0004373

PARISH REGISTER LATIN: AN INTRODUCTION

C. Russell Jensen, Ph.D.

Donated to the Family History Library by

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VITA NOVA BOOKS

P.O. Box 520546

Salt Lake City, Utah 84152

WARNING - DISCLAIMER

The purpose of this book is to inform and educate. Although the book has been researched and written as painstakingly as possible, there may be inadvertent typographic or content errors. This book should, therefore, be regarded as a general introduction to the subject and not as an ultimate authority. Neither Vita Nova Books nor the author guarantees that everyone using this book will be able to read Latin parish register entries, although a careful study of the material therein may be of help in learning to do so. Consequently, neither Vita Nova Books nor the author shall be held liable or responsible in any way whatsoever for the failure of anyone using this book to read Latin parish register entries; nor shall Vita Nova Books or the author be held liable or responsible in any way whatsoever for any loss or damage said to arise directly or indirectly from any information, or lack of information, in this book.

Copyright (c) 1989 by Vita Nova Books All Rights Reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, including photocopying or recording, or by any computer storage and retrieval system, or other storage storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

PREFACE

The Latin of European parish registers, particularly but not exclusively those from Roman Catholic parishes, was, in many respects, a unique blend of classical Roman literary Latin, ecclesiastical Latin, and medieval Latin. Priests and other ecclesiastical officials who were well-schooled in classical Roman Latin might utilize a classical grammar and syntax in recording events in their parishes. Others might rely more heavily upon ecclesiastical usages. Spelling, vocabulary, certain aspects of grammar, and even abbreviations, when used, were frequently derived from medieval Latin.

Those who work with Latin parish registers, e.g., family and local historians, demographers, social historians, and others, require, therefore, a text which will introduce them to the lineaments of classical Roman Latin grammar and syntax, but will also provide sufficient background in ecclesiastical and medieval Latin to help in reading register entries. This is especially true for those without previous preparation in Latin, who may be unable to devote several years to the study of classical Latin at a college or university before proceeding to a perusal of parish registers.

To aid in this endeavor, the following book was written. It combines the study of Latin grammar, classical and, to some extent, medieval, with practical training in the translation of parish register entries, both printed and handwritten. This book, the product of years of teaching and research, is designed for use in the classroom where instructor supervision and aid are readily available. It can be completed either in one or two semesters, depending upon the preparation of those involved.

While there is, of course, no substitute for learning in the classroom, this book is structured in such a way that motivated individuals can, on their own, work through each of the assign- ments and verify their results by comparing them with the grammar and translation key at the end. It should be noted, however, that the systematic study of this book will not necessarily guarantee the development of a facility in reading parish register entries, nor can it replace the years of study required to become proficient in classical languages. This text is an introduction to the subject of parish register Latin, and may, it is hoped, be of value to those interested in perusing register entries.

The corpus of this volume consists of 14 chapters on grammar and vocabulary, with illustrative selections taken from parish registers. There are four appendices which contain the following information: a brief introduction to paleography and abbrevia- tions, a summary of fixed and moveable feast days, a list of Latinized first or given names, and several practice documents which can be reviewed as an aid in improving translation skills.

There is also a key to the grammar and translation, a synopsis of declension and conjugation, a Latin-English word list, and a selected bibliography- It is hoped that the inclu- sion of additional material in the appendices and bibliography might help to make this book a useful reference tool, as well as an introduction to Latin grammar.

While the practice of keeping rudimentary lists of new converts, births, deaths, or marriages, within a geographic or ecclesiastical jurisdiction such as a parish, began very early in Christian history, the major impetus toward the systematic recording of baptisms or christenings, marriages, deaths and burials in a particular area was primarily a result of the Prot- estant Reformation and the Council of Trent.

In many parts of Europe such information was not transcribed consistently until at least the late sixteenth or early seven- teenth century. However, as a result of the deliberations of the Council of Trent, which met with interruptions between 1545-1563, Roman Catholic priests throughout Europe began to record all baptisms, marriages, deaths and burials, as well as confirma- tions, and other events in their parishes.

This means that the student of parish registers is likely to encounter Latin entries in many areas of Europe in which there were Roman Catholic parishes. This is particularly true of central and eastern Europe, Italy, Belgium, and the Catholic portions of the Netherlands. Parishes in France and Spain often used the vernacular French or Spanish rather than Latin in recording entries. Lutheran parishes in certain parts of central Europe also used at least some Latin in their register entries, while Scandinavian parishes retained the feast and saints' day calendar, in some cases well into the nineteenth century. The examples selected for this text are, for the most part, derived from the registers of Roman Catholic parishes of central Europe (e.g., Germany, parts of Switerland, the former provinces of Alsace-Lorraine, and Austria) with which I am most familiar.

With few exceptions, all translations in this book are my own, even those taken from such well-known works as the Vulgate. They are rather literal to facilitate translation by those who work through the exercises.

Since this book deals primarily with the Latin of parish registers, it does not, and indeed cannot, cover all aspects of Latin grammar. Those wishing additional information on the subject should consult some of the reference works listed in the selected bibliography. The same is true of Latin paleography. This text should be regarded principally as an introduction and a point of departure for future study.

CONTENTS

ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION GUIDE vii

EXPLANATION OF LATIN LANGUAGE TERMS xii

GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS xiv

CHAPTERS :

I. Nouns: The First Declension Nouns: The Second Declension

Masculine Nouns Ending in -us or -er

Neuter Nouns Ending in -um Latinized First Names: First and Second

Declension 1

II. Adjectives of the First and Second Declension First and Second Declension Adjectives Ending

in -er, -era, -erum Irregular First and Second Declension

Adjectives 15

III. Verbs I: First and Second Conjugation

Present, Future, and Imperfect Indicative Active Present, Future, and Imperfect Indicative

Active of esse and posse Latin Syntax: An Introduction 22

IV. Nouns: The Third Declension

I-Stem Nouns of the Third Declension

Latinized First Names: Third Declension

Third Declension Adjectives 39

V. Verbs II: Third and Fourth Conjugation

Present, Future, and Imperfect Indicative Active lO-Verbs of the Third Conjugation Prepositions 52

VI. Verbs III: The Perfect Active System: Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative Active of all Four Conjugations Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect of esse and posse 69

VII. Numbers

Ablative and Accusative of Time

Dates in Latin Documents

Julian and Gregorian Calendars 89

VIII. Verbs IV: The Passive Voice

Present, Future, and Imperfect Indicative

of all Four Conjugations 107

IX. Verbs V: The Passive Voice

Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative of all Four Conjugations

Deponent and Semi-Deponent Verbs

The Four Principal Parts of Latin Verbs . . . 116

X. Nouns: The Fourth and Fifth Declension Some Uses of the Ablative Determining Place in Latin Latinized Place Names 136

XI. Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives Formation of Adverbs Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs 148

XII. The Subjunctive Mood 166

XIII. Participles; The Periphrastic Active and

Passive; The Ablative Absolute; Infinitives; Indirect Statement 181

XIV. The Gerund

Irregular Verbs: fio, vole, fero, eo

Dative with Certain Verbs; Impersonal Verbs

Some Uses of the Genitive, Dative, and

Accusative 200

Appendix A Handwriting and Abbreviations

Classical and Medieval Latin 226

Appendix B Some Latinized Given Names: Male and Female . 237

Appendix C Common Fixed and Moveable Feast Days 259

Appendix D Sample Parish Register Entries 267

Key to the Grammar and Translation Exercises 278

Synopsis of Declension and Conjugation 3 29

Latin-English Word List 362

Selected Bibliography 415

Index 423

VI

ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION GUIDE

N.B. Although this book emphasizes reading Latin, this

section on pronunciation is included for reference. It is also helpful, on occasion, when confronted with an unfamiliar or semi-legible word to sound out the letters as an aid in recognizing the word.

A. Classical Roman Literary Latin, ca. 90 B.C. to 150 A.D. (academic pronunciation)

A Long, as the a in awful (mater [mahter] : mother)* Short, as the a in ahead (contentia: self control)

B As in English (bellum: war)

C Always hard as in cook; never soft as in city (Cicero: in classical Latin is pronounced as if it were spelled Kikero in English. )

D As in English (deinde: from there, then)

E Long, as the a in rate (electus: choice) Short, as the e in bet (elegans: refined)

F As in English (familia: family, household)

G Always hard as in grant; never soft as in general (gallus: rooster)

H As in English (hiems: winter)

I Long, as the i in machine (munitio [muneetio] : fortification)

Short, as the i in interest (incite: I stimulate) I is also pronounced as the y in yet: a) at the beginning of a word preceding a vowel ( iacio [also jacio] : I hurl, is pronounced as if it were spelled yacio in English); b) between tv/o vowels (Maius: the month of May, is pronounced as if it were spelled Mai-yus in English) .

♦Although Latin manuscripts have no such markings , modern dictionaries and grammars frequently place a line above long vowels and a small "u" above short vowels. The procedures for determining long and short vowels are roughly similar to English. It should be noted, however, that Latin vowels are long when found in front of the double consonants nf, ns, and, occasionally, ng (e.g. , infantia: childhood) or in contracted words (e.g., nihilxim: nothing: but nilum) . Vowels are short when preceding another vowel (e.g., ferio: I strike) or, in general, when they are in front of the double consonants nt and nd (emendo: I emend) .

Vll

J There was originally no j in classical Latin. The i was used instead. Graininarians subsequently separated the twcp letters, in part to avoid confusing certain words. The j is pronounced as the y in yet (Justus: just, fair — also iustus) .

K Rare in classical Latin; used principally with the vowel a and pronounced as in English (Kalendae: Calends, the first day of the Roman month) .

L As in English (lacuna: ditch, gap)

M As in English (mens: mind, intellect)

N As in English (nomen: name)

O Long, as the o in over (dico: I say, tell)

Short, as the o in off (optime: best, very well)

P As in English (patentia: patience)

Q Only with u in classical Latin; pronounced as if it were spelled kw in English (quietus [kweeaytus] : at rest)

R Trilled (rumpo: I break in)

S Unvoiced; always as the s in soft, never as the z sound in easy (signum: sign, standard, mark)

T Always hard as in type; never soft as the "tion" in nation (English pronunciation) [tertius: third]

U Long, as the double o in mood (securitas [secooritas] : freedom from care) Short, as the u in put (purpura: purple)

V Originally, v represented both the u and the w. (There was no w or double v in classical Latin. ) When the two were differentiated, the v remained w in sound. It is pronounced as an English w (vivax: long-lived, is thus pronounced as through it were spelled wiwax in English).

X The Greek letter Chi , which was included as part of the Latin alphabet late in the first century B.C. At the beginning of a word, it is pronounced as the English z (xenium: gift, is pronounced as if it were spelled zenium in English; note that x appears initially in words of Greek origin). If found elsewhere in a word, it is pronounced as the ks in kicks (ex [eks] : from, out of )

Y The Greek letter Upsilon, which was incorporated into the Latin alphabet at about the same time as the X. Like the latter, it is generally found in words of Greek extraction. However, it was used as vowel, rather than a consonant. It is pronounced as the long German umlaut u (mude) when long (Pytho: Delphi), and as the short German umlaut u (Mucke) when short pyra: pyre.

Z Pronounced as the dz in adze (zamia [dzamia] : harm, damage)

Diphthongs (double vowels pronounced with one vowel sound)

AE Pronounced as the ai in aisle (saepe [saipe] : often)

AU Pronounced as the ou in mouse ( laudo [loudo]: I praise)

EI Pronounced as the ei in reign (delnceps: one after another)

EU Pronounced as e and u together (eh oo) , but not slurred (seu: or, or if)

OE Pronounced as the oi in oil (coeptus [coiptus] : beginning)

UI Pronounced approximately as whee but only in the following words: huius [wheeus] , cuius [kwheeus] , huic [hwheeic] , cui [kwhee] , and hui [hwhee] (most of which are explained subsequently); after q, ui is pronounced as the English we (qui [kwe]).

Double Consonants

BS Pronounced as the ps in hops (urbs [urps] : city)

BT Pronounced as the pt in capture (obtero: I trample on)

CC Each letter is pronounced separately as the k's in sick king (occludo: I close up)

CH The Greek letter Chi; in classical Latin each letter is pronounced separately as the kh in knock hard (Chirographum: handwriting, autograph).

GG Each letter is pronounced separately as the gg in bog gold (oggero: I bring, offer)

PH The Greek letter Phi; in classical Latin each letter is

pronounced separately as the ph in soup hot (phoca: seal)

SC Pronounced as the sc in scarf (scio: I know)

TH The Greek letter Theta; in classical Latin each letter is pronounced separately as the th in not hard (thronus: throne )

B. Ecclesiastical Latin (which may approximate the pronunciation of the Latin in parish registers in those countries formerly belonging to the Roman Empire)

Ecclesiastical Latin is given an Italianate pronunciation. Most vowels and consonants are similar to classical Latin, but the following differences should be noted:

AE, OE Pronounced as the ay in say; saepe (often) and poena (punishment) are, for example, pronounced as if they were spelled (in English), respectively, saipe and poine in classical Latin but saype and payne in ecclesiastical Latin.

C Pronounced as the k in keg before a, o, u, au, and h

C Pronounced as the ch in cheer before e, i, ae, and oe (Thus, for example, caelum: heaven, sky [also coeliun] is pronounced as if it were spelled [in English] cailum in classical Latin but chaylum in ecclesiastical Latin.)

CH Pronounced as the ch in chorus

G Pronounced as the g in gone before a, o, u, and au

G Pronounced as the g in giant before e, i, and ae (Gens: tribe, clan, family, is pronounced, for example, as if it were spelled [in English] gens in classical Latin but jens in ecclesiastical Latin.)

GN Pronounced as the ni in onion (Magnus: great, large, is, therefore, pronounced as if it were spelled [in English] magnus in classical Latin but maynus in ecclesiastical Latin. )

H Not pronounced

PH Pronounced as the ph in philosophy

S Pronounced as the s in see except when found between two

consonants or at the end of a word after a voiced consonant like r. Then it is pronounced as the z in zebra. (Rasus: shaved, is thus pronounced as if it were spelled [in English] rasus in classical Latin but razus in ecclesiastical Latin. )

SC Pronounced as the sc in scan before a, o, u and h

SC Pronounced as the sh in shame before e , i , and ae

(Descendo: I go down, is, for example, pronounced as if it were spelled [in English] deskendo in classical Latin but deshendo in ecclesiastical Latin. )

TH Pronounced as the th in theory

TI If followed by a vowel, pronounced tsi (Gratia:

grace, pleasure, is, therefore, pronounced as if it were spelled [in English] gratia in classical Latin but gratsia in ecclesiastical Latin.)

V Pronounced as in English

Syllables

Latin words contain as many syllables as they do vowels or dipthongs. Syllabification occurs as follows:

1) Two or more vowels are separated, e.g., pi-e.

2) A single consonant between two vowels goes with the second syllable, e.g., a-mi-tia.

3 ) In the case of two or more consonants standing between two vowels, the last consonant goes with the second vowel, e.g., con-ser-vo. (This rule does not apply

to liquid consonants, such as r or 1, when preceded by p, b, t, d, or go. These are grouped with the following vowel, e.g., ma-tres. )

4) Ch, ph, th, and h (and occasionally su and gu) are considered to be single consonants, e.g., Phar-os.

5) Prefixes constitute separate syllables, sometimes in contravention to the above statements, e.g., ob-te-go.

6) X is counted as a double consonant, which, however, is grouped with the preceding vowel, e.g., vix-it.

Latin syllables are either long or short, a condition deter- mined, in general, by the amount of time used for pronunciation. A long syllable contains a long vowel or diphthong. Such a syllable is considered to be long by nature. A syllable may also be long by position if it contains a short vowel followed by z, X, or two or more consonants (with the exception of p, b, t, or d followed by r or 1).

A short syllable has a short vowel before another vowel or a single consonant. It may also be short if the syllable contains a short vowel before p, d, b or t and a liquid (1 or r).

Accents

In words of two syllables, the accent is on the first sylla- ble, e.g. , ver-so. Words with three or more syllables have the accent on the second syllable if it is long, e.g., co-lon-us. If the second syllable is short, the accent is on the first sylla- ble, e.g., te-ne-o.

EXPLANATION OF LATIN LZ^GUAGE TERMS

Classical Latin, ca. 80 B.C. to 150 A.D.

This period is often divided into two parts by scholars, the so-called Golden Age, ca. 80 B.C. -14 A.D., the age of Cicero, Virgil, Horace, Livy, and other famous Roman authors, and the Silver Age, ca. 14-150 A.D. The Latin of the Golden Age, espe- cially that of Cicero, set the standard of style and grammar for future generations. Many dictionaries and grammars are based upon the poetry and literature of this time. Hence the terms "Classical Latin," refers, basically, to literary Latin used by educated Roman poets, authors, playwrights, etc.

Later Latin, ca. Second to Fifth Centuries A.D.

Classical grammar, syntax, and vocabulary became simplified during this epoch. The language of the common people (vulgus) was adopted for use in many types of writings. St. Jerome, for example, translated the Bible from Hebrew, Greek, and other languages into this vulgar Latin.

Ecclesiastical Latin, ca. Second-Sixth Centuries A.D. (often considered by scholars to be a variety of Later Latin; it is also called Christian Latin.)

The language of the Christian church in the Roman west and, subsequently, of the Roman Catholic Church. Based upon vocabu- lary from Greek, Hebrew, Coptic, and other languages used by the early Christians, as well as the grammar and vocabulary of Later Latin, with additions as the Church expanded. It includes, among other sources, the Latin of liturgy, theology, and scripture.

Medieval Latin, ca. Sixth-Fifteenth Centuries A.D.

Latin underwent many changes in spelling, writing, grammar, and vocabulary during this period. Basically it became simpler and less stylized than classical Latin. An extensive medieval literature developed from the Church, courtly Romances, etc. In the twelfth century, the rise of universities, and the rediscov- ery of Roman law, as well as portions of Aristotle, added many new words to the medieval vocabulary. The same is true of the resurgence of commerce and trade, which occurred particularly during the later middle ages, ca. llth-15th centuries. Medieval Latin moved steadily toward the vernacular languages in the former Western Roman Empire. It was probably learned as a second language at a Cathedral school, university, etc., while a vernac- ular language such as early French, Italian, or German was learned as the first language.

Neo-Latin, ca. Fifteenth-Eighteenth Centuries A.D.

The rediscovery of many classical Latin texts, especially those copied during the reign of Charlemagne in the eighth and early ninth centuries A.D., during the Renaissance led to a demand for a return to a "pure" Latin, particularly that of Cicero, which became the standard for writing, speaking, and reading Latin. Neo-Latin or new Latin was above all the language of the educated, the language of law, medicine, philosophy, theology, science, and, in certain countries at least, politics. It was gradually replaced by the vernacular.

Early Modem Latin, ca. Fifteenth-Twentieth Centuries A.D.

This is the non-literary, non-technical Latin of the period since approximately 1500 A.D. Unlike Neo-Latin, it retained a good deal of medieval grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and spelling. A prominent example of this type of Latin may be found in registers from Roman Catholic parishes, which may contain Eccle- siastical Latin together with Medieval Latin and even Classical Latin, depending upon how much training in Classical Latin a particular priest or scribe may have had. This type of Latin is also found, on occasion, in legal documents such as wills, deeds, or other property records .

GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS

Adjective (from adjicere: to throw to, to add): An adjec- tive is "thrown to" or "added to" a noun, and describes, characterizes or modifies a noun, as, for example, a blue sky, a round ball, a bright light. In English, adjectives are, in general, either attributive or predicate. An attributive adjec- tive precedes the noun, as in the above examples. Predicate adjectives are found in the predicates of sentences, particularly those using the verb "to be" in some form (is, was, are, were, etc.), e.g.. The work is hard. Adjectives can also be used as nouns, as, for example, the Good, the True, and the Beautiful. Latin attributive adjectives generally come after the noun, e.g., liber bonus: a good book. Latin adjectives must agree with any nouns they modify in gender, number, and case.

Adverb (from ad + verbum: to or near the verb or word): An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or, infrequently, a preposition, phrase, clause, or sentence. In general, an adverb indicates some sort of relationship — cause, quality, time, etc. — as, for example, in the sentence "She richly deserved her success." In English, many adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective, e.g., full (adj.), fully (adv.). Adverbs are often made in Latin by adding certain endings such as -e, or -iter to adjectives, whii.e others, like English, must be memorized as they are encountered. Latin adverbs are not declined for gender, number, or case.

Apposition (from ad + ponere: to place next to): This term is used to characterize a noun, or a phrase with a noun in it, which generally follows another noun or pronoun and explains or describes something about that noun, e.g.. The witnesses were: John Smith, farmer, and Gerald Knight, merchant. In this sen- tence, farmer and merchant are in apposition to John Smith and Gerald Knight, since these nouns indicate something about the status or occupation of each one. Latin nouns in apposition must be in the same case as the nouns they clarify, thus, for example. Testes fuerunt Johannes Crasser, agricola, et Georgius Weld, caupona: The witnesses were Johannes Crasser, farmer, and Georgius Weld, innkeeper. Both occupations, agricola, and caupo- na, are in the nominative singular, as also the names Johannes Crasser and Georgius Weld.

Article: An article is either definite (the) or indefinite (a, an). There were no definite or indefinite articles in clas- sical Roman Latin, although in medieval Latin the demonstrative pronoun ille (that) was sometimes substituted for the definite article (cf., le, la [French], el, la [Spanish], il, la [Italian]) and unus, una, unuM (the cardinal number one) was used for a or an (cf., un, une [French], un, una [Spanish], un, una [Italian] ) .

Case (from casus: a fall, because the case endings appeared to "fall away' from the Latin nominative case): Case in Latin is one of the three relationships established by declining a noun (the other two are gender and number). There are seven cases in Latin: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, voca- tive, and locative. The first five will be found most frequently in parish registers, and other documents of interest to the family historian, and will be explained in detail subsequently.

Clause (from clausus: closed, i.e., marking the end of a rhetorical period in Latin): A clause contains a subject and verb, and is generally part of a compound sentence in English. There are two types of clauses in both Latin and English, depend- ent (subordinate) and independent (main). A dependent or subordinate clause depends upon the remainder of the sentence for its meaning, whereas an independent or main clause can serve as a simple sentence by itself, e.g., The godparents raised the child from the baptismal font (main clause), after the priest baptized it (subordinate clause).

Cognate (from cognatus: begotten): A cognate word is one based upon the stem or root (v. stem and root) of another word, e.g. , fief and fiefdom.

Conditional Sentences (from conditio, conditionis, f.:

condition, situation): Conditional sentences in both Latin and English have two parts, the protasis or condition (a subordinate clause) and the apodosis (the result or conclusion, the main clause). The following sentence may illustrate condition: If I should have money (protasis), I would have friends (apodosis).

Conjugation (from conjugare: to join): The inflection of verbs; to conjugate a Latin verb is to show five relationships: person, number, tense, mood, and voice. In Latin, this is done, in general, by adding endings to the verb stem.

Conjunctions (from conjungere: to join together): Conjunc- tions are words which connect other portions of a sentence, e.g., until, yet, now, and, or. They are not declined for gender, number, and case in Latin.

Declension (from declinare: to inflect, to turn aside): The inflection of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and participles; to decline a Latin noun, adjective, pronoun or participle is to indicate gender, number, and case. This is accomplished by adding endings to the noun stem

Discourse (statement): There are two types of discourse in English and in Latin, direct and indirect. Direct discourse consists of any statement not reported by someone else, e.g.. The grass is green. Indirect discourse is a statement about an event or circumstance made by someone else, e.g., She said that the grass is green.

Gender: Gender is basically a grammatical device used for organizing or grouping Latin nouns. There are three genders in Latin: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Males are in the masculine gender, in Latin, and females are in the feminine, but many things are not in the neuter as might be supposed. Grammar- ians appear to have assigned Latin nouns a gender, with the obvious exception of men and women, with little regard to sex.

Gerund (from gerere: to bear): The gerund is a verbal noun which, in English, is formed by adding -ing to the verb stem, e.g.. Running is healthy exercise. In Latin, a gerund is de- clined like a neuter noun, but only in the singular, and for all cases except the nominative.

Genxndive (from gerere: to bear): The gerundive in Latin is the future passive participle, a verbal adjective passive in meaning. It can be declined like an adjective and has tense and voice like a verb.

Inflection (from inflectere: to bend): Inflection involves the addition of suffixes or prefixes to the stems or roots of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and other parts of speech. In Latin, the inflection of verbs is known as conjugation, and that of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and participles is known as declension.

Infinitive (from infinitus: unlimited, endless): The infini- tive is a verbal noun, which means that it has tenses and voice, like a verb, but may, in theory, be declined like a noun. Latin infinitives are conjugated for tense and voice, and are regarded as neuter singular nouns, but are not declined for gender, number, and case.

In English, the present and other infinitives are formed by adding the preposition "to" to the verb itself, e.g., to walk, to run, to think, etc. (all present infinitives). The present infinitive in Latin is formed by adding re, or ere to the present stem of the verb, e.g., baptizare: to baptize; sepelire: to bury. Latin has six infinitives: the present active, the perfect active, the future active, the present passive, the perfect passive, and the future passive (rare).

Mood (from modus, modi, m. : manner, means [an alternate form of mode] ) : This term applies to verbs and indicates the means or manner in which the action of a verb is carried out. Latin verbs have three moods: 1) Indicative — which indicates factual state- ments and those for which a speaker or writer assumes full responsibility, e.g.. Labor durus est. (The work is hard.) 2) Imperative — used to express commands in the second person singu- lar and plural, e.g., Laborate! (You all) Work! 3) Subjunc- tive--a mood not frequently used in English, but with many uses in Latin such as, for example, condition contrary to fact, com- mand (for the first and third person, singular and plural), purpose, result, etc., e.g., Noverint universi quod .... (Let all know that ....).

Noun (from nomen, nominis, n.: name): A noun is a word which names a person, a place, a thing, an idea, a concept, a sub- stance, a quality, etc., e.g., tree, freedom, work, love, truth. In Latin, nouns are declined for gender, number, and case.

Number (from numerus, numeri, m. : a number): Number in Latin and English is either singular (one) or plural (more than one), and is used with nouns (thing, things) pronouns (I, we), verbs (he/she works, they work), and other parts of speech. In Eng- lish, the plural of regular nouns is formed by adding -s , e.g., tree, trees. Latin nouns add a number of different endings to the noun stem to indicate plurality.

Object (from objicere: to throw in the way of): There are two types of object, direct and indirect. The direct object, as the name suggests, receives the action of a verb or prepositional phrase directly (without an intervening part of speech), e.g.. The girl ran the race. In this sentence, the subject is girl, the verb, ran, and the direct object of the verb, ran, is race. In Latin, the direct object of transitive verbs must be in the accusative case. Thus, for example, Parochus infantem baptiza- vit: The priest baptized the child. (Infantem is in the accusative case.) The indirect object receives the action of the verb indirectly, and is generally translated in English by adding the prepositions "to" or "for," e.g.. He gave a gift to his friend. In this sentence, he is the subject, gave, the verb, gift, the direct object, and to his friend the indirect object. The indirect object is indicated, in Latin, by the dative case, e.g.. Item lego filio meo Ricardo duas acras prati. (Likewise, I bequeath to my son Richard two acres of meadow. )

Participle (from particeps , participis: sharing in, participating in): A participle is a verbal adjective which, in Latin, is declined for gender, number, and case, like an adjec- tive, but may also take tense and voice like a verb. In English, there are two major participles, the present and the past. The present is formed by adding -ing to the verb stem, e.g. , running, working, thinking, playing, talking. The past participle of regular verbs is formed by adding -ed to the verb stem, e.g., worked, played, talked--but ran, thought. Latin has four participles, the present active, the future active, the perfect passive, and the future passive (also called the gerundive).

Person (from persona, personae, f.: an actor's mask, a character in a play, an individual): In English and in Latin there are three persons, singular and plural: singular — I, you, he/she/it ; plural — we, you (all), they. English uses the above pronouns to indicate person with verbs, while person was usually shown in Latin by endings attached to the verb stem. Personal pronouns were not used with verbs in classical Latin except for emphasis.

Phrase (from phrazein: to point out — a Greek verb): A phrase consists of a number of words used to express some type of thought or idea without a subject or a verb. There are three types of phrases: prepositional (during the day), participial (trimming the hedge), and infinitive (to work alone).

Predicate (from praedicare: to affirm, assert): The predi- cate, in an English sentence, is that portion of the sentence which usually follows the subject and the verb, e.g.. The weather (subject) is (verb) hot (predicate). The predicate is generally related in some respect to the subject, or it attempts to establish a relationship with the subject. Thus, for example. They (subject) studied (verb) the Latin language (predicate, which explains what "they" studied) . Because meaning in a Latin sentence is obtained from the endings of nouns , verbs , and other parts of speech, the word order of simple English sen- tences— subject-verb-predicate — need not be observed. (see also "syntax" )

Prefix (from praefigere: to fasten before): A prefix consists of one or more letters attached to the beginning of a word to help provide meaning, cf., for example, "close" and "foreclose" (to close in advance). In Latin, prefixes are often found in the form of prepositions added to verbs, nouns, or adjectives in order to create new words, e.g., mittere (to send), amittere (to send away — a + mittere).

Preposition (from praeponere: to place before): A preposi- tion usually precedes a noun or pronoun and establishes some type of relationship with that particular part of speech, e.g., We spent our vacation in Hawaii. The use of the preposition "in" here helps to explain "where" we spent our vacation. Among others, English prepositions include: in, on, at, to, for, within, among, between, above, below, over, and under. The object of a Latin preposition (e.g. , a noun which follows it) is either in the ablative or accusative case. A few prepositions use both cases. Thus, for example, ex silva: from (out of) the wood (ablative case), ad villain: toward the village/villa (accusative case).

Pronoun (from pro + nomen: in place of the name or noun): A pronoun commonly replaces a noun, e.g.. The food is good. It (pronoun) is good. English and Latin pronouns include, among others, personal (I, you, he/she/it, we, you all, they), possessive (mine, yours, his/her/its, ours, yours, theirs), demonstrative (this, that), relative (who, which, what), inter- rogative (who? what?), and reflexive (myself, yourself, himself /herself /itself , etc.)

Root (from old English rot): A root is that part of a word from which the rest is derived, principally by adding suffixes or prefixes. In Latin, there are two types of roots: 1) verbal or predicative roots, which indicate objects, actions, or qualities; for example, the "i" in the verb ire (to go); 2) pronominal or demonstrative roots which do not show actions or objects, but, rather, point out the relationship of such actions with a speaker or protagonist; for example, the tu in tui (of you, singular and familiar) .

Sentence (from sententia, sententiae, f.: opinion): A sentence generally contains a number of words which express some type of thought. The most common simple sentence in English has a subject, a verb, and a predicate or object. However, a simple sentence can also consist only of subject and verb, e.g.. They studied. In addition to the simple sentence, there are two other types of sentences in English — compound and complex. A compound sentence often has two main clauses (which contain a subject and a verb) joined by a conjunction, e.g.. He left the office and went home. A complex sentence has at least one independent or main clause and one or more dependent or subordinate clauses (clauses which are not complete sentences), e.g.. After he left the office, he went home.

81:6111 (from Old English stefn or stemn: the stem of a plant): The stem consists of that part of the word which remains unchanged after the addition of suffixes or prefixes. In Latin, the stem of nouns is found when the ending of the genitive singu- lar is removed. In the case of verbs, the present stem is obtained by removing the -re or -ere of the present infinitive, while the perfect stem (the third principal part of a Latin verb when the first person singular indicative active ending -i is added) is that which is left after the omission of the perfect personal endings. In Latin, there are three types of stems: 1) root stems, either the same as the root itself or formed from the root, e.g., es-tis: you are, root: es; 2) primary stems, which comprise the root and a suffix, e.g., sta (root), tu (suffix), statu (stem), status: position (the word itself); 3) secondary stems, those which are formed from other stems by adding suffix- es, e.g., victor (stem), ia (suffix), victoria: victory (the word itself)

Subject (from subjicere: to throw or place under): The subject of a sentence can be either a person or a thing which carries out the action of the verb. Thus, for example, in the sentence "The priest baptized the child," priest is the subject, baptized, the verb, and child, the object. In Latin, the subject need not come first in a simple sentence, whereas in English it generally occurs at the beginning of such a sentence.

Suffix (from sub + figere: to fasten below or underneath): A suffix is a letter or letters which is attached to the stem or root of a word, after the last letter of the stem or root, e.g., arbor (stem) +is (suffix [case ending]) = arboris: of the tree. The attachment of suffixes is usually done in order to form complete words .

Syntax (from syntattein: to order, arrange [a Greek verb]): The syntax of a sentence, clause, or phrase is the order or arrangement of the words therein. In English, word order is very important for determining meaning. In the sentence, for example, "The priest buried the deceased child," the order subject (the priest) -verb ( buried) -predicate (the deceased child) must be strictly observed. If this order is changed, the meaning is also altered. ("The deceased child buried the priest," would, after all, make no sense in English.) Because Latin is a highly in- flected language, the word order is far less important than in English.

Tense (from tempus, temporis, n. : time): The tense of a verb indicates the time of the action of that verb. In Latin, there are six tenses: present, future, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect.

Voice (from vox, vocis, f.: voice): There are two voices in both English and Latin, the active and the passive. In the active voice, the subject acts through or by means of the verb, e.g.. The priest married Henry Wilson and Julia Worth. In the passive voice, the subject is acted upon, or receives the action of the verb, e.g., Henry Wilson and Julia Worth were married by the priest.

Abbreviations used in this Book

abl. ace. adj . adv. cf .

cl.

conj

dat

dep

d.o

e.g

ablative case gen.

accusative case i.e.,

adjective m.

adverb n .

confer N . B .

(compare) part,

classical pass,

conjunction perf.

dative case pi .

deponent pi"ep •

direct object sing.

exempli gratia v.

(for example) voc. feminine gender

genitive case

id est (that is)

masculine gender

neuter gender

nota bene (note well)

participle

passive

perfect

plural

preposition

singular

vide ( see )

vocative

XXI

CHAPTER I

Nouns: The First Declension

Nouns: The Second Declension

Masculine Nouns Ending in -us or -er

Neuter Nouns Ending in -um

Latinized First Names: First and Second Declension

Introduction

Latin is one of several languages within the Indo-European language family which depends upon inflection (from inflectere: to bend) for its meaning, rather than syntax (the organization and structure of a sentence), as in English. Inflection is accomplished, in Latin by adding suffixes (endings) or, infre- quently, prefixes, to the stems of nouns, adjectives, verbs, participles, and other parts of speech.

The attachment of endings to nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and participles in order to obtain meaning is called declension (from declinare: to turn aside, bend away from). In the case of verbs, the same process is known as conjugation (from conjugare: to yoke together, connect).

This chapter will consider the declension of nouns, espe- cially those belonging grammatically to categories known as the first and second declension.

The Declension of Latin Nouns

A Latin noun, pronoun, adjective or participle is declined by adding an ending to the stem (that part of the word which remains unchanged during the process of declension). These endings indicate or establish the following three relationships: Gender, Number, and Case. The meaning of each of these terms may be explained and illustrated through the use of the first declen- sion feminine noun ecclesia (church, a Latinized Greek word) as well as other feminine, masculine and neuter nouns from the first and second declension.

Gender: Latin nouns are either masculine, feminine, or neuter, e.g., ecclesia (feminine), amicus (friend — masculine), testamentum (will, testament — neuter). Gender, in Latin, should be considered principally as a grammatical convenience, a way of organizing nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and participles. Al- though males are in the masculine gender, females in the femi- nine, and some things in the neuter gender, many nouns were assigned genders by Latin grammarians with little regard to sex. In addition, certain largely male occupations (in ancient Rome) are masculine in gender but declined like feminine nouns of the first declension, for example: nauta (sailor), agricola (farmer), poeta ( poet ) .

Number: Singular or Plural (one or more than one); ecclesia (church), ecclesiae (churches). In English, the plural of regu- lar nouns is formed by adding an -s to the noun stems (tree, trees), although irregular nouns change in various ways in the plural (man, men, woman, women, child, children). In Latin, however, there are a number of plural endings, depending upon the type of declension.

Case (from casus, casus, m. : a fall, since the endings seemed to "fall away" from the nominative case): There are seven cases in Latin:

Nominative (from nomen, nominis, n.: name): a case which stands without alteration; the subject of a sentence is usually in the nominative case, but the nominative case may also be found in the predicate of a sentence, provided the main verb is a copula or linking verb, generally some form of "to be" (is, are, was, were, etc.), without a direct object, e.g., Haec est patrina mea. (This is my godmother. )

Genitive (from genetivus , -a, -um: inborn, innate): This case indicates ownership or possession, and has a number of special uses which will be discussed subsequently. It is often translated in English by adding the prepositions "of" or "from" to a noun, e.g., Parochus ecclesiae parochialis Sancti Thomae est. (He is the priest of the parish church of St. Thomas.)

Dative (from datus, -a, -um: given): This is the case of the indirect object which receives the action of a verb indirectly. In Latin, it is also used with certain verbs, and has other usages, which will be reviewed later. The dative case is gener- ally translated, in English, by adding the prepositions "to" or "for" to a noun, e.g., Dux terram ecclesiae donavit. (The duke donated land to the church. )

Accusative (from accusatus, -a, -xna: accused, blamed): The accusative is the case of the direct object of a verb, i.e., the noun, or other part of speech, which receives the action of a verb directly, e.g., Ecclesiam parochialem aedif icaverunt. (They built the parish church. ) The accusative case is also used as the object of certain Latin prepositions. English nouns do not have any special endings or distinguishing characteristics to indicate that they are in the accusative case. Pronouns in the dative or accusative case do, however, change their nominative form, e.g.. He gave her (not she) a book. She loved him (not he) .

Ablative (from ablatus, -a, -um: [having been] separated): The ablative case indicates, among other things, separation, instrument (the means by which something is accomplished), loca- tion, time, and is the object of certain Latin prepositions. This is a very flexible and widely used case in Latin, and a number of its important uses will be considered subsequently. Prepositions such as by, from, with, after, when, etc., are

usually required when translating nouns in this case into Eng- lish, e.g., Ecclesia parochiali aedificata, fabri lignarii abier- unt. (After the parish church was built, the carpenters depart- ed. Or, more literally: The parish church having been built, the carpenters departed. )

Vocative (from vocare: to call): This case is used when addressing someone or something directly, and is often character- ized by the letter O in front of the noun, e.g., O mulier, magna est fides tua! Fiat tibi , sicut vis. (O woman, great is thy faith! Be it unto thee even as thou wilt. [from the Vulgate, Matthew 15:28; English translation: King James Version]) This case is now more or less defunct in English, and its use in non- literary Latin documents is relatively rare. Consequently, with certain exceptions noted in the examples, the noun paradigms for the vocative case will not be included. Generally, however, they are the same as the nominative, singular and plural.

Locative (from locare: to place): The locative case, as the name suggests, is used to indicate place where or place at which in certain special place usages in Latin. It is not employed as frequently in parish registers as the first five cases above. The specific uses of the locative are summarized under the section on determining place in Latin.

Whereas in English there are no special endings added to nouns to indicate the case to which they belong, in Latin, case endings are attached directly to the stem of noun. The stem of a noun may be obtained by omitting the ending of the genitive singular.

Grammarians have traditionally divided Latin nouns into five declensions, each of which differs slightly or considerably from the others. In this chapter, nouns of the first and second declension will be considered.

The First or "a" Declension (so-called because nouns

in the nominative singular end in the letter "a")

ecclesia (church, stem ecclesi)

Case Singular Case Ending

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

ecclesia

ecclesiae

ecclesiae

ecclesiam

ecclesia

a

ae

ae

am

a

Meaning

a/the church of/from a/the church to/for a/the church a/the church (d.o.) by/with/f rom, etc. a/the church

Case

Plural

Case Ending Meaning

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

ecclesiae

ecclesiarum

ecclesiis

ecclesias

ecclesiis

ae ( the ) churches arum of/from the churches is to/for the churches as (the) churches (d.o.) is by/f roiii/with, etc. a/the churches

In medieval Latin, the -a of the -ae diphthong (a double vowel pronounced with one sound) was often omitted, a pratice occasionally continued in Latin parish register entries. Consequently, ecclesie might be translated as "of/from the church" (genitive singular), "to/for the church" (dative singular) or "the churches" (nominative plural). The sense of the sentence will determine the proper translation in each case.

In parish registers, the -e of the -ae diphthong was some- times omitted, and a mark of some type indicating this omission was placed next to the -a. Thus, for example, ecclesiaP = ecclesiae. Another, and much more common, practice in parish register entries was the combination of -a and -e in ligature, i.e., written so closely together that the two can scarcely be distinguished, e.g., ecclesvcE^ = ecclesiae.

Care must be taken to differentiate these two letters and to avoid reading them both as the letter -a. They are most likely to be found in the genitive singular of first declension nouns and first names, which are treated as nouns, for example: Heri natus et hodie baptizatus est Martinus filius legitimus Petri Weller et Mari Beck. (Yesterday [was] born and today was baptized Martin, legitimate son of Peter Weller and Maria Beck. )

Note above that no definite or indefinite articles (the, or a, an) are provided. Classical Roman Latin had no articles, definite or indefinite. Consequently, ecclesia (nominative singular) can be read either as "the church" or "a church," depending upon the apparent sense of the sentence. Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives such as ille (that), and the cardinal number unus , una, unum (one) were, however, occasionally substituted for "the" or "a/an" respectively in medieval and early modern Latin. (of., French: le, la, un, une; Spanish: el, la, un/uno, una; Italian: il, la, un/uno , una).

Nouns of the first declension are generally feminine in gender, such as, for example, parochia, parochiae, f.: parish; puella, puellae, f.: girl, filia, filiae, f.: daughter. As indicated previously, however, occupations in the first declen- sion are usually masculine in gender, even though they are de- clined exactly like ecclesia, e.g., bibliopega, bibliopegae, m. : bookbinder.

Second E)eclension Nouns

Nouns of the second declension are either masculine or neuter in gender. Masculine nouns are of two types, those which end in -us in the nominative singular, e.g., annus (year), and those ending in -er in the nominative singular, e.g., magister (teacher). Neuter nouns of the second declension end in -ixm in the nominative and accusative singular and -a in the nominative and accusative plural, e.g., matr imonium , matrimonia (marriage, marriages) .

The Second Declension: Masculine Nouns ending in -us

in the Nominative Singular

baptismus (baptism [Greek] , stem: baptism)

Case Singular Case Ending Meaning

a/the baptism of/from a/the baptism to/for a/the baptism a/the baptism (d.o.) by/with/f rom, etc. a/the baptism O baptism!

Nominative	baptismus	us
Genitive	baptismi	i
Dative	baptismo	o
Accusative	baptismum	um
Ablative	baptismo	o
Vocative	baptisme Plural	e
Nominative	baptismi	i
Genitive	baptismorxim	orum
Dative	baptismis	is
Accusative	baptismos	OS
Ablative	baptismis	is

(the) baptisms of/from the baptisms to/for the baptisms (the) baptisms (d.o.) by/with/from, etc. the baptisms

Note that masculine nouns of the second declension such as baptismus have the vocative ending -e in the singular, an ending different from the nominative singular. If, however, the stem of the noun ends in -i, such as, for example, filius (son, stem: fili), then the vocative singular also ends in -i. Hence, fili: 0 son! (vocative singular). The masculine vocative singular possessive adjective meus (my) also ends in -i (with the -e omitted), e.g., fili mi! (O my son!). NOte that the -i of the vocative contracts with the -i of the stem vowel so that only one -i remains (fili, not filii). Certain masculine second declen- sion nouns such as Deus remain the same in the vocative as in the nominative singular.

The Second Declension: Masculine Nouns ending in -er

in the Nominative Singular

magister (teacher; stem, magistr, N.B. ! ) Case Singular Case Ending Meaning

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

magister

magistri

magistro

magistrum

magistro

Plural

er

i

o

um

o

a/the teacher of/from a/the teacher to/for a/the teacher a/the teacher (d.o.) by /with/from, etc. a/the teacher

Nominative	magistri	i
Genitive	magistrorvim	orum
Dative	magistris	is
Accusative	magistros	OS
Ablative	magistris	is

(the) teachers of/from the teachers to/for the teachers (the) teachers (d.o.) by/with/from, etc. the teachers

Nouns such as magister are exactly the same in declension as the masculine nouns ending in -us (in the nominative singular), with the exception of the nominative singular. Note that the stem of these second declension masculine nouns may or may not end in -er. The -e is retained, for example, in the noun puer (boy, child), e.g., pueri (of the boy, child), puero (to/for the boy, child), puerum (the boy, child [d.o.]), puero (by, with, from, etc. the boy, child). The genitive singular ending (which is usually provided in dictionaries) will indicate whether the -e is retained or dropped in the stem.

The Second Declension;

Neuter Nouns Ending in -um in the Nominative Singular

matrimonium (marriage, stem: matrimoni) Case Singular Case Ending Meaning

Nominative	matrimoni vim	um
Genitive	matrimonii	i
Dative	matrimonio	o
Accusative	matrimonium	um
Ablative	matrimonio	o

a/the marriage of/from a/the marriage to/for a/the marriage a/the marriage (d.o.) by/with/f rom , etc . a/the marriage

Plural

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

matrimonia mat r imon i orum matrimoniis matrimonia matrimoniis

a (the) marriages

orum of/from the marriages is to/for the marriages a (the) marriages is by /with/from, etc. the marriages

Note that the neuter nominative and accusative singular have the same ending (um), and that the neuter nominative and accusative plural also have a similar ending (a). All neuter nouns, regardless of the declension to which they belong grammat- ically, will have the same ending in the neuter singular nomina- tive and accusative, and the same ending in the neuter plural nominative and accusative. However, the singular will have a different ending than the plural. Neuter second declension nouns differ from masculine second declension nouns only in the above case endings.

Latinized Given Names: First and Second Declension

First or given names in Latin parish registers and many other documents are generally treated as proper nouns of the first, second, or third declension (see Chapter IV). Given names of the first and second declension are declined according to the paradigms for first and second declension nouns listed above. Examples follow:

First Declension Female Given Names

Maria (Mary, Maria, Marie) Anna (Anna, Ann)

Singular (The plural of given names is rare)

Latin English Latin English

Anna

of/from Anna to/for Anna Anna (d.o. ) by/with/from , etc. Anna

*Also found without the -a of the ae in diphthong in medieval documents such as wills, e.g., Marie (of/from, to/for Mary), Anne (of /from, to/for Anna — note that this is not the given name Anne).

Norn.	Maria	Mary	Anna
Gen.	Mariae*	of/from Mary	Annae*
Dat.	Mariae*	to/for Mary	Annae*
Ace.	Mariam	Mary (d.o. )	Annam
Abl.	Maria	by/with/from , etc. Mary	Anna

Second Declension Male Given Neunes

(There are no neuter given names.)

Petrus ( Peter )

Marcus ( Mark )

	Singular
	Latin	English	Latin	English
Nom.	Petrus	Peter	Marcus	Mark
Gen.	Petri	of/from Peter	Marci	of/from Mark
Dat.	Petro	to/for Peter	Marco	to/for Mark
Ace.	Petrum	Peter ( d . o . )	Marcum	Mark (d.o.)
Abl.	Petro	by /with/from, etc . Peter	Marco	by /with/from, etc . Mark

There are also a few male names which belong grammatically to the first declension but are masculine in gender, for example:

Baimabas (Barnabas, Barnaby)

Singular

Latin

Nom . Barnabas

Gen . Bamabae

Dat . Bamabae

Ace . Bamabam

Abl . Barnaba

English

Barnabas , Barnaby

of /from Barnabas, Barnaby

to/for Barnabas, Barnaby

Barnabas, Barnaby (d.o.)

by /with/from, etc. Barnabas, Barnaby

Thomas ( Thomas )

Singular

Latin English

Nom . Thomas

Gen . Thomae

Dat . Thomae

Ace . Thomam

Abl . Thoma

Thomas

of/from Thomas

to/for Thomas

Thomas (d.o. )

by /with/from, etc. Thomas

Note that the -s of Barnabas and Thomas, the last letter in the nominative singular, is not retained in the other eases.

EXERCISES: CHAPTER I

A . Grammar

Decline femina and auriga for all cases, singular and plural. Decline filius, puer, and signum for all cases, singular and plural.

B. Vocabulary

Learn the following first and second declension nouns. Note that many Latin dictionaries and lexica list the full nominative singular of the noun, the genitive singular ending, and the gender, e.g., ecclesia, -ae, f. Here, however, the full nomina- tive and genitive singular are provided, together with the gen- der, e.g., ecclesia, ecclesiae, f. In addition, the medieval spelling of genitive singular first declension nouns, in which the -a of the -ae diphthong is dropped (e.g., ecclesie = eccles- iae) is given in parentheses in order to alert the reader to the possibility of encountering such spelling. Parish register entries, however, generally do not omit the -a from the -ae diphthong.

First Declension Nouns: Femi- nine Gender

amita, amitae (amite), f.:

aunt (paternal) anima, animae (anime), f.:

soul, spirit avia, aviae (avie), f.: grand- mother consobrina, consobrinae

( consobrine ) , f: female

cousin ecclesia, ecclesiae

(ecclesie), f.: church

( Greek ) familia, familiae (familie),

f: family femina , f eminae ( f emine ) , f . :

woman feria, feriae (ferie), f.: day

of the week, fair, holiday filia, filiae (filie), f.:

daughter hora , horae ( here ) , f . : hour infantia, infantiae

(infantie), f.: childhood marita, maritae (marite) , f.:

wife matertera , materterae ( mater-

tere) , f.: aunt (maternal)

parochia, parochiae

(parochie) , f.: parish

patrina, patrinae (patrine), f . : parish

puella, puellae (puelle), f.: girl

sepultura , sepulturae ( sepul- ture) , f.: burial

sponsa, sponsae (sponse), f.: bride , betrothed

via, viae (vie), f.: way, road, street

vidua, viduae (vidue), f.: widow

villa, villae (ville), f.: village, villa, town

First Declension Nouns; line Gender

Mascu-

agricola, agricolae

(agricole), m. : farmer

auriga, aurigae (aurige), m. : driver (e.g. of carts)

bibliopega, bibliopegae

(bibliopege) , m. : bookbind- er

nauta, nautae (naute), m.: sailor

Second Declension Masculine Nouns ending in -us

advocatus , advocati , m . :

advocate, lawyer agnatus , agnati , in.: blood

relative in the male line agnus, agni, m. : lamb Agnus Dei: the Lamb of God

(Jesus Christ) amicus, amici, m. : friend angelus, angeli, m.: angel,

messenger (Greek) annus, anni, m. : year avunculus, avunculi, m. : uncle

(maternal ) avus, avi, m. : grandfather baptismus, baptismi , m.

baptism (Greek) canonicus , canonici , m.

canon, cathedral official capellanus, capellani, m.

chaplain cibus, cibi, m. : food cippus, cippi, m. : gravestone colonus, coloni , m. : settler,

farmer, peasant datus , dati , m. : date (also,

datum , dati , n . ) Deus , Dei , m . : God discipulus, discipuli, m.:

pupil, disciple domesticus, domestici, m.:

servant, a male servant dominus , domini, m.: lord,

master, noble, the Lord

(Jesus Christ) episcopus, episcopi, m.:

bishop filius, filii, m. : son maritus, mariti, m. : husband mundus, mundi, m. : world notus, noti, m. : illegitimate

ma 1 e ( gnothus ) pagus , pagi, m.: village,

district parochus, parochi, m. : parish

priest, priest patrinus, patrini , m. : godfa- ther patruus , patrui , m.: uncle

(paternal ) rusticus, rustici, m. : peas- ant, farmer, rustic

sanctus, sanctii, m.: saint

(male) servus , servi , m.: servant,

serf, slave sobrinus, sobrini, m. : cousin socius, socii, m.: comrade,

ally sponsus , sponsi, m.: groom,

betrothed vicinus, vicini, m. : neighbor viduus, vidui, m. : widower

Second Declension Masculine Nouns ending in -er or -r

armiger, armigeri, m. : squire, esquire (as a title)

faber, fabri, m. : smith, maker, blacksmith

liber, libri, m. : book

magister, magistri, m. : teach- er

puer, pueri, m. : boy, child

vir, viri, m. : man

Second Declension Neuter Nouns

bannum, banni , n. : bann , marriage announcement

biduum, bidui , n.: two-year period

caelum, caeli, n. : heaven, sky

coelum (see caelum)

coemeterium, coemeterii, n.: cemetery (cimeterium)

donum, doni, n. : gift

evangelium (see euangelium)

euangelium, euangelii, n.: gospel, good news (Greek)

fatum, fati, n.: fate, destiny

matrimonium, matrimonii, n.: marriage

puerperium, puerperii, n.: childbirth

officium, officii, n. : office, duty, position

scriptum, scripti , n.: writ- ing , document

signum, signi, n. : sign, mark

testamentum, testamenti , n.: will

verbum, verbi, n.: word

10

C. Translation: Latin to English

Translate the following from Latin to English:

Patrina mea est. (mea: my, a possessive adjective which must be in the same case and have the same gender and number as the noun it modifies; est: he/she is; the subject of this verb can be either "she" [patrina is feminine] or patrina. )

test amen turn amitae

Vidua est. (est: she is)

aurigae (three possible translations — give all three)

Aviam habet. (habet: he/she has; two possible translations; note that aviam is in the accusative case because it is the direct object of the verb habet. Hence the subject of this sentence is either "he" or "she.")

baptimus filii

discipulis (two possible translations)

anno domini ( anno : in the year )

Testcunentum condidit. (condidit: he/she made; testcimentum

is in the accusative case, since it is the direct object of condidit. Two possible translations.)

Catharinae (declined like Anna; two possible translations)

D. Translation: English to Latin

Translate the following from English to Latin:

the daughter of the cousin

to/for the sailor

She is my wife.

of/from the burial

He/she has a godmother . ( ace . )

of/from the servants

to/for the cemetery

the marriage of the teacher

11

by means of the baptism

of /from Stephen (Stephanus)

E. Translation: Parish Register

Document #1

Translate the following birth entry for 1736, with the aid of the vocabulary provided after the entry.

1 avL-tiCi^/ni^ti' CUTA-Mc

■paihmi^t*: ctrrA.iio€43ufn.A^

Vocabulary

Sept = September Clasina: the child's name pater, patris, m. : father (a

third declension noun, v.

Chapter IV) Henricus Van der Mortel: the

father's name mater: mother (from mater,

matris , f . : mother , a third

declension noian, v. Chapter

IV) Susanna de Visscher: the

mother's name matrina (see above)

Joanna Dekers : name of the godmother

nata: born (perfect passive participle of nascor, nasci, natus sum: bear, give birth to, v. Chapter IX [agrees with Clasina, a female name] )

eodem die: on the same day

post merid (post meridiem): after noon (p.m.)

circa, prep. + ace: about, aroiand

12

me: me (ablative singular of the personal pronoun ego, V. Chapter XI)

Dominico: ablative singular of Dominicus, Dominici, m.: Dominic (a given name)

Weiland: a surname

ejusdem = eiusdem: of the same (genitive singular of idem, eadem, idem, demonstrative pronoun: the same [v. Chapter XI]; refers to Dominicus Weiland)

immediate immediate (ablative singular of immediatus, immediata, immediatum: immediate)

successor! : successor (abla- tive singular [in this entry] of successor, suc- cessoris, m. : successor [a third declension noun, v. Chapter IV] )

continuatus est: was continued (perfect indicative pas- sive, third person singular [V. Chapter IX] of conti- nuo , continuare, conti- nuavi, continuatum: contin- ue [refers to Dominicus Weiland] )

ibidem, adv.: in the same place; here: the same (i.e., Dominicus Weiland)

pastore: pastor (ablative singular of pastor, pasto- ris, m. : pastor, shepherd [third declension noun, v. Chapter IV] ) . Note the syntax or word order of the sentence in the above introduction. The baptis- mal register was begun by Peter Kaufman and continued by Dominicus Weiland. The "and" is, however, under- stood here.

anno millesimo septingentesimo vigesimo primo: in the year one thousand seven hundred twenty-one (literally: in the one thousand seven hundred and twenty-first year [ablative of time, v. Chapter VII], i.e., 1721)

ad majorem Dei: to the greater (glory) of God

Beataqz = Beataeque : and of the blessed (Note here the z-like mark or sign which abbreviates the letters -ue after a -q. ) -Que is an enclitic conjunction, which means that it lacks an independent accent and is pronounced as part of the word to which it is at- tached. Its meaning is "and." In classical Latin, -que was generally placed at the end of the last of the two words to be connected by "and." In medieval and parish regis- ter Latin, however, -que often followed the first of the two words.

virginis: genitive singular of virgo , virginis , f . : virgin (a third declension noun, v. Chapter IV); goes with Beataeque virginis

gloria, gloriae, f.: glory (accusative singular because of the preposition ad which requires an accu- sative object) Note that the English word order here would probably be ad majo- rem gloriam Dei beataeque virginis, and translate accordingly.

14

E. Translation: Parish Register

Document # 2

Translate the following introductory remarks to the baptis- mal entries from a parish register for the year 1721, with the aid of the vocabulary given below the entry.

Vocabulary

iste: this (from iste, ista, istud, adj . and demonstra- tive pronoun, v. Chapter XI; modifies liber)

baptismalis, baptismale: baptismal (modifies liber; third declension adjective, V. Chapter IV)

inceptus : begun (perfect passive participle [v. Chapter IX] of incipio, incipere, incepi, inceptum: begin; translate this in the following word order: iste baptismalis liber inceptus .

a, prep. + abl.: by, from (v.

Chapter V) R. = Reverendo: ablative

because of a Reverendo admodum: Right

Reverend (an ecclesiastical

title) domino: ablative singular of

dominus (also part of his

title) Petro: Peter (ablative

singular of Petrus, object

of the preposition a) Kaufmein: a surname

13

CHAPTER II

Adjectives of the First and Second Declension First and Second Declension Adjectives Ending in -er, -era, -erum Irregular First and Second Declension Adjectives

Introduction

Adjectives (from adjicere: to throw to, add) modify, de- scribe, or characterize nouns in some way, e.g.. The blue sky. The little child. The round ball. Such adjectives are, in English, known as attributive adjectives, since they are connect- ed directly to the noun without an intervening verb. In Latin, attributive adjectives must agree with (i.e., be like) the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case.

If a noun is, for example, genitive, plural, and neuter, the adjective (or adjectives) modifying it must also be genitive, plural, and neuter, e.g., matrimoniorum bonorum (of the good marriages). Note that the Latin attributive adjective frequently follows its noun except when used for special emphasis or when describing how much, how many, or how large. In English, by contrast, the adjective, with the possible exception of archaic or poetic usages, generally precedes its noun, cf . , for example, the learned teacher and magister eruditus.

Adjectives may also be found in the predicate of a sentence, particularly one which has a copula or linking (intransitive) verb such as, for example, some form of the verb "to be" (is, are, was, were, etc.). Thus, for example: Matrimonium est bonum. (or, Matrimonium bonum est. Marriage is good.) Liber est mag- nus. (or. Liber magnus est. The book is large.) Puer est parvus. (or, Puer parvus est. The boy, or child, is small.)

An adjective may also be used in place of a noun, e.g., mali (the bad men), malae (the bad women), mala (the bad things). An adjective used as a noun is sometimes known as a substantive.

The Declension of First and Second Declension Adjectives

First and second declension adjectives modify nouns of these two declensions, as well as those of the other three Latin declensions. They are declined in exactly the same way as the respective first and second declension nouns.

In the example immediately below, the word defunctus, defunc- ta, defunctum (dead, deceased) is used. This is actually a perfect passive participle, a verbal adjective which is employed here simply as an attributive adjective.

15

defxinctus, defuncta, defvmctum (dead, deceased) Singular

Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	defimctus	defuncta	defunctvun
Genitive	defuncti	defunctae	defuncti
Dative	defuncto	defunctae	defuncto
Accusative	defunctum	defunctam	defunctum
Ablative	defuncto	defuncta	defuncto
Plural
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	defuncti	defunctae	defuncta
Genitive	defunctorum	defunctarum	defunctorum
Dative	defunctis	defunctis	defunctis
Accusative	defunctos	defunctas	defuncta
Ablative	defunctis	defunctis	defunctis

The -er form of the masculine noun is also found in certain adjectives:

aeger, aegera, aegerum: sick (also, eger, egera, egerum)

Singular

Case

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Plural

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

Masculine

aeger

aegeri

aegero

aegerum

aegero

aegeri

aegerorum

aegeris

aegeros

aegeris

Feminine

aegera

aegerae

aegerae

aegeram

aegera

aegerae

aegerarum

aegeris

aegeras

aegeris

Neuter

aegerum

aegeri

aegero

aegerum

aegero

aegera

aegerorum

aegeris

aegera

aegeris

Note that the meaning of the above two adjectives is always "dead" and "sick," respectively. The exact meaning is, of course, dependent upon the use of these adjectives with an appro- priate noun, such as, for example, infans defunctus (the dead or deceased child, masculine nominative singular), puellae aegerae (of the sick girl, feminine, genitive, singular).

Adjectives of the first and second declension may be listed in dictionaries as follows:

16

bonus, bona, bonum (good — like defunctus, defuncta, defunctum) or, bonus, -a, -um

liber, libera, liberum (free — like aeger, aegra, aegrum) or, liber, -era, -erum

There are nine adjectives of the first and second declension which end in -ius in the genitive singular and -i in the dative singular. These adjectives are declined like the example below:

totus, tota, totum (whole)

Singular
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	totus	tota	totum
Genitive	totius	totius	totius
Dative	toti	toti	toti
Accusative	totum	totam	totum
Ablative	toto	tota	toto

Plural

Case

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Nominative

Genitive

Dative

Accusative

Ablative

toti

totorum

totis

totos

totis

totae

totarum

totis

totas

totis

tota

totoirum

totis

tota

totis

The other eight irregular adjectives include;

alius, alia, aliud alter, altera, alterum neuter , neutra , neutrum nullus, nulla, nullum solus, sola, solum ullus, ulla, ullum unus , una , unum uter , utra , utrum

other , another

the other (of two)

neither

none, no

only, alone

any

one , a , an

which ( of two )

17

EXERCISES: CHAPTER II

A . Grammar

Decline bonus, bona, bonum and liber, libera, liberim for

all genders, numbers, and cases.

B. Vocabulary

In addition to the first and second declension adjectives discussed in the body of this chapter, learn the following:

abortivus, abortiva, abort i-

vum: prematurely born baptizatus, baptizata,

baptizatum: baptized

(perfect passive participle

[V. Chapter IX] used as an

adjective) beatus, beata , beatum:

blessed, fortunate bonus, bona, bonum: good, kind certus , certa, certum: cer- tain, fixed, sure copulatus, copulata,

copulatum: married (perf.

pass. part, as adj.) def unctus , defuncta,

defunctum: dead, deceased

(perf. pass. part, as adj.) honestus, honesta, honestum:

honest, upright, honorable inchoatus, inchoata, inchoa-

tum: begun illegitimus, illegitima,

illegitimum: illegitimate intestatus, intestata, intes-

tatum: intestate (died

without a valid will) magnus, magna, magnum: large,

great malus, mala, malum: bad, evil meus , mea , meum: my, mine

(possessive adjective, v.

Chapter XI) mortuus , mortua, mortuum:

dead, deceased (perf. pass.

part, as adj . ) multus, multa, multum: many oriundus , oriunda, oriundum:

originating from, born (in)

parvus, parva, pairvuin: small, little

pudicus, pudica, pudicum: chaste , pure

relictus, relicta, relictum: left behind, abandoned (when used as a noun: relicta, relictae, f.: widow, survivor [relict], relictus, relicti, m.: widower, survivor [relict], perf. pass. part, as adj.)

sanctus, sancta, sanctum: holy, sacred (when used as a noun: sancta, sanctae, f.: saint [female], sanc- tus, sancti, m. : saint [male] )

sepultus, sepulta, sepultum: buried (perf. pass. part, as adj . )

ultimus, ultima, ultimum: last

unigenitus, unigenita, unigenitum: only begotten, only born

aeger, aegera, aegerum: sick ( eger )

dexter, dextra, dextrvun: right (direction)

liber, libera, liberum: free (do not confuse with liber, libri, m. : book)

pulcher, pulchera, pulcherum: beautiful

sacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred, holy

C. Translation: Latin to English

Translate the following from Latin to English:

Nauta magnus est.

liber baptizatorum pueronun, copulatomm, et defixnctorxun

ecclesia Beati Sctncti Petri

Unum f ilium habet.

Filixis meus parviis est.

D. Translation: English to Latin

Translate the following from English to Latin:

the book of the church of Saint Peter

The honorable Thomas Mattingly and the chaste Anna Barbara Wilcox were married (copulati sunt).

Today (hodie) Martin (Martinus) , illegitimate son of Mathilda Stieger, originating (use the feminine, genitive singular, because "originating" is in apposition to "of Mathilda") from (ex) Rottweiller, died (mortuus est).

the parish of the blessed (fem.) Saint Mary (gen. sing.)

a prematurely born (fem.) daughter

E. Translation: Parish Register

Document #1

Translate the following excerpt from a death register with the aid of the vocabulary below:

19

Vocabulary

hodie, adv. : today

13a: tertia decima (die) = on

the 13th (day) [v. Chapter

VII for more information on

the abbreviation of dates . ] Augusti: of August mortuus est: died, has died Josephus: a given name Josephi: of Joseph (gen.

sing. ) Burger: a surname civis, civis, m.: citizen

(third declension noun, v.

Chapter IV) Rosemensis: (probably) of

Rotenwiller (Bas Rhin,

France) Anna = Annae (gen. sing.) Lemena: a surname friburgensis in Jetlcindia: of

Frieburg im Uechtland

(German spelling. Canton

Fribourg, Switzerland) aetatis circiter: of the

approximate age (of) octo mensium: 8 months (v.

Chapter VII) sepultusque est: and he was

buried extra portam: beyond (outside

of) the gate (Often, beyond

the gate of the city, where

the poor were usually

buried. ) praesentibus testibus: the

witnesses present (were)

[an ablative absolute; v.

Chapter XIII for more

information on this usage] Laurentio: Laurence (abl.

sing, of Laurentius) Wehr: his last name aedituo: abl. sing. of

aedituus, aeditui, m.:

sexton

eccles. = ecclesiae (gen. sing. )

cathed. = cathedralis (gen. sing. of cathedralis, cathedrale: cathedral [a third declension adjective, V. Chapter IV]; note that cathedralis is an adjective which modifies ecclesiae. Do not translate it as a noun. )

Argentinensis: of Strasbourg (Argentinensis is a Latin- ized form of Strasbourg. Note that the English syntax here would probably be: aedituus cathedralis ecclesiae Argentinensis, and translate accordingly. )

Teuschin: a surname

coniuge: wife, the ablative singular of conjux

(coniux); conjugis, m. or f.: husisand, wife, spouse (conjunx)

Jois = Joannis: of John (Joaimes is a third declen- sion noun, V. Chapter IV. )

Jacobi, from Jacobus (declined like Martinus, Stephanus, Petrus, etc. )

Henny: a surname

civis (see above)

hujus: of this (also huius, genitive singular of hie, haec, hoc: this, the lat- ter ; V . Chapter XI )

civitatis: city, genitive singular of civitas, civi- tatis, f.: city (a third declension novin, v. Chapter IV)

20

E. Translation: Parish Register

Document # 2

Translate the following marriage entry with the aid of the vocabulary below:

Vocabulary

eodem die: on the same day

sacramentaliter , adv.: according to the sacrament (i.e., the proper ecclesi- astical ritual)

copulati sunt ( see above D . )

hon. = honestus

juvenis: young man, bachelor (third declension adjective and noun, v. Chapter IV)

Marxer: a surname

et, conj . : and

hon. = honesta

virgo, virginis, f.: virgin (third declension noun, v. Chapter IV)

Mar. = Maria

Meyer: a surname

coram, prep. + abl.: in the

presence of (v. Chapter V) testibus: the witnesses (third

declension noun, abl. pi.,

V. Chapter IV) Matt: a surname Joane = Joanne (John, a third

declension noun, v. Chapter

IV) Meyer: a surname

21

CHAPTER III

Verbs I: First and Second Conjugation

Present, Future, and Imperfect Indicative Active

Present, Future, and Imperfect Indicative

Active of esse and posse

Latin Syntax: An Introduction

Introduction

It will be recalled that the inflection of nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and participles, the addition of suffixes or endings to the stems of these parts of speech, is known as de- clension and indicates gender, number, and case. The inflection of Latin verbs, the process of attaching endings (and occasional- ly prefixes) to verb stems, is called conjugation (from conjugcire: to join, link). The conjugation of Latin verbs estab- lishes five relationships, namely, person, number, tense, mood, and voice. This chapter defines these terms and discusses their uses.

The Conjugation of Latin Verbs

As indicated above, Latin verbs are conjugated for person, number, tense, mood, and voice. The meaning of each of these terms may be explained by using the first conjugation verb copu- lare (to marry) as an example.

Person: First, Second, Third (I, you, he/she/it [singular]; we, you all, they [plural]), e.g., copulas: you (singular) marry.

Number: Singular or Plural, e.g.,:

Singular Plural

copulo: I marry copulamus

copulas you marry copulatis

copulat he/she/it (if applicable) copulemt marries

we marry

you all marry

they marry

Tense (from tempus, temporis, n.: time): The time of the action of the verb. Latin verbs have six tenses:

Present

Future

Imperfect

Perfect

Pluperfect

copulo

copulabo

copulabam

copulavi

copulaveram

Future Perfect copulavero

I marry, am marrying, do marry

I shall marry

I married, was marrying, etc.

I married, have married

I had married

I shall have married

22

Note that Latin, unlike English, has no eitiphastic or pro- gressive forms, so that copulo, and the other persons, singular and plural, in the present indicative active might be translated as follows, using the first person singular as an example: copu- lo: I marry, I am marrying, I do marry (as in the above paradigm) . The apropriate translation will be determined by the general sense of the sentence.

Each of these tenses will be discussed in greater detail in this chapter and in subsequent chapters.

Mood (from modus, modi, m. : manner, way, means): The means or manner in which the action of a verb is indicated. There are three moods for Latin verbs :

Indicative (from indicatus, -a, -um: shown, made known): The indicative mood is used, as the name suggests, to indicate that which is presently taking place, as well as statements of fact or those for which a speaker or author assumes full responsibility. Parish register entries are generally in the indicative, although the subjunctive may be found on occasion, e.g., copulo: I marry (a statement of fact).

Imperative (from imperare: to command): The imperative mood is used to give commands in the second person singular and plu- ral. It is generally not found in parish registers, e.g., copu- la!: you (singular) marry!

Subjunctive (from siibjungere: to subordinate): Although rare in English, this mood is utilized frequently in Latin; for exam- ple, as a command form for the first and third person, singular and plural, to express purpose, result, condition, concession, doubt or uncertainty, etc., e.g., copulem: I marry.

Voice (from vox, vocis, f.: voice): Latin, like English, has two voices, active (the subject acts) and passive (the subject is acted upon by someone or something). Compare, for example, the following two sentences: Filiam meam copulat. (He marries my daughter, [active] ) Henricus Wort et Anna Sophia Wildmann a me parocho copulati siont. (Henry Wort and Anna Sophia Wildmann were married by me, the parish priest. [passive])

There are also two verb forms, verbal nouns and verb adjec- tives which display characteristics of nouns or adjectives as well as verbs:

Verbal Nouns

Infinitives (from infinitus, infinite, infinitum:

unlimited): Infinitives may be conjugated for tense and voice, like a verb, and may, like a noun, be used as the subject of a sentence or the direct object of a verb, e.g., Errare est huma- num. (To err is human.). In English, the present infinitive is, for example, formed by placing the preposition "to" in front of a

23

verb, e.g., to run, to sing, to think, to work. In Latin, the present active infinitive is formed by adding -re or -ere to the present stem of a verb, e.g., habere: to have. The present infinitive is the second principal part of a Latin verb.

Gerund (from gerere : to bear, carry): The gerund is declined, like a noun, but only in the genitive, dative, accusa- tive, and ablative cases, neuter singular. Like a verb, it may take a direct object. The gerund is active in meaning and is translated in English by adding -ing to the verb stem, e.g., copulandi (of marrying).

Supine (from supinus, supina, supinum: lying on one's back): The supine is a verbal noun of the fourth declension. It is used only in the accusative and ablative singular. The accusative expresses purpose, especially after verbs of motion or those suggesting motion, while the ablative is employed with certain adjectives or with verbs of saying, relating, perceiving, etc. In the latter usage, it is generally found in fixed expressions such as mirabile dictu (a wonderful thing to relate or say). The accusative singular supine, such as, for example, copulatum, may also be used as the fourth principal part of the Latin verb.

Verbal Adjectives

Participles (from particeps, participis: sharing in): Latin participles are declined like adjectives, and, like adjectives, must agree with any nouns they modify in gender, number, and case. Participles are conjugated for tense and voice, like verbs, and may take direct objects. Latin present participles, for example, are translated in English by adding -ing to the verb stem. Thus, for example, copulcins (marrying, present participle, nominative singular of all three genders). Note that in Latin the gerund and the present participle are guite different in form. In English, however, both end in -ing. Compare, for example, the following sentences: Heating (gerund) a home in winter is easier with proper insulation. By using proper insula- tion, we decreased our heating (adjective) bills by 30%.

Conjugation may be further explained by conjugating the verb "to marry" in English in the present tense, indicative, mood, and active voice:

Person Singular Plural

First I marry we marry

Second you marry you (all) marry

Third he/she/marries they marry

For each person, singular and plural, a personal pronoun — I, you, he, she, (it, if applicable), we, you (all), they — precedes the English verb. There are no changes in the verb itself, with the exception of the third person singular in which marry becomes marries.

24

Personal pronouns are generally omitted in the nominative case in classical Latin, except for emphasis. They are used on occasion in later and medieval Latin, and may be found in such documents as wills. Pronouns do not appear frequently in parish registers. Generally, as may be seen in the preceding examples, the verb itself is altered by attaching a different ending for each person, singular and plural, to the verb stem. For the present, future, and imperfect tenses, indicative and subjunctive moods, and the active voice, these endings are:

Person

Singular

First

Second

Third

Ending

-o, or

-s -t

Plural

First

Second

Third

-mus -tis -nt

To conjugate a Latin verb, consequently, endings are added to the stem (in the above examples, the present stem) to show person, number, tense, mood, and voice. The process of conjuga- tion in English frequently requires the use of pronouns, and is often dependent upon the position of the verb in a sentence.

The First and Second Conjugation: Present Indicative Active

The present stem of the verb (which is the basis for the present, imperfect, and future indicative active and passive, as well as the present subjunctive active and passive) is obtained, for the first two conjugations, by dropping the -re of the present infinitive, the second principal part of the Latin verb, e.g., copulare (to marry), stem copula-, habere (to have), stem, habe- . The endings listed above are then added to the present stem in order to form the present indicative active:

copulare (to marry, present stem: copula; First Conjugation)

Singular Meaning

copulo

copulas

copulat

Plural

copulamus copulatis copulant

I marry

you marry

he/she/it (or a noun) marries

Meaning

we marry

you (all) marry

they (or a noun) marry

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Note that the -a of the present stem copula is absorbed by the -o of the first person singular ending. Note also that classical Latin had no separate endings for the familiar (e q thou) and polite (you) forms of the second person singular aAd plural. This is also true of personal pronouns, which are dis- cussed in a subsequent chapter.

Examples :

Filium eomm Filiam eomm Filium eorum Filias eorum Filios eorum Filias eorum

copulo. copulas . copulat. copulamus. copulatis . copulant.

I marry their son. You marry their daughter. She marries their son. We marry their daughters. You (all) marry their sons, They marry their (i.e., someone else's) daughters.

• ^v, r^V" °^ "°""^ "'^^ ^^ substituted for the personal pronoun in the third person singular and plural. Thus, for example, Anna Maria Becker filium eorum copulat. (Anna Maria Becker marries their son.) Agricolae filias eorum copulant. (The farmers marry their [I.e., someone else's] daughters.)

habere (to have, present stem: habe; Second Conjugation) Singular Meaning

habeo habes habet

Plural

habemus habetis habent

Examples ;

I have you have he/she/it has

Meaning

we have

you (all) have

they have

Amicos habeo.

Amicos habes

Pater meus amicos habet.

Amicos habemus .

Amicos habetis.

Magistri amicos habent.

I have friends.

You have friends.

My father has friends.

We have friends.

You (all) have friends.

The teachers have friends

The First and Second Conjugation: Future Indicative Active

The future indicative active of the first and second conju- gation (I shall marry, you will marry, i shall have, etc.) is formed by adding the future tense sign -bi to the present stem of the verb, together with the endings previously given e a copulabit (he/she will marry). ^ given, e.g.,

26

copulare (First Conjugation] Singular Meaning

copulabo* copulabis copulabit

Plural

copulabimus copulabitis copulcibunt* *

I shall marry

You will marry

he/she (or a noun) will marry

Meaning

we shall marry

you (all) will marry

they (or a noun) will marry

*In the first person singular, the -i of the tense sign -bi merges with the -o to become copulabo; this is also true of the second conjugation habebo.

**In the third person plural, first and second conjugation, -u is added to the -b, rather than -i, to indicate futurity.

Examples :

Filium eorum Filiam eorum Filium eorum Filios eorum Filias eoirum

copulabo . copulabis . copulabit . copulabimus . copulabitis .

Filios eorum copulabunt. habere (Second Conjugation)

I shall marry their son.

You will marry their daughter.

She will marry their son.

We shall marry their sons.

You (all) will marry their

daughters .

They will marry their sons.

Singular

habebo

habebis

habebit

Plural

hcLbebimus habebitis habebunt

Examples :

Amicos habebo. Amicos habebis. Amicos habebit. Amicos habebimus. Amicos habebitis, Amicos habebimt.

Meaning

I shall have

you will have

he/she/it (or a noun) will have

Meaning

we shall have

you (all) will have

they (or a noun) will have

I shall have friends. You will have friends. He/she/it will have friends, We shall have friends. You (all) will have friends. They will have friends.

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The First and Second Conjugations: Imperfect Indicative

Active

The imperfect tense generally denotes continuous or repeated action in classical, Roman Latin (although in medieval Latin, and the Latin of parish registers, its meaning is frequently that of a single, completed act) which has taken place in the past. "I wrote" expresses a single, completed act, whereas "I used to write" (periodically), "I kept writing" (repeatedly), "I wrote" (habitually, day after day) indicate repetition and continuity. Hence the action of the latter is incomplete (unfinished) or imperfect.

Although the classical meaning of the imperfect should be learned, the reader of parish register entries, and other Latin documents, should be aware that the distinction between completed and continuous action was frequently overlooked by priests, scribes, and others who used the imperfect and the perfect (which indicates completed action) more or less interchangeably.

The tense sign of the imperfect is -ba, which is combined with the present stem of the verb, and the endings listed above, to form the imperfect tense, e.g., copulabat: he/she used to marry, kept on marrying, was marrying, etc.

copulare (First conjugation)

Singular

copulabam copulabas copulabat

Meaning

I was marrying, I married, etc. you were marrying, you married, etc, he/she (or a noun) was marrying, he/she married

Plural

copulabamus copulabatis

copulabant

Meaning

we were marrying, we married, etc. you (all) were marrying, you (all) married, etc.

they (or a noun) were marrying, they married, etc.

Examples :

Filiam eorum copulabam. Filium eorum copulabas. Filiam eorum copulabat. Filios eorum copulabamus. Filias eorum copulabatis.

Filios eorum copulabant.

I married, etc. their daughter.

You married, etc. their son.

He married, etc. their daughter.

We married, etc. their sons.

You (all) married, etc. their

daughters .

They married, etc. their sons.

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habere (Second Conjugation)

Singular

habebam habebas habebat

Plural

hcibebamus habebatis

habebant

Examples :

Amicos habebam. Ami cos habebas. Amicos habebat. Amicos habebamus. Amicos habebatis. Amicos habebant.

Meaning

I was having, I had, etc. you were having, you had, etc. he/she/it (or a noun) was having, he/she/it had, etc.

Meaning

we were having , we had , etc . you (all) were having, you (all) had , etc .

they (or a noun) were having, they had, etc.

I had, etc. friends.

You had, etc. friends.

He/she (or a noun) had, etc. friends,

We had, etc. friends.

You (all) had, etc. friends.

They (or a noun) had, etc. friends.

The Verb esse: Present, Future, Imperfect Indicative Active

The verb esse (to be) is known technically as a copula or linking verb between various parts of the sentence. It is in- transitive, as in English, meaning that it takes no direct object and has no passive voice. Consequently, in a simple sentence of subject-verb-predicate, both subject and predicate remain in the nominative case, e.g., Magister eruditus est. (The teacher is learned.) Esse is irregular in its principal parts.

Present Indicative Active of esse

Singular

Meaning

sum

es

est*

Plural

I am you are he/she/it is

Meaning

svimus estis sunt*

we are

you (all) are

they are

*Est can also mean "there is," sunt "there are."

29

Examples :

Mercator sum. Amita mea es. Filius meus est. Agricolae sumus. Amici mei estis. Testes sunt.

I am a merchant.

You are my aunt.

He is my son .

We are farmers.

You (all) are my friends.

The witnesses are. (or, There are

witnesses . )

Futvire Indicative Active of esse

Singular

ero

eris

erit

Plural

erimus eritis erunt

Examples :

Socius tuus ero. Junio in Roma eris. Januario hie erit. eras in urbe erimus, Maio ibi eritis. Julio hie erunt.

Meaning

I shall be

you will be

he/she/it (or a noun) will be

Meaning

we shall be

you (all) will be

they (or a noun) will be

I shall be your comrade. In June, you will be in Rome. He/she will be here in January. Tomorrow, we shall be in the city. In May, you (all) will be there. In July, they will be here.

Imperfect Indicative Active of esse

Singular Meaning

eram eras erat

Plural

eramus eratis erant

Examples :

Discipulus eram. Magister eras. Socius erat.

I was , used to be , etc . you were , used to be , etc . he/she/it (or a noun) was, used to be, etc.

Meaning

we were, used to be, etc.

you (all) were, used to be, etc.

they (or a noun) were, used to be, etc,

I was, used to be, a pupil.

You were, used to be, a teacher.

He/she was, used to be, a comrade.

30

Patrini ereunus. We were, used to be, godparents.

Infantes eratis. You (all) were, used to be, children,

Fabri erant. They were, used to be, blacksmiths.

The Verb posse: Present, Future, and Imperfect Indicative Active

The verb posse (can, be able [to]) is a combination of the adjective potis (able, capable) and the verb esse. In the proc- ess of combining the two, certain changes occur in the structure of the verb which are noted in the paradigms (examples of conju- gation or declension) below:

Present Indicative Active of posse

Singular Meaning

possum* I can , I am able ( to )

potes you can, you are able (to)

potest he/she/it (or a noun) can, is able (to)

Plural Meaning

possumus* we can, we are able (to)

potestis you can, you are able (to)

possunt* they (or a noun) can, they are able (to)

*In the first person, singular and plural, and the third person plural, the -t of pot is changed to -s.

In order to complete the meaning of "be able , " what is known as a complementary infinitive is required, i.e., "to" (do some- thing). Thus, for example, Magister potest docere. (The teacher is able to [can] teach.) Complementary here has the sense of completing or finishing the thought.

Examples :

Possum laborare. I can (am able to) work.

Potes baptizare. You can (are able to) baptize.

Potest legere. He/she can (is able to) read.

Possumus videre. We can (are able to) see.

Potestis studere. You can (are able to) study.

Possunt nubare. They can (are able to) marry.

Future Indicative Active of posse

Singular Meaning

potero I shall be able (to)

poteris you will be able (to)

poterit he/she/it (or a noun) will be able (to)

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Plural

Meaning

poterimus poteritis potemnt

we shall be able (to)

you (all) will be able (to)

they (or a noun) will be able (to)

Examples :

Julio venire potero.

eras proficisci poteris.

Augusto abire poterit.

Perendie navigare poterimus.

eras mane discedere poteritis,

Octobre revenire poterunt.

I shall be able to come

in July.

Tomorrow, you will be able

to depart .

In August, he/she will be

able to go away.

The day after tomorrow, we

shall be able to sail.

Tomorrow morning, you will

be able to leave.

In October, they will be

able to come back.

Imperfect Indicative Active of posse

Singular Meaning

poteram poteras poterat

Plural

poteramus poteratis

poterant

I was able (to) , I could you were able (to), you could he/she/it (or a novin) was able (to), he/she/it could

Meaning

we were able (to), we could you (all) were able (to), you (all) could they (or a noun) were able to, they could

Examples :

Hie remanere poteram. Scribere poteras. Laborare poterat. Librum legere poteramiis. Redire poteratis. Baptizare poterant.

Latin Syntax: An Introduction

I was able to remain here. You were able to write. He/she was able to work. We were able to read the book, You (all) were able return. They were able to baptize.

Inasmuch as the endings attached to the stems of nouns , adjectives, verbs, and other parts of speech provide meaning in a Latin sentence, it should be apparent that Latin is not bound by the fixed word order of simple English sentences, especially those with transitive verbs taking direct objects, i.e., subject-

32

verb-predicate. If the word order in such sentences is changed, the meaning is also altered.

One may write, for example, "The parish priest will baptize the child," but any of the following alterations in word order changes the sense of the sentence:

The child will baptize the parish priest. Will baptize the child the parish priest. The child the parish priest will baptize.

The order of each of the above examples , and other word orders as well, may, however, be quite, acceptable in a Latin sentence, e.g. ,

Parochus baptizabit infantem. Infcintein baptizabit parochus. Parochus infantem baptizabit. Baptizabit infantem parochus. Baptizabit parochus infantem.

Each of these sentences has exactly the same meaning, i.e., "The parish priest will baptize the child." Parochus, the nomi- native singular, will always be the subject in any of the above word orders, just as infantem, the accusative singular, will always be the predicate, the direct object, and baptizabit, the third person singular future indicative active of baptizare will always be the verb.

The word order or syntax of documents using simple Latin prose, such as parish registers, sometimes approximates that of the English subject-verb-predicate. Frequently, however, the priest or scribe employed a more classical syntax which placed the main verb at the end of the sentence. Consequently, when translating Latin sentences, it is best for beginners to trans- late each word as it occurs in the sentence, regardless of wheth- er or not it makes sense in English, and then arrange the sen- tence to correspond to correct English word order. For example:

Hodie baptizatus est infans filius legitimatus Martini Forster et Annae Catherinae Rickert.

Today was baptized (See Chapter IX on the perfect passive for an explanation of why this should not be translated as "is baptized.") a child, the son legitimate of Martin Forster and (of) Anna Gather ina Rickert.

The basic word order of classical Latin, especially prose, is summarized below for reference:

In a simple Latin sentence, the subject often came first and the main verb last, e.g., Caesar Galliam vicit. (Caesar conquered Gaul. [Caesar Gaul conquered.]) This was especially true if no part of the sentence was given special emphasis.

33

Whatever was to be emphasized was usually placed first in the sentence, e.g., Galliam Caesar vicit. (Caesar conquered Gaul.) Vicit Galliam Caesar. (Caesar conquered Gaul.) The last word or place was never, in theory at least, emphasized in a proper Latin sentence.

For additional information on classical Latin syntax, con- sult some of the grammars listed in the selected bibliography at the back of this book.

Note that in the vocabulary provided for this chapter the first two principal parts of the Latin verb are listed for all verbs reviewed in the chapter. These include: the first person singular, present indicative active and the present infinitive, e.g., copulo, copulare (I marry, to marry). The other two prin- cipal parts of the Latin verb, the first person singular, perfect indicative active and the perfect passive participle are dis- cussed in Chapter VI and Chapter IX respectively.

EXERCISES: CHAPTER III

A . Grammar

Conjugate baptizare (like copulare), docere (like habere), and sum in the present, future, and imperfect indicative active tenses .

B. Vocabulary

Learn the following verbs. Note that this book follows the practice of many Latin dictionaries and lexica in introducing the four principal parts of the Latin verb to the reader. Below are listed the first two, the first person singular, present indica- tive active (e.g., copulo: I marry), and the present infinitive (e.g. , copulare : to marry ) .

First Conjugation Verbs

approbo , approbare : approve baptize, baptizare: baptize copulo, copulare: marry habito, habitare: live in,

dwell humo , humare : bury marito , maritare : marry narro, narrare: narrate,

relate nubo , niibare : marry oro, orare: ask, beg, pray probo , probare: prove, ap- prove, test, probate servo, servare: save, preserve

Second Conjugation Verbs

debeo , debere : owe , ought

doceo, docere: teach

habeo, habere: have, hold

moneo , monere : warn remaneo, remanere: stay

teneo, tenere: hold, keep

video, videre: see

Other Verbs

possum, posse: can, be able to Slim, esse: be

34

C. Translation: Latin to English

Translate the following sentences from Latin to English:

Infantem meum baptizeibit.

(infantem: child, accusative singular; a third declension noun, V. Chapter IV.)

Nauta est.

Aviae sunt.

Avxmculi matrimonium filiarum earum approbant. (earum: of their [daughters])

Filli avunculi filli fratris sunt.

(fratris: of the brother; study the case endings very carefully in this sentence. Is filli the genitive singular or the nominative plural? Is avxmculi the genitive singular or nominative plural? Is the second filli nominative singular or genitive plural? Which usage seems to make the best sense? )

Consobrina feibulas narreiba't.

D. Translation: English to Latin

Translate the following sentences from English to Latin:

They are sailors.

The witnesses (testes) are:

My daughters used to work (laborabant) in the village (in villa) .

Today (see previous chapters for this word), John (Johannes) Merz, legitimate son of Thomas Merz and Maria Catharina Belcher, was baptized (baptizatus est).

E. Translation: Parish Register

Document #1

Translate the excerpt on the following page from a Lutheran parish register which describes conditions in and around the city of Darmstadt, Germany, during the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648).

35

Vocabulary

hie: this (goes with annus)

furiosus, furiosa, furiosum: furious , maddening

quippe, adv. : indeed, certain- ly, to be sure

in eo: in it

Mars, Martis, m. : the Roman god of war

cum, preposition + ablative: with (V. Chapter V)

Libitina, Libitinae, f.: the Roman goddess of the dead

ovo , ovare ( ovi , ovatum): celebrate, exult

i.e. = id est: that is

ira, irae, f.: anger, wrath

terras, ace. pi. of terra, terrae, f.: land, earth

hastis, hastis, f.: spear (el. Latin: hasta, hastae, f.) (here, a third declension noun, V. Chapter IV)

bellum, belli, n.: war

pestis, pestis, f.: plague, pestilence (third declen- sion noun, V. Chapter IV); note that haste, bello et peste are all ablatives of means , and the idea is that God punished the area with (by means of) these three items .

cum analogis: with similari- ties, i.e., like (since the minister is comparing the wrath of God to Mars cele- brating with Libitina); from analogus, analoga, analogum: having a similar- ity or proportion

ita, adv.: thus, so

premebat, from premo, premere (pressi, pressum) : press, suppress, oppress (third conjugation verb, v. Chap- ter V)

36

ut: that

Darmstadii, gen. sing, of Darmstadius, Darmstadii, m. : the city of Darmstadt (a city now in the state of Hessen, Germany)

ex, preposition + ablative: from (v. Chapter V)

curia, curiae, f.: court (ex curia: from the court [of ] , goes with Darmstadt)

intra, preposition + accusa- tive: within; here, proba- bly, under

cujus (cuius): whose (from qui, quae, quod: who, which, what [v. Chapter XI])

tectum, tecti, n. : roof

fames, famis, f.: hunger (a third declension noun, v. Chapter IV)

grassansq = grassansque: and walking about, proceeding (from: grassor, grassari, grassatus sum: walk about, proceed [deponent verb, v. Chapter IX] )

Bellona, Bellonae, f.: Roman goddess of war, sister of Mars

incolas, ace. pi. of incola, incolae, f.: inhabitant, resident (accusative be- cause it is the object of the verb compulerat)

plerusque, pleraque, pler- umgue: very many, a large part (Note that the -que here is not the enclitic con j unction "and . " )

compulerat: had forced, compelled (fames

grassansque bellona

compulerat: hunger and walking about Bellona [war] had forced [many under the protection of the court of Darmstadt] ; compulerat is the pluperfect indicative active third person

singular of compellere: to force, compel)

eodem carru: in the same cart; from carrus , carrus , m.: cart (a fourth declension noun, v. Chapter X)

ultra, adv. & preposition + accusative: beyond, more than

a, preposition + ablative: from, here, probably, of

libitinariis: the dead, from libitinarius, libitinaria, libitinarium: dead (as a noun: a dead person)

evecti fuerint: were carried out (to be buried), from eveho , evehere , evecti, evectum: carry out (a third conjugation verb, v. Chap- ter V)

fuerint: perfect subjunctive active, third person plural of esse (v. Chapter XII for more information on the subjunctive. )

videatur: is seen (i.e., the recording of the event described above);

literally: shall be seen (the present subjunctive passive of video, videre: see [but in the passive voice often: seem]; v. Chapter IX for additional information on the passive voice. )

matricula, matriculae, f.: register

ecclesiastica: ecclesiastical (Note: before matricula the preposition in + abl.: in, inside of, within, is understood. )

Darmstatina: Darmstadt (as an adjective, i.e., the ecclesiastical register of Darmstadt [The preposition "of" may be added to pro- vide a more felicitous translation. ] )

ann. = anno

37

E. Translation: Parish Register

Document # 2

Translate the following birth entry with the aid of the vocabulary below.

' 1' *f '. I*

ct

Vocabulary

Under infantes (children):

nata: (she was) born 19a = decima nona (die): on the 19th (day)

Under parentes ( parents ) :

Heimburger: a surname incola, incolae, f.: resident Colm. : of Colmar et (see previous chapters) Lambolcinii: a place name vinitor, vinitoris, m. : vine

dresser Roos: a surname ex: from (prep. + abl.) Doplischirand: a place name oriunda: originating, spring

from

Under patrini

Oberrieder: a surname

civis (see previous chapters)

Colm. (see above)

et (see above)

procuratoris: proxy lawyer, representative (from procu- rator, procuratoris, m. )

magistratrus: of the magis- trate (of Colmar) [from magistratus , magistratus , m. : magistrate]

tertianus: the third (goes with his name), from ter- tiannus, tertiana,

terticoium: third

Schidyn: a surname

civis (see above)

Colm. (see above)

et (see above)

textoris: of a weaver (from textor, textoris, m.: weaver )

pud. = pudica (see previous chapters )

virgo, virginis, f.: virgin (see also Chapter II)

38

CHAPTER IV

Nouns: The Third Declension

I-Stem Nouns of the Third Declension

Latinized First Names: Third Declension

Third Declension Adjectives

Introduction

The stem of most third declension nouns (which remains after the genitive singular ending is removed) ends in a consonant and is often very different from the nominative singular. For this reason, the nominative and genitive singular, as well as the gender, of third declension nouns should be memorized together, e.g., tempus (time — nominative singular), temporis (of time — genitive singular), n. (neuter gender). Note that in the above example, the stem of the noun is tempor. Third declension nouns can be either masculine, feminine, or neuter in gender.

Third Declension Nouns

Nouns of the third declension are declined according to the examples given below.

pater, patris, m. : father (stem: patr)

Singular

Case

Ending

Meaning

Nom . pater

Gen . patris

Dat . patri

Ace . pat rem

Abl . patre

Plural

IS

i

em

e

a/the father of/from a/the father to/for a/the father a/the father (d.o.) by/with/f rom, etc. a/the father

Nom . patres

Gen . patrum

Dat . patribus

Ace . patres

Abl . patribus

es

um

ibus

es

ibus

(the) fathers of/from the fathers to/for the fathers (the) fathers (d.o. ) by/with/f rom, etc. the fathers

39

confirmatio, conf irmationis, f

Singular

Case

Nom. confirmatio

Gen . conf irmationis

Dat. conf irmationi

Ace . conf irmationem

Abl . conf irmatione

Ending

xs

i

em

e

confirmation (stem, confirmatio)

Meaning

a/the confirmation of/from a/the confirmation to/for a/the confirmation a/the confirmation (d.o.) by/with/from, etc. a/the confirmation

Plural

Nom. conf irmationes es

Gen. conf irmationum urn

Dat. conf irmationibus ibus

Ace . conf irmationes es

Abl . conf irmationibus ibus

(the) confirmations of/from the confirmations to/for the confirmations (the) confirmations (d.o.) by/with/f rom, etc. the conf irmat ions

From these examples, it should be clear that a new set of case endings is required for nouns of the third declension. The above endings will be found for all masculine and feminine nouns of the third declension, with the exception of i-stem nouns to be discussed subsequently. Neuter nouns are, however, somewhat different from masculine and feminine nouns of the third declen- sion, as noted in the example below:

tempus, temper is, n. : time (stem: tempor)

Singular

Case

Nom . tempus

Gen . temporis

Dat . tempori

Ace . tempus

Abl . tempore

Plural

Nom . tempera

Gen . temporum

Dat . temporibus

Ace . tempera

Abl . temporibus

Ending

IS

i

a

um

ibus

a

ibus

Meaning

a/the time of/from a/the time to/for a/the time a/the time (d.o.) by/with/from, etc. a/the time

(the) times of/from the times to/for the times (the) times (d.o.) by/with/f rom, etc. the times

40

In the above examples, note that the nominative and accusa- tive plural, masculine and feminine genders, have the same end- ing. This is also true of the neuter nominative and accusative, singular and plural. The meaning in each case must be determined by the sense of the sentence.

I-Stem Nouns of the Third Declension

A few third declension nouns have a stem ending in -i, to which case endings are added in the genitive plural of all gen- ders, the ablative singular and the nominative and accusative plural, neuter gender. Certain masculine and feminine nouns such as tussis, tussis, f.: cough also end in -i (the actual stem) in the ablative singular and -im in the accusative singular. Mascu- line nouns such as ignis, ignis, m. : fire, may also have an -i ending in the ablative singular. Generally, however, masculine and feminine nouns retain the ablative singular ending -e from the regular third declension endings.

I-stem nouns generally belong to one of the following cate- gories: a) nouns ending in -is, -is, or -es, -is in the nomina- tive and genitive singular respectively (see examples below); b) neuter nouns ending in -e (cf. mare below), -al, or -ar in the nominative singular such as animal or exemplar (example); c) a number of nouns ending in -s or -x in the nominative singular such as mons, mentis, m. : mountain. A few examples are provided below:

testis , testis , m .

Singular

or f.: witness (stem, testi)

Case

Nom. testis

Gen . testis

Dat . testi

Ace . testem

Abl . teste

Ending

IS

is i

em

e

Meaning

a/the witness of/from a/the witness to/for a/the witness a/the witness (d.o.) by/with/from, etc. a/the witness

Plural

Nom . testes

Gen . testium

Dat . testibus

Ace . testes

Abl . testibus

es

ium

ibus

es

ibus

(the) witnesses of/from the witnesses to/for the witnesses (the) witnesses (d.o.) by/with/f rom, etc. the witnesses

41

civis, civis, m. : citizen (stem: civi) Case Ending Meaning

Singular

Nom. civis

Gen . civis

Dat . civi

Ace . civem

Abl . cive

Plural

Nom. cives

Gen . civium

Dat . civibus

Ace . cives

Abl . civibus

IS

is i

em e

es

ium

ibus

es

ibus

a/the citizen

of/from a/the citizen

to/for a/the citizen

a/the citizen (d.o.)

by/with/f rom, etc. a/the citizen

(the) citizens

of/from the citizens

to/for the citizens

(the) citizens (d.o.)

by /with/from, etc. the citizens

tussis , tussis , f .

Singular

cough (stem: tussi)

Case

Nom. tussis

Gen. tussis

Dat. tussi

Ace. tussim (N.B.)

Abl . tussi

Plural

Case

Ending

is is i

im (m)

i ( )

Ending

Nom.	tusses	es
Gen.	tussium	ium (urn)
Dat.	tussibus	ibus
Ace.	tusses	es
Abl.	tussibus	ibus
	mare , maris , n	. : sea (stem:
	Singular

mari)

Case

Nom . mare

Gen . maris

Dat . mari

Ace . mare

Abl . mari

Ending

xs i

Meaning

a/the cough of/from a/the cough to/for a/the cough a/the cough (d.o.) by/with/f rom, etc. a/the cough

Meaning

(the) coughs of/from the coughs to/for the coughs ( the ) coughs (d.o. ) by/with/f rom, etc. the coughs

Meaning

a/the sea

of/from a/the sea

to/for a/the sea

a/the sea (d.o. )

by/with/f rom, etc. a/the sea

42

	Plural
Nom.	maria
Gen.	marium
Dat.	maribus
Ace.	maria
Abl.	maribus

ia (a) (the) seas

ium (um) of /from the seas

ibus to/for the seas

ia (a) (the) seas (d.o.)

ibus by /with/from, etc,

Latinized First Names of the Third Declension

the seas

Latinized given names of the third declension are declined exactly like masculine or feminine nouns of the same declension. Examples follow:

Jo(h)annes, Jo(h)annis, m. : John (English), Jean (French),

Johann (German) (stem: Joann)

Case

Nom • Joannes

Gen . Joannis

Dat . Joanni

Ace . Joannem

Abl . Joanne

Ending

IS

i

em e

Meaning

John

of/from John

to/for John

John (d.o. )

by/with/f rom, etc. John

Note that Joanne, without the -h after the -o, is not "JoAnn," but, rather, the ablative singular of Joannes. The female equivalent of Joannes is Joanna, Joannae, f.: JoAnn, Joanna, a first declension noun.

Vico, Viconis, m. : Guy (stem: Vicon)

Case Ending Meaning

Nom . Vice

Gen . Viconis

Dat. Viconi

Ace . Viconem

Abl . Vicone

IS

i em

e

Guy

of/from Guy to/for Guy Guy (d.o. ) by/with/f rom ,

etc . Guy

Agnes, Agnetis, f.: Agnes (stem: Agnet) Case Ending Meaning

Nom . Agnes

Gen . Agnetis

Dat . Agneti

Ace . Agnetem

Abl . Agnete

IS

i

em

e

Agnes

of/from Agnes

to/for Agnes

Agnes (d.o. )

by/with/f rom, etc. Agnes

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Felicitas, Felicitatis, f.: Felicity (stem: Felicitat)

Case Ending Meaning

Nom. Felicitas Felicity

Gen. Felicitatis is of /from Felicity

Dat. Felicitati i to/for Felicity

Ace. Felicitatem em Felicity

Abl. Felicitate e by/with/f rom, etc. Felicity

Third Declension Adjectives

A large number of third declension adjectives are declined like i-stem third declension nouns, rather than those with a consonant stem, i.e., the ablative singular ends in -i, the neuter nominative and accusative plural in -ia, and the genitive plural of all three genders in -ium. These adjectives have been divided by grammarians into three different groups: a) those with the same nominative singular for all three genders; b) those with the same nominative singular ending for masculine and feminine genders, but a different ending for the neuter; c) those with a different nominative singular ending for all three genders. Examples of each type of adjective are provided below.

par (m. , f., n.), paris (gen. sing.): equal, like (same nominative singular ending for all three genders)

Singular

Case Masculine & Feminine Neuter

Nom . par par

Gen . paris paris

Dat . pari pari

Ace . par em par

Abl . pari pari

(N.B. ! )

Plural

Nom . pares paria

Gen . parium parium

Dat . paribus paribus

Ace . pares ( is ) * paria

Abl . paribus paribus

*An alternate ending in classical Latin found rarely in parish register entries.

parochialis (m. & f.), parochiale (n. ) : parish (e.g., parish church) , parochial

(same nominative singular ending for masculine and feminine genders; different ending for the neuter singular)

44

singular
Case	Masculine & Feminine	Neuter
Norn.	parochial is	parochiale
Gen.	parochialis	parochialis
Dat.	parochial i	parochiali
Ace.	parochialem	parochiale
Abl.	parochiali	parochiali
Plural
Nom.	parochiales	parochialia
Gen.	parochial ium	parochial ium
Dat.	par och i a 1 i bus	parochialibus
Ace.	parochiales	parochialia
Abl.	parochialibus	parochialibus

celeber (m. ) , Celebris (f.), celebre (n.): famous (three different nominative singular endings for all three genders )

	Singular
Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom.	celeber	Celebris	celebre
Gen.	Celebris	Celebris	Celebris
Dat.	celebri	celebri	celebri
Ace.	celebrem	celebrem	celebre
Abl.	celebri Plural	celebri	celebri
Nom.	celebres	celebres	celebria
Gen.	celebrium	celebrium	celebrium
Dat.	celebribus	celebribus	celebribus
Ace.	celebres	celebres	celebria
Abl.	celebribus	celebribus	celebribus

Note that, as also with adjectives of the first and second declension, the meaning of each of the above adjectives is de- pendent upon its use with a noun. They mean, respectively, "equal," "parish," and "famous" in each of the cases and numbers above .

There are also a few consonant stem adjectives, which have endings similar to those of the consonant stem third declension nouns. Like i-stem nouns adjectives of category "a" above, these also have the same nominative singular ending for masculine, feminine, and neuter genders. In their declined form, as, for example, in a parish register entry, they can, in general, easily be differentiated from similar i-stem adjectives, e.g..

45

c(a)elebs (m. , f., n. ) # c(a)elibis (gen. sing.): unmarried, bachelor (as a noun) (same nominative singular ending for all three genders)

Singular

Case

Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

Nom. Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl.

Plural

Masculine & Feminine

c(a)elebs c(a)elibis c(a)elibi c(a)elibem c(a)elibe (N.B. )

c(a)elibes

c(a)elibum

c(a)elibibus

c(a)elibes

c(a)elibibus

Neuter

c(a)elebs

c(a)elibis

c(a)elibi

c(a)elebs

c(a)elibe

c(a)eliba

c(a)elibuin

c(a)elibibus

c(a)eliba

c(a)elibibiis

Note that caelebs (or celebs) frequently applied to males, particularly in marriage entries, in Latin parish registers. An unmarried female was often designated as pudica virgo (chaste virgin) or pudica (chaste).

Adjectives of the third declension can, of course, be used with nouns of the first or second declension, just as adjectives of the first and second declension may be used with nouns of the third, e.g. ,

magister celeber a famous teacher

matricula ecclesiae parochialis register of the parish church

rex bonus

leges malae

the good king

bad laws

When i-stem adjectives are used as nouns, the ablative singular generally ends in -e, like a third declension consonant stem noun, rather than -i.

Third declension adjectives may be listed in dictionaries as follows:

a) adjectives with the same nominative singular for all three genders: felix, felicis (happy — like par, paris) , or felix, -icis.

46

b) adjectives with the same nominative singular for mascu- line and feminine genders but a different ending for the neuter singular: omnis, omne (all, every — like parochialis, parochiale) or, omnis, -e.

c) adjectives with three different nominative singular endings for all three genders: celer, celeris, celere (swift, fast — like celeber, Celebris, celebre) , or, celer, -eris, -ere.

d) adjectives with consonant stems and the same endings for all three genders in the nominative singular: vetus , veteris, (old — like caelebs, caelibis) , or, vetus, -eris, abl . sing. -ere.

The following examples illustrate the use of nouns, i-stem nouns, and adjectives of the third declension:

liber ecclesiae parochialis

(the book or register of the parish church)

Omnes milites adfuerunt,

(All knights were present. )

Die prime mensis novembris dominus Carolus pro me notario comparuit .

(on the first day of the month of November, Lord Charles before me, the notary, appeared. Or: On the first day of the month of November, Lord Charles appeared before me the notary. )

EXERCISES: CHAPTER IV

A. Grammar

Decline aetas, aetatis, f. (age), fons, f ontis , m. (font, spring, baptismal font), nomen, nominis, n. (name), civis, civis, m. (citizen), felix, felicis (happy, fortunate — like par), omnis, omne (all, every--like parochialis), celer, celeris, celere (swift, quick — like celeber) , vetus, veteris (old — like caelebs) , Michael, Michaelis, m. (Michael), and Mathildis, Mathildis, f. (Mathilda; also Mathilda, Mathildae, f.).

B. Vocabulary

Learn the nouns and adjectives given in the chapter, plus the following:

Third Declension Nouns (conjunx), pi.: married

couple, spouses compater, compatris, m. : dux, ducis, m. : duke, leader

godfather fons, f ontis, m.: font, bap-

con jux, conjugis, m. or f.: tismal font, spring, foun-

husband or wife, spouse tain

47

f rater, fratris, m. : brother heres, heredis, m. or f.: heir homo, hominis, m. : human being infans, infantis, in.: child labor, laboris, iti. : work

levans, levantis, m. or f.:

godparent levantes, m. pi.: godparents miles, militis, in.: knight,

cavalry soldier nepos , nepotis, m.: nephew,

grandson, descendent neptis, neptis, f.: grand- daughter, niece, descendent parens, parentis, m. or f.:

parent, father, mother parentes, m. pi.: parents pater, patris, m. : father susceptor, susceptoris, m.:

godparent susceptores, m. pi.: godpar- ents; note that both sus- ceptores and levantes refer to the practice of raising the child from the baptism. aetas , aetatis , f . : age aetatis suae: abbreviates anno aetatis suae: in the year of his or her age, age aetatis circiter: of the

approximate age (of) civitas, civitatis, f.: city,

citizenship commater, commatris, f • :

godmother, sponsor confirmatio, conf irmationis,

f.: confirmation cognatio, cognationis, f.:

blood relationship copulatio, copulationis, f.:

marriage dos , dot is , f . : dowry lex, legis, f.: law mater , matris , f . : mother mulier, mulieris, f.: woman proles, prolis, f.: offspring,

issue, child soror, sororis, f.: sister uxor, uxoris, f.: wife virgo, virginis, f.: virgin altare, altaris, n. : altar

caput, capitis, n. : head corpus, corporis, n.: body

( human body ) genus , generis , n : type , kind ,

birth, descent, origin nomen, nominis, n. : name tempus, temporis, n. : time

Third Declension I-Stem Nouns

hostis, hostis, m. : enemy (cl. Latin: an enemy of the Roman state rather than a personal enemy [which was inimicus, inimici, m. ] )

mensis, mensis, m. : month

mors , mortis , f . : death

nox, noctis, f.: night

testis, testis, m. or f.: witness

Third Declension Adjectives

adulescens , adulescentis :

young ( as a noun : young man or woman), adolescent (also adolescens)

compos, compotis: having control of, having posses- sion of

felix, felicis: happy, fortu- nate

fortis, fortis: strong, brave, powerful, bold

peur, paris: equal

superstes , superstitis: sur- viving, still living

fidelis, fidele: loyal, faith- ful

omnis, omne: all, every

parochialis, parochiale: parish, parochial

similis, simile: like

talis, tale: such, of such a kind

acer, acris, acre: sharp, keen

celeber, Celebris, celebre: famous

caelebs, caelibis: unmarried (as a noun: bachelor) [celebs]

vetus, veteris: old

48

C. Translation: Latin to English

Translate the following sentences from Latin to English:

In hoc rotulo nomina baptizatorum infantum ( inf antixim) et susceptonim continentur .

(hoc: this; rotulus, rotuli, m. : roll, record; continentiir : are contained)

Testes huius ortus fuerunt: Michael Worthington arm. et

Matthaeus Foss, miles

(huius: of this; ortus, ortus: birth [a fourth

declension noun, v. Chapter X]; fuerunt: were; arm. =

armiger [v. Chapter I])

Johannes filius Caroli, cancelloris regii, duxit Mathildam

filiam Thomae, clarissimi.

(Carolus, Caroli, m. : Charles, Carl; cancellor regius: royal chancellor; duxit: he led [short for duxit matrimonium: he led into marriage] ; clarissimus, clarissima, clarissimum: most illustrious)

Hie sunt nomina eorum omnium qui in ecclesia parochiali Beati Scincti Pauli, in coemeterio extra portcim sepulti sunt, (hie: here; sunt: are; eorum: of those; qui: who; sepulti sunt: were buried)

Heri in matrimonio sancto conjuncti sunt: caelebs Jalcobus Walder, filius legitimus Johannis Walder et Mathildae Vorwcind, et pudica virgo Maria Anna Rueckstaetter , filia legitima Wilhelmi Rueckstaetter et Margaretae Oberbauer. (heri: yesterday; conjuncti sunt: were joined)

D. Translation: English to Latin

Translate the following sentences from English to Latin:

The godparents were (fuerunt) Thomas Brown and Mathilda Westover .

In this register, the names of all of the baptized children and godparents are contained (see above).

The witnesses of this marriage (huius matrimonii) were: Martin Vineaux, farmer and citizen of this place (huius loci), Pierre (Petrus) Waldeck, innkeeper (caupo, cauponis, m. ) and citizen of this place, and Jean Paul Giron, blacksmith (fciber) and citizen of St. Martial (Sancti Martialis).

The labor of all built (aedef icavit) the city. (Remember, "city" must be in the accusative case, since it is the direct object of aedef icavit. )

49

To all the faithful (use the dative) in Christ (in Christo) , greetings! (salutatio, salutationis, f.: a greeting)

E. Translation: Parish Register

Document # 1

With the aid of the vocabulary below, translate the follow- ing birth entry:

dTiftm

M

(/atoPUA -

^

fcvrtmttd

4"

MU*. .^^

Vocabulary: Under Infeintes

natus : born

24a: vicesima quarta (die): on the 24th day (i.e., the 24th; the month is not given in this entry)

Under Parentes

Laurentius: Laurence (declined

like Matthaeus) Mentzer: a surname coriarius, coriarii , m.:

tanner Tcintz: the mother's surname oriunda (see Chapter II) ex, prep. + abl.: from Thuringhemio : abl. singular of

Thuringhemius = Turckheim,

Haut Rhin, France civis: note that this is the

genitive singular

hospes , hospitis , m . : innkeep- er, host, tenant, stranger, guest

Under Patrini

Mentzer: a surname

lanio, lanionls, m. : butcher (Ictnius, Icinii, m)

Brucher : a surname

Tantzin nata: born Tantz (The -in is a feminine ending in German and may be ignored.), i.e., her maiden name was Tantz

^^ Jois = Johannis (the genitive

singular) Ephippiarius , Ephippiarii, m. :

saddle maker (a word of

Greek extraction) uxor (see the vocabulary list

above )

50

E. Translation: Parish Register

Document #2

Translate the following birth entry, with the aid of the vocabulary below:

^ /tu \c^ "*^ {fiyu^fSsi/ ^uhniff ^^i^^rsJ^nu WfiAe^ffM- at/pangKi dntinit^

Vocabulary

heri, adv.: yesterday hora: hour (see Chapter I) circiter, adv: approximately quinta: fifth (see Chapter

VII) pomerdiana: in the afternoon (from pomeridianus , pomeri- diana, pomeridianvtm: of, or relating to, the afternoon) natus est: was born infantulus, infantulus, m. : a little child (male), a little boy ex, prep. + abl.: from, by (in this case "to," would appear to be more appropri- ate) Antonio: a given name (The nominative is Antonius. This is ablative because ex requires the ablative case. )

qif^ : quondcim, adv.: the late,

the former, formerly „

Antonii: a given name (nomina- uj

DC UJ CO < —1 —

m

I- >^

CO h-

tive: Antonxus) Micherelli: a surname Maria = Mariae Antonia = Antoniae filia (note the f) Siva = a surname ambcibus : both loci: of the place (of) Lostalli: a place name qui: who (the child) ^

ob periculum: because c^ £ — '

danger (of death) 5 2*"

baptizatus fuit: was baptizec^ ^^ ^ domi: at home u. co c^

a me: by me

Francisca: a given name ut supra: as above (This is

the midwife who baptized

the child at home.)

QC ^^ ^_

O m TT H- > O

t <

0004373 51

CHAPTER V

Verbs II: Third and Fourth Conjugation Present, Future, and Imperfect Indicative Active lO-Verbs of the Third Conjugation Prepositions

Introduction

The third conjugation is quite different from the first and second, although the present infinitives of third conjugation verbs seem to resemble those of the second. In the latter the present stem is found by dropping the -re of the present infinitive, leaving a stem such as habe or doce. The present stem of third conjugation verbs is obtained by omitting the -ere S£ 5^?.^''^^^^}^ infinitive, e.g., vivere (to live), stem: viv, so that the verb stem ends in a consonant rather than a vowel The endings given below are added to this stem to form the present future, and imperfect indicative active tenses.

Verbs of the fourth conjugation have tense signs and endings similar to those of the third. It should, however, be recognized that m the fourth conjugation, the present stem is found just as It IS for verbs of the first and second conjugations, by dropping the -re ending of the present infinitive. Fourth conjugation verbs end in -ire in the present infinitive, such as for example, sepelire (to bury), stem: sepeli.

Third Conjugation Verbs

When the -ere of the present infinitive of third conjugation verbs IS omitted, the present stem, as indicated above, ends in a consonant. It is therefore necessary in certain of the persons and numbers to add what is known as a thematic vowel, a vowel which comes between the stem and the inflectional ending, in order to prevent a conjunction of consonants. The vowels and are^'arfollows^ present, future, and imperfect indicative active

Present Indicative Active of vivere (to live, stem: viv)

Singular Verb Ending Meaning

vivo o I live

vxvxs is

vivit it

you live

he/she/it (or a noun) lives

52

Plural

Verb

vivimus vivitis vivxint

Ending

imus itis ixnt:

Meaning

we live

you (all) live

they (or a noun) live

In the present tense, third conjugation verbs add -i to those endings given in an earlier chapter for the present tense of first and second conjugation verbs. The -i, like the -a of first conjugation verbs, is absorbed by the -o of the first person singular. The third person plural, present indicative active ends in -unt, which, unlike verbs of the first and second conjugation, is not an indication of the future tense.

Examples :

In vice vivo. In vice vivis. In vice vivit. In vice vivimus. In vico vivitis. In vico vivunt.

I live in the village.

You live in the village.

He/she (or a noun) lives in the village.

We live in the village.

You (all) live in the village.

They (or a noun) live in the village.

The tense sign of the future for third conjugation verbs is -e, rather than -bi. Hence the future indicative active is formed by adding -e to the stem except in the first person singu- lar.

Future Indicative Active of vivere

Singular

Verb

vivam vives vivet

Plural

Verb

vivemus vivetis vivent

Examples :

In rure vivam. In rure vives. In rure vivet.

Ending

£im es et

Ending

emus etis ent

Meaning

I shall live

you will live

he/she/it (or a noun) will live

Meaning

we shall live

you (all) will live

they (or a noun) will live

I shall live in the country.

You will live in the country.

He/she/it (or a noun) will live in the country.

53

In rure vivemus. We shall live in the country.

In rure vivetis. You (all) will live in the country.

In rure vivent. They (or a noun) will live in the country.

The imperfect indicative active tense of third conjugation verbs is formed by adding the tense sign -ba to the present stem of the particular verb. Since, however, the present stem ends in a consonant, a thematic vowel, in this case an -e , is placed between the consonant ending and the -b of the -ba tense sign. The endings given in Chapter III are then added to the imperfect tense sign.

Imperfect Indicative Active of vivere

Meaning

I was living, used to live, etc. you were living, used to live, etc, he/she/it (or a noun) was living, used to live, etc.

Singular
Verb	Ending*
vivebam	ebam
vivebas	ebas
vivebat	ebat

Plural

vivebamus ebamus we were living, used to live, etc. vivebatis ebatis you (all) were living, used to

live, etc. vivebant ebant they (or a noun) were living, used

to live, etc.

*with thematic vowel included

Examples :

In hac parochia vivebctm. I used to live in this parish.

In hac parochia vivebas. You used to live in this parish.

In hac parochia vivebat. He/she used to live in this parish.

In hac parochia vivebamus. We used to live in this parish.

In hac parochia vivebatis. You (all) used to live in this parish,

In hac parochia vivebant. They used to live in this parish.

Fourth Conjugation Verbs

Verbs of the fourth conjugation, as indicated above, end in -ire in the present infinitive. Once the -re is dropped, the stem vowel -i remains, together with the rest of the stem. Fourth conjugation verbs are conjugated in the present, future, and imperfect indicative active as follows:

54

Verb

Present Indicative Active of sepelire (to bury, stem: sepeli) Singular

Ending Meaning

sepelio sepelis sepelit

Plural

Verb

sepelimus sepelitis sepeliunt

Ending

mus tis xint

Examples :

Filiam meam sepelio. Filium tuum sepelis. Filiam suam sepelit. Filium nostrum sepelimus. Filiam vestram sepelitis, Filium suum sepeliunt.

I bury

you bury

he/she (or a noun) buries

Meaning

we bury

you (all) bury

they (or a noun) bury

I bury my daughter.

You bury your son.

He/she buries his/her (own) daughter,

We bury our son.

You (all) bury your daughter.

They bury their (own) son.

Future Indicative Active of sepelire

Singular

Verb

sepeli am

sepelies

sepeliet

sepeliemus

sepelietis

sepelient

Ending

Etm

es

et

emus

etis

ent

Meaning

I shall bury

You will bury

He/she/it (or a noun) will bury

we shall bury

you (all) will bury

they (or a noun) will bury

Note that the -i of the stem is retained in the future tense of fourth declension nouns.

Examples :

Infantem sepeliam. Infantem sepelies. Infantem sepeliet. Infantem sepeliemus, Infantem sepelietis, Infantem sepelient.

I shall bury the child.

You will bury the child.

He/she will bury the child.

We will bury the child.

You (all) will bury the child.

They will bury the child.

55

Imperfect Indicative Active of sepelire

Singular Verb Ending* Meaning

sepeliebam sepeliebas sepeliebat	ebam ebas ebat
Plural
sepe 1 i ebamus sepeliebatis sepeliebant	ebamus ebat is ebant

I buried, was burying, etc. you buried, were burying, etc, he/she (or a noun) buried, was burying, etc.

we buried, were burying, etc. you buried, were burying, etc. they (or a noun) buried, were burying, etc.

*with thematic vowel included

Note that in the imperfect indicative active, the vowel -e is placed between the -i of the stem ending and the tense sign and endings of the imperfect. The use of the thematic vowel -e has also been noted in connection with verbs of the third conju- gation .

Examples :

Heri pauperem nomen nescio in coemeterio extra portam sepeliebam.

(Yesterday I buried a pauper, name unknown, in the cemetery beyond the gate . )

Heri pauperem nomen nescio in coemeterio extra portam sepeliebas.

(Yesterday you buried a pauper, name unknown, in the cemetery beyond the gate . )

Heri pauperem nomen nescio in coemeterio extra portam parochus sepeliebat.

(Yesterday the parish priest buried a pauper, name unknown, in the cemetery beyond the gate . )

Heri pauperem nomen nescio in coemeterio extra portam sepeliebamus.

(Yesterday we buried a pauper, name unknown, in the cemetery beyond the gate . )

Heri pauperem nomen nescio in coemeterio extra portam sepeliebatis.

(Yesterday you [all] buried a pauper, name unknown, in the cemetery beyond the gate . )

Heri pauperem nomen nescio in coemeterio extra portam parochiani sepeliebant .

(Yesterday the parishioners buried a pauper, name unknown, in the cemetery beyond the gate. )

56

Repetition and continuity, characteristic of the imperfect tense, obviously do not apply to sepelire. Consequently, the imperfect may be translated here as a simple past tense.

lO-Verbs of the Third Conjugation

A number of third conjugation verbs are conjugated like those of the fourth conjugation in the present and future indica- tive active tenses. The stem of these verb endings is -i, rather than a consonant. Consequently, they are known as -io verbs of the third conjugation, since the first person singular, present indicative active ends in -io. Note, however, that the present infinitive of third conjugation -io verbs ends in -ere, rather than -ire like those of the fourth conjugation. The conjugation of -io verbs of the third conjugation is as follows:

Present Indicative Active of facere (to make, do, stem: faci)

Singular

Verb Ending Meaning

facie o I make

facis s you make

facit t he/she/it (or a noun) makes

Plural

facimus mus we make

facitis tis you (all) make

faciunt unt they (or a noun) make

Examples :

Hoc beneficium coram reverendissimo domino episcopo ipso facio.

(I make this benefice [a gift or grant] in the presence of the most reverend lord bishop himself.)

Hoc beneficium coram reverendissimo domino episcopo ipso facis.

(You make this benefice in the presence of the most reverend lord bishop himself.)

Hoc beneficium coram reverendissimo domino episcopo ipso facit.

(He/she makes this benefice in the presence of the most reverend lord bishop himself.)

Hoc beneficium coram reverendissimo domino episcopo ipso facimus.

(We make this benefice in the presence of the most reverend lord bishop himself.)

Hoc beneficium coram reverendissimo domino episcopo ipso facitis.

(You [all] make this benefice in the presence of the most reverend lord bishop himself.)

57

Hoc beneficium coram reverendissimo domino episcopo ipso faciunt.

(They make this benefice in the presence of the most reverend lord bishop himself.)

Future Indicative Active of f acere

Singular Verb Ending

faciam facies faciet

am es et

Plural

Verb

faciemus facietis facient

Ending

emus etis ent

Meaning

I shall make

you will make

he/she/it (or a noun) will make

Meaning

we shall make

you (all) will make

they (or a noun) will make

Examples :

Annam Barbaram filiam meam heredem meam faciam.

(I shall make Anna Barbara, my daughter, my heir.)

Annam Barbaram filiam tuam heredem tuam facies.

(You will make Anna Barbara, your daughter, your heir.)

Maria Tibaldi Anna Barbaram filiam suam heredem suam faciet.

(Maria Tibaldi will make Anna Barbara, her daughter, her heir.)

Annam Barbaram filiam nostram heredem nostram faciemus.

(We shall make Anna Barbara, our daughter, our heir.)

Anna Barbaram filiam vestram heredem vestram facietis. )

(You [all] will make Anna Barbara, your daughter, your heir.)

Franciscus et Bertha Steinhauer Anna Barbaram filiam suam heredem suam facient.

(Franciscus and Bertha Steinhauer will make Anna Barbara their [own] daughter, their heir.) '

Imperfect Indicative Active of f acere

Singular

Verb

faciebam faciebas faciebat

Ending* Meaning

ebam ebas ebat

I made, was making, used to make, etc. you made, were making, used to make, etc, he/she/it (or a noun) made, was making, used to make, etc.

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Plural

faciebamus ebamus we made, were making, used to make, etc. faciebatis ebatis you (all) made, were making, used to

make , etc . faciebant ebant they (or a noun) made, were making, used

to make, etc.

*thematic vowel included Examples:

Johannem Ribeaux procuratorem meum faciebam.

(I made [was making, etc.] Jean Ribeaux my procurator [legal representative] . )

Johannem Ribeaux procuratorem tuum faciebas.

(You made Jean Ribeaux your procurator.)

Geraldus de Martiali Johannem Ribeaux procuratorem suum faciebat.

(Gerald de Martiali made Jean Ribeaux his [own] procurator. )

Johannem Ribeaux procuratorem nostrum faciebamus.

(We made Jean Ribeaux our procurator.)

Johannem Ribeaux procuratorem vestrum faciebatis.

(You [all] made Jean Ribeaux your procurator.)

Franciscus Berengarii et Petrus Jacquet Johannem Ribeaux procuratorem suum faciebant.

(Francois Berengarii and Pierre Jacquet made Jean Ribeaux their [own] procurator. )

Prepositions

Prepositions (from praepositus: [having been] placed in front or before) are generally "placed before" other words such as nouns, and explain or clarify those words in some way. Thus, for example, "They walked into the forest." In this sentence, "into" indicates where they walked. Into is, of course, the preposition.

In Latin, the object of a preposition, a noun, pronoun, or other part of speech, is either in the ablative or the accusative case. A few prepositions take both cases. Common prepositions taking the ablative and accusative cases are listed below.

Common Ablative Prepositions

Preposition Meaning

a, cib (before vowels), abs from, away from

(the outside of), by cum with

59

de

e, ex in pro

Examples :

a villa

cum laude

de silva

de bello Gallico

ex Roma

in domo

pro patria

from, down from, about from (out of the inside of) in, on, at for, in place of, in front of

(away) from the village

with honor (praise)

(down) from the wood

about (concerning) the Gallic war

from Rome

at home (in the house)

for the fatherland

Note that if cum was used with an adjective and a noun, it was often placed between the adjective and the noun, e.g., magna cum laude (with high honor [with great praise]). Note also that the preposition de was frequently used as the beginning of the title of a book or treatise in Latin. It can often be omitted when translating such a title.

In parish registers, the preposition ex was used, on occa- sion, to indicate a place of origin or residence. Thus, for example, Patrinus fuit Bemardus Rulon civis ex Steinheim. (The godfather was Bernardus Rulon, citizen [of] from Steinheim.)

Common Accusative Prepositions

Preposition

ad

ante

apud

circum

contra

inter

ob

per

post

super

trans

Meaning

to, toward, for, near, at

before (in time and place)

near, at, by, at the house of,

in the presence of

around

against

between , among

toward, on account of, for

through, by, for

after (of time), behind (of place)

above , over

across

Examples :

ad ecclesiam ante meridiem apud parochum circum urbem contra be Hum inter silvas ob iter per duos annos

to (toward) the church

before noon (midday — a.m. )

at the house of the parish priest

around the city

against the war

between the woods

for (by) the journey, way

for (through) two years

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post meridiem super montes trans maria

after noon (midday — p.m. ) above the mountains across the seas

Common Prepositions taking both Ablative and Accusative

Preposition Meaning

in + abl. in + ace. sub + abl.

sub + ace .

Examples:

in urbe in iirbem sub carruca

sub carrucam

in, inside, on, at

into, to, against

under, up under, close to

(after verbs of rest)

under, close to

(after verbs of motion)

in (inside) the city

into the city

under the cart (e.g., baggage

lying siib carruca)

under the cart (e.g., baggage

falling sub carrucam)

In medieval and parish register Latin, prepositions often acquired meanings rather different from those of classical, Roman Latin. The context of a particular document may, there- fore, suggest a meaning different from those given here. In such instances, glossaries or lexica of medieval Latin, such as those listed in the selected bibliography at the back of this book, should be consulted.

A number of compound verbs in Latin were formed by combining a preposition and a verb. Thus, for example: circumspectare (to look around), from circum + spectare (to look at, look carefully), superscribere (to write above), from super and scri- bere (to write). The meaning of the preposition used to form such a verb often provides an important clue to defining the verb itself.

An understanding of Latin prepositions and compound verbs should also be of help in learning new English words. What, for example, might the following words mean: circumnavigate, superman, submarine, contradict (from dicere: to say, tell), interject (from jacere [iacere]: to throw). These are just a few examples of the way in which a knowledge of Latin contributes to a greater understanding of the English language, which derived approximately 60% of its vocabulary from Latin.

61

EXERCISES: CHAPTER V

A . Grammar

Conjugate contraho, contrahere (third conjugation), venio, venire (fourth conjugation), and capio, capere (third conjugation io-verb) for all of the tenses discussed in this chapter.

B. Vocabulary

Learn all of the verbs conjugated in this chapter, together with all prepositions listed, plus the following:

Third Conjugation Verbs

ago, agere: do, discuss, lead, drive, discuss, etc.

contraho , contrahere : contract (e.g., a marriage), trans- act

decedo, decedere: die, depart, go away

dico, dicere: say, tell

duco, ducere: lead

emo , emere : buy

gigno, gignere: beget, pro- duce, be born

lego, legere: read, choose, gather, select

nosco, noscere: know (be acquainted with)

promitto, promittere: promise

scribo, scribere: write

vivo, vivere: live

Fourth Conjugation Verbs

audio , audire : hear consentio, consentire: agree,

be in harmony or accord nescio, nescire: not to know,

be ignorant of scio, scire: know (how to do

something) sepelio, sepelire: bury venio , venire : come invenio, invenire: find, come

upon

lO-Verbs of the Third Conjuga- tion

f acio , f acere ; f ugio , f ugere :

Prepositions

make , do flee

capio, capere;

capture

take, seize.

a, ab, abs, + abl.: from, away

from (the outside of), by absque + abl . : without ad + ace: to, toward, for,

near ante + ace . : before apud + ace: at, by, near, at

the house of, in the

presence of circum + ace . : around coram + abl. & ace: in front

of, in the presence of,

before cvtm + abl. : with de + abl.: from, down from,

about e, ex + abl.: from (out of the

inside of) , out of extra + ace . : beyond in + abl.: in, inside, on, at in + ace . : into infra + ace.: below inter + ace . : between , among intra + ace . : within juxta + ace: next to, beside,

according to (iuxta) per + ace.: through, by, for post + ace . : after pro + abl.: for, in place of prae + abl.: before (pre) praeter + ace.: except (pre-

ter) prope + ace . : near propter + ace.: on account of sub + abl.: under (rest)

62

C. Translation: Latin to English

Translate the following sentences from Latin to English.

Libruin etiam legere promittimus . (etiam, adv. : moreover)

Willelmus de Leye, junior, et Rosalinda Ralston matximonium contrahent.

Pater infctntis nescit scribere; igitur signum facet, (igitur: see Chapter IV, Exercise F.)

Conferimus libere et quiete Stephano Winckmeier terrain in

perpetuo possidendam.

(conferimus: we confer, grant; libere et quiete: freely and quietly [adverbs] ; Stephano: this is dative; translate accordingly; in perpetuo: forever; possidendam: to be possessed [geriindive, v. Chapters XIII and XIV])

Volo quod Jakobus Hofbauer matriculam huius peirochiae ab

mense Jaunuarii ad mensem Decembris anno millesimo

septingentesimo vicesimo sexto sumat.

(volo: I will, I wish; quod: that; huius: of this [goes with parochiae] ; mensis, mensis, m. : month; anno millesimo septingentesimo vicesimo sexto: in the year 1726; sumat: shall record [the svibject is Jcikobus Hofbauer] , shall take down; present subjunctive active of sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum: take down, record [v. Chapter XII])

D. Translation: English to Latin

Translate the following sentences from English to Latin.

George Wilson and Sophia Graham will contract a marriage.

He came (use veniebat) into the parish (use parochia) , impregnated (use impraegnabat ) Martha, a serving girl ( f ctmula , f cimulae , f . ) and orphan ( orba , orbae , f.), under the promise (promissum, promissi, n. or, promittum, promitti, n.) of marriage (use matrimonium) , and fled (use fugiebat) .

We promise moreover (etiam) to write the epistle (epistula, epistulae , f . ) .

The mother produced (use the imperfect of gignere) twins, (gemellos) upon whom (quibus) the names were placed (imposita sunt) Fredericus and Thomas. Both (use ambo) of these (eorum) were baptized (baptizati sunt) by me (ab me), Stephania Leguinne the midwife (obstetrix, obstetricis, f. [use the ablative here]) because of

63

imminent (imminens) peril (periculum) of death (use mors, mortis, f. [use the genitive case]).

I will come into the city.

E. Translation: Parish Register Documents #1 and #2

With the help of the vocabulary below, translate the follow- ing two pages from a parish register recording burials and deaths .

" /■■ ■ ' '''■■■': '. ^-i?i

..^^/^^^^^^'^^^^'^"'^^^ "^

^..y^^

■7"

^.

^JU^. i^i^^^ z///^^^'-

7^'

'^tiia^'^-

0

N.y

64

Vocabulary

incipit (from incipio, incipere, incepi, inceptum: begin): begins

hie, adv.: here (with "the" understood before liber)

sti. = sancti

Argentina , Argentinae , f . : one of a number of Latin names for the city of Strasbourg

constans , present participle of consto, constare, constavi, constatirm: here, consisting of (with de + abl . understood; hence, ducentis, and foliis)

ducentis: two hundred (abla- tive plural), from ducenti, ducentae , ducenta: 200 (cardinal number; v. Chap- ter VII for additional information on numbers . )

octoginta septem: 87 (v. Chapter VII)

folium, folii, n.: page, leaf

datum: given (perfect passive participle of do, dare, dedi, datum: give)

Argentinae: at Strasbourg (locative case, v. Chapter X)

vigesima octava: 28th (goes with die = on the 28th day)

J\inii: of June (from Junius, Jvinii, m. : June; v. Chapter VII)

anno millesimo septingentesimo quadragesimo quinto: in the year one thousand seven hundred forty-five

(literally: in the one thousand seven hundred forty-fifth year, v. Chapter VII)

explicit: ends (from explico, explicare, explicavi,

explicatum: unfold, i.e., to unroll a papyrus scroll to the end, hence, to end, bring to an end; treated here as a third conjugation verb, third person singu- lar, with liber.)

hie ( see above )

sti . ( see above )

Argenta = Argentinae (see above )

palatium, palatii, n.: palace

episcopalis , episcopale , ad j . : episcopal (as an adjective modifying palatio)

vigesima septima Junii: on the 27th (day) of June

anno millesimo septingentesimo

decimo nono: in the year one thousand seven hundred nineteen (v. Chapter VII)

65

A note on incipit and explicit. Many medieval texts began with the word incipit (or, hie incipit) and concluded with ex- plicit (or, hie explicit). These two terms are often used to identify anonymous or undated documents.

E. Translation: Parish Register

Document #3

Translate the two death entries below with the help of the vocabulary which is given after the entries.

r/J> ff''^' ■fc.-f:-' ^^^ Z'^'^'"^'' y^'"^^!^ y,c.^-i.^ \

5

66

Vocabulary

Entry #1

catalogus, catalog!, in.:

catalog xenodochium, xenodochii, n.:

hospital, senior citizens center, hostel (from the Greek xenodokeion: a place for strangers to lodge; an inn)

regius, regia, regium: royal

site: located

extra portam (See previous chapters for this phrase.)

vulgo, adv. commonly (goes with dictam)

Lahienem: a place name; the nominative is probably Lahienis

dictam: called (perfect pas- sive participle of dice, dicere, dixi, dictum: say, tell, call); note that the English syntax here would probably be as follows: site extra portam vulgo dictam Lahienem; translate accordingly. (N.B. Lahie- nem and dictam are accusa- tive because of extra. The gate is, therefore, common- ly called Lahienis. )

anno: in the year (v. Chapter VII)

die 12a 7bris: on the 12th day of September (v. Chapter VII for more information on the abbreviation of Septem- ber. )

mortuus est: died (or, has died)

Petrus de Vaisseaux: his first and last names

levis armaturae: of the light- armed ( troops )

civis (the c is hidden in the margin)

Benj : a place name

milite (from miles, militis, m.: cavalry soldier, knight, soldier): (being) a soldier; the English syntax

here would probably be milite levis armaturae; translate accordingly.

omnibus ecclesiae sacramentis provisus: provided with all the sacraments of the church (i.e., the last rites,; v. Chapter X for additional information on this usage. )

aetatis suae (the su of suae is hidden in the margin): his age (here)

circiter 32 annorum: about 3 2 years (here)

sepultusqz est = sepultusque est: and he was buried

proprio (the p is hidden in the margin): private (here); from proprius, propria, proprium: one's own, private (goes with coemeter io )

assistentibus testibus:

(being) assisted by the witnesses, or the witnesses assisting (were); v. Chapter XIII for additional information on this usage.

Philippe Forbet: his first and last name

dicto: called (see above)

Argentcourt: his nickname

infirmario: from infirmarius, infirmarii, m.: hospital orderly, male nurse (This is in the ablative case because of assistentibus testibus, an ablative absolute, v. Chapter XIII.)

praedicti: of the aforesaid (from praedictus, praedic- ta, praedictvim: aforesaid)

Claudio Verdun: his first and last names; note, however, that Claudio is in the ablative case for the same reason that infirmario is in the ablative case. The nominative form of Claudio is Claudius: Claude

eticim, adv. : also (here)

67

infirmario (see above)

Entry #2

die 14a 7bris: on the 14th day

of September (see above) mortuus est: see above

dnus = dominus : lord (as a

title) N: his name was omitted la Premiere des Gendarmes de Bourgogne: the head of the police constables (gen- darmes) of Bourgogne (his occupation, French)

oibus = omnibus santis = sacramentis

omnibus ecclesiae sacramentis provisus ( see above )

aetatisqz = aetatisque

aetatisque suae 36 circiter annorum ( see above )

sepultusqz = sepultusque

sepultusque est (see above)

in coemeterio (the in is hidden in the margin)

assistentibus testibus (see above )

supra signatis: signed below (who have signed below); the English syntax here would probably be assisten- tibus testibus supra signatis; translate

accordingly.

68

CHAPTER VI

Verbs III: The Perfect Active System

Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect

Indicative Active of all Four Conjugations

Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect

of esse and posse

Introduction

The perfect active system is one of the most important for the study of Latin parish registers, and other documents as well, since the entries were generally written down after the event — baptism, marriage, or death — had already occurred. Whereas the imperfect, which was discussed in Chapter III, ex- presses continuous or repeated action, the perfect system indi- cates action which is completed in the past. Compare, for example, copulabant (they married, kept on marrying, married habitually, etc. — imperfect [incomplete]) and copulaverunt (they married [presumably once only] — perfect [complete]). In this re- gard, the Latin perfect is similar to the English simple past tense or present perfect tense, e.g., I came, I have come (a com- pleted, not a continuous action).

The Perfect Active System

There are three tenses in the perfect active system: perfect indicative active, pluperfect indicative active, and future perfect indicative active. While the last two are not found frequently in parish registers, they do occur in other types of documents. The future perfect, for example, may be used in place of the simple future, with exactly the same meaning, e.g. , copu- laverint: they will marry (literally: they will have married). Substituting the future perfect for the future was relatively common in certain types of later medieval Latin documents such as, for example, wills, a practice continued by some parish priests .

The perfect indicative active includes the English simple past tense (The priest baptized.), past progressive (The priest was baptizing.), past emphatic (The priest did baptize.), and the present perfect (The priest has baptized.). However, the simple past or present perfect can generally be used to translate the Latin perfect in many parish register entries.

The pluperfect indicative active is similar to the English past perfect (copulaverant: they had married) , and the future perfect to the English future perfect (copulaverint: they will have married).

To form the perfect active system tenses, a new stem is required, one which constitutes the third principal part of the

69

Latin verb and must be learned as it occurs in this book, in other grammars, in dictionaries, or in documents. The perfect stem of first conjugation verbs consists of the present stem (e.g. , baptiza) plus -v (the perfect stem of all first conjuga- tion verbs ends in -v) plus the perfect system endings, e.g., copul av , bapti z av , humav .

Perfect stems of the other conjugations are often irregular and should be memorized as they are encountered. However, the perfect stems of second conjugation verbs sometimes end in -u, e.g., habu (from habere). Stems of third conjugation verbs may end in -did (vendidi: I sold, from: vendo, vendere) , -x (vixi: I lived, from vivere) , -c (didici: I learned, from disco, discere) , -SB or -s (decessi: I died, departed, from decedo, decedere) , or -rr (cucurri: I ran, from curro, currere) . Some third conjuga- tion -io perfect stems end in -c (feci: I made, from facere) , and a number of fourth conjugation perfect stems end in -v (sepelivi: I buried, from sepelire) .

The perfect indicative active is formed by combining the perfect stem, the third principal part of a Latin verb, and the perfect indicative active endings, as shown below:

Perfect Indicative Active of copulare (stem: copulav — first conjugation)

Verb

copulavi

copulavisti

copulavit

copul avimus copulavistis copul averunt

Ending

i

isti

it

imus

istis

ervmt

Meaning

I married, have married

you married, have married

he/she (or a noun) married,

has married

we married, have married

you (all) married, have married

they (or a noun) married, have

married

Another ending for the third person plural , perfect indica- tive active is -ere ( copulavere ) . This ending may be encountered in documents written during the later Middle Ages such as, for example, wills, as well as in some parish registers. In order to avoid confusing this ending with the infinitive endings of second and third conjugation verbs, both of which also end in -ere, always look for the perfect stem. Compare the following as examples: habuere: they have had (perfect stem habu), but hat>ere: to have (present infinitive).

The pluperfect indicative active (from plus guam perfectus:

more than perfect) adds the imperfect of the verb esse to the perfect stem.

70

Pluperfect Indicative Active of copulare

Verb

copulaveram

copulaveras

copulaverat

copulaveramus

copulaveratis

copul aver ant

Ending

eram

eras

erat

eramus

eratis

erant

Meaning

I had married

you had married

he/she (or a noun) had married

we had married

you (all) had married

they (or a noun) had married

The future perfect indicative active is formed by adding the future of esse to the perfect stem of the verb. The third person plural ending is, however, erint, rather than erunt.

Future Perfect Indicative Active of copulare

Verb

copul avero

copulaveris

copulaverit

copulaverimus copulaveritis copulaverint

Ending

ero

eris

erit

erimus eritis erint

Meaning

I shall have married

you will have married

he/she (or a noun) will have

married

we shall have married

you (all) will have married

they (or a noun) will have

married

The examples below are given for copulare only, albeit the sequence of tenses and the endings are valid for all of the con j ugations :

Georgius Steinacker et Anna Maria Grenz copulaverunt.

(Georg Steinacker and Anna Maria Grenz married. [an action completed in the past, prior to whatever is taking place at the moment] )

Georgius Steinacker et Anna Maria Grenz copulaverant.

(Georg Steinacker and Anna Maria Grenz had married, [considerably prior to whatever is occurring at the moment] )

Georgius Steinacker et Anna Maria Grenz copulaverint.

(Georg Steinacker and Anna Maria Grenz will have married, [e.g., by the Feast of St. Stephen this event will have taken place; when the feast day is celebrated, they already will have been married.])

71

Perfect Indicative Active of habere (stem: habu — second conjugation)

Verb

habui

habuisti

habuit

habuimus habuistis habuervmt ( ere )

Ending

i

isti

it

imus

istis

erunt

Meaning

I had, have had

you had, have had

he/she/it (or a noun) had,

has had

we had, have had

you (all) had, have had

they (or a noun) had, have had

Pluperfect Indicative Active of habere

Verb Ending Meaning

habueram	eram
habueras	eras
habuerat	erat
habueramus	eramus
habueratis	eratis
habuerant	erant

I had had

you had had

he/she/it (or a noun) had had

we had had

you (all) had had

they (or a noun) had had

Future Perfect Indicative Active of habere

Verb

habuero

habueris

habuerit

habuerimus habueritis habuerint

Ending

ero

eris

erit

erimus eritis erint

Meaning

I shall have had

you will have had

he/she/it (or a noun) will

have had

we shall have had

you (all) will have had

they (or a noun) will have had

Perfect Indicative Active of vivere (stem; vix — third conjugation)

Verb

Ending

VIXX		1
vixisti		isti
vixit		it
vix imus		imus
vixistis		istis
vixerunt	(ere)	erunt

Meaning

I lived, have lived

you lived, have lived

he/she/it (or a noun) lived,

has lived

we lived, have lived

you (all) lived, have lived

they (or a noun) lived,

have lived

72

Pluperfect Indicative Active of vivere

Verb

vixeram

vixeras

vixerat

vixeramus

vixeratis

vixerant

Ending

eram

eras

erat

eramus

eratis

erant

Meaning

I had lived

you had lived

he/she/it (or a noun) had lived

we had lived

you (all) had lived

they (or a noun) had lived

Future Perfect Indicative Active of vivere

Verb

vixero

vixeris

vixerit

vixerimus vixeritis vixerint

Ending

ero

eris

erit

erimus eritis erint

Meaning

I shall have lived

you will have lived

he/she/it (or a noun) will

have lived

we shall have lived

you (all) will have lived

they (or a noun) will

have lived

Perfect Indicative Active of sepelire (stem: sepeliv — fourth conjugation)

Verb

Ending

sepelivi*	i
sepelivisti	isti
sepelivit	it

sepelivimus imus

sepelivistis istis sepeliverunt (ere) erunt

Meaning

I buried, have buried

you buried, have buried

he/she (or a noun) buried,

has buried

we buried, have buried

you (all) buried, have buried

they (or a noun) buried,

have buried

*The alternate perfect stem sepeli may also be found on occasion.

Pluperfect Indicative Active of sepelire

Verb Ending Meaning

sepe liver am sepe liver as sepe liver at sepeliveramus sepe liver at is sepe 1 i ver ant

eram

eras

erat

eramus

eratis

erant

I had buried

you had buried

he/she (or a noun) had buried

we had buried

you (all) had buried

they (or a noun) had buried

73

Future Perfect Indicative Active of sepelire

Verb

sepelivero

sepeliveris

sepeliverit

sepeliverimus

sepeliveritis

sepeliverint

Ending

ero

eris

erit

erimus

eritis

erint

Meaning

I shall have buried |

you will have buried

he/she (or a noun) will have buried

we shall have buried

you (all) will have buried

they (or a noun) will have buried

Perfect Indicative Active of facere (stem: fee — third conjugation io-verb)

Verb

feci

fecisti

fecit

fecimus

fecistis

f ecerunt ( ere )

Ending

i

isti

it

imus

istis

erunt

Meaning

I made , have made

you made , have made

he/she/it (or a noun) made, has made

we made , have made

you (all) made, have made

they ( or a noun ) made , have made

Pluperfect Indicative Active of facere

Verb Ending Meaning

feceram

feceras

fecerat

feceramus

feceratis

fecerant

eram

eras

erat

eramus

eratis

erant

I had made

you had made

he/she/it (or a noun) had made

we had made

you (all) had made

they ( or a noun ) had made

{

Future Perfect Indicative Active of facere

Verb

fecero

feceris

fecerit

fecerimus

feceritis

fecerint

Ending

ero

eris

erit

erimus

eritis

erint

Meaning

I shall have made

you will have made

he/she/it (or a noun) will have made

we shall have made

you (all) will have made

they (or a noun) will have made

As an aid in understanding the perfect active system, it may be useful review the time sequence of each tense involved:

Perfect: An action completed in the recent past, rather close in time to the present, e.g.. Terrain tenui . (I held the land, possibly until as late as yesterday; the implication is that at the present time I probably do not hold it. )

74

Pluperfect: An action completed in the more remote past, i.e., further removed from the present than the perfect, e.g., Terram tenueram. (I had held the land — perhaps ten years earli- er, but not now. )

Future Perfect: An action which simultaneously looks to the future and the past. When the event or action takes place, it will do so in the future, and when this has occurred it will also be in the past, e.g.. Post festum Conceptionis Mariae terram vendidero. (After the Feast of the Conception of Mary, I will have sold the land; by the time this feast has arrived, the land will no longer belong to me. )

The Perfect Active System of esse

The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses of esse are obtained by adding the appropriate endings to the perfect stem fu.

Perfect Indicative Active of esse (stem: fu)

Verb Ending Meaning

fui

fuisti

fuit

fuimus

fuistis

f uerunt ( ere )

1

isti

it

imus

istis

erunt

I was , I have been

you were , have been

he/she/it (or a noun) was,

has been

we were , have been

you (all) were, have been

they ( or a noun ) were ,

have been

Pluperfect Indicative Active of esse

Verb

fueram

fueras

fuerat

fueramus

fuerat is

fuerant

Ending

eram

eras

erat

eramus

eratis

erant

Meaning

I had been

you had been

he/she/it (or a noun) had been

we had been

you (all) had been

they (or a noun) had been

Future Perfect Indicative Active of esse

Verb

fuero

fueris

fuerit

fuerimus fueritis fuerint

Ending

arc

eris

erit

erimus eritis erint

Meaning

I shall have been

you will have been

he/she/it (or a noun) will

have been

we shall have been

you (all) will have been

they (or a noun) will have been

75

The Perfect Active System of posse

The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative active tenses of posse are obtained by adding the endings for these tenses to the perfect stem potu.

Perfect Indicative Active of posse (stem: potu)

Verb

potui

potuisti

potuit

potuimus potuistis potuerunt ( ere )

Ending

i

isti

it

imus

istis

erunt

Meaning

I could, I was able (to)

you could, you were able (to)

he/she/it (or a noun) could,

was able (to)

we could, were able (to)

you (all) could, were able (to)

they (or a noun) could, were

able (to)

Pluperfect Indicative Active of posse

Verb

potueram potueras potuerat

potueramus potuerat is potuerant

Ending

eram eras erat

eramus eratis erant

Meaning

I had been able (to)

you had been able (to)

he/she/it (or a noun) had been

able (to)

we had been able (to)

you (all) had been able (to)

they (or a noun) had been (to)

Future Perfect Indicative Active of posse

Verb

potuero

potueris

potuerit

potuerimus potueritis

potuerint

Ending

ero

eris

erit

erimus eritis

erint

Meaning

I shall have been able (to)

you will have been able (to)

he/she/it (or a noun) will have

been able (to)

we shall have been able (to)

you (all) will have been

able (to)

they (or a noun) will have

been able (to)

Note that the third principal part of the Latin verb is given in the vocabulary of most standard Latin dictionaries and lexica (together with the other principal parts) as the first person singular, perfect indicative active, e.g., copulo, copu- lare, copulavi (I marry, to marry, I married [have married]). The fourth principal part, the perfect passive participle will be discussed in Chapter IX. The first three principal parts of all verbs included in all of the chapters to this point are listed below. These should be studied carefully.

76

EXERCISES: CHAPTER VI

A. Grammar

Conjugate habitare (first conjugation), tenere (second conjugation), venders (third conjugation), venire (fourth conju- gation), and capere (third conjugation io-verb) in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative active. The perfect steins of each of these verbs are given below in the third princi- pal part of each one.

B. Vocabulary

In addition to all of the verbs given in body of this chap- ter, learn the first three principal parts of the following verbs. Note that many standard Latin dictionaries and lexica list the four principal parts of Latin verbs. With the discus- sion of the perfect system active, three of these four have been introduced to the reader. These include: first person singular, present indicative active, present infinitive, and first person singular, perfect indicative (for example: baptize: I baptize; baptizare: to baptize; baptizavi: I baptized, have baptized). The fourth principal part, the perfect passive participle, will, as indicated on the preceding page, be discussed in Chapter IX.

First Conjugation Verbs

adjuvo, adjuvare, adjuvavi:

help, aid (adiuvo) allege, allegare, allegavi:

accuse, allege appello, appellare, appellavi:

call, name, appeal, accuse approbo , approbare , approbavi :

approve, approve a business

or legal transaction baptize, baptizare, baptizavi:

baptize cause, causare, causavi:

cause, give as a reason,

accuse cepule, copulare, cepulavi:

marry, join celebre , celebrare , celebravi :

celebrate; nuptias

celebrare: to celebrate the

nuptials, to marry de, dare, dedi: give habite, habitare, habitavi:

live in, dwell hume, humare, humavi: bury

laude, laudare, laudavi:

praise lege, legare, legavi: leave,

bequeath marite, maritare, maritavi:

marry narre, narrare, narravi :

narrate, relate ere, erare, oravi: pray, ask,

beg prebe, prebare, prebavi: test,

prove , approve , probate seirve, servare, servavi: save,

preserve

Second Conjugation Verbs

centinee , centinere , centinui :

contain, connect debeo, debere , debui : owe,

ought despendeo, despondere,

despendi : betroth decee, docere, decui: teach habee , habere, habui : have,

hold

77

jaceo, jacere, jeci: lie, lie

down (iaceo) moneo, monere, monui: warn remaneo , remanere, remansi:

remain, stay teneo, tenere , tenui : hold,

keep video, videre, visi: see

Third Conjugation Verbs

absolve, absolvere, absolvi:

absolve, forgive, release,

complete (studies) acquiesce, acquiescere ,

aquevi : die, repose, be

content with ago, agere, egi: do, drive,

discuss, lead, act, etc. cerno, cernere , crevi :

discern, perceive condo, condere, condidi :

found, make, construct;

testamentum condere: to

make a will contraho , contrahere, con-

treixi: contract, contract a

marriage decedo , decedere , decessi:

die, depart, go away detego , detegere, detexi :

reveal, uncover, detect dice, dicere, dixi: say, tell,

call decumbo , decumbere , decubui :

die, lie down dego, degere, degi : spend

time, pass time, live,

exist, dwell, reside, rest;

vitam degere: to spend

(one's) life, live duco, ducere, duxi: lead emo , emere , emi : buy gigno, gignere, genui : beget,

produce, be born lego, legere, lexi: read,

choose, gather nosco, noscere, novi: know (be

acquainted with) pono , ponere , posui : put,

place, lay impono , imponere, imposui:

place upon, impose

promitto, promittere, pro-

missi: promise relinquo, relinquere,

relinqui: leave behind,

abondon requiesco, requiescere, re-

quievi: rest, lie scribo , scribere, scripsi:

write subscribe, subscribere , sub-

scripsi: undersign,

underwrite, sign below sumo, sumere , sumpsi: take

down, complete, finish vendo, venders, vendidi: sell vivo, vivere, vixi: live

Fourth Conjugation Verbs

abdormio, abdormire , abdor-

mivi: sleep away, die audio, audire, audivi: hear consentio , consentire : consen-

si: agree, be in harmony

with cupio, cupire, cupivi: desire,

want custodio, custodire,

custodivi : guard, keep

watch scio, scire, scivi: know (how

to do something) sepelio, sepelire, sepelivi

(or, sepelii): bury venio, venire, veni: come invenio, invenire, inveni:

find, come upon

Third Conjugation -10 Verbs

capio, capere, cepi: take,

seize, capture concipio, concipere, concepi :

conceive, comprehend,

become pregnant facio, facere, feci: make, do fugio, fugere, fugi: flee

Other Verbs

possum, posse, potui: can, be

able (to) sum, esse, fui: be

78

C. Translation: Latin to English

Translate the following sentences from Latin to English:

In dolor ibus partus obi it Agnes de Groot dum vivens uxor Wilhelmi Sloet, vulgo dicti Gerrit, civis et brasiatoris huius loci nono die mensis Junii anno domini nostri MDCLXXX. (dolor, doloris, m. : pain; partus, partus, in.: birth, childbirth [fourth declension noun, v. Chapter X; note here that partus is genitive singular "of birth"]; obiit: died [V. Chapter XIV]; dum vivens: while living; vulgo [see Chapter V, Exercise E, 3]; dicti: called; brasiator, brasiatoris, m. : brewer [e.g., of beer]; huius loci: of this place; nono die: on the ninth day; anno domini nostri MDCLXXX: in the year of our Lord 1680 [v. Chapter VII for additional information on Roman numerals.])

Nos, parochi huius parochiae Beatorxun Sanctorum Petri et Pauli, Abnerum Roth et Eleanoram Murphy copulavimus. (nos: we [goes with copulavimus]; parochi: nominative plural; huius: of this; Abnerum: Abner, ace. case)

Heri ego Stephanus Rotgermann decanus seniculam n.n. , quae

in vicum nostrum erravit et a morbo ignoto juxta forum

obiit, in coemeterio figulorum sepelivi.

(heri: yesterday; ego: I; decanus, decani, m. : deacon; senicula, seniculae, f.: a little old lady; n.n.: name unknown [n.n.: nomen nescio: I do not know the name; name unknown]; erro, errare, erravi [erratum]: wander, stray, travel; morbus, morbi, m. : disease; figulus, figuli, m. : a potter [in this case, the potters' cemetery where the poor were buried] )

23 Julii exhalavit animam suam Johanna Jakobina Seidt, post longum morbum, vidua Michaelis Johannis Nethe, omnibus sacramentis ecclesiae provisa et die sequenti sepulta est. (Julii: of July; exhalavit: from exhalo, exhalare, exhalavi [exhalatum] : breathe out, expire, die; omnibus sacramentis ecclesiae provisa: see Chapter V, Exercise E, 3; die sequenti: on the following day; sepulta est: she was buried)

Agnes Nebl, mulier, pauper, laboriosa, pia erga Deum, postquam ultra novem menses in stomacho suo ita laboraverat, ut cibos vix non omnes, quos sumpserat, iterum evomere coacta sit, periculum mortis sentiens, sacramentum petiit, atque in divinam voluntatem resignatissma post plures dies in agone exspiravit 15 December 1777 anno aetatis suae 54 et eodem die sepulta est.

(mulier, mulieris, f.: woman; laboriosa, laboriosae, f.: worker [female]; postquam: after; novem menses: 9 months suo: her; ita: so, thus; laboro, laborare, laboravi [laboratum]: work; ut: so that; cibus, cibi, m. : food; vix; scarcely; hardly; sumo, sumere, sumpsi [sumptum] :

79

take, use [here] ; itenim: again; evomo, evomere, evomui [evomitvun] : vomit; coacta sit: she was compelled [perfect passive subjunctive of cogo, cogere, coegi, coactiun: compel v. Chapter XII]; sentiens: sensing, feeling; petiit: she asked [for] , from peto, petere, petii [or petivi] , petitum: ask, seek after, request, beg, entreat; atque: and; resignatissma: most resigned; plures: many; agon, agonis, m. : agony [contest — Greek; also cl . Latin]; exspiro, exspirare: exspiravi, exspiratum: die, breathe out, exhale)

D. English to Latin

Translate the following sentences from English to Latin:

The witnesses of this (huius) baptism were: Thomas Plumboldt, merchant (mercator, mercatoris, m. ) and citizen of this place (huius loci) , and Wilfredus Crom, goldsmith (aurifaber, aiirifabri, m. ) and citizen of Snodlond (Snodlondus, Snodlondi, m. )

The physician (medicus, medici, m. ) made (use fecit) an

operation (operatic, operationis, f.) and removed (use

removeo, removere, removi [remotum] ) an infant

of the female sex (sexus feminei) from the womb (ex utero)

of its (eius) mother. I (ego), Francesca Capelli, midwife

midwife (obstetrix, obstetricis, f.)/ baptized this

(hunc) child (ace. case), because of danger of death

(see previous chapters for this phrase), and gave (use do,

dare, dedi, datvim) it (ei) the name (ace. case)

Maria Angelica (ace. case).

Paul Bitrand, a faithful (use fidelis, fidele) servant (use famulus, famuli, m. : servant) for (use per + ace.) many years in our (nostro) apothecary (pharmacopolius, pharmacopolii, m. ) , swelled up (use intumesco, intumescere, intumui) with dropsy (use hydrops, hydropis, m. in the ablative ease without a preposition [an ablative of cause] ) and, provided with all of the sacraments of the church (see the previous chapter for this usage), died (obiit) in agony on the twelfth of August (duodecimo August!) 1765 in the year of his age 40.

Today (hodie) I, Walter Grund, parish priest of the parish of St. Victor (Victor, Victoris, m. ) married the honest (ace. case) young man (ace. ease) Rudolf (ace.) Schmelzer, a blacksmith (faber, fabri, m. , ace. case) and citizen (ace.) of Oppenheim (Oppenheimensis) , legitimate (ace.) son (ace.) of Friedrich (Frederici) Schmelzer, farmer (gen. case) and citizen of Oppenheim (see above) and Maria (gen.) Anna (gen.) Duersch his wife (uxoris eius), and the chaste (ace.) virgin (ace.) Apollonia (ace.) Barabara (ace.) Wuerth, legitimate (ace.) daughter (ace.) of the deceased (gen.) Nicolaus (gen.) Wuerth, while living (see

80

above) a carpenter (lignarius, lignarii, m. [use the gen. case here] ) and citizen of Oberkatzbach (Oberkatzbachensis) , and Martha (gen.) Eva (gen.) Moench his wife (see above). The witnesses of this marriage (huius matrimonii) were: Joseph Wund farmer from Oppenheim (ex Oppenheimense ) and Adam Winck blacksmith from Oberkatzbach (ex Oberkatzbachense) .

Yesterday, I buried Jean (use Johcumem) , the illegitimate (ace.) son (ace.) of Jeanne (Joanna, Joannae, f. [gen. case here]) Montreaux in the potters' cemetery (see above) beyond the gate of our village (villae nostrae) . Within a few days (paucis diebus) after the death (use mors, mortis, m. ) of this child (huius infantis) , the mother died (use obiit) also (etiam) and was carried away (delata est) by her father ( ab patre suo) to be buried (sepelienda) in the tomb (tumulus, tumuli, m. ) of his family (familiae suae).

E. Translation: Parish Registers

Translate the following parish register entries with the aid of the vocabulary below.

Document #1: Birth

fii-^u^ 'Jinno ^tnini iiif ^t'Cl^ Jiu^uf/i

wxsau

81

Vocabulary

1756: the date

15 August!: 15th of August

Ego : see above

Jo = Johannes

Albertus a Lauda: his name

missionarius Cappuccinus: a Capuchin missionary (i.e., a member of th order of Capuchin friars — a branch of the Franciscan friars founded in 1529 and active in preaching and missionary work)

infantula, infantulae, f.: a little child (female)

nocte antecedent!: in the preceding night

ex

Joanne Gobba: the father's name

et

J Mra = Maria (also in the left margin): a given name of both mother and daughter

Dominica Porta: the mother's

name eius: his cui nomen imposui: upon whom I

placed the name Mciria

domnus = domxnus: lord (as a

title) judex, judicis, m. : judge Amabilis: a given name Paravisius: a surname Pizzetta: the surname of the

godmother Lostallo: a place name hec = haec: these

et haec omnia: and these things all (or, and all these things) [were done]

Sancti: goes with Nicolai Gabioli (the name of the church )

82

Document # 3 : Death

Note that since this entry is from a parish in Germany, the handwriting does contain some German Gothic letters or partial letters, especially the -s, which appears to be an -f here. Compare the vocabulary below with the handwritten entry as you translate.

I ■ ^ :7^-^^i I izf ^'.^y^, t^KytiC^ ^Jj^' %.iJiC^X^^^' ■ _ .V

Vocabulary

Potinger: a surname

erat: was

vir

praefectus, praef ecti , m.:

magistrate res, rei, f.: thing, matter lignarius, lignaria, lignari-

um: relating to wood,

forest aguarius , aguaria, aguarium:

relating to water; hence

Andreas Potinger was a

magistrate of wood and

water . strenuus, strenua, strenum:

active , vigorous , strenuous robustus, robusta, robustum:

powerful, hard, firm, solid

(like an oak tree) cui: to whom vires: plural of vis, vis, f.:

force, power, violence;

plural : strength inconcussus , inconcussa,

inconcussum: unshaken

(firm) sanitas, sanitatis , f.:

health, good sense, sanity

longaevus, longaeva,

longaevum: long (as in long life) , aged, old

promittere

videbantur: seemed (third person plural , imperfect indicative passive; the passive form of video, videre, visi, visum, which means "seem" rather than "see.") Note that the subject of this verb is vires corporis. The entire sentence, if placed in an English word order, would probably read: cui vires corporis videbantur

promittere inconcussem sanitatem et vitam longae- vam; translate accordingly.

aft (at), con j . : but, moreover

expectatio , expectationis , f . : expectation (the object of contra )

jam (iam), adv.: now, already

mense Octobr = mense Octobris: in the month of October

84

Document #2: Death

,. J . ■- —

Vocabulary

Left Hand Margin

Joseph

Ma = Maria

Fidelis: one of the child's

given names Michcirolus: the surname (which

is declined in this entry)

Entry

_♦

dni = domini

1734: the year

26 Junii: 26th of Jvine

evolavit: from evolve, evolare, evolavi

(evolatum) : fly, fly away

ad

consortium consortii, n.: fellowship, society, commu- nity, association

Angelorum: of the angels

cuiusdam infantuli: of a certain infant (cuiusdam, from quidam: , quaedam, quoddam: a certain person or thing, someone, some- thing)

Anto = Antonio (nominative: Antonius )

Mciria: his middle given name

Micharolo: the surname de- clined

Dominica Jacomella: the given names of his wife

coniugibj = conjugibus

mensium quatuor circiter: about four months (of months) (of age)

eiusq. = eiusque: and his (goes with corpus, the next word)

sepultum fuit: was buried

p. = per

me = me ( ace . )

J. = Johannem

Aloysium (nominative: Aloy- sius)

conciontm = concionatorem: from concionator, conciona- toris, m. : preacher

cappuccinum: Capuchin (modify- ing preacher)

Miss: = missioncirium: mission- ary, ace. sing.

tumulus, tumuli, m. : cemetery, hill, burial mound, mound

parvulorum: of the children (literally: of the small ones — from parvus)

S. = ScUicti

Nicolai Gabioli (see above)

83

male, adv.: badly (from malus, mala, malum: bad, evil)

se habere: a reflexive verb; when used with male: to be badly off, to be sick

coeperat: began (from coepi, coepisse, coeptum, a defec- tive verb for which the present tense is supplied, except in rare cases , by incipio, incipere, incepi , inceptum: begin; the above three forms are, consecu- tively: the first person singular, perfect indica- tive active, the perfect infinitive [v. Chapter XIII], and the perfect passive participle [v. Chapter IX] . )

vir robustus: the robust (healthy) man

paulatim, adv.: gradually, little by little

deficiebat: failed, ceased (from deficio, deficere, def eel , defectum: fail, cease ) ; note that the tense here is imperfect and translate accordingly

viribus: from his strength

exhaustus, exhausta, exhaus- tum: exhausted, emptied out, deprived, taken away

officio suo: his duty

amplius, adv.: longer, more, further

fungi: to perform (from fungor, fungi, functus sum: be busy, be engaged in, perform, execute; a depo- nent verb, V. Chapter IX; note that the direct object of this verb officio suo is in the ablative case. Fungor is one of a small number of deponent verbs which take ablative objects [v. Chapter IX for addi- tional details] ) .

mature, adv.: soon, too soon

SS. = Sanctis: modifies sacra- mentis

munitus: fortified; Sanctis sacramentis munitus: forti- fied by (means of the) holy sacraments

morbo: by a disease

qui: which

erat ( see above )

peripneumonia , peripneumoniae , f.: pneumonia, pleurisy

ingravescente : being op- pressed; present participle of ingravesco,

ingravescare , ingravescavi , ingravescatum: to become heavy, be oppressed, burdened; here an ablative absolute when combined when morbo (v. Chapter XIII for additional information on this usage.). The meaning is "being burdened or oppressed by (with) dis- ease . "

et: above the line

ad extrema: to the last things (i.e., the end of life)

deductus : led , brought

31 Jan. = 31 Januarii

7 vesp. = 7 vespertina: at 7 in the evening (7 p.m.); from vespertinus, vesperti- na, vespertinum: of, or relating to, the evening

efflavit: he breathed out (goes with animam; "his" is understood with animam. ) ; from efflo, efflare, ef- flavi, eff latum: breathe out, blow out

agonizantem: suffering (modi- fies animam) ; present participle of agonize, agonizare, agonizavi, agonizatum: suffer, agonize

confortante ( comf ortante ) : being comforted (i.e., by the lates rites)

exanimis, exanime, adj.: dead, lifeless

tumulo tradente: being carried to the tomb (buried)

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Document #4: Marriages

Translate the following marriage entries from a Polish parish register of 1815 with the aid of the vocabulary included below.

/fif7t4/2t t^)S/0

0

t^'fe: -. (>^^r^.

/o- -7-: : — '" I«T 7^i__ --V2.

f^/, r/^i/S.

m-

^/er>y^ J* «m«^ PTTm^m^ ^t^-"*'^

t^„,^/<M«/ •^M^ ^ifc*^ •^iWr. «■*>»/*►

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Vocabulary:

Haurytki: a place name

Millesimo Octingentesimo Decimo quinto: 1815

praemissis tribus bannis continuis diebus dominicis : after the publication of marriage banns (announce- ments ) on three consecutive Sundays (an ablative abso- lute; V. Chapter XIII for additional information)

dies dominica, diei dominicae, f.: Sunday (the day of the Lord)

guarum: of which (relative pronoun, v. Chapter XI)

Ima = prima: the first

Dca = Dominica

2do = secundo: the second, i.e., the first (bann) was on the second Sunday

2da = seciinda: second

Dca ( see above )

3cia = tercia (tertia): third, i.e., the second (bann) was on the third Sunday

^ = et

4ta = quarta: fourth; missing here are the words tertia dominica (and the third [bann] was Sunday the fourth [i.e., the fourth Sunday] )

post Epiphaniam: after Epipha- ny, a fixed feast day occurring on January 6th each year. Note however, that these banns were read on the second, third, and fourth Sundays after Epiph- any (v. Chapter VII for additional information on feasts days. )

nullo impedimento canonico detecto: (and) no canonical hindrance (to the marriage) having been uncovered (an ablative absolute; v. Chapter XIII)

praevioq = praevioque

praevioque examine liberi consensus: and (being) previously examined of (their own) free consent (an ablative absolute, v. Chapter XIII)

caeteris praemittendis : (and) the remaining (information, banns, etc. ) to be an- nounced (gerundive, v. Chapter XIII and Chapter XIV)

Ego: I

Caspar Godleviski: name of the priest

V.E.B. = vicarius ecclesiae Bochoviensis: vicar of the church of Bochoviensis (a place name)

laboriosus , laboriosi, m.: worker, laborer

Sobotowski : the groom's sur- name

juven^ = juvenis

Bogumila, Bogumilae, f.: Bogumila (the bride's first name)

Vrolewna: her surname

parochianis: (being) parish- ioners (i.e., the groom and bride)

Boo' avi'e = Bochoviensis: (of the parish) of Bochoviensis

interrogo, interrogare,

interrogavi ( interrogatum) : question, ask

eor - eortim: of them, their de eorum mutuo consensu (super libera) secum contrahendi voluntate explorato: (and I asked [them] ) about their mutual consent above freely (given) with them to be contracted, (being)

voluntarily examined (being examined by [their own] will); i.e., I questioned them concerning their willingness to contract (a marriage) of their own free will.

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matrimonio: supply in with

this coniunxi = conjunxi eosgz = eosque: and them ritus, ritus, f.: rite (fourth

declension, v. Chapter X) de ritu: according to the rite S . = Sanctae : sanctae matris ecclesiae benedixi: from benedico,

benedicere, benedixi

(benedictum) : bless praesentibus testibus: the

witnesses present (were) Rogowoski : a surname Chudrinski: a surname Wiercienie: a place name praemissis tribus bannis

continuis dominicis (see

above ) una: one (i.e., the first) dca 4ta: the fourth Sunday

(after Epiphany)

dca 5ta: the fifth Sunday (after Epiphany)

dominica

Tpef"""^ = 7 post Epiphania(in) : the seventh Sunday after Epiphany (i.e., the third bann was posted on the 7th Sunday after Epiphany)

nobilis, nobilis: noble

Wiercienski: the groom's surname

Rosalia, Rosaliae, f.: Rosalie (the bride's first name)

Wiercienska: her surname

For the rest of the vocabulary for the second entry,