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JOURNAL
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VOLUME 23. 1933
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JOURNAL
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PALEOBOTAN Y.—New occurrences of Pleistocene plants in the Dis- trict of Columbia.1 EpwaRp W. Brrry, Johns Hopkins University.
The material which has yielded the organic remains described in the following pages was collected by Mr. Arthur Keith of the United States Geological Survey, whose statement regarding the two out- crops is quoted in subsequent paragraphs. Mr. R. 8. Williams of the New York Botanical Garden has identified the mosses for me, and the types of these are in the collection of that institution. Messrs. W. L. McAtee and A. C. Martin of the Bureau of Biological Survey have given valuable help in determining several doubtful specimens and I wish to express my indebtedness to all of these gentlemen for their cooperation.
The two localities are described by Keith? as follows:
Government Printing Office: Location on north side of G Street about 200 feet west of North Capitol Street; altitude of curb of G Street 29-30 feet A. T. The excavation went through a heavy fill, then 4 or 5 feet of gravel which may or may not have been in place. Below the gravel the excavation was in dark clay down to 1 foot A. T. Excava- tions for footings went through about 1 foot down to tide level in dark sandy clay. Fragments of carbonized wood and leaves were found in the upper part of the black clay.
Bellevue Hotel: On north side of E Street and about 200 feet west of North Capitol Street. The excavation was mainly in fill which was 19 feet deep. Beneath this was from 3 to 6 feet of gray clay and gray sandy clay with pockets of vegetable matter, leaves, wood, etc. This clay is the same bed as that cut in the Government Printing Office excavation and seems to correspond to the upper part of the clay
1 Received July 1, 1932. 2 Letter of January 26, 1932.
JAN 13 1°73
2 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, No. 1
found there. I do not know the precise altitude of the curb in front of the Bellevue Hotel but it is about 8 or 10 feet higher than the curb at the Government Printing Office on G Street.
Altogether the two deposits have yielded the recognizable remains of 41 different kinds of organisms representing 1 fish, 2 insects and 37 kinds of plants. The last comprise 5 mosses, 1 conifer, 2 mono- cotyledons, and 29 dicotyledons. Four of the plants have not been determined generically, and 11 additional have not been determined specifically. The following 6 types have not before been found fossil in North America and but one of these (Bidens) is represented in the European Pleistocene: Pilea pumila, Cycloloma atriplicifolium, Ilex vomitoria, Helianthemum sp., Cornus florida, and Bidens sp.
The bulk of the plant remains represent fruits or seeds, and the leaves of but a single species, /lex vomitoria have been found in the peat, although tiny fragments of leaf lamina, veins, and petioles, are exceedingly common. Leaves of the beech, sycamore, and sweet gum are not uncommon in the silty layer associated with the peat in the excavation for the extension of the Government Printing Office.
There is, in addition, a considerable amount of material from both excavations which I have been obliged to ignore either because of its unsatisfactory nature, or because of lack of skill, or unwillingness to expend the necessary time on account of the law of diminishing re- turns. For after all, in the few studies which I have had the oppor- tunity to make on Pleistocene plants from the Middle Atlantic and Southern states, the results have disclosed a flora essentially modern and differing in only minor details from that which inhabits the same localities at the present time, and these results are only to be obtained by an inordinate expenditure of time and patience in macerating and sorting the material.
The 5 mosses are all common species and such as might be found in bogs or along streams in the eastern United States. The single conifer, Taxodium, is a common Pleistocene type indicative of coastal plain rather than Piedmont environment. Its range has apparently become progressively restricted during the past few thousand years.
Monocotyledons number but 2 species, but of these Navas sp. is one of the most abundant plants in the deposits.
The dicotyledons are, for the most part, wide ranging and well known forms, although the 5 following are new to the North American Pleistocene: Cycloloma atriplicifolium, Ilex vomitoria, Helianthemum sp., Cornus florida, and Bidens sp.
While picking over the macerated peaty muck all pebbles en-
JANUARY 15, 1983 BERRY: PLEISTOCENE PLANTS IN D.C. 5)
countered were preserved and these are of some interest. They are in- frequent and mostly small, the largest being a pebble of vein quartz from the Bellevue Hotel site with a maximum diameter of 12 milli- meters. Pebbles of vein quartz are the most abundant at both locali- ties and the quartz pebbles are better rounded than those of other materials. From the hotel site pebbles of a chert breccia followed those of vein quartz in frequency and there was a single pebble of red sandstone (apparently Triassic). The pebbles from the muck at the Government Printing Office excavation were rather angular pea- sized gravels or smaller, and the most abundant were of vein quartz. Next in abundance were pebbles of Triassic (?) red sandstone. Very sparingly represented were pebbles of the following: Muscovite, chalcedony, olivine or epidote, fine-grained granite, quartz mica schist, a single one of feldspar, and one or two which were not de- termined. The assemblage might be called a Piedmont assemblage, having in mind that the Triassic outcrops in the Piedmont province of Maryland. The angularity of the material suggests that it has come only a short distance, unless it be assumed that the small pebbles resulted from the fragmentation of larger and more rounded stream gravel.
The only strictly aquatic plant in the collection is Navas, which is very abundant. Conspicuous by their absence are such aquatic genera as Ceratophyllum, Brasenia, Nymphaea, and Potamogeton, which might normally be expected to occur and which would scarcely be over- looked if they were represented in the material. On the other hand when one visualizes the plant assemblages characteristic of pond borders or wet stream banks, it is found that the majority of the plants recorded in this paper belong in that category, notably Carez, Alnus, Persicaria, Polygonum, Ranunculus, Rubus, Vitis, Bidens, etc. Others, like the beech, bald cypress, pig nut hickory, tulip tree, sweet gum, sycamore, elderberry, and Pilea, although occurring also in drier situations, are at home and more common in wet situations.
The only strictly dry soil type is the Helianthemum, although Cornus florida is normally a hillside rather than a stream valley type in this latitude. Moreover, fish scales indicate the presence of suffi- cient amounts of water to permit this type of life, and the presence of scattered small pebbles at both sites indicates that there was some stream tributary to the immediate area of deposition which was ex- plored.
I conclude then, that these two deposits were laid down in either a pond or in the meanders of a slow-moving stream, the low shores of
4 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, No. 1
which were clothed with thickets of stream-bottom and swamp types of plants.
AGE OF THE DEPOSITS
The altitude and attitude of the present-day surface (30 to 40 feet) beneath which the peaty layers occur at these two sites is that usually referred to the Talbot formation in this region, though the actual ele- vation of the deposits (less than 20 feet) would suggest a lower ter- race, probably the Pamlico terrace. There has been much change of the old natural surface through human agency and the present sur- face elevation has little physiographic significance. The floras of the various stages of the Pleistocene are so incompletely known and so modern in character that the plants themselves furnish little more than circumstantial evidence. |
One naturally compares the flora at these two localities with that described from the Mayflower (Walker) Hotel site on Connecticut Avenue, which is from the somewhat earlier Wicomico formation, and which is the largest flora based upon carpological remains in the eastern United States. Only 7 of the 41 forms from the two localities discussed here were recorded from the Mayflower site and 22 from the latter have not been found at either of the localities under discussion. This seems to me to be an unusually large amount of difference and to be entitled to some weight. How much, cannot be evaluated as the Mayflower site, from the evidence of the large bald cypress stumps and knees in situ, was a cypress pond, whereas these two localities appear not to have been. This undoubtedly means a slightly different ecologic facies and this slight environmental difference might be sufficient to account for the observed differences in the plants found. The most abundant plants at the Mayflower site were the cypress, grape, elderberry, Rubus, and sedges—Carex and Dulichium particu- larly. None of these are common at the Bellevue Hotel or Govern- ment Printing Office sites, in fact only the first three are represented by identical species, and even these are represented sparingly. The commonest fossil at the latter localities is the pericarp of Navas. Furthermore, nine of the species in the present paper are commonly found in one or more localities of late Pleistocene age in adjacent regions of the Coastal Plain and three additional are thought to occur elsewhere in the Talbot formation or its equivalent, but are not posi- tively identified.
There is some evidence of a climate more genial than the present in the floral remains from the Mayflower Hotel site. The suggestion
JANUARY 15, 1933 BERRY: PLEISTOCENE PLANTS IN D.C. 5)
is offered with greater emphasis by the late-Pleistocene marine faunas, and is seen at all localities where plants of Talbot age have been dis- covered from Virginia northward to New Jersey. It is marked in the assemblage described in this paper, for two species occur that reach their present northern limit in southern Virginia. The evidence for a more genial climate deserves some weight though its exact value_is uncertain, particularly for Wicomico deposits, for so few localities with plants of Wicomico age are known that we can neither affirm or deny the point with respect to Wicomico time.
No conclusive correlation has been made between the terrace _de- posits and those of glacial origin to the northward.
Leverett has identified the terminal moraine of the Illinoian on the north and west branches of the Susquehanna and followed the valley train down the river below Columbia, Pa., where it is said practically to connect with the Wicomico. I am not sure whether Leverett re- gards these coastal terraces as glacial or interglacial, since he speaks of the degree of weathering of the Pensacola terrace in Florida as indi- cating an age not older than the Wisconsin drift.?
Cooke, who is a strong supporter of the glacial control theory of Pleistocene sea level, considers that the presence of Illinoian drift ma- terial in the Wicomico proves the latter to be of Sangamon (inter- glacial) age.* In his latest paper® on the subject he advocates restrict- ing the name Talbot to the terrace and formation whose shore line lies about 42 feet above sea level and dropping the term ‘“‘Chowan,”’ which he suggested as a substitute for Talbot in the previous paper just cited, and using the term Pamlico for the lower terrace whose shore line lies at approximately 25 feet above sea level. If this pro- posal be adopted, the two fossiliferous sites under discussion would be referred to the Pamlico terrace which probably date, according to Cooke,® from the interglacial age between the second and third Wis- consin glaciations.
3 Leverett, F., Science, vol. 71, p. 544, 1930. 4 Cooke, C. W., This JouRNAL, vol. 20, p. 394, 1930: Jour. Geol., vol. 38, p. 588 1930.
5 Idem., vol. 21, pp. 503-513, 1931. § Oral communication.
VOL. 23, NO. 1
JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
6
Thuidium delicatulum or Th. recog-
6, Brachythectum pulmosum; 7-10, Hygrohypnum eugyrtum mackayt; 11-13,
1-2, Anomodon attenuatus; 3-4, Taxtphyllum geophilum.
Figures 1-13.
nitum;
~~
5-
JANUARY 15, 1933 BERRY: PLEISTOCENE PLANTS IN D.C. Ci
MUSCI? Figs. 1-13.
The interesting fragments of Pleistocene mosses sent to the New York Botanical Garden by Prof. Berry are all blackened and brittle with age. The largest pieces are scarcely more than 1 cm. long, with the main stems or branches often nearly denuded of leaves or with little more than the costa remaining, yet on all the specimens, especially at the tips of the branches, have been found at least a few leaves showing nearly, or quite, perfect out- line of margin and cell structure.
As determined, all five species are common and well known mosses of the eastern states and would naturally be found in damp or boggy places. The Thuidium, called either delicatulum or recognitum, can scarcely be more defi- nitely determined without the perichaetial leaves.
The five species are evidently as follows:
Anomodon attenuatus (Schreb.) Hiiben.
Thuidium delicatulum (L.) Mitt. or Thuidium recognitum (L.) Lindb. Brachythecium plumosum (Sw.) Bry. Eur.
Hygrohypnum eugyrium mackayi (Schp.) Broth.
Taxiphyllum geophilum (Anst.) Fleisch.
DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES 1-13
Anomodon attenuatus. Figs. 1. Branch-leaf X23. 2. Apex of same X230.
Thuidium delicatulum or Th. recognitum. 3. Lateral view of apex of branch-leaf 200. 4. Part of denuded stem with branches X6.
Brachythectum plumosum. 5. Branch-leaf X23. 6. Median leaf-cells 230.
Hygrohypnum eugyrium mackayt. 7. A section of branch partly denuded of leaves X6. 8. Apex of branch leaf 230. 9. Branch leaf X23. 10. Median cells of same X230. Taxtphyllum geophilum. 11. Branch leaf X23. 12. Apex of same X230. 13. Median leaf-cells 230.
7 Contributed by R. S. Williams of the New York Botanical Garden.
8 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES’ VOL. 23, NO. 1
CUPRESSINACEAE TAXODIUM DISTICHUM (Linné) L. C. Richard
Fig. 14
Tazxodium distichum Holmes, Elisha Mitchell Soc. Jour., vol. 2, p. 92, 1885.
Hollick, Maryland Geol. Survey, Pleistocene, pp. 218, 237, pl. 68, 1906.
Berry, Torreya, vol. 6, p. 89, 1906; Jour. Geology, vol. 15, p. 339, 1907; Am. Nat- uralist, vol. 48, pp. 432-34, figs. 1, 2, 1909; Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 29, p. 391, 1910; Torreya, vol. 10, p. 263, 1910; Plant World, vol. 16, pp. 39-45, figs. 1, 2, 1911; Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 34, p. 219, figs. 1,2, 1912; Torreya, vol. 14, pp. 160, 162, 1914; U. 8. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 48, p. 296, 1915; Torreya, vol. 15, p. 206, 1915; U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 98, p. 195, pl. 45, figs. 1-6, 1916; Jour. Geology, vol. 25, p. 662, 1917; Florida Geol. Survey Ninth Ann. Rept., p. 21, 1917; This JouRNAL, vol. 14, p. 15, pl. 1, figs. 37—42; pl. 3, 1924; U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 140, p. 105, pl. 45, figs. 1-8, 1926; Torreya, vol. 27, p. 22, 1927.
This species has been found in Pleistocene deposits at numerous localities both within and outside its modern range. The most notable of the latter are Long Branch, N. J., Buena Vista, Va., and Marietta, Ga. All of the Mary- land—District of Columbia Pleistocene occurrences are outside the Recent range but at no very great distance, although those near the head of Chesa- peake Bay are about 60 miles outside the present range. The localities pre- viously mentioned are three times this distance and the Virginia and Georgia localities are situated in the Appalachian Province.
Within the District of Columbia huge stumps, accompanied by a profu- sion of seeds and somewhat fewer cone scales, were found at the Mayflower (Walker) Hotel site on Connecticut Avenue, and the wood was also found in an excavation at the southeast corner of North Capitol and Pierce Streets, N. E. The species was found at both the Bellevue Hotel excavation and that for the Government Printing Office extension. At the former there were only a few seeds but at the latter place, detached leaves, a few broken twigs, a small cone-scale, and a few abortive seeds were found. Obviously the peat at these two localities does not represent a cypress pond or bay like that at the Mayflower (Walker) Hotel site, but a sparse drift element derived from a source some little distance away.
The bald cypress has a most interesting geologic history, and its immedi- ate and scarcely distinguishable Tertiary ancestor attained a holarctic dis- tribution in the later Tertiary.
The oldest beds in which the existing species has been definitely recog- nized are the Pliocene deposits along the Gulf coast of Alabama (Citronelle formation). It was exceedingly common at numerous widespread localities in southeastern North America during the Pleistocene epoch in the latest terrace deposits (Talbot, Pamlico, and Princess Anne) and in several sub- Recent deposits. Unfortunately it does not seem possible now to correlate the outcrops at these localities with the chronology of the glaciated region to the north.
Ns
JANUARY 15, 19383 BERRY: PLEISTOCENE PLANTS IN D.C. 9
The Flora of the District of Columbia® records the bald cypress from near Marshall Hall, about 20 miles down the Potomac Valley, and also from localities south of Bowie, Prince George’s County, Maryland about an equal distance east of the District, but I have never observed it under unquestion- able natural conditions nearer than southern Charles County, Maryland.
NAIADACEAE Nats sp. Berry Figs. 15-20.
Naas sp. Berry, This JouRNAL, vol. 14: p. 17, pl. 1, figs. 1-3, 1924.
Very many pericarps of a species of Naias similar to those encountered at the Mayflower (Walker) Hotel site are contained in the material from the excavation for the extension of the Government Printing Office and more sparingly at the Bellevue Hotel site. Some of these are in an excellent state of preservation and show a fine longitudinal ornamentation of punctate rib- lets. The photographs from which the accompanying illustrations were made are particularly poor and do not bring out these features.
POACEAE CAREX Sp. Fig. 21
In addition to immature and undeterminable specimens, the achenes of two species of Carex were found to be exceedingly common in the buried swamp deposit encountered in the excavation at the site of the Mayflower (Walker) Hotel. These were compared with Carex collinsii Nuttall? and Carex intumescens Rudge.*® In the excavation for the extension of the Gov- ernment Printing Office a single achene of a Carex was discovered. This appears to me to be distinct from the two species cited above, but the species in this genus are so numerous and there is so much convergence in the fruit- ing characters of many of them, that the specific identity of the most similar of existing forms can not be determined from the fruits alone.
JUGLANDACEAE HicorRia GLABRA (Mill.) Britton Figs. 22, 23
Juglans glabra Mill. Berry, Torreya, vol. 6, p. 89, 1906; Jour. Geol., vol. 15, p. 340, 1907; Torreya, vol. 9, p. 97, figs. 1-5, 1909; Idem., vol. 10, p. 264, fig. 1, 1910; U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 140, p. 106, pl. 46, figs. 1-4, 1926.
8 Cont. U. 8. Natl. Herbarium, Washington, 1919. 9 Berry, E. W., This JourNAL, vol. 14, p. 17, pl. 1, figs. 4-8, 1924. 10 Tdem, figs. 9-11.
10 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, NO. 1
Hicoria pseudo-glabra Hollick, Md. Geol. Survey Pliocene & Pleistocene, p. 221, pl. 72, figs. 1, 16, 17, 1906.
Carya porcina Nuttall. Mercer, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Jour., (II), vol. 11, p. 277, 281, figs. 4, 5, 12, 16, 1899.
Half of a nut and husk fragments of this species were found in the Gov- ernment Printing Office excavation. It has been recorded from a considerable number of Pleistocene deposits ranging in age from the Sunderland terrace to the ‘“‘Chowan”’ (Talbot) terrace. It has been found in the Port Kennedy, Penna., cave deposit, and in New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. In the existing flora it is found in both dry and wet situations from Maine to Florida and Texas.
BETULACEAE ALNUS RUGOSA (Du Roi) K. Koch Figs. 24-27
(?) Alnus serrulata Willdenow. Schmalhausen, Palaeont., Bd. 33, p. 200, pl. 19, figs. 5-9, 1887.
Alnus rugosa Hollick, Md. Geol. Survey Pliocene and Pleistocene, p. 225, pl. 69, figs. 1-3, 1906.
The cone scales of this species are rather common at both the Bellevue Hotel excavation and that for the Government Printing Office extension. One or two shrivelled and doubtfully determined seeds were also found. The latter are slender but show the two persistent styles and are probably abor- tive seeds of this species, since they are not filled out.
Leaves of this species are exceedingly common in the Talbot clays at Drum Point, Calvert County, Md. This is the only previously recorded fossil occurrence except for the forms from the supposed Pliocene of the Altai region in Asia which Schmalhausen identified as Alnus serrulata Will- denow. The latter is a synonym of Alnus rugosa and it is highly improbable that the Altai occurrence represents this, rather than one of the numerous existing Asiatic species of the genus.
Alnus is an old genus recorded somewhat doubtfully from the Upper Cre- taceous and attaining a Holarctic range during the Tertiary, and penetrating South America as far as Bolivia in the Pliocene. The existing species are clearly foreshadowed in the Pliocene, Schmalhausen having referred several from the Altai region in Asia to modern forms, and Saporta and Laurent describing French species as varieties of existing ones.
In addition to the present species Alnus rubra, incana, viridis, glutinosa, and cordifolia have been recorded from the Pleistocene.
Alnus rugosa is common in swamps and on low moist ground in the present flora of the District of Columbia and ranges from Maine and Minnesota to Florida and Texas.
~"
JANUARY 15, 1933 BERRY: PLEISTOCENE PLANTS IN D.C. 11
FAGACEAE FAGUS GRANDIFOLIA Ehrhart
Fagus ferruginea Lesquereux, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 27, p. 363, 1859; Geol. Tenn., p. 427, plekKefic. 115 1869 (2). Knowlton, Am. Geol., vol. 18, p. 371, 1896. . Mercer, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Journ., (II), vol. 11, pp. 277, 281, fig. 815, 1899. Fagus americana Hollick, Md. Geol. Survey Pliocene & Pleistocene, p. 226, 1906. Berry, Torreya, vol. 6, p. 88, 1906; Jour. Geol., vol. 15, p. 341, 1907; Am. Nat., vol. 41, p. 692, pl. 2, fig. 7, 1907; Idem., vol. 48, p. 435, 1909; Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 29, p. 393, 1910; Torreya, vol. 14, p. 162, 1914; Idem., vol. 15, p. 206, 1915; U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 140, p. 108, pl. 48, figs. 3-13, 1926; Torreya, vol. 27, Peet O27. :
In the drab clay layer in the excavation for the Government Printing Office impressions of beech leaves are exceedingly common, although no traces of the nuts or husks have been found in the associated peaty layers.
Leaves, nuts or seeds of this species have been recorded from a variety of horizons in the Pleistocene, and from Massachusetts to Texas. With the ex- ception of the Massachusetts locality and those in the Port Kennedy, Penna., cave, and in the glacial terrace at Morgantown, West Virginia, the records are confined to the Atlantic Coastal Plain and include the states of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas. The modern range is on rich soil from Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Wisconsin to Florida and Texas.
PLATANACEAE PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS Linné
Platanus aceroides Hollick (not Goeppert), Md. Geol. Survey Pliocene and Pleistocene, p. 231, pls. 73 and 74, 1906. Platanus sp., Hollick, Idem., p. 232, pl. 75, 1906. Platanus, leaf fragments. Mercer, Acad. Natl. Sci. Phila. Jour., (II), vol. 11, p. 277, 1899. Platanus occidentalis Knowlton, Am. Geol. vol. 18, p. 371, 1896. Penhallow, Roy. Soc. Canada Trans., (II), vol. 2, sec. 4, pp. 68, 72, 1896; Am. Nat., vol. 41, p. 448, 1907. Berry, Jour. Geol., vol. 15, p. 344, 1907; Am. Nat., vol. 41, p. 695, pl. 2, fig. 5, 1907; Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 29, p. 397, 1910; Torreya, vol. 14, p. 161, 1914; Idem., vol. 15, p. 207, 1915; U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 140, p. 112, pl. 55, figs. 1-9, 1926. Emerson, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 597, p. 148, 1917.
This species occurs as leaf impressions associated with the peat at the ex- cavation for the Government Printing Office extension. In the associated peat there are pieces of bark and fragments of leaves, usually a small part at the base with more or less of the petiole. The bark is also present in the Bellevue Hotel excavation.
This species has been found fossil in the Don Valley near Toronto, near Hadley, Mass., at Morgantown, W. Va., in both the Sunderland and Talbot
12 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, NO. 1
formations of Maryland, in the Port Kennedy cave, Penna., in the ‘‘ Chowan”’ (Talbot) formation of North Carolina, and in the lowest terraces of the Chattahoochee, Alabama, and Warrior rivers in Alabama.
The existing tree is essentially a stream bank and wet woods form and is found from Maine and Ontario to Florida and Texas.
URTICACEAE PILEA PUMILA (Linné) A. Gray Fig. 33
A single specimen from the excavation for the Government Printing Office extension appears to be closest to the seeds of this species although some- what above the average size. The genus is large and mostly tropical with two temperate North American herbaceous species of shaded swampy situations. In the existing flora this species ranges from New Brunswick to western Ontario and Minnesota and southward to Kansas, Florida, and Louisiana. It is common on moist, generally alluvial soil in the present flora of the District of Columbia.
The fruit is a much compressed, ovate, acute achene with a flat seed. It has not heretofore been found fossil.
ULMACEAE Uumus ALATA Michaux Fig. 34
This species was recorded by Lesquereux" from the Pleistocene on the banks of the Mississippi near Columbus, Kentucky. This record may be correct but I am inclined to doubt it as I revisited Lesquereux’s locality and made collections which I, at first, mistook for Pleistocene, but which turned out to be Jackson Eocene. I found no trace of Ulmus, and this species does not, of course, occur in the Eocene.
I have recorded this species from the Pleistocene of North Carolina (““Chowan”’ formation)” and Alabama.” These occurrences were based on the leaves and this is the first fossil record of the fruit. These fruits are not uncommon at the excavations for the Bellevue Hotel and the extension of the Government Printing Office. I refer them to Ulmus alata rather than to Ulmus americana Linné, because of their smaller size, extended slender stalk, shorter notch, more pointed tip, and more slender and extended styles.
11 Lesquereux, Leo, Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 26, p. 365, 1859.
22 Berry, E. W., Jour. Geol., vol. 15, p. 343, 1907; U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 140, p. 111, pl. 54, figs. 1, 2, 1926.
13 Berry, E. W. Am. Nat., vol. 41, p. 694, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7, 1907; Am. Jour. Sci.,
vol. 29, p. 396, 1910.
a
JANUARY 15, 1933 BERRY: PLEISTOCENE PLANTS IN D.C. 13
At the present time this species occurs both on dry uplands and deep soil of swamp borders and stream banks. It reaches its northern limit in southern Virginia, ranging southward to western Florida, and from southern Indiana and Illinois to Trinity River, Texas.
POLYGONACEAE PERSICARIA PENNSYLVANICUM (Linné) Small Figs. 37, 38
Achenes suborbicular, lenticular or flat, short- poimued, smooth, 2 to 2.5 millimeters high and approximately the same width.
This species occurs in the excavation for the Government Printing Office extension. Several specimens were collected. In the present flora of the Dis- trict of Columbia it is common in wet situations. Outside the District its range is extensive, reaching northward to Nova Scotia and Ontario and southward to Florida and Texas.
PERSICARIA SP. cf. P. HYDROPIPEROIDES (Michx.) Small Figs. 35, 36
A few small triangular achenes, similar to those of Persicaria hydropiper- oides but somewhat smaller, were present in the excavation for the Govern- ment Printing Office extension. This species was common in the Wicomico at the Mayflower (Walker) Hotel sitet and in the existing flora it ranges from southern Canada to Florida and Mexico in wet situation. It is not common in the existing flora of the District of Columbia, although recorded from several stations along the Potomac.
The genus makes its appearance in the late Miocene in Japan, Central Europe, and at Florissant, Colorado. Several existing species are recorded from the Pleistocene in Europe and North America and specifically undeter- mined specimens are recorded from the following localities and horizons in our eastern American Pleistocene: Loess of western Tennessee, at Scarboro, Ontario,!® Talbot formation of Maryland,!? Wicomico formation of District of Columbia,'® Talbot (“‘Chowan’’) formation of North Carolina,!® and the plant-bearing deposits at Vero, Florida.*° These are usually referred to the Linnean genus Polygonum.
4 Berry, E. W., This JourNAt, vol. 14, p. 19, pl. 1, figs. 19-22, 1924. = bern, es. W-, Lorreya, vol. 22, p: 11, 1922.
16 Coleman, A. P., Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., vol. 26, p. 247, 1915.
17 Hollick, ects Md. Geol. Survey BnaleleieioeaaG p. 231, 1906. 18 Berry, E. W., This JouRNAL, vol. 14, p. 19, pl. 11, fig. 23, 1924.
19 Berry, E. W., U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 140, p. 112, 1926.
20 Berry, E. W., Jour. Geol., vol. 25, p. 662, 1917.
14 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, No. 1
POLYGONUM sp. Figs. 39, 40
Two specimens of immature fruits of some species of Polygonum are fig- ured from the excavation for the Bellevue Hotel. They are possibly of the same species differing merely in size, and are of the compressed lenticular type.
Polygonum is widely distributed with many species in the existing flora. It is not known in the geological record earlier than the middle Miocene. Several recent species are recorded from the Pleistocene in both Europe and North America. The latter, specifically unnamed include the Wicomico for- mation at the Mayflower (Walker) Hotel site, the Talbot formation of Maryland, the Talbot (‘‘Chowan’’) formation of North Carolina, and from Scarboro, Ontario, and Vero, Florida.
POLYGONUM sp. Fig. 41
An achene, probably immature, lenticular in section, surmounted by two persistent pistils. Seems clearly referable to Polygonum but cannot be satis- factorily identified as to species.
Excavation for extension of the Government Printing Office.
PHY TORACCACRAH PHYTOLACCA DECANDRA Linné
Berry, Torreya, vol. 14, p. 121, 1914; This JourNAL, vol. 14, p. 19, pl. 1, figs. 26-28,
1924.
A seed of this species is contained in the material from the Government Printing Office extension. It has previously been recorded from the May- flower (Walker) Hotel site on Connecticut Avenue and from the lowest ter- race of the Chattahoochee River in Alabama.
In the Recent flora it ranges from Maine, Ontario, and Minnesota to Florida and Texas. It is common in the District of Columbia, and here, as elsewhere within its range, occurs in rich moist soil or on waste ground. According to the Botanical Code its proper name is Phytolacca americana Linné.
CHENOPODIACEAE CYCLOLOMA ATRIPLICIFOLIUM (Sprengel) Coulter Fig. 42
A single specimen of a marginally winged circular fruit is contained in the collection from the excavation for the extension of the Government Printing Office. The central part is circular, about 1.6 millimeters in diameter and
JANUARY 15, 1933 BERRY: PLEISTOCENE PLANTS IN D.C. 15
depressed. It is surrounded by a marginal wing most of which was abraded before fossilization so that only a narrow basal part is preserved all round, and this contains radiating vascular strands.
I have compared this specimen with all the winged fruits or seeds that I could think of as likely to occur in this region without success and at the suggestion of W. L. McAtee compared it with the fruits of this species, with which there is substantial and convincing agreement except that the modern fruits are slightly larger. This difference in size amounts to possibly 25 per cent without making any allowance for variation or for degree of maturity of the fossil and is not sufficient to warrant considering the difference as specific.
The modern species is a herbaceous form of stream banks, and ranges from Manitoba to Indiana and westward to Nebraska and Arizona. It is unknown east of the Alleghanies.
The fruit is a depressed utricle with a persistent calyx which forms the horizontal winged margin. Cycloloma is a monotypic genus previously un- known as a fossil and there is a possibility that the present occurrence may represent an extinct species, but I would not be inclined to consider this until more than this single specimen has been discovered.
RANUNCULACEAE RANUNCULUS §p. Fig. 43
Achenes flat, squarish in outline, mucronately tipped, relatively large.
Sparingly represented in the excavation for the Government Printing Office extension. There is some resemblance to Ranunculus abortivus Linné although the fossil is larger. It differs from any of the Ranunculus fruits collected from the Wicomico at the Mayflower (Walker) Hotel site.*! There are 12 species of Ranunculus in the present flora of the District of Columbia. The genus is well represented in the Pleistocene of Europe and will doubtless be found to be equally common in the North American Pleistocene when the latter is studied as intensively as the former. Ranunculus contains over 200 species of herbs, is almost cosmopolitan in its distribution, and occurs in the geological record from the Oligocene onward.
RANUNCULUS sp. Fig. 44
The specimen figured appears to represent an achene of a large fruited species of Ranunculus, and its flattened condition suggests immaturity. With its beak it is slightly over 2.5 millimeters in length and about 1.5 millimeters in breadth.
» Berry, E. W., This JoURNAL, vol. 14, p. 20, pl. 1, figs. 29-31, 1924.
VoL. 23, No. 1
JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
16
Figures 14-77
JANUARY 15, 1933 BERRY: PLEISTOCENE PLANTS IN D.C. 7
It differs decidedly from the preceding as well as from the several Ranun- culus achenes figured from the Mayflower (Walker) Hotel site”? but is most like that shown in Fig. 41, although it apparently represents a distinct species.
Excavation for extension of the Government Printing Office.
Figures 14-77
All the figures except 9 and 10 are enlarged about 3 times. B. H. indicates that the specimens came from the Bellevue Hotel site, and G. P.O. that they came from the excavation for the extension of the Government Printing Office.
Figures 14. Terminal twig of Tazodium distichum (Linné) L. C. Rich. G. P. O. 15-20. Pericarps of Nazas sp. G. P. O. Dil @anersspe Gay. O: 22. Half of a nut of Hicorza glabra (Mill.) Britton, nat. size. G. P. O. 23. Part of husk of same, nat. size. G. P. O. 24-27. Cone-scales of Alnus rugosa (DuRoi) K. Koch. 28-32. Partially decorticated seeds of Liritodendron tulipifera Linné. B. H., 19. Cre@: 33. Pilea pumila (Linné) A. Gray. G. P. O. 34. Winged fruit of Ulmus alata Michaux. G. P. O. 35-36. Persicaria sp. cf. P. hydropiperoides (Michaux) Small. G. P. O. 37-38. Persicaria pennsylvanica (Linné) Smail. G. P. O. 39-40. Polygonum sp. B. H. 41. Polygonum sp. G. P. O. 42. Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Sprengel) Coulter. G. P. O. 43. Ranunculus sp. G. P. O. 44. Achene of a second species of Ranunculus. G. P. O. 45-47. Broken samaras of Liriodendron tulipifera Linné. B. H. 38, 39. Immature stones of Rubus sp. G. P. O. 50. Prickle. Rubus (?). G. P. O. 51, 52. Seeds of Vztes cordifolia Michaux. G.P.O. 53, 54. Tendrils. Vites (7). G. P. O. 55, 56. Leaves of Ilex vomitoria Ait. G. P. O. 57-59. Helianthemum sp. G. P. O. 60. Sambucus canadensis Linné. G. P. O. 61, 62. Transverse profile and side view of stone of Cornus florida Linné. B.H. 63. Part of a stone of Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. B. H. 64, 65. Bidens sp. B. H. 66. Xanthium sp. G. P. O. 67. Undeterminable capsular valve. G. P. O. 68-70. Undeterminable fruit peduncles. G. P. O. 71. Cyprinodont fish scale. B. H. 72-77. Gall scales.
2 Berry, E. W., This JouRNAL, vol. 14, p. 24, pl. 1, figs. 29-32; pl. 2, fig. 28, 1924.
18 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, No. 1
MAGNOLIACEAE LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA Linné Figs. 28-32 and 45-47
Liriodendron tulipifera Berry, Amer. Nat., vol. 41, p. 695, 1907; Torreya, vol. 9, p. 71, fig. 1, 1909; Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 29, p. 396, 1910; Torreya, vol. 15, p. 208, fig. 1, 1915; U. 8S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper 140, p. 112, pl. 54, figs. 6-8, 1926.
Schmalhausen, Palaeontographica, Bd. 33, p. 211, pl. 21, figs. 20, 21, 1887.
Reid, C. & E. M., Pliocene Flora Dutch Prussian border, p. 93, pl. 8, figs. 1-5, 1915.
This species has been recorded from the supposed Pliocene of the Altai region of Asia; the Pliocene of Holland, and the Pleistocene of Maryland, North Carolina, and Alabama. Schmalhausen’s Altai material was of leaf fragments which undoubtedly belong to Lirzodendron but whether to this species or to the existing Liriodendron chinensis of China it is impossible to determine, as the two were thought to represent the same species until the flowers and fruit of the Chinese form became known. The Pliocene material from Holland, represented by both fruits and seeds, is considered by the Reids to be the modern American form and to differ characteristically from the Chinese form.
In the Atlantic Coastal Plain leaves have been found in the Talbot of Maryland, southeast of Washington, in the Wicomico of North Carolina, and in the lowest terrace of the Warrior River in Alabama. Fruits have been found in the lowest terrace of both the Warrior and Chattahoochee rivers in Alabama.
In the present collection the somewhat broken samaras and their wing fragments as well as partly decorticated seeds are not uncommon in both the excavation for the Government Printing Office extension and at the Bellevue Hotel, being especially abundant at the latter locality. They are indistinguishable from the corresponding parts of Recent specimens.
The living species is a tree of woodlands with deep, rich soil. It reaches its northeastern limits in Rhode Island and southern Vermont.
HAMAMELIDACEAE LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA Linné
Hollick, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 19, p. 331, 1892. Knowlton, Am. Geol., vol. 18, p. 371, 1896. Berry, Jour. Geol., vol. 15, p. 343, 1907; Am. Jour. Sci., vol. 29, p. 397, 1910; U. S.
Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 140, p. 113, pl. 56, figs. 9, 10, 1926.
Leaves or fruit of this species have been recorded from the supposed Pliocene at Bridgeton, N. J.; from the glacial terrace at Morgantown, West Virginia; from the Talbot (‘‘Chowan’’) formation of North Carolina; and from the lowest terrace of Warrior River in Alabama. A small but perfect leaf is present in the drab clay associated with the peat at the excavation for the Government Printing Office extension.
-
JANUARY 15, 19383 BERRY: PLEISTOCENE PLANTS IN D.C. 19
The modern tree is a form inhabiting low moist woodland and ranges from southern New England to Florida.
ROSACEAE RUBUS sp. - Figs. 48, 49
A very few stones of a Rubus were found in the deposit at the Government Printing Office extension. These are specifically distinct from the Rubus which was so common in the Wicomico deposits at the site of the Mayflower (Walker) Hotel on Connecticut Avenue,” which was compared with Rubus hispidus Linné, one of the six species present in the existing flora of the District of Columbia. The present stones are smaller and more rounded with a much finer pitting. The photograph is poor in that it does not bring out well the characteristic ornamentation and the somewhat shrunken, or not well filled out condition of the specimen, causes a circular central shadow in what was originally a convex surface. Some of the specimens are obviously immature. A considerable number of Pleistocene species of Rubus have been recorded from European deposits but in this country where the study of Pleistocene floras is still in its infancy Rubus fruits have not been recorded outside the District of Columbia except for a single record from Alabama.
The genus Rubus is a large one with upwards of 300 existing species of perennial herbs, shrubs or vines, and is widely distributed throughout the world, being found on all of the continents, most abundant, perhaps, in the North Temperate Zone.
Prickle of Rusus (?) Fig. 50
A prickle such as occurs in a variety of plants, particularly in the Rosa- ceae, was found in the excavation for the extension of the Government Printing Office. It is smaller, relatively more slender, and decidedly more faleate than the one figured from the Mayflower (Walker) Hotel site?> and is a different species. Of course, such remains can not be positively identified generically. The specimen from the Mayflower Hotel site was identified as a prickle of Rosa or Rubus. The present specimen is considered as more likely to represent the latter genus.
23 Berry, E. W., This JouRNAL, vol. 14, p. 20, pl. 2, fig. 1, 1924. 24 Berry, E. W., Torreya, vol. 14, p. 161, 1914. % Berry, E. W., This JouRNAL, vol. 14, p. 24, pl. 2, fig. 27, 1924.
20 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, No. l
ILICACEAE ILEX VOMITORIA Ait. Figs. 55, 56
Two leaves of this species are present in the peat from the excavation for the extension of the Government Printing Office. The species has not pre- viously been found fossil. 3
In the existing flora this species is a shrub, or small, much branched tree confined to the Coastal Plain in low woods, and ranging from southern Vir- ginia to Florida and westward to Arkansas and Texas. The coriaceous ever- green leaves show considerable variation in form but have a characteristic margin. This is often described as crenate (as in Britton & Brown’s [llus- trated Flora) but it is not. The low, broad crenations at their distal ex- tremity, end in serrate points for which the proper term would seem to be crenate-serrate. The fossil leaves are thick in substance and show the typical marginal features just mentioned, so that there can be no doubt of the cor- rectness of the identification.
VITACEAE VITIS CORDIFOLIA Michaux Figs. 51, 52 Berry, This JouRNAL, vol. 14, p. 21, pl. 2, figs. 6-9, 1924.
About a dozen specimens of the seeds of this species, mostly broken, have been found in the excavation for the Government Printing Office extension. They are identical with the smaller specimens from the Mayflower (Walker) Hotel site, where this species was exceedingly abundant.
The species is one inhabiting moist thickets and stream banks and it ranges in the Recent flora from New England to Florida and Texas. Pleisto- cene grape seeds have been recorded in the Atlantic Coastal Plain in New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia. Although not named specifically it seems probable that those from the Talbot formation of Maryland and Virginia represent this species.
Tendrils which may be those of Vitis occur at the Government Printing Office excavation and similar remains have been referred to Vitis from the Talbot (‘‘Chowan’’) formation of North Carolina.
Tendrils, cf. Vitis Figs. 53, 54
Two incomplete tendrils were found in the peaty stratum in the excava- tion for the Government Printing Office extension. Although they can not be
76 Berry, E. W., U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 140, p. 115, pl. 57, fig. 6, 1926.
"Tee
JANUARY 15, 1933. BERRY: PLEISTOCENE PLANTS IN D.C. 21
referred to Vitis with certainty their association with grape seeds renders this assignment probable. They are exactly like the remains from the Talbot (“Chowan”) formation of North Carolina which I ventured to identify as those of Viizs.
CISTACEKAE HELIANTHEMUM §p. Figs. 57-59
Three specimens from the excavation for the extension of the Government Printing Office seem clearly to represent valves of capsules of the genus Helianthemum. One of these appears to be mature and the other two imma- ture or depauperate, although it is impossible to be sure, because the flowers in this genus are dimorphic and the apetalous ones appear later than the petaliferous ones and develop into smaller capsules.
The valves are nearly circular, slightly ovate or slightly obovate, with central placenta, about 2.5 millimeters in diameter, of considerable con- sistency, and in the larger specimen containing a large seed.
The surface marking of the latter is indistinct but it appears along the margins to have been papillose rather than reticulate, although there is some uncertainty regarding the correctness of my observation.
The genus is large, herbaceous or shrubby, and found on all of the conti- nents except Australia, and hence must be of some antiquity, although, so far as I know, it has not hitherto been found fossil. About a dozen existing species occur within the limits of the United States, 3 of these along the Atlantic seaboard. The only one of these in the present flora of the District of Columbia is Helianthemum canadense (Linné) Michaux, a dry soil species ranging from Maine to North Carolina. The fossil may represent this spe- cies, but absolute certainty is not possible.
CORNACEAE CORNUS FLORIDA Linné Figs. 61, 62
A single stone of this species is contained in the material from the Bellevue Hotel site. It is not quite 6 millimeters long and is therefore near the mini- mum size for modern stones of this species. The proportions are the same and the fossil is slightly asymmetric and slightly wider than it is thick. There are 8 or 10 shallow longitudinal sulcae slightly more prominent than in any modern stones that I have seen, although no extended search has been made. I have slight doubt but that the fossil represents this species as the differences enumerated are too trifling to be considered of specific or varietal value and no other existing American species approaches Cornus florida in the form or other features of its stones.
22 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES’ VOL. 23, NO. 1
So far as I know this is the first record of our flowering dogwood as a .
fossil. It is a large shrub or small tree of eastern North America ranging from Maine and Ontario to Texas. It is essentially a woodland and hillside species rather than a valley or bottom type and is abundant in the present flora of the District of Columbia.
The genus goes back to the Upper Cretaceous and re about 25 existing species for the most part confined to the North Temperate zone although reaching South America in the northern Andes. Several other existing species have been found in the Pleistocene. These include Cornus mas Linné and Cornus sanguinea Linné in the European region, an undetermined species in New Jersey,?’ Cornus californica C. A. Meyer in California,?? and Cornus amomum Mill?® which is fairly common in the Wicomico formation at the Mayflower (Walker) Hotel site on Connecticut Avenue.
The accompanying photograph is a somewhat misleading portrayal since there is an irregular film of carbonized flesh over most of the surface of the stone.
Nyssa SYLVATICA Marsh Fig. 63
This species has not heretofore been positively recorded as a fossil, al- though in all probability it is included among the numerous Pleistocene records of Nyssa biflora Walt., the latter having been recorded from New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and Alabama. There also seems to be some confusion among botanists in regard to the specific limits among the existing forms, the second being thought to range less farther northward.
The present occurrence is based upon an incomplete stone from the Belle- vue Hotel site. The modern tree is present in the flora of the District and has a recorded range from Maine and Ontario to Florida and Texas. It is a rich soil form, most abundant in swampy situations.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE SAMBUCUS CANADENSIS Linné Fig. 60 Berry, This JoURNAL, vol. 14, p. 23, pl. 2, figs. 21-24, 1924.
The characteristic seeds of the elder-berry were present in considerable profusion at the Mayflower (Walker) Hotel site on Connecticut Avenue, which is the only previous Pleistocene record of this species. A few of these seeds are present in the excavation for the Government Printing Office ex- tension.
27 Penhallow, D. P., Roy. Soc. Canada Trans. 2nd ser., vol. 2, sec. 4, p. 70, 1896.
28 Chaney and Mason, Carnegie Institution Publ. 415, p. 14, pl. 7, figs. 19, 20, 1930. 29 Berry, E. W., This JoURNAL, vol. 14, p. 22, pl. 2, figs. 15-18, 1924.
a
JANUARY 15, 1933 BERRY: PLEISTOCENE PLANTS IN D.C. 23
The species is still abundant in the District of Columbia, and is found in wet situations from Nova Scotia to Florida and Texas.
AMBROSIACEAE XANTHIUM Sp. Fig. 66
Authors are not agreed on the specific limits in this genus. According to Britton and Brown there is but a single native species in the eastern United States, Xanthium canadense Mill, and the present single fossil specimen may represent that species, although it is below the average in size and stoutness. The tips of the beaks are broken so that their length can not be determined. It comes from the excavation for the extension of the Government Printing Office.
A fruit of Xanthium, probably X. glabratwm (D.C.) Britton has been re- corded®® from Vero, Florida, and two others were collected by me from the lowest terrace of the Chattahoochee River in Alabama, which latter were never described because I could not be sure that they were not Recent and had not gotten among the fossils by accident, although they had the appear- ance of being fossil.
Both of the supposed native species are recorded in the Flora of the Dis- trict of Columbia from the Potomac flats, and both are found along rivers and sea beaches as well as in what are euphemistically spoken of as “‘ waste places.”’
COMPOSITAE BIDENS sp. Figs. 64, 65
There are 10 of the 13 species of Bidens of the eastern United States re- corded in the Flora of the District of Columbia. The two fossil achenes found in the Bellevue Hotel excavation are unmistakable, but it is easier to decide which of the modern species the fossils do not belong to than it is to tell which they do represent. They are flat; with 2 rigid downwardly barbed awns and are about 7 mm. long and 2—2.5 mm. wide. In my opinion they could represent B. laevis, connata, comosa, or frondosa.
In so far as I know, the genus has not heretofore been recorded from American Pleistocene deposits, although two species have been recorded from the Pleistocene of Europe.
s0Berry. Hi. W:, Jour. Geol., vol. 25, p. 662, 1917.
24 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, NO. 1
Capsular valve Fig. 67
A rather crustaceous valve of a capsule of some undeterminable plant. Excavation for extension of the Government Printing Office.
Fruit peduncle Figs. 68-70
Several specimens of the peduncle of some small fruit occur in the excava- tion for the Government Printing Office extension. They are small, about 3 millimeters long, slender, and enlarged distad to a receptacle about twice the diameter of the stalk.
There are so many genera that have similar fruit peduncles that their botanical affinity must remain conjectural, although Celastrus, Ilex, Am- pelopsis, Rhamnus, and related genera in the families to which they belong seem to me to be the most likely comparisons.
DIPTERA: ITONIDIDAE
RETINODIPLOSIS TAXODII Felt Retinodiplosis sp., Berry, This JouRNAL, vol. 14, p. 24, pl. 2, figs. 32-34, 1924.
These galls, which were exceedingly abundant at the Mayflower (Walker) Hotel site are represented by a broken specimen from the excavation for the Government Printing Office extension. They are caused in bald cypress cones by gall midges. The fossils are believed to represent this Recent spe- cies. That these galls should be scarce is, I believe, a reflection of the absence of bald cypress trees in the immediate vicinity of the pond or stream where the deposits accumulated since remains of the bald cypress are also infre- quent, whereas at the Mayflower Hotel site the stems of cypress trees repre- senting several generations were buried in the peat, and seeds, cone scales, twigs, detached leaves, and galls were exceedingly abundant.
Fish scale Bigs 71
That permanent standing or running water had access to the site of the carbonaceous deposit encountered in the excavation for the Bellevue Hotel is indicated by occasional fish scales of some small cyprinodont fish. One of these is shown in the accompanying illustration.
Gall scales Figs. 72-77
Both the Bellevue Hotel excavation and that for the extension of the
JANUARY 15, 1933 STEINER AND ALBIN: MORPHOLOGY OF DEONTOSTOMA 25
Government Printing office abound with gall scales. I do not recall encoun- tering anything of the sort in the large amount of material from the May- flower (Walker) Hotel site which I examined.
I have not attempted to identify them, nor do I recall any records of such objects as fossils except in the recently published account of the Pleistocene flora from Santa Cruz Island, California, in which: the gall scales were found to have formed on Cupressus,*! the hypertrophy being due to a chalcid fly.
ZOOLOGY .—On the morphology of Deontostoma californicum n. sp. (Leptosomatinae, Nematodes).1 G. STEINER and FLORENCE M. ALBIN, Bureau of Plant Industry.
A single male specimen of Deontostoma californicum n. sp. was re- ferred to the senior writer for identification by the U. 8. National Museum, Washington, D. C. The specimen was collected by Mr. E. F. Ricketts at Pacific Grove, California, and is the first representative of this group of nemas to be described from the Pacific coast. Approxi- mately half a dozen species of this genus are at present known. They all belong to a group of the largest of free-living nemas as yet de- scribed. Deontostoma californicum is .of filiform shape, the head broadly truncate, the tail of the male conical with the end obtusely rounded. The top layer of the cuticle exhibits fine cross fibers. Fig. 6 represents a portion of one of the lateral chords, which consists of three to four series of at least three different kinds of cells; first, the normal chord cells; second, the lateral chords which contain cells that are distinguished from the chord cells proper by a somewhat lighter color and the slightly sausage-shaped nucleus (Fig. 6); and third, large glandular cells with an outlet rather close to the dorsal edge of the chord. Such glands are also found in related species and genera. Their significance is not known. Some investigators consider them perhaps excretory in function, but this supposition is doubtful. The only fact supporting this view is the possible absence of a ventral gland or renette cell and its outlet. Beginning in the region of the nerve-ring these glandular cells are seen at quite regular intervals all along the lateral chords almost to the tail end.
The ventral chord is also well developed (Fig. 7).
Numerous short conical setae are seen in the region anterior to the nerve-ring. They closely resemble the cephalic setae and are arranged
31 Chaney, R. W., and Mason, H. L., Carnegie Inst. Publ. 415, p. 11, pl. 7, figs. 4-9, 1930. 1 Received August 30, 1932.
SS
26 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
eee Oa MON EGAN oes Pe oy
out ot subm oe gl. x RS
<A ZUDISE IRE SHE a= ©
ah Cane 8) ae Co
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| TSEC TCG eases EES | > MCLAC ee en eS
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prtrct gub et tel ibs
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VOL. 23, Nome
4 b ay rhom wart \ int \ = EEEE=x™ 3
JANUARY 15, 1933 STEINER AND ALBIN: MORPHOLOGY OF DEONTOSTOMA 27
more or less distinctly in longitudinal series,—lateral, submedial, and medial (Figs. 1 and 2). To what extent their number and position is constant is not known. Special mention should be made of a group of three, side by side, just in front of each ocellum. Caudad of the nerve- ring, the setae are replaced by fine nerve fibers, penetrating the cuticle and sometimes ending in a tiny hair (Fig. 7). However, they are much less numerous than those farther cephalad.
The head has the circles of papillae and setae typical for the genus. Their arrangement and shape is much like that of D. antarcticum (deMan) Filipjev (= Thoracostoma antarcticum deMan?): six papillae in an anterior and ten setae in a posterior circle. The anterior ones do not protrude above the surface (Figs. 1 and 2) but can well be seen penetrating the cuticle in front of the cuirass.
The form and position of the amphids may be seen in Figs. 1, 2, and 3, being essentially the same.as in D. antarcticum. A small, transverse, oval opening leads into a cavity almost lemon-shaped (Fig. 1), at the inner and posterior wall of which the amphidial nerve connects. Terminals have not yet been seen; the only notable structures ob- served are two small, rodlike, cuticular thickenings at the base of the cavity. The amphidial nerve is surrounded by a narrow tube which soon widens to a spindle-shaped cavity containing what appears to be the usual sensillar structures.
A front view of the head end reveals the presence of three lips and a very small pharynx with no armature. The subdermal cuticular
Figures 1-6
Fig. 1. Deontostoma californicum n. sp. Head end, lateral view, male, and
Fig. 2. Same, dorsal view, amph, amphid; ant circ ppl, anterior circle of papillae; lens, lens; lob of cuir, lobe of cuirass; oc cup, eye cup; out dsl oe gl, outlet of dorsal oesophageal gland; out vnt subm oe gl, outlet of ventrosubmedial oesophageal gland; post circ set, posterior circle of setae; set, setae. 720.
Fig. 3. Front view of head. amph, amphid; ant circ ppl, anterior circle of papillae; dsl subm set, dorsosubmedial setae; lat set, lateral setae: out dxt vnt subm oe gl, outlet of dextroventrosubmedial oesophageal gland. 1090.
Fig. 4. Male tail, ventral view, and
Fig. 5. Same, lateral view. cdl ppl, caudal papillae; cop set, copulatory setae; dilat ant, dilatator of the anus; gub, gubernaculum; prtrct gub et tel, protractor gubernaculi et telamonis; prirct sp, protractor spiculi; rhom wart, rhomboid wart; rirct sp, retractor spiculi; tel, telamon; tub org, tubular organ. 120.
Fig. 6. Portion of left lateral chord. Chrd cl, chord cell; gl cl, gland cell; ight chrd cl, light colored chord cell. 1090.
2 DeMan, J. G., Nematodes libres: Expédit. Antarctique Belge. Résultats du Voyage du S. Y. Belgica en 1897—1898-1899, Zoologie Anvers., pp. 51, 1904.
28 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, NO. 1
structure, commonly called a cuirass, is almost as wide anteriorly as posteriorly. The six lobes are all of similar shape and size (Fig. 3); they are not perforated.
The cylindrical, strongly muscular oesophagus has a yellowish brown pigmentation posterior to the eyespots. This latter is different from, and has nothing to do with, the dark, carmine colored pigment that forms the eye cups. These are not at the same level on both sides, the left one being slightly more caudad. It might be said that some of the carmine pigment is “‘scattered”’ outside the proper pigment cups.
The arrangement of the oesophageal glands is the same as in D. antarctccum. As may be seen in Fig. 2, the outlets of the ventro- submedial glands occur at about the anterior rim of the head cuirass while the dorsal one (Fig. 2) empties a short distance in front of the ocelli. 7
The spicular apparatus of the male consists of three kinds of ele- ments: first, the spicula, paired, comparatively long, sharply curved at the beginning of their distal third; second, an apparently single gubernaculum, slender, not quite half the length of the spicula, dorsal in its position and flat and wide in its distal portion; and third, a pair of knee-shaped telamon-like pieces, one on each side of the distal part of the spicula, forming a pointed angle if seen in side view, and front- ing the spicula on their ventral side. The muscles moving this rather complicated apparatus are partly sketched in Figs. 4 and 5. A point for special attention is the connecting muscle between the proximal end of the telamon and the proximal end of the related spiculum, sug- gesting a high correlation in their copulatory movements. This spicular apparatus clearly differentiates the present species from all other members of the genus as yet described.
The bursal muscles are very numerous and extend far forward (Fig. 7). Strong circular muscle fibers are seen all along the ejacula- tory duct (Fig. 7).
The tubular, ventromedian outlet apparently common to males of all species of the genus has a position similar to that in D. antarcticum, that is about even with the middle of the spicula (Figs. 4, 5, and 7). It is supposed to be the outlet of a gland, but in this nema the gland has not yet been seen, perhaps because of the opaque condition of this portion of the body. A somewhat irregular series of eleven stiff setae is seen on each side of the anal opening, beginning anteriorly as far forward as the aforementioned tubular gland outlet and ending posteriorly about halfway down the tail (Figs. 4 and 5). The number and arrangement of these setae seem to be characteristic of the pres-
JANUARY 15, 1933 STEINER AND ALBIN: MORPHOLOGY OF DEONTOSTOMA 29
ent species. Cephalad of the spicula a third group of accessory male cop- ulatory organs is present; on each side there is a ventrosubmedian se- ries of four rhomboid, warty struc- tures (Figs. 4 and 7) each with what appears to be a central pore or seta. §The wart itself does not seem to be a part of the cuticle but to consist of secreted substance. The region in front of and around these warts and some of the latter themselves were covered with an- other kind of coagulated sticky sub- stance suggesting a secretion pro- duced during copulation for cement- ing the male to the female and only partly loosened or dissolved at the time this specimen was fixed. Its position would rather suggest a secretion through the pores (?) of the warts. On the other hand, the ventromedian tubular outlet, found in other species to be connected with a gland, may be its proper source. It is difficult, however, to see how such a mass of substance as seen here could all have originated from this one source.
As sketched in Figs. 4 and 5 there are short setaceous papillae on the tail, some close to the terminus, that are not connected with the sexual apparatus. The terminus is perforated by the so-called spin- neret or outlet of the caudal glands, which, in turn, are found in front of the spicular apparatus and con- nect with the outlet by long tubu- lar canals.
SII = TRE ANY VS) me NEN
SH NGA / Sag sf ZEN
cirer msc fibr PIS TISG =
mnt chrd . _-
Fig. 7. Deontostoma californicum nx. sp. Male tail, lateral view showing bursal muscles. brs msc, bursal muscle; circr msc fibr, circular muscle fibers of ductus ejac- ulatorius; ppl, papillae; rhom wart, rhom- boid wart; tub org, tubular organ; vnt chrd, ventral chord. X85.
30 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, No. 1
Measurements:
Pharynx Oesophagus M Anus OBZ —— 12.0 50.0 99.0
—_——- SS 15.2 mm. Oss —— 1.4 1.8 22
Diagnosis: Deontostoma with ocelli and a large number of short setae in the region anterior to the nerve-ring. Cuirass with six equal, imperforate, anchor-shaped lobes. Pharynx almost none; no armature. Spicular apparatus consisting of spicula, single gubernaculum, and knee-shaped telamon. On each side of the anus of the male an irregular series of eleven setae. Ventro- median tubular outlet level with the middle of the spicula. Four rhomboid wartlike ventro-submedian structures in front of the spicula.
ZOOLOGY.—A North American species of Acetes.! H. J. HANSEN, Copenhagen. (Communicated by WaLpo ScHMITT. )
The very interesting genus Acetes, established in 1830 by H. Milne-Edwards on a single Indian species, belongs to the Sergestidae, the lowest, or, as may be said, the most primitive family among Crustacea Decapoda. The genus comprises scarcely a dozen species, the majority of which live in the Indian Ocean and the adjacent tropical areas of the Pacific, yet a single species goes so far northward as Korea. From the Atlantic only three species have hitherto been known, all South American forms, viz.: two species from Brazil and the third from a lagoon at Rio Paraguay, near its junction with Rio Parana. (A single specimen of the last-named form was also taken “in the outlet of Riacho del Oro in Rio de la Plata in feebly brackish water.’’) The discovery of a new Atlantic species secured as far north- ward as Beaufort, N. C. (about lat. 34° 47’ N.) seems interesting.
In the report ‘The Sergestidae of the Siboga Expedition’” the pres- ent writer reviewed the genus Acetes, describing not only the species taken by the Dutch expedition but also other forms preserved in the Copenhagen Museum, and among these two species from the western side of South America. Besides, the species mentioned in the litera- ture, but unknown to me, were enumerated. Unfortunately, I did not know that Stanley Kemp in his series, ‘‘Notes on Crustacea Decapoda in the Indian Museum,” had published an excellent paper, “The genus Acetes Milne-Edwards,’* in which he described and gave
1 Received Oct. 20, 1932. 2 Siboga Exp., vol. 38, 1919. ’ Records of the Indian Museum, vol. 13, pp. 43-58, 1917.
JANUARY 15, 1933 HANSEN: SPECIES OF ACETES 31
analytical figures of four species, one of which was new. Disturbed conditions owing to the great war delayed the receipt of this paper.
In my “‘Report’’ mentioned above a somewhat detailed diagnosis of the genus Acetes was given. Under “remarks,” I added several statements, some of which may be quoted here.
“The genus Acetes differs from Sergestes in several characters: The maxil- lulae and the first maxillipeds without paip, the maxillae with undivided lobe, first pair of legs with a short chela as the two following pairs, fourth and fifth pairs of legs wanting excepting the coxae of (probably) fifth pair in the male, finally only five pleurobranchiae above third pair of maxillipeds and the thoracic legs. In the absence of two pairs of thoracic legs Acetes agrees with Lucifer, but otherwise it is far removed from this peculiar genus and related to Sergestes and Sicyonella.”’
“The males show excellent specific characters in the relative length of third joint of the antennulae, in the joints of the lower antennular flagellum, and especially in the structure of [the] clasping organ, finally in the structure of the petasma. In the females the ventral area at and behind the base of the last pair of legs affords most useful characters. The females are on the whole somewhat or even considerably larger than the males.”
The new form is closely allied to Acetes brasiliensis Hansen.‘ The following descriptions of both sexes are worked out to facilitate com- parison of the two species.
Acetes carolinae, new species (Figs. 1-8)
Male.—The anterior keel of the carapace has, asin A. brasiliensis, only a single tooth, as the denticle, which in most forms exists between that tooth and the rostrum, has disappeared. The rostrum is short with the end acute. Transverse diameter of the eye a little more than one third as long as the distal joint of the stalk with eye.
Antennulae with the peduncle long (Fig. 1); its third joint very elongated, distinctly curved, almost two and one half times as long as the inner margin of second joint. Lower flagellum (Fig. 2) somewhat longer than the inner margin of second peduncular joint; its thickened 3-jointed proximal portion occupies a little less than half of the flagellum. The inner (upper) margin of the third joint is convex and from near its base to considerably beyond its middle the joint has on its inner surface near the margin mentioned a close row of 6 spines, of which the proximal ones have the distal half very curved with the end obtuse (Fig. 3), while the curvature is much feebler on the fifth spine, and the sixth spine is nearly straight, acute. Close beyond the sixth spine and somewhat before the end of the joint, the upper margin possesses on its inner side a large, claw-shaped process which is very bread at the base, while its more distal portion is only moderately robust and ex- tremely recurved. The distal part of the flagellum is slender, 6-jointed, with an oblique and distally obtuse short process on the distal half of the ante- penultimate joint (Fig. 2).
4 Siboga Exp., vol. 38, p. 48, 1919.
32 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, No. 1
Figures 1—8. Acetes carolinae, new species.
Fig. 1. Anterior part of carapace with eyes, antennulae, and antennal squamae of a male, X12. Fig. 2. Distal part of right antennular peduncle with proximal part of upper flagellum and the whole lower flagellum of a male, from the outer side, X47. Fig. 3. Major distal part of the thickened portion of the lower flagellum seen in fig. 2, from the inner side, Xca. 150. Fig. 4. Left uropod and telson of a male, X14. Fig. 5. Right petasma, from in front, X30: a, pars externa; b, pars media; c, capitulum; d, peduncle of first abdominal leg. Fig. 6. Capitulum of the petasma shown in fig. 5, <114. Fig. 7. Right half of the front part of the carapace with appendages of a fe- male, from above, X21. Fig. 8. Proximal portions of third pair of legs and the genital area of a female, from below, X21.
JANUARY 15, 1933 HANSEN: SPECIES OF ACETES 33
The antennal squama (Fig. 1) does not reach the distal end of the second antennular joint. Coxae and trochanters of third pair of legs without a tooth at their distal inner angle. Genital coxae very obliquely triangular, but much broader than long and distally very broadly rounded. Exopod of uropods (Fig. 4) about five times as long as broad; the ciliated part occupies some- what more than one third of the outer margin, and a minute tooth is seen at the end of the glabrous part.
The petasma (Fig. 5) is in most features rather similar to that in A. brasiliensis, but it is sharply distinguished by shape and armament of the capitulum. Pars astringens is completely wanting. Pars externa (a) much smaller than in A. brasiliensis, considerably longer than broad, with its distal free part triangular and a little longer than broad. Pars media (b) is rather slender; its free proximal portion is considerably longer than broad with the outer margin concave, while the basal margin is somewhat deeply and obliquely concave, with the inner proximal corner produced into a somewhat short, subacute process, and the outer corner much larger, sub- acute. Beyond the insertion of pars externa, pars media is long and narrows greatly to the thickened capitulum (c). The capitulum is subglobular and produced along the outer margin into four lobes; the proximal lobe is mod- erately short, thick, rounded, with a small chitinous bifid plate at the outer side; the second lobe is triangular, broader than long, but terminates in a long, strong, slightly curved spine; the third lobe is longer than broad, with its distal half shaped as a somewhat curved, moderately slender protuber- ance, with obtuse end; the fourth lobe is somewhat longer than broad, ovate, with two somewhat small, curved, acute, spiniform processes on the end.
Length.—11.5 mm.
Female.—Rostrum and crest as in the male. Eyes as in the male. Antennu- lae (Fig. 7) with the peduncle very much shorter than in the male, but the first joint is slightly shorter than eye-stalk with eye, thus slightly shorter than in the male. Second joint proportionately very much shorter than in the male, a little more than half as long as the third joint, which is straight and conspicuously more slender than in the other sex. Lower flagellum even slightly longer than third joint of the peduncle, slender, and apparently seven-jointed.
The antennal squama reaches to or slightly beyond the middle of third antennular joint. Coxae of third pair of legs (Fig. 8) with the major part of the inner margin convex and no tooth below or at the end, while the proxi- mal inner corner is produced into an obtuse protuberance.
The genital area (Fig. 8) is moderately long, broad; the median part of its posterior margin is very strongly procurved, constituting a bend which is conspicuously longer than broad and obtuse at the base in the middle; this curious structure is due to the fact that each sublateral part of the genital area is produced posteriorly into a proportionately long, obliquely triangu- lar, distally sacciform and quite free protuberance with the end obtuse.
Length.—15 mm.
Remarks.—A. carolinae is closely allied to A. brasiliensis, as the differences in most features are small, but the lobes of the capitulum of the petasma afford striking characters between the males of the two species, while the shape of the genital area exhibits excellent differences between their females.
Occurrence.—A large number of specimens were sent to me by Dr. James S. Gutsell, of the Beaufort, North Carolina, laboratory of the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, who wrote: ‘‘ All were collected in a trawl net near the Sea Buoy off Beaufort Inlet, October 30, 1929.’”’ And in a later letter he writes: “ With
34 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES’ VOL. 23, No. 1
bobbinet around the tip of an otter trawl this Acetes sometimes is obtained in gallons at a time, especially in late summer and early fall.”
ZOOLOGY.—The eggs of Goniobasis virginica Gmelin and Anculosa carinata Bruguiére.. CHARLES P. Winsor, Johns Hopkins University. (Communicated by RAYMOND PEARL.)
So far as I know the eggs of these two species have never been re- ported. Jewell? has described the eggs of G. liviscens correcta, and Van
= y* - aati \\ j alya ‘“ _ aN \ . Ty,
Liyy Yi) ; J
Fig. 1.—Egg mass of Goniobasis virginica. X36.
Cleave’ has described the eggs and egg-laying habits of species of Pleurocera Lewis and P. acuta.
During June of this year several trips were made to Gunpowder Falls, a stream about 15 miles north of Baltimore, in which G. vir- ginica and A. carinata are abundant. (A description of the locality
1 From the Department of Biology of the School of Hygiene and Public Health of the Johns Hopkins University. Received September 23, 1932.
2 Jewell, Dorothea Dodd, Observations on reproduction in the snail Goniobasis: Nautilus, vol. 44, pp. 115-119, 1931.
3 Van Cleave, H. J., Studies on snails of the genus Pleurocera. I. The eggs and egg- laying habits: Nautilus, vol. 46, pp. 29-34, 1932.
JANUARY 15, 1933 WINSOR: EGGS OF GONIOBASIS 30
will be found in a paper by Baily, Pearl, and Winsor.) An examina- tion of the rocks in the stream-bed showed large numbers of egg- masses, which proved in the laboratory to be those of G. virginica. Further search on the rocks in mid-stream showed numerous egg- capsules of a different type, obviously those of A. carinata.
The eggs of G. virginica are laid in masses of from two to fifteen or more, attached to the rocks in the stream bed. The egg mass, as may be seen from Fig. 1, resembles closely that of Plewrocera as described and figured by Van Cleave. The spiral arrangement of the eggs in the ege mass of G. virginica is generally marked. There is a fairly tough outer membranous covering, which forms septa dividing the mass into compartments. Within each of these is a much thinner egg- membrane, enclosing the albumen and embryo. A considerable amount of foreign matter is generally rather firmly attached to the mass.
Fig. 2.—Eggs of Anculosa carinata. X36.
The eggs of A. carinata resemble generally those of G. liviscens as described by Jewell. They are laid separately, usually in lines of three
Fig. 3.—Young shell of Goniobasis virginica. X72.
to six or more; the successive capsules may be connected by a thread- like portion of the outer membrane. The capsules are circular or slightly elliptical, flat against the rock and convex on the outer side. A thin egg-membrane surrounds the albumen and embryo. The outer
* Baily, Joshua L., Jr., Pearl, Raymond, and Winsor, C. P., Variation in Goniobasis
virginica and Anculosa carinata under natural conditions: Biologia Generalis, vol. 8, pp. 607-630, 1932.
36 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, No. 1
surface of the capsule is granular owing to the sand grains that ad- here to it. (Compare Van Cleave’s description of Pleurocera eggs.) No data are available on the duration of embryonic development
Yor either species, though it is probably not widely different from the
113 days reported by Jewell. Figure 3 shows a young specimen of G. virginica hatched in the laboratory; Figure 4 shows a young A. carinata found in the river; unfortunately none of the eggs brought in hatched.
Ee Fig. 4.—Young shell of Anculosa carinata. X72.
All of the drawings in this paper were made by the staff artist of this department, Mr. Arthur Johansen, with a camera lucida.
CHEMISTRY.—The rotenone content of derris root, cube root, and other plant materials! Howarp A. Jonres, Bureau of Chemistry and Soils. (Communicated by C. M. Smita.)
Rotenone, a constituent of derris root (Deguelia sp.) and of cube root (Lonchocarpus nicou), has recently come into prominence as an insecticide of considerable value. An extraction method? making use of carbon tetrachloride was recently outlined by the author for the determination of this compound in plant materials. The present article gives the results obtained by this method, and by an ether ex- traction method previously in use, in the analysis of plants of the genus Deguelia from the Malay Peninsula and the East Indies, and plants of the genus Lonchocarpus from South America.
Rotenone has been previously reported as occurring in species of both of these genera of plants. Nagai? was the first to isolate rotenone from a species of Deguelia, the roots of D. chinensis. By ether extrac- tion of the roots of D. elliptica, Kariyone and Atsumi‘ obtained 6.65
1 Received October 12, 19382.
2 Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., vol. 5, no. 1, Jan. 15, 1933. 3 Jour. Tokyo Chem. Soc., vol. 23, p. 744, 1902.
4 Jour. Pharm. Soc., Japan, no. 491, p. 10, 1923,
JANUARY 15, 1983 JONES: ROTENONE IN DERRIS ROOT ot
per cent crude rotenone; while Takei,’ also using ether, found the rotenone content of several samples of roots of the same species to range from 1.5 to 6 per cent. Recently Spoon’ has analyzed a number of samples of roots of species of Deguelia by the ether extraction method outlined by Roark.’ He found that D. elliptica ranged in rotenone content from traces up to 6 per cent, and D. malaccensis contained from traces up to 2 per cent. A number of commercial samples of derris root of unknown species he found contained from no rotenone up to 6.5 per cent.
The rotenone content of stems of Lonchocarpus nicou from French Guiana was reported as 2 to 2.5 per cent by Geoffroy,® who used a petroleum ether extraction, as early as 1895. Clark,® by ether extrac- tion, recently obtained 7.1 and 7.2 per cent rotenone from two samples of cube root (L. nicou) from Peru.
Spoon’? has also determined the amount of rotenone in both the stems and roots of nekoe (an unidentified species of Lonchocarpus from Dutch Guiana) by the ether extraction method used for derris roots. He found that the root averaged about 2.5 per cent rotenone, while asample of stem material contained only 0.03 per cent. Rotenone has been reported by Tattersfield, Gimingham and Morris"! as occur- ring in haiari stems and roots (a species of Lonchocarpus found in British Guiana) “in fairly considerable quantities.’’ Pfaff’ has re- ported “‘timboin,’’ which appears to have been impure rotenone, in Brazilian timbo root (probably a species of Lonchocarpus).
One of the objects of this investigation was to obtain a comparison of the ether extraction method, previously in use by the Insecticide Division of this Bureau, with the carbon tetrachloride method re- cently developed. As a result of the analyses reported in this paper the latter method has been adopted. A further purpose of the present work was to determine the variation in the rotenone content of derris root, cube root and other plant materials, and to ascertain the de- sirability of these materials as sources of supply of rotenone.
Of the samples of derris root tested, three were authentic speci-
> Bul. Inst. Phys. Chem. Research (Tokyo), vol. 2, p. 485, 1923. 6 Indische Mercuur, vol. 54, no. 18, p. 351, 1931, and vol. 55, no. 13, p. 181, 1932. soap, wel. 7, ps 97, 1931. 8 Ann. Inst. Colon. Marseille, vol. 2, p. 1, 1895. . * Science, vol. 70, p. 478, 1929. 10 Indische Mercuur, vol. 54, no. 49, p. 1043, 1931. 11 Ann. Appl. Biol., vol. 13, p. 424, 1926. ® Arch. der Pharmacie, vol. 229, p. 31, 1891.
38 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, NO. 1
mens of D. elliptica and two were authentic D. malaccensis. Un- fortunately the remaining samples analyzed were received merely under the name of ‘‘derris root’’ or ‘‘tuba root’’ and were of unknown species. In many cases the original source was also unknown. Since the majority of the root in commerce is said to be. D. elliptica, it is probable that many of the samples bought in the open market were of this species. All samples of derris root were found to conform in histological elements“ to an authentic sample of D. elliptica and hence are almost certainly of the genus Deguelva.
One sample of authentic L. nicow was obtained (under the name of “barbasco” or “cube’’) from the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. Other specimens of cube and barbasco roots were com- pared with this sample and found to be identical in histological ele- ments. All samples of cube or barbasco roots were obtained from Peru and, according to Killip and Smith, these native terms are restricted, in that region, to L. nicou.
A sample of timbo root obtained from Brazil was stated to be Paullinia pinnata, but from the findings of Killip and Smith, it is more likely that this material is a species of Lonchocarpus. This is borne out by the fact that this sample closely corresponded in his- tological elements to an authentic sample of L. nicow. One sample of nekoe stems from Dutch Guiana and two samples of haiari stems from British Guiana were analyzed.
The results of the extractions are given in the tables, in which the samples have been divided into three groups; roots of the genus Deguelia, roots of L. nicou, and samples of other plants of the genus Lonchocarpus. The numbers are Insecticide Division sample numbers and are given merely for convenience in referring to the samples. Values for both rotenone and total extractive material are given for both methods. (In a number of cases the sample was analyzed by only one method.) In the majority of cases the results given represent the mean of two or more determinations. All results are based on the weight of air-dried material, the moisture content of all samples at the time of analysis being between 2 and 5 per cent. A few samples received in a more moist condition than this were dried to within this
13 Two samples of D. elliptica roots and two of D. malaccensis roots were obtained through the courtesy of the Department of Agriculture of the Federated Malay States and Straits Settlements.
14The cooperation of George L. Keenan of the Food and Drug Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture in making microscopic examinations is gratefully
acknowledged. 46 This JOURNAL, vol. 20, p. 74, 1930,
JANUARY 15, 1933 JONES: ROTENONE IN DERRIS ROOT og
range before grinding. All roots not otherwise designated in Table I were bought on the open market in this country and were of unknown - original source.
TABLE I. Roots or DEGUELIA SPECIES (DERRIS ROOT)
Carbon Tetrachloride Method Ether Method eampeninmier | | aceon (ga antok |" Gerent oh | (a eeat of Remarks air-dried air-dried air-dried air-dried material) material) material) material)
401 None 9.4 None 9.8 Included some stem and leaf parts. Bought in Holland.
402 1.4 hae 1.0 8.2
406 None 16.23 None 14.8 Java, Dutch East Indies.
407 AW) 16.0
408 20 19.6 None? 20.0
411 0.9 9.4
412 None Pipe AE None? 19.6
502 0.8 5.4
522 (Nad Dy Pe 6.8 ZAG Shipped from Sin- gapore.
523 1.4 13.6 14 12.2 | D. elliptica (Tuba Puteh) Malayan Govt. Exp. Plantn., Serdang, F.M.S.
524 1.8 21.0 None? 22.6 D. malaccensis (Tu- ba standing) Ma- layan Govt. Exp. Plantn., Serdang, F.M.S.
535 4.5 20.7 4.3 17.9
537 1.9 20.8 None? 23.4 Dutch East Indies.
547 About 0.4 14.3 Federated Malay States.
* No rotenone separated even when seed crystals were used. > 2 to 3 per cent amorphous material separated from the ether extract, but no rotenone was detected in this.
40 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, No. 1
TABLE I. (Continued).
Carbon Tetrachloride Method Ether Method Rotenone Total Extract Rotenone Total Extract Sample Number (per cent of (per cent of (per cent of (per cent of Remarks air-dried air-dried air-dried air-dried material) material) material) material) 548 About 20.6 —¢ 19.2 Sumatra, Dutch OL! East Indies. 549 1.9 17s 2.0 16.8 Federated Malay States. 550 0.6 13.0 585 None —4d None?’ 122 Bought in Holland. 586 iS 16.22 588-A 0.6 11.9 About 10.0 0.3 588-B Dae 9.9 588-C ie 15.9 588-D ei) 12 2 588-E 0 11.4 About 9.4 0.4 588-F 1.9 10.4 (A) coarse 3.4 1253 3.0: 12.4 Shipped from Sin- 594(B) fine 6.0 19.1 5.9 18.9 gapore. Aver. whole Dee ell root! 611 126 a9 Shipped from Sin- gapore. 612 s76 9.5 Shipped from Sin- gapore. 621 2.4 19.2 10 LSieZ 626 0.9 LORS
© About 2 per cent material separated from the ether extract; this was found to contain only a very small proportion of rotenone.
¢ Total carbon tetrachloride extract not determined.
¢ About 0.6 per cent material separated from the ether extract, but no rotenone was detected in this.
/ This average is based on the proportion of fine and coarse roots comprising the whole root sample.
JANUARY 15, 1983 JONES: ROTENONE IN DERRIS ROOT 41
TABLE I. (Continued)
Carbon Tetrachloride Method Ether Method Rotenone Total Extract Rotenone Total Extract Sample Number (per cent of (per cent of (per cent of (per cent of Remarks air-dried air-dried air-dried air-dried material) material) material) material) 685 3.0 lag 739 kee 156 None? 14.6 Shipped from Sin- gapore. 741 1ee8 9.3 13 8.8 D. elliptica Ma- layan Govt. Exp. Plantn., Serdang, F.M.S. 742 7e6 1 24.0 ie, DAT D. malaccensis Ma- layan Govt. Exp. Plantn., Serdang, F.M.S. (A) coarse 20 USS 0.3 15). D. elluptica F.M.S. 743(B) fine Je Be 16s 533 0.4 ie at Aver. whole Deal 15-8 root/ 765 Gre Dilena: i IAQ) 2 875 2.9 12.0 Shipped from Sin- gapore. 956 6.9 Falk Ak 998 None 15.4 Sumatra, Dutch East Indies. 999 None 13357 Sumatra, Dutch East Indies. 1000 None 16.5 Sumatra, Dutch East Indies. 1001 HoT 16.8 Shipped from Sin- gapore. 1002 5.3 GRA Shipped from Sin- gapore.
* No rotenone separated even when seed crystals were used. > This average is based on the proportion of fine and coarse roots comprising the whole root sample.
42 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
TABLE I. (Continued)
VOL. 23, NO. 1
Carbon Tetrachloride Method Ether Method Rotenone Total Extract Rotenone Total Extract Sample Number (per cent of (per cent of (per cent of (per cent of Remarks air-dried air-dried air-dried air-dried material) material) material) material) 1003 6.1 17.4 Federated Malay States. 1004 4.2 ara Federated Malay States. Average? 2.5 16.5
9 This average is for 31 samples analyzed by the carbon tetrachloride method. No. 585 is not included in
the average because no determination of total extract was made on this sample. The average values for whole
root of Nos. 594 and 743 were used in obtaining the final average.
TABLE II. Roots or LONcCHOCARPUS NICOU (CUBE ROOT)
Carbon Tetrachloride Method Ether Method SacbloNarber py Reet eos |. Ce ete eee Remark air-dried air-dried air-dried air-dried material) material) material) material)
425 1.4 122
426 0.8 Gul None? Avl
427 1.8 L220 1.4 it
433 6.8 20.0 “‘Barbasco or Cube’’ from Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. Authentic L. nicou.
Spall 23 9.2 1.6 9.5
583 Onl 16.5 Geel 16.0
584 6.0 18.5 ayaa | £76
674 es 1183 te: Pas) U5 7
686-A 112 24.3 0 PAB) 8)
686-B (Eri 14.8
686-C 4.0 2, 0), 10.8
686-D S15) 18.2
? No rotenone separated even when seed crystals were used.
JANUARY 15, 1933 JONES: ROTENONE IN DERRIS ROOT 43
TABLE II. (Continued)
Carbon Tetrachloride Method Ether Method Rotenone Total Extract Rotenone Total Extract Sample Number (per cent of (per cent of (per cent of (per cent of Remarks air-dried air-dried air-dried air-dried material) material) material) material) 686-E 7.4 17/32 Hl Pe 2 ali5e9 686-F HA) 13.4 686-G 6.3 L520 6.3 1133 36) 686-H 5.6 12.9 686-1 Gra 14.3 Kt) 14.4 740 3.9 13.3 821 4.1 1ORe 3.6 ao 867 3.4 12.9 940-A 8.6 20.2 940-B Get! 135 27 1025 8.0 22 .4 Received as ‘‘Bar- basco Root.”’ Average? 5.4 15. 8
® This average is for the 22 samples analyzed by the carbon tetrachloride method.
TABLE III. Oruer Puants oF THE GENUS LONCHOCARPUS
Carbon Tetrachloride Method Ether Method Sample Plant Matesall aid Rotenone Total Extract Rotenone Total Extract Number ant Material and Source (per cent of (per cent of (per cent of | (per cent of air-dried air-dried air-dried air-dried material) material) material) material) 409 Timbo Roots—Brazil About 5¢ 28.0 434 Haiari stems None 226 None 2.8 627 Haiari stems—British Guiana 0) Ge2 None? 6.6 990 Nekoe stems—Dutch Guiana |About 0.4 HG
“ 6 to7 per cent material separated, but this was found to be only partly rotenone; value given for rotenone estimated from examination of separated material.
b No rotenone separated even when seed crystals were used.
44 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, No. 1
Some of the advantages of the carbon tetrachloride extraction method over the method using ether are clearly illustrated by the results in the tables. For instance, in the cases of derris root samples 408, 524, 5387 and 739, cube root sample 426 and haiari stem sample 627, no rotenone was obtained by the ether method even when the evaporated extract was seeded with rotenone crystals. On the other hand, between about 1 and 2 per cent rotenone was obtained by the carbon tetrachloride extraction of these same samples. Decidedly lower values for rotenone were obtained by the ether method in the cases of derris roots 588-E, 621, 742 and 743. Furthermore, the ether extracts of three derris root samples (412, 548 and 585) yielded vary- ing amounts of material which was found to contain either no rote- none, or, in the case of 548, only a small proportion of rotenone. The carbon tetrachloride extracts of these three samples gave no separa- tion of material, or, in the case of 548, only about 0.1 per cent rote- none. The ether extraction values for rotenone given in the tables are therefore not reliable.
Perhaps the most striking observation to be made is the wide range in the rotenone content of both derris and cube roots. Thus the rotenone in derris root ranges from none to almost 7 per cent, and that in cube (or barbasco) root from less than one to about 11 per cent. This variation is probably due in part to differences in age, size of roots, soil conditions and other factors. In the case of the derris root samples the variation is no doubt partly due to differences in species.
An examination of the values for rotenone and total extract of der- ris root shows that there is little or no correlation between either the total carbon tetrachloride extractives or the total ether extractives and the rotenone content. Good correlation could hardly be expected since the samples are of different species and from different sources. However, there is a comparatively close correlation between the total carbon tetrachloride extractives and rotenone in the cube root samples, the coefficient of correlation being 0.86. Such a correlation is, no doubt, due to the fact that the cube samples are all of the same species (L. nicow) and all from the same region. The values for total ether extract and rotenone content of cube roots also show a fairly good correlation. However, the calculation of the rotenone content of a sample of cube root from the amount of total extract would give only approximate results.
As will be noted, the two authentic samples of D. malaccensis tested contained only about 2 per cent rotenone, in spite of their high total
JANUARY 15, 19383 JONES: ROTENONE IN DERRIS ROOT 45
extract values. This agrees with the results of Spoon (loc. cit.) on this species. It is possible that some of the other samples of derris root having high total extracts were also of this species.
According to Georgi!® who has made a study of the proportion of ether extractives obtained from coarse and fine roots of D. elliptica and D. malaccensis of different ages, the ether extract content of fine roots is higher than that of coarse roots. It was thought of interest to determine whether this was also true of the rotenone content. Ac- cordingly two samples of derris root (594 and 743) were separated into fine and coarse roots and analyzed separately. Roots smaller than 4.0 to 4.5 mm. in diameter were arbitrarily considered ‘‘fine’’ and those of this size and over were designated as “‘coarse.’’ The fine roots constituted about 71 per cent of the whole root in the case of No. 594 and about 32 per cent in the case of No. 748. It will be seen from Table I that in both samples the rotenone content (by the car- bon tetrachloride method) of the fine roots was higher than that of the coarse roots.'’ This was also true of the total extractive materials.
Some idea of the variation to be expected in single shipments of both derris and cube roots is afforded by the results in the table. Thus samples 588-A to 588-F, inclusive, were taken from six 80 to 100- pound bales of a single shipment of derris root. As will be noted the rotenone content ranges from a few tenths of one per cent to about 3 per cent. Similarly samples 686-A to 686-E were taken from five 65 to 100-pound bales of a single shipment of cube root. The lowest rotenone content found in this shipment was 4 per cent while the highest was about 11 per cent. Samples 686-F to 686-I are from four bales of a second consignment of this shipment. Samples 940-A and 940-B of cube root were also from a single shipment. This variation in single shipments should emphasize the necessity of careful sampling of shipments of root for analysis.
The high rotenone content of the timbo root tested indicates that this material merits further study as a possible source of rotenone. The low values for total extractives obtained from haiari and nekoe stems are interesting. Spoon (loc. cit.) obtained about 2.5 per cent ether extractives from nekoe stem, which indicates that these ma- terials are consistently low in total extract.
A more systematic study of the rotenone content of authentic samples of the numerous species of Deguelia and Lonchocarpus should
16 Malay. Agr. Jour., vol. 17, p. 326, 1929, and vol. 17, p. 361, 1929.
17 The difference in rotenone values in sample 743 is perhaps too small to be of much significance.
| ! 1 } | H |
46 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, NO. 1
be made by those in a position to obtain such material. The stem parts of both derris and cube should be investigated for their rotenone con- tent as it is possible that these materials may contain sufficient rote- none to justify harvesting the whole plant rather than only the roots.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The rotenone content of 45 samples of derris root tested ranged from none to about 7 per cent, while that of 23 samples of cube root ranged from less than one to about 11 per cent. The average of the 31 samples of derris root analyzed by the carbon tetrachloride method was 2.5 per cent rotenone, while the average for the 22 samples of cube root analyzed by this method was 5.4 per cent rotenone. These averages should not be considered representative of derris and cube samples in general. .
2. These results indicate the desirability of cube root as a source of rotenone. More extensive cultivation of this material is indicated. By selection of high rotenone strains of derris, the rotenone content of this plant could, no doubt, be improved.
3. A close correlation exists between the rotenone content and the total extractive materials of cube root. There is little or no correla- tion between these two values in the case of the derris root samples.
4, Fine derris roots have a slightly higher rotenone content than coarse roots.
5. Brazilian timbo root may afford an additional source of rotenone.
PALEONTOLOGY .—Unique coloration of two Mississippian brachio- pods. R. R. Rowuey, Louisiana, Mo., and JAMEs 8. WILLIAMS, U.S. Geol. Survey. (Communicated by JoHn B. REESIDE JR.)
New and striking types of color patterns on fossils are always in- teresting and worthy of record, even though their origin may not be fully understood. Such a pattern has recently been discovered on two specimens of Acanthospirina aciculifera (Rowley) Schuchert and Le- Vene, and because it is apparently unique and may possibly be original, and because, even if not original, it may serve to focus criti- cal attention on other color patterns that have been described as original, it seems advisable to call attention to it.
The color-marked specimens were collected by R. R. Rowley from the yellow-brown shale at the base of the Louisiana limestone (Lower
JANUARY 15, 1933 ROWLEY AND WILLIAMS: BRACHIOPOD COLORATION 47
Mississippian), at the mouth of Buffalo Creek, one mile south of Louisiana, Missouri. Their preservation in shale permitted collection without mechanical injury, and thereby favored the retention of the finest markings.
The writers are very grateful to Dr. G. H. Girty and other mem- bers of the U. 8. Geological Survey for helpful suggestions in the preparation of this notice. Thanks are also due Drs. Aug. F. Foerste and G. A. Cooper of the U. S. National Museum. Doctor Foerste examined the specimens and made suggestions regarding their inter- pretation and Doctor Cooper gave information about some of the brachiopods cited.
THE COLOR PATTERN
The striking appearance of the color pattern is caused by the bright red color of the markings and their distinctive arrangement.
Figs. 1 and 2. Two views of a specimen of Acanthospirina aciculifera (Rowley) Schuchert and LeVene (X8). Fig. 1—Brachial view showing tubercles and colored streaks. Fig. 2—Pedicle view, showing color pattern, which on the specimen is red. Few tubercles are preserved. (R. R. Rowley collection.)
Where most conspicuous the markings consist of bright red streaks and spots which are elongate in directions radial to the beaks and parallel to the plications. Though somewhat irregularly distributed, most of the markings conform to an arrangement in alternating radial
48 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, No. 1
rows. They are about as abundant on the plications as on the inter- vening furrows and occur both on the folds and in the sinuses. On one specimen the markings are not as abundant in the umbonal region as near the anterior margin, but on the other they are as common over the umbo as farther forward; on one they are more abundant on the
Figs. 3 and 4. Two views of a distorted specimen of Acanthospirina aciculifera (Rowley) Schuchert and LeVene (X8), showing color pattern. Note raised position of streaks near cardinal extremities on right side (to left in figure) of specimen shown in Fig. 4. (Univ. of Mo. collection, 5200).
left than on the right, but on the other shell they are about evenly divided between the two sides of the valves. The markings are shown in the photographs, Figures 1 to 4.
The streaks average about 0.16 mm. in length and about 0.02 mm. in width, but a few are longer than 0.16 mm. and others are only slightly longer than wide, being better termed spots than streaks. The markings are separated laterally by spaces that average about 0.1 mm. Examination under a magnification of 25 to 30 diameters, shows that most of the coloring material lies in short discontinuous grooves below the surface but some extends above it forming ridges.
JANUARY 15, 1933 ROWLEY AND WILLIAMS: BRACHIOPOD COLORATION 49
Toward the anterior ends of a few of the grooves the coloring ma- terial rises and seems to continue beyond the grooves as short spines. Although most of the coloring material lies below the shell surface and therefore penetrates some of the inner shell layers, an examination under dark field illumination shows that none of it penetrates the innermost layer. Over most of the shell the color of the markings ranges from light brownish-red to dark red, the deeper shade being at the cardinal extremities of one specimen.
The red color of the pigment is probably due to the presence of iron in one or more compounds in the shell substance. Dr. C. 8. Ross, of the United States Geological Survey, made a microscopic examina- tion of the most abundant mineral in the red streaks and concluded that 1t was probably hematite, though the material was too fine grained to permit definite identification. He also found a few larger grains of limonite. Some of the coloring material appeared to him to have been recrystallized in place, and the small particles, he noted, were intermingled with particles of shelly material or imbedded as discrete particles in the shell substance. It was impossible to obtain enough coloring material for reliable and representative chemical analysis, but a few grains of it were tested in the Chemical Laboratory of the U. 8S. Geological Survey. These tests showed that the grains consisted of somewhat hydrated ferric oxide and that no organic mat- ter was present. 7
Only four specimens of Acanthospirina aciculifera (Rowley) Schu- chert and Le Vene are known to the writers. The two described here show the pattern in color, a third has the pattern excavated in the shell surface but not shown in color, and the fourth specimen has not been examined carefully for the pattern. A similar pattern was seen on young specimens of Syringothyris hannibalensis (Swallow) Hall and Clarke from the same locality and horizon but the writers have not seen it on mature forms. Other associated shells have incrustations of red material similar in color and composition to that forming the color pattern, but none of them have distinct patterns.
ORIGIN OF THE COLORATION
Rarely is it possible to establish definitely the origin of color mark- ings on fossils. An examination of the literature shows that most of the markings known have nevertheless been described as original. Their origin appears to have been so interpreted because they were arranged in definite patterns which were observed on more than one
50 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, NO. l
individual. Although most of the markings so interpreted probably are original, their regular arrangement and occurrence on more than one individual is not, as will be shown later, of itself, sufficient evi- dence to definitely prove this conclusion. Satisfactory proof that the coloration on fossils is original is, however, possible. Such an origin can be proved where the chemical composition of the coloring ma- terial on the fossils corresponds to that of the pigments on recent shells, but, probably in most part because of changes during and after fossilization, the composition of color markings on most Paleozoic fossils differs from that of the markings on recent forms. Original coloration can be amply demonstrated where the color pattern is the same as a pattern on existing species of the same genus, but un- fortunately this is also rare. Most other relations and characters that have been given as proof of original coloration are susceptible also of other interpretations, as a consideration of the Louisiana limestone specimens will show. It is not ordinarily so difficult to demonstrate the origin of secondary color markings, but few examples of them have been described, and the origin of even some of these examples is doubtful.
Like that of many of the markings described in the literature, the origin of the color markings on the Louisiana limestone specimens can not be definitely determined with the data available. Certain hy- potheses are, however, favored by these data. A brief discussion of them will bring out interpretations and relations that have heretofore been passed over in studies of this kind and therefore seems desirable. Of these favored hypotheses, three appear to be the most plausible. In two of them, the first and third, the excavated pattern is assumed to have been caused by the coloring material or by material from which it was derived; in the other hypothesis the pattern is assumed to be the result of structural differences which probably did not originally involve differences in color or in shell composition. The three hypotheses are: (1) The coloration is original but has been partly or wholly changed in composition and partly obliterated, (2) the coloration is the result of infiltration of some mineral into open- ings in the shell, as into the punctae of a punctate shell or into the larger openings of hollow spines, and (3) the coloration is due to differentiation in shell composition (other than that caused by original color differences) which has been exaggerated and brought out by processes of fossilization.
So much is known of the composition of the brachiopod shell, that, unless the original substance of the shell has been replaced—which
JANUARY 15, 1933 ROWLEY AND WILLIAMS: BRACHIOPOD COLORATION Ol
seems unlikely in the specimens in hand—the last hypothesis can be dismissed without detailed consideration. Differences in the com- position of individual brachiopod shells, aside from those caused by differential and original coloration, largely consist of differences be- tween shell layers. The pattern here described involves differences within shell layers and the arrangement of the materials causing them in a definite pattern. No arrangement of uncolored or uniformly colored materials in any way similar to the pattern has come to the writers’ notice and none appears to have been described either from fossil or recent brachiopods. The probable absence of such an arrange- ment would, it seems, give ample justification for immediately dis- missing the hypothesis that depends upon it.
Each of the other hypotheses provides explanations for all the ob- served characters and relations. The second hypothesis derives its strongest support from evidence furnished by the associated speci- mens, a source of evidence that has often been neglected. The com- monness on associated specimens of stringers and incrustations of red iron-bearing material similar in appearance and composition to the material in the markings can possibly be explained as a fortuitous cir- cumstance, but it shows that there was a plentiful supply of coloring material available for secondary introduction into a structural pat- tern. Uncolored structural patterns on associated individuals of the same species and on young individuals of Syringothyris hannibalensis (Swallow) Hall and Clarke may be interpreted as resulting from the removal of coloring material from original color patterns, but they may also be interpreted as structural patterns that were not origi- nally related to coloration.
The depth of the excavations in which the markings on the color- marked individuals themselves are situated and the irregularity of the markings also favor the hypothesis that a structural pattern was infiltrated with coloring material after the death of the individuals that are now color-marked. The excavations are deeper than the irregularities that usually result from differential weathering of re- cent shells that have original color markings. The coloring material in five recent shells studied by the writers was in such minute quanti- ties or was so nearly equal to the shelly material in resistance to solu- tion that differential weathering did not affect the shell surface to any extent. This same relation appears to be true for most recent shells and unless the quantity of coloring material in fossil shells were greater than that contained in most recent shells known to the writers, it is doubtful that its removal alone would cause such deep
52 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, NO. 1
depressions in the shell substance. Surface irregularities attributed (1, p. 81; 2, p. 212; 3, p. 281) to unequal weathering of pigmented and unpigmented parts of original color patterns on fossil cephalopods and on other fossils are, however, comparable to those caused by the ex- cavations. The slight irregularity of the markings on the color- marked individuals of Acanthospirina aciculifera (Rowley) Schuchert and LeVene is not due to any irregularity in the pattern but instead is due to the absence of coloring material from the excavations. This absence might be explained by the assumption that the coloration was original and that unequal weathering of different parts of the shell and of its colored and uncolored parts removed the coloring ma- terial from some areas and left it in others; but the irregular dis- tribution over the shell surface of excavations without coloring matter indicates that the absence of coloring matter from them was not the result of greater exposure of some parts of the shells to weathering and suggests that the explanation in terms of the second hypothesis that the irregularities are the result of unequal infiltration is more reasonable. If the coloring material did infiltrate previously formed openings in the shell there would be no reason to expect that it would infiltrate all openings alike or to the same degree.
A distinct obstacle to the acceptance of this second hypothesis is the fact that a suitable structural pattern, known to be unrelated to differences in original shell composition and yet to have been pro- duced by structures known on brachiopod shells, has not been found on specimens of Acanthospirina aciculifera (Rowley) Schuchert and LeVene or on closely related forms. Small hollow oblique spines that did not penetrate the innermost shell layer and were arranged in a manner similar to the arrangement of the markings, or very oblique ectopunctae which penetrated some of the inner shell layers and were arranged in a like manner, would provide a satisfactory pattern. Punctae described from very closely related genera are, however, endopunctae and hence penetrate the innermost shell layer as well as other inner layers. Furthermore, they are more or less normal to the shell surface. They would therefore not provide a suitable structural pattern. Some spiriferoid genera have been said to have ectopunctae but they probably do not penetrate inner shell layers (4, p. 420). Other spiriferoid genera have oblique spines which might possibly form excavations if partly removed by weathering or abrasion. If these spines were oblique enough, had their proximal ends buried in the shell substance for some distance, and were arranged in alternate radial rows, they would provide a suitable pattern. No such spines,
JANUARY 15, 1933 ROWLEY AND WILLIAMS: BRACHIOPOD COLORATION 53
however, are known on Acanthospirina and because spines of larger size and of a different character are known, it is unlikely that they will be found. Besides being relatively large, the spines on Acantho- spirina aciculifera (Rowley) Schuchert and LeVene are mounted on tubercles and set at right angles to the shell surface. Broken ends of these spines are irregularly distributed over the surface of the color- marked specimens, but they should not be confused with fine, hollow, regularly arranged oblique spines which would be necessary to form a pattern like that here described. The apparent absence of such a pat- tern can reasonably be interpreted as favoring the hypothesis that the coloration is original.
The strongest support for the first hypothesis, that the coloration is original, comes from the occurrence together, and in combination, of so many relations that have been observed on recent color-marked forms, or have been described from fossils that have markings rather generally thougkt to be original. Agreement with most recent color markings is shown in the following particulars: (1) The markings are arranged in a definite pattern which occurs on more than one indi- vidual. The comparison is here made with recent forms having defi- nite markings and not with those recent forms that are merely shaded. (2) The markings or excavations, which under this hypothesis are as- sumed to result from them, occur on all parts of the surfaces of the valves like they do on most recent color-marked shells, and hence are not accidental. Some recent marine shells have markings only on the side nearest the surface, but even on these individuals the markings are regularly distributed on that side. The markings on the writers’ specimens appear to be unrelated to life habits. (3) Although the pattern caused by the arrangement of the markings does not closely resemble any color pattern known on recent brachiopods, it does re- semble a color pattern that occurs on living gastropods. Such a pat- tern was seen by the junior author on two immature individuals of a gastropod collected by him on the beach near Beaufort, N. C., and identified by Dr. W. P. Woodring, of the U. 8. Geological Survey, as Crepidula fornicata (Linné). The pattern on the gastropods consisted of red streaks which were relatively much larger than the markings on the fossil brachiopods. The shortest streaks, which were near the margins of the gastropod shells, formed that part of the pattern which was most like the one here described. (4) Most of the coloring ma- terial is in grooves beneath the shell surface, which suggests that, like the coloring material in recent shells, it was situated in the inner shell layers. (3, p. 281; 5, p. 145.) (5) The coloring material appears to be
54 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, NO. 1
absent from the innermost shell layers, likewise as in most recent shells. (5, p. 145.) (6) The present color of the markings is perhaps not significant, but it is, nevertheless, a color that is commonly seen on recent color-marked shells. (7) Although the chemical composition of the material does not correspond exactly with that of organic pig- ments, the presence of iron in it and the discovery (6, p. 92) that iron occurs in pigments of recent molluscan shells may have some signifi- cance. (8) Similarity of the markings to recent color markings is also shown by the observation of Doctor Ross that the microscopic par- ticles of coloring matter in the markings of the Louisiana limestone specimens are intermingled with shelly particles, or embedded as dis- crete particles in the shell substance—a relation noted in recent shells by the writers.
Agreement with markings thought to be original on fossil brachio- pods is shown in some details of the color and composition of the markings, in the relation of coloring matter to shell substance, and, in a more general way, in the plan of the pattern. Although the pattern is not exactly like any original pattern on fossils, its radial plan and broad resemblance to them is suggestive. The color patterns on most fossil brachiopod shells consist of bands, long radial lines, or rather large splotches of color whereas the pattern here described consists of short streaks and spots of color of very small size. These differences in size and in the continuity of the streaks are, however, less important than the likenesses shown by its general plan. The coloring matter in most fossil shells occurs in the inner shell layer, as noted by Richter (6, p. 89), Foerste (5, p. 145), and others, and the location of most of the coloring matter in grooves beneath the shell surface on the speci- mens of Acanthospirina aciculifera (Rowley) Schuchert and LeVene suggests that it also occurs in an inner shell layer. Furthermore, its absence from the innermost layer suggests another similarity in posi- tion to described fossil markings. The raised position of some of the markings and absence of coloring material from some parts of the pat- tern are also common features that have been explained by differential weathering of fossil color patterns (2, p. 212; 3, p. 281; 5, p. 145). The color of the markings, though perhaps of a slightly different shade from that of most fossil markings, is nevertheless a rather common one. The colors most commonly recorded on fossil specimens are brown or black, but reddish-brown and purple markings are not un- common. Reddish-brown, olive-brown, and purplish spots were ob- served by C. L. and M. A. Fenton (7, pp. 132-133) on two species of Cranaena from Devonian of Iowa; reddish-brown spots occur on indi-
JANUARY 15, 1933 ROWLEY AND WILLIAMS: BRACHIOPOD COLORATION 90
viduals of Pugnax pugnus (Martin) Hall and Clarke (8, p. 257), and reddish-brown to black concentric lines occur on Rensselandia cimex (Richter) Schuchert and LeVene (6, p. 88). The composition of the markings on the Louisiana limestone specimens could not be deter- mined satisfactorily, nor is it known for many markings on fossils, but the presence of iron in the markings suggests a similarity with the composition of other fossil markings. Iron was discovered in the color- ing materials of patterns in fossil shells as early as 1871 by Kayser (8, p. 260), who analyzed the substance in the reddish-brown areas of Pugnax pugnus (Martin) Hall and Clarke. Richter (6, p. 92) later found traces of iron in colored areas of Rensselandia cumex (Richter) Schuchert and LeVene, a Devonian brachiopod, and it has been found in the coloring material of other fossils (1, p. 84; 9, p. 391). Despite the fact that the agreement in so many particulars of the markings with recent markings or with the criteria used to establish color markings in fossils appears to make the hypothesis of original coloration the most plausible one, it must be conceded that this agreement does not furnish conclusive evidence because the criteria used are themselves inconclusive. Each character and relation of the markings can be explained as a product of secondary infiltration about as well as it can be explained as a product of original coloration. The regularity of the pattern, its occurrence on more than one indi- vidual, and its distribution over all parts of the surfaces of each in- dividual can be explained by the second hypothesis by assuming that the pattern existed during life as a structural pattern devoid of colora- tion. The location of the coloring matter in grooves beneath the shell surface, and its absence from the innermost shell layer, might be at- tributed to its infiltration into oblique spines or punctae which pene- trated some of the shell layers, but did not penetrate the innermost layer, or to the filling of endopunctae which may have penetrated all the inner shell layers. These endopunctae could have been exposed at the shell surface after death by weathering of the outer shell layer and they could have then been partly plugged up before the coloring ma- terial was introduced. The raised position and extension of the ends of a few of the markings above the shell surface could also be ex- plained by the hypothesis of secondary infiltration by assuming that the pigment filled hollow spines, or that the shell weathered away more rapidly than the filled punctae. Likenesses in color and—to a certain degree—in composition might be accidental and not particu- larly significant because red iron-bearing compounds of secondary origin are common on the associated specimens. Furthermore, the
56 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, No. 1
_ value of the close commingling of particles of shelly material and of
coloring material as evidence for original coloration is questionable, for it is true that red iron oxides of secondary origin are known to oc- cur in exactly the same manner.
A careful consideration of the points brought out-in the above dis- cussion demonstrates at least to the writers’ satisfaction that no choice between hypothesis one and two can be confidently made. From an examination of the literature one would conclude that a pattern like this would ordinarily be described as an original colora- tion, but the hypothesis of original coloration when tested critically is little, if any, stronger than the hypothesis of secondary infiltration.
If the hypothesis of original coloration is, however, the correct one, the individuals here described provide the first record of an Acanthospirina with color markings that are original and the second record of color markings in the Spiriferidae, and they also furnish a new type of original color pattern. If the coloration is the result of in- filtration or replacement these specimens are worthy of record, not only because of their resemblance to color patterns that have been described from fossils as original, but also because of their striking and unique appearance. At all events, they serve to draw attention to the difficulty of determining definitely whether color patterns on Paleo- zoic fossils are of primary or secondary origin.
NEW RELATIONSHIPS SHOWN BY THE COLORED INDIVIDUALS
Quite aside from their interest as color-marked individuals, these specimens are significant because of the new facts they show that bear on the relations of Acanthospirina. The species under consideration was originally described by the senior author of this paper as Spirifer aciculifera. Weller later chose it for the type species of his genus Acanthospira. Schuchert and LeVene (10, p. 119) discovered that Acanthospira was a homonym and proposed the generic name Acan- thospirina to replace it. The essential generic character cited by Wel- ler is the presence of fine spines on the surface, which, he stated (4, p. 418), were arranged in regularly radiating series along the summits of the plications and in similar rows on the fold and sinus. This distine- tive character of Acanthospirina was inferred from the presence of minute tubercles or papillae, which Weller thought ‘‘doubtless sup- ported slender spines in the living shell.”’ (4, p. 419) Weller evidently found no such fine spines in place, but it may now be definitely said that they existed, for one result of the writers’ study of these speci-
JANUARY 15, 1983 ROWLEY AND WILLIAMS: BRACHIOPOD COLORATION 957
mens was the identification of three such spines which had been broken off from the summits of the tubercles but were still sufficiently close to enable one to see that they were formerly mounted on the tubercles and projected approximately at right angles to the shell surface. The tubercles themselves, however, are easily seen. That they are neither as nearly equal in number on the two valves nor as regu- larly arranged as Weller’s description would indicate is apparent in Figures 1 to 4. One individual has a considerable number of tubercles on the brachial valve and none on the pedicle valve. The other indi- vidual has few tubercles and these are widely and irregularly spaced.
In preparing his generic description Weller did not describe the pattern that forms the subject of this paper, though even where not emphasized by coloration it is visible under moderate magnification on all three specimens recently examined by the writers, including the holotype. Weller (4, p. 390) did, however, describe such a pat- tern, which incidentally was not shown in color, on Syringothyris hannibalensis (Swallow) Hall and Clarke from the same horizon and probably from the same locality. The presence of this pattern on Syringothyris suggests an affinity of Acanthospirina with Syringo- thyris. This affinity is further indicated by the preservation on one specimen of Acanthosptirina of a delthyrial plate which bears a median ridge similar to those made by the posterior side of the syrinx on Syringothyris. Whether or not this specimen, or any of the other three specimens known to the writers, has a syrinx can not be deter- mined except by sectioning, a course which has not been pursued be- cause of the small number of specimens, only two of which belong to the same collection. In view of these resemblances, however, it ap- pears very probable that when further investigation is possible it will be found that Acanthospirina resembles young specimens of Syringo- thyris in every character except in the possession of the fine spines mounted on tubercles.
LITERATURE CITED
1. Ruedemann, Rudolf, On color bands in Orthoceras: New York State Museum Bulls., 227—228, pp. 79-88, 1921.
2. Foerste, Aug. F., The Kimmswick and Plattin limestones of northeastern Mis- sourl: Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Jour., vol. 19, 175-224, 1920.
3. Newton, R. Bullen, Relics of coloration in fossil shells: Malacological Soc. London Proc., vol. 7, pp. 280-292, 1907.
4. Weller, Stuart, The Mississippian brachiopoda of the Mississippi Valley Basin: Illinois Geol. Survey Mon. 1, 1914.
58 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, NO. 1
5. Foerste, Aug. F., The color patterns of fossil cephalopods and brachiopods with | notes on gasteropods and pelecypods: Michigan Univ. Mus. Paleontology Contr., vol. 3, pp. 109-150, 1930.
6. Richter, Rudolf, Zur Farbung fossiler Brachiopoden: Senckenberg, vol. 1, pp. 83-96, 1919.
7. Fenton, C. L. and M. A., The stratigraphy and fauna.of the Hackberry stage of the Upper Devonian: Michigan Univ. Mus. Geology Contr., vol. 1, 1924.
8. Kayser, Emanuel, Notiz titber Rhynchonella pugnus mit Farbenspuren aus dem Hifler Kalk: Zeitsch. Deutsch. geol. Gesell., vol. 23, pp: 257-265, 1871.
9. Oppenheim, Paul, Uber die Erhaltung der Farbung bei fossilen Mollusken- schalen: Centralbl. Min. Geol. Pal. Jahrg. 1918, pp. 368-392.
10. Schuchert, Charles, and LeVene, C. M., New names for brachiopod homonyms: Am. Jour. Sci., 5th ser., vol. 17, pp. 117-122, 1929.
BOTAN Y.—Thelebolus lignicola and the genus Pleurocolla (Fungz).} WiiuiaAmM W. Diext, Bureau of Plant Industry. (Communicated by J. A. STEVENSON.) 3
Under the name of Thelebolus lignicola, C. G. Lloyd? discussed and illustrated by three excellent photographs a specimen from New York gathered by 8S. H. Burnham in 1917. The description is, however, con- siderably at variance with the evidence obtained from a study of the Burnham specimen in the Lloyd Herbarium as No. 28,444, together with comparisons of other specimens, some in a living condition in moist chamber culture. Examinations of living and preserved material explain in part Lloyd’s suppositions and reveal the taxonomic rela- tions of the fungus.
The specimens do not show the presence of ascospores as suggested by Lloyd but of numerous acrogenous conidia upon verticillately branched conidiophores (Fig. 1) massed with paraphysis-like sterile hyphae of irregular length in sporodochia of variable form. The sporodochia when moist are mucose to gelatinous but corneous when dry. When young, they are verrucoid-pulvinate. With increase of size they assume various shapes, subpulvinate to irregularly-columnar, sometimes branched, but in general apically globular to pointed. By virtue of a more rapid growth under conditions of suitable moisture and drying, this apical region of the sporodochium is often, but not always, thrust upward as a subspherical, secondary development or proliferation which extruding readily becomes separated, suggesting a peridiole. It was this peridiole-like feature which prompted Lloyd’s reference of the fungus to Thelebolus.
1 Received September 5, 1932. 2 Mycological Notes, no. 51, pp. 737-738, 1917.
JANUARY 15, 19383 DIEHL: THELEBOLUS AND PLEUROCOLLA 59
This fungus is in substantial agreement with the description of Dendrodochium compressum Ell. & Ev.,? and specifically identical with an authentic specimen gathered in West Virginia by L. W. Nuttall (det. J. B. Ellis, No. 923).
Figure 1. Sterile hyphae and branched conidiophores with acrogenous conidia from the type specimen of Thelebolus lignicola Lloyd (= Pleurocolla compressa) prepared in Amann’s solution. 1000.
The gelatinous texture of the sporodochium and the verticillately branched conidiophores exclude the species from Dendrodochium as typified by Bonorden‘ wherein the conidiophores are not verticil- lately branched and the sporodochia are not recorded as gelatinous. No published description seems adequate for this type of fructifica- tion, but as Miss V. K. Charles suggested to the writer, Plewrocolla tuliae Petrak resembles this fungus. Comparisons of the specimens cited below with Petrak’s type (Fl. Bohem. Exs. No. 1877) confirmed this suggestion indicating a congeneric relationship. Unfortunately, however, the description of the form genus Pleurocolla Petrak’ does
’ Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, vol. 24, pp. 475-476, 1897. 4 Handb. d. Allg. Myk., p. 135, 1851. > Ann. Myc., vol. 22, pp. 15-16, 1924.
60 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, NO. 1
not take account of the verticillately compound conidiophores and records the conidia as ‘‘akropleurogen”’ when in reality they are typi- cally acrogenous (Fig. 2). In both species the conidia are borne at the apex of the conidiophores or branches but often remain attached at the. nodes after the formation of proliferating conidiophore branches. It is suggested that this type of conidial formation is acrogenous and can not be termed ‘“‘acropleurogenous.”’
Both Pleurocolla tiliae and Dendrodochium compressum, although distinct, are therefore referable to the same genus, but as the technical description of that genus is somewhat at variance with the actual characters observed, it seems desirable to emend the generic diagnosis to include both species as follows:
PLEUROCOLLA Petrak emend.
Diag. Sporodochiis solitariis vel aggregatis, in statura et forme variis, ex cortice erumpentibus vel superficialibus in verrucis usque columnatis ir- regularibus patefactis, humidis mucoso-gelatinosis, siccis corneis; conidi- ophoris verticillatim ramulosis; ramis ad apicem attenuatis, tumidulis; conidiis acrogenis, clavatis usque obovatis; hyphis sterilibus, irregularibus conidiophora subaequantibus vel excedentibus.
Figure 2. Sterile hyphae and branched conidiophores with acrogenous conidia from the type specimens of Pleurocolla tiliae Petrak prepared in Amann’s solution. X1000.
P. tiliae Petrak, Ann. Myc., vol. 22, pp. 15-16, 1924 (type species) Fig. 2. Specimen examined: on Tilia platyphylla, Moravia, 1922, F. Petrak, Flora Bohem. et Morav. exs. No. 1877,—ex-type.®
6 All specimens cited are in the Mycological Collections of the Bureau of Plant Industry.
JANUARY 15, 1933 TRELEASE: NEW GUATEMALAN OAKS 61
P. compressa (Ell. & Ev.) n. comb. Syn. Dendrodochium compressum Ell. and Ev. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, vol. 24, pp. 475-476, 1897. Thelebolus lignicola Lloyd Myc. Notes no. 51, pp. 737-738, 1917. ihe ae ablowd(c,) Kis. L103—1105;
Specimens examined: Hudson Falls, N. Y.,-1917, 8S. H. Burnham in Herb. C. G. Lloyd 28,444, type of Thelebolus lignicola; Cincinnati, O., 1920, C. G. Lloyd in Herb. Lloyd 27,577; Shelbourne, N. H., W. G. Farlow; Chocorua, N. H. 1907, W. G. Farlow; Taughannoc Falls, N. Y., H. H. Whetzel 10,904; Labrador Lake, N. Y., 1932, C. L. Shear; Ross Run, Huntingdon Co., Pa., 1928, L. O. Overholts 11,360; Sligo, Md., 1918, E. K. Cash and V. K. Charles; Arlington Co., Va., 1927, C. L. Shear; on Lirzodendron, Black Pond, Fairfax Co., Va., 1928, W. W. D.; Dead Run, Fairfax Co., Va., 1929, W. W. D.; on (2?) Liriodendron, City Point, Va., 1931, W. W. D.; on Betula lenta, Fayette Co., W. Va., 1898, L. W. Nuttall (det. J. B. Ellis, 923).
Pleurocolla-like fructifications as stages in the life histories of some discomycetes are to be found in icones of Tulasne and Brefeld. It is noteworthy in this connection that Howarth and Chippendale’ in a re- cent paper on the life histories of Coryne sarcoides Jacq. and C. urnalis Nyl. discuss and illustrate conidial stages that may also be assigned to the genus Pleurocolla Syd.
BOTANY.—Five new oaks from Guatemala.!| WiLLIAM TRELEASE, University of Illinois. (Communicated by WitiiAmM R. Maxon, U.S. National Museum.)
In a recent plant collection from western Guatemala by Dr. Alex- ander F. Skutch, of Johns Hopkins University, presented to the U.S. National Museum by the collector, there were eight ample specimens of Quercus, which were sent to me for study. Three of these I refer to previously known species, as follows: Q. Donnell-Smithii Trel., Q. tristis Liebm., and Q. pilicaulis forma Hurteri Trel. The remaining five numbers seem to represent new species, which are described here- with. Duplicate types are in my own herbarium.
Quercus Skutchii Trel., sp. nov.
Ramuli graciles (2 mm. erassi), sulcati, mox glabri, grisei, lenticellis numerosis concoloribus rotundis; gemmae elongato-turbinatae, acutae, 6 mm. longae, 2 mm. latae, brunnescentes, nitidae, squamis pallido-ciliatis; folia sempervirentia, elliptica, 7-8 cm. longa, 3 cm. lata, apice acuta, aris- tata, basi subacuta, supra glabra, nitida, minute cancellata, subtus tomen- tosa, venis lateralibus ca. 10, sursum curvatis, supra impressis; petioli 1 cm. longi, glabrati; fructus biennis, brevi-pedunculatus, cupula subturbinata,
7 Mem. and Proc. Manchester Lit. and Philos. Soc., vol. 75, pp. 47-60, 1931. 1 Received Oct. 12, 1932.
62 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, NO. 1
15-20 mm. diametro, squamis appressis, obtusis, griseo-sericeis; glans elon- gato-ellipsoidea, 15-20 mm. longa, semi-inclusa.
Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,493,800, collected at Chich- avac, Dept. of Chimaltenango, Guatemala, alt. 2,400-2,700 meters, Nov.— Dec., 1980, by A. F. Skutch (no. 44).
A large much-branched tree.
Quercus chichavacana Trel., sp. nov.
Ramuli gracilis (2 mm. crassi), parce griseo-pubescentes, lenticellis con- spicuis; gemmae rotundo- vel turbinato-ovoideae, argillaceo-coloratae, glabrescentes, plus minusve nitidae, 2 mm. diametro; folia 4-7 em. longa, 2.5-4 em. lata, obovata vel elliptico-subobovata, apice acuta vel subacuta, aristata, basi obtusa vel subtruncata, nunc integra, nune sursum dentata, dentibus setaceis 4-6, supra glabra, nitida, subtiliter cancellata, subtus rufo-tomentosa, venis lateralibus ca. 10, non curvatis; petioli 1 em. longi, pubescentes; amenta desunt; fructus biennis, brevi-pedunculatus, cupula turbinata, 15 mm. diametro, squamis appressis, plus minusve attenuatis, rufo- vel griseo-sericeis, inflexis; glans ovoidea vel oblonga, semi-inclusa, 1-2 cm. longa.
Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,493,808, collected at Chich- avac, Dept. of Chimaltenango, Guatemala, alt. 2,400—-2,700 meters, Nov.— Dec., 1930, by A. F. Skutch (no. 57).
Quercus chimaltenangana Trel., sp. nov.
Ramuli moderate crassi (4-5 mm.), primum griseo-subtomentosi; gemmae rotundo- vel elongato-ovoideae, obtusae, argillaceo-coloratae vel rufescentes, glabrescentes, subnitidae, 3 mm. diametro; folia 12-14 em. longa, 4 cm. lata, oblonga vel lanceolata vel oblanceolata, apice acuta, aristata, basi subcordulata, margine crispata, supra glabra nitidaque, subtus tomentosa, ubi denudata granulosa, venis lateralibus ca. 10, apice sursum curvatis, sicut venulis supra impressis; petioli 1 em. longi, tomentosi; amenta desunt; fruc- tus biennis, brevi-pedunculatus, cupula subturbinata, 15 mm. diametro, squamis obtusis, griseo-sericeis, appressis; glans ovoidea, semi-inclusa, 2 cm. longa.
Type in the U. 8S. National Herbarium, no. 1,493,805, collected at Chich- avac, Dept. of Chimaltenango, Guatemala, alt. 2,400-—2,700 meters, Nov.— Dec., 1930, by A. F. Skutch (no. 62).
Quercus ambivenulosa Trel., sp. nov.
Ramuli graciles, 2 mm. crassi, glabri, paulum suleati, plus minusve rubelli, demum grisei, lenticellis parvis; gemmae rotundo-ovoideae, obtusae, nitidae, pallide fuscae, glabrae, 3 mm. longae lataeque; folia elliptica vel oblonga, 10-14 cm. longa, 3-5 cm. lata, subnitentia, subtus aeneo-colorata, apice basique acuta, glabra, utrinque cancellata, venis lateralibus majoribus ca. 8, faleatis, marginem versus manifeste conjunctis; petioli 10-15 mm. longi; fructus biennis, pedunculis brevibus ramulis crassioribus, fructus 1-3 geren- tibus, cupula hemisphaerica, tenui, 15 mm. diametro, squamis arcte appres- sis, obtuse attenuatis, griseo-sericeis; glans ovoidea, semi-inclusa, 15 mm. longa.
Type in the U. S. National Herbarium, nos. 1,493,798-9, collected at Chichavac, Dept. of Chimaltenango, Guatemala, alt. 2,400—2,700 meters, Nov.—Dec., 1930, by A. F. Skutch (no. 14).
A round-topped tree, 60 feet tall.
JANUARY 15, 1933 LEWTON: NEW GENUS OF HAITIAN TREES 63
Quercus aristigera Trel., sp. nov.
Ramuli moderate crassi, aureo-tomentosi, mox glabrescentes, grisei, inter- nodiis brevibus, lenticellis minutis; gemmae turbinato-ovoideae, griseae, 5 mm. longae, 3 mm. latae; folia decidua, simul cum floribus provenientia, lanceolato-elliptica, 8-11 cm. longa, 3 cm. lata, apice acuta, aristata, basi subtruncata vel cordulata, integra, venis lateralibus ca. 12, vix sursum curvatis; folia junioria supra minute et decidue stellato-puberulenta, subtus pallido- vel aureo-tomentosa; petioli 5-10 mm. longi; amenta 4 cm. longa, floribus congestis, antheris rotundo-ellipsoideis, emarginatis, glabris; fructus biennis, cupula (valde inmatura) obovoidea, truncata, squamis rotundatis, aureis, appressis; stigmata oblonga, recurvata.
Type in the U.S. National Herbarium, no. 1,493,806, collected at Chich- avac, Dept. of Chimaltenango, Guatemala, alt. 2,400—2,700 meters, Nov.— Dec., 1930, by A. F. Skutch (no. 86).
BOTAN Y.—Armouria, a new genus of malvaceous trees from Haiti. F. L. Lewron, U.S. National Museum.
Collections of many interesting plants were made last winter by Dr. David Fairchild and Mr. P. H. Dorsett, with the Allison V. Armour Expedition to the West Indies, in search of new and rare forms worthy of introduction to American horticulture. On January 17, 1932, Mr. Armour’s commodious yacht, Utowana, touched at Beata, an uninhabited rocky islet off the south coast of Haiti. Here was found growing on a rocky cliff, near the middle of the western coast of the island, a bushy tree, 18 to 20 feet high, bearing large cream-white flowers. Specimens and photographs of the tree, its at- tractive flowers, and immature fruits were obtained, but no ripe seeds could be found. A return trip was made to Beata on March 22, 19382, when only a few seeds were gathered.
This tree has the aspect of the circumtropical Thespesia populnea, but its large cream-white flowers without the darker petal spot pres- ent in all species of Thespesia and most of its relatives, and the densely pubescent foliage instead of the smooth leathery leaves of Thespesia, suggested at once an undescribed species.
Upon study of the herbarium material and photographs brought back by Fairchild and Dorsett, I am convinced that the attractive tree discovered by them represents a new species, which because of the differences of its flowers and fruit from those of Thespesia and related genera must be regarded as constituting a new genus.
In recognition of the generous assistance which he has given to botanical research for many years, I have named this genus in honor of Allison V. Armour.
1 Received December 3, 1932.
64 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, NO. 1
Armouria Lewton, gen. nov.
Arbores; folia petiolata, angulato-lobata; flores solitares, axillares; pe- dunculus sursum incrassatus, angulatus, glandulas tres lineari-cuneatas extraflorales decurrentes et apicem versus bracteas tres deciduas gerens; calyx cupuliformis, sursum truncatus, dentibus quinque minutissimis in- structus, deorsum sulcatus et abrupte constrictus, substipitatus, lignescens; columna antherifera apice 5-dentata; ovarium 5-loculare, ovulis in loculis nonnullis; stylus clavatus, stigmatibus quinque decurrentibus; capsula tarde loculicide dehiscens, 5-valvata, lignosa, stellato-pubescens; semina obo- voidea, glabra; cotyledones resinoso-punctatae, punctis nigris. Species unica: Armouria beata Lewton, sp. nov.
Armouria beata Lewton, sp. nov.
Arbor 5-7 m. alta; ramuli teretes, fuscescentes, minute stellato-lepidoti; folia basi cordata, apice obtusiuscula, 3—5-angulato-lobata, supra scabri- uscula, subtus pallidiora molliter stellato-tomentosa; petiolus 1-2 em. lon- gus; flores ochroleuci, 10-13 em. lati; pedunculi petiolis 2-plo longiores; bracteae lineari-lanceolatae vel trifidae, 2-3 mm. longae; calyx densissime sed minutissime stellato-puberulentus, dentibus minutis, 0.5 mm. longis; petala basi columnae antheriferae adnata, speciosa, immaculata.
Tree 5-7 meters high; branchlets terete, fuscescent, minutely brownish-
‘stellate-lepidote; primordial leaves cordate-ovate, not angulate; mature leaf
blades 3-5-angulate-lobate, 4-6 cm. long and broad, cordate at base, ob- tusish at apex, scabridulous above, paler and softly stellate-tomentose beneath, palmately veined, the veins (about 7) impressed above, elevated beneath, the midvein provided with a linear nectary midway between base and apex; petioles 1-2 cm. long, about 1.5 mm. thick, stellate-lepidote; flowers solitary and axillary, about 10-13 cm. wide; peduncle twice as long as the petiole, thickened upward, ribbed, provided with 3 linear-cuneate decurrent extra-floral nectaries, surmounted by 3 linear-lanceolate or trifid bracts, these 2-3 mm. long, often unequally inserted, deciduous; calyx cupu- late, truncate, with 5 minute teeth (0.5 mm. long), constricted at base into a short sulcate stipe, stellate-puberulent externally, sericeous within, ac- crescent, becoming woody and verrucose (yet keeping its form), the thick- ened base then filled with black resinous pellets; petals cream-colored, unspotted, about 6 cm. long; anther column deeply 5-dentate at apex; capsule pointed-ovoid, loculicidal, tardily splitting into 5 woody valves, these densely stellate-pubescent externally; seeds obovoid, glabrous, about 11 mm. long; cotyledons black-resinous-punctate.
Type in the U. 8. National Herbarium, no. 1,555,481, collected on a rocky cliff near the middle of the western coast of Beata Island, off the south coast of Haiti, Jan. 17, 1932, by David Fairchild and P. H. Dorsett (no. 2617).
Armouria has as its nearest relatives Thespesia and Montezuma. From T. populnea (L.) Soland., type of the genus Thespesia, it differs markedly in its dehiscent fruit and its cupulate, short-stipitate, accrescent calyx, which retains its form to maturity. In contrast, the campanulate calyx of T. populnea becomes repand-rotate at maturity. From M. speciosissima Mog. & Sessé, type of the genus Montezuma, Armouria may easily be distinguished by its dehiscent fruit, persistent calyx, and pubescent foliage.
JANUARY 15, 1933 SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS 65
PALEONTOLOGY.—Colognathus proposed for Xenognathus, pre- occupied! EK. C. Casz, University of Michigan.
In 1928 the author described (Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 5-6, 1928) an imperfect jaw with two teeth from the upper Triassic beds of western Texas. The jaw was tentatively described as that of a fish and the name Xenognathus obscurus was proposed for the new form. It has been pointed out to the author by Doctor H. Walter Clark. of the California Academy of Science that this name is preoccupied and the name Colognathus is proposed to replace it.
Further specimens of the teeth and fragmentary jaws have been found in the Palo Duro Canyon and a second specimen has been de- scribed by the author (Contributions from the Museum of Paleon- tology, University of Michigan, Vol. 4, No. 3, p. 90, 1932) but the true character and relationships of the peculiar form remain unde- termined.
SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS
Prepared by Science Service Notes
The Carnegie Institution —The annual exhibition of the Carnegie Institu- tion of Washington was held December ninth to December twelfth. The exhibits were grouped under eleven heads: the growing child, basal metabo- lism of the monkey, the maternal organism and the egg, the search for an understanding of magnetism, the velocity of light, the sun, climatological research, aboriginal Mexico, seismological research, volcanic gases, and pub- lications. |
Three notable lectures by members of the Institution were given during the fortnight immediately preceding the exhibition. The first, on the evening of November 22, was by Dr. E. G. Zrzs, on “Volcanic Activity in Central America.” Dr. Zies suggested the desirability of a sustained program of vol- canological research by an adequately staffed and supported organization, as a means toward the eventual development of a reliable method for predicting eruptions. The extensive volcanic system of Central America, he said, offers as favorable an opportunity for such work as can be found any where in the world.
The second lecture was given by Dr. A. E. Douetass on the evening of December 2; his subject was ‘‘Tree Growth and Climatic Cycles.” Dr. Doveuass demonstrated how the cyclogram method makes it possible to analyze individual cycle series out of the complex that appears in the crude
Received Dec. 14, 1932.
66 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, NO. 1
record. He also told of the discovery of the apparent shortening of the main sunspot cycle from eleven years to ten during occasional long ‘‘dearth pe- riods’”’ when there are few or no spots on the face of the sun.
In the third lecture, on ‘‘ Forest Migrations and their Relation to Earth History,’ which Dr. RatpH W. CuHaney delivered on the evening of Decem- ber 6, the speaker told of the tracing of Tertiary forest floras on their march from Asia to America, or in the reverse direction, and also of searches in tropical American uplands for forests that still preserve the character they had in higher latitudes in earlier geologic times.
Georgetown University —White-Gravenor Hall, the newest addition to the Georgetown University group, was dedicated on December 9; it is hoped to have it ready for occupancy by the beginning of the second semester. The top floor will house the Chemistry Department. The equipment and lecture space will be contained in two large classrooms and four laboratories. The attic will accommodate the chemistry reference library, a chemistry faculty room, and an office for the head of the department.
George Washington University Medical School.—Extensive changes and improvements in the physical equipment of the medical school of the George Washington University have been accompanied by a large number of new full-time appointments to the teaching staff. Dean Eart B. McKInuery an- nounces the following full-time appointments: Erretrr C. ALBrirtron, M.D., Roscoe Roy Srencer, M.D., LeLanp W. Parr, Ph.D., Jonn H. Hanks, Ph.D., ELizABETH VERDER, Ph.D., AupEN F. Rog, Se.D., Wiiuiam F. Hamitton, Ph.D., Coester KE. Leese, Ph.D., Aticz C. Ropsrts, Ph.D., GEORGE BREWER, M,D., VINCENT DU VIGNUEAD, Ph.D., Heten M. DYER, A.M., Jesse Harmon, Ph.D., James L. Cottins, M.D., Lanse ALLEN, M.S., PHOEBE J. CRITTENDEN, Ph.D., THomas D. Woopson, M.D.
A new National Aquarium Society—With the transfer of the aquarium of the Bureau of Fisheries to its new and more commodious quarters in the new Department of Commerce Building and the appointment of a full-time Director of the Aquarium, interest in aquarium fishes, home aquaria, out- door fish pools, and similar activities has been greatly stimulated. This has culminated in the formation of the National Aquarium Society, the first regular meeting of which was held on November 18, 1932, in the Aquarium in the Department of Commerce, with an attendance of over 100. The object of the Society ‘‘shall be the popular and scientific study of the aquarium, its flora, and fauna.’”’ The officers are: J. J. FirzpatTrick, president; Wm. Brown, vice-president; ALBERT K. Brown, secretary-treasurer. The Board of Councilors includes Dr. Pau Bartscu, Dr. Wm. Mann, Freep G. OR- SINGER and Dr. Lewis RapDcuiFFE.
The Pan-American Medical Association——Under the presidency of Sur- geon General H. 8. Cummine, and with an attendance of 25 members, the
JANUARY 15, 1933 SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS 67
Washington Chapter of the Pan-American Medical Association held its first meeting of the season on Friday, November 25, at the Legation of Nica- ragua. Certificates of membership were presented to those who had not previously received them. A resolution was unanimously adopted extending the congratulations of the Chapter to one of its most distinguished members, Dr. J. B. Sacasa, who has recently been elected President of the Republic of Nicaragua. The scientific program included two formal papers: one by Dr. Wn. A. Wuits, Superintendent of the Government Hospital for the Insane, on mental disease, and one by Dr. T. Casicas, on the presumptive Kahn test.
As salient points, Dr. WuirTs stressed the extent of mental disease, an expression of the excessive demands of civilization. Taking the present de- pression as an example of the causes at work, he showed its effects in fewer discharges from institutions, increase of admissions to institutions for de- fectives, and more suicides. He analyzed the ways in which frustration, with its accompaniments of fear, anxiety, and apprehension works, and its men- ace to future generations through its striking at the roots of cultural progress. He pointed out as a sign of the times the 200,000 wandering boys throughout the country.
Sigma Xi lecture-—On the evening of November 29, Prof. Douauas WILSON JOHNSON of Columbia gave an address at a meeting of the Society of Sigma Xi at the Carnegie Institution auditorium. Prof. JoHNSON’s sub- ject was ‘‘Some Research Problems in Earth History.’’ His discussion was largely on certain aspects of geomorphology; it included an explanation of the sculpturing of such mountain systems as the Appalachians by rivers that began to flow as soon as the old drowned peneplain re-emerged from the sea, bearing its load of marine sediments; of lateral planation, strikingly exemplified in desert mountain systems of the West, and of shore erosion by wave action.
Washington Scientists at the A.O.U. Meeting. —At the fiftieth stated meet- ing of the American Ornithologists’ Union, held at Laval University, Que- bec, Canada, October 18 to 21, five papers were presented by members of the Bureau of Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture, as follows: Dr. O. L. Austin, JR., read two papers, one on ‘‘Consistency in Distribution” and one on “The Source of Supply of New England Water- fowl’; ArtHuR H. Howe. presented ‘‘ Notes on the Birds of the Coast Region of North and South Carolina”’; and F. C. Linco, in a paper illus- rated by lantern slides, dealt with ‘“‘State Distribution of Banded Ducks.”
At a special session held in honor of deceased fellows, Dr. H. C. OBER- HOLSER delivered a memorial address in appreciation of RopmrT RiIpGway (1850-1929). Dr. Paumer and Mr. McATEx were re-elected secretary and treasurer, respectively, of the Union and Dr. OBERHOLSER was renamed a member of the Council.
68 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, NO. 1
Dynamic oceanographic and other surveys-—The Hydrographic Office of the Navy Department is undertaking certain important dynamic oceano- graphic work in connection with its survey season of 1932-1933, which is being conducted by the U.S.S. Hannibal and U.S.S. Nokomis off Panama and Costa Rica. The primary purpose in obtaining the oceanographic data is to establish correction factors in the areas where it is to be obtained for sonic depth soundings already taken, or to be taken this season, or in the future.
The survey vessels are fitted with sonic sounding devices calibrated to a velocity of 1,463 meters or 4,800 feet a second which register the depths of the waters through which they steam. In depths less than 130 fathoms (780 feet) the depths are automatically recorded, while in greater depths the time elapsed between the start of the signal and the return of the echo from the botton is evaluated by a trained operator.
Unless a determination is made of the specific gravity of the water through which the sound propagated by the sonic sound device travels to the bottom of the ocean and its echo returns to the surface, there is no accurate means of knowing just what the speed of the sound may be. To calculate the true echo-distance, it is necessary to know the mean velocity of the sound be-
tween the vessel and the bottom. To determine this mean velocity the
salinity and temperature of the water as well as the pressure must be ob- tained.
Velocity of sound may vary from about 1,400 meters (4,590 feet) per second in cold water to 1,620 meters (5,340 feet) per second at the bottom in great deeps of the world.
The Hannibal has been fitted with special equipment for obtaining the necessary factors regarding temperature, salinity, and the pressure of the water. By obtaining a series of soundings from two or more positions on the surface the specific gravity of the intervening water may be interpolated and readily supply correction factors for all sonic soundings taken between these positions. i
Mapping the contours of the sea bottom by the surveying vessels will be greatly expedited and will be of the accuracy desired. Simultaneous deter- minations of the depths with actual soundings by wire and the sonic or echo method with the temperature and salinity of the water at all levels, will provide data of great value in giving the proper information for the ve- locity of sound in sea-water, and serve as a basis for reducing thousands of sonic soundings that have already been taken by U. 8. Naval vessels and other ships.
A third mammalian disease vector.—At the meeting here of the Board of Directors of the Gorgas Memorial Institute, Dr. H. C. Cuark, director of the Panama laboratories of the Institute, called attention to a new disease vec- tor, remarkable in that it is the third mammal recorded in this réle. The animal is the vampire bat, and the disease it carries is trypanosomiasis of
JANUARY 15, 1933 SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS 69
horses, a highly fatal equine ailment of northern South America. The carrier of this disease was long sought among insects, and the blood-feeding bat was tested almost as a last resort. Because the vampire bat feeds by lapping up blood flowing from a wound and not, as popularly supposed, by sucking blood, it does not infect horses when it finds them bleeding from wounds caused by other agencies. But when it finds it necessary to start a flow of blood by making an incision with a knife-like upper tooth, the infective organisms are introduced. The only two other mammalian disease vectors so far known are the dog, carrier of rabies, and the rat, which transmits rat-bite fever.
New Oceanographic Expedition —Explorations of the greatest ‘‘deeps’’ of the Atlantic Ocean are to be conducted by scientists aboard the yacht Caro- line, owned by EvpripGe# R. Jounson of Philadelphia, which will sail on her first scientific cruise of the new program about Jan. 15. The first objective will be the deep waters about San Juan, and the party expect to be out about two months.
The program of research includes the determination of depths by means of echo-sounding apparatus, obtaining data on temperature and chemical constitution of the sea water, and collecting specimens of the animal life ex- isting in the perpetually-dark depths. Among other apparatus will be traps using lights of various colors and intensities as lures.
Institutions cooperating in the program, by the loan of staff members and of apparatus, include: the Smithsonian Institution, the U. S. Navy, the Carnegie Institution of Washington, the New York Zoological Society, and the Oceanographic Institution of Woods Hole, Mass. Dr. Pau Bartscu of the U. S. National Museum will have charge of the program of scientific work.
News BrRIe£Fs
Ground has been broken for the construction of the new astrographic building and also for the dome of the forty-inch Ritchey-Chrétien reflector, at the U.S. Naval Observatory.
Five additional states have been included by the U. 8S. Department of Agriculture in the white pine blister rust quarantine area. They are Mary- land, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, and Iowa.
Since the amendment to the U.S. patent statute permitting the patenting of asexually propagated plants went into effect on May 23, 1930, patents have been granted on thirty-nine plant varieties.
Closer supervision over preparations for transoceanic flights will be exer- cised hereafter by the Aeronautics Branch of the U.S. Department of Com- merce, it is announced. This is designed to discourage inexperienced pilots
70 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, No. 1
and inadequately equipped aircraft, and also to insure that proper permis- sion shall be obtained from the countries to, or in which the American air- men intend to fly. ;
The American Institute of Chemical Engineers held its annual meeting in Washington during the first week in December. A feature of the meeting was a demonstration of the dust-explosion laboratory of the U. 8. Depart- ment of Agriculture at Arlington Farm.
A peak in Antarctica has been named Mt. Hugh Mitchell by Admiral R. E. Byrp, in recognition of scientific services performed for his polar ex- peditions by Prof. Huau C. Mircuetu of the department of astronomy at the Catholic University of America. Mt. Hugh Mitchell is a prominent peak situated between Little America and the Edsel Ford Mountains, forming an outstanding landmark in the antarctic terrain.
There is now in preparation the first volume of the Fourth Series of the Army Medical Library’s Index Catalogue. This catalogue was begun in 1865, and three series have been completed to date. The catalogue includes the entire medical literature of the world since printing began.
The Forest Service announces successful tests of an autogyro for use in fire prevention work. Because of the low flying speed of this type of aircraft, its ability to land and take off in small clear areas, its power of hovering and of descending into steep-sided canyons and getting out again, it presents advantages that will make it highly useful for missions which cannot be accomplished by airplanes.
A new bombing plane so speedy that even the fastest existing pursuit planes would have difficulty in overtaking it has been worked out for the Army Air Corps. It is an improvement over the light Martin bomber XB- 907, unofficially dubbed the “‘flying fish.”
During 1932, data on 37 ‘“‘world-shaking”’ earthquakes were gathered and epicenters located by the cooperative arrangement participated in by the U. 8. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Science Service, and the Jesuit Seismo- logical Association. These included five very destructive ones in populated regions of Cuba, San Salvador, Mexico, and Greece.
PERSONAL ITEMS
Prof. H. Hyvrernat, of the Department of Semitic and Egyptian Lan- guages and Literatures of the Catholic University of America, has com- pleted preliminary steps looking toward the preparation of a Catalogue Raisonné of the great collection of Coptic manuscripts purchased by the late J. PlpsRPoNT MorGan, and now the property of the University library.
JANUARY 15, 1933 SCIENTIFIC NOTES AND NEWS 71
This collection consists of 58 complete, or almost complete, parchment manuscripts, all of them unique, together with some hundred fragments of manuscripts and about 150 papyri.
M. W. Streruine, Chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology, has been elected Fellow of the Royal Geographic Society.
Maj.-Gen. Ropert U. PatTrrerson, Surgeon General of the U. 8. Army, has been granted the degree of Doctor of Laws by his alma mater, McGill University.
Col. Epwarp B. VepprErR, Medical Corps, U.S. A., has been awarded the Wellcome Medal for his research, ‘‘A Study of the Antiscorbutic Vitamin.”
Dr. ALEXANDER WETMORE, assistant secretary of the Smithsonian Insti- tution, has been elected Corresponding Member of the Sociedad Ornitologica del Plata of Argentina.
Dr. Henry G. Knicut, chief of the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, U.S. Department of Agriculture, assisted at the opening of the new Naval Stores Experiment Station near Olustee, Fla.
Davin H. Mapssmn, supervisor of wild life of the National Park Service, served as chairman at the Nineteenth American Game Conference, held in New York, November 28 to 30.
Prof. J. DE SIQUEIRA CouTINHO of the department of economics, Catholic University of America, and visiting professor at the University of Berlin since 1925, last summer made an anthropogeographical survey of the penin- sula of Jutland, Denmark, and an economic survey of southern Sweden and the island of Gothland.
Earu Hanson of the department of terrestrial magnetism, Carnegie In- stitution of Washington, has been in South America during the past year, making observations for the study of secular magnetic variations. He has crossed the Andes and after working along the coast of Peru and Ecuador, he is now closing his work in Colombia and expects to return to outs United States early in 1933.
P. G. Lepia of the department of terrestrial magnetism, Carnegie Insti- tution of Washington, will carry out a series of magnetic observations at repeat stations in Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Brazil. He will also obtain cosmic-ray determinations in connection with the project of Prof. A. H. Compton of the University of Chicago.
Dr. P. B. Dunsar, assistant chief, food and drug administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture, spoke before the Association of Official Agri-
72 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, NO. 1
cultural Chemists in Washington on November 1, on ‘‘The Never-Ending Problems of the Regulatory Chemist.’’
@Obituary
Rear Admiral Epwarp E. Hayprn, U.S.N. retired, died in Baltimore, November 17. Admiral Hayp&En was the originator of the Navy’s standard time service.
Dr. WiLu1AM JAcoB HOLLAND, director emeritus of the Carnegie Insti- tute, Pittsburgh, Pa., and authority upon zoology, paleontology, and mu- seum administration, died on December 13, 1932, at the age of eighty-four. Doctor HOLLAND was a member of the United States Eclipse Expedition to Japan in 1887 and to West Africa in 1889, the founder and first president of the American Association of Museums, and the author of many scientific papers, including five on Lepidoptera published-in the Proceedings of the United States National Museum.
W.H. Fry, soil petrographer of the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, U.S. Department of Agriculture died, December 27.
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF MEETINGS
The Philosophical Society of Washington announces the following pro- erams:
January 14. L. B. TuckerMAan.—From material to structure. (Address of the retiring president.)
January 28. E. O. Hutpurt.—The use of the bubble sextant at sea. F. E. Forsusu.—Gravity determinations on the ‘‘ Carnegie.” February 11. F. Neumann.—The interior of the earth as revealed by sevs- mographical data. F. W. Soun, 8. J.—The seismic recewer.
The programs of the meetings of the affiliated societies will appear on this page if sent to the editors by the tenth of each month.
CONTENTS
ORIGINAL PAPERS
P Paleobotany.— New occurrences of Pleistocene plants in the District of Columbia.
Hpwasp W: BERRY . io. 6 fae so be ee os eet Oe eee
Zoology.—On the morphology of Deontostoma californicum n. sp. (Leptosomatinae Nematodes). G. STBINER and FLoRENCE M. ALBIN.............5...«....
Zoology.—A North American species of Acetes. H. J. HANSEN SE 2a nee
Zoology.—The eggs of Goniobasis virginica Gmelin and Anculosa carinata Bru- guiére. CHARLES P. WINSOR.......... «wwe sinidee piesa holt ao kee
Chemistry.—The rotenone content of derris root, cube root, and other plant ma- terials.» Howarp;A. JONES... 06d. 50 eas ob les one eh | 9
Paleontology.— Unique coloratiqgn of two Mississippian brachiopods. R. R. Rowney and J. 5S. WiLLIaAMB.). a6 oe Pe sly as ae
Botany.— Thelebolus lignicola and the genus Pleurocolla (Fungi). Writs W. Dirsu
Botany.—Five new oaks from Guatemala. WILLIAM TRELEASE............
Botany.—Armouria, a new genus of malvaceous trees from Haiti. F. L. LEwTon :
Paleontology.—Colognathus proposed for Xenognathus, preoccupied. E. C. Casn
Scrmntiric Notes AND NEWS... 620. ese bee eek anes bs ye a OBITUARY.—Epwarp E. HaypEN, WiLL1aAM Jacosp Houuanp, W. H. Fry.......
ANNOUNCEMENTS OF MEETINGS wee hola la 0S eed sy ACROSS 35.) Rn Calle -
This Journal is indexed in the International Index to Periodicals
he fi. ‘a rWts
Vou. 23 : : Fesruary 15, 1933 No, 2
JOURNA
OF THE
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JOURNAL
OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VoL. 23 Frpruary 15, 1933 | No. 2
PHYSICS.—Romance or Science?! Pau. R. Hey, Bureauof Stand- ards.
The text for my discourse this evening is taken from the editorial columns of the New York Times for September 18.
‘““Your physicist is supposed to be a hard, matter-of-fact measurer who suppresses romantic speculation and talks only of energy, volts, ions and electrons. Confront him with a mystery and he proves to be as human as the rest of us. Consider the cosmic rays. For years Millikan in this country and Kolhoerster, Hess, Regener, and others in Europe have been studying them only to their own mystification and ours. Measuring instruments are dropped into lakes a thousand feet or elevated twenty miles above sea-level. Piccard imperils his life to determine the true nature of the rays. Professor Compton and a devoted band of physicists station themselves at the Kqua- tor, in the far north, on mountain-tops, in deep mines to conduct their in- vestigations. And the result? Romance—sheer romance.
Millikan spins a tale of electrons and protons combining in space, and of resultant cosmic rays that proclaim the continuous upbuilding of the uni- verse, contrary to all the laws of thermodynamics. Jeans holds us spellbound with a poem about stars dying in a fierce radiance and bombarding us with cosmic rays in the process. Regener, as practical as the Irish foreman of a railway section gang when it comes to counting ions, looks at his equations as into a crystal and sees the beginning of things—sees primitive stars shed- ding cosmic rays and suffusing a relativistic universe from which they cannot escape because it is closed and finite. Stimulated by him, others imagine that, just as the bones of a dinosaur tell us something of the life that was on earth a few million years ago, so these fossil cosmic rays reveal the Almighty in the act of fashioning electrons and protons into nebulae, suns, planetary systems and man himself.
For all the instruments and methods invented to test the cosmic rays, the physicist is still the medicine-man from whom he is descended. Electro- scopes and ionization chambers and other cosmic-ray measuring instruments seem strangely like wands and totem poles, and Einsteinian equations but incantations that make us believe we know more than we really do. That
_ 1 Address delivered before a joint meeting of the Washington Academy of Sciences and the Philosophical Society of Washington, December 15, 1932. Received December 15, 1932. a a
73 .: Sac
74 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, NO. 2
we are actually dealing with something like wish-fulfillments in the cosmic rays is evidenced by the results obtained. Here is Millikan convincing him- self that the cosmic rays prove that the universe is self-perpetuating. And Compton, adopting precisely the same methods, reaches the conclusion that the rays are only electrons swerving to the poles because the earth is a great spinning magnet. What are the cosmic rays? There is no positive answer. We simply try to reconcile what the instruments indicate with our hopes and beliefs and imagine we understand the cosmos.”’
The same issue of the Times contains an editorial note entitled ‘“‘It is Done with Mathematics’’ which reads:
“Tt is a relief to read that Professor Compton is back from studying cosmic rays in the Arctic region with the definite report that Professor Millikan is wrong. The cosmic ray, says Professor Compton, is not a wave, as Millikan thinks, but a particle.
It is a relief to find that when two men in the high realms of science hold opposite views one of them is right and the other is wrong. Hitherto the public has had to get used to the idea that when two great physicists differ Sard about something in the universe the answer is that both men are right.
What is the electron, a wave or a particle? It spreads after going through a hole, like a wave. It hits other electrons like a particle. An electron is both a wave and a particle. That would be nonsense by the rules of common sense, but it makes sense in the new sciences. There is a formula for it.
Some people think that the universe is expanding. Some people think that the universe is contracting. They are both right, says science. Professor Ed- dington can think of its being an expanding universe and a contracting uni- verse simultaneously. Or, rather, he can find a mathematical formula that will describe that startling situation.
In the same manner space is finite and space is infinite. There is a formula.
Obviously it is a delightful world in which you can have the coffee simul- taneously hot and iced and out of the same cup, your egg simultaneously hard-boiled and scrambled, and the griddle cakes at the same time round and oblong.
But occasionally it is a relief to find black as the opposite of white and right as the counterpart of wrong.”
Speaking to an audience of scientific men, we may pass with brief mention that portion of what I have read which deals with the dis- agreement of doctors. This is no new thing in science, and whenever it has occurred it has always been a passing phase characteristic of a stage at which our knowledge on a certain point was for the time too incomplete for unanimity of opinion. But beneath this good humored banter there is to be discerned a serious undercurrent to which we may well direct our attention.
The unsettled condition of modern physical theory has become a commonplace among physicists. It now appears that it has sufficiently penetrated the non-scientific world to produce a state of mingled wonder and bewilderment, suggestive of those earlier days when men
FEBRUARY 15, 1933 HEYL: ROMANCE OR SCIENCE? 79
began to doubt the authority and infallibility of the Church. More- over, it is noteworthy that this bewilderment of the editorial mind seems to be caused wholly by the doings and thinkings of physicists, if among these we may include astronomers, for what is astronomy but celestial physics? Chemists, engineers, geologists and biologists seem to call for no special mention. They are taken for granted as steady going fellows, cobblers with eyes not above their lasts, from whom society is in no danger. But physicists, it appears, are of dif- ferent clay—iconoclasts, crack-brained theorists, ay, even writers of romance! And, if I guess rightly, this attitude of the editorial mind is not without a measure of instinctive sympathy on the part of many scientific men not of the physical persuasion.
Here is something for us physicists to think about. We are distinctly on the defensive on all sides. Why have we excited this suspicion? Why have we not been able to keep to the straight path with our fellows? If we are no longer regarded as safe and sane, is it our own fault, or that of the subject with which we have to deal?
It must be admitted that among the different conventional divi- sions of science physics occupies indeed a unique position. Ask the chemist the nature of the atoms and molecules with which he deals and of the forces which rule their reactions, and he will refer you to the physicist for an answer. Ask the biologist concerning the processes of the living tissues which he studies, and he will be apt to tell you that they are but complicated chemical reactions; and the psychologist, if his opinion be asked, will likely say that the subject matter of his study is the most complicated kind of physiology. The psychologist leans upon the biologist, the biologist upon the chemist, and the chem- ist in turn upon the physicist; but between the physicist and Nature there is no intermediary.
It is the task of the physicist to learn what he can about the funda- mentals of Nature, matter and energy and their reactions, which as they rise in complexity form the subject for the study successively of the chemist, the physiologist, and the psychologist. Nor does the engineer, the geologist or the astronomer make use of any principles which may be called distinctively his own; all these merely apply the fundamental principles of physics or chemistry on a large scale. The physicist is, in the best sense of the word, a scientific fundamentalist. If therefore there comes about any change in basic scientific concepts it is the physicist in the front line who first feels the shock.
Now it happens that much of the new and strange in modern phys- ical theory is bound up with two very fundamental concepts—matter
76 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, NO. 2
and the atom. In particular, it is noteworthy that a large majority of the published physical work for the last twenty years has been directly or indirectly connected with atomic theory. In this connec- tion there comes to mind the exhortation of President John Adams to the chemists of his day:
‘‘Chymists! pursue your experiments with indefatigable ardour and per- severance. Give us the best possible Bread, Butter and Cheese, Wine, Beer and Cider, Houses, Ships and Steamboats, Gardens, Orchards, Fields, not to mention Clothiers or Cooks. If your investigations lead accidentally to any deep discovery, rejoice and cry “‘ Eureka!’’ But never institute any ex- periment with a view or hope of discovering the smallest particles of Mat- ters.”
Is it the old story of Eden? Have we physicists eaten of the for- bidden fruit of the tree of knowledge, and are we now suffering the consequences? However this may be, we will maintain, despite all accusations to the contrary, that our plight is not to be ascribed to original sin or to total depravity, but that the changes in fundamental concepts that are causing all the stir have been forced upon us as the logical result of approved methods of scientific study. And so com- pelling have been the reasons for these changes that there seems to be no more turning back possible for us than for our traditional first parents. We are thrust out of Paradise into contact with the bare world of Nature, and whether we like it or not we must somehow ad- just ourselves to the new order of things. Concepts as old as human thinking are gone forever. Strange substitutes are replacing them, and until their novelty wears off it is inevitable that science should for the time appear as romance.
Would that it might ever remain so! But this is too much to expect. The thing that has been is that which shall be. Through familiarity we shall in time adjust ourselves to these new concepts as we have done to the telephone and more lately to the radio, once things of wonder, illumined by the halo of romance, but now mere common- places of our daily existence, matters of bargain and sale, at times even degenerating into nuisances and provocations to profanity.
The roots of the present revolution (or evolution) may be traced back for two centuries. The student of the history of science can dis- cern during this period a certain trend of thought of which our present plight is but the logical outcome. This trend may be described as a steady drift away from materialism in our physical concepts.
The natural philosophers of the 18th century followed ancient tra- dition in explaining everything in terms of matter, which was re-
FEBRUARY 15, 1933 HEYL: ROMANCE OR SCIENCE? Fatt
garded as a sine qua non, a basic concept without which physical thought would be impossible. Heat, in the 18th century, was a form of matter called caloric, which differed from ordinary matter in being unweighable, and which could be soaked up by ordinary matter like water in a sponge. Light was another imponderable in the form of very minute corpuscles. Electricity and magnetism were held to be manifestations respectively of the electric and magnetic fluids. Added to these was another imponderable called phlogiston, which was sup- posed to account for the phenomena of combustion. These five im- ponderables together with ordinary matter formed the stock in trade of 18th century physics.
The physical science of that period was a rather loose and dis- jointed affair, consisting mainly of uncorrelated facts about these six supposed entities. But within this chaos there was working the leaven of a principle stated by Newton in his “Principia” as the first of four “Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy”’: ‘‘We are to admit no more causes of natural things, than such as are both true and sufficient to explain their appearances. To this purpose the philosophers say, that Nature does nothing in vain, and more is in vain, when less will serve; for Nature is pleas’d with simplicity, and affects not the pomp of superfluous causes.”’
In this Newton was but repeating a rule of philosophy laid down three centuries earlier by one of the medieval schoolmen, William of Occam: “Essentials are not to be multiplied beyond necessity.” This in its Latin form was a famous saying in the Middle Ages, and was known as “Occam’s Razor.”’ In modern parlance it would probably be called a pruning knife. In obedience to this principle the 19th cen- tury reduced these six essentials to three, and the 20th century went still further.
It is to be noticed that all the fundamental concepts of 18th cen- tury physics were regarded as material, whether they were weighable or not. The 19th century retained the concept of ordinary ponderable matter but did away with the imponderables, replacing them by two new concepts, distinctly immaterial in their nature—energy and ether. Light now became a vibration of the ether; heat was regarded, according to circumstances, either as an ethereal vibration like light (radiant heat), or as a mode of motion of the molecules of matter; and according to a text book of the period electrical phenomena were to be explained either as ether stress or ether flow, while magnetism was a matter of ether vortices. Thus at the end of the 19th century matter had been dethroned as sole monarch, but had been given a place as
78 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, NO. 2
a member of a triumvirate—matter, energy and ether—to which were entrusted all the affairs of the universe.
It remained only to take the final step, which was done in the twentieth century. Up to this time the application of Occam’s razor to scientific philosophy had been universally approved as conducive to economy of thought and general solidification of theory. But when Einstein pointed out that the concept of matter was not an inde- pendent necessity, but could be merged with that of energy, the razor began to cut deep enough to hurt.
Einstein’s argument was a strong one, for he showed clearly, and without any reference to relativity, that we must either regard matter as a form of energy or else disregard the experimental evidence for light pressure and also abandon Newton’s laws of motion. As the lat- ter alternative was more painful than the first, physical theory ac- cepted the new cut of Occam’s razor, eliminating the traditional concept of matter.
With the disappearance of matter as a basic entity the funda- -mentals of physics can best be described as disembodied ghosts mas- querading under mathematical formulas.
“Hindsight is better than foresight.”’ We could hardly expect this crash to have been foreseen, yet it is now clear that the concept of matter was doomed from the time that the trend set in against it. The progress of human thought is like that of some mighty glacier, slow but irresistible.
The atom has always been a subject of interest to physicists and many speculations as to its nature have been advanced. When matter was an unquestioned axiom the atom was explained on a material basis. Newton says in his “‘Opticks”’:
‘‘ All things considered, it seems probable to me that God in the beginning formed matter in solid, massy, hard, impenetrable, movable particles, of such sizes, figures and with such other properties, and in such proportion in space as most conduced to the end for which he formed them, and that these primitive particles being solids, are incomparably harder than any porous bodies compounded of them; even so very hard as never to wear or
break to pieces; no ordinary power being able to divide what God himself made one in the first creation.”
With the growth of the concept of the ether there was a parallel tendency to explain atoms as ethereal phenomena. Kelvin suggested that an atom might be a vortex ring in the ether, something like a smoke ring in air. With the merging of matter into energy the difh- culty of explaining the nature of the atom increased greatly, yet the interest in the subject has shown no sign of diminution.
FEBRUARY 15, 1933 HEYL: ROMANCE OR SCIENCE? 79
Twentieth century experiment indicates that the atom is built up in some way of positive and negative charges of electricity. The pres-. ent tendency is to regard the atom as electrical in its essence without committing ourselves to any definite hypothesis as to the nature of electricity. This electrical structure has taken several forms. Bohr’s “solar system” model of the atom has “had its day and ceased to be.” As far as our present ideas are capable of non-mathematical expres- sion, the atom is to be considered as a collection of probabilities that an electric charge will be found here or there at points in a definite space pattern.
Nebulous and hazy as are our present ideas of the atom, it is evi- dent that this condition is but a corollary to the parallel change that has taken place in our concept of matter, for if we have no clear idea of the whole how can we know more about its parts? We have seen that this change has come as the consequence of an attempt to apply the principle of simplicity and economy in thought as laid down by Occam and Newton. We physicists submit therefore that as far as matter and the atom are concerned the present state of physical the- ory is not our fault, but is the result of attempting to apply to our subject the most approved rule of philosophy.
The second editorial which I have quoted raises a new question. The bewilderment of the editorial mind is caused here by the bizarre results obtained from mathematical formulas. Here again we may disregard the disagreement of doctors and focus attention on the point of basic importance.
We physicists have used mathematics freely since the time of New- ton and the results obtained have until lately always been regarded as regular and orthodox. It is only in the twentieth century that our mathematical conclusions have begun to appear fantastic.
The reason for this is not far to seek. There has been introduced into mathematical physics a body of doctrine which while familiar to mathematicians for upwards of a century had never been taken seriously by physicists prior to Einstein. I refer to the geometry of curved space and of space of more than three dimensions.
Perhaps nothing could be more transcendental and inconceivable than this hypergeometry, but mere inconceivability has never both- ered mathematicians; nothing but inconsistency can do that. And it is a fact that once we admit the fundamental postulate of a fourth dimension it becomes possible to build up a hypergeometry as logical and consistent as that of Euclid.
The introduction of these novel concepts into physics has not taken
80 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, NO. 2
place without a struggle. Much of the opposition disappears, how- ever, when one realizes that Einstein did not propose these hypothe- ses as physical facts, but merely as a sufficient, though not necessary, mathematical description of certain phenomena. He himself regards this child of his brain quite sanely. ‘‘No amount of experimentation,” he is reported to have said, ‘“‘can ever prove me right. A single experi- ment may at any time prove me wrong.’ Yet the theory of relativity has gradually gained a hearing and a growing acceptance because of performance, by its ability to do things a little better than was pos- sible before. Though its conclusions often appear strange, some of them have been experimentally verified, and as a result we have added to our stock two new phenomena—the deflection of light rays passing close to the sun and the shift of the Fraunhofer lines in an intense gravitational field. With these practical results to support us, I think we may maintain that hypergeometry and the theory of relativity have justified their provisional acceptance as working tools, no mat- ter how romantic their conclusions. Even the concept of an expanding
-universe may yet be experimentally verified. Things equally strange
have happened.
We may now consider another possible item in the indictment against us, one of which we shall have to accuse ourselves, as it ap- parently had not yet reached the editorial mind. Physicists them- selves have been much concerned over an attack by certain of their own number upon nothing less than the law of cause and effect. It is truly remarkable that such an attack should have come not from the anti-scientific but from the high priests of science themselves.
This latest skepticism concerns itself with the behavior of the elec- trons. The phenomena exhibited by these minute bodies have always been in some respects puzzling and incalculable, but scientific thought has been steadily optimistic, confidently awaiting the ultimate solu- tion. The essence of the new view is that the behavior of an electron is incalculable, not because the problem is as yet too complicated for us, but because, to state it baldly, the actions of individual electrons are not governed by the ordinary law of cause and effect. The new philosophy recognizes that where an individual electron may be at this moment is a matter of observation, more or less imperfect; it ad- mits that where the electron has been in the past is a matter of his- tory; but it asserts that where it will be in the future is a matter not for definite prediction but only of statistical probability.
This doctrine appears to strike at the root of all law and order, and yet, curiously enough, its protagonists recognize the existence of a
FEBRUARY 15, 1933 HEYL: ROMANCE OR SCIENCE? 81
kind of law on the large scale, but deny that it extends to individual units. The new philosophy is not such a complete reversion to primi- tive type as might be hastily concluded.
Perhaps the best illustration that we can give of this new thought is one based upon the behavior of units large enough to be familiar if not altogether comprehensible—human individuals.
The behavior of any individual under given conditions is, rigidly speaking, unpredictable. For your belief that I will react in a certain way to my environment you have nothing but a probability, perhaps a very high one, amounting to what you may consider practical cer- tainty, but never more than a probability. No one can say with ab- solute certainty that I will not, let us say, steal money during the coming year. It may be in the highest degree unlikely that I will, so unlikely that you may consider it insulting to harbor any suspicion of me, yet experience shows that occasionally an ordinarily well- behaved man may do a most unexpected thing. While no one can say definitely just what you or I or he or she will do, yet with several millions of such individuals to serve as a basis for prediction it is pos- sible to estimate just how many of them will depart from rectitude during the next year and how much money will be involved in the total sum. Such is the accuracy of this prediction that bonding com- panies risk their capital on it year after year, and make money. In- dividually, man is more or less of an enigma; in the mass he is a mathe- matical problem. |
Something very like this is the latest turn of scientific thinking. It asserts that the future behavior of a single electron is incalculable. We can not tell whether it will turn to the left or to the right, whether its velocity will be accelerated or retarded. All that we can say is that there is a certain percentage probability of any particular behavior, and that such a prediction is always verified by the result when a sufficiently large number of electrons is taken into consideration. In the electronic realm there is no individual causal certainty. Instead there is something which in a conscious organism we would call ca- price. Dirac even uses the term “‘the free will of Nature.’’ Yet as we pass from the individual to the crowd certain laws begin to appear, but they are no longer causal laws; they are only laws of probability.
There is a certain measure of experimental support for this position. The evidence is rather involved, and is circumstantial and cumulative rather than direct and specific, but this is not a fatal objection. And there is an imposing array of authority which has accepted this evi- dence—Bohr, Heisenberg, Dirac, Jordan, Born, Eddington, Bridg-
82 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, NO. 2
man, and others. The situation has been well summed up by de Brog- lie in one of his essays from which I quote the following sentences.
‘‘Causal laws replaced by laws of probability, physical individuals well localized and of well defined movement replaced by physical individualities which refuse to let themselves be simply represented and can never be more than half described: such are the surprising consequences of the new theories. In digging under these laws of probability, shall we succeed in re-finding causal laws as we have found recently behind the statistical laws of gases the causal laws of the movement of molecules? Certain arguments would lead to this belief, but it would be indeed imprudent to assert it.
What we have said suffices, we think, to show the importance of the change in the point of view which has recently taken place in physics. What- ever may be the final fate reserved for these new doctrines it is of infinite interest to philosophers that physicists have been led, even though but for the moment, to doubt the determinism of physical phenomena and to question the possibility of describing them in a complete fashion within the frame of space and time.”
Perhaps it would be well now to pause, to catch our breath and see where we stand, if indeed we have anything left to stand on. Well may we echo the dismayed queries of Macbeth and Banquo after the ~ disappearance of the three weird sisters:
“The earth hath bubbles, as the water has, And these are of them. Whither are they vanish’d?”
“Into the air; and what seem’d corporal melted : As breath into the wind. Would they had stayed!”
‘“Were such things here as we do speak about Or have we eaten of the insane root That takes the reason prisoner?”
I think that we may feel safe as to the answer to the last question. The reassuring thing about all these new and strange theories is that they work. By means of them we are able to cut a little more closely to the line than was possible under the old regime. Practical physics was never more satisfactory; theoretical physics never less so.
This divergence between theory and practice is not to be under- stood as meaning that practice is being divorced from theory to its own advantage. On the contrary, there never was a time when prac- tice was more closely dependent upon theory than today. New re- searches are almost invariably suggested by theory, and their results in a reasonable number of cases are confirmative of the theoretical prediction. Never was theory more fruitful. If we were totally on the wrong track, would Nature give us the abundant encouragement that she does? ‘‘By their fruits ye shall know them.”’
FEBRUARY 15, 1933 BOWEN: PYROXENE CRYSTALS FROM SLAG 83
The difficulty with modern physical theory is not a lack of con- sistency; that mathematical requirement it possesses in abundance. It is the elusive and unreal nature of its fundamental concepts that gives us pause. But who are we that we should reproach Nature with being unreal? Perhaps the fault lies in our definition of reality, and of that Nature herself is the final and supreme judge. Guided by her answers to a century of experimental question, we have drifted stead- ily away from the material toward the immaterial in our fundamental concepts. If as a consequence science assumes an aspect of romance, perhaps this is because for the first time in the history of human thinking we have come close enough to reality to catch a glimpse of it. The picture is very different from that to which tradition has ac- customed us, but so thought the contemporaries of Columbus and those of Galileo. And if the more closely we study Nature the more romantic she appears, perhaps we are but rediscovering something which the poets have always known and have not hesitated to utter.
‘‘ And like the baseless fabric of this vision, The cloud-capp’d towers, the gorgeous palaces, The solemn temples, the great globe itself, Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve And, like this insubstantial pageant faded, Leave not a rack behind. We are such stuff
As dreams are made on, and our little life Is rounded with a sleep.”
Romance or science—which shall we call it? It matters little once we have been granted the vision to see that the two are not only con- sistent but inseparable.
MINERALOGY .—Crystals of iron-rich pyroxene from a slag... N. L. BowEn, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Wash- ington.
INTRODUCTION
In 1928 Dr. A. L. Day received from Mr. Oliver C. Ralston some specimens of a crystallized product formed in a slag during the cooling of a reverberatory furnace of the United Verde Copper Company, Clarkdale, Arizona. In his accompanying letter Mr. Ralston stated his opinion that the crystals would prove to be a high iron pyroxene, which opinion was entirely correct. At the time of their receipt the crystalline masses were turned over to the writer, but, aside from verifying their general character, no detailed study was made of them.
1 Received October 7, 1932.
84 JOURNAL OF THE WASHINGTON ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOL. 23, NO. 2
Since then a study of the system, CaO-FeO-Si0O., has been com- pleted? and pyroxenes of a like character found to form in mixtures belonging to that system. This fact led to a re-examination of the well crystallized slag material, the results of which seem worthy of record since they extend our knowledge of the crystallographic and optical properties of the pyroxenes to compositions richer in iron than any hitherto observed.
GENERAL CHARACTER OF MATERIAL
The masses consist of interlocking platy crystals of pyroxene from the interstices of which any excess slag that may have been present during their formation has drained away. Into the resulting vug-like spaces protrude euhedral crystals of pyroxene suitable for goniomet- ric and optical measurements.
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
The crystals are always tabular parallel to b (010), invariably show _m (110) and o (221), and usually no other forms. On the 8 crystals measured two other forms were observed, s (111) occurring on two of them and z (021) on one of them. Reflection signals from the faces were fair to good. The crystals are:
Monoclinic a:b:c =1.0786:1:0.5828
floes Observed and calculated interfacial angles are given in Table 1.
TABLE 1
OBSERVED AND CALCULATED INTERFACIAL ANGLES OF PYROXENE CRYSTALS MONOCLINIC a:b:c=1.0786:1:0.5828
(5 =F Be
Observed Calculated
b:m (010): (110) *44° 20’ =
bis LO) G1) *GO> 17 a
m:s @10)3@iy *60° 28’ = b:o (010) : (221) 47° 19’ AG Age mo (110) : (221) 35° 53’ 36° 177 M:0O GO} 2219) 80° 54’ Sic ae biz (010) : (021) 42° 8! 42° 7! [b m]:[b of byl Eyl come ad
? TInterzonal angle measured on the stage of the microscope.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES
The plane of the optic axes is parallel to 010 and the extinction angle (c Ay) = +36°. The refractive indices measured in immersion
2 Bowen, Schairer, and Posnjak (soon to be published).
FEBRUARY 15, 1933 BOWEN: PYROXENE CRYSTALS FROM SLAG 85
liquids under the microscope are y = 1.785, a =1.745 + .003. The optic