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Peo howe ALS OF BEN LrOMOLDOG Y :- [Established in 1874. ]
VOLUME 6.
1891-1893.
CamBripGE, Mass., U.S. A.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
1893.
CONPENTS:
ALDRICH, J. M. A new genus and species of Tabanidae. Figures The dolichopodid genus Liancalus Loew
ASHMEAD, WILLIAM Harris. Three new Pambolids on ihe United States On the species of the genus Mirax found in North America
BANKS, NATHAN. A new American Lacinius BEAN, THomas E. Arctia yarrowii in Canada
BEUTENMULLER, WILLIAM. sae eas of the larva os pupa Ge Scotobates dailea-
ratus Fabr. Description of the preneratone stages of Callosazak padtietives rary BLANCHARD, FREDERICK. On an aoe character, hitherto little noticed, in the family Buprestidae : : BLATCHLEY, W.S. An unusual Aster ae mehistocerea americana
CHoLopkowsky, N. The morphology and phylogeny of insects. CLARKE, Cora H. Caddis-worms of Stony Brook. Figures CocKERELL, THoMAS D. A. Brief notes on two Jamaica Papilionidae Early stages of two Jamaica Nymphalidae Two new forms of Diaspinae
DouertTy, W. Green butterflies. 5 c e Dyar, HARRISON G. Descriptions of the prepamatony stages oft two formas of Geran cinerea Walk c : Preparatory stages of Eee eaeuear a iatenloe Pace
Notes on Bombycid larvae c . I1O-112: 145- a :
A list of the Bombyces found in the lect ic- light eee at Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
On the specific distinctness of Halisidota harrisii, with notes on the preparatory stages of the species of Halisidota inhabiting New York
Preparatory stages of Pheosia dimidiata H. S.
Choice of food
A correction
Life history of Oreyia cana pity. Bie
Dryocampa riversii Behr
The larva of Nola minuscula
The larva of Sarrothripa reveyana 2
Notes on Cerura, with descriptions of new species
Cerura modesta
Additional notes on Howby rcid acne
The number of larval stages in the genus ieadats
53 465-466
404-405 153-158
450 481-482 571-573
68
80-83 95-96
177-179 126-129
162-166 194-196 196 197 203-205
Fs)
248-249 259-260 290-292
293 323-326 337-349
Dyar, H.G. (Cont.) Preparatory stages of Pheosia portlandia Hy. Edw. 0 : 351-353
Preparatory stages of Clisiocampa erosa Stretch . > : : 9 : : 364-365 Notes on the larval stages of Arctia blakei Grote . : ; 4 : ; F 379-381 The larval stages of Ichthyura multnoma Dyar . : - ; 403-404 Orgyia badia and other notes, with a table to separate ne larvae a Ouse - 419-421 Additions to the list of Bombyces at Poughkeepsie. Figures. . : : 479-480 A description of the larva of a species of the lintneri group of Gluphisia_. : 503-504 On variation in the venation of an Arctian with notes on other allied genera.
Plate 79 5 : . c : : , , : : : : ; ; 51-512 Notes on Gluphisia . : : . : : : : : : : : 3 529-530 A-correction . 5 : : ¢ : ; - 2 556 A note on the larva ee Dene Moiidana Cie? : : ‘ : : : : ; 573
ExioT, IDA M. and SouLE, CAROLINE G. Smerinthusastylus . : : 2 : : 31 Hemaris diffinis : c : 0 : 5 5 : 3 : é 5 < 142-145 FORBES, STEPHEN ALFRED. Experiments with chinch-bugs. . 5 : - 250 - Fox, WILLIAM JOSEPH. Synopsis of the North American species of Mepecilicee Smith 421-422 Descriptions of new aculeate Hymenoptera. : : : : 553-556 FRENCH, GEORGE HAZEN. The partial preparatory stages of Heteeopacha niles ere Harvey. 3 : : : é : : : : . : 5 5 ‘ - 30-31 GARMAN, H. On the life history of Diabrotica 12-punctata Oliv. Figures . 28-30: 44-49 Oebalus pugnax an enemy of grasses. 3 : : 4 5 : : : ‘ 61 A supplementary note on Diabrotica 12-punctata . : 5 2 : : é . 78-80 On a singular gland possessed by the male Hadenoecus subterraneus. Figure . : 105 American Phytoptocecidii. Plate 6 : : : : : : : . : 241-246 Hampson, G. F. Theclick of Ageronia. Figure. : ‘ é A : Or HAMILTON, JOHN. The new catalogue of European Goleapeers : : : : 147-148 HAMILTON, JOHNand HENSHAW, SAMUEL. A list of some of the catalogues and local lists of North American Coleoptera. c : : : 160-162: 188-193: 205-209 HENSHAW, SAMUEL. Bibliographical notes . : . 180: 293: 440-441: 557 Hoop, Lewis E. The Leptidae and Bombylidae of me White Mountains : : 283-284 Heraclides cresphontes. : 2 : : > : 5 : : : : 5 By HOLLAND, WILLIAM JOSEPH. Descriptions of new West African Lycaenidae; Paper II. 50-53 The life history of Spalgis s-signata Holl. Plate 4 c : . : : - 201-203 Notes upon the transformations of some African Lepidoptera. Plate 5 : : 213-216 Descriptions of new species and genera of West African we Plates ro,
17, 18, 20, 21; Figures : 5 : : 373-376: 393-
400: 411-418: 431-434: 451-454: 469- 476: 487-490: 513- 520: 531-538: 549-552: 565-568 Communal cocoons and the moths which weave them. Plateg . . : : 385-391
Hyarr, ALPpHeusand ARMs, JENNIE Maria. A novel diagrammatic representation of
the orders of insects. Platez. Figures . : : : : : : II-41
A general survey of the modes of development in insects, and fer meaning . 37-43
JAcK, JoHN GeorGrE. Notes on three species of Hylotoma 5 ; : ; : “IO-11
LuGcGeEr, Otro. Two new lepidopterous borers. Plate 3? 108-109 McNEILL, JEROME. A list of the Orthoptera of Illinois . s 3-9: 21-27: 62-66: 73-78 MERRIFIELD, FREDERIC. Temperature experiments with moths 148-149 Temperature experiments : ‘ 196 Morse, ALBERT Pitts. A melanistic locust : : : 401-402 A new species of Stenobothrus from Connecticut, with remarks on ether Neon England species. Figures 477-479 PACKARD, ALPHEUS SPRING. The Bombycine genus Lagoa, type of a new family. 281-282 Notes on the nesting habits of certain bees ° . : : C : : 340-341 Notes on Gluphisia and other Notodontidae . . ; : : : 499-502: 521-522 PATTON, WILLIAM HAMPTON. Synonymy of butterfly parasites 261 S., S. H. Early appearance of Anosia plexippus : : ; 491-492 Bconban: SAMUEL HuBBARD. More damage by white ants in New England 15-16 Lestes eurinus Say : ; : 66 A decade of monstrous beetles. Plate 2 89-93 Oeneis and its early stages : 99-100 Some of the early stages of Zerene catenaria 124-126 Experiments with alpine butterflies 129-130 The early stages of three Coleoptera : : ; 3 : : : 173-175 The Orthopteran genus Hippiscus 5 : : . 265-274: Hee 288: 301-
304 : 317-3203; 333-336: 347-350: 359-363
Some notes on the early stages, especially the chrysalis, of a few American Sphingidae : : SHarP, Davip. Mould in cabinets : Supp, J. W. An undescribed species of Vespa : ‘ . ‘ : SLINGERLAND, MARK VERNON. Some observations upon two species a Bruchus. Plate 16 : : : : :
Snow, FrRANcIis H. Bcperineute for ine aestritiion ee cnineh bugs by fafcios SouLe, CAROLINE G. The march of Hyperchiria io
Harrisimemna trisignata : :
Full grown larva and pupa of Deidamia ‘ase¥ipta
On the food-habit of Telea polyphemus
A moulting-habit of larvae of Platysamia ceanothi
Some abnormal larvae
Another Deidamia inscripta
Halisidota caryae
Food plants; choice of food
Heteropacha rileyana
Nadata gibbosa : :
The early stages of Nerice Hidentata
Tardy wing-expansion in Callosamia
Notes
Tutt, J. W. Vanessa milberti, a correction
435-437 461 450
445-449 225-233 15 53-54 I16-117 117
133
149 149-150 158-160 166 193-194 197 276-277 595 530
441
TowNSEND, CHARLES HENRY TYLER. Two new Tachinids A new Simulium from southern New Mexico A parasite of the fall web-worm Note on Phorocera promiscua A tachinid parasite of the oak unicorn prominent Description of a Sarcophaga bred from Helix A new genus of Tachinidae ; , Tachinid parasite of Eucaterva variaria Gite and other notes An Aporia bred from Limacodes sp. 3 : 0 ; Description of Oestrid larvae taken from the Jack- rabbit and Coton tail Introduction to Brauer and yon Bergenstamm’s Vorarbeiten zu einer Mono-
graphie der Muscaria Schizometopa_. : - : : 4 : 313-316:
Oviposition of a homopterous insect in Yucca : . An interesting blood-sucking gnat of the family Gironomniaes Plate § Description of a new and teresting Phasiid-like genus of Tachinidae, s. str. Description of the pupa of Toxophora virgata O. S.
Note on Atropharista jurinoides
Hosts of North American Tachinidae, etc., I.
A cabbage-like cecidomyiidous gall on Bieclovid
Note on Dr. Williston’s criticisms
A cock’s-comb gall on Rhus microphylla
On a fleshy leaf-gall on scrub-oak f
Note on a scutellerid on native tobacco in Arizona
Van Duzee, Epwarp P. The North American Jassidae allied to Thamnotettix
WALSINGHAM, Lord. Protection by conspicuous colors 5 WEED, CLARENCE Moores. A preliminary synopsis of the eee epics (Pha- langiidae) of Mississippi. Plates 17-15 : WHEELER, WILLIAM Morton. Hemidiptera haeckelii The embryology of a common fly The germ band of insects
Concerning the blood-tissue of the Tasecta: IMIR Pe ; 216-220: 233-236:
329-332 353-354 369-371 4205130 tomo 461 466-468 49 Te 5045595 SI) 547-548
305-310 67 425-429
66-67
97-99 112-115
253-258
The primitive number of Malpighian vessels in insects. Figures. 457-460: 485-486: 497-
498: 509-510: 539-541: 545-547:
WicKHAM, HENRY FREDERICK. Notes on some myrmecophilous Coleoptera On the attraction of light for the two sexes of Coleoptera WILLIAMS, J. Lawron. Clouds of insects WILLISTON, SAMUEL WENDELL. A merited honor Notes on Tachinidae Atropharista jurinoides 5 : : : 5 5 : : : WoopworTH, CHARLES WILLIAM. On the relation between scientific and econo- mic entomology
561-564 321-323 391-392 180-181 : 346 409-410
492
12-19
UNSIGNED ARTICLES.
A NEw INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY - Z : : : . : ‘ 14 RECENT ENGLISH PUBLICATIONS (Buckton’s British Cicadae; Moore’s Lepidoptera Indica; Kirby’s Catalogue of Odonata) 14-15
ENTOMOLOGICAL NoTEs (Novitates lepidopterologicae; Vanessa mielbertd in Eng- land; Dr. C. Berg, 16. Marine insects; Dr. Weed’s appointment, 27. Kolbe’s Introduction; the oldest phryganid; eggs of Lycaenidae, 32-33. Mr. C. P. Gillette; New England spiders; classification of Diptera; trans- formations of Coleoptera; l’Abeille, 54. Lowne’s Anatomy of the blow-fly; reported death of Kiinckel d’Herculais; distribution of Vanessa carduz, 100- 101; Maynard’s Manual of N. A. butterflies; a Cincinnati boy in the tropics; the reported death of Kiinckel, 133-134. Monograph of the Conocepha- linae; larva of Micropteryx; hermaphroditic Arthropoda, 150. Announce- ments; Moore’s Lepidoptera Indica, 166. Prize for essay on insect pests; insect appreciation of insect song, 181-182. Catalogue of Elateridae; two interesting papers; Moore’s Lepidoptera Indica; genera of Aeschnidae; new trap door spider; Macrolepidoptera of Buffalo; new works upon British insects; Kolbe’s Introduction; October meeting of the Entomological society of London, 197-198. Reprint of vol. 1 of Psyche; Labrador insects; Sharp eyes; amber insects; Gundlach’s Entomologia cubana; new list of American Lepidoptera, 209. Pieris rapae engaged in a new kind of sport; the gypsy moth; the amber museum of Stantien and Becker, 237-238. The gypsy moth; biology of the Chalcididae; Goniops,—a correction, 246. A study of California butterflies, 260. Henry Edwards’s entomological collection; cole- opterous fauna of the Ecuadorian Andes; formation of new colonies and nests by New Zealand ants, 261. Psyche; protective resemblance; new Classifica- tion of the Acaroidea; Kolbe’s introduction to entomology; Schatz and Rober’s Families and genera of butterflies ; visits of insects to flowers; destroy- ing the chinch bug in the field; cecidomyian galls; insects of New York, 277-278. Hudson’s New Zealand entomology; Lowne’s Blow-fly; Moore’s Lepidoptera Indica; a prize in economic entomology; Heraclides cresphontes in Massachusetts, 294. Insects of Custer Co., Colo.; Ofomala brachyptera; Riley’s Directions for preserving insects; Oenezs semztdea; Memorial to H. W. Bates; Riley’s recent papers; Fasontades glaucus; Kirby’s Catalogue of moths and Text book; Moore’s Lepidoptera Indica; Gundlach’s Cuban Orthoptera; a correction, 341-342. A new catalogue of Hemiptera; the illness of Dr. Hagen; enumeration of Iowa insects; the young of mole- crickets; Humbert’s posthumous work on Myriapoda, 365-366. Development of the head of Chironomus; Edwards on Chionobas; a catalogue of Hymen- optera; strange egg of a Reduviid; Marx’s American spiders; Latrodectus formidabilis; a fragment of a manual of our butterflies; Casey on Rhyncho- phora; a new index, 381-382. Moore’s Lepidoptera Indica; Osten Sacken’s
classification of Diptera orthorrhapha; Distant’s Oriental Cicadidae; Wash- ington entomology, 405-406. Brongniart succeeds Lucas; death of Speyer; Kolbe’s Introduction, 410. Explanation of plate 10; mouth parts of Apio- ceridae; New York insect galls; anatomy of Orthoptera, 422. Kolbe’s Intro- duction; defensive odor in a caterpillar; Alaskan Coleoptera; Gryllidae of Indiana; a blind cavernicolous cockroach; Comstock’s classification of the Lepidoptera; new iconographs of Lepidoptera; dates of issue of Psyche, 441-442. Spiders of Indo-Malesia; North American Neuroptera; phylogeny of butterflies, 460. Insect embryology; revision of the system of Orthoptera ; list of Nebraska Orthoptera; exchange of places of Messrs. Townsend and Cockerell; the new catalogue of Hemiptera; two new works on butterflies ; honors to entomologists; explanation of plates 17-18; correction, 492-493. Insect paratism; stridulation in ants; West Virginia Scolytidae; reissue of Hiibner’s Exotic butterflies, 505. The seventeen-year locust; the ‘‘genuine oestrid larva” of the box turtle; Mr. J. M. Aldrich; recent publications, 524- 525. Kolbe’s Introduction; Weismann on ants, white ants in the Cambridge botanic garden ;Cuterebra fontinella, 541).
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB (Election of officers; exhibitions, 16. President’s address; exhibitions; early stages of Odonata; Ixodes; retractile organs in Craesus; Atractocerus braziliensis; distribution of Odonata; early stages of Blepharocera; various notes on Neuroptera; Typhlocybidae; cut-worms, 33-34. Subsegments of butterfly larvae; cocoon in Oeneis; Sphingidae, 54. Axthocharis genutia; larva of Lagoa; election of officers; leaf cutting ant; suspension in chrysalis of Thais; Pvercs oleracea and P. napt, 69-70. Exhibitions; Hypochilus, 86. Injury by Otio- rhynchus; Saturuza zo; copulatory organs of Agalena; fossil insect locali- ties in the West; milk-weed butterfly; muscardine; Ocnerza dispar ; fossil butterflies, tor-1o2. Anax; fossil plant-lice; election of officers, 118. Books for beginners; injury to wooden water-pipes, 134. Fossil insects; Meonym- pha canthus; Platyblemmus; Pteromalus, 150. Exhibitions, 166. Injury by white ants; insects in stomachs of woodpeckers, 182. Zopherus; monstrosi- ties, 198. Variation in Bryodema tuberculata; New England Attidae; Aphodius pumtlus ; election of officers; young larvae of Oeneis, 210. Celia; Amblychetla piccolomint?, 238. Melanoplus minor; \arval filaments in Anosia; development of Oeneis semidea; exhibitions, 250. Election of officers; capture of Orthoptera; exhibitions; ink from butterfly scales; the genus Hippiscus; red larvae on snow, 261-262. Corethra, 294. Origin of ant-fauna of Europe; Pelectnus polycerator; species of Colias; 300. Aztho- master leonardus; Callidryas eubule, 366. North American Phasmidae; earliest occurrence of injurious beetles, 372. Embryonic and paleozoic Phasmidae compared; malformations in embryo Dissosteira; exhibition of specimens, 406. Officers for 1892, 410. Change of by-laws; Melanoplus atlanis; Metrypa in the United States; illustrations of fossil insects; papers on Arctia and Stenobothrus, 461-462. Tropaeolum as food of Pieris rapae; races of Schistocerca literosa on the Galapagos, 494. Mycetophaetus a Penthe- tria; lepidopterous fauna of the Bahamas; stridulation of Lepidoptera; exhibi- bitions; embryology of the sheep tick, 525).
BRONGNIART ON PROTHORACIC WINGS IN CARBONIFEROUS INSECTS. : . : é 31 A HINT FROM EMBRYOLOGY . : : : : - 5 : - - : . 32 SOME OLD CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN Panes SAY AND PICKERING. Figures. 57-60: 12I-
124: 137-141: 169-172 : 185-187 : 297-298: 345-346: ee.
PERSONAL NOTES . : ; : - 5 5 : : : : . 60, 86, 93, 118,
FOREL ON THE HABITS OF BRACHYTRYPUS ‘ , : : , : : : ie BUGNION ON ALPINE FAUNAS i : P ‘ : : : : ; ‘ : . 68-69 THe ABBE PROVANCHER’S WORK IN CANADA : : : : : j : : F 69 EDWARDS’S BUTTERFLIES OF NORTH AMERICA . : : 2 : : . 85-86 : 221-222 PACKARD’S FOREST-INSECTS : : : : : ‘ ‘ é : A j 86 BIBLIOGRAPHY (The proboscis of the tee -fly; the foot of the same). . : . 115-116
ReEcENT LITERATURE (Tutt’s British Noctuae; Bugnion’s Postembryonal develop- ment, habits, and anatomy of Encyrtus; Foerster’s Insects of the middle oligo- cene of Brunstatt, 117. Transactions of the American entomological society ; Insect life; the ‘‘jumping bean” ; Kolbe’s Introduction, 132. Buckton’s British Cicadae; succession of wing colors in chrysalids of butterflies; a cyclopean honey-bee, 222).
EDWARD BURGESS ¢ : : 4 3 é ' : : ; : : ; : 131 THE LonpoNn INSECTARY. : ‘ F : : : ; : : J F 131-132 A DrpTrEeRouS PARASITE OF THE TOAD : 5 : : : : F : é sek 240) HENRY WALTER BATES . : : : . : ‘ : ; : ; ‘ 249-250 DoHRN AND BURMEISTER F 3 , : : : F ‘ ‘ : ; : 2 300 JoHN Witt RANDALL . é : : : ; : : , : : : ; = 3n6 A LoweER SILURIAN INSECT FROM SWEDEN j : p : 3 : : : « i365 ANTS BREEDING IN AND IN . : Z ‘ - : : j P ‘ ; eee A MoNoOGRAPH OF NORTH AMERICAN Tacs : ‘ A : =) een LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL Notes (A grant from the Bache Fund; the Keavvett collection
of Indian Lepidoptera at Pittsburg; Indiana butterflies) . 2 : : : = 392 WESTWOOD AND STAINTON . : : 5 : 5 ; f : : : : = 405 HYMENOPTERA OF MADAGASCAR . ; - : - 449 Locat Nores (Dr. Packard’s insect types; Dr. \[- w. Randall fie gypsy moth) Z 5 ne
For Brief Notes, Foreign Notes, General Notes, Literary Notes, Miscellaneous Notes, and Notes, see Entomological Notes.
Se : “A i 70S 2 ¢ A eeory RIAL OE BNTOMOLOGY. [Established in 1874. ] Vol. 6. (No. 17s January, 1891. CONTENTS: A List oF THE OrTHorreRA oF ILLINoIs,—I. GRYLLIDAE.—Ferome McNeill : 3 NoTes ON THREE SPECIES oF HyLotoma.—¥f. G. Fack - : 4 : : : 10
A NoveL DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE ORDERS OF INsEcTs (Plate I.) —Alpheus Hyatt, Ff. M. Arms . 3 : : : : < : : : II
Descriprions oF THE LARVA AND PupA oF SCOTOBATES CALCARATUS FaBR.— Vm. Beutenmiutller ‘, us 5 : 5 : 5 ; - : 4 : : A 13
A New INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY : : : : ; : ; 5 E 14
RecENT ENGLISH PuBLICATIONS (Buckton’s British Cicadae; Moore’s Lepidoptera
Indica; Kirby’s Catalogue of Odonata) . : : - F : . ; : 14 THe Marcu oF Hypercairia 10.—Caroline G. Soule : : ‘ : : : 15 More DaMaGE By WHITE Ants tN New ENGLAND.—S. H. Scudder : ; : 15 MIscELLANEOUS NoTEs : - - ; : 3 : 2 c : c : 16
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB , , ‘ : ‘ . 16
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Wollaston, Mass.
BIBLIOTHECA ENTOMOLOGICA.
Catalogue of second hand works on entomology, containing the library of the late W. Ehlers, Consul ofthe German Empire at Cartagena, Spain, and a large portion of the library of the late J. Ch. Puls. of Ghent, Belgium.
Sent postpaid on application.
FELIX L. DAMEs,
Natural History Bookseller, 47 Tauben-Strasse, Berlin, W., Germany
The following books and pamphlets are for sale by the CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB:
Bulletin Brooklyn Entomological Club, Vol. I, 1878-1879, . : . a ; . $2.00 Burgess, E. Contributions to the anatomy
of the milk-weed butterfly, Danais archippus. Boston, 1880, 16 p., 2 plates. c : 1.00 Casey, Thomas L. Contributions to the descrip- tive and systematic Coleopterology of North
America. Part I-II. : I.00 Hitchcock, Edward. Ichnology of New England. Boston, 1858 . : 5 I.50
Schwarz, E. A. The Coleoptera of Florida .50 Scudder, S. H. ‘The earliest winged insects of America: a re-examination of the Devon- an insects of New Brunswick, in the light of criticisms and of new studies of other paleo-
zoic types. Cambridge, 1885, 8 p., 1 plate -50 Weber, F. Nomenclator entomologicus. Chilonii et Hamburgi, 1795, 171 p. : oe eae
SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas., Cambridge, Mass.
—
PSY CHE.
A bist, OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF ILLINOIS:—1.
BY JEROME MCNEILL, FAYETTEVILLE, ARK.
THE following list is an enumeration of all the species of Orthoptera known to me to occur within the State, as well as those species reported by others but not identified by the writer. Names of the last mentioned class are preceded by an asterisk and accompanied by the name of the person upon whose author- ity they are inserted. If the species is uncommon, one or more localities in which it has been or is reported to have been captured will be given. The earliest date, known to me, of the ap- pearance of each species will be given and unless otherwise stated this date will be understood to be the recorded time of their appearance or capture at Rock Island, III.
GRYLLIDAE.
1. Zredactylus apicalis Say. Urba- ua, july 7. “Quincy, Sept. 6. Found in abundance on a sand bar in the river at the last mentioned place by Mr. C. A. Hart of Illinois Univer- sity.
*2. Tridactylus terminalis Uhler. Southern Illinois (Thomas, Uhler).
3. Tridactylus minutus Scudder. Champaign, Aug. 20.
4. Gryllotalpa columbia Scudder.
This mole-cricket I have found in a single locality on Rock Island. This place is between Fort Armstrong and the Powder House on the southern side of the Island. Here the shore is flat and sandy and thickly strewn fragments of bark and wood brought down by the river from the saw-mills at Moline and left on the My attention was attracted the first time I had the good fortune to walk that way by observing that from many of these pieces of bark which were within a few feet of the water a number of little ridges radiated in crooked lines which, however, never seemed to intersect each other. An exploration of these tunnels revealed at the end of almost every one
“long-winged”
with
low shores by the receding water.
opened a cricket large or small. Au- gust. 5. Gryllotalpa borealis Burm. 1
have found this species as early as June 25 in eastern Indiana. ance about Moline is early in August. At this season of the year at least it is
Its first appear-
solitary as all the specimens I have cap- tured have been the sole occupants of burrows. Mr. Scudder has compared its song to that of ‘‘the distant sound of been struck with the
frogs.” I have
4 ESOL.
resemblance of its note to that of Oecaz- thus niveus. ‘To my ear the only dis- cernable . difference is that of pitch. This song is a simple chirp, very low in pitch for an orthopteron, repeated at intervals of about a second. This spe- cies can be made to eject from their cerci a grayish viscid substance and this substance can be thrown several inches. Of what use this faculty is to the insect I can only conjecture as I have seen the occurrence but twice. That it is protective in character is very probable as the phenomenon has only occurred in my experience when the insect has been very much maltreated. The ejected mass does not have any noticeably bad odor and if it is used to repel the attacks of enemies it is most probably efficient because it entangles the feet and perhaps covers the eyes of the unfriendly insect.
6. Gryllus luctuosus Serv. Very rare. I have captureda single specimen at the electric light and on one occasion I allowed a long winged black speci- men which could not be referred to any other species, to escape me in the long grass. I have seen another specimen taken by Mr. C, A. Hart at the electric lightin Urbana, Junes7. All the speci- mens I have seen from Illinois are de- cidedly smaller than specimens from Florida and than those whose dimensions are given by Saussure.
7. Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burm. Moline, June3. ‘This species may be, as Mr. Saussure is inclined to believe, a short-winged form of the preceding species. Except for the shortened or
January 1891}
abortive wings it is scarcely different from G. luctuosus, which is abundant southward and very rare in the northern States and Canada. From Maryland to Massachusetts and Northern Illinois G. pennsylvanicus is common but it is not reported from Canada and is probably not found as far north as Maine. ‘The species of the genus are so extremely variable and consequently so difficult to separate that the whole sub- ject is in much doubt. This confusion has been so great that I am inclined to think that the habits of entirely different species have been confused so as to lead to serious misunderstanding and worse confusion. I advance my opinion on this point however with the greatest hesita- tion and I am free to acknowledge that I do not feel entirely sure in my own mind of my conclusions.
In speaking of the habits of these Orthoptera a late writer, Mr. Lawrence Bruner, says: ‘*Usually most of our North American Grylli live singly or in pairs in burrows which they dig for themselves. These are used as retreats during the daytime and serve as shelter from ordinary inclemencies of weather. These burrows are generally forsaken about mid-summer for some sort of above-
ground shelter. From this time on,
until fall, they appear to be more social and live in colonies under various sorts of rubbish. Grain-shocks are a favorite haunt for them, and since twine has been used for binding, the crickets have been quite troublesome by cutting the bands. During late summer and fall the females commence preparations for
January 18g1.]
the continuance of their kind, by thrust- ing their long, slender ovipositors into the loose soil and dropping their eggs. These sometimes hatch the same year, but, as a rule, lie over until the follow- ing spring. The young generally live above ground, where they hide among fallen leaves, grasses, and other debris, though sometimes they also creep into chinks and crevices in the earth.”
My limited observation leads me to conclude that the description just quoted applies to no single species. The burrow making species is G. pennsylvanicus and, probably, G. @actuosws. The social crickets are G, and G. neglectus, Which is probably a variety of the first. Briefly recounted, the life history of G. abbreviatus is as follows. The eggs hatch in this latitude in July, and the first adults appear as early as
abbreviatus
the second week in August. During every stage of life they are social, feed- ing together, seeking shelter in company and when egg laying time comes, in October, the females collect by hundreds in some suitable locality, an abandoned or little used roadway suits them well, and each lays several hundred eggs in After this duty is performed. their business on this planet
an irregular mass.
seems to be finished and they succumb to the cold, none surviving the winter. The eggs do not hatch until the follow- ing July or if in rare cases they do they probably perish with cold.
In Florida, Grylls luctuosus attains G. pennsyl- vanicus, Which is probably merely the
its growth in December.
short winged form of the former, is not
RPSTCHE. 4)
found in the southern States and in the middle States it does not haye time to complete its metamorphoses in the fall and consequently survives the winter in . In the spring it soon completes its transforma- tions and by the first of June its note is heard. They dig burrows which they occupy probably as long as they live. During the months of June and July the meadows and pastures and especially open woods pastures are filled with the music of their Ordinarily in favorite haunts every square rod will contain at least one burrow and these burrows are, of course, sometimes much more abundant.
the larval and pupal stages.
song.
The males never seem to stray away from their houses in the daytime and are frequently found within the entrance, while singing. Where their eggs are laid or when I have never been able to discover, but I have never seen the young before September, so that the eggs are probably laid about the time the young of G. abdreviatus are hatching.
G. pennsylvanicus is so far as I have observed never a social species not even I think in the larval and pupal stages. G. abbreviatus on the other social and are
hand are always never burrow inhabiting, although itis quite probable that on occasion they seek the burrows Mr. Scudder says in his paperon The distri- bution of insects in New Hampshire,‘‘At Jefferson in 1867 no chirp of a Gryllus
was heard until August 12, although
of their congeners for protection.
they often commence their song in
Massachusetts in June.” If Iam right
or)
this absence of the cricket serenade dur- ing the months of June and July and early August is accounted for by the fact that this locality is north of the range of G. pennsylvantcus. This species has not been, I think, reported from Canada and G. luctuosus as rare, so that if I have not erred there should not be heard anything more than an occasional cricket chirp there before the middle of August. The only invariable and easily recognized difference between G. pennsylvanicus and G. abbreviatus is that in the females of the former the ovipositor is decidedly shorter than the body, in the latter this organ is nearly or quite as long as the body.
8. Gryllus abbreviatus Serv. Mo- line, August 14. Very abundant.
g. Gryllus domesticus Linn. Mo- line and Urbana. Very rare, a single specimen having been taken at each place at the electric light.
10. Memobius fasciatus De Geer, Abundant everywhere, especially in blue grass meadows. It is very com- about July 27. The wingless form vzttatus Harr. is at least in the northern part of the State more abundant than fasczatus.
11. Axnaxipha pulicaria Burm. Taken in a single locality on Rock River near Colona, Rock Island Co., about August 20.
12. Phylloscirtus pulchellus Uhler, A few specimens have been captured at Pine Hills, September 14, 1883.
13. O0ecanthus niveus De Geer. Abundant throughout the State from the latter part of July to the late fall.
mon at the electric light
PST ORE:
[January 18q1.
There are five species of Oecanthus in Illinois which are very widely distri- buted in North America. Two of these, Oecanthus fasciatus Fitch and Ocecan- thus angustipennis Fitch, have gener- ally been considered varieties of Oecan- thus ntveus De Geer, but several years observation of this genus has led me to conclude that they are quite distinct in structure, habits, and song and they must therefore rank as species.
The last named species can be distin- guished from the two former by its broader wing covers, the width of the dorsal field compared with the length being about one to two in /latzpennis and zzveus, one to three in angustt- pennis and two to five in fasczatus. The average of these dimensions is in the first mentioned species .30 by .62 inches ; in the second .26 by .54 inches ; in the third .16 by .44 inches; and in the last .18 by .46 inches. Miveus can usually be distinguished from all the other species by its color, which is ivory white with almost no perceptible infusion of green in the male but the elytra of the female may be quite decidedly green. In angustipennis the male as well as the female, probably. is deeply suffused with green. In fasczatus the greenish tint is also predominant in the wings and elytra but the other parts of the body vary in color from deep black to ivory white varied with fuscous. In typically colored specimens however the head and pronotum are whitish with three dis- tinct fuscous or black stripes, extending one over the top of the head and pro- notum and the other two on the lateral
Ee
January 1891.]
lobes’ of the pronotum and upon the sides of the head. Latcfenns differs in coloration distinctly from the two last mentioned species but only slightly from mtveus. is ivory white with the elytra perfectly transparent but it is distinct from z¢veus and the other two species in having the
Like the latter its general color
head and basal half of the antennae suf- It also lacks very generally if not always the
fused with pink or light brown.
small fuscous spots which are to be found always in the other species, except in the case of the black variety of fasciatus, on the lower face of the two basal joints of the antennae. Niveus is also distinguished from all other species by its proportionally longer maxillary palpi. most apparent in the ultimate joint, which is not only relatively but actually
This disproportion is
longer than the same joint in Zat¢pennzs, These dimen- sions are forthe two species respectively : fifth joint 1.5 mm and 1.4 mm; fourth joint 1.3 mmand 1.3 mm; third joint 1.6 mm and 1.7 mm.
a decidedly larger insect.
Finally in zzveus the outer or fourth curved oblique nerve at the base of the elytra is more angular than in any of the other species and con- sequently the distance between the third and fourth nerves which in the other species is about equal to that between the first and second, and the second and third nerves, is in zzvews much greater.
In addition to the distinctions already mentioned fasczatus has longer antennae than the other species have, since these organs are rather more than two and one half times the total length of the body,
PS TVCHE : 7
and the larger spines at the tip of the posterior tibiae are unusually strong and acute. The ovipositor of the female is also plainly distinct from the perfectly straight ovipositor of zzveus in being distinctly turned up at the tip. The palpi also offer distinct specific characters in the proportionally
maxillary
short fourth joint and in the subclavate fifth joint which in the other species Angustipennis difters from the other species in its small head and slender pronotum, which in the female especially is decidedly narrowed anteriorly instead of being of equal width
is fusiform.
throughout as in the females of z/veus and /atipennis. The hind legs are pro- portionally longer and more slender than they are in the allied species and the post-tibial apical spines are so weak as to be somewhat difficult to count with the unaided eye.
These species difler from one another as markedly in song as in structure. That of zzvews is the well known t-r-r—r-e-e: t-r-r—r-e-e, repeated with out pause or variation about seventy times in a minute. In the vicinity of Davenport, Iowa, this song is heard as early as the twenty-third of July and it continues until the persistent little song- sters are killed by the heavy frosts of the late fall. night and occasionally on cloudy days
but in the latter case it is only an isolated
This song is heard only at
song and never the full chorus of the
night song produced by many wings g ‘ :
whose vibrations in exact unison produce
that characteristic ‘‘rhythmic beat als
Burroughs has happily phrased ite, Lt
8 PSILCHEL.
is this effect of many united songs that has led the same author to speak of “purring” crickets. Thoreau calls it the ‘¢slumbrous breathing” and the “intenser dream” of crickets, but Hawthorne has given it a more spiritual interpretation than either Burroughs or Thoreau. He describes it as ‘‘audible stillness” and declares that ‘‘if moonlight could be heard it would sound like that.”’ Prof. C. V. Riley says of the song of Jazz, Eunts that it ‘‘is continuous and recalls the trilling of a high pitched dog whistle in the distance.” He also says ‘+The com- mingled shrill of this species recalls also the distant croaking of frogs in the spring.” The song of fasczates is also a high trill continuing usually for several minutes with the intervals between the trills of very irregular length. It sings all day as well as all night apparently in the bright sunshine as well as on- cloudy days and in the dusk of evening. Angustipennis has a song which re sembles that of fasc¢atus in some degree, but it is very much fainter and lasts for about five seconds with an equal interval between the trills
Mr. Scudder says* of the song of zzv- eus: **The day song of this insect is ex- ceedingly shrill and may be represented by the following figure [which repre- sents a trill] though the notes vary in rapidity. When slowest they are about sixteen a second. The song is of varied length, sometimes lasting but two or three seconds, sometimes continuing a minute or two uninterruptedly; it isa nearly uniform, equally sustained trill,
Rep. Geol. N. H., V. I. p. 365-366.
[January 1891.
but the insect often commences its note at a different pitch from the normal one as if it required a little practice to attain it. When singing the tegmina are raised at fully a right angle to the body. The night song consists of ‘¢hrrr’ re- peated incessantly, three parts of song and one of rest in every three seconds.”’ ‘Uhe ‘‘day song” described by Mr. Scud- der seems to be the song of fasciatus, while the ‘‘night song” certainly resem- bles that of azgustépennts more than the song of xéveus. Walker’s Oecan- thus nigricornts is, I think, nothing but a long-winged fasciatus. Speci- mens of the last-mentioned species with wings extending beyond the elytra as much as .16 of an inch are not uncom- mon.
Finally, Zatépennis, according to Prof. Riley, generally chooses the tender shoots of the grape in which to lay its eges, while zzveus prefers the raspberry and blackberry, but is less particular than the first-mentioned species and lays its eggs in many other shrubs and trees. Both of these species with angustipen- zzs prefer cultivated ground, but _fascza- tus is comparatively rare in such locali- ties and is abundant along weedy road- sides and hedges and in weedy meadows. The females are abundant in late sum- mer and early fall on the various species of Helianthus and Solidago,
14. Oecanthus angustipennts Fitch. | Much less common in the north- ern part of the State than either zzveus or fasctatus ; it has been taken at Mo- line Sept. 29.
15. O5ccanthus fasciatus Fitch. Its
January 1891.]
range seems to be coextensive with that of zzveus and it is even more abundant. The earliest recorded date of its capture at Moline is August 23.
16. O3ccanthus latipennis Riley. It is doubtful if this species is found as far north as Moline. There is a specimen in the Museum of the University of Ili- nois labelled Carmi, Ill., Oct. 6, 82: Itssong has been described as ‘‘a con- tinuous, high-keyed trill continued for fifteen minutes or more.” This is ex- actly the song of fasctatus. Since there has been so much confusion in the species of this genus, there is a chance that the song described above is mistak- enly referred to /atépennzs.
17. O3cecanthus b¢punctatus De Geer. Apparently an uncommon species in Illinois. I have seen but two specimens captured at Rock Island in August.
18. Orocharts uhler¢, n. sp.
A single specimen in the Museum of the University of Illinois seems so distinct from described species that it deserves
a name. It may be described as fol- lows: Female. Length, .40 in.; post. fem., .36
in.; elytra, .32 in.; ovipositor, .32 in.
Dull brownish yellow with the head, pro- notum and posterior femora very obscurely spotted with fuscous. The body and limbs are pubescent with soft hairs, the color of the body. The pronotum is short, with the an- terior margin sinuate and the posterior con- vex. The elytra do not exceed the abdomen. The venation of the dorsal field is not promi-
PSC HL: 9
nent and the reticulation is not lozenge-shap- ed. The vein which separates the dorsal from the lateral field is unusually prominent, however, and as a consequence the angle formed by the two fields is very distinct: The mediastinal vein, the uppermost vein of the lateral field, is two-branched. Both fields are triangular, so that the elytra are acute at the apex. The wings are scarcely more than half the length of the elytra. ‘The posterior femora are very long, exceeding the oviposi- tor and almost equalling the body in length. The posterior tibiae are as long as the fem- ora. ‘hey are very moderately pilose and are with strong, acute, brown-tipped spines, seven on the inner and six on the outer margin of the lower face, besides the three at the apex on either side. The lower face of the metatarsus of the poste- rior legs is armed with similar spines, four on the outer and two on the inner margin. These spines increase regularly in size pos- teriorly, and the pair at the apex equal fully half the length of this, the metatarsal, joint. The ovipositor is straight with the apex very acute and armed with distinct though minute teeth.
furnished spreading,
This species can be distinguished at a glancefrom O. sa/tatrzx Uhler by its smaller size, much longer posterior legs, acutely tipped antennae and short wings. In addition to these distinctions, the spines of the posterior legs of whlerz are conspicuously large and strong, while those of saltatr7x are weak and inconspicuous. ‘Lhe posterior tibiae are quite densely pilose in the latter species and only very moderately pilose in the former.
10 PP SHOE .
[January 1891.
NOTES ON THREE SPECIES OF HYLOTOMA.
BY JOHN GEORGE JACK, JAMAICA PLAIN.
Among the papers of the late Benj. D. Walsh, published in the Transactions of the Saint Louis Academy of Science, (7 May 1873, v. 3, pp. 67-68) is a des- cription of the male and female of Fylotoma dulciaria Say. His des- cription of the male appears to differ so much from some specimens which have come under my notice that I venture to give a note of the inséct as it appears to me.
After describing the female, Walsh gives the following description of the male :—
““@ differs from @ only as follows :—t1. The antennae are 2 as long as the body, the usual hairs on the last joint nearly as long as wide. 2. The tegulae and the entire thorax above and below, except the cenchri which are whitish and the basal plates which are luteo-rufous, are blue black. 3. The abdomen is immaculate. 4. The wings are several shades paler, but there is an obvious darker cloud extending from the base of the stigma to the usual dark dot in the disk of the 2d submarginal, which cloud exists in 6 [2] also, but is not noticed from the rest of the wing being equally clouded. Length & .27 inch. Front wing @ .27 inch.”
Mr. Walsh’s description was from a single specimen and it differs so much, by its black thorax and ‘+immaculate” abdomen (the thorax and abdomen of the female being of a shining yellowish- red color), from the specimens taken
by me that it seems hardly possible that it can belong to this species.
fi. dulciarta Say, is a synonym of HI. pectoralis Leach, in Cresson’s last revision of the hymenoptera, and upon the male I offer the following note.
fTylotoma pectoralis Leach (=H. dulcia- vita Say).— Male. Head shining black, antennae black and longer than those of female; ciliae beneath appearing either black or rusty colored. Thorax yellowish red above and around the collar; shining blue black beneath and with a_ yellowish red spot below the fore wings, on the pectus or breast on each side. Legs blue black, the anterior pair having the tarsi, tibiae and the extreme tips of the femora of a light reddish color. Abdomen shining bright blue black. Wings light smoky brown on inner and clear on outer or apical portion. An irregular smoky brown blotch extends from the basal end of the stigma to the third submarginal cell in the centre of which is a minute dot. Expanse of wings 15mm. Length of body 7 toS8 mm.
Out of four specimens examined, two have four submarginal (or cubital) cells in the an- terior wings, corresponding to the characters of the genus. The other two specimens have only three submarginal cells, the second sub- marginal nervure being absent. Described from four specimens bred with a larger num- ber of females in July, 1889, from larvae found in the previous summer feeding on the foliage of Betula alba in the Arnold Arbore- tum at Jamaica Plain, Mass.
The been made of the larvae of two species” of Hylotoma.
following observations have
January 1891.]
Flylotoma scapularzts Klug.— The full- grown larvae have a pretty general resem- blance to those of H. pectoralzs Leach (=H. dulctarta Say),* and are about 18 mm. long. Head light orange yellow, body somewhat flattish and light yellowish green in color. There are six distinct rows of small closely adjoining black spots on the upper portion of the body extending from the head to the anal segment. On each of the fleshy projec- tions on the sides of the segments, except the last, there is an oblong dark spot; but these spots above the two posterior pair of true legs appear as two large somewhat tri- angular black blotches. Above the anal seg- ment there is a large oval shaped black spot. The legs are black on the outer side, and the prolegs are marked by a dark brown blotch on the outer side. The black legs and black blotch on the anal segment are the chief marks which distinguish this larva from that of H. pectoralis in which the legs and anal segment are yellowish. The cocoons are of a dirty white or light brown color and aver- age about 12mm. in length. They are com- posed of two walls, the inner being closely, and the outer loosely spun.
The eggs are deposited along the margins of the leaves of the common American elm (Ulmus Americana) upon which the larvae feed. Young larvae were found early in Au-
PSL CLT Ts. 11
gust and those observed attained full growth about the end of the month. Two males and many females were raised from these about the first of July following. Hylotoma McLeayt Leach. larva from 15 to 18 mm. long. Head black. Body flattish; pale yellowish green, with four distinct lines of black spots along the back extending from the head to the anal seg- ment; and with some minute, less regularly arranged spots or dots along the sides above the fleshy projections which characterize lar- vae of this genus.
Full grown
Each fleshy projection bears a long narrow black spot. The anal segment is surmounted by a large irregular oval black blotch and is brown above the anus. Thelegsare dark brown or black onthe outer base and have a heavy black blotch at the base. The prolegs are marked on their outer side by a somewhat triangular, black or very dark brown spot. The cocoon is double walled, the outer wall being loosely woven and it is dull white or pale brown in color, and is from 12-14 mm. in length.
The larvae were found in considerable numbers in the month of August feeding upon the foliage of common choke-cherry (Prunus Virginiana) at Jamaica Plain, Mass. From these larvae-a number of female im- agos were bred in the latter part of the month of May following.
A NOVEL DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE ORDERS OF INSECTS.+
The difficulty of representing satis- factorily by any linear arrangement the relations of the orders to each other and to Thysanura has compelled us to give diagrams I-III. Diagram II [pl.
*See T. W. Fyles in Canadian entomologist, v. 18, p-38; V-19, p-59-
1] shows by parallel bars rising above the circular plate, which represents the surface of the earth, the sixteen orders of insects as they exist to-day, and below this plate the different orders are ar-
t Reprinted from Guides for Science Teaching. No. VIII. Insecta. By Alpheus Hyatt and J. M. Arms.
12 PSTCHE:
ranged in converging bars according to their supposed relations during geologic times. This last is purely theoretical, since the present state of our knowledge of fossil insects is too fragmentary and unsatisfactory to afford sufficient evi- dences for the demonstration of sucha classification,
Diagram II [pl. I] represents the op- posite or farther side of Diagram I, the plate having been turned around so that the orders X—XVI can be more clearly seen both above and below the earth’s surface. Diagram III is a view from above the circular plate giving in
Diagram III.
[January 1Sqt.
horizontal section the position of the orders. In Diagrams I, II, A repre- sents the wingless, primitive, or Thy- sanuran stock. The stems B, 3B”, BY * Diagram ls Gees. iasram II, represent the winged stocks which sprang from A. These may have been composed, so far as the facts now known are concerned, of a number of separate or branching lines leading up to the various orders as termini of more or less distinct stocks.t
The line 4’ in Diagram II indicates the winged stock from which the true Neuroptera sprang, and so far know, this may have been the same common stock as that from which the Ephemeroptera and Odonata. also arose (Diagram I, £). In spite of the introduction of the quiescent pupal stage in the Neuroptera, their obvious resemblances to the Odonata, and the fact that they still retain the Thysanuroid form of larva should not be overlocked. Dia- gram I recognizes these simi-
as we
larities, and presents the least modified branches of the genealogical tree of the Insecta as near to- gether as practicable. The placing of Thysanura near the
and most. ancient
centre, by means of a short
* BI! 1 extends in the diagram to the orders Hemiptera and Thysanoptera instead of to the stem from which these orders sprang. It is placed here because the stem proper is out of sight, being farther down and behind B
and B! ?.
| For example, as suggested by Packard in Third Rep. U.S. Ent. Com., p. 289, the Dermaptera may have been
fr x é . Ch ee, F =o ae S . . . . ¥F derived from a form Similar to Japyx, a curious Thysanuran genus, and since it has characters allying it both to
@rtheptera aud Coleoptera, it may be the existing descendant of some common forms from which both of these
orders originated. The Thysanura stand, according to Comstock, in a similar position with relation to the Hem-
iptera.
Tao
a
—.
Plate '.
Psyche, 1891, vol. 6.
=x
STi or nay
January 1Sq1.]}
vertical line ,* indicates the essential- ly generalized and character of the order, and does not necessarily imply any nearer relationship to Neu- roptera, which stands on the right, than to Coleoptera on the extreme left. The height to which the vertical bars have been carried above the plate is a rough approximation to the specializa- tion attained by the adults, and also to the removal of the mode of development from the primitive Thysanuroid mode. The orders existing to-day are re- garded as parallel series differing from each other in structure, and not as yet connected by well-known intermediate forms. Where the probability exists that certain orders have had a common origin, they are placed on the same radiating lines, as seen in Diagram III, orders II-III; also VI-VII, and VIII- IX; and this rule has been departed from only where the data seemed to justify a more natural interpretation, as
larval
PSI CHL. 13
in the case of the orders from XII to XVI, inclusive.
All of these graphic presentations are necessarily extremely rough approx imations to the actual facts, and present even the authors’ views in a very im- Nevertheless, if con- scientiously studied, they will, hoped, help to give teachers some ideas of the principles upon which a classifi-
perfect manner. he ae
cation is based, and prevent them from falling into the absurd but natural mis- takes often occasioned by the linear treatment of types in the text.
LIST OF ORDERS.
IX. Hemiptera. X. Coleoptera.
I. Thysanura. II. Ephemeroptera.
III. Odonata. XI. Neuroptera. IV. Plecoptera. XII. Mecoptera. V. Platyptera. XIII. Trichoptera.
XIV. Lepidoptera. XV. Hymenoptera. Diptera.
VI. Dermaptera. VII. Orthoptera. VIII. Thysanoptera. XVI.
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE LARVA AND PUPA OF SCOTOBATES CALCARATUS FABR.
BY WM. BEUTENMULLER, NEW YORK.
Larva :—Head subquadrate, anterior angles obtusely rounded, sides moderately rounded, shining. Clypeus tranverse, about three times as broad as long, oblique. Labrum smaller than the clypeus, anterior margin rounded and beset with a few bristle-like hairs. Antennae three jointed, first joint cylindrical, about twice as long as broad;
*See also the diagram given by Packard in Third Rep. U.S. Ent. Com., 1883, p. 295.
second joint considerably longer, clavate; third joint minute, cylindrical, with a few hairs at the apex. Mandibles short, stout, arcuate externally, excavate internally, apex tridentate, base with a prominent elevation with two small teeth. Maxillae subcylindri- cal, stout, elongate, lobe somewhat truncate at the apex with a number of bristle-like hairs. Maxillary palpi three jointed, first joint stout, cylindrical, broader than long;
14 PST CHL.
second joint more slender and longer; third joint subcylindrical, thicker at the base than the apex, which is beset with minute points. Labium subquadrate, broader at the apex than the base. Labial palpi jointed; first joint thick, cylindrical; second joint slender, rounded at apex. Body corne- ous, highly polished, minutely punctured, last segment terminating in two short pro- tuberances curved upward. Over the body are scattered a few light brown hairs. Color: head and body testaceous. Body beneath somewhat paler. Length about 25 Width about 3.50 mm.
PuPa sordid white, elongated, with each of the abdominal segments at the sides pro- vided with a flat, quadrate process. Anal segment with two rather long processes at the extremity. Thorax subquadrate, sides rounded. Head bent downward; folded around the sides of the body. gmm. Width 5 mm.
Lives on wood of oak, chestnut, and hick- ory. Collected early in April. 18th. Imago emerged June gth.
two-
mm.
wings Length
Pupated May
A NEw INTROpuUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGY.* —We have here a noyel and suggestive book, in which the interrelationships of insects are worked out on independent lines. Neither Professor Hyatt, a zoologist and _ paleon- tologist of the very highest repute, nor his associate Miss Arms, has ever before claimed a hearing in the entomological world, and they have approached the subject quite untrammelled by tradition or authority, but with experience as successful teachers and thoroughly imbued with the principles which guide modern science. It is not a text book for scholars, but precisely what its title indi- cates, a guide for teachers. It abounds with novel suggestions, and is interspersed with cautions of the utmost importance to teach-
Insecta (Guides for science-teaching, viii). By Al- pheus Hyatt and J. M. Arms. 16mo, Boston) 18g0. Published for the Boston Society of Natural History
by D. C. Heath & Co. pp. 23, 300, figs. 223.
{January 18oq1.
ers. sage,
We have room here for only one pas- in which the limitations of the Darwinian theory are enforced :
“Tt is very important that teachers should be cautious in allowing themselves the free use of explanations which the doctrine of Natural Selection seems to furnish. ‘The danger lies in the fascination of the logical form presented by this doctrine, the ease with which it seems to explain even the most
complicated relations of organic beings, and
the general although unfounded belief that it is universally accepted and believed in by nat- uralists. They will find... that this doctrine is not used by any investigators in account- ing for the origin of structures and their modifications, and only to a limited extent by those quoted above and others of the same school [the so-called Neo-Lamarcki- ans], in explaining the preservation of struc- tures and modifications after they have been originated by the action of physical and other causes.”
A diagrammatic scheme for illustrating the authors’ views of the phylogeny of insects is given on a preceding page of this number, and we hope to print at an early date their concluding general remarks, after a survey of the whole field.
RECENT ENGLISH PUBLICATIONS.— The fourth part of Buckton’s Monograph of the British Cicadae or Tettigidae, just issued, completes the first of the two volumes of which the work will be composed. The first volume contains 41 plates and 211 pages of text, 78 of the latter given up to the Intro- duction. The remaining volume will treat of the Jassides, Deltocephalides and Typhlo- cybides of the classification adopted by him.
The fourth part of Moore’s Lepidoptera Indica is of less interest than the preceding. The plates are still concerned with the Eu- ploeinae but only with species of very sim- ilar appearance having a dull brown ground color, and of which the early stages are not The modification of the
known. hind mar-
January 1891.]
gin of the fore wings in the males of all these species to accommodate the sexual scale- pocket in the medio-submedian interspace is a striking feature. The text, which keeps éxcellent pace with the plates, has many points of interest and calls attention to some interesting cases of mimicry.
Mr. W. F. Kirby has just published with Van Voorst’s successors a synonymic cata- logue of dragon-flies living and fossil. It ex- tends to 202 pp. 8vo. They are arranged systematically under families, subfamilies and divisions, the further subdivisions by Selys and others, legions and groups, being ignored: So too all subgenera are regarded as genera. This hasat least simplified the author’s work, but can hardly be regarded as satisfactory. A number of new generic terms are employed for preoccupied names and in a few cases radical changes occur, as when Agrion is made to replace Calopteryx (because Latreille had fixed the type as the Lzbellula virgo of Linné) anda new term Coenagrion employed for Agrion, carrying with it the subfamily name Coenagrioninae. Selys strenuously objects to this in the comptes-rendus of the Belgian entomological society. | About 1800 nominal species are entered in 267 genera, besides a few in the appendix. 102 fossil species are catalogued separately. The work appears to be conscientiously done and will certainly be of as great an assistance to the stu- dents of Odonata as that of Lepidoptera, pre- pared by the same author, is to its votaries.
THE Marcu OF HyPeRCHIRIA 10.—I have carefully watched a brood of zo larvae in their marching, and have found the secret of their regularity. The leader spins a fine thread as he moves, and the larva next in order follows the thread, and spins one himself. If he follows the thread by feeling it at one side, instead of following ow it, the thread which is spun by No. 2 lies parallel with that spun by No. 1, and usually each thread will be followed by a larva, when the wedge-shaped ‘‘order of march” will result—
LS ROLE, 15
No. 1 ahead, No. 2 following just a trifle at one side, No. 3 and No. 4 side by side, No. 3 following the thread of No. 1,and No 4 that of No. 2; No. 5 will follow No. 3; No. 6 will often feel the two threads and march be- tween them, when No. 7 will follow No. 4, and so the ranks will widen. The thread can be seen plainly with a lens, and the pro- cess watched. If a larva loses his way he feels for the thread, and seems able to tell, by its surface, in which direction the proces- sion has gone, always following the right direction after a moment’s careful feeling of the thread. Caroline G. Soule.
MORE DAMAGE BY WHITE ANTS IN NEW ENGLAND. — At a recent meeting of the Cambridge Entomological Club Mr. S. H. Scudder showed the work of white ants, Termes flavipes, on the wooden tubs con- taining plants at the Botanic Garden. This and some of the culprits were brought to him by Frederick A. Quinn, one of the employes of the Garden, who stated that they had destroyed some of the tree-ferns growing in such tubs. This shows that the white ants are there increasing in num- bers and have become a real element of danger, for in 1885 Dr. Hagen reported in the Canadian entomologist (v. 17, 134-135) that ‘‘the earth in the hot-houses here in Cambridge is largely infested by white ants, but as far as I know no destruction of plants has been observed.” Two years later the speaker pointed out (ibid., v. 19, 218) that geranium cuttings were attacked by white ants in the forcing houses attached to the Mt. Au- burn cemetery; but here we find a more seri- ous damage. On visiting the Garden Mr. Scudder was shown by the head gardener, Mr. Cameron, a plant almost completely de- stroyed in which the traces of their work were very apparent. The plant was Cyathea znsignis, four or five feet high. One of the same kind had been destroyed before and thrown away. According to Mr. Cameron, the ants seemed to show a preference for the
16 PSC LE.
long juicy stems of the fronds, to which they made their way through the trunk, while the latter was full of their droppings. The first outward sign of their attacks was seen in the drooping of the fronds. The inner sides of the wooden staves of the tubs were full of the irregular burrows of the white ants. Mr. Cameron also stated that a lot of cabbages in the vegetable garden attached to his house on the grounds were completely ruined by the attacks of these same white ants, as he found by inspection. Mr. Scudder recom- mended replacing all woodwork in contact with earth or stone by iron, and particularly the discarding of all wooden tubs; it would seem to be perfectly practicable to construct even the largest tubs of staves made of gal-
vanized iron or some such metal.
AMPELOPSIS VEITCHII has been good hunt- ing ground this year. I have foundon one vine specimens of Deédamiéa inscripta, one; Thyreus Abboti, several; Everyx myron, sev- eral; Alyfza octomaculata, Pyrophila pyra- midotdes, both very abundant; Sfzlosoma vir- ginica, few; Hyphantria textor, few; Lopho- campa caryae, many; L. éessellaris, several; and Crmbex ulmz, many.
Caroline G. Soule.
A NEW SERIAL inconography is announced under the auspices of Mr. Paul Mabille and Vuillot of Paris, to be called Movstates Lepi- dopterologicae. These authors contemplate the issue of at least one hundred monthly parts of lexicon octavo size, each with eight pages of text and one colored plate, illustrating new and little known Lepidoptera. Only 150 copies are to be issued — a wrong to science —at the price of about three francs a part,
A SPECIMEN of Vanessa milberti, said to have been taken at Polegate, Sussex, Eng- land, was exhibited at the South London en- tomological and natural history society on October 9th.
Dr. Cartos BERG, formerly attached to
{January 18g -
the Museo publico of Buenos Aires under Burmeister, and well known for his notable contributions to the entomology of South America, has been appointed director of the Museo de Historia Natural of Montevideo, Uruguay, and is now removed to that city.
~PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
13 January, 1888.—The 134th meeting was held at 61 Sacramento St. Mr. S. H. Scud- der was chosen chairman.
The annual report of Mr. R. Hayward, the retiring secretary, was read and accepted. The report of Mr. B. Pickman Mann, the re- tiring treasurer, was also read and referred to the auditors. The retiring librarian, Dr. Geo. Dimmock, presented his report which was accepted.
A vote of thanks was passed to Mr. B. P. Mann for the use of his office on Follen St. as a storage place for the library of the Club since its organization.
A ballot for officers for 1888 then followed, which resulted in the election of the follow- ing gentlemen: President: William Trelease. Secretary: Roland Hayward. Treasurer: Samuel Henshaw. Librarian: George Dim- mock. Members at large of Executive Com- mittee: George Dimmock and Samuel H. Scudder.
On motion the thanks of the Club were voted to Mr. B. P. Mann for his long and faithful services as treasurer of the Club.
Mr. Scudder being obliged to leave, Mr. S. Henshaw was then chosen chairman.
On account of the absence of the president, Mr. J. H. Emerton, the reading of the annual address was postponed till another meeting.
Mr. C. W. Woodworth showed a new method for mounting small insects, which gaye rise to some discussion; and Dr. G. Dimmock showed an apparatus for maintain- ing a constant temperature in raising in- sects.
yo
4) Glan oy \ Jl j J \\ NE j : U Va» aime
foe) Qe tee, Come ENTOMOLOGY.
[Established in 1874.]
Vol:- 6. No. °178:
FEBRUARY, 1891.
CONTENTS: ON THE RELATION BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC AND ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.—Charles W. Woodworth : : : : : : : : - - : - : : 1g A LIST OF THE OTHOPTERA OF ILLINoIs,—II. LocusTIDAE.—Ferome McNeill. ; 2 Notes (Marine Insects; Dr. Weed’s appointment.) : . ‘ ; , : : 24 ON THE LiFe History oF DIABROTICA 12-PUNCTATA OLIv.—H. Garman . ; : 28
THE PARTIAL PREPARATORY STAGES OF HETEROPACHA RILEYANA HARVEY.--G. H. French ; ; ‘ E : : , : : : F : : : ; 20
3 SMERINTHUS ASTYLUS.—/da M. Eliot, Caroline G. Soule. ; ; : } , 31 BRONGNIART ON PROTHORACIC WINGS IN CARBONIFEROUS INSECTS , 31 A HINT FROM ENTOMOLOGY : : : ; - ; : . - E : - 32 Notes (Kolbe’s Introduction; The oldest phryganid; Eggs of Lycaenidae. ) ; : 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB - : . 5 es. : 33
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Comprises 52 drawers (10 X 14 in.) butterflies taken by the undersigned in Mass. and N. H. spread, arranged, and labeled with name, locality and date—88 species (over 2000 specimens) besides many larvae and pupae; very complete and care- fully assorted series and many very rare species; 20 drawers unlabeled miscellaneous insects (1500 species) collected in Mass. All nearly new and in first class condition. Drawers lined with cork, paper covered ; sliding glass covers. Allin 3 closed
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Bulletin Brooklyn Entomological Club Vol. I, 1878-1879, ; st Bass 5
Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat- omy of the milk-weed butterfly, Danais archip- pus. Boston, 1880, 16 p., 2 plates.
Casey, Thomas L. Contributions to the descriptive and systematic Coleopterology of North America. Part I-II. :
Entomology of the Wheeler Survey. (chaps. 7-16, v. 5, Zoology) Washington, 1875.
Grote, A.R. Check list of the Noctuidae of America, north of Mexico. Buffalo, N. Y. 1875. : Grote, A. R. Reviced Check list of ine North American Noctuidae. Part I. Thya- tirinae-Noctuinae. Bremen, I8go.
Hitchcock, Edward. Ichnology of New England. Boston, 1858
Packard,A.S. Synopsis of the Thysaqura of Essex County, Mass. Descriptions of new American Phalaenidae. Noteson N.A. moths of the families Phalaenidae and Pyralidae in the British Museum. On the cave fauna of Indiana. Salem, 1373.
Schwarz, E.A. The Golcanten of Florida
Scudder, S. H. The earliestwinged in- sects of America: a re-examination of the Devonian insects of New Brunswick, in the light of criticisms and of new studies of other paleozoic types. Cambridge, 1885, 8 p., 1 plate
Weber, F. Nomenclator entomologicus. Chilonii et Hamburgi, 1795, 171 p.
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PSY CEE.
ON THE RELATION BETWEEN SCIENTIFIC
AND ECONOMIC
ENTOMOLOGY.
BY CHARLES W. WOODWORTH, FAYETTEVILLE, ARK.
[Annual address of the retiring president of the Cambridge Entomological Club,.9 January, 1891. ]
The subject of this address is not of the kind usually chosen for similar occa- sions but is of none the less interest and importance. It is one also that is in full harmony with the genius of this society which is the recognition of the preemi- nence of what is called the philosophy of science. Another reason makes it of especial immediate importance to us. Economic entomology is upon the verge of an era of great advancement. The establishment of the agricultural ex- periment stations have added to its ranks more young men of scientific training and ability perhaps than have ever en- gaged in this line of investigation. If economic entomology is but a phase of scientific entomology then we want to put forth especial efforts to assimilate this young blood in our ranks; if on the other hand they are different and distinct, the difference will become more and more apparent as economic entomology develops and we should define our posi- tion as on the side of pure science.
I believe that the pure sciences are distinct from the economic sciences ; that this is the primary division of science. We seem to be prone in this utilitarian
age to try to find excuse for the pursuit of pure science by holding up the possi- bility of applying our discoveries for economic ends. Let us recognize and not act as though we were ashamea of the fact that the sole aim of the student of pure science isthe discovery of truth, catering to human wants being entirely out of his province.
It may be said that laying aside this matter of sentiment, the human wants are supplied through the discoveries of science and that this is simply the appli- cation of science for economic purposes, or, to put ita little stronger, that econom- ics are but applied sciences. Such a statement comes from the conception that facts are or in some way become the peculiar property of ascience. This is not the case however. Perhaps if we could see all the intimate relations sciences have to each other we should say that every fact belongs to every science ; at any rate we could scarcely name a fact which when closely viewed has not more than one bearing. An ex- ample of the far reaching character of a fact is that of the origin of species through evolution. When Darwin es-
20 EST CH FE;
tablished the truth of this fact it soon came to be recognized that this basal fact of evolution was a fundamental principal of almost every other science which had occupied the attention of man. For economic purposes it is the facts which are appropriated, and in the same way that the biologist appropri- ates the facts discovered by the chemist. Economic sciences no more become departments or applications of other sciences by using some of the same facts than biology becomes a department or application of chemistry.
It may be further contended that in the cases cited above we have to do with real sciences but that the so called eco- nomic sciences have no right to the title of science, that they are essentially dif- ferent. This will lead us to a consider- ation of what a science is. We have just seen that it does not consist of a body of facts peculiar to itself, but on the other hand it is evident that facts are closely connected with it, that it depends in- deed on a set of facts, and further that these facts have some definite relation to each other and are susceptible of a rational classification. This classifica- tion is not the science as it cannot ex- press nearly all the relationships, but these relationships do constitute the science. Any one science does not com- prehend all the bearings of any fact but only such as have a relation to that one subject. The science of entomology, for example, consists the of relationship of the facts to insects. The relation of the same facts to the subject of plant dis- eases belongs to another science. When
[February 1891.
the subject is economic, the production of honey, the feeding of stock, or the like, are there any grounds upon which we can refuse it the title of science? The economic sciences are all infan- tile, many perhaps not yet even con- ceived of by man. They are the only true foundation to the useful arts. Agri- culture is a science though hidden by a mass of misconception and empiricism. It must make its advances by the same methods that have made the pure sciences what they are. A clear conception of the object and structure of the science and experimentation with all the conditions under control are essential. Economic entomology as_ generally understood is chiefly a department of agriculture but includes much heteroge- To be a scientifically rational term, it must, like some of the genera of the older naturalists, be re- stricted. I can in no better way show the difference between it and scientific entomology than to indicate the parts of economic entomology and show where they belong the
neous material.
among economic sciences.
Insects of economic importance may be grouped into six categories. First, those directly injurious to man, which properly forms a department of medi- cine. Second, those attacking the do- mestic animals, a part of veterinary medicine. Third, those injuring culti- vated plants, which includes by far the major part of the injurious insects and to which the term economic entomology should be restricted; it is only a part and perhaps not a natural part of the
February 1891.]
science which deals with the diseases of cultivated plants. Fourth, those which destroy other property ; in this category are the insects attacking furs, woollen goods, etc., and the foed stuffs, which belong to domestic economy and at the saine time to commerce ; library insects belong to library economy and so on. Fifth, those directly beneficial to man, which includes the bee, the silk worm, etc., industries which form one of the primary divisions of agriculture. Sixth, those indirectly beneficial to man by de- stroying the injurious insects; these in-
PSYCHE. 21
sects of course belong to the sciences that consider the insects which are their victims.
Finally, to recapitulate, scientific en- tomology is a department of biology, economic entomology of agriculture. They have all the difference between them that there is between a pure sci- ence and an economic science. Can we as a society include them both? I think we should not. On the other hand the economic entomologists are nearly all at the same time scientific entomolo- gists. These we can and do welcome.
mee lorrOn Vit ORFHOPTERA OF ILLINOIS;—II.
BY JEROME MCNEILL, FAYETTEVILLE, ARK.
LocusTIDAE.
19. Scudderta curvicauda De Geer. This is an abundant species in Illinois in suitable localities. Its favorite haunt is the wild meadows and prairies cov- ered with coarse grasses and weeds. It is the only one of the katydids that flies freely in the daytime. It is in fact crepuscular rather than nocturnal. It may be seen flying at any hour of the day, but its note is not generally heard untilthe middle of the afternoon. The note cannot be supposed to represent more than the first two syllables of the ‘¢Ka-ty-did” or ‘*Ka-ty-did-n’t” of its congeners. It is made but once and the rasping jerky sound has been very well represented by Mr. Scudder as
It has been found at Moline as early as the 21st of July.
20. Scudderia fuscata Brunner. This species is more abundant than the last but it too must be looked for in the right place. It is even less domestic in its habits than curvicauda. The latter is sometimes found about houses and gardens in town but the former is almost never seen in town. It may be looked for in the shrubs and undershrubs of open woods and clearings and in weedy fields and meadows. Its note is indis- tinguishable from that of curvicauda but it is much less frequently heard. The earliest recorded date of its cap- ture at Moline is August 4th.
21. Amblycorypha oblongifolia De
bzrw.
22 PSOE.
Geer. This species like the last is par- tial to shrubs but it is much more com- mon in the vicinity of houses in towns. Its note is a quick shuffling sound which resembles ‘‘Katy” or ‘‘Katy-did” very slightly. It sometimes flies in the eve- ning but much more rarely than SS. cz7- vicauda. It makes its appearance in the neighborhood of Moline about the first of August.
22. <A. rotundifolia Scudder. This species resembles the preceding in song and habits. In northern Illinois it makes its appearance about the tenth of August.
23. AMlicrocentrumlaurifolium Linn. I have never captured this species at Moline nor have I heard its note there, which may be represented by the sylla- ble ‘‘¢zc” repeated from eight to twenty times at tl.e rate of about four to the sec- ond. It is a tree-loving species, very common in Missouri, according to Ri- ley, and therefore presumably common in southern IlIlinois.
24- Cyrtophyllus concavus Harr. This is the true ‘* Katydid,’” common wherever there are trees. Its song is better known and the insect itself less known, because of its arboreal habits, than either of the other katydids. This species moves about so little that it is not unlikely that in many cases an indi- vidual spends its whole life upon a single tree. I have listened to the song of one katydid on a certain tree every even- ing for more than two months. I have noticed repeatedly that on any evening when they are singing there are the same number of individuals, as indicated
[February 1Sgt.
Of all the specimens I have collected on the ground or had presented to me, prokably a dozen, only a single one was a male.
by the number of songs.
I have collected in sweepings hundreds of specimens of the young of Scudderia and Amblycorypha but not one of Mi- crocentrum or Cyrtophyllus; but if Mi- crocentrum does not leave the trees when inthe larval and pupal stages it certainly does when it reaches maturity. It is then a great wanderer, coming frequently tothe, selectric Might. UIs Shave mever known Cyrtophyllus to come to a light. So far as I know this is the only species of Orthoptera in which the male is not smaller and more active than the female. It is the only green, winged Locustid with which I am acquainted that does not have the wings longer than the ely- tra. These facts are not improbably mutually related. It may be surmised that, in the evolution of species, the katy- did that developed in the greatest degree its musical apparatus had the least need of hunting up his partner when the mat- ing season came round, and as it was so well protected by its form and color and arboreal habits as to have little need of wings, these organs have gradually degenerated into a musical and _ protec- tive apparatus. As the male was re- leased from the necessity of hunting up the female, he would naturally lose after a time his slighter but more active body : it is easy to see how arboreal habits once acquired may react upon the entire organization. If at first glance it seems strange that two species so much alike as O5ccanthus niveus and O6ccanthus
[February 1891.
fasciatus should differ so much in sing- ing habits, the latter singing as con- stantly in daytime as at night, while the former is strictly nocturnal in its song, we have only to consider, in order to remove the difficulty, that fasczatus, being terrestrial, is not easily exposed by his song to the attack of birds, while
niveus Would inevitably be discovered.
should he venture to sing when his bird enemies were most active. This con- sideration will explain equally well, of course, why the arboreal katydids, Microcentrum, Amblycorypha and Cyr- tophyllus, are silent in the day time and why the only one of the group that sings in the day time is terrestrial rather than arboreal. The case of Conxoceph- alus robustus offers a still better illus- tration of the truth of this theory. This species lives both upon trees and in the grass ; but while its song may be heard in the grass while the sun is high, I have never heard it from trees until after dark.
25. Conocephalus ensiger Harr. This species is common in Northern I]- linois from the first of August until frost. It occurs as frequently along the weedy roadsides and in the gardens of suburbs asin the country. Its song is aloud rasping 2zp-z¢p-z¢p repeated in- definitely. It does not begin to sing until dark.
26. Conocephalus nebrascensis Bru- ner. Isa less common species than the preceding; not reported farther east than Illinois, but occurring as far west as Nebraska. It is more shy in its hab- its than ezs¢ger, never being found, so
PSYCHE. 23
far as I am aware, about the streets of a town. Like both of the other species occurring here it seems to have a great liking for Johnston grass, a species of Andropogon ; but it is by no means par- ticular in its habitat, as it may be found in little colonies in weedy or grassy pla- ces throughout the locality it inhabits.
If exstger may be said to sing the first part of the song of Orchelimum vulgare, the well-known zzp-z2¢p-z7p-ze-e-e-e, me- brascensis may be said with equal truth to sing the last part of the song, that rep- resented by the ze-e-e-e; but the sound is much more resonant, being really in quality much more like the song of a Cicada, but not so loud and without a swell. It begins to sing earlier in the evening than exszger.
27. Conocephalus robustus Scudd. My cabinet contains a single specimen of this species captured on the sand-hill referred to below. Its song is indistin- guishable from that of dzsszmzzs. The specimen mentioned above was captured the 28th of August.
All the species of Conocephalus seem to possess more intelligence than is usual in Orthoptera and they are about the most difficult of the order to ap- proach. In escaping they usually slip or fall into the grass instead of jumping or flying; but they seem to fully under- stand that they are very well protected by their color and form. If approached very cautiously they often remain quite still upon the stem of grass upon which you have surprised them with the usu- ally well-founded expectation that you will not be able to distinguish them from
24 PSICHE.
the green herbage around. If they think it worth while to make some active movement to escape, they will frequently slip round on the other side of the stem and walk down to the ground or off upon another plant. Unlike most Or- thoptera they do not use their front legs in holding to the mouth the thing upon which they feed. Instead of biting they seem to wrench or tear away pieces from the stems or leaves.
28. Thyreonotus pachymerus Burm. This is the first Orthopteron hatched in the spring in northern states. It may be eusily recognized by the gray top and shining black sides of its pro- notum and by its very long and slender antennae. Very little seems to be known of its habits, but in captivity it shows a decided taste for animal food, and it may be not unreasonable to sup- pose that it is at least partly carnivo- rous in the wild state. It is found usu- ally in shaded ravines, upon the bare ground or the trunks of trees or under rottenlogs. First appearance, Aug. 9.
29. Atcphidium fasciatum De Geer. Abundant everywhere, in blue-grass meadows especially, Its song is a faint echo of that of Orchelimum vulgare with the ‘‘zzA-zzp” omitted. It is, I believe, the first of the green grasshoppers to reach maturity and its faint little quaver is the first note of the great chorus that sounds in all the meadows from the first of August until the first of October or until cold weather. I have captured this species as early as the first of July.
30. Acphidium brevipenne Scudd. This is a much less common species
[February 18or.
than the preceding but it is not rare in damp meadows. It first appears here about the middle of August.
31. Azphidium ensiferum Scudd. I have obtained numerous specimens about Moline which I refer to this spe- cies with certainty, but in many cases I have the greatest difficulty in deciding whether others should be referred to this or the preceding or still other species. Both species apparently may have the under side of the posterior femora armed with spines and both seem to have forms in which there is a peculiar modification of the grasping organs of the male. Further study may enable me to tell certainly whether they are two or more or only one species. I have two forms which I place here that have wings and elytra extending much beyond the knees.
32. Atphidium sp.? Asingle speci- men which is apparently deformed has the ovipositor growing out of the upper side of the apex of the abdomen with the convex side up. Inshape and size it resembles the preceding species but the ovipositor is curved instead of straight and two and one half times as long as the body.
33. Atphidium strictum Scudd. Not rare in places similar to those frequented by érevipenne and ensiferum. It is found from the first of August to the middle of October or later. My cabinet contains a single specimen of this spe- cies with elytra extending to the knees and with the wings .25 of an longer.
34. <Acphidium nemorale Scudd.
inch
February 1891.]
This isa wood species. Itis found most commonly on sparsely wooded and rather barren hillsides. It is equal in size to stréctum. The elytra of the males are unusually ample al- though not longer than the abdomen
almost
and the veins of the stridulating appara- tus are conspicuously large. The song is louder than that of fasc¢éatem ; it con- sists of two parts, the first a_ short abrupt note which is very well repre- sented by the syllable zzZ. the second is the familiar ze-e-e which lasts about half a second and is made from one to five times; the zzf is not repeated. I have not found it at Moline earlier than Au- gust 20th.
35- Orchelimum vulgare Harr. Abundant throughout the State. I have heard its note as early as the 21st of July. Its song is the familiar z2/p-zzp- ztp-zip, ze e-e-e-e. The staccato first part is repeated about four times, usu- ally about twice a second; the Ze-e-e-e continues from two or three to twenty or more seconds.
36. Orchelimum glaberrimum Burm. This species is very like the last and is very probably nothing more than a va- While it seems to be constintly larger and more robust it has the same form of pronotum. The wings
riety of valyare.
are of the same length relative to the elytra, the posterior femora are similar in form, relatively of the same size, and destitute of spines on the under side. The two stripes on the disk of the pro- notum are not uncommon in velgare. | _ have a single specimen from Effingham county, which is south of the center of the State.
leit MOV EM DS 25
37. Orchelimum longipenne Scudd. This species, if I have correctly deter- mined it, is very like va/gare with long wings. It has, however, proportionally shorter legs, longer wings, with the elytra considerably shorter than the wings instead of equalling them as in vulgare. It is much less common than the last mentioned species but it is not rare and is found in similar situations at the same time.
38. I have a number of specimens which I refer to this species though the females
with one or two exceptions differ in
Orchelimum concinnum Scudd.
coloration in a marked manner from
typical specimens. The specimens re- ferred to are almost completely infus- cated with the elytra lighter or even green apically and the tarsi distinctly green. But one specimen, a male, has the brown stripe extending down over the face.
as the second week in August.
I have captured them as early They are partial to low, damp or swampy meadows.
39. Orchelimum nigripes Scud. This handsome species is about as com- mon at Moline as vulgare. It is notat all shy but is likely to be found in the It even showsa preference, I have thought, for human society. During the past summer an instance came under my ob-
grass or shrubbery about the house.
servation of one keeping a place over the wooden finish of a doorway for more than a week. that time he must have been obliged to leave his post to satisfy his hunger, and he probably returned many times to the The song is difficult to distin-
If he ate during
place.
4s
26 PST EBLE:
guish with certainty from that of vzd- gare but usually the zzp-zzf is repeated only once or twice very rapidly and the ze-e-e-e-e does not continue so long. The earliest recorded date for it here is the 1st of August.
40. Orchelimum silvaticum n.sp. A species occurs here not very rarely that I have thought until recently to be O. agile De Geer, but a careful compari- son with typical specimens of that spe- cies shows so many points of difference that I think they should be considered specifically distinct.
Length of body ¢ 70 @ .70; length of elytra gf .60 to .7o 2 .56 to .7o; length of posterior femora @ .59 & .59; length of an- tennae @ Q 22; length of ovipositor Q .32. Very similar to agz/e but different in the fol- lowing particulars: Theelytra and wings are shorter and in the male, at least, the latter do not exceed the former. The posterior femora are relatively shorter and less atten- uated apically though similarly armed with about three small spines on the under side of the apical half. The pronotum is con- spicuously larger and the lateral lobes are decidedly wider at the humeral sinus. The brownish stripes on the disk of the pronotum are more remote from each other. In the proportions of the body, pronotum, hind Yemora, wings and elytra this species ap- proaches vulgare much more closely than agile but it can be separated at once from the former by the presence of the spines on the under side of the hind femora.
I found this Orchelimum first on corn afterw rds more commonly in open placcs in woods. Its stridulation is quite distinct from that of valgare. It con- sists of the same two elements but the zip is repeated many times very rapidly
“from three to five seconds.
{February 1891.
so as to make almost a continuous sound and the ze-e-e-e is comparatively short and very constant lasting about> eight seconds. The first part of the song lasts I have not taken this species before the 7th of Sep ember.
41. Orchelimum volantum n. sp. A second species occurs here which I think has not been described unless I am mistaken in my identification of longtpennts. Inthis case the supposed new species might be the latter. The specimens which I refer to dongipennis agree in every. particular with the de- scription of that species and the new species does not agree inthe characters given and it has so many characters strikingly ditferent from any Orchel- imum that I know that I think there can be little risk in making a synonym if I describe it.
Length of body, @ .72 2 1.04; length of elytra gt @ 1.40; length of wings @ 1.12 @ 1.50; length of posterior femora g .66 2 .88; length of antennae @ 2.25 @ 2.50; length of ovipositor .44. The general col- or is green with the usual brown band on the head and pronotum -very incomplete. On the disk of the pronotum it divides into two stripes which form almost a complete ellipse enclosing a short stripe on the front part of the disk while on the poste- rior part these stripes diverge but do not ex- tend beyond the principal sulcus. The pro- notum is of medium size, with the lateral lobes well rounded on their lower border and the humeral sinus deep. The vertex is de- cidedly turned up at the tip and the occiput is flat so that the top of the head is strongly concave. The elytra and wings are very long and narrower in proportion than in any
February 1So1.]
other Orchelimum. The elytra are so strongly reticulate that they look rough. In the female they are peculiar in having the anal field form a distinct angle (as in Scud- deria) with the rest of the elytra. In the male they are peculiar in that the posterior vein of the stridulating apparatus is trans- verse instead of oblique as in the other spe- cies and only half the length of the adjacent vein on the right instead of twice as long as it is usually. The posterior femora are slender and armed below on the posterior half with several smallspines. The ovipos- itor of the female is long, slightly curved on its upper side and slenderly acute.
This very marked and handsome spe- cies I found on the banks of Rock River near Cleveland in Henry County. The specimens upon which this description is based were found in a clump of rank growing Sagittarta vartabil’s which grew in the angle of an old wall that had once formed a part of the founda- tion of a mill. A peculiarity in the stridulation attracted my attention and led to the discovery of this as well as the preceding species. I was passing this forementioned clump of weeds in a canoe when the peculiar stridulation fell upon my ear and I at once proceded to investigate the cause. These specimens, unlike any Orchelimum with which I
PST CHE. 27
am acquainted, flew about from one broad leaf to another. The song has a new note in it. It may be represented as follows: zip-zip kr-ze-e-e kr-ze-e-e, the last part of the song not lasting more than a half to three quarters of a second and is always preceded by the sound which I represent imperfectly by kr. I have found this species in no other place and it must be very rare as its unusual note would have betrayed it to me if I had ever been near it. Two males and two females taken August roth.
41. Udeopsylla nigra Scudd. I have found this species not uncommon in woods from the first to the middle of June.
42. Ceuthophilus maculatus Say. A rare species at Moline, a few specimens taken in June.
43. Ceuthophilus latens Scudd. Not uncommon in the latter part of June.
44. Ceuthophilus niger (?) Scudd. I have a single immature specimen which I refer to this species.
45. * Ceuthophilus gractlipes Scudd. Mr. S. H. Scudder gives Southern Illi- nois as a locality for this species. I have not identified it.
MariINneE Insects. Those interested in this somewhat restricted field will find in last year’s Revue biologique of Lille an interest- ing contribution to the subject by Prof. R. Moniez, entitled Acariens et insectes marins des cétes du Boulonnais. Six species of Thysanura of four genera, one of Coleoptera (Micralymma) and one of Diptera (Chiron- omus) are recorded.
THE TRUSTEES OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE have recently established in the agricultural department a chair of entomology and zo- édlogy, and filled it by the election of Dr. Clarence M. Weed, now in charge of the entomological department of the Ohio Ex- periment Station at Columbus. Professor Weed is also editor of the entomological de- partment of the American naturalist.
28 PS LEME.
ON THE LIFE-HISTORY
OF DIABROTICA
{February 1891.
12-PUNCPATA, OLIV:
BY H. GARMAN, LEXINGTON, KY.
This insect is deserving of especial attention just now because it appears to be undergoing a change of habit similar to those undergone in the past by sev- eral other native American insects, and probably due to the destruction, by the cultivation of land and by grazing, of the wild plants upon which it has hith- erto subsisted. This explanation of its sudden appearance recently over a wide extent of territory as a corn-infesting insect seems to me the only one war- ranted by the published facts of its his- tory.
Until 1888 Dzabrotica 12-punctata did not appear in the literature of eco- nomic entomology as an important en- emy of any of our staple crops. Mr. B. D. Walsh, writing in 1866 (Pract. €Nnit., Veo U,))110)) and referring to the beetle, states that ‘‘it is very injurious to flowers especially to Dahlias,” and in- fers that it is in part responsible for an injury to the leaves of melons, cucum- bers and other plants, of which one of his correspondents complains.
In 1868 Walsh and Riley (Am. ent. v. I, 227) in reply to a correspondent in Bushberg, Missouri, wrote of the same beetle, ‘‘The yellow beetle with twelve black spots which we herewith illustrate (Fig. 168, twice natural size) which has been so destructive to your water melons and Hubbard squashes, is the 12-spotted Diabrotica.” In the same
and
place in reply to R. D. Parker of Man- hattan, Kansas, these authors state that insects sent to them for determination are also D. 12-punctata.
In1$70 Prof.C.V. Riley (zd Mis- souri Report, 66) wrote that the beetle ‘‘may often be found embedded in the rind of both melons, cucumbers and squashes,” a statement which is re- peated in 1872 by Mr. E. B. Reed (Ent. soc. Ont., Report foris71,, 91).
Prof. S. A. Forbes somewhat extends the knowledge of the food-habits of the beetle by recording in his first report as State Entomologist of Illinois (p. 104) that it was observed Aug. 1, 1882, feed- ing on the pollen of corn and on the blossoms of clover.
One of the most notable cases of in- jury by the beetle is that reported in 1888 by the editors of Insect life (v. 1, 58). In an orchard at Hernden, Virginia, planted chiefly in 1887, young apricot and plum trees are stated to have been badly injured in late April and early May by the beetles, which devoured the leaves as they unfolded. The land on which the trees were planted was mostly in corn in 1887, but a half acre had been in melons. In concluding their notice the authors use the follow- ing words:
‘It is safe to say, however, that this occur- ~
rence is exceptional, and that it depended almost entirely upon the peculiar circum-
[February 1891.
stance of a young orchard having been planted close to a last year’s melon patch, which was not replanted this year. The bee- tles undoubtedly bred upon the melons last season and hibernated in large numbers. The present spring, finding no more appro- priate food at hand they took to the young plums and apricots merely as a substitute. We have little fear, therefore, that a new habit has been formed.”
What basis the authors had for the positive statement that the beetles bred upon the melons I am unable to say, but it is more than probable from what is now known of the life-history of the insect that many of the beetles had de- veloped instead on the roots of the corn.
These references and quotations will serve my purpose of presenting the in- sect as it was known to entomologists during the time which they cover. It is to be noticed that no reference is made to the larva except that implied in the statement made by the editors of Insect life to the effect that the beetles breed upon If these authors had known at the time their notice was writ- ten that larval Diabrotica 12-punctata feed on the roots of corn we may assume that they would have mentioned it in reporting a case in which the relation between the injury to the trees and the corn-infesting habit is so evident.
During the years 1882 and 1883 Prof. S. A. Forbes made a thorough study of the related D. longicornis, which affects the roots of corn in Illinois and other middle states. In this region D. 12-punctata is a very common species, occurring everywhere in gardens and
melons.
BST CPE. 29
fields on flowers. With the thorough
examination of insects from the roots of corn which to my knowledge was made by him, itis altogether unlikely that it would have escaped notice if its larvae had then been present in any numbers in corn fields.
In the report for 1887 (published in 18838) of the Entomologist of the Na- tional Department of Agriculture, Mr. F. M. Webster states in a brief notice that while in Louisiana in 1886:
“We frequently heard of fields of young corn being seriously injured, during some seasons, by a small white worm which at- tacked the roots, usually during April. From the description given us of the pest and its manner of attacking the plants, we first thought it might be the larva of D. longi- cornts, as the habitat of that species is known to extend southward to Central America. On April 12 of the present year [1887] we were enabled to solve the problem by finding con- siderable numbers of these larvae in a field of corn in Tensas Parish, La., where they were working considerable mischief by killing the young plants. As observed by us, their mode of attack differed from that of their northern congener in that they did not ap- pear to attack the fibrous roots or bury them- selves in longitudinal channels excavated in the larger roots. On the contrary, they bur- rowed directly into the plants at or near the upper whorl of roots, which almost invariably resulted in the death of the plant. . . . Both of these fields had produced cotton the pre- ceding year. The adult beetles were fre- quently seen before we observed the larvae, but they were not abundant about the plants in the corn fields, being usually on the yellow blossoms of a species of Aster which springs up in cultivated grounds early in the spring in great abundance. No pupae were found, although careful search was made for them.”
30 VOI A Va Vike
The above is the earliest notice of D. 12-punctata asa corn insect of import- ance which I have seen. Unfortunately the writer does not state whether his conclusion as to the author of the injury was the result of inference, or was ar- rived at by carrying the larvae through their transformations. From the fact that he had not found pupae up to the time of writing, it is proper to assume that the transformations were not ob- served. As a possible clue to one of the original food-plants of the larva atten- tion is directed to the fact that he found the beetles Aster growing on cultivated ground. (From its yellow color the plant would appear to belong to some other genus.) If, as is not unlikely from an observation made by Prof. Lugger and reported farther on, the plants observed by Mr. Webster
abundant on an
are attacked by the larvae, the fact may have an important economic
bearing.
[February 1891,
During the years 1889 and 18go the injury from larvae to corn attracted at- tention over a wide area of country. To my knowledge it has been witnessed in Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louis- Arkansas, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio.
My own observations began July 15, 18Sg, and have continued, as other work permitted, to the presenttime. <A brief notice of the insect, its habits and stages, was printed in the Louisville Home and Farm, Sep. 1, 1889, and in November of the same year was followed by a more elaborate account of the transformations and descriptions of the stages, presented before a meeting of the Association of official economic entomologists at Wash- @See) Insect lifes sve) 2.51705) The latter paper is embodied in what
iana,
ington.
follows, with the addition of observa- tions made during the winter of 18S9- go, and the spring of 1890.
(To be continued.)
PH SPARTA EREPARATORY STAGES: OF HEREROPRACHA RILEYANA “HARVEY.
BY G. H. FRENCH, CARBONDALE, ILL.
In 1887 I found larvae of this species feeding on the honey locust in two stages of their growth. At the time I was feeding quite a number of other larvae and did not make so full notes of these as could be desired, but what I did make are as follows:
Length, .45 inch. The body flattened be-
neath, the back rounded, head small, a fringe of white hairs on each side of the body. Color
reddish brown with an indistinct dorsal stripe of a more distinct red, a stigmatal blackish stripe; head black, with a longitudinal fulvous line each side of the middle and a transverse line of the same about the middle of the front.
Next to last stage:—Length at moult .60 inch. Shape asin the preceding. Brownish red on the dorsum, but joints 8 and g gray on the sides leaving only a narrow dorsal brown- ish red stripe; joint 6 gray but less distinct.
February 1S8gr.]
the whole side gray tinged and the borders of the dorsal stripe of clear color outlined by gray touches; a dorsal line of clearer color indicated on the anterior joints; between joints 3 and 4 and between 4 and 5 on the dorsum a yellow transverse stripe that is hid when the larva is at rest; the head is less distinctly marked than at the other stage; the lateral fringe pink tinted. The dorsal stripe is more of a distinct red than the gen- eral ground color.
An interesting parasite was bred in this stage from one of these larvae, but at the time of writing it is misplaced so that I can not now say what it is. Its manner of pupation was as follows: When ready to spin its cocoon it burst open the under side of the host so that the skin of the dead Heteropacha larva formed a cover for the upper side of the cocoon. The ends of the dead larva were shrunken, but the middle where used as a cover for the cocoon was three times as broad across as the living larva had been. The pupal period of the para-
Vite (C17 ioe 31
site was 8 days, from May 20 to May 28.
Last stage—Length, 1.05 inches. Striped with 7 yellow stripes, a dorsal, subdorsal, suprastigmatal, and substigmatal, the first two quite dark almost orange, the other two paler and much narrower. The space be- tween the dorsal and subdorsal black ;a white patéh between the joints breaks the subdorsal stripe and extends almost to the dorsal. Sides gray. Venter pale yellow, dull, a black patch to each joint. Head black, a short transverse buff streak in front; top of joint 2 black; short hair all over the body but not enough to very much obscure the colors, the hair on the upper part of the body mostly black but that along the sides above the legs gray.
The pupal period of the moth was 15 days, from May 22 to June 6. This was the period of the first one that pupated. Several others were raised but their periods were not noted. They continued to hatch to July 17, some being in the larva state when the first
one emerged as an imago.
SMERINTHUS ASTYLUS.—A brood of twen- ty-four raised this past season, showed some variations from those of last year.
Eggs laid July 29th and 30th.
Hatched—-Aug. 8th.
Ist moult—Aug 16th.
2nd moult—Aug. 22d.
3rd moult—Aug. 29th.
4th moult—Sept. 5th.
Most stopped eating Sept. 14th, and pupa- ted Sept. 18th to 30th, varying much in length of time required for this change. All these periods were shorter in 1890 than in 188g, except that between 2nd and 3rd moults. But three of the larvae kept on feeding till Oct. 15th—one dying just before that date. There was much greater variation
in color in this brood. Twenty were much more marked with red than those of last year, while four had no red, even on the caudal horn! Three of these four were the three which continued feeding after the others had pupated. Every one lost the ‘bifid tip” of the caudalhorn so that, in the last stage, no one could imagine that it had ever been bifid. Ida M. Eliot, Caroline G. Soule.
ProtruHoracic Wi1nGs.—M. Charles Brongn- iart of Paris has just published in the Bul- letin of the Société philomathique two plates representing three insects, differing consid- erably in st¢ucture, found in the rich carbon- iferous beds of Commentry, France, two of
_which show, besides fully developed meso-
32 PSHCHE:
thoracic and metathoracic wings, a pair of prothoracic wings, bearing much the same relation to the others as the mesothoracic tegmina of tropical Phasmidae bear to their metathoracic wings. They are short subtri- angular lobes having a well defined basis which is narrower, sometimes much nar- rower, than the parts beyond, and from which course three or four radiating nervules. Al- though on these individuals these parts spread laterally like the wings behind them, and are sometimes so broad at base as to ap- pear at first sight rather as laterai iobes of the prothorax (especially in an English car- boniferous insect described by Woodward, which Brongniart also places here) M. Brongniart believes that they were movable and could be extended backward along the body, so as to cover the base of the mesotho- racic wings. As to the question which nat- urally arises, whether these members are to be regarded as atrophied organs and therefore presuppose a progenitor equipped with three pairs of fully developed and similar thoracic wings, M. Brongniart prefers to wait for fur- ther paleontological facts. One recalls in this connection the discussion between Haase and Cholodkovsky in the Zoologischer an- zeiger, Nos. 235, 239 and 244.
A Hint From EmBryoLocy.—Mr. Wm. M: Wheeler has enriched entomology by a very interesting and suggestive paper on the appendages of the first abdominal seg- ment ininsect embryos (Trans. Wisc. acad. sci,, v- 3, pp. 87-140, pl. 1-3). Besides his own observations on Phyllodromia, Peri- planeta, Mantis, Xiphidium, Cicada, Zaitha and Sialis, he gives a résumé of the observa- tions of others and discusses the probable original function of these appendages among the ancestral insects when they must have extended to postembryonal life. Showing that in view of their origin from the ectoderm they must have been either respiratory or- gans, sense organs, or glands, he reviews the arguments for each hypothesis pro and con
| February 1891.
and concludes in favor of the last; he is fur- ther inclined to regard them as having probably been odoriferous glands and his ingenious arguments in favor of this view will be found of interest to all entomologists. He proposes for these organs, which he notes to have been found only in the Heterometab- ola, the name of Adenopodia, a name which demands the acceptance of the glandular hy- pothesis. Considering the variety that he shows has already been found in the nature of the adenopodia, a fruitful field of investi- gation is opened, in which there is plenty of room for many workers.
KOLBE’S INTRODUCTION to the study of insects is slow in publication, Begun early in 188g, it was to be completed in six or seven small monthly parts. The fifth part has just appeared and the second of the twelve divi- sions of the book is not half finished, so much more extensive is our author’s performance than his promise. The present part (pp. 225- 272) deals with the mouth-parts of the suck- ing insects and the structure ‘of the wings. In the former, under the bibliography of the Lepidoptera, we miss reference of any kind to either of Edward Burgess’s papers, the most important ever published. In the latter there is no reference to Saussure’s paper on the folding of the wings of cockroaches, but there will be found a good account of Adolf’s views. There are 23 wood-cuts in the text of this part, mostly original.
Dr. ANTON FRITSCH of Prag, has recently described in Vesmdr, a popular Bohemian journal of natural history,the case of a caddis fly from the permian formation, and it may be regarded as the oldest indication of the Phryganidae yet brought to light.
Ec6s or LycAENIDAE—Doherty of Cincin- nati has carried the study of the eggs of eastern Lycaeninae so far as to propose, in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1889, four divisions to the Theclini, based principally upon characteristics drawn from
[February 1891.
the egg, though he points out several accom-
panying features in the adult. They are as
follows :—
Egg large, tubercular, indentations obscurely hexagonal .......... Aphnaeus group.
Egg similar, not tubercular..Loxura group. Egg small, tubercular, indentations sharply cut, usually trigonal .... Thecla group. Egg small, spiny, indentations sharply cut tetragonal ........... Arhopala group.
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
10 February, 1888.—The 135th meeting was held at 61 Sacramento St. Mr. S. Hen- shaw was chosen to preside, and Mr. G. Dimmock chosen secretary pro tem.
Mr. Roland Thaxter of Cambridge, Mass., was elected to active membership.
Mr. J. H. Emerton read his address as re- tiring president, having been unable to be present at the January meeting. The ad- dress was entitled ‘‘ The study of species and the study of cells” (see Psyche, v. 5, p. 77-78).
Mr. C. W. Woodworth exhibited his col- lection of North American Cicadidae, which contains all the described species. Numer- ous notes were given upon the distribution and other peculiarities of each species.
Mr. J. H. Emerton showed mites taken from a lizard and made some remarks upon their peculiarities.
Mr. Emerton also showed drawings of the cribellum and calamistrum of various species of Ciniflonidae. These organs are used by these spiders for curling their web to make it sticky. He also showed drawings of the feet of certain species of spiders.
Mr. S. Henshaw showed a fine specimen of a vegetable parasite (Sphaeria) from a
PS TCL. 33
New Zealand species of Cossus or Hepialus.
Dr. H. A. Hagen spoke of the early stages of the Odonata and especially of a pupa skin of a large Libellula from China that he had lately examined. In this species the palpi did not meet, but each had five or six teeth comparable toa comb. Otherwise the insect belongs near Macromia, and this pe- culiarity of an earlier stage furnished the text fora discussion of how far position in classification should be governed by the earlier stages of animals and how far by adult characters only. The discussion was partici- pated in by several members.
g March, 1888.—The 136th meeting of the Club was held at 61 Sacramento St. Mr. J. H. Emerton was chosen chairman.
Mr. S. H. Scudder invited the Club to hold its meetings hereafter at his laboratory, and offered shelf room for its library; both offers were accepted with thanks.
Mr. J. H. Emerton spoke of Mr. McCook’s observations on the habits of Mygale hentzit while kept in confinement (see Psyche, v. 5, P- 55)-
Dr. H. A. Hagen said that a specimen of Ixodes in his possession, taken from the ear of a man in July, 1887, was still living, though it had been without food for a pe- riod of nearly eight months.
Mr. S. H. Scudder showed a maps giving the distribution of New Eng- land butterflies, and called attention to some curious points in the range of several
series of
species.
Mr. C. W. Woodworth described retractile processes on the abdominal segments of the larva of Craesus latitarsus, and suggested that they were probably defensive in func- tion. Discussion on similar organs fol- lowed.
Dr. H. A. Hagen spoke of the larva of Glyptus sulcatus found in the nests of white ants in south Africa.
13 April, 1888.—The 137th meeting of the Club was held at 156 Brattle St. Mr. S. H. Scudder was chosen chairman.
34 PYSCHE,
Mr. C. W. Woodworth recorded the cap- ture in the south-western states of Afracto- cerus braziliensts. The venation is peculiar, bearing a closer resemblance to that of the Meloidae than to that of the clavicorns. The species is distributed from Brazil to Mexico, and this specimen, if taken in the United States, is probably from Texas.
Mr. S. Henshaw thought the label rather suspicious. He stated that Gorham says in the Biologia Centrali-Americana that the large size of the eyes and readiness with which this insect flies to the light indicate parasitism.
Mr. Woodworth stated that on _ pres- sure being applied to Cumponotus pensylvan- zeus a drop of what was apparently water was exuded from the alimentary tract.
Mr. S. H. Scudder read a paper on the distribution of Axosta plexippus.
Dr. H. A. Hagen stated thata species named by him as Lebellula vacua was identical with Cordulia lintnerz, and has occurred in Mani- toba and the northwest and at Centre, N. Y. He also said that Aeschna grandis which has been taken at Hoboken also occurs in Onta- rio.
Mr. S. H. Scudder remarked on the analo- gy which the distribution of Cordudia lintne- yi bore to that of Rusticus scudderzt, which occurs in Labrador, Manitoba, the Saschat- chawan up to Great Slave Lake, and also at Wemtres Nee
11 May, 1888.—The Club metat 156 Brattle St. Mr Samuel Henshaw was chosen chair- man and Mr. S. H. Scudder, secretary.
Dr. H. A. Hagen exhibited illustrations and specimens of the early stages of the species of Blepharocera which Fritz Miiller has found living in rapid currents in southern Brazil, remarkable for the suckers attached to each segment of the abdomen, by which it is enabled to withstand the rapidity of the stream. Dr. Hagen also gave an account of our knowledge of the history of the several species and in the same connection exhibited the larvae of Blepharocera found by Mr. H
[February 1§91.
G. Hubbard in the streams of Michigan.
Dr. Hagen also announced the discovery of the larvaof an unknown species of Sisyra in northern Illinois, and offered some re- marks on the peculiar structure of this larva.
Mr. C. W. Woodworth mentioned finding a very interesting larva of Stratiomys which used its palpi as locomotory organs.
Mr. S. H. Scudder called the attention of the Club to the completion of the Rev. Mr. Eaton’s monographs of the Ephemeridae, the last part of which had been received within a few days. A discussion ensued, in which accounts were given of the immense numbers of single species of Ephemeridae sometimes seen.
Mr. Scudder also exhibited a Hemerobius taken in the house since the last meeting, in which, contrary to what is customary in the Hemerobidae, a cross vein united the subcosta and radius near the tip, though the neuration of the two wings of the spe- cimen did not agree.
He also read from his forthcoming work on New England butterflies a chapter on the life-history of Anosza plexippus, with special reference to the annual recolonization of New England from the south.
Mr. Woodworth gave an account of species of the group Typhlocybidae; five genera are known in the whole world, all of them found in North America, where we have about thirty species.
Mr. Holmes Hinkley stated that he had ob- tained an immense number of cut worms from a greenhouse adjoining his residence, where they were now appearing upon the surface every night, attacking the pansies and geraniums, and were supplied to him in large numbers by the proprietor.
The librarian announced that the Club’s library was now stored and arranged on shelves in a room adjoining that in which the meeting was held, where they will be kept for the present, and be accessible to the members on every Tuesday evening as well as at the Club meetings.
; as KEE) 2 \ Es py
e S a a =
Som ft MAT, Or BNTOMOLOG YY.
[Established in 1874. ]
Vol. 6. No. 179.
Marcu, 1891.
CONTENTS: A GENERAL SURVEY OF THE MopEs oF DEVELOPMENT IN INSECTS, AND THEIR MEANING.—Alpheus Hyatt, Fennie M. Arms : : : 3 : : : 37 On THE LiFE History oF DIABROTICA 12-PUNCTATA OLIv. (Concluded).—H. Garman (Illustrated) 3 : : ; - : 2 : : : : 4 DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW WesT AFRICAN LyCAENIDAE; Paper II.—W. ¥. Holland E 50
On AN IMPORTANT CHARACTER, HITHERTO LITTLE NOTICED, IN THE FAMILY Bu-
PRESTIDAE.—Frederick Blanchard : 2 : - : - ; “ : 53 HARRISIMEMNA TRISIGNATA.—Caroline G. Soule . 5 é ‘ , : ; : 53 MISCELLANEOUS Notes; L’ABEILLE : : ; : : : 3 : ‘ , 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB - - - - : 5 54
PUBLISHED BY THE
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB,
CAMBRIDGE, Mass., U.S. A.
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36 PSV CHEE,
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{ March, 1Sg! e
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
The regular meetings of the Club are now held at 7-45 P.M. on the second Friday of each month, at No. 156 Brattle St. Entomologists temporarily in Boston or Cambridge or passing through either city on that day are invited to be present.
The following books and pamphlets are for sale by the CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB:
Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat- omy of the milk-weed butterfly, Danais archip- pus. Boston, 1880, 16 p., 2 plates.
Casey, Thomas L. Contributions to ihe descriptive and systematic Coleopterology of North America. Part I-II.
Grote, A.R. Check list of the Noctuidae of America, north of Mexico. Buffalo, N. Y. TOTS me c +25
Grote, A. R. Revieed heck list of ike North American Noctuidae. Part I. Thya- tirinae-Noctuinae. Bremen, 1890. _ . 50
Hitchcock, Edward. Ichnology of New England. Boston, 1858 :
Packard,A.S. Synopsis of the Thysanund of Essex County, Mass. Descriptions of new American Phalaenidae. Notes on N.A. moths of the families Phalaenidae and Pyralidae in the British Museum. On the cave fauna of Indiana. Salem, 1873. c ~50
Schwarz, E.A. The Coleoptera of Florida -50
Scudder, S. H. The earliestwinged in- sects of America: a re-examination of the Devonian insects of New Brunswick, in the light of criticisms and of new studies of other paleozoic types. Cambridge, 1885,8p.,1 plate 50
Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the gencric names ie for Butterflies. Sa- lem, 1875. :
Scudder, S. H. The pine- note of Nene tucket, Retinia frustrana. col. pl. Boston, 1883. .25
Weber, F. Nomenclator entomologicus. Chilonii et Hamburgi, 1795, 17I p. q 50
SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas., Cambridge, Mass.
EARLY STAGES OF BUTTERFLIES.
The undersigned desires to obtain, from all parts of the world, eggs, caterpillars and chrysalids of diurnal Lepidoptera, and can offer similar speci- mens of many North American species in exchange. Dried specimens are preferred, especially of cat- erpillars, which should be prepared by inflation.
Samuel H. Scudder, Cambridge, Mass.
I.vo
I.00
1.50
I.00
Se FG.
A GENERAL SURVEY OF THE MODES OF DEVELOPMENT IN INSECTS AND THEIR MEANING.*
The mode of development in all of the first series of orders from I-IX [see Psyche v. 6, p. 13] is asa rule direct, and this necessarily unites the Thysanu- riform larva, when it is present, .more or less closely with the adult stages, and the adults are apt to show traces of this connection in the retention of cer- tain primitive characteristics. The ab- sence of a waist or deep constriction be- tween the thorax and the abdomen is due to the fact that the junction with the metathorax remains in most adults as it is in the larva and in Thysanura. The mouth parts also are for biting, except in the highly specialized Hemiptera, in which, although the suctorial character- istics of these parts are developed early, the larvae, with this exception, have what may be called a Thysanuriform stage. The highly specialized adults of groups having indirect development (Coccidae) are not exceptions to this rule, and retain to a recognizable de- gree the primitive form of the larvae.
The second series of orders from X- XVI have, as a rule, more complicated
modes of development, introducing va-
rious intermediate and often extraordi- nary stages, such as grubs, caterpillars,
* From Guides for Science Teaching, No. VIII. By Alpheus Hyatt and J. M. Arms.
Following Brauer and some other entomologists, we have regarded these
etc.
as more or less degraded modifications of the primitive Thysanuriform larva, but have spoken of them collectively as the secondary larval stages. They ap- pear subsequently to the Thysanuriform stage, when that is present, or between the ovarian and pupal stages when that is absent. The pupal stage is similar to that of the first series of orders in all respects except that, as a rule, it is in- capable of motion, or is what is called quiescent, and is usually more or less protected. The complicated develop- ment of individuals in the second series of orders has led several authors to des- ignate the first series of orders as Ame- tabola, and the second series as Metabola.
The use of the term ‘‘ametabola,” as applied to the orders from I to IX, in- volves an exaggeration, since it implies that they have no metamorphoses ; whereas, as pointed out by Comstock and others, the Coccidae have a ‘**com- plete”’ series of metamorphoses, or in- direct development, even including a quiescent pupal stage in the develop- ment of the only winged form, the male. The quiescence of the pupal stage loses much significance in view of
38 STG FIL:
this exception, and also when it is noted that an extra quiescent larval stage may occur in the second series of orders, as in some beetles, whose extraordinary habits render two quiescent stages es- sential in their development.
It is a remarkable fact that, as a rule, the larvae of the second or specialized series of orders have the habit of feeding voraciously. In this way the larvae store up fats and food matters in their own bodies in preparation for the qui- escent and helpless pupal stage, during which they live upon these accumula- tions, they being taken up by the cells of the tissues and used in building up The pupal stage is passed, as arule, in more
the organs and parts of the adult.
or less sheltered situations, and it is either enclosed in a special covering, a cocoon, woven by the animal, or else protected by one acquired through the moulting and hardening of its own cut- The difference between this last and the ordinary process of moulting consists in the retention of the moulted skin, the animal shrinking within it for
icle.
shelter as its fatty parts are consumed, instead of casting it off altogether. Lubbock, in his Origin and meta- morphoses of insects, has shown that the inactivity of the pupa in the second series of orders is not a novel condi- tion, but a mere prolongation of the shorter periods of inactivity which ne- cessarily accompany every change of skin or moult. These facts and the ob- vious want of any common structural differences in the quiescent pupae, as compared with the similar stages of ac-
{March 1891.
tive pupae, show that quiescence must be reckoned as a habit of resting from active exertion during a more or less prolonged period of their growth which has been acquired by the more special- ized forms of insects, not only generally among the members of the second series of orders, but also by many among the first series. The degraded larvae of in- dividuals in these specialized forms are as a rule farther removed structurally from their own adults, than in forms having a direct mode of development, and the changes to be gone through be- fore reaching the adult stage are greater The habits of the animal during the pupal stage have con-
and more numerous.
sequently changed in proportion to these requirements from the active to the quiescent condition.
There are other series of facts equally While the Thysanuriform stage is present more or less in Coleoptera and Neuroptera, which have the indirect mode of develop- ment, absent in the orders from XII to XVI inclusive, having been re- placed by the secondary larval stages in accordance with the law of acceleration in development.
The tendency of the more specialized forms in the orders I to |X to accelerate the development of the earliest stages is shown in various ways. In the grass. hoppers,* Mantidae, etc., the inheri- tance of the adult peculiarities of the type affects the young at such early
important and significant.
it is
*Packard’s illustrations on p. 60 of his Entomology for beginners give an excellent series of one species, Caloptenus femur- rubrum
March 1891.|
stages that, as has been described above, the primitive larval Thysanuriform stage is skipped or omitted from the develop- ment.
In Coleoptera and in the highly spe- cialized orders of insects (XI to XVI) a novel and disturbing influence appears, due to the extraordinary importance of the functions of larval life. This period in the larger number of groups in other classes of animals is much less variable than the adult stage, and it is really very often a mere vehicle for the record and transmission of hereditary characters. In some of the orders of insects, how- ever, it is as efficient for the manifesta- tion of new modifications and adaptive characters as the adult, and often per- haps more variable. tional rather than the usual aspect of the larval stages, and makes the study
This is an excep-
of insects remarkably difficult and inter- esting.
Sometimes in the orders I to LX (Coc- cidae, Cicada), as well as more gener- ally in X to XVI, the larvae carry the line of development and modification a long way outside of what can be termed the normal or direct course, but these deviations lead, as a rule, back again through similar pupae to the same goal in the imago, a typical adult insect. Epicauta, the blister-beetle, is a good example. Fig. 98 shows the active Thy- sanuriform larva, and Figs. 102, 106, 107, the grub-like larva which passes two stages the true pupa the imago. tions were probably due originally in
before becom- that These complica-
through ing transforms
into
BSTC EHE. 39
each type to the plastic nature of the organism, which enabled it to fit itself to different conditions and surroundings during its passage through the younger The history of para- sites, whose loss of parts and correlative
stages of growth.
modifications are plainly adaptations to the nature of the surroundings in all branches of the animal kingdom, shows this to be sound reasoning. Among some of these types there are all kinds of meta- morphoses and very complicated modes of development, so that it is not difficult
One
can apply a similar nomenclature and
to surpass even those of insects.
the same laws in explanation of the often curious and sometimes extraordi- nary metamorphoses, and these changes are often, as in Taenia, accompanied by corresponding acceleration and loss of primitive stages. The curious trans- formations of Echinodermata are plainly adaptations of the larvae to a free life in the water before they become attached or sink to the bottom and begin their In this class there are a number of examples of accel- eration (Comatula, Spatangoids, etc.). Such life-histories and those of Epi- cauta, Sitaris and Meloe among beetles which run out the gamut of changes
proper life as crawlers.
from the simplest Thysanuriform larva through several grub stages to the qui- escent pupa, that the complicated metamorphoses, called hy-
show most
permetamorphoses by entomologists, must have arisen in response to the No other hypothesis can account for the number,
changes of the surroundings.
variety, and novelty of these metamor-
40 TES) Oz Wo
phoses and their suitability to the num- ber, variety, and novelty of the changes in the surroundings and the correspond- ing changes in habits of the larvae at different stages of growth.
The occupation of the larval stages by strange and curious forms, like cat- erpillars, grubs, etc., naturally attracts attention and at first makes one wonder at the apparent eccentricities of nature’s ways. But in reality they serve to throw a strong side light upon the nor- mal mode of action of the laws of hered- ity, and show us that, in spite of its enormous conservative force, heredity is subservient to the effects of habit or use of parts.
That these secondary larval forms are more reduced, although more special- ized organisms than the primitive Thy- sanuriform larvae, stated. Among Coleoptera and Neu- roptera this is obvious whenever the
has already been
Thysanuriform and secondary adaptive forms are present in the growth of the No one can compare the swollen, soft, round-bodied grubs with the active Thysanuriform larva, especially when occurring in the growth
same individual.
of the same beetle, without realizing that the former is due to specialization by reduction. That their structures, although degraded by this process, are suitable to the conditions under which they live has been pointed out by many writers; notably, Graber, Riley, Lub- bock, and Packard. ‘This reduction becomes still more apparent when we regard the larvae of Diptera and the grubs of the weevils among Coleoptera,
[March 1801.
the latter being generally without legs, and the former also deficient in these organs and in large part without a dif- ferentiated head. If these or the cater- pillars or other secondary larval forms similar to them were isolated, and their subsequent into pupae and adults unknown, naturalists would
development
no admit that they possessed close affin- ities with the adult insects of the same groups, and they would be considered as more rudimentary or simpler in structure than any Thysanuran or Thy- sanuriform larva. In the most special- ized forms of Coleoptera, the weevils, the early development of a footless grub, a reduced form similar to the maggot of the Diptera, replaces both the Thysa- nuriform larva and also the active six- footed grub of the normal groups of beetles. The Insecta furnish such ap- parently isolated examples, and, on ac- count of the absence of intermediate forms, it has been supposed that these could be put in evidence against the derivation of the orders of which they were members from Thysanura, as has been stated above with reference to the saltatorial Orthoptera, but the researches of Brauer, Packard, and Lubbock, de- monstrating that the secondary larval stages, grubs, maggots, etc., are modi- fications of the Thysanuriform larval stages, show that this: use of them can- not be admitted. If this be granted, it becomes possible to account for the phe- The modified, and
adaptive, larval characters of the grubs,
nomena as follows.
caterpillars, etc., having become fixed in the organization of such groups as
March 1Sogrt.]
the weevils among Coleoptera, and in some whole orders, as in the Lepidop- tera and Diptera, have been inherited at such early stages in accordance with the law of acceleration in development that they have replaced the useless Thy- sanuriform stage. In other words, the absence of this primitive larval stage in the young of many specialized forms of insects now living is due to the tendency to earlier inheritance of the later ac- quired, adaptive characters of the secon- dary larval forms.
It is very important for these consid- erations to notice that after the insects possessing the indirect modes of devel- opment have passed through their re- ductive secondary larval stages, they return to the more normal or direct mode of development in the pupa. In doing this, they clearly illustrate the exceptional and adaptive nature of their deviations from the direct mode during the larval stages, and show that this re- sumption of the older beaten path marked out by heredity is essential in order that a typical hexapod form may be evolved in the adult stage. The pupa is always a six-legged form, with the legs more or less developed, and being common to all insects, whether quiescent or active, is really a part of the direct mode of development wher- ever it occurs. It is as universal and essential as are the typical ovarian and adult stages. Indirect development is, therefore, composite. It is first a devia- tion in the larva from the direct mode, and then a return in the pupa of the direct mode, and this return necessarily
PST CHE. 41
brings the organism back again into the normal line of evolutionary changes, and the normal form of insect is the re- sult of this return and the resumption of progressive specialization.
The reverse of this process, z. e. when direct development is not re- sumed, is shown in the case of parasites like the female of Stylops.
If it be true that the stages of develop- ment in individuals are abbreviated rec- ords of the modifications undergone by the group during its evolution in time, and that as a rule the characteristics of adults of the more generalized or primi- tive forms of any order, or even of smaller divisions, in all groups of the animal kingdom, show a tendency to occur in the young of more specialized forms of the same group or division, it follows, that in each natural group the specialized forms have been evolved from the generalized forms. This ten- dency to accelerate and abbreviate the record preserved by heredity in the growth and development of each indi- vidual can be understood if one imagines a series of forms evolving in time. First, the representatives of the simple, primi- then another coming into being successively
tive ancestor; one form after would each introduce some novel modi- fications, according to its place in time These modi-
fications being inherited at earlier stages
and the structural series.
in descendants than those in which they originated in the ancestral forms, would crowd upon the characteristics already fixed by heredity in the growth of the
young. By and by, as characteristics
42 PST CHL.
accumulated, it would become not only inconvenient to repeat all the character- istics of its ancestors, but it would be a physical impossibility for any individual to reproduce them all in the same suc- cession in which they had arisen; life would not be long enough nor vital pow- ers strong enough to accomplish sucha process. Nature provides for such emergencies by a law of replacement; and as stated above, when a part or characteristic becomes useless, if it stand in the way of the development of other parts or other characteristics of the same part, itis replaced to a greater or less degree by the newer and more useful modifications. as relates to an ordinary normal series of forms when such a series can be traced with abundant materials through a sufficiently long period of geologic time, as has been repeatedly shown by Cope and one of the authors, Made confident by such experiences we do not hesitate to apply it to the insects where positive evidence of this sort is not yet forthcoming.
If this be correct, it is evident for ex- ample that the sucking-tube and other
This is the rule so far
correlative internal modifications origi- nated in the pupal or adult stages of the primitive Hemipteron, then became fixed in the organization of the order, and are now inherited at an early age, having replaced or driven out the ances- tral, primitive, perhaps Thysanuriform mouth parts from the larval stage. The assumption that the sucking mouth parts originated in the pupal or adult stages
is considered probable, because, al-
[March 18or.
though there are many exceptions, char- acteristics usually originate in the later stages in other branches of the animal kingdom. In Lepidoptera and Diptera, which resemble the Hemiptera in hav- ing the highly modified mouth parts with a tubular arrangement, these char- acteristic peculiarities are confined to the later stages of development, and are not found in their larvae. The larvae of Hemiptera are also decidedly Thy- sanuriform, and that they originated from a modified Thysanuroid form having biting mouth parts in the larvae and sucking mouth parts in the later stages, seems to be indicated by this fact. We have already seen in such ex- amples as the locusts, etc., that an earlier development in the inheritance of the characters of adults may effectually ob- literate the Thysanuriform larva, and in the Coleoptera, Neuroptera, etc., that it is the earlier inheritance of the sec- ondary larval characteristic which ac- complishes this result. In. no case do the pupal or adult characteristics become accelerated in development so as to re- place the larval stage in the second se- ries of orders except in parasites such as the parasitic Pupipara (ticks). The young are in some of these species born as pupae, and the ovarian and larval stages are passed within the mother.* Asarule, then, the orders having in-
*Among theorders having the direct mode of develop- ment a similar case to the Pupipara is to be found in the plant-lice. These being viviparous, the young are born in an advanced stage, and are in reality, although wingless, comparable with active pupae. In the case of the sexually perfect forms which emerge from pseudova, they are, according to Comstock, in a still more advanced condition.
March 1801. |
direct modes of development do not show to any marked extent acceleration in the inheritance of adult or adolescent (pupal) characters, but, on the contrary, the characteristics of these later stages re- main remarkably constant in the ages at which they are inherited. They do not encroach upon or replace the larval stage to any very marked extent, as in the examples cited above, among the Orthoptera or Hemiptera. This might be considered as fatal to the application of the law of acceleration, and this would be the case if that law were any- thing more than the expression for a general result of causes which underlie the action of heredity. One of these causes is what we have already expressed as a law of replacement.
Two modifications cannot occupy the Same space, and the secondary larval forms having become fixed in the organ- ization, they hold their own in the de- velopment of individuals against the en- croachment of the pupal and adult characters by virtue of their suitability and the conservative power of heredity. The few cases in which acceleration of the pupal stages at the expense of the larval stages does take place in the sec- ond series of orders seem to show this, since they occur not in the normal forms having the ordinary habitat, but in par- asites like the Pupipara.
Teachers who read Sir John Lub- bock’s interesting chapter on the Nature of metamorphoses will find opposite views expressed in regard to the rank of metamorphoses, and these may con- fuse them unless explained. He speaks,
PSTCHE. 43
on page 41, of the maggots of flies as belonging ‘‘to alower grade” of meta- morphoses than the grubs which have biting mouth parts and heads, and of the caterpillar as on a higher level than the vermiform larvae of Diptera and Hymenoptera. This, lated, means that larvae, like those of the grubs of most Coleoptera and Lep- idoptera, have heads, mouth parts, and legs which have not yet suffered from reduction; but in speaking of these as ‘lower grade,” Lubbock makes a mis- take in systematic perspective. If, as he holds, the secondary larvae are all
literally trans-
primarily the outcome of the Thysanu- ran form, they are all what he ought to call ‘*higher grade,” being more spe- cialized and farther removed from this primitive insect standard than the larvae of the more generalized or first series of orders. The same and, we think, more philosophical mode of dealing with the facts leads to the corollary that among themselves the larvae of the more spe- cialized orders are really ‘thigher,” if the use of this word is considered essen- tial, or more specialized in proportion to the extent of their structural devia- tion from the Thysanuran standard. Thus the larvae of Diptera are, as a rule, more specialized than any other, and have to be set on the extreme left in our table on this account. ‘The words ‘chigher and lower grade” are extremely confusing, since they embrace three dif- ferent classes of ideas,—anatomical and physiological facts and teleological no- Nature leads us along lines of which
tions.
modification sometimes rise
44 PSTCIE,
through continuous progressive special- ization to more and more differentiated structure with correspondingly increased functional powers, or larger or different fields of work. At other times it may lead us in a wave line, which follows a devious course, rising part of the time through progressive specialization, and then falling for another period of time through specialization by reduction. If the animals under consideration be parasites, they may continue on this descending plane both in the growth of the individual and the evolution of the Nevertheless the resulting ad- ult is not necessarily of ‘‘low grade” in
group.
any scientific scheme of arrangement founded upon the principles of evolu-
[March 1891.
tion. Itis, however, farther removed from the primitive type, and is extremely specialized. The use of the aesthetic terms ‘“‘low” and ‘thigh” have come from a period in the history of our sci- ence when nature was made to assume a rigidly progressive aspect, each divi- sion of the animal kingdom representing a finger-post pointing towards the so- called perfect animal, man, each rising higher and higher in the scale of per- fection whose standard was the human organization. Such artificial ideas re- venge themselves, and words become their ready instruments, first to express what is false, and then to help in bind- ing the mind with the conservative fet- ters of habit.
ON THE LIFE HISTORY “OF DIABROTICA 12-PUNCTATA, OLIV.
BY H. GARMAN, LEXINGTON, KY.
(Concluded from p. 30-)
THE INJURY TO CORN.
The larva of this insect works much like its congener, D. longicornis, com- monly destroying the roots, but often also working on the underground part of the stalk. The larva of D. longi- cornis often makes a longitudinal bur- row in a root leaving little outward trace of its presence. The larval D. 72-punc- tata has not been observed to work in this manner, the roots being mined and irregularly, often
channeled bored
through from side to side, or even com- pletely devoured where the worms are abundant. Very few fields in Kentucky are entirely free from injury, and many are affected very injuriously, the damage being perceptible to casual observation in the retarded growth, and, as the sea- sons advance, in the prostration of in- fested corn by the winds. As a rule the injury is greatest on land that retains moisture longest. On high and well- drained land it is not so prevalent. In
March 1Sor. |
all these respects it agrees with the re- lated corn root-worm of the North.
I have not observed thus far that its abundance has any relation to the land The northern species, it will be remembered, is commonly most abundant on old corn land. Two of the worst infested fields examined in 188g were, one in tobacco, and the other in oats, in 1888. A_ third field, in corn in 1887 and 1888, was in oats in the spring of 188g, these to be followed the same season by a late plant- ing of corn. This difference in the in- juries of the two corn root-worms is to be attributed to the fact that D. /ong7- cornzs hibernates in the egg state in the earth of corn fields, whereas D. 72- punctata hibernates, at least in great part, as an adult beetle which wanders actively about in fall and spring in search of food. Still, the observation reported in Insect life concerning injury to orchard trees planted on corn land renders it probable that in some cases beetles which develop in corn land hibernate there. This would certainly be the case at any rate if the corn was very late.
D. 12-punctata seems to be the only corn root-worm of Kentucky, and cer- tainly is the only generally injurious one. During two seasons’ collecting I have not found a single specimen of D. longi- corms within the limits of the State.
having been previously in corn.
LIFE-HISTORY (FOR KENTUCKY).
Young larvae noted on the 15th of July, 1889, were mostly grown, and some had pupated in small cells in the
LS CLE. 45
earth by the 29th of the same month. Adult beetles dissected at this time con- tained numerous ova of relatively large On August 3 of that summer an examination
size. showed that most of the larvae had pupated or were ready to do so. No very young One adult wis taken from an earthen cell where it had re- From the abundance of females with well devel- oped ova about fields at this time it seemed probable there was to be a sec- ond brood.
of infested corn
worms were seen.
cently changed from a pupa.
Subsequent search in the fields did not reveal young larvae there, and towards the end of August the fe- males disappeared, and none were ob- served with developed eggs during the remainder of the season.
The eggs of these females were cer- tainly not deposited freely among corn that was damaged by the early brood of larvae. What then became of them+’
Several larvae and pupae, perhaps from eggs laid by these females, were found among injured corn late in sum- mer, but thorough search at different times showed them to be rare, and I was for a time led to think the species might be single brooded like the related D. longicornis. But on the first of Novem- ber, 1889, the discovery in a field of late-planted corn of numerous larvae to- gether with pupae and recently trans- formed adults, proof of at least two annual broods of the insect for this locality. The exam- ples collected at this time were chiefly grown larvae, contracted and ready for
gave unquestionable
pupation, with occasional individuals
46 PSOE:
about three-fourths grown, and a few pupae and recently emerged adults.
In my paper as read at the Washing- ton meeting of entomologists I stated that the above facts made it seem prob- able that the late brood of larvae fed in part on plants other than corn. In the discussion following, Prof. Otto Lugger of Minnesota showed the surmise to be well founded by stating that he had taken pupae at the roots of one of the native Compositae,—a species of Rudbeckia. At my request he has since kindly given me the following definite statement, quoted partly from his notes:
‘‘Diabrotica 12-punctata.—Sep. 3, ’895 found among roots of Rudbeckia sp. three pupae of a chrysomelid, nearly ready to issue the imago. Sep. 5, 8g, all three insects ap- peared above ground in breeding cage. At first white, they soon changed to the normal color, excepting that the black spots were only faintly visible. Sep. 7, 89, insects mature, and mounted. It is the above spe- cies.
Many specimens occurred at this time upon the above plant and upon Solidago and this tles. The majority appeared quite fresh, as if hatched quite recently. The Rudbeckia grew in an old field cultivated some four years ago, but grown up into a wilderness of Soli- dago, Rudbeckia, thistles, etc. The nearest field of corn is fully one-fourth mile from this spot.”
Prof. Lugger’s observation explains the whereabouts of most of the late brood. Very little corn is planted here as late as that in which the second brood occurred, so that ordinarily the beetles must resort to some other plant for ovi-
position. Five Kentucky species of
; March 1Sor.
Rudbeckia are known, and in all prob- ability the beetles which emerged from the ground in this vicinity during Au- gust resorted to these. The observation also renders it almost certain that the insect is two brooded at latitudes much higher than this.
The larvae and pupae in the field of late-planted corn were followed until all had completed their transformations. From an excess of larvae in November, the proportion was gradually changed to an excess of pupae in December. A short time spent digging about hills of corn on Dec. § resulted in finding seven pupae and two larvae. Subsequently Wwe experienced a most exceptional period of spring-like weather, and urged apparently by its influence all the larvae and pupae completed their trans- formations. On January 16, a close search among the infested roots did not reveal the presence of a single example. Previous to December we had some weather during which the surface of the ground was frozen. If the winter sub- sequently had not been so mild it is safe to assume that the larvae and pupae in the frozen ground would not have changed to beetles until the spring of 1Sgo.
The adult beetle has been found abroad at all times when looked for from July ro, 1889, until December, 1890. During the winter it is to be found among rubbish in strawberry beds, in gardens, and meadows. Dur- ing mild days it is often awake, and feeds at such times on almost any green vegetation within reach. It is one of
March 1801.]
the first insects to become active in _ spring, and at this time is to be found on grasses, clovers and other plants feeding on leaves, flowers or pollen. It is during this time, and before the corn is up, that the ova develops in the ovaries of the females. During the fall ‘and winter those taken and dissected contained no developed eggs. In the latter part of May last spring when the corn was a few inches high, the females collected contained ova in an advanced stage of development.
I was unfortunately unable to find the eggs after oviposition, but there can be no doubt but that they are placed like
those of D. lonyicornis in the ground at
the roots of corn. A search in corn fields June 3, 1889, resulted in no lar- vae. On June 10, they began to ap- pear, and by the close of the month were mostly well grown. On July 5 pupae were found in confinement from larvae brought in June 30. The pupae began to appear out of doors about the same time and the beetles came forth from them during the first two weeks of July, all apparently being out before the 21st. The first brood was thus matured earlier than in 1889, a result, doubtless, of the forwardness of the season of 1Sgo.
REMEDIAL TREATMENT.
A complete remedy for the pest may prove hard to find. If the insect spent the winter in corn fields in the egg state, as has been determined by Prof. S. A. Forbes to be true of D. longicornis, we might hope to avoid injuries by
PSTCHE. 47
rotation of crops. Since it hibernates in part at least as an adult, and is capa- ble of prolonged flight, rotation would not avail. The food habits, too, of larva and imago are such as to favor it in the struggle for existence. As a beetle it is a voracious and feeder, and way of amiss.
indiscriminate nothing, seemingly, in the
succulent vegetation comes Tomato leaves, clovers, potato leaves and tubers, turnips and cabbage have been used to feed beetles kept in confinement. During the latter part of August they are very common here in the ends of corn ears, eating out the silks. It is possible they may do some harm in this way, but I can not see that the affected corn fails to develop At times it is scarcely possible to find an ear of
the usual number of grains.
corn that does not harbor one or more beetles. ENEMIES,’
Some predaceous beetles and Jarvae have been found during summer and fall in the earth with young root worms, but not in any great numbers, birds I find only the brown thrush re- corded as eating the beetles.
Among
Several parasites occur in the fluids of the beetles, and can perhaps be ex- pected to check any extraordinary in- crease in the numbers of the root-worm. The most common of these is one of the protozoans, a large Gregarina. prob- ably the same species as that noted some years ago in the fluids of D. longz- cornts. The fluids of examples occa- sionally swarm also with a small nema- tode worm, and in one instance a large
48 PYSCHE.
thread worm with tapering caudal ap- pendage was noted. Occasional beetles have been found affected with an Em- pusa resembling Z&. gryl/i, a species commonly known as a parasite of grass- hoppers. An interesting bacterial dis- ease of the larva reported by Prof. S. A. Forbes at the Washington mecting of entomologists is also to be mentioned in this connection, though I have not detected it here in Kentucky.
DESCRIPTIONS.
Egg. — Matured ova from ovaries of fe- males are much like those of D. longicornis. They are white, oval, with the surface retic- ulated and sculptured so as to produce nu- merous hexagonal, pitted areas. Prof. Forbes gives the dimensions of the egg of D. longt- cornis as .025 inch, by .o15 inch. Ova of the spotted species measure a trifle larger, being about .027 inch in length by .016 inch in greatest diameter.
Larva, enlarged.
Fig. 1.
Larva. — Body cylindrical, tapering a trifle towards the extremities, composed of twelve segments behind the head. Skin wrinkled, papillose along the sides, white, sometimes becoming yellowish just before pupation. Head dark brown, nearly black in some examples, with a few rather strong hairs arising from the surface; a narrow median longitudinal line of black above, and two pale lines which converge from the bases of the antennae, following sutures, to meet at the middle line on the posterior part of the head; ventral side of head pale medially. No eyes. Antennae of three segments, white. Labrum dark brown. Mandibles dark brown, black at tips, with four or more blunt denticles. Maxillae pale, armed with
[March 1Sor.
numerous strong spines within. Labium Cervical shield pale brown, with a narrow median longitudinal white line, broadly triangular in shape. Jointed legs pale, each with a dark brown chitinous sup- porting frame work at base; each segment of legs provided with a number of strong hairs; a single brown tarsal claw, beside which arises a white, elliptical, striated plate slightly longer than the claw. Dorsal shield of posterior body segment nearly circular in Outline, brown, with numerous minute black specks, slightly rimmed at posterior margin, and in young examples obscurely bitubercu- late; furnished with several strong marginal hairs, and with four minute, striate, cen- trally-placed, spatulate appendages. Spira- cles round, the two anterior pairs sometimes with brown rims, the rest pale. Posterior
pale.
‘segment with a single fleshy proleg.
Length about .56 inch, diameter about .06 inch. Examples ready for pupation about -37 inch long.
Fig.2. Pupa, enlarged.
Pupa. — Translucent white, with scattered brown hairs on dorsal side of body arranged as follows: one within, and a pair posterior to, the base of each antenna; a transverse, arched row near the anterior edge, a pair near the middle, one at tne middle of each side, and one at each side near the posterior margin, of the prothorax; four each on the meso- and meta-thorax; three at the extrem- ity of each femur; a pair at the middle and one at each side of each abdominal segment, except the posterior three; antepenultimate and penultimate segments of abdomen each with six, the four inner being in pairs and
[March 18ot.
posterior to the others; two within, and three without each of the large spines borne on the posterior segment. Caudal spines straight or curved, black-tipped. Wing-pads covering the posterior femora below. An- tennae curving around the femora of the two anterior pairs of legs and then extending inwards towards the ventral middle line.
Length .22 —.25 inch.
Fig. 3. Imago, enlarged.
Imago. — Pale green, or greenish yellow, marked with black. Head and mouth-parts black, the former showing a brownish cast medially on ventral side. Three basal arti- cles of each antenna pale, sometimes with dusky dots on posterior side; remainder of antennae black. Prothorax uniformly green or yellow. Elytra green or yellow, with twelve large black spots, six on each, ar- ranged in three cross series; the first series at the base, the second at about the middle, and the third midway between the second _and the tips of the elytra. Scutellum brown or black. Mesothorax beneath, the coxae, the basal third to half of femora, and the abdomen, yellow or green. Metathorax beneath, the distal portion of the femora, and the whole of the tibiae and tarsi, black.
Head with a basal pit behind antennae. Prothorax above smooth and shining, obso- letely punctulate, with a pair of pits, one on each side of the middle line. Margin of prothorax sinuate at sides, no prominent angles. Elytra minutely, regularly punctu-
PSTCHE. 49
late, each elytron with a humeral promi- nence. Antennae, metathorax beneath, ab- domen, and legs, clothed with a fine silken pubescence.
Length .25 —.28 inch; antennae about .19 inch.
For record more nearly complete I may be allowed in conclusion to call attention 12-
the purpose of making this
to the most recent notice of J), punctata known to me, printed in a recent mumiber of) Pnsect liferr(ve.)3: 150). The writer, Mr. Webster, here gives a brief description of the larva in the main with that In several points, how-
I presume the
which agrees given above. ever, we do not agree. statement that the posterior segment of the body is provided with a pacr of prolegs is a slip of the pen; certainly there is only one of these in both D. longicornis and D. 12-punctata. ‘The statement also that the brown plate on the hindmost segment is furnished with a ridge ‘‘bearing a long erect bristle” cannot be verified on the larvae collected in this State, and I respectfully suggest in explanation that in examples nearly grown some of the hairs on the plate are frequently worn or broken off. The hairs are constant in position and num- ber in the examples I have studied, and none have been seen with a single erect hair arising from the ridge. If these differences in the descriptions are not thus to be explained away, then I sub- mit that we have examined different larvae, and am content to leave to others the decision as to who has described the
larva of D. 12-punctata.
50 i ge) Ou a We
{March 1891.
DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW WEST AFRICAN LYCAENIDAE; PAPER i *
BYE Wows
Tue following descriptions have been lying in my portfolio for some time, and I have been intending to add to them descriptions of a dozen or more other species which are manifestly nonde- script, but finding no time at my com- mand in which to execute this purpose, I herewith present them as they are. The insects all come from the region of the upper waters of the Ogové River in West Tropical Africa, and were cap- tured by Mr. Good.
Pittsburgh, Jan. 31, 1Sg1.
PSEUDALETIS Druce.
1. P. zebra, sp. nov. Upperside :—Head and thorax yellowish brown, abdomen white ringed with pale gray, and tufted at the anal extremity with white, faintly laved near the base with stra- mineous, and narrowly bordered upon the costa and broadly bordered upon the outer
fulvous. Anterior wings
margin with black, and further ornamented by three broad black bands, the first and shortest of which crosses the cell about the middle, the next is situated at the extremity of the cell, and a third, which runs from the costa about one-third of the distance from the apex, across the wing in the direction of the outer angle until it is fused with the broad black external margin. The posterior wings are white with a black border, narrow at the external angle and gradually increasing in width toward the anal angle. The tails are very small and black. Underside: — Thorax, abdomen and legs fulvous. Ground
* For Paper I see Psyche, v.5, p 423.
HOLLAND,
PITTSBURGH, PA.
color of the wings white. The anterior wing is marked as upon the upper surface except that the cell at the base is deeply black, the two outermost of the broad black bands are traversed in the middle by a narrow whitish line, while the white of the surface replaces the dark outer margin from the outer angle upwards for half of the distance to the apex. The fringe is black. The posterior wings are marked by a ray of dark brown running from the base along the submedian nervure Two faint brown lines run transversely across the wing
about half way to the anal angle.
in a direction approximately parallel to the outer margin toward the anal angle, and two similar lines run parallel along the inner margin and all converge in the neighborhood of the anal angle, which is broadly laved with yellow and marked by two small black spots at the points where the tails are given off. The outer margin is fringed with black. The markings of the underside of the poste- rior wings re-appear to some extent upon the upper surface. Type, @, in the collec- tion of the author.
LYCAENESTHES Moore.
2. L. sctntillula, sp. nov. @. Upper- side :—Antennae, head, thorax, and abdomen black; wings lustrous orange-red with the’ costa of the primaries at the base and near the apex somewhat broadly margined with black, and the costa and the inner margin of the secondaries very broadly margined with the same color. The fringes of both wings are black and near the anal angle of the sec- ondaries there are three small black spots, of which two are marginal, and the third is sit- uated above the one nearest the anal angle and is subhastate in form. Underside :—
March 1So1.]
Ground color pinkish white with the wings barred and mottled by spots of brown and black. Near the anal angle of the secondaries are two red marginal spots pupilled with black, irrorated with greenish-blue scales. Expanse of wings 25 mm.
Types, four ¢ g in collection of au- thor and one ¢ presented to the British Museum. (Lycaenesthes scintillans
Holland, MS.)
3. L. regillus, sp. nov. 9. Upperside dark fuscous with white spaces and black spots. The white spaces are located just be- yond the cell and between the median ner- vules upon the primaries, and are disposed in the form of a marginal band upon the sec- ondaries. Both wings have a conspicuous black spot at the end of the cell defined in- wardly by a narrow white line, and succeeded externally by a transverse series of similar spots. The primaries have in addition two subbasal spots of black. Both wings are bor- dered heavily with black and the posteriors have in addition geminate white marginal lines. Underside :— The ground color of the wingsis white. The markings havea genera] jikeness to those of the preceding species, but owing to the lighter ground color of the wings they are more conspicuous. Expanse of wings 25 mm. the writer.
It is barely possible that this is the female of ZL. sczztillula, but I hesitate to declare it such and name it provision-
ally.
4. L. lychnaptes, sp. noy. Allied to the two preceding species and to L. leptines Hew.
&. Upperside :—Antennae, head, thorax, and abdomen black; wings shining orange- red, the anteriors with the costa broadly and evenly bordered with black and the outer
Type, 2, in collection of
PSTCH LE. 51
margin bordered with the same color, the width of the border gradually diminishing from the apex to the outer angle. The pos: terior wings are broadly bordered with black upon the costal and inner margins, and nar- rowly upon the outer margin near the ana angle. Underside: — The the wings is black, both have black fringes. both have narrow, geminate white marginai lines, and both are traversed by irregular se- ries of more or less broken narrow whit lines. The posterior wings are adornec with a small black spot at the extremity o! the first median nervule, crowned with rec and irrorated with blue scales, and with < similar black spot at the end of the subme- This latter spot is not crownec
ground color o!}
dian nerve. with red.
Expanse of wings 20 mm. lection of the writer.
Types in col-
There is a female which is upon the under surface almost the exact counter- part of the male just described, but the upperside of the wings is almost uni- formly blackish brown. Whether this is the female of L. lychnaptes, or not, it is impossible to tell at this time, though the presumption is that this sur- mise as to the relation of the two forms is correct.
5. L. rubricinctus, sp. nov. Male:— Up- perside :—Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown. Wings dark fuscous except upon the margin of the secondaries, which are adorned by a band of orange red extending from the upper radial tothe analangle. This band is marked at each of the intra-neural spaces by a marginal spot of black, of which that situated between the first and second median nervules is the largest. Underside :— The ground color is pale fawn color, grow- ing paler toward the outer margin, and be- coming almost white near the outer margin of the secondaries. Both wings have a short
if bo
°
transverse bar at the end of the cell bordered outwardly by a fine paler line; both wings have an irregular transverse band of similar spots, and a submarginal line followed bya marginal series of triangular spots. The secondaries have two marginal spots of black crowned with red and irrorated with blue- green scales.
Expanse of wings 27 mm. Type in the writer’s collection.
6. L. tésamenus, sp. Allied to Z. sylvanus, but less than half the size.
Upperside :—The color of the upperside of the wings is uniformly dark violaceous. Un- derside :—The ground color of the underside of the wings is a light fawn. Primaries.— Just beyond the cell of the primaries there is a dark transverse band which is interrupted between the median nervules, and defined both externally and internally by lighter lines. This is followed toward the margin by a broader and darker transverse band, which runs from the costa to the first median nervule, and is followed by a narrow brown submarginal line. The fringes are dark brown. Secondaries.— There are two sub- triangular spots of dark brown, almost black, upon the middle of the secondaries near the costal margin, a similar spot at the end of the cell, and one upon the inner margin about its middle. These spots are followed upon the limbal area by darker shades, out- wardly edged by pale lines. The submar- ginal line of the primaries is continued upon the secondaries, enlarging at the first median nervule, and just before the anal angle into red marginal spots pupilled with black. The fringes are as on the primaries. The palpi and, the abdomen upon the lower side are white.
Expanse of wings 20 mm. collection of the author.
nov.
Type. in) sthie
NACADUBA Moore.
7. N.stratola,sp.nov. @. Upperside :— Both the primaries and the secondaries are dark shining brown in certain lights reflect-
TP SUG CTLLS «
{March 1891.
ing very obscurely a greenish blue gloss. The cilia are lighter. Underside: — The ground color is a slaty gray, much paler than the upper surface. Both wings are adorned by a marginal row of small dark spots, suc- ceeded inwardly by a row of sagittate marks, defined inwardly and outwardly by fine light lines. The marginal spot at the anal angle and the one between the first and second me- dian nervule of the secondaries are deep black crowned with a fine line of bright blue. The discal and basal areas of both wings are adorned with dark spots arranged in bands and all defined on the inner and outer edges with lighter colored lines. The inner margin of the primaries is lighter than the rest of the wing.
Q. The female does not differ materially from the male in color and size.
Expanse of wings 26 mm.
Described from numerous examples in the collection of the author.
LYCAENA Fabr.
8. L. paludicola, sp. nov. Upperside : — The prevalent color is dark gray, the poste- rior wings being ornamented with a very narrow marginal line, within which are lo- cated between the extremities of the nervules toward the anal angle six subtriangular black spots margined with pale blue. Underside :— The underside is paler in color than the up- perside. Both wings havea double dark line at the end of the cell, defined outwardly and inwardly with light lines. Succeeding this upon both wings are bands of darker mark- ings defined by lighter shades on either side, and succeeded by a submarginal row of lu- nules defined in the same way. The poste- rior wings are further ornamented by two subquadrate dark brown spots situated upon the costa, one near the middle, the other near the base; and by a circular spot of the same color upon the inner margin near the
base. Of the black spots which are so con-
March 1801.}
spicuous upon the margin of the posterior wings upon the upperside, only those just at the anal angle and the two between the me- dian nervules reappear upon the underside. Of these the two at the anal angle are ob- scure, while those between the median ner- vules are large and very distinct. They are all crowned with red lines and have their black centres irrorated with shining green scales.
Expanse of wings 28 mm. collection of the author.
Type in the
I have assigned this species in a gen-
PS PCE: 53
eral way to Lycaena Fabr., feeling un it to subdivisions of the genus instituted by
able to refer any of the recent the Indian lepidopterists, without such an examination of the neuration as I do not feel justified in making with only one specimen at my disposal. It is very different in appearance from any othe species of the group known to me, and recalls Pseudodipsas cephenes Hew., so far as the coloration of the upperside
of the secondaries is concerned.
ON AN IMPORTANT CHARACTER, HITHERTO LITTLE NOTICED, IN THE FAMILY BUPRESTIDAE.
BY FREDERICK BLANCHARD,
In Comstock’s Introduction to Entomology, part i, the many excellencies of which and its fresh treatment of the subject lead us to hope for the early appearance of the succeeding parts, on page 18, there is given a figure of the underside of Huchroma gigantea Linn. in which is shown the antecoxal piece of the me- tasternum, separated by a short transverse su- ture, the ends arcuately bent towards and reaching the hind coxae. This appears to be the first distinct reference to this pecu- liarity of the Buprestidae so far as I can learn. Deyrolle, in his Buprestides de la Malasie, plate 4, figs. 3 and 4 exhibits the same thing, but in fig. 25, illustrating the underside of a species of Pachyscelis, the suture is not indi- cated. There is, however, no reference to the antecoxal piece in the text.
From the examination of a considerable number of genera in this family during the last few years, both native and foreign, it ap- pears that this structure is always present and is of much greater importance in limiting the family than the connate first and second ven- trals chiefly depended upon heretofore.
Although the members of the family Bu- prestidae are usually quite easily recognized, some early errors would have been avoided had this character been observed or appreci- ated; in our own fauna, notably in the case of the genus Schizopus Lec., for the recep- tion of which a distinct family, the Schizo- podidae, was created although afterwards suppressed.
It need hardly be said that the existence ot an antecoxal piece, seen elsewhere among Co- leoptera, so far as I know, only in the Ade- phaga, where the importance of its existence and of its modifications have been so skilfully demonstrated by Dr. Horn, does not necessa- rily imply any relationship of the Buprestidae to that series, but adds another, and a most impressive one, to the many known instances of the repetition of characters or structures in widely different families, which have been noticed by writers, and especially by Dr. Horn.
HARRISIMEMNA TRISIGNATA—I found two of these grotesque larvae on Spiraea tomen- tosa, Sept. 22nd, Northborough, Mass. The only food-plant given by Mr. Edwards is ‘“Syringa.” The larva bored into bits of rotten wood, and ‘‘backed out” with the chips. These chips were rolled into neat pellets of almost uniform size, very round,
D4 PSYCHE.
and evidently kept in shape by some gummy secretion applied by the larva. Each pellet was about one-sixteenth inch in diameter and all could be rolled about without crum- bling. When the burrow was finished the larva ‘‘backed in” and closed the opening with a thin, transparent. parchment-like door. It took over twenty-four hours to make the burrow and seal it. C. G. Soule.
MisceLLANeous Notes.—Mr. C. P. Gil- lette, formerly entomologist at the Experi- ment Station at Ames, Iowa, has removed to Colorado to take a similar position at Fort Collins.
A continuation of Mr. J. H. Emerton’s New England spiders appears in the last part of the Transactions of the Connecticut Academy. It concérns the Drassidae (33 sp.), Agalenidae (11 sp.), and Dysderidae (2 sp.), with six plates crowded with excel- lent figures; more than half the species are regarded as new.
Baron Osten Sacken has suggested in the February number of the Entomologists’ monthly magazine a new classification of the families of nemocerous Diptera.
A timely and convenient catalogue of the described transformations of North American Coleoptera by W. Beutenmuller will be found in the January number of the journal of the New York microscopical society.
L’ABEILLE, the journal of entomology founded by the late abbé Marseul, and by him carried through twenty-six volumes, is to be continued by the Entomological Soci- ety of Paris, to which he bequeathed it. Mr. L. Bedel has been chosen editor, and the twenty-seventh volume is now in press. The journal, as formerly, will be devoted mainly to Old World Coleoptera, and the frequency of its issue will depend upon subscriptions and sales.
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES. CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
8 June, 1888.—The 139th meeting was held at 156 Brattle St. Mr. J. H. Emerton was chosen chairman.
Mr. C. W. Woodworth exhibited speci-
{March 1891.
mens of a species of Typhlocyba found on the rose, to which they are very injurious. He also showed a specimen of a species of Jassidae found on the apple. No jassids have before been found on that tree.
Mr. S. H. Scudder remarked on the num- ber of subsegments in the larvae of butter- flies. Mr. Scudder has applied this to the position of Libythea, which has been vari- ously placed in the Pierinae, Nymphalidae, and Erycininae.
Mr. Scudder stated that most of the changes in the larvae of the Lepidoptera, such as moults, etc., occur before ten o’clock in the morning.
Mr. S. H. Scudder mentioned the finding of the larva of Oeneis semidea which had formed a very slight silken cocoon for pu- pating. It is now a pupa.
g November, 1888.—The 1goth meeting of the Club was held at 156 Brattle St. Mr. J. H. Emerton was chosen chairman.
Mr. J. H. Emerton exhibited some draw- ings of spiders made by himself and Mr. Ed- win Sheppard for Dr. H. C. McCook of Philadelphia. ,
Mr. S. H. Scudder showed a collection of butterflies brought together to iJlustrate mim- icry in this country. Considerable discussion of the subject of protective mimicry followed.
Prof. C. H. Fernald spoke of the work of the State experiment stations, established under the new act of Congress appropriating asum of money to each state for the purpose, and especially of the Hatch Experiment Sta- tion of the Amherst Agricultural College, of which station he is entomologist.
Mr. S. Henshaw read a paper for Miss Caroline G. Soule on a mode of preserving pupae of Sphingidae through the winter.
Mr. H. Hinkley spoke of forcing the early emergence of Sphingidae by keeping the pu- pae at room temperature.
Mr. S. H. Scudder described how Mr. S. L. Elliot kept his pupae through the winter, and mentioned the opportunity offered by a cold storage company in Boston for winter- ing hibernating insects.
Mr. H. Hinkley described a double cocoon of Attacus promethea.
PSYCHE. : a,
A}
Aras FNPAT; OE set A Mee Token i
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et
[Established in 1874. ]
Vol. 6. No. 180.
APRIL, 1891.
CONTIN S:
SOME OLD CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN Harris, SAY AND PICKERING.—I ‘ : 57 PERSONAL NOoTES : : : : é ‘ ‘ : ‘ : : : : ? 60 OEBALUS PUGNAX AN ENEMY OF GRASsES.—H. Garman . ; : : : : 61 A LIST OF THE ORTHOPTERA OF ILLINors, III. AcRIDIDAE (part). — Ferome
McNeill . 3 : : : : J : : ‘ : F : é : 62 LESTES EURINUS SAy.—Samuel H, Scudder . , . : : ; k : 2 66 HEMIDIPTERA HAECKELII.— W. MW. Wheeler . 5 : : : : : ; : 66 PROTECTION By Conspicuous CoLors.—Lord Walsingham : 5 - : : 67 GREEN BUTTERFLIES.— W. Doherty. - : : ; : : 5 : : ‘ 68 FoREL ON THE HABITS OF BRACHYTRYPUS . : : ; é ‘ é - ‘ 68 BUGNION ON ALPINE FAUNAS : ‘ : : : : : : : ‘ , 68 THE ABBE PROVANCHER’S WORK IN CANADA : : ; ‘ ‘ : ; : 69 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB ‘ : ‘ : : : 69
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Psyche, A Journal of Entomology.
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The regular meetings of the Club are now held at 7-45 P.M. on the second Friday of each montb, at No. 156 Brattle St. Entomologists temporarily in Boston or Cambridge or passing through either city on that day are invited to be present.
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The following books and pamphlets are for sale by the CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB:
Burgess, E. Contributions to the anat- omy of the milk-weed butterfly, Danais archip- pus. Boston, 1880, 16p.,2plates. . I.v0 Casey, Thomas L. Contributions to the descriptive and systematic Coleopterology of North America. Part I-II. : : I.00 Grote, A.R. Check list of the Nochitias of America, north of Mexico. Buffalo, N. Y. 1875. | 0 +25 Grote, A. R. Revised Glee list of ithe North American Noctuidae. Part I. Thya- tirinae-Noctuinae. Bremen, 1890. _ . -50 Fjtchcock, Edward. Ichnology of New England. Boston, 1858 . c I.50 Packard,A.S. Synopsis of the ee of Essex County, Mass. Descriptions of new American Phalaenidae. Noteson N.A. moths of the families Phalaenidae and Pyralidae in the British Museum. On the cave fauna of Indiana. Salem, 1873. : 5 «50 Schwarz, E.A. The Coleoptera o mloside .50 Scudder, S. H. The earliest winged in- sects of America: a re-examination of the Devonian insects of New Brunswick, in the light of criticisms and of new studies of other paleozoic types. Cambridge,1885,8p.,1 plate .50 Scudder, S. H. Historical sketch of the generic names pe for Butterflies. Sa- lem, 1875. - Sendder, SaH: ‘The pine- ain of Nan tucket, Retinia frustrana. col. pl. Boston, 1883. .25 Scudder, S. H. The fossil butterflies of Florissant, Col., Washington, 1889 ; . 1.00 Weber, F. Nomenclator entomologicus. Chilonii et Hamburgi, 1795, 171 p. b Bh teads®) SAMUEL HENSHAW, Treas., Cambridge, Mass.
S10 Fae.
SOME OLD CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN HARRIS, SAY, AND PICKERING.—I.
[Many years ago Dr. J. L. LeConte entrusted to me some letters of Dr. T. W. Harris and Dr Charles Pickering, for use if I wished it in the Entomolog- Correspondence of Dr. Harris, then preparing. Most of them were written in the earliest period of their entomological studies, from Milton and from Salem, and in the discrimination that had then to be made from the great volume of correspondence, only one of Ehemiiewas. used, (loc. ‘cit., 251), viz. one from Harris to Say, written from Milton in 1829. The others, however, are so interesting as showing the con- dition of entomology at a time when the numbers of its devotees in this Coun- try could easily be counted on one’s fingers, and as revealing in some slight degree the temperament and character of the different writers that I have thought it worth while to reproduce them in PsycHE, one at a time, that others may share the pleasure I have had in their perusal.
The letters proposed to be printed in this series are six from Dr. Harris and two from Dr. Pickering, all addressed to Say, together with the abbreviated draft of Say’s replies, which, whenever such occur, were scribbled on the back of the writer’s letters. They will be printed in chronological order, first five letters from Dr. Harris written between 1823 and 1825 with Say’s replies, then
ical
two from Dr. Pickering, both of 1825, and finally the last of Dr. Harris’s, of somewhat later date, in 1834, the last from each of Say’s correspondents bear- ing no reply. All are printed exactly as written, abbreviation, punctuation, and all, with an occasional memorandum of my own in brackets. The first of the series is given below with the reply. The others will follow under the above caption, from time to time as oppor- tunity offers.— Samuel H. Scudder. |
[HARRIS TO SAY. |
Mitton, (Mass.) July 7, 1823.
To Tuomas Say, Esar.
SZ%s
Though personally a stranger to you I have taken the liberty of address- ing you—and, in doing so, I have the permission of Mr. Nuttall to use his name as a password to admit me to your notice. An ardent love of Natu- ral Science has induced me, though en- gaged in an arduous profession, to de- vote some of my leisure moments to the study of Botany & Entomology; but the want of books, time, & patience, has not permitted me to make any great proficiency. Permit me, Sir, respect- fully to request your aid in this pursuit, so far, at least, as to answer some que- ries which I would propose to you. In May 1822 [ accompanied an invalid to Philadelphia, but was hurried away by
58 PSC FILS
the nature of my patient’s complaint, before I could obtain the honour of an introduction to you, a circumstance which I have greatly regretted ever since. I however saw Mr. Peale’s mu- seum, & found that Mr. Titian Peale was making a collection of insects; among these I observed that which per- forates the apple tree, known here as the afple-tree borer. This (which I presume to be of the Cerambyx family) I was informed had been described by you. Please inform me the name it has received, & where I shall find your ac- There is another insect Reach trees:
count of it. very destructive to our boring around the trunk near the root, & which from the chrysalis (for I have not as yet obtained the perfect insect) must be the larva of a Cossus, or some other of the wood eating lepidopterous Length of the larva one & a quarter inch (legs 16.) colour white, with a reddish tinge. Do you know it? The Locust tree is infested by a large species of this kind, which is described by Prof. Peck, in the Mass. Agricult. by the name of Cossus Robinie. This, as I have as- certained, also perforates the Black Oak (Quercus tinctoria Bart.). The Peach tree is subject to the attacks of a Luprestis, such branches as are old & incline much. The name of the species I do not know. Length rather less than 4 inch. Colour of the elytra dull brassy brown, with 3 or 4 irregular longitudinal lines. Abdo- men above green; below brilliant cupre- I am particularly desirous to ob-
caterpillars.
Papers,
which perforates
ous. tain information respecting our native
[April 1&91.
species of Lytta, or Meloé. In Boston Lytta atrata Fabr. is sold for Lytta vittata; & some of our Physicians have confounded Z. czzerea under the same name vétfata. This is not important in practice; but is so in nomenclature. Are not all three, together with Lytta marginata, of the genus Caztharis of De Geer, Geoffr., Oliv., Lamark, & Latr., as defined by Leach in Brewster’s Encyclopedia? What species have you in Pennsylvania? Are any kept by apothecaries for the purpose of vesica- tion? By what names are they sold? On what plants are they principally found? At what times? And are they easily procured? Lytta atrata and cinerea are very common here: vzttata and margitnata I have seen in collec- tions only: none others have I yet found. Do you know the economy of these in- sects? Do the larve live and metamor- phose in the earth? Any information, or reference to authors on the subject will be gratefully received. Illiger’s Magazin 1.256 has been quoted; but I have not the work to consult; if you have access to it, pray give me the sub- stance of his account. It is my intention to draw up a description of these species, for some of our medical journals, in order to correct the mistakes in the names of the species, and your observa- tions, if you will favour me with them, shall be duly