(Jl

VOLUME XXXVIII

JULY-DEC,, 1920

THE NATIONAL

GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

FED

INDEX

July to December, 1920

VOLUME XXXVIII

PUBLISHED BY THE

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY

HUBBARD MEMORIAL HALL WASHINGTON, D.C.

[$3.50 A

, 1920

NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY

GEOGRAPHIC ADMINISTRATION BUILDINGS SIXTEENTH AND M STREETS NORTHWEST, WASHINGTON, D. C.

GILBERT GROSVENOR, President HENRY WHITE, Vice-President

JOHN JOY EDSON, Treasurer O. P. AUSTIN, Secretary

BOYD TAYLOR, Assistant Treasurer GEORGE W. HUTCHISON, Associate Secretary

FREDERICK V. COVILLK, Chairman Committee on Research

EDWIN P. GROSVENOR, General Counsel

EXECUTIVE STAFF OF THK NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE GILBERT GROSVENOR, EDITOR

JOHN OLIVER LA GORGE, Associate Editor WILLIAM T. SHOWALTER RALPH A. GRAVES FRANKLIN ' L. FISHER

Assistant Editor Assistant Editor Chief of Illustrations Division

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

CHARLES T. BELL

President American Security and Trust Company

JOHN JOY EDSON

Chairman of the Board, Wash- ington Loan & Trust Company

DAVID FAIRCHILD

In Charge of Agricultural Ex- plorations, U. S. Department of Agriculture

C. HART MERRIAM

Member National Academy of Sciences

O. P. AUSTIN

Statistician GEORGE R. PUTNAM

Commissioner U. S. Bureau of Lighthouses

GEORGE SHIRAS, 30

Formerly Member U. S. Con- gress.'Faunal Naturalist, and Wild-game Photographer

GRANT SQUIRES

Military Intelligence Division, General Staff, New York

T. L. MACDONALD M. D., F. A. C. S.

3. N. D. NORTH

Formerly Director U. S. Bureau

JOHN OLIVER LA GORGE, Associate Editor National Geo- graphic Magazine.

ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL Inventor of the telephone

J. HOWARD GORE Prof. Emeritus Mathematics, The George Washington University

A. W. GREELY

Arctic Explorer, Major General U. S. Army

GILBERT GROSVENOR

Editor of National Geographic Magazine

ROBT. E. PEARY (Died Feb. 20) Discoverer of the North Pole, Rear Admiral, U. S. Navy

GEORGE OTIS SMITH

Director of U. S. Geological Survey

O. II. TITTMANN Formerly Superintendent of U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey

HENRY WHITE

Member American Peace Com- mission, and Recently U. S. Ambassador to France, Italy, etc.

ORGANIZED FOR "THE INCREASE AND DIFFUSION OF GEOGRAPHIC KNOWLEDGE"

To carry out the purpose for which it was founded thirty-three years ago, the National Geographic So- ciety publishes this Magazine. All receipts from the publication are invested in the Magazine itselt or ex- pended directly to promote geographic knowledge and the study of geography. Articles or photographs from members of the Society, or other friends, are desired. For material that the Magazine can use, gener- ous remuneration is made. Contributions should be accompanied by an addressed return envelop and post- age, and be addressed: Editor, National Geographic Magazine, i6th and M Streets, Washington, D. C.

Important contributions to geographic science are constantly being made thiough expeditions financed by funds set aside from the Society's income. For example, immediately after the terrific eruption of the world's largest crater, Mt. Katmai, in Alaska, a National Geographic Society expedition was sent to make observations of this remarkable phenomenon. So important was the completion of this work considered that four expeditions have followed and the extraordinary scientific data resultant given to the world. In this vicinity an eighth wonder of the world was discovered and explored — "The Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes." a vast area of steaming, spouting fissures, evidently formed by nature as a huge safety-valve for erupting Katmai. By proclamation of the President of the United States, this area has been created a National Monument. The Society organized and supported a large party, which made a three-year study of Alaskan glacial fields, the most remarkable in existence. At an expense of over $50,000 it has sent a notable series of expeditions into Peru to investigate the traces of the Inca race. The discoveries of these expeditions form a large share of the world's knowledge of a civilization which was waning when Pizarro first set foot in Peru. Trained geologists were sent to Mt. Pelee, La Soufriere, and Messina following the eruptions and earthquakes. The Society also had the honor of subscribing a substantial sum to the historic expedition of Admiral Peary, who discovered the North Pole April 6, 1909. Not long ago the Society granted $.?o.ooo to the Federal Government when the congressional appropriation for the purchase was insufficient, and the finest of the giant sequoia trees of California were thereby saved for the American people and incorporated into a National Park.

Copyright, 1921, by National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C. All rights reserved.

CONTENTS

PAGE

Along Our Side of the Mexican Border. By FREDERICK SIMPICH 61

American Birds of Prey — A Review of Their Value , 460

Antioch the Glorious. By WILLIAM H. HALL 81

Channel Islands, The: Bits of France Picked up by England, Whose History is Linked

With That of America. By EDITH CAREY 142

Charm of Cape Breton Island: The Most Picturesque Portion of Canada's Maritime Provinces — A Land Rich in Historic Associations, Natural Resources, and Geo- graphic Appeal. By CATHERINE DUNLOP MACKENZIE 34

China. Color insert. XVI plates 375

Cuba — The Sugar Mill of the Antilles. By WILLIAM JOSEPH SHOWALTER i

Eden of the Flowery Republic, The. By DR. JOSEPH BEECH 355

Facial Expressions. Black and White insert. XVI plates 285

Falconry. Color insert. XII plates 441

Falconry, the Sport of Kings : Once the Means of Supplying Man's Necessities, It Has Survived the Centuries as One of the Most Romantic Pastimes of History. By

Louis AGASSIZ FUERTES 429

Glimpses of Siberia, The Russian "Wild East." By CODY MARSH 512

Haiti and Its Regeneration by the United States 497

Haiti, the Home of Twin Republics. By SIR HARRY JOHNSTON 483

Human Emotion Recorded by Photography. By RALPH A. GRAVES 284

Kaieteur and Roraima, the Great Falls and the Great Mountain of the Guianas. By

HENRY EDWARD CRAMPTON 227

Little-Known Marvel of the Western Hemisphere, A : Christophe's Citadel, A Monu- ment to the Tyranny and Genius of Haiti's King of Slaves. By MAJOR G. H.

OSTERHOUT, JR., U. S. M. C 468

Making of a Japanese Newspaper, The. By DR. THOMAS E. GREEN 327

"Man in the Street" in China, The: Some Characteristics of the Greatest Undeveloped

Market in the World of Today. By GUY MAGEE, JR 406

Nepal : A Little-Known Kingdom. By JOHN CLAUDE WHITE 245

Niagaras of Five Continents, The. Duotone insert. XVI plates 211

Origin of American State Names, The. By FREDERICK W. LAWRENCE 104

Peking, the City of the Unexpected. By JAMES ARTHUR MULLER 335

Rio de Janeiro, in the Land of Lure. By HARRIET CHALMERS ADAMS 165

Shifting Scenes on the Stage of New China 423

Tahiti : A Playground of Nature. By PAUL GOODING 301

World's Ancient Porcelain Center, The. By FRANK B. LENZ 3Qi

WASHINGTON, D. C.

PRESS 01- JUDD & DETWEILER, INC.

IQ20

INDEX FOR VOL. XXXVIII (JULY-DECEMBER), 1920

AN ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED INDEX. ENTRIES IN CAPITALS REFER TO ARTICLES AND INSERTS

'A"

Page

Aborigines, Haiti, West Indies 483

Aborigines, Santo Domingo, West Indies 488

Academy of Bellas Artes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

ill. 187; text 195

Accipiters (Hawks) 431, 461

Achimatipu, Brazil 237

Ackawoi tribe, British Guiana 233

Acrobats, China ill. 410; text 416-417

Adams, Harriet Chalmers. Rio de Janeiro, In

the Land of Lure 165

^gean Sea 83

Aerial Experiment Association 50

Aerial ropeway, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill. 183;

text 182, 184, 210

Aerial views, Miami, Fla ill. 115

Aerial views, New York, N. Y ill. 106-107

Aerial views, Philadelphia, Pa ill. 109

Aerial views, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill. 184

Aeroplane flight from Stamford, Conn., to

Mineola, L. I ..ill. 11-5

Msop: Wolf! Wolf! 351

Africa (duotone insert) Plate I, IV, 211-226; text 143, 171, 175, 227, 429; (color insert) Plate IX, XI,

441-456, 499 African affinity, An (black and white insert)

Plate XIII, 285-300; text 284

Agriculture, China 420

Agriculture, Nepal, Asia 283

Agriculture, Siberia 512, 521,533

Agriculture, Sze-chuan, China 364, 369, 371

Agua, Prieta, Mexico 67, 71, 80

Ah-hee-oo-ba: Meaning of name 129

Ajo, Mexico 75

Alabama: Origin and meaning of name 125, 129

Alaska text 5, 33; (black and white insert)

Plate XII, 211-226

Albuquerque, N. Mex 1 1 1

Alderney, Channel Islands, English Channel, .ill. 145; text 143, 154, 161, 163

Aleppo, Syria 81, 83, 88, 90, 92

Alexander the Great: Reference to 423

Alexandretta, Syria 81, 89-90

Alexandria, Egypt 103

Alexis, Nord : Reference to 496

Algerian falconer, Biskra, North Af rica . . . . text ;

(black and white insert) Plate XI, 441-456

Ali Baba : Forty Thieves 401

Allied expeditions, Siberia 525,531

Allied High Command: Presentation of a Cape

Breton Highlander to the 40

ALONG OUR SIDE OF THE MEXICAN

BORDER. BY FREDERICK SIMPICH 61

Alps, Sze-chuan, China 363

Altar of Heaven, Temple of Heaven, Peking,

Cbina ill. 348

Altar utensils, Talung Monastery, Sikkim, Asia

ill. 255

Alves Branco, President Manoel: Mention of 190

Amador, Rafael: Journey from Mexico City to

Monterey 73

Amatuk, British Guiana 230

Amazon River 238, 241

AMERICAN BIRDS OF PREY— A REVIEW

OF THEIR VALUE 460

American Museum of Natural History, Dept. of

Invertebrate Zoology 227

American Protestant Episcopal Church, Ching-

teh-chen, China 399

American Revolution 37

American State Names, The Origin of. By

Frederick W. Lawrence 1 04

Andes 227, 231

Andrada e Silva, Jose Bonifacio de: Reference to 201

Andrade, Gomes Freire de: Reference to 191

Andros, Sir Edmund: Reference to 151, 154

Andros, Thomas: Mention of 151

Anfu Club, China 426-428

Page

Angara River, Siberia 528

Anglo-French Punitive Expedition of 1860 353

Angus McAskill, see McAskill, Angus.

Angus the Ox: Story of 60

An£we!' Pin.a • • • • 393, 399, 4<>5

Anhwei Province, China 426

Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, Canada: Fruit

growing 53

Annisquam, Mass.: Breast-works of sand ill. 130

Anselmo: Mention of m

Antarctic circles 43 1

Ant-bears (Myrmecophago jubatd) British Guiana

ill. 244; text 241

Antigonia, Syria 84-85

Antilla, Cuba 11

Antilles 227

Antilles: Cuba— The Sugar Mill of the. By

William Joseph Showalter i

Antilles, Greater, West Indies 497

Antilles, Lesser, West Indies 227

Antinous : Reference to 367

Antioch, Syria: Plan of 88-89

Antioch, Syria: Size of 93

ANTIOCH THE GLORIOUS. BY WILLIAM

H. HALL 81

Antiochus Epiphanes, see Antiochus IV.

Antiochus I: Reference to 88

Antiochus III: Reference to 89, 102

Antiochus IV: Reference to 85, 89, 99, 102-103

Aorai, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean 302

Apache Indians 69, 71, 74

Apache Indians, Arizona 1 29

Apache Indians, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 185, 191

"Apache Kid": Chiricahuas led by the 69

Apalachicola, ^ Fla 119

Apamea, Syria 84

Apollo: Reference to 85, 91, 93, 99-100

Apollo, Temple of, Daphne, Syria 99

Arabian Nights 401, 478

Arabs setting out falcons to course gazelles (color

insert) Plate VIII, 441-456

Architecture, China 263

Architecture, Egypt 254

Architecture, Nepal, Asia ill. 246, 250, 254, 258,

260-262, 264, 269, 277, 281-282; text 251, 263

Architecture, Peking, China 337, 34*. 35*

Architecture, Russian 533

Archeology, Channel Islands, English Channel

ill. 150, 152-153; text 143, M7 Archway, Sark, Channel Islands, English Channel

ill. 146

Arctic 431

Arecunas, British Guiana ill. 240; text 241, 243

Argentina text 33, 199-200; (duotone insert)

Plate III, 21 T, 226

Arizona ..ill. 140; text 61, 63, 74-75, 77, 80, TIT, 129 Arizona: Origin and meaning of the name.. 133, 140-

141

Arizona Kicker (Newspaper) 71

Arkansas: Origin and meaning of the name.. 132, 139

Army, China 426-427

Army, Nepal, Asia 283

Art, Nepal, Asia ill. 246, 248, 250, 255, 258, 260.

269,275,281-282; text 263, 271-272, 280

Art Institute, Chicago, 111 ill. 136

Artibonite River, Haiti, West Indies 485

Artistry of the Border States, Asia.. ill. 278; text 272

Artists, Channel Islands, English Channel 155

Artists, Ching-teh-chen, China: Decorative ill. 398

Asia 171, 368; text (black and white insert)

Plate XI, 441-456

Asia Minor 83, 102

Asia: Nepal, A Little- Known Kingdom. By John

Claude White 245

Aspy Bay, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada ill. 57

Assam, Asia 245, 280

Assuan Dam, Nile River, Egypt 65

Astronomical instruments, Peking, China ill. 346

VI

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

Page Atlantic City, N. J.: Boardwalk ............. ill. no

Atlantic Ocean ............................... 5

Asturias, Spain .............................. *9

Augustc, Tancrede: Reference to ............... 503

Aura, Agua, Meaning of name ................. 119

Australia ............................. 33, '43, 301

Austringer (A user of goshawks and sparrow-

hawks) .................................. 433

Automobiles, Havana, Cuba: Ford ............. 15-16

Automobiles, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ... 193, 205, 210

Automobiles, Siberia ... ill. 523, 529; text 521, 525 Avenida Atlantica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .. 168, 172,

176, 1 80, 191 Avenida Central, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, see

Avenida Rio Brancp, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Avenida Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ---- ill. 172,

208

Avenida Rio Branco, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.. ill. 187,

190, 192-193; text 205

Aztecs " ....................................... 133

Babel ........................................ 246

Babylonia Mountain, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ..... 191

Bab-El-Hadid, Antioch, Syria ................ ill. 88

Babies, Havana, Cuba: Repository for .......... 33

Baddeck Bay, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada .......................... ill. 36 ; text 50

Baddeck, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada

ill. 36; text 47, 53 Baddeck River, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada .................................... 53

Bagdad, Mesopotamia . ...................... 65, 81

Bagdad Railway ............................ 81, 90

Bahama Islands: Map of Cuba and.... ill. (map) 4

Bahama Islands, West Indies: Turkey-buzzards.. 492 Bahia, Brazil ............................. 185, 191

Baghmutti River, Nepal, Asia.. ill. 257, 264; text 259,

274, 283 Baghmutti Valley, Nepal, Asia ................. 245

"Back of Man," China ............. ill. 360; text 369

Halajee, Nepal, Asia: Water garden of ...... ill. 265;

text 259, 262 Baldwin, F. W. : Aerial experiments ............ 50

Baldwin, F. W. : Hydrodrome boats ............ 50

Bamboo cable, China ........................ ill. 356

Bamboo, China ...... (color insert) Plate W, 375-390

Bandits, Haiti, West Indies. .. .ill. 500; text 499-501,

503, 505-507 Banning, Calif ................................ 77

Bantor tribe, Nepal, Asia ...................... 249

Barao de Petropolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ...... 201

Barnabas, Apostle : Mention of . .............. 83, 95

Barnegat Beach, N. J .......................... 5

Barra Island, Scotland: Descendants of ........ 40

Barracks, Vladivostok, Siberia .............. 514,525

Bartlett, John: Mention of ..................... 73

Baseball, Japan ................... ill. 333; text 329

Baskets, British Guiana: Native .............. ill. 231

Basque Provinces, Spain: Fishermen of ......... 34

Battery Park, New York: Airplane view of... ill. 106 Battle of Ipsus ................................ 83

Bay of Alexandretta, Syria .................. ill. 90

Bay of Fundy, Canada ........................ 60

Bay of Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.. 165, 182,

185 Bay of Neiba, Santo Domingo, West Indies ..... 485

Bay of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil .................. 185

Bazaars, Peking, China .................... 349, 407

Beaches, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ............. ill, 176;

text 168, 174, 191

Beacon towers near Peking, China: Legend of the 351 Beale, Lieut. Edward P.: Camels used in trans-

portation work ............................ 65, 73

Beauvoir, Peter de: Mention of ................ 149

Beech, Dr. Joseph. The Eden of the Flowery

Republic ................................... 355

Beinn Bhreagh, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada .................... ill. 36; text 47, 49-So

Beinn Bhreagh Laboratory, Cape Breton Island,

Nova Scotia, Canada .................... 47, 49-50

Beira Mar Drive, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ..... ill. 177,

187; text 175, 1 80 Beirut, Syria ................................ 374

Belgium ..................................... 105

Bell, Dr. Alexander Graham.. ill. 41, 45, 59; text 38,

4i, 43-45, 47. 49-50

Page

Bell, Dr. Alexander Graham: Hydrodrome boats

ill. 47-49; text 50

Bell, Dr. Alexander Graham: Laboratories of.. 47. 50 Bell, Dr. Alexander Graham: President of the

National Geographic Society 47

Bell, Mrs. Mabel Gardiner: Aerial Experiment

Association financed by 5°

Bell, Mrs. Mabel Gardiner: Photograph of ill. 41

Belle Isle, Strait of, Newfoundland 60

Beirut, Syria: Harbor of ill. 92

Ben Hur: Reference to 81, 83

Benares, British India 259

Senegal, British India 24, 279

Benoit: Reference to 509

Berlin, Germany: Japanese newspaper correspond- ents 334

Bert: Treatise of Hawks and Hawking 433

Bewit (A light strap) ill. 430

Bhatgaon, Nepal, Asia ill. 250, 260, 282; text 255,

368, 271, 283

Bhutan, Asia 245, 263, 272, 278, 280

Bichiakoh, Nepal, Asia 247

"Big Mins" with gas mask (black and white

insert) Plate IX, 285-300

"Bigger than a Wuxtry!" (black and white

insert) Plate VIII, 285-300

Bill-posters, China ill. 4*9

Billumbiques, or Fiat money 80

Bim Sens Tower, Nepal, Asia 251

Bimphidi, Nepal, Asia 247

Birds, Brazil 170,173

Birds, Haiti, West Indies 487, 491-492

Birds, Jamaica, West Indies 487

Birds, Mexican border 75

Birds of Prey, American— A Review of Their

Value 460

Birds, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 173

Birdwood, Sir George: Quotation from 251

Bisbee, Ariz 69, 71

Biskra, Africa: Algerian falconer (black and

white insert) Plate XI, 441-456

Black, John: Reference to 327

"Black Lady" (Falcon) 440

Black River, Syria 88

Blackbirds., .(color insert) Plate X, 441-456; text 460

Blacksmiths, China ill. 418

Black Sea 251

Blampied: Mention of 155

"Blanche" (Sparrow-hawk) 440

"Blimp Route" between Miami, Fla., and Havana,

Cuba ii

Block, Adrian: Rhode Island named by 106

Blocks and perches for weathering hawks ill. 437

Blue Grass State, see Kentucky.

Blue Mountains, Jamaica, West Indies 485

Boardwalk, Atlantic City, N. J ill. no

Boat dwellers, Canton, China (color insert)

Plate VI, 375-390

Boats, China ill. 351, 356-359, 394; text 393, 396

Bobadella, Count Francisco de: Carioca Aque- duct 189

Bobo, Dr.: Reference to 503, 506-507

"Bois-le-duc" (Falcon) 440, 457

"Boke of St. Albans": Species of hawks 433

Bolsheviks, Vladivostok, Siberia ill. 522, 524

Bolshevism, Russia 513, 535-536

Bolshevism, Siberia 520, 522, 532, 535

Bombay, India i

Bonnet a L'fiveque, Haiti, West Indies 469, 472-

473, 482

Book of Common Prayer 148

Book of the Maccabees 103

Boone, Daniel: Reference to 129

Boots of Angus McAskill ill. 55

Bordeaux Harbor, Guernsey, Channel Islands,

English Channel ill. 144

Borderland Highway 71

Borgne, Haiti, West Indies 481

Bosque Redondo 74

Boston, Mass 6, 347

Botafogo Beach, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. . .ill. 177-181;

text 169-170, 191 Botanical Gardens, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .. .194-195

Boucaniers, Haiti, West Indies 483

Bougainville, Louis Antoine de: Reference to 301, 303 Boulder Glacier, Mount Baker, Wash.: Crossing

ill. 121

INDEX FOR VOLUME XXXVIII, 1920

VII

Page Bouleceet Harbor, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia,

Canada: Behind the bar ill. 54

Bow-net used in trapping hawks . . (black and white

insert) Plate XIV, 441-456; text 434, 436

Boxer indemnity, China 353

Boxer Uprising, China 423

"Boy General," see Gaida.

Boynton, Sir Henry: Red Queen 459

Brahmans, Nepal, Asia 249, 269

Brahmaputra Valley, Nepal, Asia 263

Brail (A slit strap for hawks) ill. 430

Brancher (Hawk) 433

Branco River, Brazil 241

Bras d' Or Lakes, Cape Breton Island, Nova

Scotia, Canada ill. 36, 44, 54; text 46, 49-50,

52-53

Brazil (duotone insert) Plate III, 211-226;

text 227, 237 Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, In the Land of Lure. By

Harriet Chalmers Adams 165

Bread lines, Vladivostok, Siberia ill. 520

Bread men, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 175

Breadfruit trees, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 171

Brewster, Texas 65

Bridal Veil Falls, Yosemite National Park, Calif.

(duotone insert) Plate VII, 211-226 Bridge over the Sungari at Harbin, Manchuria

ill. 528

Bridge, Wan-Hsien, Sze-chuan, China (color

insert) Plate VIII, 375-39O Bridge west of Chung-king, China: Covered

(color insert) Plate XIV, 375'39O

Bridges, Sze-chuan, China: Bamboo cable ill. 372

British Columbia, Canada: Emperor Falls (duo- tone insert) Plate XII, 211-226 British Guiana: Kaieteur and Roraima. By

Henry Edward Crampton 227

British Guiana: Kaieteur Falls. . (duotone insert)

Plate XIII, 211-226

British Guiana: Map of, showing the territory traversed by the Kaieteur and Roraima Expedi- tion ill. (map) 229

British Resident, Nepal, Asia 245

British West India Fleet 37

Brittany, France: Merriment in., (black and white

insert) Plate XIV, 285-300

Bromeliads, British Guiana 232

Broom-seller, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill. 199

Brussels, Belgium i

"Buccaneer" (Falcon) 44<>

Buccaneers 499

Buckeye State, see Ohio.

Buddhas, Lama Temple, Peking, China 347

Buddhism, Nepal, Asia 251, 259, 263, 269-270

Buddhist stupa of Bodhnath, Nepal, Asia 262-263

Buenos Aires, Argentina i93» 205

Buitenzorg, Java, Dutch East Indies: Botanical

Garden '95

Bullocks, Haiti, West Indies 485

Buriats, Siberia ill. 5'7

Burke, Sir Edmund: Reference to 154

Burma, British India '. 249

Bustard with falcons, Northern Africa: Hunting

(color insert) Plate IX, 441-456

Bustards, India: Houbara 439

Butcher-birds, see Shrikes.

"Butcherboy" (Tiercel) *. 44°

Butterflies, Brazil ...165, 173

Butterfly catcher, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: An old 165

"C" .

Cabarets, Vladivostok, Siberia 53 1

Cabot, John: Voyages of 34

Cabot, Sebastian: Reference to cod found in Cape

Breton Island 47

Cabral, Pedro Alvares: Painting of *75

Cabral, Pedro Alvares: Reference to 175

Caco bands, Haiti, West Indies. .500-501, 504-507. 509

Cactus, Mexico 70, 72, 75-76

Caesar, Julius: Reference to 9*

Cake-sellers, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Dl. 207

Calexico, Calif 63, 77, 79-8o

California ill. 112, 119, 123-124; (duotone

insert) Plate VI-VII, 211-226; text 61, 69, 7'. 73.

175, 397 "Calumet and Arizona" smelter, Arizona 69

Page

Calvin : Five points of 40

Calvinism, Channel Islands, English Channel 148

Camagiiey, Cuba 1 1

Camaguey Province, Cuba 21

Camel transportation, Mexican border 65, 73

Camel-back Bridge, Summer Palace near Peking,

China ill. 344

Camels, Peking, China ill. 340, 342; text 335, 337

Cameron, J. A. H.: Colonel from Wyoming 60

Caminha, Pedro Vaz de: Reference to 175

Camoes, Luiz Vaz de: Os Lusiadas 195

Camp Duquesne, Arizona 71

Camp Verde, Texas: Arab khan 65

Campo, Calif 77

Campo Santo, Genoa, Italy 67

Camps, Kaieteur Falls, British Guiana ill. 239;

text 232-233

Canada U3

Canada, British Columbia: Emperor Falls., (duo- tone insert) Plate XII, 211-226 Canada: Charm of Cape Breton Island. By

Catherine Dunlop Mackenzie 34

Canada: Soldier's participation in World War.. 40, 42

Cananea Consolidated Mines 71

Cannibalism, Haiti, West Indies 500, 503

Canso, Strait of, Cape Breton Island, Nova

Scotia, Canada 52

Canton, China (color insert) Plate VI, 375-39OJ

text 336, 391, 418, 425, 428 Cap Franchise, see Cape Haitian, Haiti, West

Indies.

Cap Henri, see Cape Haitien, Haiti, West Indies. Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada: Dis- covery of 34

Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada: History

of 34-35, 37, 39-40, 42

Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada: Map

ill. (map) 35 Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada: Size

of 34

Cape Breton Island, The Charm of. By Catherine

Dunlop Mackenzie 34

Cape Haitien, Haiti, West Indies.. ill. 4945 text 469- 472, 479-482, 499, 510

Cape Maisi, Cuba 5. Io

Cape North, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada ill- 57; text 47, 55, 58

Cape San Antonio, Cuba 5, ™

Cape-to-Cairo line.. text (duotone insert), Plate I,

211-226

Carey, Edith. Channel Islands, The 142

Carev Peter: Letter from Sir Thomas Leighton

151, 154

Carey, Peter: Mention of *49

Caribbean Sea 5, 12,31

Caribs, British Guiana ill. 232 ; text 233

Carioca Aqueduct, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill. 188-

189; text 170, 191

Carioca Square, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 170

Carnegie, Andrew: Cited .• 46

Carriers, China ill. 360; text 368-369

Carson, Kit: Mention of 73'74

Carteret, Amias de: Mention of *49

Carteret, Elizabeth de: Mention of 15*

Carteret, Sir George: Reference to..io6, no, 149, 151

Carts, Peking, China ill. 343, 354 J text 335, 337

Carts, Zuni Mountains, New Mexico: Lumber

Carvings, Tantric '.•••••,; 26z

Cascade of Dianzundu, Lucalla River, Portuguese

West Africa (duotone insert) Plate IV, 211-226

Cascades between Preslang and Tannin, India

(duotone insert) Plate VIII, 211-226

CasquTt rocks, 'channerisiaAd;; English' Channel **'

Cassava ceremony of hospitality, British Guiana

237, 243

Cassavas, British Guiana: Baking ill. 234

Castes, Nepal, Asia ....249, 251

Castle Church, Guernsey, Channel Islands, Eng- lish Channel • • •• vr ••• • • • • • • X5°

Castle Cornet, Guernsey, Channel Islands, Eng-

Castle Hill, Rio de"janeiro,"Brazil ill. I^19|;

Cat owls, see Owls, Great horned.

Catacombs, Rome, Italy &7

vni

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

Page

Cathay *Sl

Cathedral, Port au Prince, Haiti, West Indies ^

Catholic Church, Ching-teh-chen, China 399

Catiorac, Guernsey, Channel Islands, English

Channel *43

Cats as destroyers of birds and chickens 461

Cattle, Australia 33

Cattle, Channel Islands, English Channel 154

Cattle, Cuba 33

Cattle, Haiti. West Indies 492

Cattle. Mexican border 74

Caverns, Lake Enriquillo, Santo Domingo, West

Indies: Paintings on walls of 488

Caves, Jersey, Channel Islands, English Channel:

Mousterien ill. 152; text 143

Cayenne, French Guiana: Botanical Garden 171

Ceiba trees. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 195

Cemeteries, Chung-king, China ill. 362

Cemeteries. Mexico ill. 67

Centenary, Brazil 203

Central America: Resources 12

Centro Asturiano, Havana, Cuba 19

Centre Gallego, Havana. Cuba 19

Cervera Y Topete, Admiral Pascual: Spanish- American War 5-6

Chamber of Commerce, Ching-teh-chen, China 399, 405 Champ de Mars, Port au Prince, Haiti, West

Indies 496

Champlain, Samuel de: Vermont named for in

Chandragiri Pass, Nepal, Asia 247

Chang: Reference to 367

Chang Hsun: Reference to 424

Chang-nan-chen, see Ching-teh-chen, China.

Chang Tso-lin : Reference to 428

Changing Chinese. By Prof. Edward A. Ross 367

Changsha, China 391

Changu-Narain Temple, Nepal, Asia ill. 258;

text 254, 259 Channel Islands, Map of, showing geographical

relation to France and England ill. 151

CHANNEL ISLANDS, THE: BITS OF FRANCE PICKED UP BY ENGLAND, WHOSE HISTORY IS LINKED WITH THAT OF AMERICA. BY EDITH CAREY 142

Character studies (black and white insert)

Plate I, 285-300; text 284

Charlemagne's Rebellion, Haiti, West Indies 509

Charles I of England: Mention of 109, in, 149

Charles II of England: Reference to 104, 106-107,

in, 149, 151

Charles III of France: Reference to 147

Charles IX of France: Mention of 109

Charles the Simple of France, see Charles III of

France. Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier de: Cape

Breton Island fisheries 47

CHARM OF CAPE BRETON ISLAND: THE MOST PICTURESQUE PORTION OF CANADA'S MARITIME PROVINCES— A LAND RICH IN HISTORIC ASSOCIA- TIONS, NATURAL RESOURCES, AND GEOGRAPTTIC APPEAL. BY CATHERINE

DUNLOP MACKENZIE 34

Chart giving the falconers' names for the parts

of a hawk ill. 432

Chateau des Marais, Guernsey, Channel Islands,

English Channel 147

Chattahoochee, Fla 119

Chenapowu, British Guiana 235, 237

Cheng-tu, China 98, 363, 368-369, 374

Cheng-tu Plain, China... ill. 364; text 369-371, 373-374

Cheng-tu Railway, China 365

Cheops, Pyramid of i

Cheticamp, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada: Trout pool near ill. 56

C'hi Men, China 399

Chicago, 111 ill. 136; text i, 6, 335, 521

Chicken and duck seller, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

ill. 206

Chicken coops, Havana city jail, Cuba ill. 6

Chief David, British Guiana 244

Chihli Province, China 427

Chihuahua, Mexico 64,67

Children (black and white insert) Plate VI,

285-300

Children, China... ill. 373, 409-411, (color insert) Plates II, VII, XI, 375-390; text 349, 407, 415-417

Page

Children, British Guiana ill. 231, 233

Children, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 204-205, 207

Children, Siberia ill. 520, 529, 532, 534, 536

Children, Sze-chuan, China ill. 373

Children, Sweden. . (black and white insert) Plate

II, 285-300; text 284

Chile 200

Chimepir Creek, British Guiana 257

Chin Hwa College, Peking, China 345, 353

Chin Kiang, China 4'3

CHINA Color insert XVI Plates, 375-390

China 263, 327, 429

China: Eden of the Flowery Republic, The. By

Dr. Joseph Beech 355

China Inland Mission 399

China: "Man in the Street" in China. By Guy

Magee, Jr 406

China: Peking, The City of the Unexpected. By

Tames Arthur Muller 335

China: Shifting Scenes on the Stage of New

China 423

China, West 367

China: World's Ancient Porcelain Center, The.

By Frank B. Lenz 391

Chinese boys picking up ideographic types, Japan

ill. 33i

Chinese, Characteristics of 410-41 1

Chinese Christian Colleges .•• 374

Chirese Embassy, Khatmandu, Nepal, Asia ill. 253

Chinese, Mexican border 61

Chinese: Objection to being photographed ill. 417;

text 410

Chinese, Variations of type 407-410

Chinese View, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill. 174

Ching Dynasty 4O4

Ching-teh-chen, China: The World's Ancient Por- celain Center. By Frank B. Lenz 391

Chitlong, Nepal, Asia 245, 247

Chiu Tsung, Emperor: Reference to.... 404

Chosroes : Invasion of Antioch 103

Chonart, Medard: Reference to I51

Christophe, Henri 469-473, 475, 479, 481-482, 499

Christophe, Henri: Death of 481-482

Christophe, Henri: Tomb of ill. 480

Christophe's Citadel, a Monument to the Tyranny and Genius of Haiti's King of Slaves. By

Major G. H. Osterhout, Jr., U. S. M. C 468

Chunder Shumsheer Jung Rana Bahadur, General 283 Chung-king, China.. ill. 362; (color insert) Plate XVI, 375-390; text 361, 363, 365, 37n (color

insert) Plate XIV, 375-390 Church of Sao Sebastiao, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

185, 191

Church of Simeon Stylites: Ruins of the ill. 96

Churches, Haiti, West Indies 49*

Churches, Siberia 521, 535

Cibao Mountains, West Indies 483, 485

Cider Mill, Guernsey, Channel Islands, English

Channel »U- '58

Cienfuegos, Cuba "

Cigars, Cuba: Production of 33

Cincinnati, Ohio *35

Citadel, Haiti, Christophe's ill. 468, 470-473;

text 469-473, 475, 479

Civil War, United States 74

Civil War, United States: Cape Bretoner's par- ticipation in 4°

Clameur de Haro, Channel Islands, English

Channel 147-148

Clark, General George Rogers: Origin of the name

of Kentucky 129

Clark, William: Mention of 14*

Clay bricks, China ill. 394-395

Clay, Ching-teh-chen, China: Porcelain ill. 396;

text 399, 401-402, 406

Clerks' Club, Havana, Cuba 19

Climate, Arizona 74

Climate, Haiti, West Indies 469, 483, 488

Climate, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 209

Climate, Siberia 5'3

Clubs, Cuba *9

Coahuila Indians, Mexican border 77

Coahuila, Mexico • • $3

Coal, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada

42, 46

Coal, Sydney, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada 4*. 46

INDEX FOR VOLUME XXXVIII, 1920

IX

Cobras, Isla das, Bay of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Cochin, China 4j£ ^

Cochise, Ariz ' %r

Cock-fighting, Cuba V "g 17

Cock-fighting, Haiti, West Indies '.' "hi '484

Coconuts, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean

ill. 305; text 313

Cocopah Indians, Mexican border 77

Codfish, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada: Drying ill, 5g

Coelho, Goncalo: Reference to 185

Coffins, Canton, China 4x8

Coins of Antioch, Syria ill. 85; text 88, 99

Colombier, Samares Manor, Jersey, Channel

Islands, English Channel: Interior of a.... ill 159

Colorado ' ^

Colorado Desert, Calif ?2

Colorado: Garden of the Gods, Colorado Springs 116 Colorado: Origin and meaning of name..m, 113, 119

Colorado River 73-74, 77, 79

Colorado Springs, Colo.: Garden of the G'ods '

ill. 116

Columbia River ill. I22j i2$

Columbus, Christopher: Comment upon Cuba....' i Columbus, Christopher: Discovery of Haiti, West

Indies 469, 483, 497, 499

Columbus, Christopher: Mention of 141

Columbus, Christopher: Remains of 175, 185

Columbus, Christopher: Voyages of.. 34

Columbus, N. Mex 67, 69, 79

"Comet" (Falcon) 440

Commerce, China 413, 421

Commercial School, Vladivostok, Siberia .' 525

Compositors, Japan: Chinese ill. 331; text 334

Concerts, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean.. 319

Confucius Temple, Peking, China 347-348

Connecticut 249

Connecticut: Origin and meaning of the name

Constantinople 81, 90, 374

Conquistadores . . ? 497

Cook, James: Reference to 301

Coolies, California 175

Coolies, China (color insert) Plates IV, IX,

XIII, 375-390; ill. 412; text 413, 425

Copacabana Beach, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill.

176, 191

"Copper Queen" smelter, Arizona 69

Copra, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean

ill. 313; text 303, 305

Corcovado Mountain, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 191,

209-210

Corn bazaar, Kiakhta, Siberia ill. 5 1 7

Cortes, Hernando: Reference to 112, 119, 499

Cormorants, China : Trained 363

Corpus Christi, Texas 1 1 r

Cosmetics, Peking, China 345

Costumes, Haiti, West Indies 490

Costumes, Nepal, Asia ill. 252, 279; text 246-248

Costumes, Peking, China 344-345,349

Costumes, Siberia 533, 535

Costumes, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean

ill. 302, 306, 312, 316, 320, 324; text 311, 324

Cotinga River, Brazil 238-239, 241

Cotton trees, Nepal, Asia 247

Coupee, Sark, Channel Islands, English Channel

ill. 162

Couriers, Syria: Native ill. 87

Court of Fief Beuval, Guernsey, Channel Islands,

English Channel ill. 157

Courtyards, Peking, China 341

Crabbe, Jersey, Channel Islands, English Channel:

Gorge ill. 161

Crampton, Henry Edward. Kaieteur and Roraima 227 Creux des fees, Guernsey, Channel Islands, Eng- lish Channel 143

Crimean War 46

Crook, George: Apache Indians 74

Crusaders : Capture of Antioch 103

Crusaders: Knowledge of falconry 429

Cruz, Dr. Oswaldo: Reference to 202, 209

Ctesiphon, Mesopotamia 103

Cuba 492, 496-497

Cuba: Area of 5

Cuba Before the World: Sugar-cane production,

Cuba 23

Cuba : Department of Agriculture 23

Cuba: Map of Bahama Islands and.... ill. (map) 4

Cuba: Provinces ' *

Cuba: Scenery 9' "

Cuba: Sugar-cane fields of.., ' TT;

CUBA— THE SUGAR MILL OF THE'AN-

WA£TER .BY..WILUAM JOSEPHSHO-

Cuban National Tourist "Association.'.'.' .'.'.'.'7 i\

Cul de Sac, West Indies... Al

Culloden Moor, Scotland '.'.'.'.'. .' ! !

Curtiss, Glenn H.: Scientific American trophy

won by v y

Curvello Hill, Rio de Janeiro,"Brazii! .'

Customs, China

Customs collectors, Mexican border..' " 70

Customs districts, Mexican border '.'.'." 7g

Customs officers, Santo Domingo, West Indies' 487-488 Cygent No. i (Tetrahedral kite) ... .ill. 44; text 49^0 Cypress trees, St. Francis River, Ark.: Bald.. ill 139 Czechoslovakia -*

Daghestan, Russian Caucasus: Hawking text

(color insert) Plate VI, 441-456

Daiquiri, Cuba ™,

Dalny, Manchuria

Damascus, Syria 02

Dancing, Haiti, West Indies .Y.Y.Yitt 482

Dancing, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean

T-, j- XT *H- 302; text 307, 323

Dandis, Nepal, Asia 2.i

Danuar tribe, Nepal, Asia !!!!!! 249

Daphne, A nymph: Reference to ......00-100

Daphne Gate, Antioch, Syria 80 01

Daphne, Syria ,..8Q 0, QQ'TOO

Dardanelles, Turkey in Europe .521

Dartiguenave: Photograph of ill* 403

Dartiguenave: Reference to 498 505-506

Dauphin's Gate, Louisburg, Cape Breton Island,

Nova Scotia, Canada: Remains of ™

Davis, President Jefferson: Referred to 65

Da>abung, Asia 2,~

Declaration of Independence ' 277

Declaration of Paris, 1856 i54

Deer, British Guiana in 2^2

Delai Lama: Reference to 272

Delaware e JQ

Delaware, Lord, see West, Baron Thomas.'

Delaware: Origin and meaning of the name 107

Delaware River, Del 107

Delawarr, Lord, see West, Baron Thomas.

Delhi Durbar 281

Delphi, Greece [ 9l

Del Rio, Texas 65, 71

Demerara River, British Guiana 228-229

Deming, N. Mex 57

Denver, Colo. : Streets 335

Deny, Nicholas: Mention of 50, 52

Derelicts, China ill. 421; text 419

Desert Land Act 71

Des Moines, Iowa m

Dessalines, Jean Jacques: Reference to.. 47 1-472, 481

Dessalines, Jean Jacques: Statue of 496

"Destiny" (Falcon) 440

Detroit, Mich 1 1 1

Devil Worshippers, Channel Islands, English

Channel 143, 147

Dhir Shamshire Rana Bahadur, General 283

"Diadem," Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean:

The ill. 310

Diamonds, Brazil 210

Diana: Reference to 93, 99

Diary of Cody Marsh: Extracts from 525, 530

Dias de Solis, Jofto, see Solis, Juan Diaz de.

Diaz, President Porfirio: Referred to 79

Digarchi Temple, Tibet, Asia 272

Dingwall, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada 55,58

Diquiny, Haiti, West Indies 496

Diseases, Haiti, West Indies 505, 508, 510

Diseases, Siberia 521,535

Dixcart Bay, Sark, Channel Islands, English

Channel ill. 146

Dog Mountains 67

Dolmens, Channel Islands, English Channel 143

Dom JoSs's Botanical Garden, Rio de Janeiro,

Brazil 195

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

Page

Dominica, West Indies 227

Dominican Republic, see Santo Domingo. Dominion Coal Company: Donation of site for

first wireless station in United States 50

Don Juan Bautista de Anza: Highway to Cali- fornia 73

Doorways, Guernsey, Channel Islands, English

Channel ill. 153

Dorgee or Thunderbolt of Indra, Swayambunath

Temple. Nepal, Asia ill. 275; text 263

Dorji. Talung Monastery, Sikkim, Asia ill. 255

"Doroga" (Bad road) 521

Douglas. Ariz '..63, 69, 71, 79-80

Dragon Rapids, Yangtze River, China (color

insert) Plate V, 375-390 Dragon Screen. Peking, China.. ill. 347; text 344, 354

Drai tribe, Nepal, Asia 249

Drake. Sir Francis: Reference to 119

Drawing class, Santo Domingo, West Indies.. ill. 510

Drawing of the foot -of a goshawk ill. 459

Dniconr. Madame: Siege of Louisburg 39

"Druid" (Tiercel) 44O

D"ck-ha\vks, see Peregrines.

Dnkr >f Newcastle: Reference to Cape Breton

Inland 34

Diilnth. Minn ill. 137; text in

Diinhar. Nepal. Asia: Reference to the 245, 283

"Dunkirk of America" (Louisbourg) 37

Diiranj?o, Mexico 64-65

Durbar Hall Rhatgaon. Nepal, Asia 255

Durhar Palace. Khatmandu, Nepal, Asia 251

Durga Pnja, Nepal, Asia 248

Dutch hood used by falconers ill. 430

Eagle Lake and Mount Lafayette, White Moun- tains. \. H ill. to8

Eatrle Pa**. Texas 63-65

Eaele*. Timed States 466

Eat-1 « ttf|'itehrad«-d 466

Earthquakes, Syria 101-102

Ea«*t ^f••ica. Portuguese 191

East l«»dia Company 272

East Side. New York Shops 491

E!>KN Of T"E H.OWF.RY REPUBLIC, THE.

RV rv*. IOSKPT1 REECTI 355

Edit -rial department of a Japanese newspaper... 334

Editorial staff of a Japanese newspaper 329

Education. CMna 374

Editca'i -n. Haiti. West Indies 511

Education. P.-king. China 345, 347

Education. Santo Domingo, West Indies 510

Education. Tahiti. Society Islands, Pacific Ocean:

Corr.pnlsory 301

Edward VII. King of England: Reference to 50, 283

Egypt 85, 102, ' 254, 263, 429

"Eighteen nations," China 368

Ekatcnnhurg, Russia 521

El Ce'.tro, Calif 77

El Dorado I

Elephas trogontherii, Channel Islands, English

Channel 143

Elizabeth. Queen of England: Reference to.. 109, 118

El Paso and Southwestern Railway 71

El Paso, Texas 63, 65-66, 71, 74-75, 79-80, in

Elephant Rutte Dam, N. Mex 65

Elizabeth. Quc-en of England 151

Ellis Island, New York., (black and white insert)

Plate I, 285-300 Elsie's Harbor, Bras D'Or Lakes, Cape Breton

Island, N ova Scotia, Canada ill. 54

"Empress" ( Falcon) 440

Emperor Falls, British Columbia, Canada. . (duo- tone insert) Plate XII, 211-226

Emperor's Palace, Peking, China 337

Employees. Shanghai-Nanking Railroad ill. 408;

text 410-411

Empress Dowager, China: Reference to 351

Engineers, China: American 363

England., (color insert) Plate VII, 441-456; text 24, 105, 143. '54, 283, 429, 431, 439 English Channel: Channel Islands. By Edith

Carey 142

English Channel, Map showing geographical rela- tion of Channel Islands to France and Eng- land ill. i51

English history: Written records of 147

Page Englishtown, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada 55

"Enid" (Goshawk) 440

Entre-los-Rios, Santo Domingo, West Indies.... 485

Ephesus, Asia Minor 89

Epiphanes, see Antiochus IV.

Episcopalianism, Channel Islands, English Channel 148

Epitaph (Newspaper) 71

Equator 431

Ericson, Lief: "Markland" 34

Erkui Creek, British Guiana 241

Escorial, Spain: Mausoleum of the 203

Essequibo River, British Guiana. .. .text 229-230;

(duotone insert) Plate XIII, 211-226 fitang saumatre, see Lake Azuey, Haiti, West Indies.

Euphrates Valley, Turkey in Asia 81,90

Europe : Literature of 43 1

Europe, Medieval: History of 431

Expedition to Kaieteur and Roraima, British

Guiana, An. By Henry Edward Crampton... 227

Explorations, French in

Exports, Chung-king, China 363

Exports, Cuba 11-12

Exports, Guatemala : 1 1

Exports, Venezuela 1 1

Eyess, see Hawks, Eyess.

FACIAL EXPRESSIONS Black and White

insert XVI Plates, 285-300

Factories, Ching-teh-chen, China: Porcelain, .ill. 392- 393, 395-397, 399-4°i, 403-404

"Faerie" (Sparrow-hawk) 440

Fair hit: Gerfalcon striking heron: A (color

insert) Plate II, 441-456 Falcon party in Elizabethan England, A... (color

insert) Plate VII, 441-456

Falconer's Club 429

FALCONRY Color insert XII Plates 441-456

Falconry, Africa (color insert) 'Plate IX, XI,

441-456; text 429

Falconry, Ancient Greece 429

Falconry, Arabia. . (color insert) Plate VIII, 441-456

Falconry, Asia (black and white insert) Plate

XI, 441-456

Falconry, China 429

Falconry, Egypt 429

Falconry, England. ... (color insert) Plate VII, 441- 456; text 429, 431, 439 Falconry, Europe. . (black and white insert) Plate

XIII, 441-456; text 429

Falconry, France 429

Falconry, Genesee Valley, N. Y 431

Falconry, Holland (black and white insert)

Plate XIII, 441-456; (color insert) Plate XII, _, 44I-456; text 429, 435

Falconry, Iceland 439

Falconry, India. ... (black and white insert) Plate

XI, 441-456; text 429, 439

Falconry, Italy 429

Falconry, Japan 429

Falconry, Manchuria (black and white insert)

Plate XII, 441-456

Falconry, Persia 429

Falconry, Russia 429

Falconry, Russian Caucasus. . (color insert) Plate

VI, 441-456

Falconry, Scotland (color insert) Plate III,

441-456; text 431

Falconry, Spain 420

FALCONRY, THE SPORT OF KINGsVoNCE THE MEANS OF SUPPLYING MAN'S NE- CESSITIES, IT HAS SURVIVED THE CEN- TURIES AS ONE OF THE MOST ROMAN- TIC PASTIMES OF HISTORY. BY LOUIS

AGASSIZ FUERTES 429

Falconry, United States 43!

Falcon's fist in. 458

Falcons, Names of types 433

Falcons on the cadge: Hooded. . (black and white

insert) Plate XII, 441-456

Falcons on the wrist, Holland: Cast of (black '

and white insert) Plate XIV, 441-456 Falcons, Valkenswaarde, Holland: Trapping

(black and white insert) Plate XIII, 441-456 Falcons weathering. ... (color insert) Plate I, 441-456 Family, China: The .418-419

INDEX FOR VOLUME XXXVIII, 1920

XI

Farms, Mexico ill, fg

Father of Waters, see Mississippi River. Fautaua Fall, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific

Ocean ill ,IO

Fautaua River, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific

Ocean -O2

Fautaua Valley, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific

Ocean 302-301

Feast of Fertility, Daphne, Syria 84 100

Feast of Transfiguration, Justinian. Syria .' 101

Feis, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean 312,

Ferns, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean 321,' 323

Ferries, China : Human ^ 426

Festivals, Nepal, Asia .248, 276

Feudal Chapel, Samares, Jersey, Channel Islands,

English Channel: Interior of ill. 160

Feudal Courts, Channel Islands, English Channel

ill. 157; text 147

Feudalism, Bhutan, Asia 272

Fiet le Roi ^8

Fiefs, Channel Islands, English Channel 142

Field cadge . . ill. 416

Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y 521

"Finger of God," Organ Mountain, N. Mex 191

Firearms. Haiti, West Indies ,. 507

"First-class service!". .. (black and white insert)

Plate X, 285-300; text 284

Fish Creek Hill 74

Fisher, Dr. Albert K. : Examinations made of the

stomachs of Red-tailed hawks 465

Fisher, 1 )r. Albert K. : Goshawks 459

Fisher, Di. Albert K.: Hawks and Owls of the

United States 460

Fisher, Major: Eyess falcon 440

Fisheries, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada 47

Fish-liawks, see Ospreys.

Fish-nets, China ill. 357

"Fish-tail" boats, Yangtze River, China ill. 358

Flagstaff, Ariz 74

Flamingo Beach, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 191

Flanking Tower, Peking, China ill. 354

Florida 33, 37, 119

Florida: Airplane view of Miami ill. 115

Florida: Origin and meaning of the name in,

113, 115

Florida, Straits of i, 5, 19

Flour, Haiti, West Indies: Unloading ill. 491

Flowers. Haiti, West Indies 489

Flowers, Rio de JanHro, Brazil 171, 191

Flowers, Siberia: Wild 513, 519

Fonseca, Manuel D^odors da: Mention of 187

Font, Guernsey, Channel Islands, English Chan- nel: Old 150

Food, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean

Football, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil '...ill.' 200

Foot-pumps, Sze-chuan, China... ill. 364; text 369, 371

"Force a la Loi" 496

Forests, British Guiana 235, 237-239

Forests, Haiti, West Indies 485, 488

Forests, Nepal, Asia. ill. 266

Forests, Santo Domingo, West Indies 488

Formosa Beach, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 191

Fort Bliss, Texas 66

Fort de Joux, France 471

Fort Fillmore 73

Fort Lage, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill. 178

Fort Liberte, Haiti, West Indies 481

Fort Myer, Va 50

Fort Santa Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. . .ill. 178-179

Fort Sfto JoSo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill. 178-179

Fort Yuma 73

Fortifications, Antioch, Syria 81

Fortifications, Nepal, Asia 251

Fortress, Morro, Cuba 5

Fortuna: Reference to 85

Fortunate Island, Spain 52

Fortune-tellers, China ill. 412; text 417-418

Forty Thieves 401

Foundling asylums, Havana, Cuba ill. 33

Four-nation Hu-Kwang agreement 363

France 105, 154, 201, 429

France: Possessions in Canada 34, 37

French Revolution, The 429

French, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean

3*0, 318

Frederick the Great: Reference to..

Fruit, Cuba

Fruit, Haiti, West Indies. .. .'.'. '.'.'.'.'. V. '.'.'.' '.'.496-497

Fruit, Sze-chuan, China

Fruit, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean YO^ 3"

Fuel, Chmg-teh-chen, China 402

Fuertes, Louis Agassiz. Falconry, The Sport of

Kings 429

Fugitive from American justice, Story of a.. 61

Fukien Guild Hall, Ching-teh-chen, China '.'. 403

Fukien Province, China.. I,«

Fukuzawa, Yukichi " V2V \lo

Funerals, China

Furs, Siberia 412,48

Gabarus Bay, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada ................

Gadsden Purchase ............. | ' ?-

Gadsden Treaty, or "The Treaty of Mesilia"!]: '. 69

.

Gaelic language, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia Canada

.44o,

Gaida (Boy General) Reference' to.' .'.'.'

"Gaiety Gal" (Goshawk)

Gahcia, Spain ......................

Galveston, Texas: Docks at.. " 'ill' 1,2

Game-birds, United States....

Ganges, Nepal, Asia ............... " 'ih' „*

Garden of Eden ' "

Gates, Antioch, Syria in. 88; text 85, 89

Gates, Peking, China ill 337-338

Gateways. Mexico: Wrought-iron ' ill 67

Gavea Reach, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 208

Gavea Rock, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill. 172;

text 191, 208

Gazelles, Arabia (color insert) Plate VIII, 441-456

Gazelles, India 4™

Geiranger Fiord, Norway.. text (black 'and white *

insert) Plate XV, 211-226 Gendarmeries, Haiti, West Indies. . .501, 507, 509-511

"General" (Prize falcon) 440

Genesee Valley, N. Y.: Falconry. ...!..!!!!!!!! 431

George II of England: Reference to m

Georgetown, British Guiana 228-230,244

Georgia *

Georgia: Origin and meaning of the name in

Georgia, Russian Caucasus. . (color insert), Plate

VI, 441-456

"Geraint" (Goshawk) .... 440

Gerfalcon striking a heron. .. (color insert) Plate

II. 441-456

Gerfalcons 439

Gerfalcons, England 439

Gerfalcons, European. . (color insert) Plate I, 441-456 Gerfalcons, Greenland. . (color insert) Plate I, 441-456 Gerfalcons, Iceland. .. (color insert) Plate I, 441-456;

Gerfalcons, United States 462

Germany x 5 j

Geronimo: Mention of 69

Gibbon, Edward: Devastation of Roman Empire 101

Gibraltar, Spain I43

Gilead, Syria: Mountains of 102

Glace Bay, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada c0

GLIMPSES OF SIBERIA, THE RUSSIAN "

"WILD EAST." BY CODY MARSH 512

Globe, Ariz: Apache Indians 69

Gloria Beach, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 191

Gloria Park, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 175

Gloves used by falconers ill. 430

Gobi, Desert of, Mongolia 521

God of Mercy, Lama Temple, Peking, China 347

God of Valor, Taotist temples, Peking, China 348

God of Wealth, Taotist temples, Peking, China.. 348

Goddess Bhawani 250

Goddess Kali, Khatmandu, Nepal, Asia ill. 248

Goddess of Mercy, Temple of the Sleeping

Buddha, near Peking, China 353

Goddess Taleju, Royal Temple of the 251

Gold Torque, Saint Helier, Jersey, Channel

Islands, English Channel .ill. 148

Golf, Scotland 43T

XII

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

Page Gomez, Jose Miguel: Effort to overturn Cuban

government r I

Gonave Island, Haiti, West Indies 493

Gonaives, Gulf of, Haiti, West Indies. ......... 485

Gooding, Paul. Tahiti: A Playground of Nature 301

Gopher State, see Minnesota.

Gorge, Crabbe, Jersey, Channel Islands, English

Channel >"• lfil

Gorges, Sir Ferdinando: Reference to m

Gorges, Yangtze River, China.. ill. 357-358; (color

insert) Plate V, 375-390 ; text 355-356, 359, 363

Gosainthan, Indian 247, 202

Goshawk, Drawing of the foot of a "•••"'• 459

Goshawks (A. atricapillus) (color insert) Plate I, IV-V, (black and white insert) Plate VI, 44'-456; text 433, 437, 458-459, 461, 467

Goshawks, United States (color insert) Plate

XVI, 441-456; text 431, 461

Gosselin, Hellier: Mention of 149

Gramophones, Haiti, West Indies 487

Grand Canal, China 4*5

Grand Canyon of the Colorado ill. 117; text

(duotone insert) Plate IX, 211-226 Grand Fork River, British Columbia: Emperor

Falls (duotone insert) Plate XII, 211-226

Grand-pre plantation, Haiti, West Indies 481

Grande riviere, Haiti, West Indies 473, 479

Granite State, see New Hampshire. Graphophone, Beinn Bhreagh Laboratory, Cape

Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada 47f 49

Grass type, Japan ill. 330 ; text 334

Graves, La Motte, Jersey, Channel Islands, Eng- lish Channel : Neolithic ill. 153

Graves, Ralph A. Human Emotion Recorded by

Photography 284

Great Britain 201-202

Great Falls, Mont.: Moonlight scene on the

Missouri River at ill. 126

Great Falls, Potomac River (duotone insert)

Plate X, 211-226

Great Lakes 37, 40, in, 137, 467

Great Wall, China.. ill. 352; text 349, 353-355, 39*, 425

Greece 83

Greece, Ancient: Falcony 429

Greeks 251

Green Mountains, Vt in

Green, Dr. Thomas E. Making of a Japanese

Newspaper, The 327

Crosney Castle, Jersey, Channel Islands, English

Channel 147

Ground Hog mine, Arizona 71

Ground-squirrels (Citellus) 461, 465

Grouse attacked by a Tiercel gentle (color

insert) Plate III, 441-456

Grouse, United States : Sharp-tailed 431

Grove of Daphne, Antioch, Syria 91

Guadalajara, Mexico 71

Guanabara Bay, Brazil 165, 182, 185

Guantanamo Bay, Cuba: United States naval

station ill. 8-9

Guardian of the Eastern Mountain, Taotist

temples, Peking, China 348

Guatemala : Exports 1 1

Guaymas, Mexico 69

Guernsey, Channel Islands, English Channel, .ill. 144, 149-150, 153-154, 157-158, 164; text 143, 147-149,

i54-I55, 161-163 Guernsey farmer and his wife, Channel Islands,

English Channel ill. 164

Guiana, British: Kaieteur and Roraima. By

Henry Edward Crampton 227

Guianas, Map with an inset showing the territory traversed by the Kaieteur and Roraima Ex- pedition t ill. (map) 229

Guilds, Ching-teh-chen, China 405

Gulf of California 69

Gulf of Gonaives, Haiti, West Indies 485

Gulf of Mexico 5, 12, 31, 75

Gulf Stream 60

Guns, Christophe's Citadel, Haiti, West Indies

469, 471, 473, 475 Gurkhas, Nepal, Asia 249, 259, 272. 277, 279, 283

"H"

Hachita. N. Mex 69

Haciendas, Mexico ill. 68

Hack-boards for hawks 435

Page

Hadrian, Emperor: Reference to 367

Haggards, see Hawks, Haggard.

Haiti, A Little- Known Marvel of the Western

Hemisphere. By Major G. H. Osterhout, Jr... 468 HAITI AND ITS REGENERATION BY THE

UNITED STATES 4f7

HAITI, THE HOME OF TWIN REPUBLICS.

BY SIR HARRY JOHNSTON.... 483

Haiti, West Indies: American occupation of 490,

493, 505-506, 509-5"

Haiti, West Indies : Congress 505-506

Haiti, West Indies: Discovery of 483

Haiti, West Indies: French occupation of... 483, 499

Haiti, West Indies: German propaganda 509

Haiti, West Indies: Language of 483, 511

Haiti, West Indies: Map showing its two republics

ill. (map) 489 Haiti, West Indies: Politics and government

499, 50i, 503, 506, 509

Haiti, West Indies: Size of 483, 489, 497

Haiti, West Indies: Spanish occupation of 483

Hakluyt, Richard: Voyages 195

Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada 39

Hall, William H. Antioch the Glorious 81

Hamah, Syria ill. 98; text 84, 370

Hamites 251

Han Dynasty 374, 398

Hang-chau, China. . (color insert) Plate XII, XV,

375-390; text 409

Hankow, China 336, 363, 391, 425

Hannibal : Reference to 102

Happy Year Hall, see Temple of Heaven, Peking, China.

Harbin, Manchuria ill. 528; text 521, 531

Harbor, New York, N. Y.: Sugar boat from Cuba

ill. 18 Harbor, Port au Prince, Haiti, West Indies ... ill. 502

Harbor, Vladivostok, Siberia ill. 519; text 521, 525

Harbors, Cuba ill. 7; text 5

Haro: Meaning of 148

Hata Gate, Peking, China 335

Hatamen Street, Peking, China 335

Hats, Haiti, West Indies ill. 504; text 490

Havana cigars, Demand for i, 5

Havana, Cuba ill. 6-7, 31, 33; text i, 6-7, 11-12,

14-16, 19

Havana, Cuba: Wealth of 6-7

Havana Province, Cuba 19

Havana-Santiago Express 1 1

Havilland, James de: Mention of 149

Hawaiian Islands. . (duotone insert) Plate XIV,

211-226; text 311 Hawk, Chart giving the falconers' names for the

parts of a ill. 432

"Hawk furniture" ill. 430

Hawk making a try for a blackbird: Sparrow-

(color insert) Plate X, 441-456 Hawking, see Falconry.

Hawks, Africa 433

Hawks and Owls of the United States. By Dr.

Albert K. Fisher. ; 460

Hawks, Beneficial species. ... (color insert) Plate

XV, 441-456; text 463 Hawks, Broad-winged ... (color insert) Plate XV,

441-456; text 465

Hawks, Chicken 463

Hawks, Cooper's (A. cooperi) (color insert) Plate

XVI, 441-456; text 461-462, 467

Hawks, Duck 467

Hawks, England: Sparrow- 460

Hawks, Eyess 433, 437, 440

Hawks, Ferruginous Rough-legged. . (color insert)

Plate XV, 441-456; text 465

Hawks, Food of young 433-435

Hawks, Forest 431, 461

Hawks, Haggard 433, 437

Hawks, India 433

Hawks, Long- winged ill. 438; text 43^ 433, 437-

438, 458

Hawks, Marsh .... (color insert) Plate XVI, 441-456;

text 466

Hawks, Pigeon .... (color insert) Plate XVI, 441-456;

text 463, 467

Hawks, Red-shouldered ill. 463; (color insert)

Plate XV, 441-456; text 461

Hawks, Red-tailed., (color insert) Plate XV, 441-456;

text 461, 465

INDEX FOR VOLUME XXXVIII, 1920

XIII

Page

Hawks, Rough-legged. ... (color insert) Plate XV, 441-

456; text 465 Hawks, Sharp-shinned, .(color insert) Plates X,

XVI, 441-456; text 460-462, 467

Hawks, Short- winged ill. 438; text 431, 433, 437,

458-459

Hawks, Soaring (.Buteos) 465

Hawks, Sparrow. .. (color insert) Plates X, XVI, 441- 456; text 431, 433, 437, 458-460, 466-467

Hawks, Species of 431, 433

Hawks, Squirrel 465

Hawks, Swainson's. . (color insert) Plate XV, 441-456;

text 465 Hawks that are enemies of man. ... (color insert)

Plate XVI, 441-456

Hawks, Training of young 433-437

Hawks, United States 460-463, 465-467

Haystacks, Sze-chuan, China ill. 365

Hayti, or The Black Republic, by Sir Spencer St.

John 469, 479, 505

Hell's Hip Pocket 74

Henrietta Maria, Queen of England: Reference to

109, in

Henry of Navarre: Mention of 109

Hcraclea, Syria 89, 91, 93

Herm, Channel Islands, English Channel 143, 161-

162, 164

Hermosillo, Mexico 69

Herod the Great: Street built by 91

Herod's Suburb, Antioch, Syria 91

Herodotus: Reference to 175

Heron attacked by a gerfalcon (color insert)

Plate II, 441-456

Herons 438-439

Hess, Joseph : Kuaigai Shimbun 327

Hetowrah, Nepal, Asia 247

High Ash Club ..429

Highlanders, World War: Nova Scotia 40, 42

Highlands of Scotland 53

Highway around Lake Tahoe, Calif ill. 124

Hills outside of Peking, China 349'35o

Hilo, Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. .. .text, (duotone

insert) Plate XIV, 211-226

Himalaya Mountains, British India 245, 251, 262,

279, 410

Hinduism, Nepal, Asia 251

Hispaniola 483, 497

Hitiaa, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean

323, 325-326 Hodgson, Brian Houghton: Reference to 270, 272, 277

Hoe perfecting machine, Japan 334

Holland (black and white insert) Plate XIII, 441-

456; text 171, 429-435

Hongkong, China 4°8

Hoods for hawks ill. 43<>; text 434, 437

Horses, Haiti, West Indies 492

Horses, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 210

Horseshoe Falls, Niagara Falls, New York —

Ontario (duotone insert) Plate II, 211-226

Hostages, Haiti, West Indies: Murder of 503

Hotels, Havana, Cuba 7, i I

Hotels, Port au Prince, Haiti, West Indies 493

Houbara bustards, see Bustards, Houbara.

Hougues, Channel Islands, English Channel 147

House-boats, China 393, 396

Houses, Bhatgaon, Nepal, Asia ill. 250

Houses, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.. ill. 196; text 171, 173 Houses, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean

ill. 318; text 315, 323, 325-326

Hsu Hsi Chang, President: Reference to 4°4

Huachuca Range, Ariz 71

Hudson Bay, Canada 37

Hudson Bay Company: Charter of the IS1

Hugo, Victor: Reference to Channel Islands

143, 155, 161

HUMAN EMOTION RECORDED BY PHO- TOGRAPHY. BY RALPH A. GRAVES 284

Hunan Province, China 425-426

Hungary i°5

Hunt, Governor: Honor system 7*

Hunuargan Dhoka Durbar, Nepal, Asia 269

Hydrodrome boats: Dr. Bell's ill. 47-49J text 50

"I"

Ibis, Pajaro Island, Mexico : White 44<>

Ibraham Pasha: Capture of Antioch i«

Ice-cream wagon, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill. 198

Page

Iceland : Falconry 439

Ichang, China 355, 356, 358, 361, 363

Ichang to Chung-king, China: Journey from 358, 361

Idaho: Origin and meaning of name 141

Idaho: Shoshone Falls (duotone insert) Plate

XVI, 211-226 Ideographic types, Japan: Chinese boys picking

ill. 331; text 334

Iguanas, Lake Azuey, Haiti, West Indies 487

Iguazu Falls, Brazil. . (duotone insert) Plate III,

211-226; text Plate IV, 211-226

Iguazu River, Brazil: Iguazu Falls (duotone

insert) Plate III, 211-226

Illinois 5, 10

Illinois: Origin and meaning of the name.... 129, 136

Images, Nepal, Asia ill. 248, 269, 280

Immigrant mother and children. . (black and white

insert) Plate I, 285-300; text 284

Immigration inspectors, Mexican border 79-80

Imperial Palace, Peking, China 341

Imperial pottery 404

Imperial Valley, Calif 74, 77

Imperial Valley Canal 74

Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pa 109

India. . (duotone insert) Plate VIII, 211-226; text 24, 8 1, 84, 143, 429, 439; (black and white insert)

Plate XI, 441-456

India, Map of, showing geographical relation of Nepal to India, Burma, Kashmir and Tibet

ill. (map) 249

Indian children, Oraibi, Ariz ill. 140

Indian hood used by falconers ill. 430

Indian Mutiny 283

Indian names 105, 119, 125, 129, 131-134, 136-

14*. 143

"Indian salt" (Sugar) 24

Indiana 5, 122

Indiana: Origin and meaning of the name 119

Indians, British Guiana 230-231, 233, 235, 239,

241, 243

Indians, Mexican border 61, 73-74, 77

Industries, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada 42, 46-47

Infantile paralysis epidemic, New York., (black

and white insert) Plate III, 285-300; text 284

Influenza, British Guiana 243

Influenza, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 209

Igonish, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada

ill. 58; text 37, 55, 58

Inhabitants, Nepal, Asia ill. 252-253, 256, 279;

text 245-279 Inhabitants, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean

ill. 302, 305, 308, 310, 312, 316-318, 320, 324; text 303, 307, 315, 321, 326

Insect net, British Guiana 233

Insects, Mexican border 75

Inscriptions, Haiti, West Indies 480

Institute Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

ill. 202; text 209 Insular castles, Channel Islands, English Channel

ill. 142

International and Great Northern Railway 64

International Railway 77, 79

Inverness, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada : Coal fields 42

149, 154-155, 161

Iowa: Origin and meaning of the name 129

Ipanema Beach, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 168, 191

Ireng, British Guiana 237

Ireland: Potatoes 319

Irkutsk, Siberia ill. 528; text 521

Irrigation, Mexico 66

Isabella of Brazil, Countess d' Eu: Liberation of

slaves 201 , 203

Isaiah : Reference to 34'

"Isault" (Goshawk) 44»

Isle of France, see French Guiana.

"Isle Royal," see Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada.

Isthmus of Taravao, Tahiti, Society Islands,

Pacific Ocean 323

Italy: Falconry 429

Ithaca, N. Y.: Peregrines ill. 434

"J"

Jabel Siman, Syria: Ruins of the church of... ill. 95

Jacaranda trees, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 195

Jacmel, Haiti, West Indies: Jail ill. 49<>

XIV

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

Page

Jacutnba Pass 77

~ade Fountain Pagoda near Peking, China 351

aguars, British Guiana 233, 235

ai alai, Cuba \7, »9

ail, Havana, Cuba ill. 6

ail, Jacmel, Haiti, West Indies ID. 4°o

amaica. West Indies: Turkey-buzzards 492

Barnes II of England: Reference to ^"'" l°6

Tanvrin's Tower, Jersey, Channel Islands, English Channel »11. 163

Saochow, sec Raochow, China, apan 345, 427, 429 apan: Making of a Japanese Newspaper, The.

By Dr. Thomas E. Green 327

apanese, Mexican border 61

aqueira trees, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 171

ars, Ching-teh-chen, China: Porcelain ill. 401, 404

ehus, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean 307

crash, Palestine ill. 102; text 89

eremiah (Arecuna chief) British Guiana 241, 243

ersey. Channel Islands, English Channel ill. 142,

150, 152-153, 155, 158-161, 163; text 106, 143. 147-

149, 154-155, 161

Jerusalem. Palestine 89, 103

Jethou, Channel Islands, English Channel 143,

161-162 Jesses (Light straps attached to falcon's feet).. ill. 430

Jews. Siberia ill. 5'7

Jiji-Shimpo, Japan 327, 334

inrikisha men, Peking, China 353, 355

inrikisha men, Japan: Group of ill. 328

inrikisha covers, A repairer of ill. 414

inrikisbas. Ching-teh-chen, China 399

inrikishas, Peking, China 335, 34°, 35O-3S'. 355

itneys. West China ill. 360

oao VI: Reference to.... 171, 191, 194-195, 201, 203

"John Anderson my jo, John" text (black and

white insert) Plate V, 285-300

John, King of England: Reference to 147-148

Johnston, Sir Harry. Haiti, the Home of Twin

Republics 483

ordan River, Palestine 89, 102

ournalism. Japan 327, 329, 334

uan de Onate: Mention of 74

uarez, Mexico 66-67, 79

uichow, see Raochow, China.

ulian. Emperor: Reference to 99-100

une Bug (Airship) 50

ung Bahadur: Reference to 247, 251, 283

unks. China.. ill. 357; (color insert) Plate I, 375-390

upiter: Reference to 83

ustinian: Reference to 101

ustinian, Syria 81, 101

ute fiber, Matanzas, Cuba: Drying ill. 32

uvenal : Quotation from 84

"K"

KAIETEUR AND RORAIMA, THE GREAT FALLS AND THE GREAT MOUNTAIN OF THE GUIANAS. BY HENRY EDWARD

CRAMPTON 227

Kaieteur Falls, British Guiana. . (duotone insert)

Plate XIII, 221-226; ill. 230 Kaieteur Gorge, British Guiana.. ill. 228; text 230, 232

Kamaiwa-wong, British Guiana 240-241, 243

Kamana Mountain, British Guiana 237

Kan River, China 393

Kangaruma, British Guiana 230-23 1

Kansas City, Mo 63, 69

Kansas: Origin and meaning of the name 133

Karanang River, Brazil 238

Kashmir, Asia 249

Katsura, Prince : Reference to 327

Kauwa Creek, British Guiana 241

Kearny, General Stephen Watts: Army of the

West 73

Keio Gijuku, Japan 329

Kennebec, Maine 119

Keno, Father: Mention of 71

Kentucky: Origin and meaning of the name 129

Kentucky River, Ky 129

Keramos. By Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.... 398

Kestrels 4S7, 467

Key West, Fla 497

Key West — Havana Ferry 19

Keystone State, see Pennsylvania.

Khan, Camp Verde, Texas: Arab 65

Page Khas or Chitsi, Nepal, Asia .................... 249

Khatmandu, Nepal, Asia... ill. 248, 253, 258, 263, 267

271, 280; text 245, 247-248, 251, 255, 259, 265, 268 Khatmandu Valley, Nepal, Asia ........ 245, 247, 272,

274, 283

Kheops, Pyramid of, see Cheops, Pyramid of. Khufu, Pyramid of, see Cheops, Pyramid of. Khusrau, see Chosroes. Kiakhta, Siberia ................... ill. 517; text 425

Kia-ling River, China ---- text 363; (color insert)

Plate XVI, 375-390 Kiangsi, China: The World's Ancient Porcelain

Center. By Frank B. Lenz .................. 391

Kiangsi Porcelain Company, Ching-teh-chen, China

403-404 Kilauea, Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands ____ text, Plate

XIV, 211-226 Killarney, Ireland ............................ 53

Kilns, Ching-teh-chen, China: Porcelain. .398, 402-403 King George tbe Third's Island, see Tahiti, Society

Islands, Pacific Ocean. King-te-chen, see Ching-teh-chen, China. King-te-chin, see Ching-teh-chen, China. King-teh-chen, see Ching-teh-chen, China. Kinlock, Capt. : Reference to ................... 272

Kirtipur, Nepal, Asia .......................... 259

Kitatinny Range, N. J ......................... up

Kite, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada-

Novel ................................... ill. 38

Kites, Dr. Bell's man-lifting ......... ill. 44; text 49

Kites, Tetrabedral ................ ill. 44; text 49-50

Kiukiang, China .......................... 39i, 393

Kokumm, Japan ........................... 327

Koo. Dr. V. K. Wellington: Reference to ....... 374

"Kopek Hill," Vladivostok, Siberia ............. 525

Kopinanang River, British Guiana .............. 237

Koras, Nepal, Asia ............................ 271

Kuaigai Shimbun, Japan ....................... 327

Kuampo, Japan . . ............................ 327

Kuang-chau-wan : Reference to ................. 423

Kuang-tung Party, China ................... 426-428

Kuhlai Khan : Reference to ................. 346, 350

Kukenaam Mountain, British Guiana ........... 241

Kukri, Nepal, Asia ............................ 271

Kwin Yin near Peking, China: Shrine of ....... 353

Kweichow, China ............................. 355

Kychu River, Asia ............................. 272

Laborers, China ....................... 391, 404-405

La Cotte Ste Brelade, Jersey, Channel Islands,

English Channel: Mousterian cave ............ 143

La Diademe, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific

Ocean ................................... 301-302

"Lady Jane Grey" (Falcon) ................... 440

"Lady Macbeth" (Sparrow-hawk) ............... 440

La Ferriere Citadel, see Christophe's Citadel,

Haiti, West Indies.

Laguna Dam, Ariz ............................. 74

Lake Ainslie, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada .................................... 53

Lake Azuey, Haiti, West Indies ...... ..485, 487, 496

Lake Baikal, Siberia ........................... 528

Lake Champlain, N. Y .......................... in

Lake Enriquillo, Santo Domingo, West Indies 485, 488

Lake Keuka, N. Y ............................. 50

Lake Limon, Santo Domingo, West Indies ...... 485

Lake of Antioch, Syria ........................ 85, 88

Lake Superior, United States ................. ill. 137

Lake Tahoe, Calif.: Highway around ......... ill. 124

Lakes-o-Law, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada ................................. .. . 53

La Motte, Jersey, Channel Islands, English

Channel: Neolithic graves ................ ill. 153

Lama Temple, Peking, China ................ 347-348

Lamaseries, Sze-chuan, China .................. 368

Lander: Mention of ............... . .......... 155

Langley, Samuel Pierpont: Aerodromic work.... 49

La Nouvelle, France ........................... 39

Laodkea, Syria ....... . ........ .............. 84

Lapa Beach, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ............. 191

Laredo, Texas ........................... 63-64, 79

La Republique d' Haiti. By Edgar La Salve ---- 470

La Salle, Robert Cavelier: Reference to ..... in, 141

La Salve, Edgar: La Republique d' Haiti ....... 470

"Las Caritas" (Little faces) Lake Enriquillo,

Santo Domingo, West Indies ................. 488

INDEX FOR VOLUME XXXVIII, 1920

xv

Lascelles: "Bois-le-duc" 440, 457

Lascelles : Goshawks 459

Las Cruces, Mexico 69

"Las Sergas de Esplandian" 119, 124

L*s Vegas, New Mexico 1 1 1

Lauterbrunnen, Switzerland: Staubbach Falls

(duotone insert) Plate XI, 211-226 Lawrence, Frederick W. Origin of American

State Names, The 104

Leash by which a hawk is held ill. 430

Leblon • Beach, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ... 172, 191, 208

Le Capelain : Mention of 155

Leclerc, General Victor Emmanuel: Reference to 471

Leconte, Cincinnatus: Reference to 503

Leeds, Duke of: Falcon belonging to 440

Legends, China: Beacon tower 351

Le Maistre: Mention of 155

Leme Beach, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 191

Leni — Lenape Indians 107

Lenine : Photograph of ill. 526

Lenz, Frank B. World's Ancient Porcelain

Center, The 391

Leogane, Haiti, West Indies 496

Les Miserables 161

Leighton, Sir Thomas: Letter to Peter Carey 151, 154 Lesson in Geography, .ill. (black and white insert)

Plate XVI, 285-300

Levant 83

Lewis, Alfred Henry: Wplfville stories 71

Lewis, Meriwether: Mention of 141

Lhasa, Tibet, Asia ...263, 272,283

Licorice root, Antioch, Syria ill. 97; text 103

Li Hung Chang: Reference to 426

L'ile au Guerdain, Portelet Bay, Jersey, Channel

Islands, English Channel ill. 163

Limestone, Haiti, West Indies 487

Limonade, Duke of 499

Limonade, Haiti, West Indies 480-482

Lin River, China 374

I,ine riders, Mexican border 79

"Ling Lung," see Rice pattern.

Li Ping: Reference to 374

Lisbon, Portugal 190-191, 201, 203, 205

Litang lamasery 368

Literature, Mediaeval England: Falcon text,

(color insert) Plate VII, 441-456

Little celestials at play. . (color insert) Plate II, 375-

390

LITTLE-KNOWN MARVEL OF THE WEST- Fi?N HEMISPHERE, A: CHRISTOPHE'S CITADEL, A MONUMENT TO THE TYR- ANNY AND GENIUS OF HAITI'S KING OF SLAVES. BY MAJOR G. H. OSTER-

HOUT, JR., U. S. M. C 468

Livingstone, David: Reference to 227

Livingstone, David: Victoria Falls.. text (duotone

insert), Plate I, 211-226 Local Courts, Channel Islands, English Channel 147

Loch Eil, Scotland 44°

Lochiel 69

Lotna de la Tina, Santo Domingo, West Indies.. 483

Lombards, Italy 429

London, England 1 73, 334

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth: Keramos 398

Loo Club, Holland 429

Lookout Mountain, Tenn ill. 134

Lookout Point, Yellowstone National Park, Wyo.

(duotone insert) Plate IX, 211-226

Loring, Alden: Red-shoulder hawks 465

Los Angeles, Calif 65, 77, 79. m

Lotteries, Cuba 16-17

Lotteries, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 209

Louis XIV, king of France: Reference to 53, in, 483 Louis Philippe, king of France: Reference to.... 317

Louisiana: Origin and meaning of the name in

Louisiana: Sugar cane fields of "2

Louisburg, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada ..37, 39, 42» 46, 53. 55

L' Ouverture, Toussaint: Reference to 470-471,

481, 496

Lower California, Mexico 66, 74, 77, 112, 119

Lower Falls, Yellowstone National Park, Wyo.

(duotone insert) Plate IX, 211-226 Lucalla River, Portuguese West Africa. . (duotone

insert) Plate IV, 211-226

Lucky Cuss mine, Arizona 71

Lukis Museum, Saint Peter Port, Guernsey,

Channel Islands, English Channel 147

Lumacarsky: Photograph of ill. 526

Page

Lunch counters, Peking, China: Quick ill. 428

Lures for hawks ill. 430; text 435-436

Lutz, Dr. Frank E. : Reference to.. 228, 231, 235, 244

"M"

McAskill, Angus: Boots of ill. 55

McAskill, Angus (Cape Breton giant) 55

McAskill, Angus: Waistcoat of ill. 55

McCurdy, J. A. D. : Aerial experiments 36, 50

McFayden, Lieut. Edwin G.: Death of 509

Maccabees : Reference to 85, 102

Macedonia, Greece 83, 102

Machine-guns, Siberia ill. 522

Machinery, China 391

Mackenzie, Catherine Dunlop. Charm of Cape

Breton Island, The 34

Macleod, Rev. Norman: Hegira to New Zealand 53, 55

Madagascar 171

Magdalena, Mexico 69

Magee, Guy, Jr. "The Man in the Street" in

China 406

Magellan, Fernando: Reference to 185

"Magellan, Strait of 33

Maharaja Deb Shamsheir's state visit to Patan,

Nepal, Asia ill. 276

Maharajahs, Nepal, Asia 272, 276, 283

Maine 119

Maine (Battleship), Destruction of 5

Maine: Origin and meaning of the name.... in, 113

Maissade: Reference to 509

MAKING OF A JAPANESE NEWSPAPER,

THE. BY DR. THOMAS E. GREEN 327

Mall, Raja Bhupatindra: Bronze figure of.... ill. 262;

text 255, 259

Malta, Mediterranean Sea 143

"MAN IN THE STREET," IN CHINA, THE: SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GREATEST UNDEVELOPED MARKET IN TITH WORLD OF TODAY. BY GUY

MAC.EF., TR 406

Man Who Laughs, The 161

"Man with tbe Hoe." By Edwin Markham 369, 391

Manchera River, Nepal, Asia 283

Manclni Dynasty 374

Manchu House 423-424, 427

Manchuria. .363, 408, 425, text, (black and white

insert) Plate XII, 441-456

Manchus, China 345, 349, 408, 423-424, 427

Mandarinate, China 423-428

Mango trees. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 171

Mangue Canal, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill. 186;

text 195

Manila, Philippine Islands, Pacific Ocean 521

Manor House of Samares, Jersey, Channel

Islands. English Channel 160

Maora, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean 323, 325

Map: Bahama Inlands and Cuba ill. (map) 4

Map, British Guiana: With an inset showing ter- ritory traversed by the "Kaieteur and Roraima"

Expedition ill. (map) 229

Map, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada

ill. (map) 35

Map, Channel Islands: Showing geographical re- lation to France and England ill. (map) 151

Map, Cuba and the Bahama Islands ill. (map) 4

Map, English Channel: Showing geographical re- lation ol Channel Islands to France and Eng- land ...ill. (map) 151

Map. Guianas: With an inset showing the terri- tory traversed by the "Kaieteur and Roraima"

Expedition ill. (map) 229

Map, Haiti, West Indies: Showing its two re- publics ill. (map) 489

Map. India. Geographical relation of Nepal to

India, Burma, Kashmir, and Tibet. .. .ill. (map) 249 Map, Mediterranean Sea: Eastern shores of.. ill.

(map) 89

Map, Mexican border ill. (map) 75

Map, Nepal, Geographical relation of Nepal, to India, Burma, Kashmir, and Tibet.... ill. (map) 249

Map, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill. 173; text 195

Map, Santo Domingo, West Indies ill. 489

Map, Society Islands, Position of Tahiti in the

Mid-Pacific ill. (map) 303

Map, Syria ill. (map) 89

Map, Tahiti: Showing the position of.. ill. (map) 303 Marble boat, Summer Palace near Peking, China

i". 351

XVI

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

Page

Marble quarries, Proctor, Vt HI. "4

Marconi, Guglielmo: Referred to 47

Margaree River, Ca'pe Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

MafgTree VaYley,' ' Cape "Breton' island, Nova '

Scotia, Canada • • • : •• 53

Market-place, Antioch, Syria. ............. •••1U- 94

Market-place, Khatmandu, Nepal, Asia: .goddess ^

Markets,' Papeete! 'Tahiti', ' Society' 'islands, Pacific

Qcean 3°7> 311

Markets, Pin au Prince, Haiti, ^s^Indies ^

Markets, Vladivostok, Siberia ill. 516; text 530

Markham, Edwin: Man with the Hoe 39*

Marku, Nepal, Asia.... 247

Marquctte, Jacques: Reference to.... ••••.;•• I4*

Marquez de Sfto Vicente, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.. 201 Marsh, Cody: Extracts from diary of ...... .525. 53<>

Marsh, Cody. Glimpses of Siberia, The Russian

"Wild East" •• 5"

Marsh, Cody : Photograph of iu. 533

Martello towers, Channel Islands, English Channel

ill. 103

Marthas Vineyard, Mass.: Forest hawks 461

Martinique, West Indies .....MB

Martyr, Peter: Account of the voyage of the

younger Cabot in 1498 •• 34

Marx, Karl: Photograph of ill. 5*6

Marx, Karl: Reference to 425

"Mary and John" (Flower), Siberia 5*3

Maryland I07

Maryland: Origin and meaning of the name.. 107, 109

Maryland, Size of . 4»9

Mason, John: Reference to ..105-106

Massachusetts Coast: Adamantine rocks of the

ill. 131

Massachusetts : Colonists of 37

Massachusetts: Origin and meaning of the name

125, 130

Massachusetts: Size of 497

Matamora&, Mexico 64, 79

Matanzas, Cuba HI. 32; text n

Matanzas Province, Cuba 21

Matariro (A Tahitian) 315,321

Matto Grosso, Brazil 201

Mauna Kea, Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands text

(duotone insert), Plate XIV, 211-226

Mauna Loa, Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands text

(duotone insert), Plate XIV, 211-226 Mayne, see Maine.

Meals, China : Public ill. 420 ; text 41 1

Mechanical devices, Ching-teh-chen, China 395

Medicine man, Cheng-tu Plain, China ill. 373

Mediterranean Sea 251

Mediterranean Sea: Map of the Eastern shores

of the ill- 89

Menhirs, Channel Islands, English Channel 143

Merced River, Calif., .text, (duotone insert) Plate

VII, 211-226 Merriment in Brittany. . (black and white insert)

Plate XIV, 285-300; text 284

"Mesopotamia 83

Messala, Corvinus Marcus Valerius: Reference

to 81, 83

Messina, Sicily, Italy: Earthquake 101

Metal-work, Bhutan, Asia 272

Metal-work, Nepal, Asia 250, 263, 271-272

Metal-work, Sikkim, Asia 263

Metchnikoff: Reference to 521

Methodist Episcopal Church, Ching-teh-chen,

China 399

Mews (Buildings where hawks are kept).. text

(color insert) Plate IV, 441-456

Mexicali, Lower California, Mexico 77, 79

Mexican Border, Along Our Side of the. By

Frederick Simpich 61

Mexican border: Map ill. (map) 75

Mexican National Railway 64-65

Mexican War 64

Mexico. . .ill. 70, 72, 76; text 12, 47, 63, 65-66, 74, 80

Mexico City, Mexico 64

Mexico: Gateway to a cemetery ill. 67

Mexico: Haciendas 68

Mexico — United States boundary ill. (map) 75

Miami, Fla.: "Blimp Route" between Havana,

Cuba, and n

Page

Michigan: Ore ai

Michigan: Origin and meaning of the name..... 129 Micmacs, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada • • 37

Middle River, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada 53

Milch goats, Pinar del Rio, Cuba 21

Millais, Sir John : Mention of 1 55

Miller, Joaquin: Quotation from 1*7

Miller, Joaquin : Reference to 1 19

Milot, Haiti, West Indies 469, 473, 476, 479, 4°!

Milot Valley, Haiti, West Indies 476, 479

Milwaukee, Wis 347

Min River, China 368, 374

Min Valley, Sze-chuan, China (color insert)

Plate IV, 375-390

Minas Geraes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 191, 210

Mine disaster, A., (black and white insert) Plate

XI, 285-300; text 284 Mineola, Iy. I.: Flight from Stamford, Conn., to

ill. 133

Miner, Roy W.: Mention of 228

Minerals, Haiti, West Indies 497

Minerals, Siberia 512,521

Ming tombs, China 365

Minnesota : Ore 21

Minnesota: Origin and meaning of the name 129, 137

Minor Han Dynasty, Sze-chuan, China 371

Mishigamaw: Meaning of name 129

Missionaries, China: American 374

Mississippi: Origin and meaning of the name.... 129

Mississippi River in, 125, 129

Mississippi Valley "i

Missouri hamlet, A ill. 138

Missouri: Origin and meaning of the name.. 132, 138 Missouri River, Mont.: Moonlight scene on the

ill. 126

Mitireu, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean.. 325

Moctezuma Copper Company, Nacozari, Mexico.. 71

Mohammedan graves, China 365

Mohammedan Invasion 251

Mohammedan Rebellion 42<>

Mohammedanism, Antioch, Syria 94

Mohammedans, Nepal, Asia 269

Mole St. Nicolas, Haiti, West Indies 469

Mollens family: Interest in falcons 435

Monastery of Simeon Stylites: Doorway of the

ill. 96

Monkeys, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 210

Monoliths, Guernsey, Channel Islands, English

Channel OL 149

Mons, Belgium 42

Monroe Doctrine 5°5

Mont au Preter, Jersey, Channel Islands, Eng- lish Channel: Priory ill. 158

Mont de la Selle, Haiti, West Indies 483, 485

Mont Orgueil Castle, Jersey, Channel Islands,

English Channel ill. 142, 156; text 155

Mont Saint, Guernsey, Channel Islands, English

Channel 143

Montana: Missouri River at Great Falls ill. 126

Montana: Origin and meaning of the name.. 113, 126

Montreal, Canada 1 1 1

Monuments, Mexican border 63, 69

Moorea Island, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean... 311 Moreira Cesar, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, see Rua

Ouvidor, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Morisco Restaurant, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill. 177

Morris, Clarence E.: Death of 5°9

Morro Castle, Havana, Cuba ill.

Morro, Cuba: Fortress 5

Morro de Castello, see Castle Hill, Rio de Janeiro,

Brazil. Morro Hill, see Castle Hill, Rio de Janeiro,

Brazil.

Morse, Samuel Finley Breese: Cited 47

Moscow, Russia 535

"Mosstrooper" (Tiercel) 440

"Mother Hubbard," Tahiti, Society Islands,

Pacific Ocean 311

Mother love., (black and white insert) Plate III,

285-300; text 284

Mother Palm, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 171, 194

Motor trucks, Vladivostok, Siberia ill. 522

Moulin Huet, Guernsey, Channel Islands, English

Channel 155

Mount Amanus, Syria 82, 85

Mount Baker, Wash.: Boulder Glacier ill. 121

Mount Casius, Syria 83-85, 89, 95, 97, 101

Mount Corcovado, Brazil 191

INDEX FOR VOLUME XXXVIII, 1920

XVII

Mount Elidik, Brazil 237

Mount Everest, Nepal, Asia 245

Mount Hood, Ore., from Vancouver, Wash ill*. 122

Mount Katahdin, Maine n9

Mount Katmai, Alaska. .. .text, (duotone insert)

Plate XIV, 211-226

Mount Lebanon, Syria 85

Mount Mitchell Railroad, Rainbow Gap, N. C. ill. 120 Mount Silpius, Antioch, Syria.. ill. 97; text 82, 85, 88

Mount Weitipu, British Guiana 241

Mountain of Ten Thousand Ancients, China.... 350

Mountains, Jamaica, West Indies 488

Moving-picture theaters, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

205, 209

Moving pictures, China 416

Mulberry trees, Antioch, Syria: Cultivation of ill. 94

Mule Mountains, Ariz 71

Mules, China ill. 424

Muller: Antiquities of Antioch 89

Muller, Tames Arthur. Peking, The City of the

Unexpected 335

Municipal Theater, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill. 187

Murepang River, British Guiana 237

Museum, Beinn Bhreagh Laboratory, Cape Breton

Island, Nova Scotia, Canada 47, 49

Musical instruments, Tahiti, Society Islands,

Pacific Ocean ill. 302; text 311

"N"

Naco, Ariz 67, 71, 79

Nacozari, Sonora, Mexico 69, 71

Nahr el — Asi, see Orontes River, Syria.

Nanchang, China 393

Nan K'an, China 399

Nanking, China 409

Nanking-Nanchang Railway, China 406

Nankow Pass, China 352, 354

Napoleon I: Reference to 161, 471

Napoleonic wars 161

Narain : Reference to 262, 265

Narayain, Prithi: Reference to 272

Narragansett Bay, R. 1 106

National Geographic Society: Members of the. ... 195

National Library, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill. 187;

text 175. 195

National Museum, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ... 195, 201 National Museum, Washington, D. C. : Phono- graphs 49

National Telegraph Office, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 195

Natives, British Guiana ill. 231-234, 236, 239-240,

242-243

Natives, Haiti, West Indies 489-490

Natives, Santo Domingo, West Indies 488

Natural Bridge, Va ill. 118

Navajo Indians, Mexican border 74

Nebraska: Origin and meaning of the name 132

Nebraska River 133

Needles, Calif 74

Negro boy eating watermelon .... (black and white

insert) Plate XII, 285-300; text 284

Negro soldier with gas mask (black and white

insert) Plate IX, 285-300

Negroes, Santo Domingo, West Indies 488

Neiba, Bay of, Santo Domingo, West Indies 485

Neils Harbor, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada 55, 58

Neolithic man, Channel Islands, English Channel 143 NEPAL: A LITTLE-KNOWN KINGDOM. BY

JOHN CLAUDE WHITE ; 245

Nepal, Map of, showing geographical relation of Nepal to India, Burma, Kashmir, and Tibet

ill. (map) 249

Nepal Valley. Asia, see Khatmandu Valley, Nepal, Asia.

Nestorians 2S I

Neustria 148

Nevada: Origin and meaning of the name.... in, 113 New Albion, see California.

New Brunswick, Canada 4°

New England 151, 263

New Hampshire ill. 108, 128; text 114

New Hampshire: Colonists of 37

New Hampshire: Origin and meaning of the name

105-106

New Jersey ill. no; text 5, 10, 119

New Mexico ill. 141; text 61, 63, 67, 75, 80, in

Page New Mexico: Origin and meaning of the name

133, 141 New Netherlands, see New York.

New Orleans, La 11, 42, in

New Year fair, Peking, China 348

New York 151, 154, 249, 301

New York, N. Y...ill. 104, 106-107; text i, 6, 11, 65,

363, 393, 513, S2i

New York: Origin and meaning of the name 106

New York Stock Exchange, New York ill. 104

New Zealand 53

Newfoundland 50, 151

Newsboys, New York. .. (black and white insert)

Plate VIII, 285-300 Newspaper, Making of a Japanese. By Dr.

Thomas E. Green 327

Newspapers, China 327

Newspapers, Ching-teh-chen, China 398-399

Niagara Falls, New York, Ontario (duotone

insert) Plate II, 211-226 NIAGARAS OF FIVE CONTINENTS, THE

Duotone insert XVI Plates, 211-226

Niakpt, Nepal, Asia 259

Nichi Nichi, Japan 327

Nicknames, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada 58-60

Nictheroy, Brazil 182, 191

Niganiche, see Ingonish, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada.

Nikolsk, Russia 521

Nimbuatar, Nepal, Asia 247

Nipe Bay, Cuba ill. 2; text 5

Nogales, Ariz 61, 67, 71, 73'74, 79'8o, 141

Nonamy: Mention of 155

Norman See of Countances 148, 158

Normandy, Duchy of 147-148

Normans i^y

North Carolina: Mount Mitchell Railroad, Rain- bow Gap . ill. 120

North Carolina: Origin and meaning of the name

109, in, 151 North Dakota: Origin and meaning of the name 132

North River, China 393, 396

North Sydney, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada : Port 46

Northcliffe, Lord Alfred Charles W. H.: Refer- ence to Canadian troops 40

Norway: Seven Sisters (duotone insert) Plate

XV, 211-226

Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France 415

Nova Scotia, Canada: Cape Breton Island, The Charm of. By Catherine Dunlop Mackenzie. . 34

Nunan, Hon. J. J. : Reference to 244

Nymphaeum, Antioch, Syria 91

"O"

Oakland, Calif 80

Observatory, Peking, China ill. 346

Occupations, China 419-420

Oglethorpe, General James Edward: Reference to in

Ohio .. 5

Ohio: Origin and meaning of the name 129, 135

Ohio River... ill. 135; text 119, 129

Oklahoma: Origin and meaning of the name.... 133 Old Bay State, see Massachusetts.

Old Hawking Club, England text 440; (color

insert) Plate V, 441-456

Old oaken bucket, New Hampshire ill. 128

Old Summer Palace, near Peking, China 353

O-ma-to-fu stone, China. . (color insert) Plate VII,

375~39O

Omphalos, Antioch, Syria 91

Omsk, Siberia 521, 531

Onion seeds, California ill. 123

Onions, Laredo, Texas 64

Onion-seller, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill. 206

Opium, China 425

Opium, Mexican border: Cargoes of 79

Oraibi, Ariz. : Indian Children ill. 140

Orators, Vladivostok, Siberia: Bolshevik ill. 523-

_ 524, 527

Oregon ill. 122, 125

Oregon: Origin and meaning of the name 119, 125

Oregones: Meaning of the name 119, 125

Oreodoxa Oleracea (Palm Mother), Rio de

Janeiro, Brazil 17!

Oreste, Michael : Reference to 503

Organ Mountains, N. Mex 191

XVIII

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

Page

Oriental Institute, Vladivostok, Siberia 525

Oriente Province, Cuba 19

Origanum, Oregon 119

ORIGIN OF AMERICAN STATE NAMES, THE. BY FREDERICK W. LAWRENCE.. 104

Orinoco River, Venezuela 238

Orohena, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean . . 302

Orontes River, Syria.. ill. 98, 101; text 82-85, 88-89,

9i, 93, 95, 100-103, 370

Orontes Valley, Syria 101

Orphan Asylum, Ching-teh-chen, China 399

Ospreys (color insert) Plate XVI, 441-456

Ospreys, England 465-466

Ospreys, United States ill. 466; text 465

Osterhout, Major G. H., Jr. A Little-Known

Marvel of the Western Hemisphere 468

Ostringer (A user of goshawks and sparrow- hawks) 433

Ouisconsin: Meaning of the name 129

Ouless, Walter William: Mention of 155

Owls ill. 464; text 458, 461, 463, 465, 467

Owls, Barn ill. 464; text 467

Owls, Barred ill. 464; text 463, 467

Owls, Great-horned. . .ill. 464; text 458, 463, 465, 467

Owls, Long-eared ill. 464

Owls, Short-eared ill. 464

Owls, Screech ill. 464 ; text 467

Owls, Snowy ill. 464 ; text 467

Owlshead, Rockland, Maine: Off ill. 113

Ox-carts, Cuba ill. 13, 15-16; text i, 23, 27

Oxen, Cuba ill. 13, 15-16; text 23

Oxen, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 175

Oysters, Port Phaeton, Tahiti, Society Islands 323

Ozark Mountains, Mo.. ill. 138

"P"

Pacific Ocean: Tahiti, A Playground of Nature.

By Paul Gooding 301

Pack-animals, Mexican border ill. 78

Paddy fields, Sze-chuan, China.. ill. 365-366; text 369

Pageants, Nepal, Asia: Semi-military 246

Pagoda near Hang-chau, China: Six Harmony

(color insert) Plate XV, 375-390

Pagodas, China 345, 367

Pagodas, Japan 345

Pagodas, Paslipati, Nepal, Asia 259

Paharias, or Dwellers in the Hills, Nepal, Asia.. 249 Paintings on cavern walls, Lake Enriquillo, Santo

Domingo, West Indies 488

"Paiwari." British Guiana 243

Pakatuk Rapids, British Guiana 230

Palace Gardens, Sans Souci, Haiti, West Indies

ill. 478

Palaces, Nepal, Asia 251, 254-255

Palaces, Peking, China 337, 341, 345, 353

Palanquins, Nepal, Asia 247

Palestine 103

Palm, Brazil : Splitting ill. 204

Palms, Cuba: Avenue of ill. 3

Palms, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Royal. .. .ill. 186, 194,

208; text 171, 195

Palmyra, Syria 89, 91

Panama 5

Panama Canal 8, 301

Panama-Pacific Exposition 23, 404

Pantheon, Lisbon, Portugal 203

Pfto d' Assucar, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, see Sugar

Loaf, Rio de Janeiro.

Paorai (A Tahitian native) 325

Papago Indians 133

Papara, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean

Papeete, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean

ill. 317; text 301-302, 307, 311, 315, 318, 321 Papenoo, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean.. 326

"Parachute" (Prize falcon) 440

Paradise Valleys 71

Paraguar text, (duotone insert) Plate III, 211-226

Parana River, South America text, (duotone

insert) Plate III, 211-226

Pari, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean.. 323, 325 Paris, France: Japanese newspaper correspondents 334

Parmak, Brazil 239, 244

Parrots, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 210

Pasadena, Calif 69

Pascua Florida: Meaning of the name in

Pashpati, Nepal, Asia ill. 264; text 259

Page

Passagers (Falcons) 433

Passchendaele, Belgium 42

Patan, Nepal, Asia... ill. 261, 276-277, 281; text 245,

259, 271, 283

Patriarch of the Flock, The (black and white

insert) Plate VII, 285-300; text 284 Patronymics, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada 58-60

Peacocks, Haiti, West Indies 491

Peasants, Siberia ill. 512, 526, 531

Pecos River 65

Pedralvarez, see Cabral, Pedro Alvares.

Pei Yang Party, China 426-428

Peixoto, Floriano: Mention of 187

Peking, China ill. 418, 422, 424, 428; (color

insert) Plate XIII, 375-390; text 407-408, 426 PEKING, THE CITY OF THE UNEXPECTED.

BY JAMES ARTHUR MULLER 335

Peking University 345

Penn, William: Land grant of Pennsylvania 107

Penn, Sir William: Reference to 107

Pennsylvania ill. 109; text 5, 133

Pennsylvania: Origin and meaning of the name.. 107

Penobscot, Maine 119

Peons, Mexico: Nature of 63

Peoria, Ariz 69

Pepperell, Sir William: Siege of Louisburg. . . .37, 39

Perches for weathering hawks ill. 437

Peregrine falcons (color insert) Plate I, 441-456

Peregrine roost, Post-Office, Washington, D. C. . . 440

Peregrines ill. 434, (black and white insert)

Plate XIV, 441-456; text 431, 433, 437, 439-440

Peregrines, Haggard (black and white insert)

Plate XIV; (color insert) Plate I, 441-456

Peregrines, Pajaro Island, Mexico 440

Peregrines, Tiercel. ... (color insert) Plate I, 441-456

Peregrines, United States 431, 462

Perkings, Charles Elliott: Reference to 116

Pernambuco, Brazil 210

Perry, Commodore Matthew Calbraith: Reference

to 327

Persia 251, 429

Persian Gulf 81

Peru: Mines 47

Petion, Alexandre Sabes: Reference to 471

Petrified Forest, Ariz 74

Petro I, Emperor of Brazil: Reference to 186,

201, 203 Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil: Reference to.. 201, 203

Petrograd, Russia 521, 528, 535

Pheasant attacked by a goshawk. .. (color insert)

Plate V, 441-456

Philadelphia, Pa in. 109; text 6, 335

Philippine Islands, Pacific Ocean 501, 511

Phonographs, National Museum, Washington,

D. C 49

Photograph taken in flight from Stamford, Conn.,

to Mineola, L. I ill. 133

Pi Yum Ssu near Peking, China 353

Piedras Negras, Mexico 65

Pigeons, Fledgling 435

Pigs, Haiti, West Indies 492

Pigs, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean 319

Pilgrim Fathers 185

Pillar-saints, Syria 95-96

Pimas Indians, Mexican border 73, 77

Pinar del Rio, Cuba ill. 24; text 19, 21, 30

Pine trees, Lake Azuey, Haiti, West Indies:

Georgian 485, 489-490

Pittsburgh, Pa 69, 521

Pizarro : Reference to 499

Plantagenets : Reference to the ill. 142

Plymouth Company j 05

Plymouth Rock, Plymouth, Mass 185

Pojarp Island, Mexico: Peregrines 440

Polariscope in a sugar-mill laboratory, A ill. 22;

text 29-30

Policemen, China 420

Political parties, China 423-428

Politics and government, China 423-428

Polo, Marco: Falcon hunt in Manchuria. .. .text,

(black and white insert) Plate XII, 441-456

Polo, Marco: Reference to 355, 371

Polynesia, Pacific Ocean 237, 301,315

Pomare, Queen 3I7) 322

Pompey: Conquests of IO3

Ponce de Leon, Juan: Reference to 60, in, 113,

"5, 141

INDEX FOR VOLUME XXXVIII, 1920

XIX

Ponies, Manchurian ill. 342; text 335, 34*0

Population, China 406 415

Population, Ching-teh-chen, China .'308

Population, Chung-king, China

Population, Haiti, West Indies 480

Population, Nepal, Asia "245" 287

Population, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil '. .' ' 2oo

Population, Santo Domingo, West Indies... 480

Population, Sze-chuan, China '.', ,69

Population, Vladivostok, Siberia.. " YiY tii

Porcelain bone, China '.' ' ' 40!

Porcelain, China: The World's Ancient Porcelain

Center. By Frank B. Lenz 39I

Porcelain glaze, Ching-teh-chen, China. . .ill. 395, 399

Porcelain ornaments, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 171

Porcelain Pagoda near Peking, China ..ill. 14S

Port Arthur, Manchuria 521

Port au Prince, Haiti, West Indies.. ill. 481, 486, 493, 495, 502; text 471, 481, 485, 492, 496, 499-500 Portelet Bay, Jersey, Channel Islands, English

Channel ill. T63

Porters, British Guiana ill. 231, 236; text 230-231,

233, 235, 237, 239, 241, 243-244

Porto Rico, West Indies 12, 14,497

Port Phaeton, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific

Ocean 321, 323

Portugal 165, 171, 175, 190, 201, 205

Portuguese library, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 175

Post-Office, Vladivostok, Siberia ill. 518

Post-Office, Washington, D. C.: Peregrine roost.. 440

Potaro, Landing, British Guiana 230

Potaro River, British Guiana ill. 228; text

(duotone insert) Plate XIII, 211-226; 229, 232,

Potomac River: Great Falls (duotone insert)

Plate X, 211-226

Potsdam, Germany, Imperial gardens 346

Potter at his wheel, Ching-teh-chen, China: A.. ill. 397

Potters' mistakes, Ching-teh-chen, China 405

Potter's wheel, China 401-402

Pottery, Channel Islands, English Channel:

Neolithic 147

Powder magazine, St. Amelie Valley, Tahiti,

Society Islands, Pacific Ocean: French 312

Po Yang Lake, China 391, 393, 395-396, 399

Praca Marechal Floriano, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

ill. 187

Praca Tiradentes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 191

Prairie falcons, United States 462-463

Preaux, Pierre de: Mention of 148

Presidents, Haiti, West Indies 498, 501, 503, 509

President's palace, Port au Prince, Haiti, West

Indies 496, 502

Presidio, Texas 65

Presses, Japan: Newspaper ill. 332

Preston, Cuba 27, 30

Preston, Texas 73

Princeton Center, Peking, China 353

Priory, Mont au Pretre, Jersey, Channel Islands,

English Channel ill. 158

Prison camps, Siberia 535-536

Prisons, Haiti, West Indies 511

Proctor, Vt.: Sutherland Falls Marble quarry ill. 114 Protestant Church, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific

Ocean 321

Protestantism, Channel Islands, English Channel

148-149

Ptolemies: Reference to the 95

Punaruu Valley, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific

Ocean 303

Puritans, Channel Islands, English Channel 147

Purple Forbidden Palace, Peking, China 337

'Q"

Quadruple Palm Avenue, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

ill. 1 86; text 195

Quail, United States 431

Quantico, Va 49

Queant-Drocourt line, World War 42

Quebec, Canada 1 1 1 , 143

Queen's bath, Papeete, Tahiti, Society Islands,

Pacific Ocean ill. 317

Querns, Jersey, Channel Islands, English Channel:

Ancient ill. 150

Quinta da Boa Vista, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.. 1 86, 195

Quonoktaeut: Meaning of the name 125, 133

Radha Krishna Temple, Nepal, Asia.., ...ill. 254

Radisson, Pierre: Reference to 151

Rafael : Mention of Itl

Raiatea, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean:

Sacred mountain of ill 3O4

Railroad station, Vladivostok, Siberia ill. 523-524

Railroads, China 421 I2e

Railroads, Mexico .'.'.!..!!.'!!!?. 63, 67

Railroads, Mexican border ,..6v6s, 7i 7i 77

Railroads, Sze-chuan, China .361 161

Railroads, Texas f. .63-64

Rainbow Falls, Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. . (duo- tone insert) Plate XIV, 211-226 Rainbow Gap, N. C.: Mount Mitchell Railroad

ill. 1 20

Rainfall, Mexico 55

Rainsford, Marcus: History of Haiti 50*

Rajputana, British India 270

Rajputs 2'7l

Raleigh, Sir Walter: Reference to 109, 118, 151

Rani of Nepal and her ladies-in-waiting ill 252

Raochow, China 393, 396,405

Rapti River, Nepal, Asia 247

Raxoul, Nepal, Asia 247

Readers, Tobacco factories, Cuba.. «-«

Rebellion, England 3 420

Red River, Ark

Red Wing (Airship)... SQ

Redwoods, California | . 397

Reformation ' . . I4g

Refugees, Vladivostok, Siberia -.515,531

"Red Queen" (Goshawk) . .text 459; (color insert)

Religions, Channel Islands, English Channel 4!

Religions, Nepal, Asia 247, 251, 259, 263] 269-270

Repository for babies, Havana, Cuba: Public.. ill. 33

Reptiles, Mexican border 75

Reservoirs, N. Mex. : Irrigation 65-66

Restaurants, China: Perambulating ill. 416

Restaurants, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill. 177

Revolution, Russia 5x5

Rhode Island: Origin and meaning of the name.. 106

Rhodes, Island of, Mediterranean Sea 106

Ribault, Jean: Reference to 109

Rice pattern, China: Porcelain, .ill. 400; text 405-406

Rice straw, Ching-teh-chen, China ill. 404

Rice, Sze-chuan, China 369, 371

Richmond County, Cape Breton Island, Nova

Scotia, Canada: Coal fields 42

Richmond County, Cape Breton Island, Nova

Scotia, Canada: Soldiers of 42

Richshaws, see Jinrikishas.

Rio Branco, BarSo de: Reference to 190, 205

Rio de Janeiro, Bay of, Brazil 185

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil i, 42

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Map of ill. 173; text 105

RIO DE JANEIRO, IN THE LAND OF LURE.

BY HARRIET CHALMERS ADAMS 165

Rio Grande 129

Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 209-210

Rio Grande River 63-67, 69, 72-73, 75

Rio Grande Valley . 65

River boats, Ichang, China 356

River of January, see Rio de Janeiro, Bay of

Brazil.

Riviera, Switzerland i

Rivers, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean... 309

Roads, Haiti, West Indies 499, 510

Roads, Nepal, Asia 245, 247, 268

Roads, Siberia 521

Roche a la Fees, Jersey, Channel Islands, English

Channel 143

Rockfeller Foundation, Brazil: Work of the 209

Rockland, Maine: Owlshead ill. 113

Rock-salt, Lake Enriquillo, Santo Domingo, West

Indies 488

Rockstone Landing, British Guiana 229

Rollo: Reference to 147-148

Roman Catholic settlements, Maryland 107, 109

Rome, Italy 84, 88, 102-103

Rondon, General Candidp: Mention of 201

Rook's struggle with Bois-le-du, A 457

Roosevelt Dam, Arizona 74

Root, EHhu: Mention of 195

Roque Berg, Jersey, Channel Islands, English

Channel 143

XX

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

Page Roraima Mountain: Kaieteur and Roraima. By

Henry Edward Crampton 227

Ross, J. K. L.: Tuna fish caught by s1

Ross, Prof. Edward A.: The Changing Chinese.. 367

Rostrums, Haiti, West Indies 49*

Royal barge, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil iQS

Royal Court, Guernsey, Channel Islands, English

Channel 147-148

Royal Palm Avenue, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 195

Royal Temple of the Goddess Taleju, Nepal,

Asia 251

Rua Conde de Bomfim, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil... 191

Rua do Aqueducto, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 188

Rua Goncalves Diaz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 205

Rua Ouvidor, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 205

Rupert, Prince: Mention of IS1

Russia text (black and white insert) Plate I,

285-300, 429, 513, 531-532

Russian Caucasus: Falconry (color insert)

Plate VI, 441-456

Russian language S32, 534

Russians, Siberia 532-533. 535-536

Russo-Japanese War 521

"Ruy Lopez" (Merlin) 44O

"S"

Sa, Estacio de: Reference to 184-185, 187

Sa, Estacio de: Tomb of 185, 197

Si, Mem de: Reference to 185

Sabias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 173

Sacramento, Calif in

Sacred River, Nepal, Asia: Bathers ill. 257

Sacres, India 439

Saddle Mountains, see Mont de la Selle, Haiti, West Indies.

Safely through! (black and white insert)

Plate IX, 285-300 Sailors eating coconuts and fruit, Cuba: American

ill. 10 St. Amelie Valley, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific

Ocean ill. 312

St. Anns Bay, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada ill. 52; text 47, 53, 55

St. Anns, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada 37. 55

St. Augustine, Fla in

St. Christopher Island, West Indies 470

St. Chrysostom: Population of Antioch 93

St. Clair-sur-Epte: Treaty of 147

St. Domingue, see Santo Domingo, West Indies.

St. Francis River, Ark.: Bald cypress trees.. ill. 139

St. George, Guernsey, Channel Islands, English

Channel : Wishing well 143

St. Helier, Jersey, Channel Islands, English

Channel 147-148

St. Lawrence River, Canada 35, 60, 111

St. Louis, Mo 64, in

St. Lucia, West Indies 228

St. Marc, Haiti, West Indies 482

St. Paul, Minn 63

St. Paul's Cathedral, London, England 39

St. Peter Port, Guernsey, Channel Islands, Eng- lish Channel 147, 149. 155

St. Peters, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada 37, 50

St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, West Indies 227

Sal, Nepal, Asia 254, 266

Salmon, Tati: Reference to 322

Salnave: Reference to 503

Salt, China ill. 368; text 371

Salt Lake City, Utah ill. 127

Salton Sea, Calif 77

"Sam Slick" 60

Sam, Vibrum Guillaume: Reference to 503, 505

Samara, Russia 536

Samares Manor, Jersey, Channel Islands, English

Channel ill. 159-160

Samovars, Siberia 530-53 1

San Antonio, Texas 64-65, in

San Bernardino Valley, Calif 69

San Carlos, Ariz in

San Diego and Arizona Railway 77

San Diego, Calif 77, 79

San Domingo, see Santo Domingo, West Indies.

San Francisco Bay, Calif 119

San Francisco, Calif 71, 73-74, in, 301, 393

San Luis Pass 69

Page

San Luis Range 67

San Pedro Valley, Mexico 71

San Xavier, Ariz 74

San Xavier del Bac Mission, Arizona 73

Sand-storms, Arizona 74

Sanitation, Haiti, West Indies 501, 508, 510-511

Sanitation, Siberia 535

Sans Souci Palace, Milot, Haiti, West Indies

ill. 476-478; text 469, 478-479, 481-482

Sans Souci : Reference to 481

Santa Ana, Antonio Lopez de: Referred to 73

Santa Clara Province, Cuba 21

Sanf a Cruz River, Ariz 71

Santa Cruz Valley, Ariz 71

Santa Fe, N. Mex 65,111

Santa Fe Trail 74

Santa Luzia Bay, Brazil 185

Santa Luzia Beach, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 191

Santa Thereza Hill, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. . .ill. 170,

i 88; text 173

Santiago, Cuba 5-6, 1 1-12

Santo Domingo, West Indies. . .ill. 510; text 12, 185,

481, 483, 497, 499 Santo Domingo, West Indies: Discovery of.. 483, 497

Santo Domingo, West Indies: Language of 483

Santo Domingo, West Indies: Map of ill. 489

Santo Domingo, West Indies: Origin of name... 483

Santo Domingo, West Indies: Size of 489, 497

Santos, Brazil 185,201

SSo Antonio Hill, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 188

SSo Francisco Xavier Cemetery, Rio de Janeiro,

Brazil 209

SSo Paulo, Brazil 209

SSo SebastiSs, Church of, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

185, 191

SSo SebastiSs, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 185

SSo Vicente, Brazil 185

Sapucaia trees, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 195

Saracens: Capture of Antioch by the 103

Sark, Channel Islands, English Channel ill. 146,

162; text 143, 161

SS Salvador Corres de: Reference to 185

Sasabe, Mexico 73, 75

Sassenach 40

Satraps, China 423

Saul, Apostle: Mention of 83, 95

Sault Ste. Marie, Mich 1 1 1

Sausmarez Manor, Guernsey, Channel Islands,

English Channel ill. 154

Savannas, British Guiana ill. 236; text 237-238

Saveritik, British Guiana 237, 241

"Sawanee River" 307

Schiefflin, Ed. : Mention of 71

Schools, Ching-teh-chen, China 399

Schools, Cuba: English 21-22

Schools, Santo Domingo, West Indies 510

Schools, Siberia ill. 534

Scientific Society of Georgetown, British Guiana 244

Scilly Islands, Atlantic Ocean 149

Scipios: Reference to 102

Scorpions, British Guiana 232

Scotland text 105, 319, 431; (color insert)

Plate III, 441-456

Scottish Covenanters: Open-air sacraments of... 40 Scottish settlements, Cape Breton Island, Nova

Scotia, Canada 39-40

Screen cadge ; ill. 436

Sea of Galilee, Palestine 319

Sedan-chairs China ....: 335, 363

Segowlie, Nepal, Asia 247

Seleucia, Syria ill. 95; text 81, 83-84, 90, 92

Selecuids : Reference to the 95

Seleiicus I: Reference to 83-85, 88-89, 102

Self ridge, Lieut. Thomas E: Referred to 44, 50

Seven Sisters, Norway (duotone insert) Plate

XV, 211-226

Seven Years' War 34, 39

"Shadow o'Death" (Goshawk) 440

Shakespeare, William: Quotation from 284

Shakespeare, William: Reference to.. text (color

insert) Plate VII, 441-456 Shanghai China ...... ...336 391, 405, 413, 4*5

Shanghai-Nanking Railroad: Employees of the

408-41 1

"She" (Merlin) 440

Sheep, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada: Twinbearing ill. 4,

INDEX FOR VOLUME XXXVIII, 1920

XXI

Page

Sheridan, General Philip Henry: Opinion of

Texas 63

Sheriff, Jersey, Channel Islands, English Channel

ill- 155 SHIFTING SCENES ON THE STAGE OF

NEW CHINA 423

Shoes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Wooden ill. 207

Shonew, Japan 329

Shops, Peking, China ill. 339

Shoshone Falls, Idaho (duotone insert) Plate

XVI, 211-226 Showalter, William Joseph. Cuba — The Sugar

Mill of the Antilles i

Shrikes ill. 462; text 435-436

Shrines, Bhatgaon, Nepal, Asia 255, 259

Shrines, Nepal, Asia ill. 258, 270; text 247, 255,

259, 262-263, 274

Shrines, Patan, Nepal, Asia 259

Shrines, Peking, China 338, 347

Shrines, Swayambunath, Nepal, Asia ill. 270

Siberia 410, 425, 427

Siberia, Glimpses of. By Cody Marsh 513

Siberians 533, 535-536

Signal Mountain 77 134

Sikkim, Asia 255, 263, 272, 278-279

Silver Dart _ (Airship) 50

Simeon Stylites: Church of ill. 96

Simeon Stylites: Monastery of 96

Simeon Stylites: Reference to 96

Simon, General: Reference to 503

Simpich, Frederick. Along Our Side of the

Mexican Border 61

"Sir Tristram" (Goshawk) 440

Sisagarhi Pass, Nepal, Asia 247

Sitka, Alaska 33

Six Harmony Pagoda near Hang-chau, China

(color insert) Plate XV, 375-390 Skyscrapers, New York: Airplane view of.. ill. 106-107

Slavery, Brazil 201-203

Sleeping Buddha near Peking, China 351, 353

Smelters, Douglas, Ariz 69

Smiles (black and white insert) Plate I,

285-300; text 284

Smoke, Pittsburgh, Pa text 521

Smoky, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada

55, 58 Smollett, Tobias George: Reference to Cape

Breton Island 34

Smyrna, Asia Minor 81, 90

Snake River, Idaho: Shoshone Falls. ... (duotone

insert) Plate XVI, 211-226

"Snow birds" (black and white insert) Plate

XII, 285-300; text 284

Soap-box orator, Vladivostok, Siberia ill. 523

Social Democrats, Siberia 535-536

Social systems, China 419-420

Societe Jersiaise, Jersey, Channel Islands, English

Channel: Museum of the 147

Societe Jersiaise, Jersey, Channel Islands, English

Channel: Taking over of Mont Orgueil ill. 156

Society Islands: Map showing the position of

Tahiti in the Mid-Pacific ill. (map) 303

Society Islands: Tahiti, A Playground of Nature.

By Paul Gooding 301

Society of Colonial Wars 39

Society of Jesus, Cape Breton Island, Nova

Scotia, Canada: Fathers of the 53

Solace (Hospital ship) 9

Soldiers (black and white insert) Plate X,

285-300; text 284 Soldiers, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada

40, 42

Song of Rahero. By Robert Louis Stevenson 309

•Sonora, Mexico 66, 69, 71

Soochow, China 409-410

Soothsayers, China ill. 412; text 417-418

Sorcerers, Channel Islands, English Channel. .143, 147

Soto, Hermando de: Reference to 125

Soulouque, Faustin £lie: Reference to 503

Soup kitchens, Siberia: Traveling ill. 523

South African War: Cape Bretoner's participation

in 40

South America 12

South America: Kaieteur and Roraima, The

Great Falls and the Great Mountain of the

Guianas. By Henry Edward Crampton 227

South America: Rio de Janeiro, In the Land of

Lure. By Harriet Chalmers Adams .' 165

Page South Brabant, Holland 435

South Carolina: Origin and meaning of the name

109, in, 151 South Dakota: Origin and meaning of the name 132

South Gate, Peking, China 337

South Seas: Tahiti, A Playground" of Nature. By

Paul Gooding 301

Southern Pacific Railway 63, 65, 71, 74, 79

Souza, Martin Affonso de: Reference to 185

Spain 113, 115, 154, 165, 185, 429. 483

Spanish-American War 8

Spanish Main, The 499

Sparrow-hawks, see Hawks, Sparrow- Sparrow's struggle with a hawk: House 460

Spenser, Edmund: Faerie Queene 109

Spiders, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean 323, 325

Sport of Kings (Falconry) text, (color insert)

Plate VII, 441-456

Spraybrook, Lauterbrunnen, Switzerland. . (duo- tone insert) Plate XI, 211-226

Sri, Manju: Reference to 283

Stanley, Sir Henry Morton: Reference to 227

State names of English origin 105-107, 109, in

State names of French origin in

State names of Indian origin 105, 119, 125, 129,

131-134, 136-141

Mate names of Spanish origin 111-112, 126

State Names, The Origin of American. By

Frederick W. Lawrence 104

Staubbach Falls, Lauterbrunnen, Switzerland

(duotone insert) Plate XI, 211-226; text 310

Steamboats, California coast 74

Steamship piers, New York: Airplane view of

ill. 107 Steel, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada.. 46

Stevenson, Robert Louis: Quotation from 320

Stevenson, Robert Louis: Reference to 399, 315-

316, 320, 322, 325

Stevenson, Robert Louis: Song of Rahero 309

Stockyards, Chicago, 111 521

Stone-carving, Nepal, Asia ill. 248, 254, 262, 275,

281-282

Stone workers, Sze-chuan, China 36.5

Stora Sjofallet Falls, Sweden. .. (duotone insert)

Plate V, 211-226 Stores, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean:

Chinese 307, 315, 321

Stores, Vladivostok, Siberia: Department 525

Stoves, Siberia: Brick ill. 530

Strabo: Reference to Antioch 88, 97

Strait of Belle Isle, Newfoundland 60

Strait of Canso, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada 52

Straits of Florida i, 5, 19

Strait of Magellan 33

Stream at the foot of Mount Silpius, Syria ill. 97

Street sweepers, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill. 203

Street-cars, Mexican border city ill. 62

Street-cars, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 170, 210

Street-cars, Washington, D. C 62

Streets, Antioch, Syria 89, 91

Streets, Chicago, 111 335

Streets, Nepal, Asia ill. 261, 263, 268

Streets, Peking, China... ill. 336, 338-339; (color

insert) Plate XIII, 375-39O; text 335, 337-338 Streets, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.. ill. 186-187, 190, 192-

193; text 205

Strikes, Ching-teh-chen, China 405

Students, Peking, China 345, 347

Suez Canal, Egypt 301

Sugar Beets, California ill. 112

Sugar boat, New York harbor ill. 18

Sugar, Cuba: Bags of ill. 20

Sugar growing, Cuba i, 18, 23-24, 26-27

Sugar, Introduction of, to western world 24

Sugar Loaf, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill. 176, 179,

182-183; text 167, 169-170, 184-185, 209-210

Sugar manufacture and refining, Cuba ill. 17;

text 27-30

Sugar mills, Cuba: Crushing cane ill. 17

Sugar plantations, Cuba ill. 15

Sugar-cane, Cuba ill. 12-14; text i, 23, 26-27, «9

Sukhanoff: Photograph of 111.526

Sulphur Springs, Texas 71

Summer Palace near Peking ill. 350; text 344-345,

350-35 J

Sun Yat-sen : Reference to 427-428

Sundew (Drosera) British Guiana 232

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

Page

Sung Dynasty •• 404

Sungari, Manchuria ill. 5*8

Sunset, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean.. ill. 314

Superstitions, China 417-418

Surmgasi, Nepal, Asia 249

"Suspense"... (black and white insert) Plate XI,

285-300; text 284 Sutherland Falls, Proctor, Vt.: Marble quarries

ill. 114

Svetlanskaya Avenue, Vladivostok, Siberia. .. 525, 529 Swarth, Harry S.: "Distributional List of the

Birds of Arizona" 75

Swayamtnmath Temple, Nepal, Asia ill. 246, 270,

273, 275; text 263, 275 Sweden: Stora Sjofallet Falls. .. (duotone insert)

Plate V, 211-226

Sweetmeats, Siberia 536

Switzerland (duotone insert) Plate XI, 211-226;

text 105

Sydney, Australia • • • 1

Sydney, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada:

Industries 42. 46

Sydney, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada: Subscriptions to World War fund 42

Sydney Mines, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada: Port of 46

Sylvania, see Pennsylvania.

Sylvestre, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 188-189, 191

Svria: Antioch the Glorious. By William H.

'Hall fi

Syria: Map of »"• 89

Syrian Protestant College, Beirut, Syria 92

Sze, Hon. Alfred S. K.: Reference to 374

Sze-chuan, China. . (color insert) Plate IV, VIII-

IX, 375-390 Sze-chuan, China: Eden of the Flowery Republic,

The. By Dr. Joseph Beech 355

Sze-chuanese 365- 368

"T"

Table Head, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia,

Canada 50

Tablecloths, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean

ill. 308; text 315

"Tagrag" (Merlin) 44O

Tahiti, Society Islands: Map showing the position

of ill. (map) 303

Tai-Ping Rebellion, China 409-410, 413, 426

Tairua (Tahitian guide) 311, 315, 319, 323. 326

TAHITI: A PLAYGROUND OF NATURE.

BY PAUL GOODING 301

Talung Monastery, Sikkim, Asia: Altar Utensils

ill. 255

Tamancos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill. 207

Tamoyo Indians, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 185

Tanasse, Tenn 129, 134

Tang Chi-yap: Reference to 428

Tang Shao-yi: Reference to 427-428

Tantric worship, Nepal, Asia 251

Taotist temples, Peking, China 348

Taravao, Isthmus of, Tahiti, Society Islands,

Pacific Ocean 323

Tartars 335-337, 342, 345, 35i, 353

Tatars, Siberia ill. 517

Taumari Tol, Bhatgaon, Nepal, Asia 259

Tautira, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean... 323

Taylor, Zachary: Fort in Texas, built by 64

Teakettles, Siberia ill. 532

Teapots, Ching-teh-chen, China ill. 400

Teapots, Lhasa, Tibet, Asia ill. 278; text 272

Tecate, Calif 77, 79

Tegeran, Persia 65

"Tell my sister not to weep for me".. text (black

and white insert) Plate IV, 285-300

Temple of Apollo, Daphne, Syria 99

Temple of Heaven, Peking, China.. ill. 348; text 341,

344, 350 Temple of the Five Hagis, Bhatgaon, Nepal, Asia

ill. 282; text 259 Temple of the Green Jade Clouds near Peking,

China 353

Temples, Bhatgaon, Nepal. Asia ill. 260,262

Temples, Nepal, Asia ill. 246, 254, 258, 260, 262,

264, 270, 275, 281-282; text 251, 259, 262-263

Temples, Pashpati, Nepal, Asia ill. 264

Temples, Patan, Nepal. Asia ill. 281

Page

Temples, Peking, China 337-338, 341, 347'348,

35i» 353

Tennessee: Origin and meaning of the name.. 129, 134 Tennessee River, Tenn.: From Signal Mountain

ill. 134

Terai, Nepal, Asia 247, 272, 283

Tevas, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean 309, 322

Texas ill. 132; text u, 61, 63-65, 74, in

Texas: Origin and meaning of the name.... 129, 132

Thakuri, Nepal, Asia 249

Theaters, China 416

Theodore, Davilmar: Reference to 503

Thieves' Market, Vladivostok, Siberia ill. 516;

text 530

"Three Gorges," Yangtze River, China ill. 358

"Three is a crowd" (black and white insert)

Plate VI, 285-300; text 284

Thunder Bolts or Dorgis, Patan, Nepal, Asia 259

Thunderbolt of Indra, Nepal, Asia.. ill. 275; text 263

Thunder-God, Nepal, Asia ill. 275

Thurn, Sir Everard im: Reference to 238, 243

Tia Juana, Calif 63, 77

Tiber River, Italy 84, 100

Tibet, Asia.. 243, 249, 251, 263, 279, 283, 347, 356, 371

Tibetans 368

Tientsin, China 39 1 , 425

Tien-tsin-Pukow Railway, China 425

Tiercel gentle (color insert) Plate III, 441-456

Tigris Valley, Turkey in Asia 81, 90

Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.. 165, 188-189, 191, 208 Timber, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada 46 Tina Mountains, Santo Domingo, West Indies... 485 Tiradents, see Xavier, Joaquin Jose da Silva.

Titus: Gate of Cherubim 89

Toa, Monsieur: Reference to 323

Tobacco, Cuba ill. 25-26, 28-29, 31 ; text 30-33

Tobacco factories, Cuba: Readers employed by

cigar-makers 32-33

Tobacco, Pinar del Rio, Cuba ill. 24; text 30-31

Toilers of the Sea, The 161

Tokyo Grammar School, Japan: Baseball nine.. ill. 333

Tokyo, Japan 327, 329, 333

Toluene, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada 46 Tomb of Henri Christophe, Haiti, West Indies

ill. 480

Tom Thumb: Cited 55

Tombstone, Ariz 71, 74

"Tombstone Street," Bisbee, Ariz 71

Tomsk, Siberia 521

Toms-toms, Haiti, West Indies 482

Tongking- Yunnan Railroad, China 363

Tortuga Island, Haiti, West Indies 499

"Tostin" (Goshawk) 440

Tower of Babel 519

Tower on the summit of Beinn Bhreagh, Cape

Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada ill. 43

Tow-path, Yangtze River, China ill. 359

Toy merchant, China ill. 407

Toys, China 349, 407

Toys, Peking, China 349

Trackers, Yangtze River, China ill. 359

Trade on the beach, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean

ill. 305

Trajan, Syria 101

Transportation, China 360-361, 363, 368-369

Transsiberian Railroad 528, 531

Trappings and gear used in falconry ill. 430

Treasure chests, Christophe's Citadel, Haiti, West

Indies ill. 472 ; text 479

Treatise of Hawks and Hawking. By Bert 433

Treaty of Bretigny, 1360 148

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 69, 73

Treaty of Segowlie 272

Treaty of Utrecht 37

Treaty of Versailles 346

Treaty of Westminster, 1259 148

"Tree of Justice," Haiti, West Indies ill. 474

Trees, Haiti, West Indies ill. 474; text 485, 487,

489-491, 493

Trees, Kio de Janeiro, Brazil •. 171, 195

Tribesmen, Sze-chuan, China 367-368

Trinidad Island, West Indies 24

Tripoli, Syria 92

Trotsky: Photograph of 111.526

Trout pool near Cheticamp, Cape Breton Island,

Nova Scotia, Canada ill. 56

Ts'ao-K'um : Reference to 427

Tsar, The 521, 525, 527, 533

INDEX FOR VOLUME XXXVIII, 1920

XXIII

Tse Hsu, Prince : Reference to (color insert)

Tsen, Mrs.: Reference to ^ .™' 375'^

Tseng: Reference to 426

Tsien-tang River, China. . (color insert) Plate XII;

text (color insert) Plate XV, 375-390

Tsingtau, Shantung, China *..... 423

Tso: Reference to ! ! ! ! ! 426

Tszliuching, Sze-chuan, China: Salt industry 371

Tuan-ch'i-jui: Reference to 426-428

Tubac, Ariz 7l 73

Tucson, Ariz 7i 7* 77

Tukeit, British Guiana 230-231, 233

Tumacacori Mission, Ariz ' 7I

Tumatumari, British Guiana '.'.'.'.'. 229

Tuna fish, St. Anns Bay, Cape Breton Island,

Nova Scotia, Canada ill e t

Tung Keng, China '.'.'.'.'...' 399

Turanian races, Asia 251

Turkey-buzzards, Bahama Islands, West Indies!! 492

Turkey-buzzards, Cuba 492

Turkey-buzzards, Haiti, West Indies 492

Turkey-buzzards, Jamaica, West Indies 492

Turkeys, .(black and white insert) Plate VII, 285-300;

text 284

Turks, Mexican border 6r

Tururaparu River, British Guiana 237

Tyler, President John: Mention of 132

Types, China ill. 339-34Q, 343, 346, 358-360, 364,

3o8, 373, 392, 395, 397-401, 404, 407-412, 414, 416- 422, 424, 426, 428; text 497-4io

Types, Haiti, West Indies.. ill. 481-482, 484, 488, 490- 49i, 493, 495, 498, 500-501, 504, 507-508

Types, Nepal, Asia ill. 252-253, 256, 279

Types, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill. 198-199, 203-207

Types, Siberia ill. 512, 516-517, 520, 522-524, 526-

527, 529, 531-534, 536; text 519, 521

Types, Syria ill. 86-87, TOO

Types, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean

ill. 302, 308, 310, 316, 318, 320, 324

Typesetting, Japan ill. 330; text 334

Typhon : Reference to i oo

Typhus, Siberia 535-536

"U"

Ujatpola Deval, see Temple of Five Hagis,

Bhatgaon, Nepal, Asia.

Uliparu River, British Guiana 237

United Empire Loyalists, Cape Breton Island,

Nova Scotia, Canada 39

United States 353, 43i

United States: Along Our Side of the Mexican

Border. By Frederick Simpich 61

United States Army Headquarters, Vladivostok,

Siberia .525

United States: Bureau of Biological Survey:

Study of birds of prey 460-461

United States Marine Corps Barracks, Haiti, West

Indies ill. 502

United States Marines, Haiti, West Indies ill. 500-

501; text 498, 505-507, 509 United States National Parks... ill. 117, (duotone

insert) Plates VI- VII, IX, 211-226 United States: Origin of American State Names.

By Frederick W. Lawrence 104

United States Army, Mexican border ill. 64

United States — Mexican boundary ill. (map) 75

United States Naval Station, Guantanamo Bay,

Cuba ill. 8-9

U. S. S. Pennsylvania 9

U. 5. .S. Arizona 9

University of Peking 345

University of Wisconsin 329

"Upa Upa," Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean 302

Urga, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 169-170, 182, 210

Uruguay 200

Utah in

Utah: Origin and meaning of the name 127, 141

Ute Indians, Utah 141

Utrecht, Treaty of 37

Uvalde, Texas 65

"V"

Vacquerie, Auguste: Reference to Saint Peter

Port 161

Vaieri, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean 323

Vaitapiha River, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific 3gC

Ocean jjj -Og

Vale Castle, Guernsey, Channel ' Islands,' English'

Channel {\\ J44

Valkenswaarde, Holland: Falcons .'.'text! "(black

.. „ and white insert) Plate XIII, 441-456

Valley of Daphne, Syria . ..93 99

Valley of Mesopotamia: Fertility of... . .81! 8s

"Vanquisher" (Tiercel) '44o

Vedado district, Havana, Cuba 7

Vegetable seller, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil..' .'ill 196

Vegetation, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean "

Venders, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill. 196, igg' 206-

207; text 173-175

Venezuela 1 1, 227

Vermelha Beach, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.. 170, 191' 210

Vermont . . . . m. II4; text 2l

Vermont: Origin and meaning of the name in

Vernal Falls, United States, Yosemite National

Park, Calif (duotone insert) Plate VI, 211-226

Versailles, France ,s^

Vespucci, Amerigo: Reference to... i«c

"Vesta" (Falcon) \\\\\ 44O

Victoria County, Nova Scotia, Canada 36 40

Victoria Falls, Africa (duotone insert) Plate

Victory (Steamship) ' I4S

Vienna, Austria: Japanese newspaper correspond- ents ,,4

Villa, Francisco Pancho : Mention of .... . . . .' .' .' .' .' 71

Villegaignon Island, Brazil jge

Villegaignon, Nicolas Durand: Reference to 185

Vimy Ridge, France A0

Vinales Valley, Cuba !..!!!!!! 5

Vinci, Leonardo da: Mona Lisa del Giocondo

text, (black and white insert) Plate I, 285-300

Virginia : Natural Bridge T :g

Virginia: Origin and meaning of the name 109

Visconde de Maranguape, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 201

Vishnumatti River, Nepal, Asia 283

Vladivostok, Siberia ill. 514-516, 518-520, 522-524';

text 425, 5M, 5i9, 521, 525, 528-531, 536

Volcano Lake 77

Volta Laboratory 47, 49

Voltaire: Reference to Cape Breton Island ' 35

Voodooism, Haiti, West Indies 482, 497, 500, 503

Vuelta Abajo tobacco, Cuba 30-31

"W"

Wages, Ching-teh-chen, China 405

Wailang River, Brazil 238

Waistcoat of Angus McAskill: Two men wearing

Walker, Admiral Hovenden : Cape Breton Island 42

Wallis, Reference to 301, 319

Walls, Chung-king, China. ... (color insert) Plate

Walls, Peking, China ill. 424; ' text 341

Wan-Hsien, Sze-chuan, China (color insert)

Plate VIII, 375-390

Waratuk, British Guiana 230

Warner, Charles Dudley: Bras d' Or Lake 52

Warren, Admiral Peter: Siege of Louisburg 37

Warehouses, Cuba: Sugar ill. 20

Washing-machines, Haiti, West Indies 507

Washington: Boulder Glacier, Mount Baker.. ill. 121 Washington, D. C. ...text 6, 62; (duotone insert)

Plate X, 211-226; 334 Washington: Origin and meaning of the name

119, 122 Wasps, Tahiti, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean 323, 325

Water gate spring, China (color insert) Plate

III, 375-390

Water-buffaloes, China ill. 364; text 369, 371

Waterbury, Conn 530

Water-carts, Mexican border ill. 66

Waterfalls, Africa. . (duotone insert) Plate I, IV,

211-226 Waterfalls, Brazil: Iguazu Falls. . (duotone insert)

Plate III, 211-226

Waterfalls, British Guiana: Kaieteur Falls., (duo- tone insert) Plate XIII, 211-226 Waterfalls, Canada: British Columbia, Emperor

Falls (duotone insert) Plate XII, 21 1-226

Waterfalls, Hawaiian Islands: Rainbow Falls

(duotone insert) Plate XIV, 211-226

XXIV

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

Page Waterfalls, India: Cascades between Preslang and

Tannin (duotone insert) Plate VIII, 211-226

Waterfalls, Niagaras of Five Continents. . (duotone

insert) XVI Plates, 211-226

Waterfalls, Norway: Seven Sisters (duotone

insert) Plate XV, 211-226 Waterfalls, Society Islands, Tahiti: Fautaua Fall

ill. 310

Waterfalls, Sweden: Stora Sjofallet Falls., (duo- tone insert) Plate V, 211-226

Waterfalls, Switzerland : Staubbach Falls . . . (duo- tone insert) Plate XI, 211-226 Waterfalls, United States. . (duotone insert) Plate

II, VI, VII, IX-X, XVI, 211-226

Waterfront, New York: Airplane view of ill. 107

Waterfront, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ill. 166

Water-wheels, Cheng-tu Plain, China: Bamboo ill. 370

Water-wheels, Syria ill. 98, 101

Waters of Daphne, Syria ill. 84

Wei-hai-wei, Shantung, China 423

West, Baron Thomas: Delaware named for 107

West Indies 35, 60

West Indies: A Little-Known Marvel of the Western Hemisphere (Haiti). By Major G. H.

Osterhout, Jr 468

West Indies: Cuba— The Sugar Mill of the

Antilles. By William- Joseph • Showalter i

West Indies: Haiti and Its Regeneration by the

United States 497

West Indies: Haiti, the Home of Twin Republics.

By Sir Harry Johnston 483

West Virginia: Origin and meaning of the name 109 Weyler y Nicolau, General Valeriana: Despotic

rule of Cuba : -. 5

Wheelbarrows, China.. ill. 360;. text 361, 369, 413, 421 White, John Claude. Nepal: A Little-Known

Kingdom 245

White Wing (Airship) ' 50

White Mountains, N. H.: Eagle Lake and Mount

Lafayette ill. 108

Whoppers (black and white insert) Plate XV,

285-300; text 284

Widow's monuments, Yen-chau, China (color

insert) Plate X, 375-39O

Wilkens, William: Reference to 132-133

"Will o' the Wisp" (Falcon) 440

William, Duke of Normandy: March through

London 147

Williams, Roger: Reference to 106

Winchester, England 148

Wings of Hawks ill. 438

Winter Palace, Peking, China 344

Wisconsin: Origin and meaning of the name.... 129

Wismar, British Guiana. 229

Witchcraft, Channel Islands, English Channel 143, 147

Wolfe, James: Siege of Louisburg 39

Women, British Guiana ill. 234

Women, China ill. 414, 417; text 410, 415-416

Women, Haiti, West Indies ill. 481-482, 488, 491,

493; text 496

Women, Nepal, Asia ill. 252, 279; text 245-247

Women, Peking, China 344-345, 349

Women, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 173

Women, Siberia ill. 512, 526, 529, 533; text 535

Women, Society Islands, Pacific Ocean.. ill. 302, 306,

316, 320; text 303, 321, 324

Women, Syria ill. 86, 100

Page

Wood-carving, Nepal, Asia 250, 263, 271-272, 281

Wood-carving, Sikkim, Asia... ill. 256, 260; text 263,

266, 27.:

Woodcocks 440

Woodpeckers, Mexico 76

Woosang Gorge, China 363

World War 334, 427, 429, 431, 513, 536

World War: Cape Breton's participation in 40, 42

World War: Channel Islands' participation in... 155 WORLD'S ANCIENT PORCELAIN CENTER,

THE. BY FRANK B. LENZ 39I

Wrestlers, Temple of the Five Hagis, Bhatgaon,

Nepal, Asia ill. 282; text 259

Wu Kia Tung Tang: Meaning of 367

Wung River, British Guiana 237

Wu-Pei-f u, General : Reference to 427

Wu Ting-fang: Reference to 428

Wyoming: Origin and meaning of the name 133

Wyoming: Yellowstone National Park, Lower

Falls (duotone insert) Plate IX, 21 1-226

Xavier, Joaquin Jose da Silva: Reference to.. 191, 201

Yangtze league of governors 428

Yangtze Province, China 426

Yangtze River, China.. ill. 357-359; (color insert) Plate V, 375-390; text 355, 357, 363, 369, 391, 396, 410, 413; (color insert) Plate XVI, 375-390

Yangtze River, China: Names for the 356

Yangtze Valley, China ". 408-411, 415,420

Yaque Mountains, Santo Domingo, West Indies.. 485

Yaqui Indians, Mexico 73

Yaqui River, Mexico 69

Yazoo River, Miss 125

Yellow River, China 408

Yellow Sea 251

Yellowstone National Park, Wyo. : Lower Falls

(color insert) Plate IX, 211-226 Yen-chau, China: Widow's monuments .... (color

insert) Plate X, 375-390

Yokohama, Japan 327

York, England 106

Yosemite National Park, Calif. . . (duotone insert)

Plate VI- VII, 211-226 Yosemite National Park rangers. . (black and white

insert) Plate XII, 285-300; text 284

Young China (color insert) Plate XI, 375-390

Ypiranga River, Brazil 201

Ypres, Belgium: Second battle of 40

Yuan Shih-K'ai: Reference to 404, 423-426

Yucatan, Mexico 32-33

Yuccas, Haiti, West Indies 487

Yu Kan, China 399

Yuma Indians, Arizona 74, 77

Yuma, Ariz 63, 72-74, 77, 79

"Z"

Zambezi River, Africa : Victoria Falls . . . (duotone

insert) Plate I, 211-226

Zemstro, Vladivostok, Siberia 525

Zeus: Reference to 83, 85, 100, 103

Zuni Mountains, New Mexico: Lumber cart. .ill. 141

VOL. XXXVIII, No. 1 WASHINGTON

JULY, 1920

A/7^ A ((ri A\ ^L(Jr-\

COPYRIGHT. I92Q, BY NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY. WASHINGTON. D. C.

CUBA— THE SUGAR MILL OF THE ANTILLES

BY WILLIAM JOSEPH SHOWALTER

FOR long generations the Spanish people believed that somewhere in the New World there existed a land of gold and jewels, rarer and fairer than any discovered country.

Ill-advised colonial policies deprived the Castilian Crown of the El Dorado its subjects sought — for such Cuba has be- come, because the world has developed a sweet tooth that must be satisfied.

The rivers of sugar flowing out and the streams of gold flowing in are transform- ing the island that Christopher Columbus pronounced the fairest land he had ever seen into a realm where prosperity runs riot.

They have made it the scene of a new romance of a thousand millionaires, with Havana as the Pittsburgh and sugar as the steel of the story.

THE IMMENSITY OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY

With a sugar production nearly doubled and prices more than quadrupled since 1912, one can readily see why Cuba is the world's El Dorado of 1920, and why sugar is its king.

The imagination is almost overpow- ered in attempting to comprehend the vast proportions of the sugar industry of the island as it exists this year.

The cane produced is of such tremen- dous volume that a procession of bull teams like those on page 13, four abreast, reaching around the earth, would be re- quired to move it. The crop would suf- fice to build a solid wall around the en- tire two thousand miles of the island's coast-line as high as an ordinary dwell-

ing-house and thick enough for a file of four men to walk abreast on it.

The sugar extracted from this cane would load a fleet of steamers reaching from Havana to New York, with a ship for every mile of the twelve hundred that stretch between the two ports. The great pyramid of Cheops, before whose awe-inspiring proportions millions of people have stood and gazed in open- mouthed amazement, remains, after five thousand years, unrivaled as a monu- mental pile ; but Cuba's sugar output this year would make two pyramids, each outbasing and overtopping Cheops.

The wealth the outgoing sugar crop brings in is not less remarkable in its proportions. Four hundred dollars out of a single crop for every human being who lives on the island — a sum almost as great as the per capita wealth produced by all the farms, all the factories, and all the mines of the United States !

What wonder, then, that Cuba today is a land of gold and gems, richer than Midas ever was, converting Croesus, by contrast, into a beggar! (See pages 12- 18, 20-30.)

AN UNPRECEDENTED DEMAND FOR CIGARS

Nor is sugar the only source of wealth that our fair neighbor across the Straits of Florida possesses. Wherever men dine well, whether in Brussels or Bom- bay, Sydney or Chicago, Rio or the Riviera, Havana cigars follow the coffee.

Never before was there such a demand as now for fine cigars. The masses in most countries may be impoverished as

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

Photograph from American Photograph Company A MOONLIGHT NIGHT ON NIP£ BAY: CUBA

This wonderful harbor, said to be the third largest in the world, is located on the coast of northeastern Cuba, across the island from Santiago. The fleets of the world might ride on its broad bosom, yet the outlet to the sea is so narrow that one could almost throw a stone to either bank from the deck of an outgoing steamer. The sugar industry of eastern Cuba centers around this bay.

CUBA— THE SUGAR MILL OF THE ANTILLES

© Underwood and Underwood OF THOUSANDS OF AVENUES OF PALMS IN CUBA

As the traveler journeys through the island, such a palm avenue is to be seen in almost every landscape. Many such avenues once led to the mansions of rich plantations; but now in many instances the nouses are gone, the roadways are overgrown with tropical vegetation, and only the palm trees remain to tell the story of the changes wrought by the passing centuries.

CUBA— THE SUGAR MILL OF THE ANTILLES

the result of the nightmare of war through which the world so recently came, but both the number of those who insist on Havana cigars and the number of cigars they smoke have increased at such a prodigious pace that every factory in Cuba is being forced to scale its orders. One Havana corporation specializing in choice brands is said to have received an order for fifty million cigars. It could only undertake to deliver twenty million. Practically every Cuban factory has so many unfilled orders that each could run a full year without new business.

THE GEOGRAPHY OF CUBA

Few people appreciate either the di- mensions or the area of Cuba. If you were to place the eastern tip of the island — Cape Maisi — flush with Barne- gat Beach, New Jersey, on a map of the United States of like scale, Cape San Antonio, the western land's end, would touch the eastern border of Illinois, span- ning the five States of New Jersey, Dela- ware, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana.

If those unfamiliar with the island are surprised at its length, a realization of its width, averaging only about sixty miles, likewise surprises. No place on the island is more than forty miles from the open sea. In area it is a Pennsylvania, and it has a population numerically equivalent to that of Georgia.

Nature and history have conspired to make Cuba a land of enchantment.

One approaches the island through sapphire seas. Its north shore, to the west of Florida Straits, is washed by the Gulf of Mexico and that to the east by the Atlantic Ocean; while the south shore is laved by the beautiful waters of the Caribbean. Both shores are fringed with myriad islands, idyllic spots unvis- ited by modern things.

AMONG THE WORLD'S FINEST HARBORS

No other land in the New World pos- sesses proportionately such numerous and wonderful bays. Most of them are distinguished for their bottle-necked en- trances, vast areas of water being en- tirely surrounded by land, except for nar- row channels to the sea, through which ships gain access to matchless roadsteads.

An example of these splendidly shel- tered harbors is Nipe Bay, on the north-

eastern coast. It is said to be the third largest harbor in the world. The storm- tossed ships of every sea might find peaceful anchorage there, with room to spare ; and yet the entrance is so narrow that, once inside, one seems on a lake rather than in a bay.

Similarly,' at Santiago, as one passes the frowning bastions of Morro Fortress, the narrow channel seems thoroughly clogged with small islands, but once past these the voyager enters a broad and charming bay.

The scenery of Cuba is as varied as heart could wish, and as the visitor journeys the length of the island, scenes of unrivaled beauty greet the eye — the low country is begemmed with valleys where innumerable avenues of royal palms wave their crowns of spreading fronds and lend enchantment to the land- scape.

For one who loves mountain scenery, there are occasional spots where the Andes and the Rockies may be seen in miniature. The Vinales Valley, for in- stance, in the northwestern part of the island, has been pronounced one of the finest between Alaska and Panama. In many places the mountains are a veritable jumble of weird and fantastic shapes.

THE CAU, OF HISTORY

What stirring story of the Spanish Main — of buccaneer, pirate, and priva- teer— lacks a Cuban end or a Cuban counterpart? What terrible tale of na- tional suffering surpasses the agonizing days when the whole rural population, under the iron hand of Weylerism, was huddled into reconcentrado camps and starvation stalked in every household ?

Outside of Havana Harbor, in the eternal calm that pervades the depths of the ocean, lies the shivered hulk of the battleship Maine, whose destruction by treacherous hands brought the banner of the forty-five stars to the side of the flag with one.

Along the southeastern shore are strewn the wrecks of that Spanish Armada whose defeat on July 4, 1898, made Cuba Libre a reality.

In Santiago one may sit at the banquet table where Admiral Cervera, with tears in his eyes, declared that on the morning of the morrow his fleet would go forth

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

bv Walter RuKeyser

CHICKKN COOPS AT THE HAVANA CITY JAIL I CUBA

The average Cuban is as fond of cockfights as the average American is devoted to base- ball. It would take a linguistic scholar to unscramble the bedlam of betting jargon one hears at a Cuban cocking main.

to what seemed a hopeless battle, but a necessary one, since no Spanish sailor could prefer ignominious surrender to an honorable, though losing, fight.

PREPARING FOR THE TOURIST

The raw material for making Cuba an ideal land for the individual who seeks sunshine in the winter is certainly present in an abandon of richness. That much is still lacking in the development of this material is evident to any one who has taken "pot luck" with the rank and file of those v/ho fled from the cold and the snow of the north.

Almost every person who visits Cuba on pleasure bent lands in Havana, and comparatively few get more than twenty miles away from that city's central park.

If New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, and Washington were consoli- dated, the resulting metropolis would bear about the same relation to the United States that Havana bears to Cuba. The capital city is the home of more people than are embraced in the combined popu- lations of all the other cities and towns of the Republic that have more than

4,000 inhabitants. Its closest rival is Santiago, but that city has only one-tenth as many people.

All of the big business houses in Cuba have their headquarters in Havana and some of the banks have built skyscraper homes.

As half the country's urban population is centered in Havana, so also is half of its shipping. The city normally handles a greater foreign tonnage than any other port in the Western Hemisphere except New York.

THE COUNTRY'S WEALTH CENTERS IN

HAVANA

Most of Cuba's wealthy families have Havana homes. During the past four years the net profits of the sugar business have probably exceeded the gross returns of any other four-year period in the his- tory of the island.

The result is that perhaps no other city in the whole world has proportion- ately as Targe a wealthy population as Havana. Nor has that population reached its climax.

Out of these conditions has grown a

CUBA— THE: suGAk Mitt OF

ANTILLES

Photograph by Walter RuKeyser

A VIEW OF MORRO CASTLE AND THE ENTRANCE TO THE HARBOR OF HAVANA FROM THE BASE OF THE SEA-WALL ON THE CITY SIDE OF THE HARBOR

situation where dollars are even cheaper than they are now in the United States. Tens of thousands of acres of land are being laid out in residence sites, and the Vedado district, the Riverside Drive and the Sheridan Road of Havana, is being extended until it reaches farther from the Prado than Riverside Drive from New York's City Hall Square or Sheridan Road from Chicago's Loop.

There are no advertising signs on these lots. But as one motors along one sees nestling close to the ground inconspicuous little boards, about a foot long, and half a foot wide, bearing the legend in Spanish "Sold to Mr. So and So.'; And Mr. So and So is usually some rich Cuban who has made a fortune out of sugar down in the provinces and is coming up to the capital for the social seasons. If not that, he is probably an American who likes to be reasonably near the country clubs, and prefers to live where the cocktail has not lost its legal status. The price of the lots is from one to three dollars a square foot, or from $43,000 to $130,000 per acre.

THE TOURIST'S BILLS

If high prices hit those to whom Havana is home, it is, of course, natural that they should strike the transient even more forcibly. Hotels everywhere are

always the advance guard in the price climb, and those in Cuba have been no exception.

There is only one hotel in Havana that gives anything like the American stand- ard of service, and its rates during the past season were $25 a day for an outside room with bath, without meals. It pur- posed to cater only to those to whom prices are no object; but that sort of patronage failed to develop in sufficient volume to maintain a full house.

The other hotels charged rates of from $6 to $12 for accommodations far from as good as one gets at from $3 to $6 in New York. The result was that many people who came to spend a week or ten days moved up their return dates con- siderably, and the tourist population changed on the average every four days.

The disappointments of the past sea- son promise for next year a saner ad- justment between rates and service.

The Cuban National Tourist Associa- tion is working out a program which aims to lay a solid foundation for a steady de- velopment of a healthy, growing tourist traffic. Under this association's plan, every room in Cuba that is open to the tourist is to be listed as soon and as long as it meets the required conditions of sanitation and moral surroundings.

10

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

© International Film Company AMERICAN SAILORS EATING COCONUTS AND FRESH FRUIT IN THE SHADE OF PALM

TREES: CUBA

The island is so long that the distance between Cape Maisi,-at the eastern end, and Cape ban Antonio, at the western end, is as great as that from the New Jersey coast to the Illinois boundary. Yet at no point in the entire country can one get more than forty miles away from the sea (see text, page 5).

CUBA— THE SUGAR MILL OF THE ANTILLES

11

The price of all rooms will be printed, and every effort will be made to secure chat general adherence to the principles of sound business and fair dealing which will win for Cuba the friendship of all who come and lead each of them to send others.

Arrangements have been completed, and work started on the building of sev- eral large dirigible airships for the pur- pose of operating a passenger air line, with a daily schedule, between Miami, Florida, and Havana. The distance be- tween the two resorts is about 300 miles, and will be covered in approximately six hours, which calls for a flying speed of fifty miles an hour. The big "blimps" will have passenger space for from thirty to fifty persons besides the crew. Thou- sands of visitors to Miami heretofore have been carried to Havana on a small steamer, spending two or three days in the latter city on a personally conducted tour, and it is expected that the "Blimp Route" will prove exceedingly popular.

THE: RAILROADS' PLANS

In the past there has been much to dis- courage the tourist who wanted to go out into the provinces. The day trains have had no parlor cars, and the coaches usually have been overcrowded. The Havana- Santiago Express has been run on a schedule of 35 hours, with a distance of only 538 miles to cover.

But next season some of the railroads intend to install facilities for handling the island's visitors in a much more sat- isfactory way. Parlor cars are to be put on day trains, dining-cars may be carried, and the running time of principal passen- ger trains reduced.

Furthermore, in order to provide proper hotel facilities in cities outside of Ha- vana, some of the railroads are increasing the number of hostelries under their con- trol, and have plans for bringing their hotels up to satisfactory standards.

When these improvements are insti- tuted and English-speaking conductors or interpreters are placed on the tourist- carrying trains, it will be possible for a visitor to move leisurely through the island to Matanzas, Cienfuegos, Cama- giiey, and Santiago. From Santiago he can go to Antilla and take a steamer either to New York or New Orleans.

Such a trip gives a splendid view of the island, affords one a better under- standing of the country, and sends one back to the United States a better citizen, with a broader grasp of the fundamentals of America's international relationships.

A DEMONSTRATION STATION IN INTERNA- TIONAL ALTRUISM

Cuba may well be considered a demon- stration station where the theories of in- ternational altruism are under practical operation. When the United States took upon itself the burden of winning for the people of the island their independence, and then set them on their feet with a republican form of government, the world was amazed.

Asking only that peace be maintained, and that the conditions essential to peace be observed, Uncle Sam retired from the island. Except for the effort of Jose Miguel Gomez to overturn the existing government in 1917 — an effort against which America promptly pledged its sup- port to a quick ending of the revolution — peace has been maintained since the in- tervention, and constitutional principles have been observed.

CUBA'S PROSPERITY MEASURED

This check upon revolutions and tyr- anny, this guarantee of protection for foreign investments, has proved an im- measurable boon to the Cuban people. Foreign commerce comparisons tell the story. Guatemala is larger than Cuba and is almost equal in population ; yet in 1918 the value of Cuba's exports was 35 times that of Guatemala's. Venezuela has nine times as much territory as Cuba and as mary people; yet its 1918 exports had only one-fifteenth the value of Cuba's. Indeed, the value of Cuba's ex- ports tha: year were twice as great as the combined exports of the eight coun- tries lying between the Texas border and the South American boundary.

Less than three million people on less than fifty thousand square miles of land, with an export trade twice as large as that of twenty million people on nearly a million square miles of territory ! And that was in 1918, when export values in Cuba's trade were less than half those forecast for the current fiscal year!

Was there ever such a measure of

12

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

prosperity as that, or such a tribute to enduring peace?

Not all of this wonderful de- velopment has been due to the Arnerican protectorate, of course. But the writer, who has visited every country that touches the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, and who has studied at first hand the people and the nat- ural resources of Mexico, Cen- tral America, the West Indies, and the countries of northern South America, cannot escape the- conclusion that a vast deal of Cuba's prosperity, as com- pared with that of its neighbors, is due to the blessing of stable government and a freedom from the stalking specter of devastat- ing revolution.

Much to be regretted is the lack of satisfactory communica- tion1 between Cuba and Porto Rico. If it were possible to plan a trip that would carry the tourist to Havana, thence to San- tiago, thence to Santo Domingo, and thence to Porto Rico, one could see in a single six-weeks' tour the three stages of Latin- Arqerican development under the touch of the United States.

Santo Domingo is a land that long has been revolution-torn, and has only latterly been com- pelled to travel the path of peace. Its soil is as rich as that of Cuba, its people are not dissimilar, but perennial revolution has pre- vented its development.

When one gets to Porto Rico one finds a prosperity as great as that of Cuba, education more general than obtains in that na- tion, and everything possible be- ing done to bring the masses of the people up to standards of living, habits of thought, and freedom from disease that obtain in our own country. What I wrote under the title "The Countries of the Caribbean/' in the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC for February, 1913, and in "The Wards of the United States," in the August, 1916, number, con-

14

THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

Photograph by Edith S. Watson THE SUGAR-CANE ORCHESTRA: CUBA

Everything moves to "the tune" of sugar in Cuba. Here is a little "band" of juvenile cane-cutters in the field. Sugar in the form of candy is not so popular with these island lads as the pure juice of the cane sucked from the stick. This scene may be duplicated all over Cuba from Pinar del Rio to Oriente in cane season. In the background is seen the growing cane.

trasting the progress of Cuba and Porto Rico with other tropical American lands, has been emphasized by later develop- ments.

OVER-ADVERTISING JOHN BARLEYCORN

Many things in Havana beside its re- markable weather during our winter months interest the American tourist. From all the reports current in the United States, it might seem as if prin-

cipal among these are the drinking em- poriums ; but, to the honor of the Amer- icans who visit Cuba, it is just to say that the journey of the vast majority of them has had no relation whatever to the en- forced flight of John Barleycorn from the shores of the United States. One sees comparatively few Americans drink- ing, and rarely indeed meets an intoxi- cated person. The rank and file of the native popu-

CUBA-THE SUGAR MILL OF THE ANTILLES

15

Photograph from F. W. B. Hogge HARD GOING ON A CUBAN SUGAR PLANTATION

There frequently falls, especially in the eastern part of Cuba, where the cane harvest runs far into the rainy season, as much as three inches of rain during a single downpour. The result is that the rich, deep soil becomes thoroughly saturated, and the teams of oxen have to bring every ounce of their strength into play to keep the cane moving toward the mill.

lation drink, and a large percentage of them order the kinds of drinks whose "authority" is strongly centralized ; but the Cuban whisky glass holds little more than a woman's thimble, so that a stand- ard drink is barely more than a sip, and little drunkenness results.

Probably no city has solved the prob- lem of cheap transportation more satis- factorily than Havana. Eight thousand Ford automobiles, operating within a ter- ritory whose radius is little greater than a mile and carrying one or two persons between any two points within this terri- tory for the sum of twenty cents, afford an individual transportation service that leaves little to be desired by those to whom the ticking of a taximeter is a mat- ter of moment.

These cars look different from the familiar type one sees in the United States, for they have passed through the hands of Cuban upholsterers before going into commission, and these artists work a complete transformation.

Any one who has visited Havana can appreciate how luxurious a Ford can be made. "Every little Ford has a decora- tion all its own," might be the title of a Madame Sherry song in that city. The tin and the imitation leather of dash- board, seats, and tonneau give place to mahogany for the dash, whipcord for the body upholstery, fancy carpet for the floor, and wonderful concoctions in rain- bow-hued leather for the seats.

In a single car one may see five or six different shades of leather employed in the upholstery. For instance, the basic material may be gray grained leather. This is piped with white and has touches of red, blue, and green to give a piquant effect. The whole is set off by a decora- tion of silver studs. It may look a little overdone to the staid citizen of the North, but it is an optical feast to the riding public of Havana, and once one is inside the car it seerns to transform itself into a royal equipage.

One forgets the lack of springs in the

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Photograph by American Photograph Company

TRANSFERRING THE CANE FROM OX-CARTS INTO RAILROAD CARS ON A CUBAN

SUGAR PLANTATION

A modern sugar factory, or "central," as it is known in Cuba, may require 250 acres of cane a day to keep it running at capacity. Consequently, great areas of sugar land are tributary to each central, and a complete railroad system is necessary to supply the cane in sufficient quantity. At these field-loading stations the cane is weighed in the loading process (see text, page 27).

cushions and under the car in his wonder- ment at the Cuban upholsterer's art.

There are no speed laws in Havana, but there is heavy accountability for those who do not respect the rules of the road and who take the right of way of either pedestrian or motorist. The result is that the cars rush hither and thither like mad, but the reflex actions of the chauffeurs' feet and hands are so highly developed that they can start and stop more quickly, and swerve this way and that more adeptly than can be imagined by one who has not seen them. There is certainly much decision of character in a people who can produce such chauffeurs.

The real spirit of the Cuban Govern- ment and people toward the Americans who make pilgrimages to Havana is

shown in the little booklet of taxi infor- mation distributed gratis by the National Police Department.

"You, sir," says the booklet, "have temporarily hired, or taken into your service, the vehicle number — . A Bu- reau of Information has been established, . . . which will furnish you with any information you need. ... In case of doubt, call the first policeman you meet, who will be glad to help you."

LOTTERY TICKETS EVERYWHERE

The masses of Cuba are lovers of chance. Lotteries flourish like green bay trees, and one has to run the gamut of human types in refusing to buy lottery tickets. Here is a wee bit of a girl, per- haps not'yet eight years old, who appeals

CUBA— THE SUGAR MILL OF THE ANTILLES

17

to you to take a chance because it will help her widowed mother; there a poor old woman of eighty wants you to buy, so that she may get a bite to eat. Now it is the elevator boy in the hotel, now the bootblack in the bar- ber - shop. Every- where you turn, a lot- tery ticket is before you and a vendor beg- ging you to buy.

One regrets that there is no e ff o r t made to ban this busi- ness; but the Cubans seem to take it as a matter of course, and the masses are ever ready to take another chance with each passing drawing.

Every city and town in Cuba has its cock- pit, and some of them possess several. Sun- day is a busy day for the roosters and their backers, and the en- thusiasm with which the habitues of the cocking main wager their pesos on their favorites is unlimited. The uninitiated spec- tator wonders how it is possible to un- scramble the bedlam of noise and to fol- low the changing odds.

Photograph by American Photograph Company

CRUSHING CANE; IN A CUBAN SUGAR MILL

Hour after hour, day after day, week after week, the unending procession of cane is drawn into the crushing machinery and the sweet sap flows out. It is then mixed with whitewash and the im- purities removed as the evaporation process proceeds (see text, page 27).

PLAYING JAI ALAI

In the whole range of professional sports there certainly has never been de- vised a more thrilling game than jai alai (pronounced high - a - ligh), which has been transplanted into Cuba from Spain.

It is a game that differs from tennis in that the court is a rectangle 210 feet long and 36 feet wide, with one side wall and two end walls. The floor is of cement and the walls of carefully laid stone. In- stead of the players arranging themselves

on opposite sides of a net, as in tennis, and batting the ball back and forth with rackets, they occupy in common the play- ing space of the court. One side serves the ball against the end wall, and on the rebound the other side must drive it back against the wall. Thus it is kept flying from players to wall and from wall to players until one side fails to return it to the wall, when the opposing team scores a point.

Instead of rackets the players use basket- woven affairs, crescent shaped, with one end laced to the right hand and

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© Underwood and Underwood

RAW SUGAR FROM CUBA BEING TRANSFERRED FROM SHIP TO LIGHTER IN NEW YORK HARBOR ON ITS WAY TO A REFINERY IN JERSEY CITY

A fleet of sugar ships — one for each mile that stretches between Havana and New York, and each carrying upward of eight million pounds of sugar — would be required to move Cuba's present crop (see text, page i).

CUBA— THE SUGAR MILL OF THE ANTILLES

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the other end free. The crescent is only about a foot long and three inches thick. A team of two players has to protect an area of 7,500 square feet, and some- times is forced to catch a ball on the re- bound from the wall at the far end of the court. To do this with such a narrow instrument as the cesta requires the ut- most agility, the closest calculation, and the most astute judgment.

"MORE EXCITING THAN BASEBALL"

Speaking of the game, a recent writer says: "Jai alai, the national game of Spain, is one of the most delightful things Americans discover in Cuba. It is more exciting than baseball, squash, and polo combined. Resembling tennis, inasmuch as it is played on courts by four men, it carries the onlooker on the crest of a wave of such suspense and thrills that he is enervated at the end of each game from sheer emotion.

"Americans who have been content to howl 'take him out !' and 'attaboy !' stand on their feet and yell half an hour at a time when they see the four players from Spain in a contest that strains every mus- cle and forces the perspiration from every pore, so that the clothing is drip- ping by the time the first round is played. Not one frenzied spectator of the 4,000 ever sits down or stops yelling except in the intermission. Jai alai is no place for a contemplative attitude."

SOME o? THE WORLD'S LARGEST CLUBS IN

HAVANA

Havana has some of the largest clubs in the world. There are no more clan- nish folk anywhere than the people from the several provinces of Spain. Those who have come from Galicia and their descendents have their club ; those from Asturias have theirs, and so on. The Centro Gallego, or club of Galicia, has 43,000 members, and its club - house, which includes the National Theater, cost nearly a million dollars. The Centro Asturiano has a membership of 36,000. The Clerks' Club has a membership of 30,000. The dues in each club are $1.50 per month, and each maintains its own hospital and sanitarium.

Cuba has six provinces, the largest, Oriente, having an area somewhat larger than the State of Maryland, and the

smallest, Havana, being slightly larger than Delaware. Yet each is so different from the other five that it is hard to dis- miss them with a word. The very at- mosphere seems different.

At the westernmost end of the island is the province of Pinar del Rio. It pro- duces less sugar than any other province, and therefore is the least prosperous, even though it does produce the finest tobacco in the world.

As one travels through the province, all the intrusions of American civilization are left behind, the terminal moraines of Anglo-Saxon culture are swallowed up in the plains of native life, and the only thing that sounds or looks homelike to a Washingtonian is the whistle of a loco- motive and an occasional box-car, bearing the name of a railroad in the States, which came across Florida Straits on the Key West-Havana ferry, loaded with flour, and will carry a load of sugar back to the Middle West.

The towns are thoroughly Latin, and the country districts, except for an oc- casional tobacco plantation and a few sugar centrals, seem entirely given over to a black and mulatto population, which appears content to live in thatch-roofed shacks.

PIGS, PONIES, AND GOATS

The animal life of Pinar del Rio prov- ince consists largely of dogs, chickens, pigs, ponies, and goats, in numbers rank- ing in the order named. Dogs one sees everywhere — little dogs, big dogs, lean dogs, fat dogs, but all of them lazy dogs. Of chickens, each shack-hold has a few, none of which would take a prize at a poultry show, though some of them might hold their own at a cocking main.

There are many pigs to be seen as one journeys through the country, but most of them are of an architectural outline that makes the Appalachian razor-back seem a prosperous porker. Each one of them is anchored fast to a peg in the ground, tethered by a rope. This is made fast to the pig in a fearful and wonderful way. If the noose were fastened around the neck only, his porkship could back out without difficulty, since his head is usually smaller than his neck. So it is passed around the pig in front of one shoulder, and behind the opposite leg,

20

CUBA— THE SUGAR MILL OF THE ANTILLES

21

and then drawn tight enough to keep him from backing out of it or creeping through it.

The horses one sees in rural Pinar del Rio are between the Texas and the Shet- land pony in size and so thin that one wonders that they can make a shadow. The white splotches all over their bodies are eloquent witnesses to the countless times that saddle and harness and spur have laid bare the raw flesh. Though the ground will grow two crops of corn a year, the Pinar del Rio pony never sees an ear of it and must be content to sub- sist on the grass in the plot of which his tether is the radius.

Milch goats, which are the cows of Pinar del Rio, seem to be the one species of animal able, as a class, to look fat and sleek.

Havana Province is more prosperous, looks half American, and seems like southern Florida and cane-growing Lou- isiana in one. Crossing the boundary into Matanzas Province, one gets deep into the sugar belt. Vast areas as flat as a floor are covered with sugar-cane. On every horizon the green of the growing cane meets the blue of an arching sky, with a huge sugar central — a sugar mill and radiating railroad — in every land- scape.

IN THE EASTERN PART OF THE ISLAND

Santa Clara Province lies next to the east, and one finds here, as one travels to its eastern border, the sugar industry gradually yielding place to the cattle- growing business, which in turn reaches its high tide in Camaguey. This latter province has wonderful areas of guinea- grass and other pastures on which cattle get as fat and sleek as if feasting on en- silage and cotton-seed meal on an Iowa farm.

Camaguey is a little larger than Ver- mont, while Santa Clara is about the size of New Hampshire.

Oriente is the Texas of Cuba, the larg- est and the newest of the bonanza lands within the Island Republic. A few years ago the soil of Oriente was thought unfit for sugar-growing, but today it produces more than any other province, and its development is only well begun. The largest centrals in the whole island are located there.

Cuba's principal iron deposits also are in Oriente. At Daiquiri, on the south coast, is a veritable mountain of hematite ore, which, under the sway of the Amer- ican steam-shovel, has been terraced until it seems to be a vast pyramid.

On the north coast are large deposits of ore-bearing mud, which, when sufficient drying facilities are installed, promise to yield millions of tons of iron ore right at deep water. That Cuban ores will com- pete with Minnesota and Michigan ores at the eastern furnaces, in the years ahead, is the belief of those who know the situation.

ENGUSH IN CUBAN SCHOOLS

Cuba has just begun an experiment fraught with many possibilities in Latin- American relations. Many forward- looking Cubans have come to realize that Spanish is no longer the chief language of commerce, and that the inability of the people to speak English is a barrier to progress, since most of the business of the Republic is done with English-speak- ing people.

Therefore, experimental schools in Eng- lish have been established, and the prog- ress being made justifies the hope that in a generation or two Cuba will place her- self in linguistic accord with the peoples with whom she has to deal.

I visited one of these schools, and the work being done was both a revelation and an inspiration. The teacher was a young woman of Cuban extraction, born and educated in New York. Her class had in it a score of typical Cuban boys, sons of small merchants and work-a-day folk.

The teacher was a born instructor. "Now I sing and laugh with joy. What do you say of me when I do that?" she queried.

"You are happy," responded the chorus of youngsters, their voices as much "in step" as a West Point cadet company.

"Now I bury my face in my hands and the tears flow from my eyes. What do you say I am doing?"

"You are crying," they responded as one.

"What is the subject and what the predicate in the sentence, 'I cry'?" she queries. " T is the subject and 'cry* the predicate," they respond. " T is a pro-

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© Underwood and Underwood

OPERATING THE POLARISCOPE IN A SUGAR-MILL LABORATORY

If a wind is blowing through a paling fence, only the straws carried in a vertical position by it can get through. The others are stopped by the fence. In the same way, only those rays of light which are, let us say, upright can get through the prism of a polariscope. These are called polarized rays. If they are passed through a solution of sugar, after passing through the prism, they are no longer upright, but lean to one side, so to speak, and are therefore unable to get through a second prism, which looks dark to the operator. He turns this prism around until its axis is parallel to the plane of the rays of light seeking to pass through it, and the distance he has to turn the prism before the light can come through tells him exactly how much the rays were deflected from an upright position in passing through the sugar, and therefore exactly how pure or impure the sugar solution is (see page 30).

noun, first person, singular, and 'cry' is the present tense of the verb 'to cry/ " they answer.

And so it goes. Every boy is so eager to answer that as a class they seem almost to fall over themselves in their effort to be first. They show a quickness in grasp-

ing the significance of number, tense, and mood that amazes the beholder. Under such a teacher, learning English is plainly a joy to the pupils. As soon as the teacher problem can be met adequately, the lan- guage of Shakespeare and O. Henry will be widely taught in the public schools.

CUBA— THE SUGAR MILL OF THE ANTILLES

23

CUBA'S SUGAR INDUSTRY

As stated in the beginning of this arti- cle, sugar is king in Cuba. Even in nor- mal years it is the principal source of wealth. But with the restraints of "price- fixing" regulations removed, 1920 is des- tined to outdo any other year in the his- tory of the industry.

Sugar-cane is grown by three classes of planters in Cuba. Perhaps the major part of the crop is grown by share farm- ers, or "colonos," as they are called. The owners of the sugar-mills furnish them with a given number of acres of land to plant and give them an agreed share of the sugar they produce.

The next class is composed of the land- owning farmers, who grow their own cane and have it ground on shares, after the fashion of the rural grist-mill. The remainder of the cane is grown by the owners of the mills themselves. At some centrals the "administration" cane, as that grown under "central" management is known, amounts to only 4 per cent of the total ; at others it amounts to 90 per cent.

THE PROFITS OF THE: PLANTERS

Even the share farmer, at pre-war prices, made money. According to "Cuba Before the World," the official handbook of the Republic at the Panama-Pacific Exposition, when sugar was selling at 2.62 cents a pound, his share of the sugar brought him, on the basis of twelve sacks to the acre, a return of from $46 to $51 per acre. The return of the planter own- ing his land was from $56 to $61 per acre. When one remembers that the sell- ing price of sugar is from four to six times as high in 1920 as it was then, the size of the per-acre income today is ap- parent.

How much net profit the cane-grower reaps at 1920 prices is hard to estimate, but that it is large will appear when the methods of cane-growing are stated. To begin with, after the first crop the planter does not have to bother with seed-time for about ten years. The soil is so deep and so fertile that one planting produces ten harvests. Neither does cultivation bother him after the first season, for the blades stripped from one crop form a mulch that keeps the weeds from com- peting with the next one.

Think of the profits that the American farmer would make out of corn if he could get ten crops from one planting, and did not have to plow nine of them at all to keep down the weeds !

THE: WORLD'S CHEAPEST MOTIVE POWER

Another item in the low cost of produc- ing sugar is the cheapness of the motive power. The cane is hauled, in ox-carts. The oxen live from six to ten months a year on the blades stripped from the harvested stalks, and the remainder of the year on succulent guinea-grass. Think how prosperous would be the American farmer if he could have animal motive power requiring not a pound of grain to feed it !

A great deal of the cane land produces much more sugar to the acre than the modest twelve bags that formed the basis of the calculations cited from "Cuba Be- fore the World." According to figures furnished the writer by the Cuban De- partment of Agriculture, much land pro- duces 22 bags to the acre. This, at 15 cents a pound, brings a gross return of more than $1,000 an acre.

These conditions have brought about an unprecedented boom in sugar lands. One sugar estate, which was bought some three years ago for $3,000,000, sold last January for $9,500,000. Another, which was valued at about $6,000,000 a few years ago, changed hands at $15,000,000.

Numerous new "centrals" are being built and others projected, all being capi- talized on the basis of this year's earn- ings. Thousands of American capitalists are investing in these flourishing enter- prises.

That the famine scale of prices of this year will not continue is the opinion of those who are in a position to know. Just as soon as the European sugar beet comes back into cultivation, price levels are bound to fall.

Many warnings have been 'sounded about the singularity of the source of Cuba's fortune. Economic safety is op- posed to having too many of one's eggs in a single basket. But Cuba believes in making hay while the sun shines, though that hay be sugar and that sun the su- crose hunger of the world.

How her receipts from sugar have ex- panded is shown by the fact that the 1915

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crop brought a total return of less than two hundred million dollars, while the 1920 crop will bring more than a billion dollars.

A ROMANCE OF MODERN INDUSTRY

The story of cane and the production of sugar from it is a romance of modern industry.

The first that the western world knew about sugar was when traders from India brought to England a substance of amazing sweetness, which the Londoners called "Indian salt."

It was so pleasing to the occidental palate that the plant from which it was made was brought out of Bengal and cul- tivated around the world. Today it belts the earth wherever long summers reign and plenty of moisture and soil fertility are found.

For many centuries it was propagated by planting after the fashion of potatoes, short pieces of the upper section of the stalk being put into furrows and covered. This was done so long that practically all of its ability to set seed, like the Irish potato and the horse-radish, was bred out of it.

One day an English physician living on the little island of Trinidad, on the north coast of South America, told a sugar- planter that the grass-like plants coming up here and there in the cane fields were in reality survivals of the time when cane set seed. The planter laughed at him and said they were nothing but stalks of grass.

Both were right, for cane is a grass, and the plants in question did bear seed. From that little observation has grown the improvement of the cane of the world, which has resulted, through the introduc- tion of improved varieties, in billions of pounds of sugar being supplied to man that, under other conditions, could not have been produced.

Cuba has the advantage of every other country in producing sugar cheaply. Most countries have to plant every two years and some of them every season, but the average in Cuba is once in from 7 to 12 years.

THE CUBAN SUGAR SEASON.

In most parts of the island the harvest- ing season is six months long — from December to June ; but in some sections

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Photograph by American Photograph Company GATHERING THE MATURE LEAVES IN A CUBAN TOBACCO FIELD

The most famous tobacco in the world grows in the westernmost province of Cuba — Pinar del Rio. The planter frequently gets as much as five thousand dollars an acre for his crop. In order to keep their product uniform, many manufacturers own their own farms and spend fortunes in fertilizers to keep the soil in the condition requisite to meet the most exacting demands for flavor, texture, and yield.

the harvest lasts from the first of Decem- ber to the first of October. The fields are so planted in the first place that each month of the grinding season produces its own crop of mature cane. Here is a group of fields where the new crop has just sprouted ; over yonder another group where the cane is half grown; and on farther is a group where harvesting op- erations are in full swing.

In harvesting, the cane-cutters first

strip the blades from the stalk ; then they cut off the upper part of the latter, which is worthless except for replanting, since what juice it contains possesses very little sugar. One of the strange things about sugar-cane is that the sap of the growing plant has little sugar, while in the mature stalk the juice is rich in sucrose. The action of the sun's rays seems -to trans- form glucose into sucrose — a transforma- tion that cannot be accomplished by

CUBA— THE SUGAR MILL OF THE ANTILLES

27

human means. If man knew how to do that, every corn-field would be a sugar- field.

The main body of the stalk is cut down and loaded into the ox-carts as shown on page 13. In these it is hauled to the field station and placed in the waiting cars. Each car contains about twenty tons and each train is made up of thirty cars. This makes six hundred tons of cane to the trainload, and eight to ten trainloads a day are required to keep one of the bigger centrals in operation for twenty-four hours. The big United Fruit central, at Preston, requires the crop from 250 acres every day to keep it busy. Imagine a field three-fifths of a mile square being harvested between sun-up and sundown to keep one central going!

WHEN THE: CANE REACHES THE MIIJ,

When the cane reaches the mill in the most modern plants, the cars are run, one by one, into a cradle and made fast thereto. A button is pressed and the cradle rocks over on one side. The side of the car swings loose and the load rolls out into a deep trench, at the bottom of which is an endless steel belt.

On this belt the cane is carried up to the crushing rolls. A man stands before a keyboard and by pressing the several electric buttons thereon regulates the flow through the crusher, which disrupts all the little sap cells and releases a great stream of foamy juice, as shown on page 17. Then the crushed cane is sent through sets of rollers, each time under heavy pressure.

Each set of rolls the cane passes through presses it harder than the one before. The last set may exert a press- ure of a million pounds, and when the "bagasse," as the crushed cane is called, issues from them it is almost as dry as tinder. It is carried by conveyers to the fire-boxes of the boilers, where it is used as fuel in generating the steam that drives the big mills and boils the cane juice. The stream of crushed cane flows through the last set of rolls at' a speed of seven miles a day.

MIXING WHITEWASH WITH CANE JUIC^

Imagine big gear-wheels fourteen feet in diameter, with cogs sixteen inches long, three inches deep, and two inches

thick on their face. Such are the trains of gears that transmit the power from the engines to the rolls.

After the juice is pressed out of the cane it is thoroughly strained and pumped into big tanks at the top of the building, where a milk-of-lime solution — in other words, plain whitewash — is added.

The mixture is then heated to a degree just above the boiling-point. The lime neutralizes the acid in the juice and finds affinities in some of the foreign sub- stances. It pulls these to the bottom and plays the same role of purifier in the making of sugar that it plays in the mak- ing of iron. The heat causes the other impurities to rise to the surface as scum, so that when this preliminary process is completed in the big settling tanks there is a top layer of froth, a middle layer of clear juice, and a bottom layer of mud- like solid material.

The clear juice is drawn off and passed through filters of excelsior. It is then pumped to the evaporators, where about half of the water is boiled out of it.

HOW THE MODERN EVAPORATOR WORKS

In the more modern factories there is a chain of four evaporators working to- gether. We all learned in our school days that the lighter the air pressure, the lower the temperature at which liquids boil. The sugar manufacturer makes use of that principle in his factory. By means of air pumps he reduces the atmospheric pressure in each evaporator to a point below that of the preceding one.

The steam that boils the juice in the first evaporator must have a temperature of 215° Fahrenheit. When this steam falls below that temperature it passes into the coils of the second evaporator, where the air pressure is so reduced that the partially cooled steam makes the liquid boil at 203°. After it falls below that point the steam passes on to the third evaporator, where, with a still further reduced air pressure, it is able to keep the syrup boiling until it falls below 180°. The fourth evaporator has the air pres- sure reduced to a practical vacuum. The steam that has lost so much of its heat as to be unable to maintain the boiling- point in the third is nevertheless hot enough to keep the juice boiling in the fourth. Here only 150° of heat is needed

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Photograph by American Photograph Company CURING WRAPPER LEAVES IN A CUBAN TOBACCO BARN

The best Havana cigars are made from tobacco that has undergone a curing process lasting more than two years (see text, page 32).

to maintain the boiling process. By this arrangement the juice is boiled to the proper consistency with only one-fourth of the heat otherwise required.

The next step in the making of sugar is to draw the thick juice into the vacuum pans. Here it comes into contact with hot steam coils and boils at a very low temperature because of the absence of atmospheric pressure. As the boiling proceeds, the sugar crystallizes into small grains. The man in charge of a big vacuum pan is known as the sugar mas- ter. From time to time he adds fresh juice, and its sugar gradually settles on the crystals already formed, which thus are made to grow larger.

Finally the vacuum pan becomes full of sugar and mother syrup. The sugar and the adhering syrup are then removed to a centrifugal machine that acts some- what on the principle of a cream sepa- rator. Placed inside a perforated basket and whirled around at from 1,000 to 1,400 revolutions a minute, all of the

syrup is forced out through the perfora- tions, while the crystallized sugar re- mains behind.

This syrup is boiled again, after which it goes to the crystallizer, a huge revolv- ing tank, in which a seed bed of crystals from the vacuum pan has been prepared. There it gradually deposits its sweetness on these crystals, and, when it has given up all that is worth waiting for, the mix- ture goes back to the centrifugal ma- chines, where its adhering syrup is hurled out from this second lot of crystals. The process is repeated again, and by this time all the available sweetness has been ex- tracted, and the remaining liquor is the "blackstrap" molasses of commerce.

THE PRINCIPLE OF SUGAR EXTRACTION

The principle of producing sugar is embodied in the fact that water can hold only a given amount of sucrose in solu- tion. As the water is driven out of the cane juice the latter finally reaches a stage where there is not enough left to

CUBA— THE SUGAR MILL OF THE ANTILLES

29

Photograph by American Photograph Company

SOWING WRAPPER LEAVES TOGETHER PREPARATORY TO HANGING THEM UP TO CURE

IN A CUBAN TOBACCO BARN

Before the leaves to be used as wrappers can be cured, the stems of two of them are sewed together, and they are then hung across a lath or string, saddlebag fashion, and placed in the curing barn (see text, page 31).

hold all the sugar dissolved, and as evap- oration proceeds, the sugar, deprived of its water, is compelled to pass out of solu- tion into crystal form.

A ton of sugar-cane yields ^\l/2 gallons of blackstrap molasses, and one gets a good impression of the immensity of the industry when, on a single day's rail journey, he meets a dozen solid trains of some forty big tank cars each, and every car full to the dome with blackstrap.

Over every operation in the manufac- ture of sugar one little instrument pre- sides— the polariscope. It is the court of last resort, the final judge, in the making

of sugar. Does this field produce cane rich in sugar? Is that mill extracting its proper percentage of juice out of the crushed cane? Is that juice yielding up its proper share of first-grade sugar? Does any available sugar remain unex- tracted in the blackstrap? Is this sugar pure enough to meet the importer's tests ?

All these questions are put to the polariscope by the mill manager, through the chemist, and it never fails to re- turn a full and convincing answer (see page 22).

What manner of mechanism is this that can thus render these dependable

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verdicts, and what strange laws of nature lend it the power it possesses?

To hegin with, one must remember that light is a matter of vibrations. Accord- ing to the physicists who have developed this wonderful instrument and given it the power to guarantee the sweetness that goes into our coffee cup, a ray of bright light is a matter of five hundred trillion vibrations a second. These come at every angle and hence fill up all the space they reach. If these came at the rate of only one a second, a person would have to live two million years to get as much light in his eye as now comes be- tween the ticks of a clock.

THE POLARISCOPE'S TASK

But by a peculiar grouping of lenses and mirrors the scientist is able to strain out all of the crisscross vibrations and use only those which move in a given direction. When these one-direction rays are passed through certain materials they thereby have their direction changed to the right or left. Sugar turns them to the left.

In most polariscopes used in testing, a strong white light passes through a lens and then to a prism made up of two wedge-shaped pieces of Iceland spar cemented together with a film of Canada balsam. This prism excludes all of the crisscross rays, as a paling fence excludes the passage of all wind-blown straws ex- cept those that present themselves up- right to the openings between the palings. The remaining single-direction rays, or polarized light, pass through the solution which is to be tested and are rotated to the left. They next enter another prism like the first. A pointer attached to thumb-screw is moved as the operator adjusts the prism to correct the rotated rays as they emerge from the sugar solu- tion.

When the operator looks into the eye- piece at the opposite end from the light, he sees a distinct shadow on the lens, one side being light and the other dark, this being due to the inability of the rays to get through the prism until the "paling" of glass is made perpendicular to the "straw" of light. He turns the" thumb- screw until the shadow disappears, and then looks to see where the pointer rests

on the scale. Its position is the polari- scope's answer to his questions.

BAGGING THE BIG CROP OF SWEETNESS

After sugar has come from the centrif- ugals it goes to the bagging-room, where it is put into bags that hold 325 pounds each. These are hauled in trainloads to the docks and shipped to the United States, where the big refineries remove the impurities and transform the sugar from dirty yellow to immaculate white.

A visit to a big plantation like that at Preston is an impressive experience. It is a small empire within itself, having its own railroad system, its own police department, its own hospital, its own fire department. It covers 280 square miles of territory, possesses a population of nearly ten thousand, and has nearly twelve hundred buildings. Its railroad system has 121 miles of standard-gauge railroad track, 25 standard American locomotives, and nearly 800 railroad cars. About 5,000 oxen are required to haul the cane to the field sidings of the Pres- ton railroad.

Adjoining it is the Boston plantation, owned by the same company, and to- gether they constitute what is believed to be the largest compact sugar property in the world.

WHERE TOBACCO RULES

Sugar is supreme at the eastern end of the island, but tobacco holds the top posi- tion at the western end. Pinar del Rio tobacco soothes the nerves of men of affairs the world over. There are all kinds of tobacco-growers, from the rich "veguero," with scores of acres of the finest Vuelta Abajo wrapper, grown under cheese-cloth, to the poor thatched- hut dweller, with his little patch that produces nothing but cheap filler.

Profits in growing tobacco are propor- tionate to the care expended in its culti- vation. The poor denizen of the low country may get $50 out of his acre, while the rich "vega" of the rolling up- land region may bring its owner $5,000 an acre.

The finest tobacco lands in Pinar del Rio are on the south side of the range of mountains that extend through the prov- ince from east to west, midway between

CUBA— THE SUGAR MILL OF THE ANTILLES

31

Photograph by American Photograph Company

A CART-LOAD OF BALED TOBACCO AS IT COMES INTO THE HAVANA WAREHOUSES FROM THE FARM WHERE IT WAS GROWN

No cart is too humble to be drawn by a mule caparisoned as for a parade. Note the bells on the hames and the tassels suspended from the headstall of the bridle. The Cuban is exceptionally fond of the ornate, whether in language, architecture, or harness.

the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, in a well-watered, rolling country, full of natural beauty and possessed of a climate as mild and sweet as the fra- grance of the cigar whose raw material grows there. The