIiUmBnt. tnr HlftvSi. and in rwility (us will hw evident if you im^ne the age changedt) oaj^Qapt; secondly, hanantw if a bov's disposition be so abject aa not to be amended by reproof, he will be hardened, like the worst of slaves, even to stripes; and laatlyj because, if one who regularly exacts his tasks be^ with, him, there will not be the least need of any Buoh chastisement. 15. At present, the negligence of /urda^^ seems to be made amends for in such a vray that boys^ are not obliged to do what is right, but are punished whenever they
that th« maalar knows how to turn ue oUldiih simplioity to proSt, and fMli ooavineed tint the undnalaDding of what u ri«it may be prodiioed and fostered sven In tha tenderasl ysan. Spaldtitg.
t That i^ if the paaiduiMit be inflicted on a grown person. Sfdidi»g.
X Ntmtfert ne^gtntia padagogoritm lie tmtttdari viiMw, mt jMwn non faeen, Ao.] Barmum, witb Bome other editor^ baa vidcafw, witii ntgligeiUii in the ablative ooi^ and thinka Uut the pamge wouM b« improred if ws wera to itad twurtdari ridtafwr fiuri, «! amt, tm.
L,Goog\c
f> ^,_ |llnTe Dot done it. Beddea. attar jcm h»B memfld a boy mth I
' rtripBg. how ffill yftq trfigt him when he becom^g„a joung man, t,^^^ '/'■' If^^rT*"''^ ^timr rnnrint hn hnM -^^'^—JK^-l.^^Tg-nimg '^^ j diiBonlt studies most be pursued? 16. Add to these connder- fttioDB, that manj things unpleasant to be mentjoned, uid likely afterwards to cauM shame,* often happen to boys while '
being whipped, under the infiuence of pun or fear ; and such i
shame enervates and depresses the mind, and makes lliein shun people's sight and feel a constant nneasiness.t IT- Ifi J
moreover, there has been too little care in choosing governors 'i
and tutors of reputable cbarscter,} I am ashamed to say how scandatoual; nnworthy men may abuse their privilege of punishing, { and what opportimity also the tenor of the ' unhappy children ma; sometimes afford to others. |j I will not dwell upon this point; what is already understood is more thaa enough. It will be sufBcient therefore to intimate, that no man should be allowed too much authority ovcy an t^e so weak s. and so unable to resist ill-treatment, I
16. I will now proceed to show in what studies he who is to be BO trained that he may become an orator, must be instructed, and which of them must be commenced at each particular period of youtli.
CHAPTER IV.
Of gTMomU', wot 1—0. Rsmufa on oartun laUan and dcrintloiu of worda, 7 — IS. Change* in word^ 13—17. Of tbe puts of ■paaoh, 18 — 31. Soma obMrratioiu on uoiuu ud verb^ 29 — 29.
I. Ih regard to the boy who has attained facility in reading and writing, the next object ia instruction from the gram-
* Pnaertim n natet pnAtrt eogoMitr. Bormuin.
t JpiMH limit fitgam tt tadUim a\elat.'\ " Indoow > ihunning of tha tnj light, and an aDeadDeaB."
X Si minor m diUgmiit n»loitm tl praeipioram moribut fmt.] " It there hu bean too little care in rntllll'g choiea of the monua of guardisiu and precepton."
i In qaa probra m^fandi lomina— obnloatw.] latdUgit ataora. ooa awpe puerii inferandi hioo oMsoio pnebetur ; quod qiwti n
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(Darkns.* Nor is it of importance nhetber I spMtk of tba Greek or Latin grammarian, though I am inclined to think that the Greek ahonld take the precedence. 3. Both have the same method. This profeasion, then, distinguished U it is, most compeudionsly, into tvro parts, the ait of tptMng cor- rectly, and the iUvttration of tk« ^otU, carries more beneath the snrface than it shows on its front. S. For not onlj is the art oj tBritmg combined with that of ^teakiug, but correct rtading alto precedes illustration, and with all these is joined the exer- cise of judgmeta, which the old grammariansjt indeed, used frith such severity, that tbej not onlj allowed themselves to distingnish certain verses with a particular mark of ceDsmv,^ and to remove, as spnrious, certain books which had been in- Bcribed with false titles, firom their sets, but even brought ■ome anthoia within their canon, and excluded others altogether from classification.^ 4. Nor is it sufficient to have read the poets only ; ever; class of writers must be studied, not simplj for matter, but for words, which often receive their authority from writers. Nor can grammar be complete without a know- -^ ledge of masic,{| since the grammarian hi^ to speak^ of metre and rhythm ; nor if he is ignorant of astronomy, can he under-
* ^lat is, the longiuge mtrtrri. teabhera of luigiugM and Htsntim, Latin or Oieek, as is srideDt koia what is aftenwdg said of them.
t He meuw espeoUlly those of Alexaiulria, of whom TilltdaoD baa treated, in our dav, in his ProWomenk to the Iliad, and F. A. WoU; also,, in bia Prolsgomena to Homer; both with gnat enidition.
X The critica tuad two markii the ofttriA, to rignUy that wtiiething was wanting; the uMwb, ta indicate that ■omethiug had beuk tDl«rpO- lated or wu fBulty. IWn^wi.
S A itelora aliat i» ordinan redtgerint, idiot (mnimo Bcemmwl aMMwro.] Thete has been much diapute aboat tiie mimninr of Uwae words. I fi>1I(fw Spalding, who adopts the apinion of BnhiLken, tli&t rtdii/tre nt Dnftimt and txiraert i immtrc are ezpreeaiuna equivalent to the Greek wordB iytpimv and tKtpivuy. That this is the right interpretation will now ncatcely be doubted. Begius, and othera c^ the older mtic^ thought that r^igen m ordiHtn signified " to condemn' (as eogere in erdiiwM, "to reduoe to the ranks, in Livj and other writers, with referenoe to a tiibune or centurion), and anmere i wuaum, " to teleot from the common hwd." The question is discussed at socoe length by Spalding.
I 3o n>r, at least, aa to acquire a oomol ear for ihTthm in prose, •nd lOr metra in peatiy.
H M — dicmdwn »iC\ fCi, ie. gronmatiea, the tiling for the peiwin. /gnarOf too, below, reieia to fyramaofica.
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kO Qf^NTILUK. (B. t
■tsnd the poets, wfao, to say nothing of other mmttere, so cAen kllude to the rising and setdog of the etara in marking ths Masons ; nor must he b« anocqiminted vith philosophy, both on account of nnmbeis of passages, in almost all poema, drawn from the most abstruse subtleties of physical investigation, and also on account of Empedocles among the Greeks, and Varro and Lucretius among the iMina, who have committed the pre- cepts of philosophy to verse. 6. The grammarian has also need of no small portion of eloquence, that he may speak aptly and flnently on each of those subjects which are here mentioned. Those therefore are by no means to be regarded who deride this science as trifling and empty, for unless it lays a sure
>^foundalioa for the future orator, whatever superstructure you raise will fall ; it is a sdence which is necessary to the young, pleasing to the old, and an agreeable companion in retirement,
7 and which alone, of all departments of learning, has in it more service than show.
6. Let no man, therefore, look down on the elements of grammar as small matters ; not because it requires great labour to distinguish consonants from vowels, and to divide them into the proper number of semivowels and mutes, but hecause, to those entering the recesses, as it were, of this temple, there will appear much subtlety on points, which may not only sharpen the vita of boys, but may exercise even the deepest erudition and knowledge. 7. Is it in the power of every ear to distinguish accurately the soimds of letters ? No more, assuredly, than to distinguish the sounds of musical strings. But all grammarians will at least descend to the dis- cussion of such curious points as these : whether any necessary letters be wanting to us, not indeed when we write Greek, for then we borrow two letters* from the Greeks, but, properly, in Latin: 8. as in these words, wruui et nulgui, the ^olic di- gammaf is required ; and there is a certain sound of a letter
•T»DdZ.
t When the Bomana pionounced Uie con>0Daiit v, they did not dii^inguiih it from the vowal, but dedgnsied both by the cttkracter v. In writioK audi words m mpkhi and vutgiit, thenton, the want of a digUnot dbaraeter for each was 8''^^ ^^ *ha sama letter bting used twio^ at MTWU, mlgii*, with two dirarent aoundi. See Caniodomi 4»
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en. IV.] mocAnoK of ak obator. 31
between u and (, for we do not pronounce opttmum tike opi' nuini;* in &«re, too, neither « nor t ia distinctlj heard:1 whether, again, other letters are redundant (besides the mark of aspiration, which, if it be necessary, requires also a contrary markj), as k, which is itself the marie of certain namea,§ and f (similar to which in sound and shape, except that g ia slightly warped bj our writers, koppajj now remains among the Greeks, thot^h only in the list of numbers), as well as x, the last of our lett«i«, which indeed we m^bt have done withoat,1 if we had not sought it 1 0. With regard to vowels, too, it is the buanesB of the grammarian to see whether custom has taken any for consonants, since iam is writt«n as lam, and uot as eo$.** But vowels which are joined, as vowels, make either one long p. 3, Boct. 9. Claadiiu Ctatt attempted to bring the ■Tig«mm« iota use, but Ud ctHtoDi tea* too ttrong for Atn, ae Priaciao nyi, PutKli. p. 6*8. See Tacit. Ann. li 14 ; Dionya HaL Antiq. Rom. p. IS, ed Sylb. ; Foster oa Acoeat uid Quantity, p. 12S. SpaUUng.
* We do not pronounce the letter > ao fully in optunwn u in eciBnnn, but, u it were, with > duller «oimd, so m to i^ke it neail; the sune witb h, npfwniMt. ^nUdiitg.
f Heno* it appean wby the poeti tuad either ken or luri, u it snitad their purpose. Spalding. Hare is used by Juvenal, iii, 23, and bj Horace, Sat ii. S, 2. Fram c. 7, aeot. 22, it appears that lUre
i, The aid Latina, like the QreekB, pnt th« mark of aspiration over the voweU, as we ounelvei see in old mannacripts, in which wa read dvMHii and idie, and as appears fWim this paiiage of QuintilLAii, for, ■aya he, if a liga of aspiration ba necasaary, a sign of tlw absence of aapimtion ia alao nscewaiy. Caatcrariut.
§ Qua tt tpta qKomndam HomiiHim nota at.] Why Qointilian adds this remarfc, especially with d qua, is not ^together dear, i luppoae that he alludes, howerer, to tlie letter h ; for as K was not admitted by some to be a letter, but waa called merely a mark or aign, so Qaintilian seems to think that h might rather be regarded aa a distinction of certain particular words than aa a letter of the alphabet. SpaUUnif. Koto and Kalt»dit were two of the words for which it atood. Prisdao aaya that h and g were not neoessary to the Romana, as they had c. T<ur*Am. See alao Teliua Longua apud Putadi. p. 2213.
H Quintdlian signifies that, in the old Greek dlpbabet, Eoppa, th*
Eujih of the Eebrew^ was counted as one of the letters. It waa
• vanonsly formed, and etood for the number ninety. Sptddimg.
"Slightly warped," jxwiicn oifigwifw, Qeaner and Spalding undw-
ttand of the aiaiions tail of the Roman q.
\ Before x was introduced into the Boman alphabet, rvx waa written rsjK and ptx, ^Mct. Max. Viotorin. apud Patach. p. Id45.
** Iliat is, lOM ia aa mach a monoajllable, in proDundation, as tam^ and VM, i. t. vo^ aa ma For uot, Bninusn and Gcaoer read jxo*-
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39 , QOumuAV. {b.!
vowel * as the ancientB irrou, who used the donbltag of them instead of the circumflex accent,t or tufo ; thon^ perhaps some one ma; suppose that a syllable maj be formed even of three ronelfi ; but this cannot be the case, unless some of them do the dutj of consonants. 1 1. The grammarian will also inquire how two vowek onl; have the pow'ir of uniting with each pther,^ when none of the consonaats can break any letter but another consonants ^'"^ ^^ letter i onites with itself; &r eoniieit is from iaeU,\} and so does u, as vutgia and t»nnu are now writ- ten. Let the grammarian also know that Cicerol was indined to write aiio and Maiia with a double i, and, if this be done, the one i will be joined to the other as a consonant. IS. Let the boy, therefore, learn what is peculiar in letters, what is common, and what relationship each has to each, and let him not wonder why KoMiwn** is formed from teamnum, or
* The MnM of tliia pusags, i^i Spalding, i> u roUowi : two Towela ootning togeUier rorm either one Towel, u vditmau, or two, m out ; far three vowali am nsvar joined to form a syll^la luJeM one <^ them discharge the duty of a ooniailmt, u vm.
t A> vidttrt invtcad of vidire.
t The ume two TOwela are someCimea ao united that the one melta or merges into the other ; they no longer preeerve the ToRie of two Towela, bot one uaumea the natiue of a oonaoDaot. Thue, gomkiI is not a word of four ^Ilaldas, but only of three ; yet the second is not lengthened, aa the first i beoomae in reality a Donsoiiaiit. Oantr,
§ The case ie different with remrd to the mme two congooaota coming together. Id the word iiddii, for example, both (Ti retain their full force, and form a long q'UaUe with the vowel a. But one ooneonant Bometimee "breaka" another difibreot fWun itself; thus liquids " break " mutaa, i^ eoaleaoe with them in each a manner aa to form one Bound, and on that acoomit do not neoetunjily lengthen a abort Towel preoeding them. Thia pasaage ia fiilly illustr^ed bj anotber of Qnintiliau, ni. 10, 29, where the letter /, in the very <iT(»d frango. ia aatd to break a oouaonant. Ain«r. In this exampl^ how- ever, it ia not the liquid tiiatia laid to "break' or weaken the mute, bnt Qm mute that la aaid to break the liquid ; tlius, lesa will be heard of Qie MHmd of the r if / be put before it than if no letter precede it In like nuamer, too, the Bound of the / will ba leas full when r follows it Ulan if no letter intervened between it and the vowel. The conw- nant% tiierglbrc^ mntnally " break" or weaken each other.
I Be menUona the denvaUon, aa Spalding justly remarks, to ahow that there were really two fa in taniicit, the o of iaat being ohaaged
^ The oommenlatora have sought in vain for any aoch nmirk la Uie extaat works of Cioero. ** For »camtllwm, aa hj/bmtmt tor kfnumm^
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(&IT.t BDCCATIOH Of AIT OEATOB. 33
whj Hptnnis, to axe with an edge each wav, is fbnnod Trom pitaut, which means something sharp ; that he ma; not follow the error of those, who, because they think that this word is ironi two wings, would have the wings of birds called pintue.*
J 3. Nor let him know thoee changes only which de- clension t and prepositions introduce, as aecat lecuit, cadit axcidit, cmdit eaxidit, calcat exadcat ; (90 lotu» from lavare, whence also illottu; and there are a thousand other similar derivations;) but also what alterations have taken place, even ID nominative cases, through lapse of time 1 for, as Valefii aud FuiU have passed into Vaterii and Ftirii, so arboa, lahoi, vapot, as well as clamoj and Imes.l have hod their day. 14. This very letter », too, which has been excluded from these words, has itself, in some other words, succeeded to the place of another letter; for instead of mermre &ni puUare, they once said mer- tare and ptiltare. They also said jorieu.rn and feedut, using, instead of the aspiration, a letter similar to rau ; for the Greeks, ou the other hand, are accustomed to aspirate,§ whenco Cicero, in hia oration for Fundaniua, laughs at a witness who could not sound the first letter of that name. 15. But we have also, at times, admitt«d b into the place of other letters, whence Bumit and Bruget. || and Bdena. The same let- ter moreover has made beilum out of dueUiim, whence some have ventured to call the DtullU. BelUi.V 16. Why need I speak of sthctu and lititea ? •* Why need I men.
* Quintilko seems to think Uiat the wingd of birds should never be called phtna j but this waa e, rule not geuerally observed. VoBsiufv looking to thia passage of Quintiluin, supposes that jwum was derived from an old adjective pamtii, acute.
f Used of verbs as well as of noons.
i Foilartt.
f The Qreeks used tiie aaptnted /, or ^ ; and the Greek witness could not get rid of the sapirate in atttnaptiiig to pronounce Fundauius.
II For Pyrrhtis and Phryga, soe CJc. Orat. a, ii. Begins and otbers snppoBe that Bdtna is for Ntleaa ; " but." says Spalding, " there is ■ more ingenioos conjectnre of Caonegieter. -which perhapa cornea neftrer tu the truth, in his dissertation on Avianua, p. 257 ; be thinks that the mstio tribe IWiBO.niBiitionBd bj Cicero, Horace, and PeraiuB, ia maant, as Boltinia is used for Vottaaa, also tlie name of a tribe, in one o( Urnter's inacripMons."
11 See Cic. Orat, 0. i6. Of that family was the DiialUua, or, as eenerall; written, DuUliua, who gained the first victory by sea over Ho Cartiiaginiana.
" We read iHUa for lUet on sld m&rblsa. That tOociu was used fol
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$4 <}01NTIUAK [a L
tion that tliere is a certua relationship of the letter t to rf? Hence it is &r firom surprising if, on the old bniMings of onr tilj, aEd well-known temples, is read AlexanUr and Cattantra. Vfhj should I specify that o and u are interchanged ? so that Hecoba and notrix, Ciilchida and Pui^wmi, were used, and, that this maj not be noticed in Greek words only, dederont and pTobaveront. So *0*«»*«i(, whom the .^kilians made OuSumtAf, was turned into UlytM*. 17. Waa not e, too, put in the place of i, as Men»Tva, Uber, tnagetter, and Diiove and VtioM for DUovi and Veiovi f Bat it is enough for uie to point to the subject ; for I do not teach, but admonish those who are to teach. The attendou of the learner will then be transferred to syllables, on which I shall make a few remarks under the head of orthography.
He, whom this matter shall concern, nill then understand how many parts of speech there are, and what they are ; thoughaato their number writers are bj no means agreed. 18. For the more ancient, among whom were Aristotle and Theo- dectes, said that there were only vtibt, tunmt. and cmuirwiion*, because, that is to say, they judged that the force of language was in verbs, and the matter of it in douds (since the one is what we speak, and the other that of which we speak), and that the union of words lay in conrinctions. nbich, I know, are by most writers called eanjunctiont, but the other term seems to be a more exact translation of avriisiUi. 19. By the phi' losophers, and chiefly the Stoics, the number was gradually in- creased ; to the convinctiona were first added at-tklet, then fT^gitiont; to nouns was added the appellation, next the ))ronoun, and afterwards the participle, partaking of the nature oi the verb ; to verbs themselves were joined adverh*. Our lan- guage does not require artide», and they are therefore divided among other parts of speech.* To the parts of speech already
iacm is ahoim by Fmtua, wlio bIbo mentions tSaia, a kind of bent, from (ntiH, brood. Spalduig,
* In aliat parla orati<mii tpargunltir.'] Ad eitraordiDaty mode of Bpeakinx. ab Spalding obstfrvua. What the Greeks expreoBed by moant of the article, «a.yB Quintilian, vaa expreiieed among the Latins by the kid, sometimes of one part of speech, sometiraee of another. But the chief instrument for supplyinfr the want ot the artide was the pronoun iOe; as, in this chapter, seot. 11, ab illo " jocit," which the Greeks would have cipresBBd by i^i mv jaeU. Qeincr obserree, too, that alter was univalent to h iltXag, " iht otlMr," while oiuu meant simply " another.*
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oh.it.] sDVcanoti or ax okatok. Si
tuenlioaed was added the inte^ection. 20. Otber writers, however, certainly of competent judgmeat, have made eight parts of speech, as AristarchuB, and Paltemon* in our own iky, who have included the voeaiU, or appMatian, tmder the naau or noun, as if a species of it.f But those who make the noun one. and the toeaUe another, reckon nine. But there were some, nevertheleea, who even distiuguinhed the vocabU from the appeUatum, so that the voeaiU should signify an; substance manifest to the sight and touch, as a houte, a bed ; the an- peUation, that to which one or both of these properties should be wanting, as fht mind, heaven, Ood, virtM. They added also the aaeveratitm, as Keu, " alas ! " and the attreetation, as fateeaiim, " in bundles ;" j distinctions which are not approved by me. fil. Whether wgtttiyo^ci should be translated by voadle or appellation, and whether it should be comprehended under the noun or not, are questions on which, as being ol little importance, I leave it free to otfaera to form an opinion. £2. Let boys in the first place learn to decUne nouns and cotQUgate verl» ; for otherwise ibey will never arrive at the understanding of what is to follow ; an admonition which it would be superfluous to give, were it not that most teachers, through oetentatioQB haste, begin where they ought to end, and, while they wish to show off their pupils in matters of greater display, retard their progress by attempting to shorten the road. 33. But if a teacher has sufficient learning, and (what is often found not less wanting) be wilUng to teach what he has learned, he will not be content with stating that there are three genders in nouns, and specifying what nouns have two or all the three genders. 34. Nor shall I hastily deem that tutor diligent, who shall have shown that there are irregular
* A grammBmn at Borne in the reigns of Tiberius and Claudius. Suetoniua OQ EmineDt Qrunmariaus, o. 23 ; JuTeoal, vi. 4f>3 ; viL 21fi. A fow relics of his writiogB nuy be Men in Uie coilecbon of ihe Oram- mfir**"* b; Putscb.
i- Taiaguam tpttia <r<u.] How » nomiiiatiTe oaii be uBed hen is icaroely apparent ; but it cannot be an aceuiative plural, sb the weable and af^wUUton are but one thing. Oesner wocid subatitnte tpecimfs. I think &e most simple mode of correction is to write ipeciaa. Spalding.
X Bat is an asseveration, inurmach aa it strengthens the lamea- tatioQS of him who atters it. J'uMxaCvm signiSes attreetation oi bandling, because we use such adverbs when we take bold of or liandls • □umbira' of tbint* in om hand or imipnatiDB. SptUdwg.
S 3
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so QTTINTIUAH. [R L
noiine, called epicene, in irhich both genders are implied under one, or nonns which, under a feminine termioalion, sigDify males, or. with a neuter termination, denote females ; as Mu- rana and Glyeerium, 35. A penetrating and acuta teacher will search iiito a. thousand origins of names;* derivations which liave produced the names Rufia, " red," and Longiu, " long," from personal peculiaritiea ; (among which mil be some of rather obscure etymology, as Sulla, Burrktu, Oalba, Piancui, Pansa, Scaurui, and others of the same kind ;) some also from accidents of birth, as Agrippa, Opiter, Cordus. Potthumtu some irom occurrencea after birth, as Vopiscus; while others as Cotta, Seipio, Lanaa, Seranta, epring from various cauaes 26. We may also find people, places, and many other things. among the origins of names. That sort of names among Blaves. which was taken from their mastera, whence Mareipore$ and PubHpore»,\ has fallen into disuse. Let the tutor consider, also, whether there is not among the Greeks ground for a sixth case, and among us even for a seventh ; for when I say hnstd percmii, " I have Etrucb with a. spear," I do not express the sense of an ablative case4 nor, if I say the same thing in Greek, that of a dative.§
37. As to verba, who is so ignorant as not to know their kinds, qualities, persons, and numbers ? Those things belong to the reading school, and to the lower departmenta of instruc- tion. But such points as are not determined by inflexion, will puzzle some people ; for it may be doubted, as to certain words, whether they are partkipte», or nouns formed from the verb, as laetus, lapUnt. 28. Some verbs look like nouns, Bafrau-. dator, tnttritor. Is not the verb in Itur in antiquam titvatn of a peculiar nature, for what beginning of it can you find?|| PUtuT is similar to it. We undeistand the passive sometimes
Panditttr inierea domm onmlpeUniii Otynpi;
tabitw mQle prtKOitor — oriffina nanHUtm.] Burmuia woald
t prac^tor, not liking the sipreuioD «t& originei. Tba
dsrirations of mii proper nameB that follow ma; be nacerbuned from
read iUe f
the Lntin le
f Marcipor for Marei puer ; PubUpor for FMUUpiur. See Friaciab p. 700, ed-Putsdi.
t Th«t is, of s case of taking away ; cant at^erenat.
i Of the cue of giniig ; damii cant.
II Tb&t i^ what first panon siDgaJsr; tor not being ia oee.
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n. T.] XBCCATIOM OF AN OBATOB. SI
•ometimes in anoUier, us,
ToUi Utqac adtd fur&ater agrit. There is also a third way,* aa urbi Kahitatur, whence likewise camput curritur, mare navigatvr. 20. Pransut also and poUa have a different signification from that which their form indi- cates. I need hardly add, that many verbs do not go through the whole courae of coigi^tion. Some, too, undergo a change, as /0ro in the preterperfect ; some are eipreased only in the farm of the third person, aa Heel, piget; and some bear a' resemblance to noune patsing into adverb* ; for, as we say noctu and diit, so we say dictti and factu ; since Uiese words are indeed participial, though not like dicto ajiA/aeto.
CHAPTER V.
ITeceemty of correctneaB in BpeaUng uid writing, t 1. On single
words, 2, 3. Choice of words, 4. BBrbariam^ 6 — 10. Barbsriwus
In poete and other writers, 11 — IT. Paulta in proDnndation, 17,
18. On the sspiratioD, 18—21. The accent^ 22—24. On ending
a word with sn acute accent, 25 — SO. Legitimate accentuation,
31— S3. On the soleoiBm, 84—87. Different kinds of Bolecdema,
38 — il. No duJ number in Latin, 42— 44. SoledsniB in TariouK
ports of speech, 45—61. Figures of speech, 62 — 64. On foreign
words, S5— GT. Qreek words, 68—61. Compound Wrda, 66—70.
Words proper, metaphorical, common, new, 71, 72.
1. Since all language has three kinds of excellence, to /
be correct, perspicuma, and elegant, (for to speak mth proprietif, +
which is ita highest quality, most writers include under
elegance,) and the same number of faults, which are the op-
positee of the excellences just mentioned, let the grammarian
consider well the rules for correctness which constitute the first
part of grammar. 3. These rules are required to be observed,
imbii aut singidis avt phiribvx, in regard to one at more words.
The word verhum I wish to be here understood in a general
Bense, for it has two significations : the one, which includes all
words of which language is composed, as in the verse ol
Horace,
Fer&ojMt jinivfiam ran non tnviCa Kgnentiir, " And words, not unwilling, will follow provided matter ;" the
. * Namely, irben nentera and intnmaitives, which proporly have no panivs voice, aaanme the nature of trsnaitives, by being joined with a itcmiiiatiTe oaaa in Uie posmvA Sfolding.
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m QrnmLUTt, fs. i,
■ther, under wlilch ia comprehended only one part of speech, as lego, tcriho; to avoid which ambiguity some have pr^erred the terms vocet, dictwne$, locutions. 3. Words, considered ■ singly, are either our own, or fordgn, timpU or eompowid. proper or irutaphorical, in common um or nttclt/ invented.
A word taken singly is oftener objectionable than foult-
'' less;* for honever we may espreas anything with pro-
f priety, elegance, and snblimi^, none of these qualities arise
^ ^ from anytluDg but the connection and order of the discourse ;
since we commend single words merely as being well suited ta
the matter. The only good quality, which can be remarked
in them, is their voealitat, so to speak, called li^anla,
■' euphony ;" which depends upon selection,! when of two worde,
which have the same signification, and are of equal force, we
make choice of the one that has the better souniC
5. First of all, let the offensiTenesB of bariarirmi and tohcittni be put away. But as these faults are sometimes excused, either from custom, or authority, or, perhaps, from their nearness to beauties, (for it is often difficult to distinguish faults from figure* of speech,) let the grammarian, that so uncertain a subject of observation may deceive no one, ^ve his earnest attention to that nice discrimination, of which we shall speak more fully In the part where we shSll have to treat of figures of speech.} 6. Meanwhile, let an offence committed iu regard to a single word, be called a barbaritm.
But some one may stop me with the remark, what is there here worthy of the promise of so great a work ? Or who does not know that barbarisms are committed, some in vrriting, ^ others in speaking? (because what is written incorrectly must also be tpoktn incorrectly ; though he who speaks incorrectly may not neceasarity make mistakes in writing ;) the first sort being caused by addition, euTtaUment, substitution, or transposition; the second by separation or con/tuion of sytla-
■ Words, considered mmpl; In tkemselvea, may httva the on*
exuellence which QuinCJisn calU euphony. But tbey taaj have a neat many fnolte ; for they may be diBgnsting, mean, low, or bsr- Earoiu. iWiwinu- The leit ia, Uni verba vitiwm Keptu* ;«dn tirttu imtt ! for which Oedoyne givra, " Le piua aonvant la qualite d'lin mo^ prii en loi mime, est purement native."
f Oiijvt in CO ddenlut at, ut.] " The choice for which Ilea in this, 'hat.'' Vo commentator ezprenea Miy MUptoion of the ■oondnaM tS tiie text.'
t B ix. 0. 1— a
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^. v.] EDnCATlOK OF iS OBATOS. 39
bleB, tupiraticM, or other faults of totmd t 1. But though these may be Bmall n^ttera, boys are still to be taught, and we put grammariana iu mind of their duty. If any one of them, how- ever, shall not be sufficiently accomplished, but shall have just entered the vestiboJe of the art, he will have to confine himself within those roles which are published in the little manuals of professora ; the mot« learned will add many other instructions, the very first of which will be this, that we understand bar- bari»m* as being of several kinds. 8. One, with reference to country, such as is committed when a pereon inserts an AJrican or Spanith term in Latin composition ; as when the iron ring, with which wheels are bound, is called oanihut* thoi^h Persios uses this as a received word ; as when Catullus f got the word ploxenum, "abox,"on thebaoksof diePo; and in the speech of lAbienus, (if it be not rather the speech of Cornelius Gallns,)} the word ctunar, '*a parasite," is brought from Oaul§ against PoUio; as to maitruca, "a shaggy garment," which is a Sardinian word, Cicero j| has used it purposely in jest. 9. Another kind of barbarism is that which we regard as proceed- ing from the natural disposition, when he, by whom anything has been uttered insolently, or threateningly, or cruelly, is said to have spoken like a harharian. 10. The third kind of barbarism is that of which eitamples are everywhere abun- dant, and which every one can form for himself, by adding a letter or syllable to any word he pleases, or taking ont away.
' QamVUuax eridently BigtuGea tLat eoMhtu in & Spanish word, thoDgb the QrvekB claim it u theirs. Etgitu. TnrDsbuB uya that it Moura in the Qiad, but is miataJcen, for it is not to ba found in Homer at alL Ctuuabon, oa Feraius, v. 71, where it occurs, observes that it is used hj no Qreek writer except the glanmiarianB. Burmaim aup- posee the word to be of Celtic ori^n.
-h Iziiix. S, 6 : Oingivtu ver6 ploxeni kabtl veterit.
i Of this npeeob I find no mention elaewhcre. LaUeniu (tha na probably of him who desertod the party of JuUiia CsMar, A.U.C. TOS), and CorneliuB Qallua, both enemiea of Mai^ Antony, may both have composed aevare Bpeachea ngainat hia friend Pollio. ^>a/(Mig.
§ It appear* Bbmge that Quindliiui, in bringing this word from Ghml, not only difi^ from Tarro, who, de L. L. L S, attributes it to the Osd, but does not even allude to a writer of ao high authority on •Deb a point. Featus agrees with Tarro respeoting the origin of tlia word. SpoMitig.
II In hiB ontion for Scaurua, of which only some fragments rem^n. Bee Emeati'a edition, voL iv. p. 1057. Ee alaa uses the epithet ««» tmecotui de Provinoiis consuUribu^ c 7. I^^aldiri^,
40 qUINTILIAF. [r 1
or subitituting one for another, or putting one in a jAaet where it is not right for it to be. 11. But Bome grammarianB, to nuike a show of leaniing, are accustomed, for the moat part, to take eutmples of these from the poets, and find faalt with the authors whom thej interpret. A boy o)^ht to know, however, that such forme of speech, in writers of poetry, are con- sidered aa deserving of excuse, or even of praise ; and Isomers must bs tai^ht less common instances. IS. Thus Tinea of Placentia* (if we believe Hortenaiua, who finds fault with him) was guilty of two barbarisms in one wtvd, saying preetda instead of pergtda; first, by the change of a letter, putting e for g. and secondly, by transpo^tion, placing r before the pre- ceding e. But Enniua, when committing a like double fault, by saying Metieo Fu/etieo,^ is defended on the ground Oi poetic licence. 18. In proae, too, there are certain received changes ; for Cicero ^ speaks of an army of Canopita, though the people of the city call it Canobus ; and many writers hava authorized Thanmnenus for Thrru^enai, § although there is a transpoaitioa in iL Other words suffer similar treatment ; for if ruientior, " I assent." be tboo^ht the proper way of spelling that word, Sisenna has said otMnCto, and many have followed him and analt^ ; or. if tusentio be deemed the right method, the other form, asMntior, is supported by eommoa practice. 14. Yet the prim and dull|| teacher will suppose that there is either curtailment in the one case, or addition in the other. I need hardly add that some forms, which, taken singly, ore doubtless faulty, are used in composition withoQt blame. 15. For dua, tre, and pondo, are barbarisms of discordant gender; yet the compounds duapondo, "two pounds," and trepondo, " three pounds," have ^ been used by
■ He IB mentioned ij Cicero, Bnit. o. 46. SpakUaa.
t If the poemi of EimiuB wore laUaA, the two &uub of which he is goilty might be diacovered. Segiv*. But u Eimiaa'B worki h*Te psrlBbed, that diacovsry is not likely to be made. We >ee thiit e la ioaertfld, bat what the other irregularity ii we know not. Spalding bestow* aome discuBUDn on the question, but tettlea nothing,
i I hiiTe not yet found the paaaage. nor do I think that it eiiata among the writinga of Cicero now extant. But the change of b into p in Caoobui wu adopted by almost all the Latin writer*. Spatditig.
S The nams ol the well-known lake at nhich Hannibal dafsated ths
( Peiciu pinguiiqM.} At onoe conceited and ata^dd. 1 BaoiTslent to duat and l>y» (libru) pondo, two and three piMw4l fa w«gh^ <itHM and IrM being feminine and pondt neuter.
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everybody dono to our own times; and Heasala mainUiua that the; are used with propriety. 16. It may perhaps seem absurd to say that a barbarism, which is incorrectness in a single word, may be committed in number and gender, like a solecism; yet leala, "stiurs," aud tcopa, "a broom," in the singular, and hordea,' "barley," and muUa, " mead." in the pliuol. as they ore attended with no change, withdrawal, or addition of letters, are otjectionable only because plurals are expressed in the singular, and singulars in the plunU ; and those who tiaTo used gladia, "swords," have committed a fault in gender. IT. But this point, too,t I am satisfied with merely noticing, that I myself may not appear to hare added another question^ to a. branch of study already perplexed through the fault of certain obstinate grammarians.
Fuilta which ore committed in tweaking require more sagacity in criticising them, because examples of them cannot be giten from writing, except when they have occurred in verses, as the liivision of the diphthong in Europai, and the irregularity of the opposite kind, which the Greeks call tyrtaresii and tynalcepha, and we eonfiexio, "combination," as in the verse in Publius Varro, j
QiUMa Ujlagranii d^ectnMfidmint Pluxltm ;
3or, if it were prose, it would be possible to enunciate those .ett«rs by their proper syllables. Those peculiarities, alsc, which occur in quantity, whether when a short syllable is made long, as in Italiam fato profugui, {| or when a long one is made short, as in Uniua oh noxam et furtat, you would not remark except in verse; and even in verse they are not to be
* Scala woa Kimetimea nied in tlia siogular ; teepa ■oaroely avei. Sordea U used b; Tirgil. VThj it should be wrong to um ntu^ in tlie plural more Vaaa vina does not appeiu-, widrttn being in fitct bo a^jeotiva or participle with uinum underatood.
t Quo^ue,] This word has refanmce to i. 4, 17, when almort the nine words are used at the end of what ia Kud about letters, ^alditig.
t About barbariBm, namsl;, in Qumber, Spalding.
S PubliuH Terentiua Yarro, called Atacinua. from the place in QalUa NarhoneBaia where be waa bom. He waa contemporan' with Motcua '■rantiva Varro, «o mneh celebrated for hia learning. Spalding.
II Ma. i, 6. When the metre allowed, Virgil generally ahortened tha Srat tjUable in JbJmj and it waa right that ha ihonld do to, if the word i» really derived from V(M(«M._£jpaMM^
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regarded u foults. 19. Thoae nhich ate committed in wand, are judged onlj by the ear ; though as to tlie aspirate, whether it be added or retrenched, in Tariation from common practioe, it may be a question with ns wither it be a fault in writing ; if A indeed be a letter, and not merely a mark, as to which point opinion has often chatted with time. 30. The ancients used it Tety sparingly even before vowels, as they said adet and ireoti and it was long afterwards withheld from con- junction with consonants, as in Graeeut and Iriumjmt, But suddenly an excessive use of it became prevalent, so that ehoronte, ehenturione), preechonei, are still to be seen in certain inscriptions ; on which practice there is a well-known epigram of Catullus.' Hence there remain, even to our times, vehementer, cottprehendere, and vtiht. Among the ancient writers, also, especially thc^e of tragedy, we find in old copies mehe for tne.
Q2. Still more difficult is the marking of faults in respect to the tatortt, " tones," (which I find called by the old writers tonorei, as if, forsooth, the word were derived from the Greeks, who call them ritoi.) or aceenti, which the Greekscall w^cu^ai when the acute is put for the grave, or the grave for the acute ; as if, in the word Camillus, the fiist syllable should receive the acute accent ; 23. or if the grave is put for the circumflex, as when the first syllable of Cethegus has the acute, for thus the quantity of the middle, syllable is allered ;t or if the cir- cumflex ia put for the grave, as when the second syllable is circumflexed m " • *, J by contracting which from two syllables
■ Epigr, liiriii. Ae Ano sive fftrrto.
t The qiuuitiCy of the middle aylluble would b« altered in both worda ; im/UatA at COmiUuf, Cithtgvi, we ghould luv« CdnOHiu, CftU- ffitt, i.e. CtOagta.
% The text baa apiee evnuoKduiii teqaaiU, but Spalding very bappily ooujeetunn that apice is a. mere oomiption of the word which Qutn- tiluii gave OM on ex&znple, ftnd which we cui dow scarcelj hope to diBCOver. Spaldiog would reid ApjA, if it were certain that the uae of ■ach geoitiveB in I (not it) had beeo altogether laid aside in the time of Quintilian. " The genitive of wordu in iiu and turn was not formed la tt in the beet a^ of the Latin language, but io i alone, t.g, JUi, ingeni, TnUL So at leut it wsb pronounced in the poeta before and during the Augiutan an ; Beutlej, Ter. Andr. ii. 1, 20. Of the poeta PropertiuB flret nsed Qie form in li, which ii common in Ovid and later poeta. It was probably pronounead i in proae^ even if written ii. It ii impoaaibU t« decide on the orthogiaphy from the fluctuation of
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into one, and then circamflexing it, people commit two errors.
54. Bnt this h&ppens far more frequeoll; in Greek words, u Atretu, which, wlien I was yoaog. the most learned old men used to pronounce with an acute on the flnt ajllable,* so that the second was necessarily grave, as was also that of TereuB and Nereut. Such bare been the rules respecting accents,
55. But I am quite aware that certain learned men, and some grammarians abo, teach and apeak in euch a manner as to terminate a word at times with an acote sound, for the sake of preserring certain distinctions in words, as in eireum in these lines,
Qua nrcitm htera, ttreum Pitcmot leapiJot, lest, if they make the second syllable in chcum grave, a eiVeti* tnight seem to be meant, not a eireuit. 26. Quantum and quale, also, when aekii^ a question, they conclude with & grave accent; when making a comparison, with an acute; a practice, however, which they observe almost only in adverb* ftnd pronouns ; in other words they follow the old custom. S7. To me it appears to make a difference, that in these phrases we join the words ; for when I say ctrcum litor», I enunciate the words as one, without making any distinction between them ; and thus one syllable only, as in a single word, is acute. The same is the case in this hemistich,
56. It eometimes lutppens, too, that the law of the metre alters the accent ; as.
Ptettdtt, pictaqiK mhieit* ; the HSS. Martci^ remained in oonunon use." Zwaiptt tatin Oram-
' "Sofcr," wjB Spelding, " U olew, tliat they made the fiwt Byllahlo acuta ; but whether the; pranoimced the rest of the word as two nll&bles, or aa one, is uncertain." Be ie indiped, bowever, to think that thev made three ayUeblee, becaiue QiiiDUlian aUi tjie next syllable Uis " second," whereas, if there had been but two, he would probably bare eaid the lait. Tet ws cannot think thie argument of much weight when we aae that Qointilian speaks of the "second" syllable of (Anvm in sect. 2E. The genitive, from what Quintilian says, they eppsar to have contracted into two lyllableti. The poets eoDtracCed or not, in all the caeee, as they pleaied j bat Quintjliim is ■peaking of pronnndation in praa»
t Qai, in gyiprmnn, loaea It* aooent by almost ooalesdng wUh th*
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For I bWI pronouDi^e volucret with an acute on the middle Byllid>le, because, though it be short by nature, it ia long by position, that it may not form an iambus,* which a heroic verse does not admit. 39. But these words, taken separately.t will not vary from the rule ; or, if custom } shall triumph, the old law of the language will be aboliabed ; the observation of which law is more difficult among the Greeks, (because they have several modes of speaking, which they call dialects, and because what ia wrong in one is sometimes right in sjiother ;§) but among us the principle of accentuation is very simple. 30. For in eveiy word the actited syllable is confined within the number of three syllables, |l whether those three be the only syllables in the word, or tne three Isst ; and of these, the acuted syllable is either the next, or next but one, to the last. Of the three syllables of which I am speaking, moreover, the middle one will be long, or acute, or circumflex ; a short syllable in that position will, of course, have a grave sound, and will accordingly aciRe the one that stands before it, that is, the third from the end. 81. But in every word there is an acute syllable, though never more than one; nor is that one ever the lost, and consequently in dissyllables it is the first. Besides there is never in the same word one syllable circumfiexed and another acuted, for the same syllable that is circumflexed is also acuted;^ neither of the two, therefore,
following word, bo that of the tbr«e ijllables it ia mil; pri that bat an; socent. . . . B^ntle;, in hia disaettatian on ttie metres of Terence, allows no accent to either ^ or ai. Spalding.
* As being &om voliU^er.
t This refers to what ho Bays nt the eommBncement of fleet 87 : "We join the words]" he denies that ciroiat, qui, qwiU, gwtatun, and Worda of that sort, vary, unlesa the; are oloaely iinitad to others, from the general rule tor aoutiDg tie panultimate in diaeyllablea, and oonae- quentlj making the last grave. Spai^mg. Separata, " taken sspa- ratel;, ie. apart ftnin others, pronounced by themaelvee. Eegiut.
t That is, the custom of those persons who pronounced ann»i^ gitaniMM, quaU, in die way no4doed in sect. 25, 26.
% Qesuer and Spalding suspeot that this parenthesis is an interpoW
II So Cio. Orat. c. 18. Spalding.
^ As there is never more than one acute B;Ilab1e in a word, thera will never, where there is one syllable of a word circumfleiod, ba another aonted, because the syllaWe which ia cireomfleied is already acuted, the circnmflez accent being compounded of the acute and grave accent*. With in eSdem in the text is to be undetsbnd voce.
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CH. V-l BDCCATION OP AN ORATCB 45
will tenniuate a lAtda won). Those words, bowover, which consist but pF one syllable, will be either united or circumllexed, that there may be no word without an acute.
83 In sounds also occur those faults of utterance and pro- nnnoiation, of which Hpecimeus cannot be given in writing ; the Greeks, who are isore happy iu inventing names, call them iotaeisma, iambdacujni, iify^oniTtt, and *y.iiTtia«itoi :* ta eiso xnXaumitia.. when the voice is heard, as it were, iu the depths of tlie throat. Sti. There are also certain peculiar and inex- pressible sounds, for which we sometimes find iault with whole nations. All the incorrectnesses, then, which we have men- .1 tioned above, being removed, there will result that which is ' called i^ititrua, that is, a correct and clear utterance of words with an agreeableneas of sound ; for so ma; a right pronuncia- tion be termed.
31. All other faults arise out of more words than one; among which faults is the soleeism ; though about this also there has been controversy. 'For even those who admit that it lies in the compoailion of words, jet contend that, because it may be corrected by the amendment of a single word, it is the incorrectness of a word, and not a fault in composition ; 35. since, whether amarn eorticit or medio cortice constitutes a fault in gender, (to neither of which do I olgect, Virgilf being the author of both ; but let us suppose that one of the two is incorrect.) the alteration of one word, in which the fault lay, produces correctness of phraseology ; so that wo have amari corttca or medid cartice. This is a manifest misrepre- sentation ; for neither of the words is wrong, taken separately, but the iWt lies in them when put together ; and it is a fault . therefore of phrase. - 36. It is, however, a question of greater sagacity, whether a solecism can be committed in a single word ; as if a man, calling one person to him, should say vertiM,
* An ioiaeitm is when the sound of tlie iota ia too mucli protntoted, •B when, for Tfoia, Maia, we Bay Troita Jfoiu, doubling, aa it were, Uie letter. See Isidore Origg. 1. 31 ; Dtomed, Putsch, p. 148. A tambdacitm is a similar fulness or doubling of the letter t, u for Mtcit, cSiicil. Sea Isidore and Diomed, 11. CO., and Erasmits, DisL de Pro, nuntiatione, who also says that tax''^''Vi is ■ shrilloess or squeaking of the voice from too great contraction of the throat, irXonlnnjioj being the opposite faul^ when, from the mouth opening too widalji the sound is too full and broad.
t Ed. vi. 62, 63; Georg. u. 7i.
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it QXrmTlLtlK. [b. t
or, sending eeveral away from him. ehoold aaj ahi, or ditcede; or, moreover, ^rliea an answer does not agree with the question, BS if to a person sajiDg qtum videt f you should r^)j ego. Some also think that the same fault is committed in gesture, when one thing is signified by the voice, and another bj & nod or hj the hand. 37. With this opinion I do not altf^etber agree, nor do I altogether dissent from it ; for I allow that a solecism maj occur in one word, but not unless there be some- thing having the force of another word, to which the incorrect word may be referred; so that a solecism arises from the union* c^ things by which something ia signified or soma intention manifested ; and, that I may avoid all cavilling, it Kmttimet ocean in one word, but ntitr in a word by iZuiJ.
38, But under how many, and what forma, the solecism occurs, is not suEBcieDtly ^reed. Those 1^0 speak of it moat fully make the nature of it fourfold, like that of the barbar ism ;f so that it may be committed by addition, as, Veni d« Sum in Alexandriam ; by retrenchment, aa Ambuki viam, JEht/plo venio ; ne hoc fecit; 39. byfraRi^wiifMii, by which the order of words Is confused, as, Quoqve ego ; Enim hoc voluil ; Avtem Ron habvit ; under which head, whether igilur, placed at the beginning of a phraae, ought to be included, may be a matter of dispute, because I see that eminent anthers have been of oppoaite opinions as to the practice, it being common among some, while it is never found in others. 40, These three sorta of irregularity some distinguish from the Bolecism, and call a fault 01 addition "a pleonasm," of retrench- ment " an ellipaia," of inversion " an sjiaslTophe," and allege that if these fall under the head of solecism, the bt/perbaton may be included under the same title. 41. Subttilution is, without dispute, when one thing is put lor another; an irro- gularity which we find affecting all the parts of speech, but most frequently the verb, because it baa most modifications ; and accordingly, under the bead of subtlitution, occur sole- cisms in gender, tense, persons, moods, (or slates, or qaalities, if any one wish that they should be so called,) being six, or, S' some will have it, eighty in number (since into however
■ That is, the itKorrtet anion.
+ Beet 6.
j I do not find sight moods csprwaly mentioned \)j «qr of tlM
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en. V.\ EDTICATIOK OP IS OBATOR. iT
many forms ;oa distiagiueh eacli of the parts of Bpeo<'-b of which mention has Just been made, there will be so many sorts of emta liable to be committed), as well as ia numbert, of vhich we have the lingular and plural, the Greeks also the diial. 43. There have, indeed, been some who assigned us also a dual, leripiere, legert ; a termination which waa merely a softening for the sake of avoiding roughness of sound, as. among the old writeis, ntaU mercre for male mererU ; and thus what they caJl the dtuil consists in that one sort of termi- nation only, whereas among the Greeks it is found not only through almost the whole system of the verb, but also in nouns; though even so the use of it is very rare. 43. But in no one of our authors is this distinction of ending to be discovered ; on the contraiy, the phrases, Devenere locot, Contieitert om- net, Contedtre dueet, show us ploioly that no one of them refers to two persons only ; iixere, too, though Antouius Bufiis* gives it as an example of the contrary, the crierf pronounces concerning more advocates than two. 44. Does not Livy, also, near the beginning of hia first book, say, Tenuert areem Sabim, and a little afterwards, In adversum Romani tubiere ? But whom shall I follow in preference to Cicero, who, in his Orator.j aajs, " I do not object to scripsere, though I consider teriptenmt to be preferable?"
45. In appellative and other nouns, likewiae, the toUeUai shows itself in regard to gender, and to number, but especially to cate. Whichsoever of those three shall be put in the place of another, the error may be placed under tins head ; as also incorrectnessea in the use of comparative! and tuperlattpet ;!
' Of AntoninB HufuB there is Do mention in any other writer, except tliat the sclioliBBte on Hoisce relate Uuit ha was known by hi* tnmelatioaB of Homer uid Pindar, aai hj toiae comedies (hat lis wrote. An allusioa ia also made to him by Teliua Longni, de Orthogr. Fntub. p, 22B7. Spaldinq.
f At triala the criar of the courts after the plesdeia on both sides had finilhed their speeches, used to say Dixere, " the; have spoken f but though this might frequanUj refer to two apeakera, it wjji often uttered at the conclusion of the speeciiea of several. Sptddmg.
t C *7.
I I follow Gemer'B punctuation in this passage : Qaitgiiid eorum aUeri tacxdet, kuic parti ni^jmngatw lieet .- per ernnpciraiioaa, &c. ; but tomething leema to have Mian out of the text between lUet and per. OallieuB puts a full stop ai. licet, and changes per into /nnpcr; but this alteration doss not much m«td the passage.
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48 ^immLUir. [& i
an well as cues in ivhich the patronynic is put for the potatt* tive, or the cootrar;.* 46. As to a fault committed in regard to quantity, such as ma^nvm pecutiolum, there will be some irho will think it a toleciim, becauae a diminution is used instead of the integral word ; but for my own part, I doubt v-hether I should not rather call it a misapplication of a leotd, for it is a departure from the signiBcation ; aud the impropriety of a toltcitm is not an error as to the sense of a word, but in the junction of words. 47. In respect to the participle errora are committed in gender and case, as in the noun ; in tenie, as in the verb ; and in ttumber, as in t>oth. The pronoun, also, has gender, number, and case, all of which admit mistakes of this kind, 49, Solecisms are committed, too, and in great numbers, as to parts of speecb.t but it is not enough merely to remark this generally, lest the pupil should think a solecism committed only nhere one part of speech is put for another, as a verb where there ought to have been a novtt, or an adverb where there ought to have been a pronoun, and the like. 49. For there are some nouns cognate, as tbey say, that is, of the same kind, in regard to which he who shall use another species thau that which he ought to use, will be guilty of no less an error than if he were to use a word of another genus. 60. Thus on and aut are both conjunctions, yet you would be incorrect in asking, hie, aut Hie, ait? Ne and bob are both adverbs, yet he who should say non fecerit for ne feceria, would fall into a similar error, since the one is an adverb of denying, the other of forbidding. I will add another example ; injro and intut are both adverbs of place ; yet eo intua. and intra turn, are solecisms. 51. The same faults may bo committed in regard to the different sorts of pronouna, interjeetiona, and prepoaitiona. The discordant collocation of preceding and fol- lowing words, also, in a sentence of one clause, is a solecism, J
* Anamtmiumiia Ortala w an eiunpte oF the poaeaeiTe for Qio p^troDjTnio ; but of the patronymic used for the posBeesive the com- mentators g:ive DO in<taiice. Diomede, PatBch. p. 310, obeerveg that the jiati'onraio cannot be eo used.
I That IB, by mistaHug the parta of speech, and putting one for uir>ther.
X In oratione txmprehentionii uniKt atqaentitim ac prionm infer M inifmvffnieita po$Uio-^ An obficure passage. The commeotators ondet^ ■land it of the amaailtuhim. Quiotiliau has given no example, or wo Bufht hava discovered hie meaning more easily. . . . Sy eratio oom-
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on. v.] EDUCATION OF AK ORATOR. 4B
52. There are expressious, however, which have the appear ance of lolecUnu, aud jet canuot be called &uUj, aa Iragmdia Thyestes, Ludi Floralia, aiid Megalena ; for though these modes of expression have fallen into disuse in later timee, there was never any variatioa from them among the ancients. They shiiU therefore 'be called fiffuret ; figures more common indeed among the poets, but allowable also to writers and speakers in prose. 63. But a figure will generally have some- thing right for its basis, as I shall show in that part of my work which I Just before promised.* Yet what is now called a Jigure will not be free from the fault of solHcism, if it be used by any one unknowingly -t 6i. Of the same sort, though, us I have already said,} they have nothing of figure, are names with a feminine termination which males tiave, and those with .a masculine tennination which females have. But .of the solecism I shall say no more ; for I have not undertaken to write a treatise on grammar, though, as grammar met me in my road, I was unwilling to pass it without paying my respects to it.
55. In continuation, that I may follow the course which I prescribed^ to myself, let me repeat that uords are either Latin or foreign. Foreign words, like men, and like many of our institutions, have come to us, I might almost say, from all nations. 56. I say nothing of the Tuscans, Sabinea, and
pnheniionii ««>■« I imdarrtsjid words joined, not Beparated, or to b* distdnguiahed by aommaa, according to our hahion. .'^oUin^. Potitio Spalding is indiDed to take in tbe eenae of catui, ua the auppoaition that expressions aomewliat aimibLr to ludi FtoHilia, wid otliera Doticud in the oeit aeotion, were what Quintiluin had in view ; but this notion seemB hardly compatible with the other words ot the sentence, for, if this were Quintilian'a meaning, why shoiUd uqvenlia aud priora be portjcularlj specified I Tumebus seems to shoot nearer to tbe mark, BUggestJng that Quintilisn means sudi a mistake aa atnaji would commit in Barring omnia priAt Krperiri qaAm annit tapientan dtcet instead of anna. The French tranaletor in Didofs edition, 1 853. render* the passage thna : "H j a auaai sol^cisme, lorsqne, dans uue pliruse aana diviaion, lea mots qui pr^cfident et ceui qui suivent, n« a'acuordant pas «otre euz."
• Book ii. e. 1—8.
t Spaldins aptly quotes Saiieca, Ep. 9S : "A grHuimarian ia not ashamed if he commits a aoleoism knowingly ; he ia ashamed if ha oommits one unknowingly."
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CO QUINTILUH. [K I.
PnenostiDes, f»r though Luciliux attacks Vectius* for nnaa their dialect, as Pollio discovers Patavinitg in Livy, I would con- sider evei; part of Italy as Roman. 57. Many Gallic words have preTailed among us, as rheda, " a chariot," and pelerri- tum, " a four-wheeled camage.'f of which, however, Cicero uses one, and Horace the other. Mapjia, " a napkin," too, a term much used in the circua, the Carth^nians claim as theirs ;{ and ^rdut, a word which the common people use for fooUih, had, I haveheard,itaoriginin8pain.§ 58. But this division |( of mine is intended to refer chiefly to the Greek language ; for it ia from thencA that the Roman language is, in a very great degree, derived ; and we use even pure Greek words, where out own fail, as they also sometimes borrow from us. Hence arises the question, whether it is proper that foreign words should be decHned with cases in the same way as our own. 69. If you meet with a grammarian who is a lover of the ancients, he wilt say that there should be no departure from the Latin method ; because, as there is in our language an ablative case, which the Greeks have not, it is by no means becoming for us to use one case of our own, and five Greek cases. 60. And he would also praise the merit of those who studied to increase the reaources of the Latin language, and asserted that they need not introduce foreign practices ; under the influence of which notion they said Castorem, with the middle syllable long, because such was the case with all our nouns whose nominative case ends in the same lettera as Castor: and they retained the practice, moreover, of saying PaltsTno, Telamo, and Plato (for so Cicero also called him), because they found no Latin word that terminated with ttM
■ Cajoenriiii and Tumabua loppoie tliat this ia the orator Vectins, 9r TettiuB, meatioDed by Cic«ro, Brut, c. 49, t» his eoatemporary ; but he, aa Spalding observeB, wu a Marsian ; and the Veotina attftcked h; Ludliiu must have lived beforo Cicero's time. Who the VectJUB meO' tjoDed in the text was, is, therefore, uacsrtaia
+ VoBsiuB derivea rieda from the Qenaan or Belgic redeit, or ryien, " to ride " on horeeback, or in a carriage ; but what sort of oamage it propeiiy 'oeant is uiiknowa. Pttorritvm, as Spalding obaervea, rafor- ring to BullotuB's Cfltio Lexicon, ia from the Celtic pedaar, " four," and ri^ " a wheeL"
f The learned have not yet penetrated to ita Fhcenidan origjn.
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CH,V.~j SDTTCATIOH OF AN OBATOS. SI
letters 0 ttnd ti. 61. Nor dH they Tillinglj allow nutscalina Greek nouns to euA in at in the nominative case, and accord- ingly, we read in Cslius. Pelia Cincinnatat ,-* in Messala, Bene fecit Enlbia (\' in Cicero, Hermagora; so that we need not wonder that the forma .^kea and Anehita were used by most of the old writers : for, said they, if those words were written as Mtecenas, Suffenat, Asprena*, they would end iu the genitiTe case, not with the letter e, but with the Byllable tu. 63. Hence, ito OU/mjmt and tyrannnt they gave an acuted middle syllable, because our language does not permit the first syllable of a word, if short, to have an acute accent when two long syllables follow.^ 62. Thus the genitive had the forma AehUii and Uiixi ;g and many others similar. The modern grammarians have now made it a practice rather to give Greek declensions to Greek nouns ; a practice which cannot, however, always be observed. For myself, I prefer following Uie Latin method, as far as propriety allows ; for I would not now say Calypsonem, like Junonem, though Cains Crasar,|| • Whether theao are the worfa of Gffiiiua, Cicero'B tumiempanxj, an orator of same eminence, who is mentioned b; Quintilian, i. 6. 29 ; iv. 2, 123, or of the hiEtoriao Ceeliue AoCipater, who lived in the ti *
e Gracohl, no commentator has told ue ; nor does it appear why FelisB, who seems to have been the father of Alcestis, lo well known From the history of Jaaon, is called CincinDatiu, since nothing ia said about his hair, as tar as I remember, b; an; of the poota. That Qulotius CincinnatUB, the famous dictator, was named a aneiiHat, fnna hia curia, ia generally admitted, f^aldiiig.
f Of whom HesMila thus spoke, we are ignoisnt ; and I know no mention of a Euthia in any writer, except that the aociuer of Phi^ne, against whom Hyperides def^ded her, had that name. Spalding,
t Inde Olympo d l^rajmo aeutam mtdiam dedenmi, quia (Judtwl longii tequeatiiut primani Irrevem acta natter wnno non patiur.} H«re is a manifest error, not of the tnuiBcribera, aa it would appear, but of Quistilian hiifiself, fVom inadvertence. At first he seems to have had In his thoughts the diffi^rence between the Roman and the Greek method of pronunciation; as the Romans would say, 'OXiniros, mpiSvi'oc, instead of the Oreek 'OXu/iiruc, Tvpavvot : but having ohaooed to put those words in the dative, to suit dedinmt, he acoom- inodated his rule (as to two long ^Uablee preceded b; a short one) to tiiat case, forgetting that il was a law of the Greek lai^nage aa much u of the Latin. In the manuscripts there is do aaeietaDce, for they all concur, with wonderFul eiactnesa, in the received reading. Spalding.
g fVnn the nominativea AiA^Uiu and Vlyuait, by ajmslfi*.
T knt^ as Isanod m«n have veij
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M QUINTHJAI*. [b. l
follmrii^ theolder writers, uses this modo of decliDing. 61. Bat custom has prevailed over authoritj In other words, which m&y be declined without impropriety in either way, he who shall prefer to use the Greek form will speak, not indeed like a Bomon, but without incnrrii^ blame.
65. SintpU words are what thej are in their Grat position,* that is, in their own nature. Compotmd words are either formed by Bubjoining words to prepoaitions, as innocent, (care being taken that there be not two prepositions inconsistent with each other, as impertenituij'f otherwise two may be at times joined together, as ineompositui, reconditui, and, a word which Cicero nses, mbabturduin;) or they coalesce, as it were, &om two bodies into one, as maUfieut. 66. For to form words out of three constituent parts I should certainly not grant to our language ; though Cicero says that copri is compounded of cape ti vUi I and some are found to maiutaiii that Litpercalia also consists of three ptuts of speech, luere per eaprtim.§ 67. As to tolitauriiia, it is now believed that it is for auove- taurilia, || and such indeed is the sacrifice, as it is described also in Homer. % But these words are constructed, not so much of three words, as of parts of throe words. Facuriua
* Primd potitUme.'] That ia, in their aonumitive oaae, the form in which tliii; are jh-tt laid daam. " PrimitiTc noaiiB uw called tumtSna frina itajjoriltonii." l^tmebtu.
+ WlmthBr Quintilim forgot thit Virgil hiid used thiB word, or did DottMnk that even Tirgil'a authority could justify the use of it, we cannot tell. It is not parimpii itrictl; defensible ; for after per has herai used to inarease the BigniGcation of ierri'vi, ia is prefixed to negatiTe both ; so that it is msrely equivalent to inttri-itm, the per being rendered ueelaea. But it ia not much more objectionable tbtm imperturbaitit, used by Ovid ; and imperfectv* ia a similar compound. Prom Virgil it was adapted b; SQIus Italicus and others.
:[ Orat. a. 4S. Yet perhaps the greet man wsa mistaken, aa he U more than once in regard to etjniology ; for neithpr doea QnintillaD agroa with him. Capiit appears to be an archaism far ctptrii, oa eapat, according to Fsetus or Paulua, is for ctptri/, i.e., prehenderit. In llautua, PisDul. tv. 3, 8, the MS3. and old ediUona eiie eepwit for Mptit fnim a gloBi, So cojMO, Bacchid. iv. 4, 61 j eajmrnut, Rud. ii. 1 , 16. Spalimg
I It is genendly supposed to be from Lnpereit4, a name of Fan, or a priest of Pan. Lvptrv* is thought to be Inpot anxtu.
I Ttom MM, ovu, and tavrtu. Quintilian adrnlts (hat this is the ^nmrallr received deiivation. though be himself doet tMt MHotion it, Stt^Hiraia ia from iDhM, for lotiu, and towrtu.
^ OdysB. xi. 130 ; xiiii. 377.
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CH. v.] EDUCATION OF AN OBATOR. 63
however appears to have fonned compouads, moet inel^piatlf
of a preposition and two other words :
Keni
' Sepandimlrwit, inemrvietrvicum ftatt,
, •* The broad-nosed, crook-necked flock of Nereus." Com-
' poimdg, however, are formed either of two emUrt Latin words,
, as smperfiii, tubterfitgi, (tliough it is a question whether these
are indeed formed of entire words,*) of an eutirt and in-
eomplele word, as maleeoluM; of an incomplete and entirt
word, lis noetivagutt of two ineompUte words, aa pediuequu* ;
of a LaUa and a/ore>^n word, as bieliniumi of a. foreign and
a Latin word, as epitoyium and Antiealo ; or of two foreign
^ words, as epirhediMtn, for though the preposition irJ is Greek,
and rheda Gallic, and though neither the Greek nor the Gaul
uses the compound, yet the Bomans have formed their word of
the two ibre^ words. 69. Frequently, too, the union causes a
change in the prepositions, as abatuUl, au/vgit, amitit, thoi^h
the preposition is merely ab, and coti, the preposition being
r' eon ; and so igmavi, erepti, and similar compounds. TO. But the
composition of words in gsteral is better suited to the Greeks ;
'- with us it is less successful ; though I do not think that this
results from the nature of the language ; but we look with more
4- fiivour on foreign compounds ; and, accordingly, while we ad-
mire xugnxi^ita, we hardly defend incurvicervieim from
^ derision.
^ 71. Words are proper when they signify that to which thej
j wete first applied ; melaphorieal, when tbey have one signifi- k^ cation hy nature, and another in the place in which they are , ' used. Common words we use with greater safety ; new ones I we do not fonn without some danger ; for if they are well re- ceived, they add but little merit to our style, and, if rejected, L they tarn to jokes against us. 72. Yet we must make
! attempts ; for, as Cicero saya, even words which have seemtd harsh at first, become softened by use. t As to the onomatopaia, it is by no means granted to O'jr
F * The pmpoaittong «iifMr tnd niter have indeed iort their acosDt in
' these compouiid wrda ; see leot. 27. But if an; one ■uppoiM that
^- tiiey ue therefore not conwouuded of entire words, he muiC dmj thU mj oompound is formed of entire word*, ainoe one of the word* miut ■woHHril; lose ite accent. SfMing. This eipkoatjon wis raggcstd i af Oetner.
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54 QtrlNTtUAN. [b. I.
langnage; for, if yn should Tentnra to pmdnce anjtfaiag like tboee justly admired eipressioru U/^i ffdt, " the bow twnnged," and gl^t hpdaX)tii,* "the eye hissed," who would endure if ? We should not even dare to aay halare, " to bleat." or hin- nhe, " to neigh," unless those words were supported by the •anctioD of antiquity.
CHAPTER VI.
_, „ ^ 8 1— S. AnJogy, 4—11. Depurtnrea from it, 13—97-
Btymolog?, SS— S3. AbuKs of i^ S4— 38. Old word< S»-4I.
Aotkoritj, 42. thiBtom, 13 — 1&
1. Bt speakers, as well as writers, tliere are certain rules to
be observed. Iianguage is based on reaaon, anliquilg, aalho-
'la, cuilom. It is analogy, and sometimes etymology, that
rords the chief support to reason. A certain majesty, and, if I may so express myself, religion, graces the antique. Autho- rity is commonly sought in orators or historians ; for, as Xa the poets, the obligation of the metre eicuses their phraseology, anless, occasionally, when, though the measure of the &et offers no impediment to the choice of either of two expressions, they fancifi^Iy prefer one to the other : as in the following phrases : Imo de itirpe reciaum, .^eritt quo congettere palunt- bet, Siliee in atidA,'* and the like ; since the judgment of men eminent in eloquence is in place of reason, and even error is without dishonour in following illustrious guides. Cuatim, however, is the surest preceptor in speaking ; and we must use phraseoli^, like money, which has the public stamp.
But all these particulars require great judgment, especially analogy: which, translaUng it closely from Greek into Latin, people have called proportion. 4. What it requires is, that a, writer or speaker should compare whatever is at all doubtful, with Bomediing similar concerning which there is no doubt, bo as to proTe the uncertain by the certain. This is done in two
• niv. 128; OdyMt it 884.
+ Tii^. .^Cd. liL 208;EcLiH.6g; i. Ifi. Telv with rq^ to «fir^ Tirgil sdbareB to- the rale of the gremmtiijuu, that it ia hubcuIum wboD used of treea, feminine when nsed of p< «...
(eminiite in Honea. Sitex WM mon frequant^ Di
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CH. VI.] EDUCATION OF AH OBATOK. 65
ways : by a eompariten of similar words, in respect chiefly to their last sjlli^lea (for which reason the words that have but ooe syllable are said not to be accountable to analogy), sad by looking to diminulive*. 5. Comparison, in nouns, shows either their gender or their deetetuion ; ttieir gender, as, when it is inquired whether funis be masculine or feminine, panh may be an object of compajison with it ; their declention, as, if it should be a subject of doubt whether we sliould aay kac dontu or hac domo, and donumm or domorum, domui, anui, manui may be compared with each other. 0. The formation of diminutives ahoms only the gonder of words, as (that I may take the same word for an example) funiculus proves that funi» is masculine. 7. There is also similar reason for compariaon ia verbs ; as if any one, following the old writers, should pro- Qounce fervere with the middle sellable short, he would be convicted of speaking incorrectly, since all verbs which end with the letters e and o in the indicative mood, when they have assumed the letter e in the middle syllables in tbe infini- tive, have it neceasarily long, as prandeo, pendeo, spondto, prandire, pendere, spondere. 8- Bat those which have o only in the indicative, when they end \iith the same letter e in the infinitive, shorten it, as lego, dim, cutto, legere, dicere, eurrere ; although there occurs in Lucilins,
Fervit ayaa et ftrcet / fervit nitnc, ferret ad anaatn. " The water boils uid nill boil ; it boilB now, uid will boil iar a jtti.'
But with all respect to a man of aoch eminent learning, if he thinks fervit similar to enrrit and legit, ferto wilt be a word like cvrro and lego, a word which has never been heard by me. But this is not a jnst comparison; for sertit ia like fermO,* and be that follows this analogy must say/ereire as well as servire. 10. The present indicative also is sometimes discovered from the other moods and tenses ; for I remember that some people who had blamed me for using the word pepigi, were convinced by me of their error ; they had allowed, ind^d, that the beat authors had used pepigi, but denied that analc^ permitted its use, since the present indicative pariscor, as it had the form of a pnssive verb, made in the perfect tense paelui sum. 11. But 1, besides adducing tbe authority of * A very proper observatioa of Quintiliui ; for when did the tAnni Dstion ermt belong to the third canji;gB.tiaii ) folding.
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B<t QuiNTiLiAN. [a L
orators and hiatoriana, DiiuDt&ined that prpigi was rIsci sup- ported bv analogy ; for, as we read in tlie Twelre Fables, ni ita pagunt, 1 found cadunt simikr to pagunt. Hhence Lhe present indicative, though it had fiillen into disuse through timo, was evideally pago, like eado; and it was therefore eertain that wo say pepigi like eecidi. IS. But we must re- member that the course of aual«^ cannot be traced through all the parts of speech, as it is in many cases at variance with itself." Learned men, indeed, endeavour to justify some departures from it, aa, wfaea it is remarked bow much l^mi and luput, thoi^h of similar terminations in the nominativo. differ in tlieir cases and numbers, the; reply that the; are not of the same sort, since lepai is epicene, and lupu* masculine ; although Varro, in the book in which he relates thej^rigin of the city of Rome, usee ivpvt as feminine, following Euniiis and Fabius Pictor. 13. But those same grammarians, when they are asked why aper makes apri. and pater palrit, assert that the first is declined absolutely, and the second with reference to something ;f and, besides, as both are derived from the Greek, tbey recur to the rule that var^c gives palrU, and tiwfav apri. 14. But how will they escape from the fact that nouns, which end with the letters h and t iu the nomina tivu singular, never, even though feminine, end with the syllable rit in the genitive.^ yet that Vtwis makes t^eneriti and that, though nouns ending in es have various endings in the genitive, yet their genitive never ends in that same syllable rit, when, nevertheless, C«rM obliges us to say Cererij f 15. And whiit Khali I say of tboee parts of speech, which, though all of similar commencement, proceed with different inflexions, as Alba^ makes jilbani and j4lbeinet, Volo, volui and volavif
* To n; that aDatooT I* at variance with itHlf is ui inconect mnda or exprsBaioQ. QulDtman meani that wa often tind departures IrtiiD ■dbIc^ where we might expect to see strict adhercace to it.
t Ad aiijuid.] Aper being expreased without reference to iinything else, while pater hms relation to j(Zhu,- but thii distinction cumot account for the difference in the genitive caee*. jtd atiguid ia taken from the TpAc' ^t ia the Categorise of Arietotie. "Ad aliqiad dictum est qnod sine iateUectu illius ad quod dictum eat, profeni non potei^ ntJUiai, temu.' FriiciMi, p. A80, ed. Putsch, f^aldimg.
; He foi^t Idlmt, wru, aa w* are reminded b; Tarnebns.
f There are tno towns named .ilba, one in Lstium, from which eomeB A Ihani, tlie other on the Uke FuiriDUS, whose inhabitanta are oiled AOenta. Varro, de L. L. lib. viL
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OH. Tl.} RDUCATIOM Or IN ORATOR. 67
i-'or that verbs, which end with tbn letter o in the first person singular, are variously funned in the perfect, analogj itself admits, as endo makes ceeidi, ipondeo, tpopondi, pingo pinxi, lego leg*, pono poiui, frango fregi, laudo lattdavi ; lA. since analogy was not seat down from heaien, when men were first made, to give them rules for speaking, but was discovered after men had beguu to speak, and aAer it was observed how each word in speaking terminated. It is not therefore founded on reason, but on example ; nor is it a law for speaking, but the tnere result of observation ; so that nothing but custom has been the origin of analogy. 17. Yet some people adhere to it with a most unpteasantlj perveree attachment to exactness ; so that thej will saj audaciier in preference to audaeler,* though all orators adopt the Utter, and etnicacii instead of emievit, eonire instead of coin. Such persons we may allow to say aiidiriMie, and aeivitte,-f tribunate, ondfaeUileT; let' them also have their fragali*, instead of frvgi, for how else can frugalilas be fbrmed? m. Let them also prove that eMtuin millia titimmun and _^em Deuot are two solecisms, since they err in both case and number;} for we were ignorant of this, forsooth, and were not merely complying with custom and convenience, as in most cases, of which Cicero treats nobly, as of everything else, in his Orator. 10. Augustus, too, in his letters wiitten to Caiua Cffisar, j corrects him for preferring to say ealiduni rather than catdam, \\ not because calidum b not I<atin, but because it is unpleasing,^ and, as be has himself expressed it bv a Greek word, vtihiytr.
* Bee, mpecting this Word, the eommentot<a« on IJTy, zzii. 2B, uid especiallj Duker ond Dmkanboroh on xL 66. Spalding.
t Yet audirUK and tcvniie, imlesi aur texts be extremely corrupt, have bean oaed bj viiten in muij pasugeB. Perhaps QnintiUan, tlit<r*fare, only meant to blame those who said that we ought alwajs to nae titoee uncontracted Tonna; tor Cicero, Onit. o. IT, wyB plemtm ttr/mm rtcU did et inmiinHlim utUtUi. Spalding.
I Ab if eierj body else, ejoept thoae critdca, wa« igniwaut that niMntnuni a for tmtMnorum, snd deun for deonat. Sea Cic. Oral. c. AS.
§ The son of Agrippa, and adopted aon of Anguatus, whoas li'tlers to him an ^ lost, except a fragment preiervad by AuIub Gfllliiu, I*. 7.
I ColomeBioa snppoMi that calidmt vaa rejected on account of its ilmilari^ in lound to caiiidui.
1 Qttta til orftofiwi.] Burmann ingenioualy conjecture* guia t Ml Blt'uwn. But tlie text ui probably eorraol.
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69 QoumLiAS. |;b. i,
SO. All tbie indeed the; consider as mere igSomm, "ortlioepy," which I by no means set aside: for what is bo nec«8SiU7 as coirectnesa of speech ? I think that we ought te adhero to it as Ibt as poswhle. and hi moke persevering resist- Auce against iunovatmB ; but tn retain words that are obsolete and disused, is a species of impertinence, and of puerile osteti- tatiou in little thii^ SI. Let the extremely learned man, urbo has saluted you without an aspirate, and with the second syllable lengthened,* (for the verb, he will say, is avire.) say also calefaeere and eoniervaeiue rather tbao what we say:t and with these let him join face, dice, and ihe like. 23. His way is tbe right way ; who will deny it 1 but a smoother and more beaten road is close by tbe side of it. There is nothii^, however, with which I am more offended, than that these men, led away by oblique cases, permit themselves, I do not say not to find, but even to alter nominative cases, as when ebur and robur, so spoken and written by the greatest authors, are made to change the vowel of tbe second syllable into o, because their genitives are reborit and ebmris. and because aulfiiT and j'ecur preserve tbe vowel u in the genitive. For which reason also jecwr and feinuT have raised disputes. 23. This change of theirs is not leas audacious than if they were to substituie the letter o for u in the genitive case of stilfvT and gutiur, because tborU and roborit are formed with o; after tbe example ot Anionius Onipho.f who acknowledges that Tobur and ebur are proper words, and even marnmr, but would have the plurali of them to be robvra, ebura, marniiiTa. 94. But if they had paid attention to the affinity of letters, they would have understood that roborit is as fairly formed from robtir aa mililis, limtin, from milei, limes, or judieia, vindteia, from iudex, vindex, and would have observed some other forms tx) which I have adverted above.§ 35. Do not similar nominative cases, as 1 remarked,|! diverge into very dissimilar forma in
* Safiog Jtl initead of MavX, whiali, tl-figli
i* K unalj ealfaare tmA fnawriiitwe.
j An smiOBUt gnunmitrian aud rbotorician, whose school ii said to have been frequented by muiy great men, and btsu bj Cioeni himself after be wu pnetor. Bee Suetoniui oa Eminent OrBmiuu iaus. f. vil 1 Macrob. Sat iii. IS.
% I. 1, ]£.
i Bum. 12 and IS.
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ob.'Tl] xdccation or ak oratob. 5«
the obliqne casM, Eis Virgo, Jtmo ; fiuut, Ivtitt ; eutpiM, pufpi* t Knd a thousand others ? It happens, too, that some oouns an not used in the plural, others not in the singular ; some are indeclinable ; some depart altogether from ihe form of thdr DOminatiTes, as Japiter. 30. The same peculiarit; happens in verbs, as fero, tuti, of nhicli the preterperfect is found.* and nothing more. Nor is it of much importance, nfae^er those unused parts are actually not in existence, or nhetber tbej are too harsh to be used ; for what, for eumple, wilt progenies make in the genitive singular, or what wilt tpet make in the genitive plural? Or how will owire and mere, form themselves in the perfect passive, or in the passive participles? 37. It is needless to advert to other words, when it is even uncertun whether ienmUu makes ttnattu eenatui, or te»ati lenato.i It appears to me, therefore, to have been not anhappity remarked that it is one thing to speak Latin, and another to speak grammar. Of analtyy I have now sud enough, and more than enough.
Etymology, vrhjcb inquires into the origin of words, is called by Cicero itotalioa, because its designation in Aristotle is «ii/*ffa\iit, that is, nota ; for to a literal rendering of iru/MiMylce, which would be veriloquium, Cicero himself, who forcned that word, is averse. There are some, who, looking rather to the meaning of the word, call it origination. S9. This part of grammar is sometimes of the utmost use ; as often, indeed, as the matter, concerning which there is any dispute, stands in need of interpretation ; as when Marcus Coelius would prove that he was a homofmgi, "a frugal man," not because he was temperate, (for on that point he could not speak fabely.) but becanse he was profitable to ndoy, that is Jntetnonn. from whence, he said, was derived fmgality.X A place is accordingly
* The pretfsperfeot uid the tfliwea formed from it. Tin text i^ ffro, fuZi, a^tu pnifanliHH peTfedum, eC tUltriui no» invmtlVT, at whloh, u SuJdiug b&;b, the conatroctioD is not VNy alow. Ha. however, rightly determines tbat Ml> must be the antecedent to cu/m, and not unhappily proposefl to read nil for non.
t The old gnuDQiaTiani (ste. Futwh. pp. 10 and 713) viy that tba Donnii of the fourth declenBion andently oKifoTmed to the searakd. But I do not remember that any writer haa used .anuto ,■ ttmati, in ttt* genHiTa, oecmia frequently in Siihirt. SpoZiJMy,
t On what oonnon, or in what apteeh, Harcoi CffiUiu ho lactrijously argned, I do not find recorded. That hia morals were not of tht pore^ Cicero, who defends bim, admits. Spalding.
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00 OUINTILIAK. [b L
aiuigned to etymologj- in dofinitioiiB. 30. Sumetimes, also, it endeaTOure to distjuguish barbarous &om poliM words; aa when a question arises whether Siuil; should be called Triquetra or Triquedra,* end whether we should say mtridiet or medidiaf'\ and similar questions concerning other words which yield to custom. 31. But it carries with it much learn- ing, whether we employ it in treating of words sprung from the Greek, which are vei; numerous, eapecially those inflected according to the .^^lic dialect, to which our language has most simiiitude,^ of in inquiring, from our knowledge of ancient history, into the names of men, places, nations, cities; whence come the names of the BnUi, Publicotte, Pici; why we ay LatiuTU, Italia, Beneventum t what is our reason for using the terms Capitol, Qxirinal bill, and ArgiUtunt.%
33. I would now allude, also, to those minuter poiuts,|| on which the greatest lovers of etymology weary themselves; mep who brit^ back to their tme rfcrjvutton.^ by various and mani- fold arts, words that have become a little distorted, shortening or lengthening, adding, taking away, or interchanging letters or syllables. In this pursuit, through weakness of judgment, t^ey run into the most contemptible absurdities. Let contul be (1 make no objection) from " coiuutiinjr " or from "judging," for the ancients called eotuutere "judicare," whence still remains the phrase rogat boni eoatulat, that is, Aontun judicet. SH. Let it be old age that has given a name to the tenate,** for the senators are fathers ; let rex, rector, and abundance of other words, be indisputably from regot nor would I dispute the ordinary derivation of tegula, regula.ff and other words similar
to euphony.
1 Sua Fo»ter on Accent and Qutuititj, p 93. teag, Spalding ref* rs to a theais by Sehkrdunui, Lndi^ IT76, entJUed Latuta UagHa iii tiuiUriut Ungiia Orceea.
g See Servius on Virg. Xa. riii, 345 ; Uwj i. 19.
H Theae remnrka QnintiliBn direct! at Vuro, who addnued Hiree books on thii subject to Cicero, and M numy to Bq>tiniiiu, u well m other writerB who were perpetually referring to etymology, a predjca which leema to have had Um orifriu in flato'i (^tylui, whrae it ia (aid that no word is umd without a reaaon. Tumtbtu.
% VmratfPi.] ■Etv„..,: So Cio. Orat. o. 48. CoKnUe vermlen.
tt The quantity of the Arat ajllabte of theae wordi might seem to uak* the rvosived deriTition (ruDi tigo and rqio doubtful. Sj^alding.
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tm. VI.] KDUCATION Of iS OR&TOR. 91
to them ; let eUuiU, also, be from calare, " to call togeOtn," and let lepat be for levipes, and vulpti for volipeM. 34. But Bhall we also allow words to be derived from eo»trarie», as taeut, " a grove," from luceo, " to shine," because, being thick with phade, parum lueet, it does not shine ?* As ludiu, " a ecbool," from ludo, " to play," because tt ia as &r as poesiblo from pta; ? As Dili*, " Pluto," from divet, " rich," because be is b; no means rich ? Or shall we allow homo, " man," to be from hmmiu, " the ground,*' because he was sprung from the ground, as if all animals had not the same origin, or as if the first men had given a name to the ground bef<»« thej gave one to themselves? Shall we allow verba, "words," to be from aer verberatiu, " beaten air ?" 35. Let us go on, and we shall get so far that itelta, " a star," will be believed to be Itminia ttillm, "a drop of light," the author of which derivation, an eminent man in literature, it would be un- generous for me to name in regard to a point on which he is censured b; me. 36, But those who have recorded such etymologies in books have themselves set their names tc thiem ; and Ctuus Graniust thought himself extremely clerei for saying that cieUbei, " bachelors," was the same as eatitet, " inhabitants of heaven," because they are alike free from a- most heavy burden, resting his derivation, too, on an ar- gument from the Greek, for he affirmed that iiiiiai(X was used in the same sense. Nor does ModestuaS yield to him in imagination, for be says that because Saturn cut off the genitalia of Calvx, men who have no wives are, therefore, called calibet. 37. Lucius £liusj| declares that piluita, " pUegm," is so called quia pelat vitam, because " it aims at life." But who may not be pardoned after Varro, who wished to persuade Cicero^ (for it was to him that he wroto
• ThiB dtwimtion has bauad into a. provirb. Tmrro, da L. L. p. 8,
givM on equally wonderful derivatiou of cabHi, from cttando, {OmI opM-fwK at. Spalding,
t 1 have not been able to discover inytiiing of a gnmmarkn of tbat nama. Spalding.
X Quaai ^li Si^t Vouiiu derivta ctdtit from EOirQ ud XtiT*^ quam toiXnii, earau Ueto iHipfHfi.
S Saatooin* on Eminent Orammeriani, o. iz.
)i Ad interpretation of the carmina S<di<iTwnt by Cuui Xlim, a man w^ acqaaiDted wiUi Latin literature, is dted by Varro da I« L., vi. 1. 6»B«r. No Lociui .£liua is known.
^ To whom the bookaile Lingul I^ttiiU on iiuaribu4.
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:hU), thflt ager, " a field," is so called because in to agalitr aliqaid, " sometfaing is done in it," and that graculos, " jack- dan'H," are so named because they fly gregatim, " in flocks," though it is evident that the one is derived from the Greek, and the other from the cries of the birds themseWes ? But of such importance was it to Va«o to derive, that mertda " a blackbird,'' he declared, was so named because it flies alone, as if mera rolant. Some have not hesitated to apply to etjrmology for the origin of ereiy name or word ; deducing Longtu and Jtufiu, as I remarked,* from peraonal pecnliaritiea; ttrepere and mumiarar* from particular sounds ; with which they join, also, certain derivatives, as velox, "swift," deduced Irom veloeita*, " swiftness,"!' and the greater number of com- pounds (as being simitar to them), which, doubtless, have their or^n from something, but demand no exercise of ingenuity, for which, indeed, except on doubtful points, there is no opportunity in these investigations.
38. Words derived from antiquity have not only illustrious patrons, but also confer on stjle a certain majesty, not un- attended with pleasure ; for they have the authority of age, and, as they have been disused for a time, bring with them a charm similar to that of norelty. 40. But there is need of moderation in the use of them, in order that they may not occur too frequently, nor show themselves too manifestly, since nothing is more detestable than afiectalion ; nor should they be taken from a remote and already forgotten age, as aro topper, " quickly." antigcrw, " very much,''J exanelare, " to draw oat," protapia, "a race," and the verses of the Salii, which are soircely understood by the priests themselves. 41. Those verses, however, reUgion forbids to be changed ; and we must use what has been consecrated ; but how faulty is speech, of which the greatest virtue is perspicui^, if it needs an inter- preter! Oousequently, as the oldest of new vrords wilt be the best, so the newest of old words will be the best.
• L*,26.
+ H « vdooHitB dieitm- veloz.] Ths inbriantive k ganerally ooB- ■idered to b« derived from the »dieotive. It seeinB not mir«a8«i>b)« to luppnw tfaet the text mnit be oomipt, uid that some fanciful derivation of v^ox origlnall; filled the jdaoe which vdteiialt now
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TH. VL] BDDOATION OF AN ORATOB. AS
4S. The case is similarwitb regard to authority; for thoagh be may seem b> commit no &ult who usne those words which the greatest writers have handed down to him, jet it is of much importance for him .to consider, not onlj what words they used, but bow far they gave a sanction to them ; for no one would now tolerate from us tubuTckinabundut, " de- TOuriag," or lurehinabundai, " voracious," though Cato waa the fttther of them ; nor would people endure lodicei, " blankets,'* in the masculine gender, though that gender pleases Pollio; nor gladiola for " little swords," though Messala has used it; nor parriddataty " parricide," which was thought scarcely endurable in Cielius ;* nor would CaWost induce me t« use coUai, " necks ;" all which words, indeed, those authors them- selves would not now use.
48. There remains, therefore, etutom, for it would be almost ridiculous to prefer the language which men have spoken rather than that which they now speak ; what else, indeed, is old laoguage, but the old manner of speaking ? But even for following custom judgment is necessary ; and we must settle, in the first place, what that is which we call cusUim; 44. for if custom be merely termed that which the greater number do, it will furnish a most dangerous rule, not only for. language, but, what is of greater importance, for life. For where is there so much virtue that what is right can please the majority ? J As, therefore, to pluek out katri,^ to cvt th« hair of the head in a twxemon of ring>.\\ and to drink to exeeu in tite bath.^ what- ever country those practices may have invaded, will not become- the outom, because no one of them is undeserving of censure, though we bathe and clip our hair, and takt our m«ah together according to custom, so, in speaking, it is not whatever has beceme a vicious practice with many, that is to be received aa a rule of language. 4Fi. Fur, not to mention how the ignorant
' I nDdamttind the hiatoruui. Sptddw^.
■(■ CaiuH LiciniuH Calms, the orator, meotioDed with commoidBtiini br Cicero, Brut. b. 82. See Wetbol on Epirt. ad Div. xv. 21. H* ii often mentioned by Quintiliui. SptHS^.
i Oi irXtioi'ic iiiEol, said Bine.
i FeKt.] The eitreinely deliiate plucked the hur from their Mat with tweeien. or ramoved it by other meiuB. Jut. Sat viii 114; SuetoD. CiEB. 45, Olfa. 13, et alibi ; Aol. Oell. vli. 12.
q Compare lii. IS, 47 ; Juvenal, vi 502; Suvt. Ner. 61.
^ Lampridiui^ Conmiod. c. 11 ; Jn (jwii batneit td^al.
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eommonl; epeak, we know tliat whole theatres, and all tha crowd of the circus, have frequentlj uttered borbaroua ex- clamations.* Custom in speaking, therefore, I shall call the i^reement of the educated; as I call cuatom in living the agreement of the good.
CHAPTER VII.
Of orthography, t 1- IMatJDotion of wordi of doubtful aignification, 3—6. CompoutioD with prapositioni, 7 — 9. On tht letter k, JO, Ortbographj mibserrient to ougtom ; mntique Hpelling, 11 — 27. DiOenmoe between spelling and proDonciBtion, SS, 29. Ne> eainty of judgment, 30— S£. QuintJliiLn defends his remarks on thie subject, 8S— Sfi.
1. SiKCE we have mentioned what rules are to be followed in speaking, we must now specify what are to be observed b; writers. What the Greeks call igityfafia, we maj call tlte art of writing correctly; an art which does not consist in knovfing of what letters every syllable is composed (for thia study is beneath the profession even of the grammarian), but exercises its whole subtilty, in my opinion, on dubious points. 2. As it is the greatest of folly to place a markf on all long syllables, since meet of them are apparent from the veiy nature of the word that is written, yet it is at times necessary to mark them, aa when the same lett«r gives someiimes one sense and sometimes another, according as it is short or long ; thus maha is distinguished by a mark, to show whether it means " a tree " or " a bad man ;" 3. palm, tee, signifies one thing when its first syllable is long, and another when its second is so; and when the same tetter is short in the nominative and long in the ablative, we have generally to be informed by this mark which quantity we are Ui adopt.
• The oustomaiy language of the multitude, therefore, U not to bo , Bomething nmilar to tha
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4. Grammarians have in like maaner thought that tha following distJDCtion should be ebserved ; namely, that ne should write the preposition ex, if the word epeelo waB com- pounded with it, with the addition of « in the secood Bjllable, exspecto; if ^cfo, without the «. 0. It has been a distJDCtioD, also, observed by many, that ad, wlien it was a preposition, should take the letter d, but when a copjunctiou, the letter ( i* and that own, if it signiGed time, should be written with a q and two u's following, but if it meant accompaniment, with a 0. 6. Some other things were even more trifling than these, as that quicquid should have a c for the fourth letter, lest we should eeem to ask a double queetioii,t and that we should write qaotidie, not cotidie, to show that it was for ^lot di^mt. But these notions have already passed away among other puerilities.
7. It is however a question, in writing prepositions, whether it is proper to observe the sound which they make whan joined to another word, or that which they make when separate, as, for instance, when I pronounce the word obtinuit ; for our method of writing requires that the second letter should be A ; while the ear catches rather the sound of ;i ; ^ 8. or when I say (fflmunts, for the letter n, which the compoeition of the word requires, is influenced by the sound of the followiug syllable, and changed into another ni. P. It is also to be olMerved, ia dividing compound words, whether you ought to attach the middle consonant to the first or to the second syllable ; for arugpex, as its latter part is from ipeetare, will assign the letter s to the third syllable ; ahiemiut, as it is formed of a&- almencia teraeli, " abstinence from wine," will leave the s to the first syllable. 10. As to it, 1 think it should not be used in any words, except those which it denotes of itself, so that it may be put alone. § This remark I have not omitted to make, because there are some who think It necessary when a follows ; though there is the letter c, which suits itself to all vowels.
* The dietinctioD therefore, betwepn ad and at, which we scnipi^ lously observe, I Bhoold suppose that Quintilian disregaj^ed. Spaldiag.
t Quid! quidt
t la manuscripte we frequently find oplinav, which is proved from this passaga to be not always a mistake of tha copyists. It is iijd«ud difficult t« prsssrva the grave sound of b when { followi j before d, ui in obdneert, it u vaiy msy. Spolding.
I S«i L 4, B.
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11. Butorthc^raphysabmitsUicustODi.ftnii has therefore!^ quenti; been altered. I say nothiug of those ancient times whec there were fewer letters, tmd wheD their shapes were diSereut from these of oura, and their natures also different, as that of 0 among the Greeks, which was sometimes long and sometimoa ■hoit, and, as among us, was sometimes put for the syllable whiuh it expresses by its mere name.* lit. I say nothing also of d, among the ancient Latins, being added f as the last letter to a great number of words, as is apparent from the rostral pillar erected to Caios Duellius in the forum ; | nor nor do I speak of ff being used in the same nuuiQer,§ as, on the puhinar \\ of the Sun, which is worshipped near die temple of Komulus, is read vespeniff, which we take for petpervgo. 13. Nor is it necessary to say anything hereof the interchange of letters, of which I have spoken above ;% for perhaps as they wrote they also spoke.
■ That is, for the interjection.
f Ul — i—uliimam adjecfiBa^ Haw ia this accuntire goTemedT R uema to ba wanting after ut : utet (traoseo w.) d <Mmam, to.
X This we ma; oiu^lveB see, *■ the bug of thia ancient monnmeDt has been pr«Berved even to our timea, and a repreaentation of it is given in a treatiEfl bjr PsMr Ciacoonius, nhenoB Onevius hns copied it into hie Floriia, p. 166 ; and it a alao to be found in Qruter, p. 404. TliB letters are not yet oblite-atod ; and we read fvffnandod for pvg. nando ; marid for mart ,- AidatoTtd for dtctotort ; »( oAoif for vn aUo ; vamaled pradad for navaU prieda. Hore azamples are given by Vosajn^ Art Qromm. ii. 14. Spaldijig.
i Of tbia addition 1 find no eianipla in monnmenlal inBcriptions ; and Quintiliaa himself appears to intimate that it was more rare tHaa the preceding. It is probable that the aocienta, instead of vapere, uaed vapeT% like noetu, an ablative case, as is proved, from Enoiua, bj VoaeiuB, ds AnaL ii 13. To this they added g, veiperug, which the contemporariea of Quintilian erroneously supposed (for QuintiliaQ himaelf rejscta the supposition) ti> be for vttpeivgineia, regarding it aa a curtailed instead of a lengthened word. Spaldi»g.
II In what sense Quintilian uaes this word is by no means cleat>. That the letters were enabroiderad on the pvli-inar, or couch, with the needle, ss Qesner in bis TbaaauruB supposes, (eems a conjecture quite inadmissiblo ; but there were jndi-inaria made of solid msterial, in imitation of real couches, on which the letters might have been engraved. But it appears beet to take fvlrniar in the ssDae of a IcmpU in vihitA pulYinsria loere ipread. In Liiy iii. 62, we may auppose palrinanion to be used in thia aenae ; and we may also refer to Tacitus, Ann, it. 74. folding. Thia sense of tlie word it abDndantl; established in Schellisr'B Latin Lexicon. H J. 4, 12-17.
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14. It was for a long time a very common custom not te double the eemiTOweU ; wMe. on tte other hand, even down to the time of Accius and later, they wrote, as I have re> nmrked," long syllabloa with tiro vowels. 15. Still longer continued the practice of using e and i together, joining them in the same manner as tba Greeks in the diphthong t\. This practice was adopted for a distinction in cases and aumbeia, BS LuciliuB t admonishes us :
and afterwards,
Jf cnJaA JtMWK a/i4x» B, wttm Am Airn
However this addition di e\& both superfluous, since i has the nature as well of a long as of a short letter, and also sometimes inconvenient; for in those words which have e immediately before the last syllable, and end with % long, we should use, if we adopted that method, a double e, as attreei, argenteei, and the like ; and this would be extremely embarrassiug to those who are beiug taught to read ; 17. as happens also among the Greeks by the addition of the letter i, which they not only write at die end of dative cases, but sometimes even in the middle of a word, as AHI2THI,|| because e^molt^, in making a division of the word into three syllables, requires that letter. 18. The diphthong ai, for the second letter of which we now substitute e, our ancestors expressed, with a varied pronuucia-
• L «, 10.
t He wrote mle> or grommaLr in versa. StgiaM. Wbether theea femarkB an grojiunaticB] pointa were introduced among Lie Bataree, or were sepanta camptwitianB, critioa amnot infonD lU.
t That ia, " Now the bo^g (pwri) are oome ; make the concliuioi] * Bed i, that the boya {pMeretf m^ be made plural." The ■ was inserted to diBtiDguiah the plural from the genitive ungular.
S Spalding cwDaidera that fur it used in the quotation in tba sense of termu. If ao, the senie will be, " To a liar and a. alave {mendaci 'un^iM) yon aholl add t, when you ahall order to give to ■ slave ;" i (., when you shall nae the datiTe case, which was to end in a to dis- tinguish it from the ablative. See Velius Longua, Putsch, p. 2330 ; AnL OeU. liii. 25.
\\ For XpffTJi, the dative case of Xj/arfit, a lobber. Qryphina's edition, for >» (m tjflabat, hai m dwai tyUahta, which Bormaiui would adopt, making the lUviaion Xtfi — n-^i, or Xp — irry. Tl^e fliat ■yUabls of the word requires an iota, as coming from Xiiu, " booty."
r a
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tion, by a and i, soma nsiitg it in all csseB like the Oreeln others oDly in the singular, nhen they had to form a gettitiTe or dadre case, whence Virgil, a great lover of antiquity, has inserted in his versen picttU vettu, and aulai; but in the pluntl number of such nouns they use e, as SyUae, Oalbat. 1 9. There is on this point also a precopt of Lucilius,* which, as it is ex* pressed in a great number of verses, whoever is incredulous about it may seek in hia ninth book.
SO. I may mention, too, th&t in the time of Cicero, and some- what ,ltit«r, the letter i, as often as it occurred between two long Towels, or followed a long vowel, was doubled, as eatuta, eaitua. divittionet ; for that both he and Virgil wrote in this way, their own hands show. SI. Buttbose of a somewhat earlier period wrote the word jam, which we express with two t'a, with only one. Thntoprtntus,»uuninut, should take t as their middle letter, v^ich among the ancients was u, is said to have been brought about by an inscription ta Caius Cssar.t 32. The ward here we now end with the letter e ; but I still find in the hooks of the old comic writers Htri ad me vmtit;'^ which same mode of spellii^ is found in the letters of Augustus.g which he wrote or corrected with his own hand, 33, Did not Cato the Censor, also, for dicam and/actum, write dteem exiijaeiem fU and did he not observe the same method in other verbs which terminate in a similar way ? This is indeed manifest from his old writings, and is remarked by Messala in his book on the letter t. SHie and quote occur in the writings of many autiiors ; but whether the authors themselves intended thoni to be written thus, I do not know ; that Livy spelled them in that way. I learn from Pedianus, who himself imitated Livy ; we end those words with the letter i.
36. Why need I allude to vorHeei and vonut and other
■ This ra«eept U loit. It uemi to hava been ■imilar to thftt of
Higidiue ^gulua, which we find in Aul. Q«E ziii 35. Sf<ddmg.
t Caligula, who first adopted thU title of opHmtu maxcmut; Sueton. 0. S2. The Bair.e mi>d« of ap«UiDg coDtinued. sa appears from ao liwcriptton to Trajan in Ornter, p. 247, and Reinea. iii. IS, 16. Bur-
i« aim AoL OeU.
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nmilar vords, in nhich Scipio AfricaDua is said to have firat changed the second letter into tf 36. Oar tutors wrote eemuia and teruam with the lett«rB u and o, cerium, tervorA, in order that the same two vowels, following each ether, might not coalesce and be confounded in the aome sound ; the; are now written with two u's, on the principle which I have stated ;* though in neither way is the word which we conceive exactly eipressed. Nor was it without advantage that Claudius introduced the ^olic letterf for snch cases 21. It is an improvement of the present day that we spell eui with the three letters which I have just written ; for in this word, when we were boys, they used, making a veiy offensive sound, 911 and oi, only that it might be distinguished from qui.
28. What shall I say, too, of words that are written othe^ wise than they are pronounced ? Omm* is spelled with the letter e. which, inverted, means a woman ; for that women w^e called Caia, as well aa men Oiii, t^fipeara even from our nuptial ceremonies.} 29. Nor does Oncitu assume that letter, in designating a pmnomen, with which it is sounded. § We read, loo, eolumtia and eonsuletW with the letter n emitted; and Subura, when it is des^poated by three letters, takes « as the third.^ There are many other peculiarities of this kind ; but I fear that those which I have noticed have exceeded the limits of so unimportant a subject.
30. On all such points let the giammarian use his own judgment, tor in this department it ought to be of the greatest authority. For myself, I think that all worde, (unless custom has ordered otherwise,) should be written in conformity with (heir sound. 31. For this is the use of letters, ta preserve
■ See I 4, n.
+ See L *, 7.
ila which the womui said, Ubi (a Catai, ihi ego Caia. For it is muked Cm., Dot. u it ought to be, 6'n. Spaldiag. But he ii inclined, not without reason, to tliiok the worda tn jM-mtonmw luita a gloBsema.
II Siding olMerves thkt he knows of no eiunple of tha otnlaaioii of n in colmima. Cot. &nd Coo. ware tha oTdinu? abbreviatiaDB of erntnl and contula,
H VuTO de Ling. Lat, lib. iv. darivM Salnirra from a pagft Bailed 'AbmtonM, and Buppoaes that it was originally Suaua, that the e wM ■fterwarda changed into &, and that Sitbuia waa then tranafornuid into SHbarro. Wa Sequent]; see Sue., aaya Spoiling, aa the detdgnation <4 the Subiuran nr Saauan tribe in tb« inuaiptioiia of Oruter.
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words, and to restore tliem, like a deposit, to readers ; and they ooght, therefore, (o express exactlj what ne are to say,
S2. These are the most important points as to speaking and writing correctlr. The other two departments, those of speak ing with significance* and elegance, I do not indeed take away bom the grammarians, but, as the duties of the rheto- rician remain for me to explain, reserve them for a more important part of my work.
33. Yet the reflection recurs to me, that sodm will regard those matters of which I have just treated as estremelj trifling, and even as impediments to the accomplishment of anything greater. Nor do I myself think that we ought to descend to extreme solicitude, and puerile disputations, about them ; I even consider that the mind may he weakened and contracted by being fixed upon them. 34. But no part of grammar will be hur^il, except what is superfluous. Was Cicero the less of an orator bscaose he was most attentive to the study erf grammar, and because, as appears from his letteis^ he was a rigid exactor, on all occasions, of correct language from his son ? Did the writings of Julius Ctesar On Analogp diminish the vigour of his intellect? Or was Meseala teas elegant as a writer, because he devoted whole books, not merely to dngle words, but even to single letters ? These studies are iqjuriouH. not to those who pass through them, but to tliose who dwell immoderately upon them.
CHAPTER VIII.
Of reading, % 1 — 1. Antbon to b* read, GnA and Latin, J — ]£. Duiy of the erHiUDHiui, IS — 1T> Of lecture* on birtorical rwtd- iDg, 18—21.
1 . Readikg reroaioH to be considered ; in which how a bty may know when to take breath, where to divide a verse, f
* SijpafK'mttrJ] Spaldiog inteipreta tbii word b; ftrmcui, clari. But it lignifles Bometbiog more; it implies epeiikiiig wiU propriety, yuang langnnga raited to the sabjeot, uid pntting " proper worda in Ittapcr placea."
i- Venrnn di^iagwrt.'] That ia, to divide ■ verse proparlj in loadings fo W not to ruD alwajB on to the end of it, uid there drop the voica. That Qulutiliui ii ipeakiiig of tha reading of poetry, la apparent from
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where the sense is concluded, where it begius, when the voice is to be raised or lowered, what is to be uttered with unj' par^ ticular intlexiou of sound, or what ia to be pronounced with greater «lowness or rapidity, with greater animation or gentle- ness than other passages, can be taught only in practice, it. There ia but one direction, therefore, which I have to give iu this part of mj work, namely, that he mag be able to do aL Ihii titvceuj%lljf, let him anderMland what he read*.
Let his mode of reading, however, be, above all, manly, uniting gravity with a certain degree of sweetness ; and let not his reading of the poets be like that of prose ; for it is verse, and the poets say that they sing; yet let it no: degenerate into sing-song, or be rendered effeminate with un- natural softness, as is now the practice among most readers ; on which sort of reading we hear that Caius C»sar, while he was still under age, observed happily to some one that was practising it, " If you are singing, you sing badly ; if you pre- tend to read, you nevertheless sing." 3. Nor would I have proiopopeia pronounced, as some would wish them, after the manner of actors ; though I think there should be a certain alteration of the voice by which they may be distinguished from those passages in which the poet speaks in his own person.
4. Other points* demand much admonition to be ^vea on them ; and care is to be taken, above all things, that tender minds, which will imbibe deeply whatever has entered ihem while rude and ignonnt of everything, may learn, not only what is eloquent, but, still more, what is morally good. 6, It has accordingly boen an excellent custom, that reading fr^_^ ■ should commet'ce with Homer onH Virgil, althougn, to ' understand their merits, there is need of maturer judgment ; \,- but for the ocquisiiion of judgment there is abundance of time ; for (h^ will not be read once only. Iu the meantirae. let thet mind mf the pupil be emlted with the sublimity of the beroicl terse, conceive ardour from the magnitude of the subjects, and| '
the next ■htUoh; aad he had pnrioaBlr, i. 4, 2 mentioDed in Btruction In the tsading of the poets as part of the grammarian'i dutj
* Beaide* the mere method of mding, caution ia to be used as te the autijeote read ; aod moral bBtruetion ihould be occasianal^ introdooed during the le»OD, according aa the matter majr auggeat it^
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_j imbued witb tlie noblest sentimenla. 6. The reading of tragedies ia beneficial ; tie It/rie jioets nouriah the mind, pro- tidod that you select from them, iiot merely authors, but portiQ;i3 of their worka; for the Greeks are licentious in ^^many of their writings, and I should be loath to interpret Horace iu certain ]jas8age8. As to elegy, at least that nhich ■, treats of love, and hendecasyllablea,* and poems in which there are portions of Sotadic verses, (for concemmg Sotadic verses themselves no precept need even be mentioned,) let them bo altogether kept awaj', if it be possible ; if not, let thorn at least be reserved for the greater strength of mature age.t 7 Of comedy, which