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JOURNAL

OF THE

NEW YORK

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Devoted to Gntomology in General.

Volume VI, 1898.

EDITED BY Wm. BEUTENMULLER.

NEW YORK. PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY, QUARTERLY.

1898.

PRESS OF THe New Era Printinc Company

LANCASTER, Pa.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME VI.

Baker, Cari F., Notes on einionantens with Descriptions of Four New Species, 53

Banks, NATHAN, Some Mexican Phalangida, . : : ; ‘ : 181

BEUTENMULLER, WILLIAM, Note on the Nest of Vespa Crabro, : ; : . 199 Three New Species of Sesiidz, : ; : : : 140

Casey, Tuos. L., Studies in the Ptinide, Cioidz and Sphindidz of America, . 61

Coeuinterr, D. W.,

Notes and Descriptions of Oscinidz, : : : ; 44 On the Dipterous Family Scatophagide, . : : / 160 A New Dipterous Genus belonging to the Therevide, i 187 Descriptions of Some Lepidopterous Larve, : ; . 249

Davis, Wo. T., Preliminary List of the Dragonflies of Staten Island, with Notes and Dates of Capture, : ; ; : : : 195

Dyar, Harrison G., The Life-Histories of the New York Slug Caterpillars, XIV

—XVII, ; : : I, 94, 151, 241 New American Moths and Saompanedl INOLESS* aus 33 On the Larve of Certain Nematinz and een maith

Descriptions of New Species, : : 123 Descriptions of Larvz of Hemileucids from the ie eenne

Republic, : : , ‘ ‘ . DeG Life-History of Calvin Sigeene : 158

Notes on Certain South American Cochlidiidee and Allied Families, : : : 4 : : ; , , ea

iv CONTENTS.

GiR@IE, dels 1Roy An homet to Classify the Holarctic see ae from the Specialization of the Wings, II, . : : : ; Oo Reply to Dr. Dyar’s Note, : é ; Me (ES

HOLianp, W. J., Notes on Lepidoptera, . : ; ; 5 ; : Se

KuNnzE, RICHARD E., Life-History of the Two Forms of Cerura Nivea, . ; » 188

MorTrer, Murray GALT, A Contribution to the Study of the Fauna of the Grave.—A Study of One Hundred and Fifty Disinterments with Some Addi- tional Observations, . : : : : : f 201

ScHaus, WILLIAM, New Species of Noctuids: from Tropical America,’ * .~ ‘. 107 New Species of Heterocera from Tropical America, . : 138

SEIFERT, OTTO, Life-History of Feralia Jocosa, . elie’ s ies Repetto)

SMITH, JOHN B., Notes on lspenes of Noctua, with Descriptions of New Forms, 98

‘TOWNSEND, C. H. T., -: Diptera from he Lower Rio Gunde or . Tamaulipan Fauna of Mexasy ellen: : : . : , : : eS)

TOWNSEND, C. H. T., and CockERELL, T. D. A., ; Coccidz Collected in Mexico by Messrs. Townsend and Koebele TTS O7 7 = ; : ANS ae ; ‘ 165

WEBSTER, F. M., Notes and Development of Drasteria Erechtea, . : ; 27

Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society, 199, 251

TOUR NATL

New Bork Entomological Boriety, Vol. VI ets hk eee “ERE } No. <

THE LIFE-HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK SLUG CATERPILLARS.—XIII-XIV.

PLATE I, FIGS. I-12. By Harrison G. Dyar, A.M., PH.D.

Packardia geminata Packard.

1864—Cyrtosta geminata PACKARD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, III, 343.

1864— Cyrtosia albipunctata PACKARD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. III, 344, 1865—Cyrtosia ocellata GROTE, Proc, Ent. Soc. Phil. 1V, 322. 1866—Lackardia geminata GROTE & RoBinson, Ann, Lyc, N. H, N. Y, VIII,

1880—fackaraia goodellit GROTE, Can. Ent. XII, 242.

1894— Fackardia geminata, albipunctata NEUMOEGEN & Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, II, 109.

Larva.

1891—Dyak, Trans. Am. Ent, Soc. XVIII, 157.

1891—Dyar, Can. Ent. XXIII, 277.

1893—PACKARD, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, 107. (as “ Larva of Hetero- genea ( lortricidia ?)”)

1894—Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 222.

SPECIAL STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS.

Dorsal space moderately broad, flat, narrowing to both extremities, arched; lateral space broad, oblique, narrowing to the ends; subven- tral space two-thirds as wide as the lateral one, distinct, only slightly retreating, suddenly narrowed in front, tapering behind. Ridges tubercular and setiferous till the last molt, then smooth ; subdorsal ridge obsolete, indicated by the rounded angular change in direction between back and sides; lateral ridge slight, dividing the lateral and subventral spaces, subtubercular even in the last stage. Setze at last rudimentary ; in stage I with the structure and arrangement of Afoda y-inversa except that the subdorsal spines have the short branch very

2 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. — [Vol. VI.

rudimentary and the third spine of joint 2 is lacking. Body elongated, sides subparallel, rounded toward the anterior end, joint 13 produced into a slender pointed tail. Skin covered with large, irregular, conic not contiguous, clear granules. Depressed spaces (1) to (8) present, small, ill defined, but devoid of the coarse granules. Color very whitish green, opaque; a white line along the subdorsal ridge with upper dark green, clear border. The centers of the depressed spaces are also whitish, but obscured in the general white shading; (1) and (4) have green centers, but not contrasting. A fainter white line along lateral ridge and subventral edge. ‘The larva is whiter than the backs of the leaves on which it rests, a condition necessary to offset the dark shade which its thickness produces when looked at from beneath. The larva stands about on the same level as 4. y-znversa in degree of speciali- zation, exceeding it in the presence of the tail-like modification and slightly more reduced setze of stage I, but falling behind in coloration.

AFFINITIES, HABITS, ETC.

This species belongs to the group of which Afoda biguttata is typical, the palaearctic smooth Eucleids. It departs a little from this type as noted above, but not in important characters. Its nearest ally is the other species of the genus, /. elegans. ‘The moths emerge unusually early in the season, at the same time as Zordricidia testacea, at or be- fore the middle of June. The females rest quietly and do not fly at all till after pairing, even though several nights intervene.* Normally emergence from the pupa takes place during the day, the moths pair the subsequent night and the eggs are deposited in the next night. Flight of the males begins rather late at night, not till after 9:30 P. M.. The eggs are deposited singly on the under side of the leaves. The larvee frequent dry woods and bushes on the edges of fields. ‘They do not inhabit damp or dark locations. Very often the larvee are found on low small plants only a few inches from the ground, and they are never high feeders. Larvze occurred not uncommonly at Bellport, Long Island, in a dry pine and oak woods on small wild cherry bushes which had about six leaves apiece and did not exceed a foot in height.

*Most 9 Eucleids fly on the second night after emergence, and if not mated the previous night, refuse the g entirely. Pobdetron and Calydia are an exception, for they will mate after an infertile flight, but in this case the eggs are without vitality, most only proceeding to the first embryonic stages, and those that do hatch never live to mature.

March, 1898.) DYAR: LIFE-HisToriEs or N. Y. StuG CATERPILLARS. 38

This species has a northern range. I obtained it at Jefferson High- lands, N. H., in the White Mountains, where only a few species of Eucleidz are found. Its southern limit is not known, though it occurs throughout New York. It is one of our rarer species, yet locally fairly common.

There are six or seven stages. The former number is here described. When seven stages occur, the extra one is interpolated after stage V. It resembles stage V closely, the white depressed spaces being a little more distinct, setze large. The larva under observation fell behind in length from the measurements given more and more in each stage, but attained the same final size, owing tothe extra stage. The young larva possesses distinct urticating power, in spite of the absence of stinging spines. The sharp setz, though not converted into true spines, proba- bly function similarly.

CRITICISM OF PREVIOUS DESCRIPTIONS.

I have given the characters of the mature larva several times. I sup- pose Dr. Packard’s brief description of an unidentified form to have been taken from this species, although the description is scarcely deter- minate. It could hardly be anything else, however.

In the present descriptions I have gone a little beyond my brief in including in the synomymy the dark forms albipunctata, goodellit and _ ocellata. Nothing but the pale form gemnata was bred from these larvze, so that there is a possibility of another species.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL STAGES IN DETAIL.

£gg.—Rather narrowly elliptical, flat as usual, translucent white on glass, shining like a wet spot on the back of the leaf; 1.3.7.1 mm. Reticulations rather distict all over the egg, but much rounded, like cir- cular shallow pits, varying a little in size. They hatch in 14 days.

Stage J,—Rounded, thick, tail rounded; spaces all of moderate width, the subventral one small. Color translucent whitish. Spines transparent, short, clubbed-tipped, the subdorsal ones on joints 5, 7 and g, leaning out slightly and the lateral one of joint 5 leaning up. Joint 2 not much retracted, a large cervical shield with several fine sete. The subdorsal spines on joints 4-12 have just a trace of the side branch, seen in certain lights as a small irregularity. Skin smooth; slight segmental hollows are present dorsally at the upper sides of the bases of the tuber- cles. Arrangement of the setz (Plate I, fig. 2), as in Afoda y-inversa except that there is only one middle seta on joint 4. The outer third

4 JournaL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

of the seta is everted from the middie portion on hatching, sometimes remaining incompletely so. No spines present on first emerging from the egg. Length, .g—-1.7 mm.

Stage J/.—(Plate I, fig. 2.)—Rather elongated elliptical, tail rounded quadrate, joint 3 truncate in front. Setze normal, two on the subdorsal ridge, one on the lateral, distinct, long, sharp pointed. ‘The middle row on the thorax is represented by two setee on joint 3, and by one only or a large and a small one on joint 4. Ridges distinct, the dorsum and sides concave. Head retracted; joint 2 partly so. Skin rather densely frosted with clear conic granules, not contiguous, no- where produced into secondary spines. Depressed spaces hardly indi- cated (1) as slight hollows, not differentiated by the granules and very small. Color pale whitish green, evenly tinted. Length, 1.6-2.5 mm.

Stage J//.—Narrowly elliptical, tail small, square. Dorsal and lateral spaces broad, subventral smaller. Ridges marked, high, seg- mentarily tubercular, the setze stiff, black, distinct. Color plate trans- lucent whitish green, a faint white line under the subdorsal ridge, not reaching either extremity. Skin with remote, low, rounded granules. (Plate I, fig. 4), no spines anywhere. Depressed spaces small, shal- low, not sharp edged, smooth in the bottom. Length, 2.3-3.5 mm.

Stage. JV.—Elliptical, tail produced a little and tapering, notched. Whitish green, a distinct white band below the skin of subdorsal ridge on joints 4-13. Lateral ridge prominent, even with the subventral edge or a little beyond it. Dorsal impressed whitish dots (1) distinct on the central segments, interrupting the faint green line of the dorsal vessel. Skin smooth except for the remote, irregular, clear granules, the surface slightly sunken to represent the depressed spaces. Length, 3-5-5-2 mm.

Stage. V.—Somewhat more like mature larva; tail truncate. Skin more densely clear granular, the granules nearly contiguous. Subdorsal ridge with a distinct yellowish white line on joints 3-13; a row of dor- sal dots (1), only five of them distinct (joints 5~9). Ridges gently un- dulating from the outline of rudimentary tubercles. Setze short, distinct. Depressed spaces indicated, but like the rest of the skin, granular. Color, translucent green, dark, not yellowish. Head green, eyes black. Length, 5.2—7 mm.

Stage Vf.—(Plate I, fig. 6.) Shape as described. Skin granules. transparent, contiguous, covering the whole surface. Depressed spaces very small, the dorsal (1) smooth, whitish with green centers ; addorsal ones (2) absent on the surface, but represented by white dots below the

March, 1898.] DyAR: LirE-Histories or N. Y. StuGc CATERPILLARS. 5

skin. Lateral large areas (4) and (6), indicated by pigment under the granules, the smaller ones not represented. Tubercles obsolete, setz minute. The body is elongate, rather narrow, highest through joints 7-8. Color, whitish green, becoming whiter during the stage as the pig- ment is slowly deposited. A dorsal green line interrupted by the dorsal impressed spots, subdorsal lines straight, yellowish white, connected on joint 3 and on the tail, edged above with dark green. A row of white dashes on the lateral ridge, the large depressed spaces (4) becoming whitish with dark centers like (1). Length, 7-11.5 mm.

Cocoon and pupa as usual.

food-plants.—Wild cherry, white birch, black birch, oak, bayberry, sour gum, hickory and Céethra alnifolia have been observed.

Packardia elegans /ackard.

1864— Cyrtosia elegans PACKARD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. III, 342.

1864— Cyrtosia gusca PACKARD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. III, 343.

1881— Fackardia nigripunctata GOODELL, Can. Ent. XIII, 30.

1891— fackardia elegans Dyar, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XVIII, 157.

1894— Packardia elegans NEUMOEGEN & Dyar, Journ, N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, 76.

LARVA.

1864— PACKARD, Proc, Ent. Soc. Phil. III, 343 (cocoon; no larva), 1881—GOoDELL, Can. Ent. XIII, 31 (brief desc.). 1890—PACKARD, 5, Rept. U. S. Ent. Comm. 149 (quotes Goodell). 1891—Dyar, Can. Ent. XXIII, 277.

1893—PACKARD, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XX XI, Ioo,

1894—Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 222.

SPECIAL STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS.

Elongate elliptical, rounded before, joint 13 produced into a pointed tail. Dorsal space rather narrow, diminishing a little at the ends, slightly arched, highest at joints 6-7; lateral space broad, concave; subyentral space broad, narrowly retracted in the middle. Ridges moderate, the lateral the most distinct, subtubercular, setiferous; smooth in the last stage. Skin rather coarsely clear granular, always without secondary spines. Depressed spaces feebly developed, (1) and (4) show faintly as pale rings, seen by transparency as if at the bottom of pits with convergent sides. Pigment unusually scanty ; a band of green color extends along the upper half of Jateral area below the subdorsal ridge, elsewhere the body is transparent, faintly colored greenish by the blood. Dorsal vessel plainly seen and the contents of alimentary canal, showing through the dorsal space. At the end of the last stage the

6 JournaL New YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

pigment fills in somewhat better. Tail conic, sete of joint 13 widely separated on it. First stage as in P. geminata.

AFFINITIES, HABITS, ETC.

Closely allied to Packardia geminata, differing only slightly. The granulation is more dense, appearing earlier in ontogeny, but the pig- mentation is much degenerated. ‘The moths do not emerge as early in the season as P. geminata, yet fairly early, June 25th to July 2d, in my examples. ‘The females are less quiescent than the allied species and fly violently if not mated the first night after emergence. After this night they will not mate at all, even though males be present, but continue to lay infertile eggs, or else refuse to lay and die in a few days. ‘The eggs are deposited singly on the under sides of the leaves where the larvz live.* The larve frequent dark woods. The deep shade seems to be the essential factor as they will occur in any woods whether wet or dry if dark enough. I have found them on the thin pale leaves in the dry woods on Goat Island at Niagara Falls and also in an almost swampy grove in Van Cortlandt Park, New York City. I have found them on Long Island, not commonly, as dark woods are rare on the Island. ‘The larve are low feeders, but not so low as P. geminata. As in the case of its ally, the larvee can be found in fair numbers by looking in the right places. Except by breeding the moth is seldom taken.

CRITICISM OF PREVIOUS DESCRIPTIONS.

Mr. Goodell mentions the larva without detailed description. Sub- sequently it has been described adequately by Dr. Packard and myself. Dr. Packard describes a series of dorsal dark green spots which he says ‘<does not form a tubercle or flattened wart.’’ This is, indeed, very true, because the spot is the center of the dorsal depressed space. I suppose the only reason for making this statement to be the same false idea of the homology of these structures to which I have referred under Tortricidia fasctola.

* Professor Poulton remarks (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1888, p. 591), ‘it is well known that these larvze ( Eucleidz) rest on the upper surface of the leaves of their food plants.” I cannot imagine on what this statement is based. Of the nineteen species of North American larvze now well known to me, only one ( Phobetron pithe- ctum ) ever rests on the upper side of the leaf, and this in the last stage only when its peculiar shape and color make it resemble a piece of dead leaf that had fallen from above. I cannot well believe that the two European species have different habits from our smooth Palzarctic Eucleids.

March, 1898.] DyAR: LirE-HisToriEs or N. Y. SLuG CATERPILLARS. 7

DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL STAGES IN DETAIL.

Zgg.—Elliptical, flat, 1.0.6 .1 mm.; whitish transparent, colorless. Reticulations distinct, irregularly quadrangular, narrow, raised. In the bright light with the green leaf behind they appear as narrow black lines, bordered bya bright area on both side;, the flat cell-areas dusky grayish. ‘They hatch in ro or 11 days.

Stage J.—Just like P. geminata, the spines arranged the same (Plate I, fig. 1); all short with irregularly knobbed tips. Branches of the sub-dorsal spines just distinguishable as little protuberances. Elliptical, rounded, dorsum and sides grooved, subventral space small. Ridges smooth, sete colorless. Skin shining, smooth, colorless, transparent ; food green; head concolorous. Length, .8-1.4 mm.

Stage I/,—Obscure, not shining, pale whitish, just tinted with green, translucent. Elongate elliptical, narrow, the tail narrowly quadrate. Ridges slight, non-tubercular, two setze on subdorsal ridge, one on lat- erai ridge, normal, except only one on the middle row of joint 4; black tipped and with stout expanded bases. Skin granules small, sparse, low conic, clear, alike everywhere, not produced on the ridges. The largest depressed spaces, (1) and (4), are indicated as slight hollows. Length, I.3—2.1 mm.

Stage 1//,—Elongate elliptical, narrowing posteriorly, tail rounded, not produced. All frosted whitish, scarcely tinted with green. Setz distinct, sharp, black tipped, arising from slight tubercles on the subdor- sal ridge, distinct conic segmentary ones on the lateral ridge. All of skin surface and tubercles covered densely with small low conic clear granules, uniformly even over the obsolete depressed spaces, where they are scarcely thinner. The granules are very numerous, almost con- tiguous, but rounded, not appressed. (Plate I, fig. 5.) The shape is now unusually narrow, dorsal space not narrowing much to the ends. Very colorless, translucent, the blood only slightly green and no pig- ment present. Length, 1.8-3.0 mm.

Stage [V.—Narrow, elongate, truncate before; tail produced, but tubercular like the ridges. Frosted whitish from the granules and, therefore, slightly opaque; almost entirely without pigment, the blood visible pulsating, slightly green tinted. An obscure whitish dot under the subdorsal ridge at each intersegmental space, representing a sub- dorsal line. Setz short, black and distinct. Granules small, even, dense, but not quite contiguous, running uniformly over the whole sur- face; depressed spaces scarcely indicated anywhere. Length, 2.8-4.0 mm. ‘

8 JourNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol VI.

Stage V.—Elongate, anterior end rounded, posterior pointed but without a well formed tail. Dorsal space moderate, even, but little arched, lateral broad, subventral moderate. Ridges low tubercular, with distinct dark sete. Skin clear granular, whitish; all very trans- parent, green pigment only in the upper half of lateral space, none in dorsal space which appears darker from the food showing by transpar- ency. A waved subdorsal line, bent inward on the interspaces, free at the ends. Depressed spaces not visible, except faint white rings to represent the lateral ones (4). Length, 3.8-5.8 mm.

Stage VI.—Narrowly elliptical with a pointed tail; setee short, black, distinct. Pigment in the upper half of lateral space, the rest of the body clear green from the blood, translucent and whitish in the edges. A wavy yellow subdorsal line, free at the ends. Dorsal depressed spaces (1) very faintly indicated by whitish dots, visible centrally only ; lateral (4) as large intersegmental white rings, but probably at least the glands of all the spaces (1)-(8) are present, as drops of moisture were observed in the appropriate position of them all in the larva under observation. Skin granules rather coarse, dense, but not contiguous, the depressed spaces not differentiated. Length, 5.0-8.5 mm.

Stage VIJ.—(Plate I, fig. 9, to). Shape as described. Patches of pigment in the dorsal space surround the rings of depressed spaces (1). Light yellowish green, lateral edge clearer, dorsal space darker. A waved, narrow, yellow, subdorsal line, free at the ends; tail reddish brown above. The absence of pigment in the dorsal space — makes it look hollow, though it is really flat. Six of the depressed spaces (1) are visible as white rings, around which more or less light emerald green pigment forms in rings, transverse bands or even filling all of the dorsal space (Plate I, fig. 10.). The subdorsal line is composed of a series of intersegmental, inwardly lunate, joined yellow marks. Lateral space to lower edge of depressed spaces (4) pigmented light green, (4) large pale rings with dark centers. A trace of pale dots along lateral ridge intersegmentally. ‘Tail long, pointed ; setee very small, pale. Skin granules rather large, somewhat irregular, not quite contiguous, at the largest depressed spaces, (1) and (4), less distinctly granular over the slight hollows. A broken white subventral line. Length, 7.1-13 mm.

Cocoon and pupa as usual.

food-plants.—Linden, witch-hazel, hop-hornbeam, beech, maple, black birch, wild cherry, sour-gum, black oak, chestnut, hickory and Leucothoé racemosa, have been observed.

March, 188. ] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 9

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

. Stage I of Packardiu, dorsal view, enlarged,

. Stage II, side view enlarged.

. The subdorsal setze of one tubercle, stage II, more enlarged. . Granules of Puckardia geminata, stage IIT, enlarged.

. Granules of Fackardia elegans, stage III, enlarged.

. Mature larva P. geminaza, three-quarters view.

. Moth of P. geminata.

. The same, dark form. var. a/ézpunctata.

. Mature larva of /. e/egans, three-quarters view, partially pigmented. . The same, dorsal view, fully pigmented form.

. Moth of P. ef gans.

«12, The same, pale form, var. fresca,

— OO ON AM BW DN Hw

AN ATTEMPT TO CLASSIFY THE HOLARCTIC LEP- IDOPTERA FROM THE SPECIALIZATION OF THE WINGS.

PART IL—THE ITAWK AND EMPEROR MOTHS. By A. RADCLIFFE GrRoTE, A.M.

€. Radius 5-branched; vein I1V2 central or cubital; hindwings with intercostal

ELSA EM detec race Se cnuecvasens coein cdciadeeouess Tes enenenaes Geslsccee’ res SPHINGIDES. et. No costal vein (vein J) on primaries; vein III2 absorbed by Radius; crossvein degenerate; vein 1V2 decidedly cubital...... ENDROMIDIDZ.

cr. A costal vein (vein I) on primaries; vein III2 from Radius before ex- tremity of cell; crossvein entire ; vein IV2 not decidedly cubital

SPHINGIDZE. ®. Radius 3-4 branched; vein 1V2 central or radial; hindwings with no intercostal BLOSSUCIMMene ans ret cicias eros ben ree aite SoVeoE ae oH R SN Doe ENE Staeae'e SATURNIADES. dre Vein liV2 continuous with vein’ DVls.,.0.....cscers ccs ereees SATURNIAD. CoMMCSIROPeN a tccssctecsket cere mncas Seccdces ses soceeesdasesr-ct cea deraceers ATTACINA, d2. Cell closed. d3. Hindwings without vein VILL, ......c.csscosccersensesteee SATURNIAN, demilind wings withsveiny Vil swenssacy cose secis= «cneeses HEMILEUCINA, Se ierenee tie Veet VOI (CLOSSVELM Gc. c 5. wav thnsnyacas oes stenasincssecansaioasswases AGLIAD,

d4. Hindwings without vein VIII. d5. Crossvein, between [V2 and IV1, directed obliquely outwardly

AGLIAN4, Pig SREROSSVELTAUELATISVEISE):» sces yea scchercunyecausns Aside ae sacs AUTUMERINA, dm bingwings with) veins VLU rer onc.scsssaneeas CITHERONIAD. *

* This table (C, D), and that of the Day-Butterflies (4, 4), is compiled in ac- cordance with the sequence in the Lepidoptera which I recommend, and not altering the Linnean arrangement upon opinionative grounds,

10 . JouRNAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

ENDROMIDID.

The subprimary tubercles of the larva (3 and 5) in stage I are wanting on the thoracic segments (I to IIL). On the abdominal seg- ments the subprimary tubercle 6 is also wanting. In the ‘‘ Saturnii- den,’’ page 6, I figure abdominal segment, but the bristles marked ‘‘ 6 ’” are too low down for this and evidently belong to 7. I indicate this. doubt in the text (p. 5). On the same segments the tubercles 5 and 4 are separate. There appears to me no insuperable objection to the view, that Axzdromis represents an isolated form of the Hawk Moth stem, separating soon after this stem had emerged from the Tineid trunk. The retention of the intercostal vein is then an independent sur- vival of a character shared by both when the Endromid branch made its separate way. Dyar has enabled us to show that the type of the En- dromid larva is opposed to the Saturnian and the latter to the Sphing- oid type. The neuration excuses me in considering Audromis as an aber- rant Sphingoid type. It is not improbable that the larva of an existing generalized Sphinx might throw some light on the matter through a comparison of parallel stages. When we turn from the larva to the pupa, we find that the segments of the abdomen are capable of move- ment in Lxdromis and by their aid the pupa is forced out of the cocoon. before exclusion, as in Axthrocera, Cossus and the Tineides gen- erally. Preparations before me of Ezdromis and Anthrocera, hatched in my breeding cages, show a striking similarity in this habit. The Sphing- idze seem to have the habit also, inasmuch as the naked pupa is stated to wriggle its way to the surface of the ground to allow the escape of the moth. Such species as transform on the surface within a slight cocoon, have not, to my knowledge, been observed as to this point. This habit: indicates a direct connection of the Sphingides with the Tineides. The links between Audromis and Sphinx appear to have dropped out ;. also those by which we might more surely trace the relationship between: adult forms of the Sphingides and Tineides. Nevertheless, I call atten- tion to the fact that the Anthroceridz represent a Tineid branch possi- bly related to the stem which threw off the existing Sphingides.

Leaving these characters, we will consider the neuration. And first the shape of the wings is modified, and this probably in accordance with the method of flight. Disposed as I am to consider the Sphingides and Saturniades as parallel groups, each specialized in a different way, and the Saturniades unquestionably the more highly so, I would com- pare the Endromididze with the Saturniadze and the Sphingide with the

March, 1898.] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. ll

Agliadze (the Citheroniadz especially). For the moment we will con- sider and compare the Endromid and Sphingoid wing. The vein on costal edge of primaries (vein J) present in the Hawk Moths is absent in LEndromis. This vein (or thickening, according to some of the costal edge) is found in the Hesperianz but not, so far as Iknow, in the Pam- philinz. The most striking difference between Zndromis and Sphinx, is found in the evident effort in the former to get rid of vein III2. This springs from the Radius, near III1, in the Hawk Moths. In Zn- dromis it is absorbed and appears asa short branch before apex.* This is a secondary character, belonging to the general direction of a diminution in the normal number of the radial veins. ‘This direction has appar- ently been followed out and brought to a higher stage throughout the Saturniades. But the inequality of its expression is here no indication of the phylogeny, seeing that it is everywhere exhibited in different per- fection and upon different lines of descent. It is my second direc- tion in the general evolution of the lepidopterous wing.

In my jrst direction,+ the suppression of the Media, Zxdromis has progressed further than Sf/zvx. For the cubital direction of vein IV2, often only indicated in the Hawk Moths, here becomes assured and evi- dent. The crossvein already shows signs of degeneration. The wing, in broadening, has lost the strength requisite to sustain swift and pro- longed flight. There is, in Azdromis, a less crowding of the veins; they do not appear so like rigid and parallel rods. ‘There is a larger space between the Cubitus and vein VII, so that VI there appears as a fold in the membrane. Both families retain VIII as a loop to VII on primaries, and there is no trace of other internal veins. On secondaries vein VIII is equally preserved. Looking at the two wings [am met with no character which renders it unlikely that they may have had a common origin. Here is where positive character may be said to end and where the tact and experience of the observer comes into play. But, on the threshold of this disputable region, I can yet point to the intercostal vein and throw the onus of proof on those who dispute the classification. As between Hudromis and Sphinx there is no question which has submitted to most specialization in the neuration. In both

*In Amphidasys betularia the absorption of III2°by IIIt is clearly seen to be in process of being carried out.

+ Perhaps we should call this rather the “second direction,” seeing that the sup- pression of the radial veins is used as a primary divisional character of the Suborder, but in the lepidoptera, as we find them now, the breaking up of the median system excites everywhere the chief interest.

12 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

main directions Exdromis shows the most progress. Still, weshall have to discuss the relation between these specializations and habit, although here the matter may detain us no further.

It may be here remarked that it is not strictly correct to speak of the Cubitus ‘* becoming three or four branched.’’ The Cubitus is always two-branched. It is the movement of the lower branches of the Media, which become varyingly attached to the Cubitus, thereby giving the appearance of increasing the number of the cubital veins. In the opposite direction, it is the same way with the Radius.

SPHINGID.

The absence of homology between the anal horn of the Hawk Moths and the similarly situated hypertrophied tubercle of the Emperor Moths has been determined by Dyar and is illustrated by me in the ‘‘Satur- niiden,” pp. 7-8. The two groups have then no immediate connection and the correspondence with the Citheronians is illusory, the common habit of pupation of secondary acquirement. The venation, both of Endromis and Sphinx, entirely warrants this view of the case. We need not detain ourselves with these matters here but pass on to the venation. ‘The mass of preparations I have made show me that this offers no characters of precision for a division into subfamilies. The wings appear cast, like iron, into the same mould. Still there is a play with the branches of the Media and it is often not difficult to decide, as be- tween distinct forms, which is the more specialized. Harder to embrace these forms into groups. A form like Cephonodes picus seems special- ized from the amount of absorption of vein I1V1 by the Radius on primaries, the retreating, almost vanished cell on secondaries, the fusion of IV3 with V1. Cephonodes is more specialized than Hemaris. As between Macroglossum and Aellopos it is hard to distinguish ; they seem practically identical. The obliquely transverse and rigid crossvein of primaries is the same and all goes to show that the position assigned by me to Aé//opos in 1865, among the Macroglossians, is correct and that its placement among the Cheerocampians in the Philadelphia List is er- roneous. A study of the neuration seems to favor the idea that the Macroglossians are really the more highly specialized of all the groups. ‘On the other hand, that portion of the hind wing between Cubitus and the anal margin appears generally more lappet-like in the Macroglossians (shared by <Aé//opos) as compared with the Elephant Hawk Moths. There is a decided indentation of the outer margin between V2 and VII. Almost does this character seem a probable test to distinguish the groups.

%

March, 1898.] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 1s

Still, it reappears more or less evidently and constantly not only in the Cheerocampians but in the Eyed Hawk Moths; an indentation appears in, Sphinx ligustri and Hyloicus pinastri and is replaced by a broad ex- cision between Vi and VII in Ditina titie. It appears less evidently in elpenor and “ineata. There seems then mainly the movement in the branches of the Media, which simply affords a criterion for the relative specialization. Judged by this, Acherontia atropos is more specialized than the majority of the Smerinthoid types, although it is overlapped by tiie and nearly reached by Smerinthus popult.* The shape of the secondaries in the Eyed Hawk Moths varies much. This differs even in Calasymbolus astylus and Eusmerinthus geminatus, while Copismer- inthus oced/ata and the allied North American species are distinguished by the tibial claw.

On the whole, then, the neuration of the Sphingidze offers apparently no opposition to the general sequence of Kirby, which is that adopted by me in the Buffalo Catalogues, except that I gave the Eyed Hawk Moths a central position. But, for probably the true reason, viz., that I regarded the Smerinthinz as nearer a more original Sphingoid type, from which the present groups have emerged in different directions. I was much struck by the resemblance of Amédulyx with Smerinthoid genera, and fancied that the Chzerocampians might have had a separate and nearer connection with the stem which the Eyed Hawks represent. Hence I gave these acentral position. The discovery of Ambulyx sexo- culata Grote, strengthened this view of the case. But the arrangement of the genera adopted by Kirby is open to betterment in the light thrown by the details-of the neuration. This is, however, a matter for the future student and need not to be here discussed.

From an examination of Siberian and European examples I would here simply correct Kirby’s list of the species of Smerinthus and Eus- merinthus (Cat. pp. 711, 712). Copismerinthus is not a synomym of Eusmerinthus Kirby, as wrongly cited (p. 712) but of Smerinthus Kirby. This author has not understood the character and mixed the species. Lusmerinthus wants, Copismerinthus has, a tibial claw.

* From a note made by me when examining Latreille’s works, ofzz/i is indi- cated as the type of Smerznthus, by being once solety cited. I regret that my note is not definite and that I have been unable, despite several efforts, to again consult all of Latreille’s publications, Kirby prefers Di/ina of Dalman, 1816, for ¢i/éz, and this is probably correct.

14 JournaAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Eusmerinthus Grt., 1877. Copismerinthus Grt., 1886.

Type: £. geminatus. Type: C. ceriszz. 1. kindermanni Led. 1, ocellata Linn. 2. cecus Mén. v. atlanticus Aust. 3. planus Walk. 2. cerist Kirb. argus Men. opthalmicus Boisd. 4. geminatus Say. vancouverensis Butl. ? gamaicensis Dru. 3. ? salicett Boisd.

The classificator must rely in great part on the body characters, the pattern of ornamentation, and, so far as I see, will run no great risk of being contradicted by the neurational features overturning his group- ings. Nevertheless, when taking the question of specialization in hand, the neuration will afford him valuable hints which he will do well to re- spect. As to the name for the above genus ( Copzsmerinthus) Kirby has adopted my former and original opinion that oce//ata was the type of Smerinthus, an opinion I retained in my ‘‘ Hawk Moths of North America.’’ But, from my notes of Latreille, I believe ofulz may be really the true type of his genus. Whichever way the matter is settled, by reference to the original works, I have at least here sorted out the species accordingly as the front tibize are or are not armed. The North American genera Paonias (for excecatus), Calasymbolus (astylus) seem to me on other grounds distinct from each other and from the above. (Consult an article on the frenulum of the British species of Smerznthus, by Geo. C. Griffiths, Ent. Record. VI, 250.)

SATURNIADES.

In the ‘‘ Saturniiden,’’ p. 6, I figured the first larval stage of the Silk- worm, Lombyx mori, showing, from the arrangement of the tubercles, that this larva was related to the large group circumscribed by Dyar and which I had called Agrotides. The Silkworm has therefore to be ex- cluded from the Emperor Moths. The Saturniades, cleared of this foreign element, have been taxonomically defined by Dyar by the presence in the larva of a system of subprimary tubercles, wanting in the Sphingides, as here accepted.* The pupa gives the moth within the cocoon. The Citheronian habit is not recorded. A nearer relation- ship, such as we can show for the Sphingides, with the Tineides is not yet indicated. ‘There exists a temptation to regard the Ptochopsychide

* Mr, Grote has misunderstood me. I separate the Saturniides and Sphingides on the position of tubercle iv; neither group has distinguishable sub-primary tubercles. Lndromis is a Bombycid except for the absence of sub-primary tubercles in stage I, which I do not regard as a strong character at present. I shall return to this point elsewhere.—H. G. Dyar.

March, 1898.] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 15

and Psychidz as standing in a connection with the ancestral line of the Emperor Moths, which may be merely noticed in passing.

Bearing in mind the two directions in which the evolution of the wing is chiefly displayed, we find in the Attacinz their fullest develop- ment. In fact the wing of Rothschildia jacobea represents almost the ideal apex of the movement. In the frs¢ direction, the Media and its system, as such, has completely disappeared. ‘The crossvein has vanished. Veins [V2 and IV1 form part of the system of the Radius, vein IV3 forms part of that of the Cubitus. ‘That portion of the cross- vein, belonging to it morphologically, lying between [V2 and IV1, has become physiologically the base of vein IV2*. Jn the second direction, the radial branches are reduced to three from five. Added to this, the concave inner margin of the secondaries has lost vein VIII. By this latter character we are reminded of /agzdio, and that the concave margin is a specialization is made clearer in this case by its more excessive de- velopment, attended by a shrinking in the length of vein VII, in the more specialized Parnassius.

There will come a time, to speak after the fashion of Mr. Strecker, and the ancient Greeks, when the uncritical classification which thrusts the Papilionides between the Blues and the Skippers (these latter two, as we believe, nearly related) will be read with amazement. The fable that the Papilionid wing is the most generalized must give way to the view that it is peculiarly specialized by the suppression of vein VIII of secondaries. Generalized it is, as compared with Parnassus, but it should not be compared with the other butterflies, since it has had a different line of development. Undoubtedly, the irritable defense of Mr. W. H. Edwards that Papilio has six walking legs and Vymphalis only four, was not sufficient to dispel the illusion clinging to the system of Bates. It was also felt that the more ideal championship of Wallace, that /apilio was so large and complete, could not excuse its being placed ‘‘at the head”’ of a phalanx in reality, a phalanx spreading over the plain of the present without a leader. All this was perceived, and other similar attacks upon a system adopted by my friend Dr. Scudder, and thus made part of the supreme cult of Boston, fell equally power- less. So that newcomers, rising from obscurity, felt themselves obliged to confess the creed as a matter of ‘‘ my opinion,’’ and to follow up the futile expression of credo guia ineptum by the statement that ‘‘ the sequence is in accord with the more conservative modern classification.’’ Where this more conservative modern classification leads to we may see

* Compare Mittheilungen aus d. Roemer-Museum, No. 8, p. 24.

16 JourNAaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI--

in the case of Mr. Meyrick, who puts the Caradrinidze ‘‘ at the head.’” As matters stand Mr. Meyrick will undoubtedly be applauded to the echo by Mr. Hulst. Because, in the Lepidoptera, ‘‘students have specialized (!) and few collectors, even, go outside of the Macro- Lepidoptera.’’ Prof. J. B. Smith has, ‘‘ therefore (?) secured the co- operation of Dr. Henry Skinner in the Rhopalocera ;’’? and Dr. Skinner warrants the endorsement of the Preface of the Philadelphia List by placing the Milkweed Butterfly ‘‘ at the head’”’ of the ‘‘ Nymphalide.” After this specimen of ‘‘modern classification’? one may well put the List by with the feeling that whatever may be the cardinal error of the: Boston creed, neither in Brooklyn or Philadelphia is there any salva- tion. The suppression of vein VIII of the secondaries, in the most specialized of the Emperor Moths, is a direct monition of the value of the character in the Papilionides. In this latter super-family the more specialized forms show clearly additional features of advancement, so that the lessons taught by the suppression of vein VIII is no longer needed to enable us to appreciate their development. The reason why this was not considered is, that the gauge for specialization offered by the wing was not understood, so that loose notions as to sequence and rank were not only permitted, but, the more bizarre they were the more they were thought ‘‘scientific,’’ until at last we are landed in the anarchy offered us by Mr. Meyrick.

The Attacinz have served us here for a text upon Pagiiio, and to the Emperor Moths we now return. The fact that the diminution of the radial veins in a secondary development, occurring in pursuance of evolutionary law, up and down throughout the more specialized groups (such as the Parnassinze, Pierinze, Lyczeninz, Saturniadz and Agliade), is shown by a table published by me separating the genera of Attacinz as the Radius is 3 or 4 branched. For a study of the whole insect leads. me to regard the 3-branched P/i/osamia as a specialization of the 4- branched Adtacus with which its phylogeny probably lies, rather than as- nearly related to Sama; with which it has the suppression of III3 in common.

Leaving the Attacinze, with open cell, we come to the more gener- alized Saturnianee* with the crossvein present and, so far asI can see, almost everywhere at least partially functional. Undoubtedly here is a

* It is more correct to commence with the more generalized forms, but I have be- come convinced that in the Lepidoptera it will always be more practical to adhere to the Linnean sequence, and this for a variety of reasons, among them this, that the contrary course will never be adopted by “ collectors,” who willthus be deprived of the light thrown or reflected by “ scientists.”

March, 1898.] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 17

gap. The gradual stages of disintegration of the crossvein, such as I found in the Pierinze and Nynphalinz I have not so distinctly met with in the Emperor Moths. But the first step towards this stage is marked in the Saturniane and has already everywhere attained full expression. It is the conversion of the crossvein between IV2 and IV1 into the physio- logical base of IVz, so that the crossvein proper seems to lie merely be- tween [V2 and IV3 and we can classify the Saturniane under the rubric : vein IV2 continuous or on a long stem with veinIVr. That the Satur- nian have attained a high relative grade of specialization is seen by the loss of vein VIII on secondaries and the absorption of the radical veins on primaries. They have lagged behind the Attacinze in the first direc- tion: the suppression of the Media and its system. One point more and I have done with this typical subfamily. In the Saturniades vein VIII appears as a loop to VII on primaries. In Actas and Telea (proving the relationship of the dissimilar appearing imagos) this vein VIII has an outer inferior spur or prolongation. Is this a trace of the vein VIII in its former position as a parallel vein? Or is it a trace of an absorbed additional vein? Or is it a sporadic, or extra-growth? We notice it in Cas¢nia. Its isolated appearance in two Saturnian genera makes it remarkable. Misled by Mr. Meyrick’s figures of Geometridz* I at one time thought the curved internal vein of Pagz/io might corre- spond to the internal vein figured by him in Veni@ia macularia. But it seems not, since the vein figured by Mr. Meyrick does not exist in the Geometrid form. .

Next, we come to the Hemileucine, and here is a case of dis- puted classification, a matter I try here to uncover, with the help of the annexed diagrams of neuration obtained by photographic process. Both Professor Comstock and Dr. Dyar unite my Hemileucinz with my Automerinz under one “ family,’’ which they call Hemileucide after Packard. The origin of this notion may be traced back to Grote and Robinson, who, in 1866, established the group Hemileucini with the same contents.+ A glance at the figure of the neuration of Hemileuca mata, which may also be found in Professor Comstock’s beautiful Man- ual, p. 342 (a book I regret to have only recently become acquainted with), shows that its condition is what we might expect from a more generalized Saturnian. On the secondaries vein VIII is retained, and the retention of this vein is a generalization and repeated everywhere. This affords no proof of the want of relationship between Heméleuca and Saturnia; if it did, it would equally imply a want of consanguinity

* Consult : Ill. Wochenschrift fiir Entomologie, Band II, No. 38. + Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. Vol. VIII, 376, October, 1860.

18 JournaL New York EnTomoLocicaL SOCIETY. — [Vol. VI.

with Auwfomeris. But here it is evidently vein VIII which is added to what is, in its total pattern, in its flowing venation, its wide interspac- ing, its treatment of the Media and its system, its position of vein 1V2 —ain all these points—the wing of a Saturnian, not the wing of an Aglian. What the addition of vein VIII makes to the wing of an Aglian we see in C7theronia. ‘The student will follow me here better by a glance at the figures given, in this way complying with Hamlet’s re- quest to look first on this picture and then on this. How impossible does it not seem, that a classification can be correct (and a classification which represents even approximately the phylogeny) which would de- rive the Automerid from the Hemileucid wing, or the reverse!’ Is it conceivable that the malleable Hemileucid wing should have stiffened into the Automerid? Or that the rigid wing of Cvtheronia should have produced both? Or to believe with Dyar, that the wing of Ag/a could have become transformed into the wing of Saturnia and Attacus, while the very wing of Agéa, its pendant, the wing of Aufomeris, should break out with Afemilewca? For those who believe in the ‘‘ more con- servative modern classification’”’ it will be no argument to appeal to~ Hiibner and that this writer considered maza to be a Saturnia; and, in fact, we see that Hiibner was often mistaken, such as Professor Smith never is. But, in spite of all his mistakes, we believe that here Hiibner is quite right; right also, in the ‘“‘Tentamen’’ and in the ‘¢ Verzeichniss,’’ in recognizing two main groups of the Emperor Moths, which we call Saturniade and Agliade, and that Hemmz/ewca belongs to the first and Avfomeris to the last. We shall try to make this clearer by our remarks on the next family.

AGLIADA.

It is to Dr. Packard that we are indebted for calling our attention to the fact that Agéa is a specialized Citheronian, and this from other grounds than the neuration, grounds we must here pass over. Before taking up the neuration of the Agliade, we will revert for an instant to ffemileuca again. The vein we call III1 4+ 2 in Hemileuca springs from the Radius above the cell. In the Agliade this is the normal condition of affairs. Its point of emergence travels upwards a little in Aga, as compared with Avtomeris, and herein is the latter the more generalized. But in Saturnia it has already been absorbed to a point of issuance from III3 + 4, just before the apex. Now, this is just what we would expect in a generalized Saturnian, and it follows naturally the presence of vein VIII in Hemzleuca. But the type of Saturnia, the long stem upon which IVr and IV2 sit, is already fully developed in Memileuca.

March, 1808. ] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. +g

There remains, then, but the absorption of IlI1 + 2 on primaries, and the loss of VIII on secondaries to evolve out of Hemileuca the type of Saturnia ; and this without violence and following the lines of evolu- tion which we have shown to be followed by the lepidopterous wing. Now to form the Hemileucid wing out of the Citheronian or Automerid type we must have recourse to violence, and this violence is apparently not considered but committed by Professor Comstock and Dr. Dyar.

The neurational type of Agda and Automeris is practically identical, so that their position is parallel to that of Atfacus and Saturnia. We may consider them together. ‘They differ exactly by characters on a line with the evolutionary advancement we have everywhere pointed out. In the jrs¢ direction a hesitating and half-expressed step has been taken by Agha. The cross-vein, s#/ uneven, still distinctly rem- iniscent of its true character as a crossvein becomes oblique between [V2 and IVr. Inall the Automerinz from South America I have yet been able to study, the cross-vein is transverse asin Automeris zo. The point of issuance of III1 + 2 varies somewhat, but little. In this, the second direction, as we have above seen, Ag/a is again more specialized. But otherwise the wings are identical. Neither express any of the distin-.

_ guishing features of the Saturnian type. Inasmuch as the first direction, the suppression of the Media, is everywhere less progressed, both Agéia and Awf/omeris are more generalized than the Hemileucid and Saturnian type. In their progression they have lost vein VIII of secondaries, here passing Hemileuca by, while the absorption of the radial veins would have rested at the Hemileucid stage. These are all secondary lines of ad- vancement, unequally entered upon. We conclude that Agéia repre- sents Awfomeris in the Old World and that it is the more specialized type. Both have sprung from the same near ancestors, the same stem, whether independently, or together, or whether Agda may be looked upon as the outcome of an Automerid form, we can only surmise. But there they are and they belong together, their sundering, by any sys- tem of classification, from their common stem, is an act of violence and equivalent to a denial of any lessons to be derived from the neuration, at least so long as their common characters cannot be explained away. Weare confident that it is impossible and that the classification we pro- pose is natural and in accordance with the facts.

It does not diminish the difficulty to multiply the families ; if we, out of the six subfamily groups originally proposed by me, make, in- stead of two, the whole six figures as families in our books. Always will Hemileuca, Saturnia and Attacus come together, always will C7¢he- ronia, Automeris and Aglia coalesce upon the type of wing. That

20 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. V2.

there is a difference in the closeness of contact we have urged. This difference is the measure of their nearness to a common ancestor. Thus Attacus and Saturnia are close together, while Hemzleuca stands apart a little, still sharing the common type of wing which is indicated by the long stem of the two upper branches of the Media. And Ag/a and Automeris are, in an opposite way, quite nearly related; while Cztheronia stands still further off from these and is much more by itself, though still exhibiting the Aglian type of wing, the absence of stem to the upper branches of the Media, the transverse cross vein, the stiff, equal dis- tanced, parallel veins. To a brief review of what we have published about C7theronia we devote the rest of this paper.

The student must study with this paper what Dr. Dyar has written in Can. Ent., 1896, 303, and the phylogeny there given. The drawing. there given is correct, except that I suppose the original Aglian stem (as- sumed to be represented by the existing Citheronian branch) has given off both Agia and Auéomeris ; whether together, or one after another, or whether Agéia be an outcome of Automerid-like ancestors, which I am now inclined to assume, I do not decide. My original view of the separation of the six into the two groups is here maintained. I placed “Hemileuca parallel with Citheronda, or but slightly advanced from the difference in general type, from the common retention of vein VIII of secondaries. Above Cvtheronia, as having proceeded from the same stem I placed successively Automeris and Ag/a, the latter being the most specialized. The antennal characters bear out this division. In the Aglian group the female antennz are short and simple, with few excep- tions in specialized forms. In Aétacus and Saturnia they become pectinate. I consider C/theronia as specialized in peculiar directions, and as baving lost much original character and added new ; still, by the retention of vein VIII, as being, rather, the representative in direct line of the original stem. But this view is, for the moment at least, subordinate in importance to the correct placing of Hemzleuca, to the breaking up of the assemblage of Awtomeris and Hemileuca by Grote and Robinson, Packard, Comstock and Dyar. This isthe main classif- catory result which I believed to have attained in my recent studies of the Emperor Moths. For, whether Cztheronia represents the main branch (in assuming which I am not a little influenced by Dr. Packard’s paper), or whether Avéomeris, is clearly of inferior value to the main fact, that Ag/ia, Automeris and Citheronia belong together, while A?- tacus, Saturnia and Hemileuca represent another, and, on the whole, more advanced phylogenetic line upon the same stem. The student.

March, 1898 ] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF I.EPIDOPTERA. 21

may consult also my illustrated paper in the ‘‘ Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte’’ 1896, p. 197. Ina linear series we would arrange the generic types thus: Aéfacus, Saturnia, fTemileuca, Aglia, Automeris, Citheronia.

In a foot-note, Journ. N. Y, Ent. Soc., VI, 46, I have written that the crossvein becomes oblique in 4g@a and Citheronia. As I recollect, I had in my mind to write Zuc/es, but a fresh study of the latter genus, and all the Citheronians now accessible to me, has led me to the con- clusion that everywhere in this group the crossvein remains transverse. No steps that I can now clearly recognize as such have been taken, as in Aglia, towards an independence of IVz. But even were my former statement correct, the argument supposed to be drawn from it is futile. For the movement is secondary in its nature and would not indicate any necessary nearer connection between Agéia and Citheronta. What we want is primary character, underlying the general type of the wing and this we have found in the long stem of IV2 and IVr in Saturnia, together with the other comparative characters here discussed, as opposed to the issuance of IV2 from the crossvein in Agda, together with the equally opposing features above summarized.

We have above admitted that the peculiarly Citheronian type of the Agliadz, stands at a greater distance from Agta and Aufomeris than these two from each other. It remains here to point out these differ- ences and emphasize the conformity to a common type of wing. The wing in the Citheronians has pursued a slightly varying form of special- ization of the Media from the other groups of Emperor Moths, one that we meet on occasion again in the Day-Butterflies and also the Hawk Moths. How far this variation is caused by the mechanics of the wing, I cannot now enter upon. Vein IV1 travels up the lower edge of the Radius, and the extent of its absorption by the Radius is the measure of the specialization of the genera. These stand, in ascending order, Eacles, Citheronia, Anisota. 1 do not know the neuration of Sphingt- ¢ampa, nor whether it bears out my formerly expressed idea that it stood nearer to Zacles than to Citheronia. It is probably a specialized form. But although the wings of Citheronians are on the whole perhaps more specialized, as compared with Awsomeris, and in a different way, we have more than a reminder of the Aglian and Automerid pattern. The Radius is four-branched, and this is the natural precusory stage of the three-branched, here the Aglian and Automerid, wing. In Awisofa vein IJI1+2 has traveled up the Radius and is given off beyond the cell. In the median system vein [V2 inclines to the Radius, and vein IV3

«

29 JourNnAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. V1.

comes into near contact with the Cubitus, thus following the course of specialization in the entire group, by which the middle branch of the Media becomes radial in disintegration. But the pattern remains dis- tinctly Aglian, the veins are stiff, tend, even in the most highly special- ized forms, to remain equidistant, there is no effort to lead to the Saturnian pattern, indeed there seems no possibility of a progression in this direction, vein IV1 having taken quite a contrary course, a course entered upon already by the most generalized form, Zac/es. But this course is possible from the Aglian, not possible from the Saturnian types. Vein VIII of the secondaries is retained, while it is shortening. Know- ing, as we do from Dyar’s studies, that the larva conforms to the Satur- niades type, it becomesa matter of comparative less importance whether we confer upon the Citheronians family rank. Under this general view of the position of Cztheronia, we consider the slighter correspondences in venation with the Hawk Moths to stand in relation to the narrowing of the wings and the habit of pupating in the ground to have been separately acquired. ‘The Citheronians have pursued a peculiar path in evolution and one that stands in relation with their comparatively limited geographical distribution. They seem confined, as long ago pointed by me, to America, east of the rocky backbone of the two continents.

From the clear exposition of Dyar, Can. Ent., 28, 303, it seems im- possible to reconcile a phylogeny based on the larval tubercles of the Saturniades with the one proposed by me onthe neuration. ‘Taking the latter as the final appeal we are obliged to suppose, that A¢tacus and Saturnia on the one hand and Agia on the other have independently acquired the tubercles on anal plate. According tothe value placed by Dyar on these organs, I must agree that this seems impossible. On the other hand, I cannot find it probable, indeed, it scarcely seems to me possible, that Agfa (which, in the same wing pattern of venation, clearly represents a more specialized type than Aufomeris) should belong to the Saturnian branch and wing pattern, as a generalized type. Nor does it seem to me within the range of probability, that Aw/omeris or Citheronia could have produced the wing pattern of Hemzleuca. On our respective trees, the groups represented by Hemzleuca and Agha change places. The female antennz of Agia, Automeris and Cither- onia are of one type, so far as I can see; also those of Attacus, Satur- nia and Hemileuca hold together, both types appearing distinctive. Hlemileuca is just what one would expect of a generalized Saturnian ; Aglia, just what one could agree that a specialized Automerid might

March, 1898] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 23

be. Vein VIII on secondaries has been retained by the two ‘ lowest’’ groups on the respective branches, Hemzleuca and Citheronia, exactly as appears most natural, in my tree, wheras in Dyar’s Hemileuca goes to the top. The association of Hemileuca and Automeris as equivalent groups by Dyar seems, from this point of view, impossible. The whole wing pattern of the Agliid branch on my tree holds together, with Citheronia as its slightly dissenting feature, while the whole wing pat- tern of my Saturnian branch holds together without any discordant ele- ment whatever, unless the presence of VIII in Hemileuca is one, but this does not prevent Dyar placing it with Avfomeris. So that it is possible, from the neuration, to admit of three ‘‘ families :’’ Saturniadz, Agli- adz, Citheroniade. Further than this we cannot go, and the matter must be left for more light. If Aga belongs to the Saturnian branch and Hemileuca to the Automerid, then Dyar is correct, if not, then I am justified.

The strength of Dyar’s argument and his system in general lies in the indifferent nature of the position of the tubercles. Where such ornaments or their details can be proven to be useful to the organism, adaptive, they are clearly secondary and their importance fails. I cannot judge of the value of the tubercle on the anal plate, but must take Dyar’s word for it that it is primary. So we are ata deadlock. The pattern of the wing venation, not the position of the movable veins, is for me primary. In this case Hemileuca dis- plays the Saturnian pattern. The presence of vein VIII on second- aries is subordinate in value to this. Hemzleuca, from the pattern of neuration, can not, by any reasonable process, have either been derived from Awfomeris, or alongside of it, or represent its ancestor— the rdle Dyar expects to fill, since it is less specialized. Its capabilities are exceeded by one and allof these demands. Aztomeris, on the other hand, may very well have thrown off Agéa, indeed I believe that Agdia sprang from Automerid-like forms. I can also clearly see, that Saturnia must have sprung from Hemileucid-like forms. j So different are Saéwrnza and Agdéia they are with difficulty compared. Cvtheronia, while at the bottom, showing the Castnia-like pattern of Ag@a and Automeris, pre- sents a modification in the movement of vein 1V1, analogous to the Sphingidz, Pierids and Memeobius. Attacus and Saturnia show the Nymphalid movement of the meridian branches, but add to it the Pierid and Lyczenid specialization of the radial branches. Rothschildia taco- ée@ has the most specialized neuration of any lepidopteron known to me. On another line, the common White butterfly competes with it.

24 JourNAL NEw YoRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Not only does Rofthschildia carry the Nymphalid and Lyczenid secon- dary movement of the veins to an extreme, but it shows also the sub- primary Papilionid specialization of the hindwings, the inner margin hollowed out, and VIII vanished, characters evinced by the Attacinz. No better proof can be offered to sustain the thesis, that rank is a rela- tive conception and that corresponding specializations are worked out upon different phylogenetic iines. And we see that it is inevitable, that systematists like Mr. Scudder, who erect an imaginary sequence upon the fastening of the chrysalis, or other congruous class of facts, and finding some example, like Oemezs, which meets their fancied require- ments, proceed to place this ‘‘ at the head ”’ of the lepidoptera, must be doomed to disappointment.

The arrangement for the new check list may be provisionally laid down here, so far as embraced, by the two parts of my revision now published. I may say, that, so far as my preliminary studies are con- cerned, I believe to recognize eight superfamilies in the Lepidoptera : Papilionides, Hesperiades, Sphingides, Saturniades, Bombycides (Agro- tides), Tineides, Micropterygides and Hepialides. I would keep as near as may be to the Linnean sequence, transferring the Sesiadze and Anthroceridz from the Sphinges to the Tineides; and the Cosside, Apodidz, Ptychopsychidz and Psychidz from the Bombyces to the Tineides.

Tosumup: In Hemileuca, as in Saturnia, veins 1Vi and IV2 are furcate at the extremity of a long stem. This stem is morphologically the extension of that piece of the cross-vein lying between IV1 and the Radius. Vein IVr is thus prevented absolutely from ascending the Radius, as it can in Agwa and Automeris, where no such extension takes place or offers to take place, and does in C7/heronia. ‘The neur- ation here demands, in a positive manner, the classification advanced by me. No looking at the neuration ‘‘ broadly,’’ no trifling as to terms or the theoretical value of certain changes in the movable veins, can ever obscure this point, which proves that Ag/ia can never be brought into a connection, either as a derived or original representative form, with the typical Saturnians. ‘The dichotomy proposed by me is borne out by all exotic Saturnians I have been able to study. On the other hand, the reference of Adromis to the Sphingides is not positively de- manded by the neuration ; a shorter vein, connecting II and III, and bending down II, near base of hindwings is present in Bombyx mort. From uncompleted studies in the Lachneide, this may not be homol- ogots. The union is at most not contradicted strongly. It becomes

‘March, 1898.] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 25

somewhat probable by the extension of the movable pupa from the web, a character not found in the Bombycides (Agrotides).

A, PAPILIONIDES.

Fam. I. PARNASSIIDA. Type. P. apollo. “ II. PAPILIONID. “ P. machaon. B. HESPERIADES. Fam. III. PIErRIDé&. Type. P. rape. “ 1V. NyMPHALIDA. “ON, lucilla, & V. AGAPETIDA. “A. galathea. 46 VI. LIMNADID. “OL. chrysippus. “6 VIL. LipyrHeicé®. CC GCL ES 46 VILT. NEMEOBIIDA. “OWN, lucina. Be IX. RrioDInID& “OR, Lysippus. “6 X. LYC@nNID&. « L. endymion (teste Scudder.) “ XI. MEGATHYMIDA, “ OM. yucce. ee XII. HESPERIADA. “« H, male. C, SPHINGIDES. Fam. XIIT. ENDROMIDID. Type. #. versicolor. “XIV. «=SPHINGIDA. < S. ligustré. D. SATURNIADES. Fam. XV. SATURNIADA. Type, S. pavonta maior. « XVI. AGLIADA. Ke cate « XVII. CiITHERONIADA WO (CR aed

EXPLANATIONS OF PLATES II AND III.

The accompanying figures of the neuration of Saturniades are obtained by photo- graphic process and may thus be relied upon for exactness. The numbering of the veins is in accordance with the corrected Redtenbacher-Comstock system as applied to the Lepidoptera. IIL1— Radial veins; 1V— Median veins; V = Cubital veins.

Fig. 1.—Saturnia pavonia maior. This and the succeeding represent the Saturnian type, in which I1V2 becomes continuous with IV1. The crossvein ap- pears to obtain merely between IV2 and IV1 the middle branch of the Media becomes Radial. In the Attacinze, here not represented, the crossvein vanishes.

Fig. 2.—Hemileuca maia,—The same Saturnian type is exhibited with the secondary distinctions that vein II1I1-++-2 springs from the Radius above the cell. In Saturnia it has travelled upwards toa point just before apex; by this character Hemileuca is more generalized. Also with the difference that vein VIII of hind ‘wings, suppressed in A¢facus and Saturnia, is here retained. Else it equals Saturnia.

Fig. 3.—Agla tau, This and the succeeding figure represent the Aglian type of wing. Attention is called to the oblique outward direction of the still uneven portion of the crossvein between IV2 and IV1, the first indication of a secondary movement tending to the disintegration of the system of the Media.

Fig. 4.—Automeris io. The crossvein is transverse, and no indication of the secondary movement of the crossvein in Ag/za is observed. The point of issue of I1I1-+-2 is removed further towards the base of the wing. In these two points the Automerid wing lags behind, or is more generalized, than the typical Aglian wing. Else it equals 4g/ia.

JourNnaL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

26

‘sapeiurtiyes ‘q ‘sapisutyds “9 ‘LV prisV *epRIUIN}ES ‘xepeluoray NG ‘episuryds : , : ee DAD Ee “UII IW9 FT ‘euULIAWO Ny _ ‘eurIsV *RURIUINILS "ULILY

*"NOILVYNEN AHL OL ATAAIHD AONAAAAAA HLIM SHLOJ YOUAMWY GNV AMV]] AHL AO SAAYL TVOIOOTVANAL) GaSOdONd

March, 1898.] WEBSTER: DEVELOPMENT OF DRASTERIA ERECHTEA. 27

NOTES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRASTERIA ERECHTEA (Cramer).*

PLATES IV AND V.

By F. M. WEBSTER.

The preparatory stages of this species have been studied by Professor French,} and I have no expectation of adding anything to his careful and painstaking work. Mr. M. V. Slingerland{ has also reared the species from the egg, but his studies relate more especially to the char- acters of the adults and those of closely allied species and varieties. My own studies were begun with the idea of watching the individual devel- opment of the young as closely as I was able, gleaning any points re- garding such development as was possible, and which had not been al- ready recorded. I can hardly claim that the work was premeditated, as, but for what might be termed a bit of carelessness, the study would have never been commenced.

September 24th, I captured a female moth and, killing her as was supposed, placed her on the setting board. On the following day it was found that she had revived and though unable to release herself, had struggled about and completely ruined herself so far as a desirable specimen was concerned (which I later had cause to regret), and, in the meanwhile, deposited a number of eggs. As she was captured among grass and clover, it was probably during the performance of that duty that she fell into my hands, and the labor was finished while pinned upon the setting board.

The eggs were of a malachite green, as described by Professor French, but I found them somewhat more flattened at the poles than he has described, though the drawings made from alcoholic specimens hardly represent them as they appear when freshly deposited, the flat- tening at the poles being closely illustrated by the appearance of the upper end in the middle of the three illustrations on Plate IV, the eggs from which drawing was made being those deposited by an unmated female.

The eggs were placed near a bunch of grass, transplanted to the vivarium, but they hatched while no one was about the insectary to ob-

*Read before Section “ F,” Zoology, of A.A.A.S., Detroit, Michigan, August 10 1897.

+Papilio, Vol. IV, pp. 148-149.

tInsect Life, Vol. V, pp. 87-88.

28 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. V1.

serve them, and it was not until several days that the young were found on the blades of timothy. On October roth, however, they were found, and at that time had precisely the appearance that French ascribes to the larvze before first moult, viz., the two extremities of the body were of a pinkish color while the intermediate portion was of a greenish hue, which I ascribed at the time to the color of the food showing through the almost transparent walls of the body. In this case, I believe the egg stage was about twelve days, instead of five days, as observed by Professor French, as the eggs had not hatched on October 8th, and the larvee did not show the reddish stripes, which indicate the period fol- lowing first moult, on October 12th, but did show them on the 14th. ‘This would give an egg period of twelve days, and the larval period to first moult five or six days, instead of three, as Professor French found it to be at Carbondale, Illinois. Was this difference due to latitude or to the advanced season when my observations were made? This will certainly be an interesting question. The very young larve have every appearance of belonging to the Geometridz, and when feeding on the blades of grass, eat the substance of the blades only, leaving the veins and the epidermis almost intact. After the first moult they begin to eat through the leaves and along the edges, causing cleanly cut notches. The grass plant was now enclosed by a glass cylinder placed in a ver- tical position, and the larve, by jerking the posterior part of the body while hanging to the grass blades by the feet, threw the excreta away from them, and it could be observed in abundance on the inside of the glass, where it had been caught and held by the moisture collected there. If in any way disturbed, however, they hang by the penulti- mate and anal pairs of feet and wave the body about frantically, and then remain quiet, clinging by the three pairs of prolegs, the body arched nearly in the form of the letter 5, the anterior feet and legs bent backward beneath the body, which is usually placed parallel with the blade on which it is stationed, but not holding to or touching it. On November 4th, some of the larvee were observed in the act of moulting, the first time I had observed them to do so, though this was doubtless on account of my not having been able to give them daily attention. It will be observed that these larvae were now a few days less than a month old. Professor French found the date of last moult to vary from 19 to 25 days from hatching.

My larvee had now become reduced to six, and by the roth of Novem- ber, these varied so greatly in size that I was led to measure the lot, and by so doing found that there were really two series, in point of

March, 1898] WEBSTER: DEVELOPMENT OF DRASTERIA ERECHTEA. 29

size, each series comprising three individuals and measuring in length as follows: 1 inch; 14); inches; 1} inches, and 4} inch; 13 inch; and inch. The larva measuring +4 inch moulted on November roth.

On account of being almost continually absent from home, I was now compelled to turn the larve over to my assistant, Mr. C. W. Mally, who gave them nearly all the attention they had throughout the re- mainder of the time that they were under observation.

After December 1, the larve appeared to increase in size very rap- idly, the larger ones becoming lighter in color, and could hardly be distinguished from the yellowish and brown blades of grass, more or less eaten, and along which they would stretch themselves and remain for a long time, occasionally moving the head from side to side with a sort of trembling motion. This protective coloration had been observed from the time of the first moult of the larve, the brown stripes and greenish background blending with the discoloration of the part of the blades of grass that had been attacked, while the lighter green corre- sponded with the portions of uneaten epidermis, backed by the green color of the blades behind them. As the larvee became more aged the colorschanged to a more decided brown hue, intermingled with yellow- ish, and with this change there came a decided disposition to pass more of the time nearer the base of the grass plants, where these colors pre- dominated, than higher up, where the prevailing color was a uniform green. Earlier in the life of the larvee, the upper portion of the blades of grass were more generally attacked, none being cut off from below and falling down to turn to yellow and brown, while now at this later period,many blades were eaten only for a short distance above the ground: and falling down took on the yellow and brown. Whatever might have caused this change of habit, it was certainly not on account of the lower portions of the blades being more tender and succulent, though with the continually increasing bulk of the individual larva there would naturally follow a greater aversion to activity, and a less disposition to climb to the higher portion of the blades of grass. It seems to me that we here have a most interesting case of adaptation, and one that was not anticipated when these observations began.

On December 3 the three larger larvee began to show signs of un- easiness, crawling about the cages, and again stretched at full length on the side of the same, and again down among the grass, feeding.

December 7, one of the larger larva, which will be hereafter desig-

_nated as No. 1, and the adult and chrysalis is shown under this number in the illustrations, settled down in a corner of the breeding cage, fas-

30 JourNnAL NEw YoRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

tened a few silky threads over itself, a labor which was completed the following day, and passed into the pupal stage, having passed a larval period of, approximately, sixty-one days, and seventy-four days from time of deposition of the egg.

The remaining two of the three larger larvee crawled down to the bottom of the breeding cage and began constructing their cocoons, but died before pupating. The imago of larva No. 1, issued January 13, 1897, thus giving a pupal period of thirty-five days, and one hundred and nine days from date of oviposition.

Of the series of three smaller larvee, after December 4, two of them increased in size very rapidly, and, in fact, seemed to be gaining upon those of the first series, while the third, which, so far as could be de- termined, had continued to be the smaller since the time of measure- ment on November 19, did not increase in size so rapidly. While the two just mentioned became slightly lighter in color, precisely as had the three larger ones, this one continued to be much smaller and darker in color, the blackish stripes being quite conspicuous.

The first larva of the three smaller ones to pupate will be designated as No. 2, the moth and cocoon beeing so numbered in the accompany- ing illustration. This was one of the two light colored larvee of this series, and began fastening the blades of grass together on the night of December 8, the imago issuing January 19, 1897, after a pupal period of forty-one days, and one hundred and fifteen days from date of ovi- position of the egg.

The third larva reared to the adult moth will be designated as No. 3, including adult and cocoon. This was second of the lighter colored of the second and smaller series, and began pupating during the night of December 9g, but did not finish doing so until the following day, leav- ing the blades of grass which it had begun fastening together, with the evident intention of constructing a cocoon therefrom, and appropriated a bit of cotton that happened to be within reach, and constructed its cocoon from that, thus forsaking a natural material for an artificial, and seemingly one of more practical utility. The imago appeared January 23, 1897, after a pupal period of forty-four days, and one hundred and seven days from the deposition of the egg.

The third of this series and the smallest of the larve studied, escaped from its breeding cage, December 15, evidently when searching about for a satisfactory place in which to spin its cocoon. It continued to be of a darker color throughout, but had attained to the same size as° its fellows. Later, an adult of this species was found dead in the insec-

March, 1898.] WEBSTER: DEVELOPMENT OF DRASTERIA ERECHTEA. 31

tary, during the latter part of January, and as this was the only example found and the date of finding corresponds so nearly with that of the appearance of the remainder of the whole series, together with the fact that there was hardly a possibility of a larva having been unintentionally introduced from without, there is little doubt but that this was the imago from the larva which had escaped from its breeding cage. It was very similar to No. 1, being about the same size, but somewhat darker in color. The mother of the whole three being lighter and of the type of No. 2.

About October 10, 1896, Mr. Mally brought in from the fields three larvee, seemingly nearly full grown, and these were placed on clover and blue grass in a breeding cage in the insectary. About October 22, all three of these formed cocoons similar to the one shown in No. 4, which is composed of three clover leaflets fastened together, while still attached to the petiole, thus making a neat and deceptive case, having three quite conspicuous angles. The weight of the pupa of course caused them to turn downward, but even then they appeared like a drooping, withered leaf, and for this reason very apt to be overlooked. One of these three pupz was preserved for a cabinet specimen, the second died, while the third transformed December 6, and is shown with cocoon in No. 4.

Of two larve brought in from the fields and placed in jelly cups about October 21, one formed a very slight cocoon of silk as shown in No. 5, and the other fastened blades of grass together, as shown in No. 6, notwithstanding both were supplied with grass for food, and hence both had the same material from which to construct their cocoons. The imagos both appeared December 18, 1896.

The latitude of Wooster, Ohio, where these experiments were carried on, is 40° 48/, while that of Carbondale, Illinois, where Professor French studied the species, is about 37° 45’. It will be observed that with him the egg period was less than half as long as with me, while with him the species developed in from 41 to 66 days from the egg, the majority going from 48 to 53 days, with me this period varied from 107 to 115 days. The eggs which furnished the basis for his breedings were deposited August 13, and those which I followed were deposited on September 24 or 25.

I am quite certain that, here in northern Ohio, the insect goes into the winter in the larval stage, as I have observed nearly full grown larvze crawling about after the middle of November, though hibernation may also occur with pupz or even adults. In southern Ohio, I have ob- served seemingly freshly emerged adults early in April. All of my

32 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol VI.

larve upon which these studies are based were kept in the insectary,. and in a temperature varying probably from 60° to 75° Fah.

The species is a grass as well as a clover insect, as will be observed. from the foregoing, and asthe striped body of the larvae would indicate, but it would seem that the clover leaf is especially desirable as material’ for constructing the cocoon, and it is just possible that the lack of this: building material would account for the great variation in tastes in select- ing such as was at hand to supply the place of clover leaves, thus the better illustrating natural selection.

The variation in rapidity of growth I am totally unable to account for, as there was an abundance of food, and the larve were never crowded. With the individual variation in size and time required for development in the larvee, as well as their difference in coloration, to- gether with the equally striking difference in the appearance of the adult, it would seem that in this case at least individual variation offered no very narrow basis for the evolution of forms, which, under a favor- able environment, might still further progress through varieties to species.. That this may have actually transpired, is witnessed by the exceedingly close resemblance between Drasteria erechtea Cram. and D. crassiuscula Haw., either one of which might have given origin to the other, through the same course of evolution as that, seemingly, being followed at pres- ent by varieties agricola G. & R., ochrea Grt., and adstincta Neum., the two latter being considered by Mr. Slingerland as varieties of D. crassz- uscuda. It only requires that these varieties become sterile to each other and the parent stock when crossed, in order for them to become species,. as valid as either of the two just mentioned.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES IV AND V.

Fig. 1. Dvrasteria erechtea and cocoon.

66

Eggs, enlarged (pl. IV).

2 3) 4. 66 5. 66 66 66 66 6 7° 8. Larva, enlarged (pl. V).

March, 1898-] Dyar: New NortH AMERICAN MOTHS. 33

NEW AMERICAN MOTHS AND SYNONYMICAL NOTES.

By Harrison G. Dyar, Pu.D.

LITHOSIIDZZ.

Hyproprepia mexicana Druace.

1885. Lithosta mexicana DRuvCcE, Biol. Cent. Am. Lep, I, 131, pl. 13 ff 2, 3.

1892. Crambidia mexicana KIRBY, Cat. Lep. Het. I, 338.

Dark mouse gray, a narrow yellow line on costa, through middle of cell to mar- gin and along the internal margin, just a trace on the outer half of submedian fold. Secondaries all gray. Sides and posterior part of thorax and tip of abdomen pink.

Two specimens, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H.G. Hubbard). Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.

More heavily shaded with gray than in the specimen figured by Druce, but doubtless conspecific.

Bruceia hubbardi, sp. nov.

Similar tu 2. pulverina Neum., but smaller. The colors are the same in both species but the diffuse dark powderings of fore wings are differently shaped. In hubbardi there isa series of terminal dots, absent in fz/verzna, and there is a dis- tinct angular line resting on anal angle where in fw/verina there is only a diffuse powdering. Expanse, 22-25 mm.

1é, 29 9 Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H, G. Hubbard), July 4. Type no. 3840, U. S. Nat. Mus.

Crambidia lithosioides, sp. nov.

Dark slate gray, secondaries lighter at base. A very narrow pale yellow line along costa almost to apex, along anterior edge of collar, broken centrally, and on posterior orbits faintly; otherwise immaculate. Expanse, 2I mm.

One 9, Texas. (Belfrage.) Type No. 3784, U.S. Nat. Mus. Resembles Lithosia bicolor.

Crambidia uniformis, sp. nov.

Dark slate gray, all the veins of primaries finely lined in dull-ocherous; second aries and abdomen a shade paler gray. Expanse,19 mm.

One 9, Washington, D. C. (F. C. Pratt). Type No. 3790, U. S. Nat. Mus.

Size and appearance of C. /ithosioides, but without the ocherous costa.

Palpidia, gen. nov.

Primaries 12-veined, median 4-branched, veins 3 and 4 on a short stalk, 7 to 9 stalked, 10 from the apex of the cell; 11 from sub-costal. Secondaries 8-veined,

34 JourNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

median 3-branched, 3 and 4 stalked, 5 from the cross-vein, weak, 6 and 7 frem the apex of the cell, 8 joined to subcostal for one-third of the length of the cell. Frenu- lum divided (9).

Eyes large, no ocelli; antennz simple (9 ), palpi long, obliquely ascending twice as long as the head and rising above the vertex, second joint long, closely sealed, third distinct, smabl. Body slender, legs with long spurs, two pair on the hind tibze; wings long, narrow, the costa nearly straight but depressed at apical third, outer margin straight, curved at anal angle; secondaries considerably shorter than primaries.

In the synoptic table falls with Zanfura Kirb., but this genus possesses ocelli and must be removed to the Noctuidz (see later in this

article).

Palpidia pallidior, sp. nov. .

Pale ocherous, veins pale ocherous, all the interspaces thickly irrorate with black scales. Secondaries whitish.

One ¢@. Cocoanut Grove, Florida (EK. A. Schwarz). Type No. 3783, U.S. Nat. Mus.

Resembles Crambidia pallida Pack.

EUCHROMIIDA. Lycomorpha /arvis.

The account of this genus by Neumoegen and Dyar (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., I, 102) contains two important errors. We did not observe that vein 8 was present on the hind wings of coccinea Hy. Edw., having only examined the type without removing it from the drawer, and hence wrongly allowed it to remain in Lycomorpha. We mistook for ZL. fut- gens Edw. the specimens which stand in the Edwards collection as Ptychoglene equalis and described these. It will be noticed that our description contradicts Edwards’ original one (Papilio I, 116). These specimens bear a label, I think, in Mr. Schaus’ handwriting, but they do not belong to Ptychoglene, as vein 8 of secondaries is absent; more- over they do not fit Walker’s description of P. @gualis, as the costal edge is not black and the thorax is red instead of black. I propose to call them Lycomorpha schaust.

Lycomorpha pulchra, sp. nov.

Head and body black; thorax above, including collar and patagia, red. Wings bright red, the fringes of both narrowly black and a very narrow black line on the outer fourth of costa and internal margin of primaries. Expanse, 25 mm.

1 6, Texas (Belfrage). Type No. 3786, U.S. Nat. Mus. Of the species described as Lycomorpha, sinuata and coccinea Hy. Edw. belong to Ptychoglene (Arctiide); mexicana Druce, constans,

March, 1898.] Dyar: New NortH AMERICAN MOTHs. 35

vata, latercula and fusca. Hy. Edw. to Triprocris; marginata, notha Hy. Edw. and centralis Walk. to Pyromorpha (Pyromorphide); augusta Hy. Edw. is a Euchromian, but it does not belong to Lycomorpha as vein 10 is stalked on fore wings and 5 is present on hind wings. It may form a new genus when this family is revised, or may come in some genus at present unknown to me. It falls into Cfenwcha in the synopsis. From the description I think vegza Schaus must go with it. Of the other species I have seen but half, and they may not all be con- generic. Judging from the above, they may belong anywhere in five genera of three families, representing two super-families. But, assuming them to be congeneric, they separate as follows. Those which I have reason to believe correctly placed generically are preceded by an as- terisk. Species not placed, ch/ora Schauf.

Synopsis of Lycomorpha.

~., “Dia GUS as See een ne Ree arn re AM Lin tin BEA earth 2 minora blacks. patazia red OF yellow. a\<tavsre cis see coe bie «ale ore als «je a's <iasein 3 BREAN AMEE Oy ateter n’afeleia sieiaie’, «orev ialakece eres aya cisions) amare clots! slabeys arate o-clot theta orate 8

2. Secondaries dull orange, with narrow black margin...........-.. teos Schaus. Secondaries with a broad black margin.............. viridiceps Feld & Rog.

3. Primaries with black reaching from outer margin to near middle of wing..... 4. Black border of primaries covering about one-third of wing...............- 6 BlACKaDOrdemContined to thes inn Pe sal) stcersteicvofeciereieleleisielersieleiclaysieisieley< efetels 7

Ae Outen plac kainvthe) form ofa) DOLGebar. snisicie dine ole cieleleleyerersieisic/a|eieisiel= «(sels sie.e 5 Ontewolackia longitudinal: band...¢2 ccc secccccteesce sac *fumata J/oschl.

BRGTIALIESHOTAN ZEAL DASC).)a < ic iaiapac/see mg cr alsieraie xls. o Sereveierertieleraie's *pholus Drz. EHATIES COAL DASE. wists sine ented alles a ele ails cies seielble 8 *miniata Pack.

6, Secondaries black almost to costal margin..... .......contermina Ay. Edw. Secondaries black on outer half...,........ nisferetasieverete desertus ¢ Ay. Zdw,

47. Red; secondaries nearly all black...... FOU SDGUDOOUICAAC *fulgens Hy. Edw.

“Orange ; secondaries with fringe only black........... .... anacreon Druce. $8. Primaries red, with rather broad outer black border.......... *schausi Dyar. PSMHMARIESRL CH paWEMD DIA CK) TKI OC rave; ori diey/ous coselat=: oie )etaretsiel <ieinle lofalelw/a)x's's|s.sicin'sl= 9

Primaries orange, with two transverse black bands....desertus 2 Ay. Zdw. 9. Secondaries with outer black border covering half or more of wing..*grotei Pack. Secondaries with only the fringe black.............e0eeeees *pulchra Dyar.

ARCTIID:.

In my revision of genera (Can. Ent. XXIX, 212), I included two with ‘‘ vein 8 of secondaries wanting.’’ This is not strictly the case in the sense that vein 8 is wanting in the Euchromiidz by coalescence with 7, for in the series culminating in Luwpseudosoma and Eucereon it has disappeared by atrophy, apparently, while in Bertho/dia it is vein 6

36 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VE.

that has disappeared by coalescence with 7. In some species of this group vein 8 coalesces with 7 to end of cell, producing the appearance of the absence of vein 8. These two groups of Phzegopterids are thus essentially Arctian, though apparently showing the Euchromian struc- ture.

Bertholdia was erected by Mr. Schaus in this Journal (IV, 137) with type specularis H. S., containing three species. These are superficially recognizable by the large triangular vitreous patch on costa, but other species without this mark must ultimately come in the genus. Mr. Schaus has kindly given me a number of specimens of Sertholda, among which I recognize a new form, apparently uncharacterized.

Bertholdia schausiana, sp. nov.

Intermediate between sfecularis and ¢rigona. Primaries lead color, shaded with pink more or less, especially toward anal angle, dotted with black. Costa red, ex- cept at the vitreous patch, whereit is yellow. The patch is excavated superiorly be- tween vein 6 and costa, produced outward in the interspace 5—6 or simply angled, the lower border nearly straight, lightly shaded with yellow, the veins black dotted. The shape is most like ¢7zgona but distinctly angled in the interspace 5—6 and not pointed below. Basal yellow spots absent, or one small one present. Body and hind wings . as in ¢rigona. Expanse, 33-39 mm.

1,39 9 from Mr. Schaus without locality. (Coll. Dyar.)

Synopsis of Species. (Group r with large vitreous patch.)

1. Secondaries vitreous with gray outer border.............-. specularis 7. S. Secondaries white, without gray border.............c0--ceceenseoeee GOO eye 2. Primaries with white subterminal line................. albipunctata Schaus. Primaries ‘without this limes 5). ceckydic crore sors els epee one erate: «evi eve eters ate: mee ere Be

3. Subapical patch rounded below, scarcely crossing vein 4; basal spots reduced schausiana Dyar..

Subapical patch pointed below to vein 3, or further expanding downward ; basal spots usually expanded ......... se oaDoDG.COOG! Goud ee iarsiend trigona Grote.

Gorgonidia, gen. nov.

Primaries with median vein 4 branched, cross vein of cell slightly concave, 6: from the apex of cell, 7-10 stalked ; secondaries with vein § absent, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 joining the subcostal for over half the length of the cell. Wing long, produced, the secondaries small, trigonate. Palpi robust, not reaching vertex of head, first andi second joints subequal, third minute. Ocelli touching the eye. Male antenne serrate ciliate. Two pair of spurs on hind tibize.

The male has a stridulating organ on the thorax like that of the Asiatic genus Dionychopus, 2. ¢., SécJosoma (?) nivens Ménét. of Kirby’s. catalogue. (See Psyche, VII, 415, for description. )

March, 1898.] Dyar: New NortH AMERICAN MOoTHs. 37

Gorgonidia mirabilior, sp. nov.

Primaries vermilion red, crossed from the costal margin nearly to the middle by three yellow bands, narrowing inferiorly and edged with black except below; an elongated slate colored patch beyond the cell reaching the margin, sharply truncate basally, its lower inner angle produced to join a large rounded similarly colored patch which rests on the anal angle separated from the edge by a narrow red line and reach- ing above to vein 2 and basally to near the middle of the wing. Secondaries pink- ish red, vermilion on costa and internal margin. Body vermilion, ocherous tinted on head and front of thorax ; posterior edge of collar pink in the middle. Posterior edges of abdominal segments below narrowly white. Femora, tibiae and tarsi black, lined and powdered with white.

1 ¢, Piches & Perene Vs., 2,000—3,000 feet, Peru. (Soc. Geog. de Lima). Type No. 3791, U.S. Nat. Mus.

Closely allied to Zatrephes buckley: Druce from Ecuador, and Z. garleppi Druce from Bolivia, which will also come in this genus.

Trichromia neretina, sp. nov.

Head dark ochre yellow on vertex, front purplish brown. Thorax purple brown; abdomen bright red dorsally, pale yellow below; legs pale yellow, fore femora bright red in tront, tibize and tarsi outwardly ocherous. Fore wings purplish brown, a yellow band from middle of..costa to middle of outer margin, very narrow and dis- located (at vein 4 ) centrally, wide on the margins and running very narrowly along ‘costa, more widely along outer margin to apex, cutting off the apical portion of the ground color into a rounded spot. The ground color is darkened where it joins the yellow. Secondaries straw yellow, tinted with ochre on the margins. Below as above, but the dark marks fainter, the basal patch pale and diluted with pink, the apical one more uniformly slaty. Expanse, 27 mm.

1 6, Piches & Perene Vs., Peru, 2,000-3,000 feet. (Soc. Geog. de Lima.) Type No. 3792, U.S. Nat. Mus.

Very similar to Veritos repanda Walk., but entirely without the sex mark.

Trichromia and Veritos may probably be separated by the sex mark, if not otherwise; but at present the species are mixed and I list them together below. Six of the species listed by Kirby seem not con- generic. I have not examined specimens, but think that amas¢ris and asana Druce, as well as cu¢heans Druce (described since the catalogue) will fall near, if not in Bertholdia Schaus.

Synopsis of the similar species of Trichromia and Neritos.

Mem SeCONdares dark, DYOWD. 2/6010 0/0 olcie's » si=\-l25/s)olelnielsieis sais civ siaipis sles es «ese 2 Secondaries pale yellow or pink.........-ceseeeceeesccees pecs cafel sikiaterehsie: s/s 4 2. Yellow band of primaries broken in the middle................. onytes Cr. Mellow, band) crossing the Wingy < s/scejs)s ole aitelsis els niincclocina cs svcesnscewce 3 3. Abdomen dark, head red. ....6. ccc cee cece teeter ssc scene psamas Cr.

Abdomen red above, head yellow...........2eeseeeeesees sithnides Druce.

38 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. V2.

4. Yellow band of primaries crossing the Wing. ..........2.ceeeeecsccees éo00 5 Yellow band broken in the middle..................- eyaieete (tere wisteniee arecres CO 5. Abdomen red or pink above..... Hy GUO KUEG ObUsuCnobadgdousooad saiiewtie , 6 Albdomen: syellowss is sei sjeyeranschis mite told eewiets ca evs aise araree Netancnene etalon ter eveis teins belatsle mes Omteadiyellow,secondariess pinks: senna meee eens patara Druce. Head ocherous on vertex only ; secondaries yellow...... Sala tavase else ool ake waierece ete 7 Head reddish brown, secondaries yellow............. ..0.-+> samos Druce. 7. Male with elliptical sex mark near base of fore wing.......... repanda W/é. Malejwithoutiaisexsmarkisnvry. ctor lstsietee scereieirenieiee iets .. Meretina Dyar. 8: Head yellow ac yercs srsncieieiiclostmenc errs stibiiz webigiaie a caladarebe em eRe s tipolis Druce. Head gray...... naive’ whale Tacauatcite lett uatlenetare vu: Siajedeuntavereyanstemetrenonn eats pandera Schaus. g. \Costalspot yellowtroccja:: citer s cccrctet cvssiors aveysiciee choeae sotto ss flavoroseus Wa/k. Costal spot broadly centered with brown... ............-- ....cotes Druce.

Trichromia is not a Lithosian, as placed in Kirby’s catalogue, as ocelli are present. ‘The neuration of the species here described is as follows :

Primaries with 4-branched median, cross-vein of cell strongly angulated, form- ing a right angle, 6 from the apex, 7-10 stalked, 10 given off before 7, 11 close to apex of cell, 12 from base. Secondaries with two internal veins, median 3-branched, veins 3 and 4 on a long stalk, 5 absent, cross vein angled, 6 and 7 on a long stalk, $ joining the subcostal for only about one-third of the cell, curving and rather remote from 7, strong. Tuibialspurs normal, small. The ocellus is pale, situated in a black ring which is about as wide as the diameter of the ocellus itself and does not touch the eye.

Pygarctia muricolor, sp. nov.

Fore wing mouse gray with a slight bronzy reflection, translucent except along the margins and apically; hiad wing translucent grayish, darker along the outer margin, pale at the anal angle. Head dark gray in front, vertex ochre yellow ; collar mouse gray, narrowly edged with ochre behind ; thorax gray, the edges of the pata- gia a shade lighter; below ocherous, including coxz; legs gray. Abdomen buff, a dorsal row of small dots and a rather broad lateral band mouse gray. LExpanse, 41 mm.

1g, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H. G. Hubbard). Type No. 3787, U. S. Nat. Mus.

To give a wider comparison with southern forms this species may be provisionally placed in the genus Opfharws Walk. on superficial resem- blance. ‘The following are its structural characters :

Accesory cell present, veins 7-10 from its apex, 8 and 9 stalked; 8 of secondaries joining cell for half its length, faint at the tip; no veins absent. Palpi oblique, por- rect, not reaching the vertex, first and second joints subequal, third half of the sec- ond ; tibial spurs normal, short. Body slender; antennz long ; hind wings rather large.

Assuming the described species of Ofharus to be congeneric, they would separate as follows :

March, 1808 ] Dyar: New NortH AMERICAN MOrTHs. 39

1. Abdomen continuously marked with orange or yellow, not transversely

aril eul smeepeeeetetcreretate Tart cvciobeicisteis [el avoveboyaiey se) Siel's eirails) a) cel spel'e pie le csipyave isieye fare mie 2 Abdomen not con*inuously orange, transversely banded or spotted with pale, 6 PAO OMMING awit Ol bstaTKS walks pciciararovalere uel leveiejeiciel= sie e.sile.clsleicis/etevelers eysie II

2. Abdomen dark dorsally............... sie stderaierpustenaie apenetssie basalis Walk. Abdomen ocherous dorsally.......... Sao6s00 Bieiotetabeiclniniatorsieieveletsle atetousfaters 3

2. Abdomen with lateral spots.......... aoobooedac dic SonCOODHO NOE AaSH.aOr 4 NN OMenewitheanlateral pany. ate. ccve: a\clet sie masuels erefovermteyiel ove ey cicilasene'ole e's icjalerere 5

4. Secondaries unicolorous, translucent at base..... . euchetiformis Ay. Zdw. Secondaries ocherous on basal half........ SCRE OC OAC CRON ruficollis Drace.

5. Abdomen blackish below...... § 6, COU RHIOON Go.0 coau BO OOOUC gemma Schaus. PU DMOMPHEQGHEFOUS: DELOW ss c:¢ «6.00 a s)s eis 0s «= 'vinwiueiel acne v6 muricolor Dyar.

6 Abdomen yellow or red, transversely black banded ............ breyeverenteverers Hf Abdomen dark brown, spotted with testaceous or white....... DHaaC 5 ©

7. Secondaries brownish..... Riuchey ave era cetaset ate <siee ake aay, Natotane eieianevevetederare Gio lonerats 8 Secondaries pink on internal margin...............0..00- .rhodosoma 42/7.

Sa larces twonyellow dots onl head. «. .. .<jcis.ecjeee oon cee slice oscie gigas Dogn. Smaller, thorax with small blue dots................. albipunctatus Druce.

9. Abdomen with testaceous spots on the sides..............procrioides /Va/k. Abdomen banded with yellowish and with white spots...... mundator Drace. NGO HOA TAMA WAN Got Ose ooassouposodscoubcnod Cosouuonanododc fe)

10. Two lateral rows of white spots on abdomen...............4. tristis Schazs. Cine GHeln JANSEN TON eogogncoodooadon GosdaDboooboAHuOdoI. dolens Druce.

PEP MMSE LIN ATIOS TOW MMalafs1e) eh, <iets 616; staleia, setelajy wicca S ciete lish <yaleiet> carbonarius Dogz. PTMIMNES EN. ce bboowanaedhe bdotodd bacdonoDDDdKdodbobOdEd Gdboce son 12 [27a darker shade) crossing the celles... < .js.06cs0ce eee sc cs morosus Schauws. Primaries uniform dark gray......... 5 Sica eieranerats Buena: ge lugubris Schaws.

Ptychoglene flammans, sp. nov.

Deep bluish black. Fore wings bright scarlet, the outer margin broadly black, broadest at anal angle and twice inwardly waved, namely at submedian and discal folds ; inner margin narrowly lined with black. Costal edge of secondaries broadly red on basal two-thirds. Below as above, the outer border of primaries straighter within. Expanse, 31 mm.

2 6%. Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H. G. Hubbard). Type No. 3785, U.S. Nat. Mus.

Apparently allied to Ahrada Druce, but the border of primaries is irregular.

Ptychoglene has the venation of Zubaphe, but differs in the longer narrower fore wings. In this genus will also come coccinea Hy. Edw. as North American.

Of the described species, porfonia Druce is Eubaphe ostenta Hy. Edw.; sp/endida Druce is green and can hardly belong to this genus. The others separate as follows. I have marked with an asterisk those examined by me.

40 JournaL NEw YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

To) Hhorax,yincludinewpataciaiblackreyertyecty-tieieetclelel tale ciep-isle mod metedctl-tertarate \2 Patagia red or orange, at least at base. ..5.......00-eeeccecterens coce 6 Mhorax, meludimempatagias ned ay .cine etererstien rel ieietel= ..*coccinea Hy, Edw.

2. Primaries black along costal edge .............5.-005- VEDgdoooodoD Hodion ss < Primaries :ed along costal edge............ ..--- Lege nate eisro oratetay ome roverstisvaters 5

2B.) Secondaries) black except alompCOstarreiaiets setters token afeieineieteraretstet= terete 4 Secondaries red with black border........... .2.-eeeee- *sanguineola Zav.

4. Costal edging of primaries broad .............00-0e00- *erythrophora edd. Costal edging of primaries narrow ..........-..606- Uonaee seks zqualis Walk.

54. Outer border events .)-mi-eaie cee esc a Ni erat Bey rca ste phrada Druce. @uter borderitwicerdentate:|s =o cn- saciees cio sieieireretorte *flammans Dyar. Outer border sinuately widened below......... apetene cheretors *sinuata Ay. Edw.

6°) Costall margin of primaries red) 2s). elocie e ee) aoe w cles s=-elel lela) <-1-1-1 aye Costal margin’black atbase <2. 2. de.-0cs ses an Eee eae snares ira Druce.

fe secondaries blackvor mostly Sonat pects ict lees lel ereier«eletsiereieiel | eitvabr=ts 8 Secondaries orange on basal half .............00eeeeeee- pamphylia Drace.

8. Primaries black except red costal line.............. rubromarginata Druce. Costal half of wing red................- iebaleleie sional gisrstetsia xylophila Drace. Primaries red, outer margin broadly black.......... sopo006 pertunda Druce.

NYCTEOLIDA.

Arctiide, Nycteoline, HAMPSON, Moths of India II, 128. Noctuide, Sarrothripine, HAMPSON, Moths of India IT, 365: Cymbide, KirByY, Cat. Lep. Het. I, 279.

Nycteolide, SMITH, List. Lep. 23.

Pseudoipside, GROTE, Syst. Lep. Hild.

Nycteole, HUBNER, Tentamen. Pseudoipes, HUBNER, Tentamen.

.

I see no sufficient distinction between Hampson’s Nycteolinze and ’ Sarrothripine. The primary distinction founded on vein 8 of second- aries is negatived by some of his Sarrothripinze, and the structure of the groups seems otherwise the same. The males have the bar-shaped retinaculum in both. The green and gray moths differ superficially, but the larvee and cocoons are the same and are not Arctian. They are excluded from the Lithosians by the presence of ocelli. Family type WVycteola revayana Scop.

Nycteola proteella, Walsh.

1864, WALSH, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. III, 609, note fe Tortricid ).

1867, WALSH, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. VI, 272, note.

Similar to revayana, but smaller and without the prominent angles at base of costa of fore wings. Gray, shaded with brown. Basal line curved, t.a. line straight, black, narrow ; t.p. line wavy, strongly arcuate outward opposite cell; s.t. line undu- late, shaded. The wing is nearly uniformly grayish with the lines faint, or heavily shaded with blackish and brown between the lines and more distinctly marked; very variable. Expanse, 14-17 mm.

“March, 1898.] Dyar: NEw NortH AMERICAN MOTHS. 41

Three examples from Walsh collection, U. S. Nat. Mus.

NOCTUID#. Cydosia Westwood.

New synonyms of this genus are Pethetria Hy. Edw. and Zantura Kirby. C. majuscudla, the type of the genus, belongs toCydosza. Neu- moegen and Dyar placed it in the Lithosiidz, but ocelli are distinctly present, as I have proved in fresh material. We could not examine the type freely, so failed to discover them.

The other species of Penthetria, namely parvula, from Florida, is a Tineid forming a curious pedunculate, lace-work cocoon. It is at pres- ent without reference to any genus.

Synopsis of forms of Cydosia.

Primaries with three golden brown bands.

Many white spots on wing and thorax..... 5 pps oade soon noE nobilitella Cr. “MIRE 0S Sas Se Ses oROoC cee Gra oEaTOCeouso occ aurivitta G. R. Primaries without any markings. ......-..0c0s-0s0ecseeses majuscula Hy. Edw.

Euclidia diagonalis, sp. nov.

Pattern of markings as in &. in¢ercalcaris Grt., but the pale mark that arises near the anal angle is directed to the outer third of the cell instead of joining the pale reniform as in the allied species. Other markings similar but rather more drawn out longitudinally. A black streak runs through the cell, obscuring the puncti- form orbicular. The white t. p. line is rather diffuse and shaded, straight, joining ithe oblique mark below. Expanse, 44 mm.

One? , Mesino Valley, New Mexico (Wheeler Survey, through A. S. Packard). Type No. 3844, U.S. Nat. Mus.

Apatela minella, sp. nov.

Closely allied to A, fragilis Guen, but uniformly shaded with dark gray. Head, thorax and fore wings blackish gray, the lines as in /ragzdzs, the centers of t. a, and t. p. lines whitish and rather contrasting. Ordinary marks outlined in black, the basal dash indicated. Abdomen dark gray; secondaries scarcely darker than in fragilis.

One?. Type No. 3843, U.S. Nat. Mus.

The specimen is without locality label, but probably from Rocky Mountain region.

This may be a western form of fragilis.

NOLID.

Following Dr. Chapman’s views on the phlyogeny of this group, I place them as a distinct family at the bottom of the Bombyces or between the Bombyces and Tineides. The larval characters correspond with this

42 JouRNAL NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. _ [Vol. VL

position. Hampson makes them a subfamily of Arctiidee and Meyrick includes them in the Arctiadz, with which no fault is to be found if their different origin be kept in mind.

The following is a revision of our species, following Meyrick for

genera. Synopsis of Genera.

Eximaniessto-veined.s (eantenncerciliate amen eee . Reselia Primaries I1-veined, g antennz slenderly pectinate.............0.cceceeee: Nola. Primaries (F2.veinedin jcntcsctomce conc ee eee Meganola.

Reeselia Hitdn.

Argyrophyes Grt. falls as a synonym on Meyrick’s definition; also- Lebena Walk. Synopsis of Species.

Di. CEPIMATIOSIBTAY ees oy Sb aoa eles SNe see ER ORES eee eC Ee 2 Primariés in part’ ‘white %2'.2 2.0. Segtorice ncaa oie hee eee ee 3. 2. Three costal dots, on basal, t. a. and median lines........triquetrana /7¢ch. Tw» costal dots, on basal and t. a. lines........... HON ee -minna Buz. 3. Wing shaded, grayish on costa and anal angle ..........- sorghiella Riley. Wing) with marks contrasted, "im part black: j2)tsci)2 see ie eee 4. 42 basaluwhiteyspace cution: trom castameeeiyare ee eee eenieetee menalopa Ze//. Basal white space reaching costa, at least narrowly...........0.02eeceees Ss. 5. pMedian band broadie. tite. re Reka to acto cero pustulata /Vaik. Median band defined only on outer half ...............000-: cilicoides Grt.

The type of Wolaphana triguetrana Fitch is in the Nat. Museum, and is ¢rinotata Walk. = sexmaculata Grt. Nola hyemalis Stretch = NV. minna Butl. ,

Nola Leach. Synopsis of Species.

I. T.p. line outwardly arcuate opposite cell........... po conoonceuonuanDCe: 2. dep linemeanlyastralphtynotibentesa eer emrrerireeer sen ieee sooosoad Zk 2. Wing lines usually heavy as compared with costal spots.............-.. pooo 3% Wing lines slight, costal spots heavy............. Baten cerreraye es phylla Dyar. 3. Larger, markings blurred on a dark ashen ground............. _.fuscula Grt. Medium, markings somewhat contrasted on a whitish ground. .minuscula Ze/. Smaller, the markings usually slender, the ground more ashen ..... ovilla Grz.. 4. Basal dash on primaries less distinct than outer costal dot...... involuta Dyar. Basal dash strong: 5 :[c:cc..\elereeis eters ae oe RO RS en, Cone exposita Dyar.

Nola involuta, sp. nov.

|| V. zznescula Dyar, Psyche, VI, 248 (1892).

Fore wing dusky gray; t. a., t. p. and s. t. lines oblique, parallel, fine, finely dentate or dotted, nearly straight, the s.-t. faintest, but waved and bordered out- wardly by a pale shade. On costa at base a brown dash ; a brown tuft of scales on

2

March, 1898.] Dyar: New NortH AMERICAN Morus. 43

t. a. line below costa, surrounded more or less by a diffuse cloud. Hind wing whitish, gray on the margin. Expanse, 18 mm.

Two & $, Los Angeles, Cal. (Koebele, Coquillett), 9 Santa Barbara, Cal. (Dyar). Type No. 3779, U.S. Nat. Mus.

Nola exposita, sp. nov.

|| V. Ayemalis Dyar, Psyche VI, 110 (1891).

Fore wing pale gray, thinly scaled; t. a., t. p. and s.:t. lines oblique, parallel, fine, finely dentate, nearly straight; lines obscure, especially the s.t. On costa at base a brown dash; a brown tuft of scales ont. a. line below costa; a slight brown shade between t. a. and t. p. lines, especially on internal margin. Secondaries whitish, translucent. Expanse, 16 mm.

One ¢ Phoenix, Arizona (Dyar). Type No. 3780, U.S. Nat. Mus. Close to zmvoluta, but the larval habit is different.

Nola phylila, sp. nov.

Thorax and primaries bright silver gray. Lines as in *zmzscula, but very slen- der, minutely dentate. Three raised whitish dots in the cell, above which two dis- tinct brown-black marks on costa, one at base, the other at end of cell. Secondaries and abdomen dark gray. Expanse, 17 mm.

Two? 9°, Long Island, N. Y. (Dyar), Washington, D. C. (Koebele); also several other specimens. Type No. 3781, U.S. Nat. Mus.

The larva lives on the oak, but is different from ovz//a and has differ- ent habits.

Meganola, gen. nov.

Primaries 12-veined, median 4-handed, 7-10 stalked, 7 given off befcre Io. Secondaries 7-veined, median 2-branched, vein 4 absent, 5 given off a little below mid- dle of cross vein, 6-7 stalked, 8 joining subcostal for about one-third the length of cell. Hind tibize with two pairs of spurs, legs long, slender. Palpi about three times as long as head, broad, flattened, thickly scaled, obliquely descending. No ocelli. Primaries with three raised tufts of scales.

Meganola conspicua, sp. nov.

Thorax ani fore wings dark gray. T-.a. line just visible, arcuate, dentate; t p. line rather distinct, blackish, bent inward below median vein and obsolete on costa, finely blunt-dentate, free or closely paralleled inwardly by the median line which, when present, is irregularly dentate and bent towards base on costa; subterminal line obscure, inwardly waved, faintly bordered with whitish outwardly. A row of fine terminal white points with black scales inwardly. On costa at base a brown dash and a few brown scales also on the raised patches in middle and at end of cell. Second- aries grayish, pale at base. Expanse, 26 mm.

Three? 9, Texas; Colorado; Fort Grant, Arizona (H. G. Hub- bard). Type No. 3789, U.S. Nat. Mus.

44 JourNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

LACOSOMID. Lacosoma arizonicum, sp. nov.

g fore wing slightly incised at anal angle and roundedly produced at vein 3, the apex rounded, not falcate; hind wing rounded, somewhat sharply angled at anal angle, and slightly excised between the veins. Body flesh color, shaded with rosy pink on head and pectus; antennz yellowish with long pectinations. Wings pale brown, the basal half shaded with rosy pink, sparsely irrorate with brown. An ob- scure discal dot on both wings, black, overlaid with white, and a narrow, very slightly flexuous outer common brown line. Expanse, 29 mm.

One ¢. Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H.G. Hubbard). Type No. 3789, U.S. Nat. Mus.

PYROMORPHID.

Acoloithus rectarius, sp. nov. Entirely black, the collar concolorous. Fore w:ngs slightly bluish, hind wings greenish. Expanse, 13 mm.

One example, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H. G Hubbard). Type No. 3788, U. S. Nat. Mus.

Possibly not distinct from Harrisina mexicana Schaus, which I have Not seen.

NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF OSCINID-A. By D. W. CoguiLtett, Washington, D. C.

The insects comprising this family belong to the group of acalyptrate Diptera in which the auxiliary vein is imperfect or wanting, and the ‘crossvein, which usually separates the discal from the second basal cell, is wanting, as is also the anal cell. The legs are short and rather robust. The only other family possessing these characters is the Ephy- dridz, but in these the head is usually much broader than high, the aristee of the antennze are sometimes long pectinate on the upper side, the sides of the face are usually provided with bristles and the oral opening is often excessively large, none of which characters occur in the Oscinide.

In studying up the extensive series of specimens contained in the collection of the National Museum several new forms were met with, and it was found necessary to make a few corrections and additions to the genera given in Osten Sacken’s catalogue. A large series of speci- mens of Ofetiophora straminea, the type species of this genus, collected in Texas by Mr. E. A. Schwarz, shows that this genus is a synonym of

March, 1808.] CoQuILLETT: DESCRIPTIONS OF OSCINID&. 45

Hippelates. LElachiptera is the older name for Crassiseta, as Mosidlus is of Gymnopa. The last named genus is not mentioned in Williston’s recent manual. One European genus, Avrzma, is now for the first time reported from this country, and a new genus, Ceratobarys, is erected for the Hippelates eulophus of Loew. The genus Sigalessa of Loew, although placed by its author in the Asteidz, and by Dr. Williston in the Drosophilidz, may with propriety be admitted into the present family, from which it does not differ in any more important character than the shortened second longitudinal vein.

The genus Z//ifoneura is unknown to the writer in nature; all of the other genera reported from this country are represented in the National Museum collection.

Table of Genera.

I. Costal vein terminating at the tip of the third vein........ gdoogonsa0g008 pee Costal vein continued to the fourth vein................-4-- F5adna30500¢ 6 2, Hind crossvein present ...... snooesoonsoodouscad Sead oopsooddoosbasas 3 Hind crossvein wanting............2000.20 SA dersreet vor tocdawstehsts Elliponeura. = Pestenion femora not thickened 0.05. 0500 326 c oleate eine no stm ainmiemceneanes 4 Posterior femora unusually thick......... ake fereiaveie tots eteye het eeeat Meromyza. 4. Front projecting in front of the eyes at least two-thirds the length of their hori- PANT AUCH AI CLE TURE No tedelettedeil sy clever r= eislcue orevoleveerepela tale) oloke tater steraiene: cleusucyoters 5 Front not projecting more than one-half of the diameter of the eyes..Chlorops. 5. Third joint of antenne at least twice as long as wide .......... Ectecephala. Third joint only slightly longer than wide ..........-...000seeeeeee Eurina. 6. Hind tibize each bearing a stout curved spur at tip of inner side............ 7 lr ecnti nicer Gestitutel of SHCRISPUTS Haye ciel eiolelele = ale) 1 elelaleie lela eelels lee cle) = se 7. Antennal arista unusually broad ............ serene ..+.e.....Ceratobarys. Antennal arista SlOAGer o..10:6 i iniais acts wis veiw sie ne wie eke eee Hippelates.

8. Tip of second vein less than the length of the hind crossvein beyond the first. Sigaleessa. Tip of second vein several times the length of the hind crossvein beyond the LLP SCR PENSE RE or Tole fel sy sis uniavssnseiwinvekeleue ete emisiersials ASR DOS AUODUS soci aoe 9 g. Arista of antennze not broadened .............+28 20% A fejeleustor ere siete SLO restr nanasally ProAdeHeM) 1.0510 x, <r leis s/o 6)s.nveve opine sien wae 6 Elachiptera. 10. Last section of fourth vein three or more times as long as the penultimate sec- DING. 5 GAL ObA gs Id DO ISU DO ROS TOneo: SODoO DSH OOOO TSUC Ly sola bison II Last section less than twice as long as the penultimate SECHOR | vs sio6 Mosillus. 11. Antennal arista bare or pubescent. ............. jn sobeosodyacg snaabas 12 Antennal arista short plumose ............eeseeeeeees HOD SOA SAC Gaurax.. 12, Epistoma noticeably produced forward. .........0e2 seu eeeeeeees Siphonella. POA NGE PLOUUCE LOL WAG ..-\. <a.0 acl ei= sie ale ale » pivip's nls 4 > en o/ens Oscinis.

Descriptions of New Species. Eurinaexilis, sp. nov. Head yellow, the frontal triangle, antennz, thickened base of the arista, the clypeus and occiput, except the sides and lower part of the latter, black; frontal.

46 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

triangle polished, toward the sides striated, its lower end broad, rounded, reaching lower end of the front, sides of the latter bare ; third joint of antennz subquadrate, only slightly longer than broad. Thorax black, the sides and pleura yellow, the latter marked with four black spots, mesonotum coarsely punctured, scutellum yel- low, convex. Abdomen black, the sides and venter yellow. Coxe, femora and tibiz reddish yellow, the middle of the hind tibize and all tarsi black. Hialteres yel- low. Wings grayish hyaline, third and fourth veins strongly diverging apically, hind crossvein twice its length from the small. Length, 4 to 5 mm.

Fourteen specimens, Beverly, Mass., June 4 and 20 (Edward Bur- gess), and Colorado (Carl F. Baker and H. K. Morrison). Type No. 3798, U.S. Nat. Museum.

Chlorops aristalis, sp. nov.

Head yellow, the front triangle, third joiat of antenne, clypeus and occiput ex- cept the sides and lower part black, arista white, the thickened basal part yellow ; frontal triangle polished, the sides converging to below the middle of the front, then as a narrow line extending to the lower edge of the front, sides of the latter bearing short, black, bristly hairs; third joint of antennze one and one-half times as long as broad, concave above and convex below ; palpi unusually large, projecting nearly one-third of their length beyond the anterior oral margin. Thorax yellow, the mesonotum subshining, marked with five nearly contiguous black vittz, the pleura marked with three blackish spots; scutellum yellow, convex. Abdomen dark brown, the sides and venter yellow. Coxe, femora and tibia: yellow, the tarsi brownish. Halteres yellow. Wings hyaline, hind crossvein one and two thirds times its length from the small. Length, 3 to 4 mm.

Three specimens. North Carolina and southern Georgia. Collected by H. K. Morrison. Type No..3799, U. S. Nat. Museum.

Chlorops scabra, sp. nov.

Head yellow, the frontal triangle, second antennal joint and narrow upper edge of the third, the clypeus and occiput except the sides and lower part, black, arista brown, the thickened base black ; frontal triangle polished, its sides converging to below middle of front, then nearly parallel, extending to lower end of front, sides of the latter bearing short black bristly hairs ; third joint of antennz orbicular, slightly shorter than wide. Thorax black, the sides and pleura yellow, one or two spots on the pleura, and the sternum largely black ; mesonotum subshining, coarsely punc- tured ; scutellum yellow, convex. Abdomen dark brown, the sides and venter yel- low. Legs reddish yellow, a broad black band near middle of.each hind tibia, apices of tarsi brown. MHalteres yellow. Wings hyaline, hind crossvein over twice its length from the small. Length, 3 to 4mm.

Two specimens. Oswego, N. Y. Collected July 17, 1896, by Professor Sheldon. Type No. 3800, U. S. Nat. Museum. .

Chlorops rubida, sp. nov. Head yellow, an ocellar dot and narrow upper edge of the third antennal joint, black ; frontal triangle polished, punctured, each puncture bearing a short hair, a me-

March, 1898.] CoQuILLETT: DESCRIPTIONS OF OSCINIDA. 47

dian, longitudinal carina on lower half of the triangle sides of triangle converging to lower end of front, pointed at the apex, sides of front bearing short black bristly hairs ; third joint of antennz orbicular, slightly longer than wide. Thorax yellow, five dorsal vittae and two spots on the pleura, reddish yellow ; scutellum light yellow, flattened. Abdomen black, the ends, side; and venter yellow. Legs reddish yellow. Halteres light yellow. Wings hyaline, the hind crossvein slightly more than its length from the small. Length, 3 mm.

Two specimens. Colorado (H. Kk. Morrison), and Placer Co., Cal., in August (A. Koebele). Type No. 3801, U.S. Nat. Museum.

Chlorops graminea, sp. nov.

Head yellow, an ocellar spot, one on lower part of the triangle, the third anten- nal joint, thickened base of arista and two vittze on the occiput, black, sides of triangle partly or wholly brown, terminal portion of arista white ; frontal triangle opaque, punctured, bare, the sides converging to lower end of front, the apex broadly rounded, sides of front bare; third joint of antennz orbicular, slightly shorter than wide. Thorax yellow, opaque, five dorsal vittze and three or four spots on the pleura, black- scutellum convex, yellow, toward the sides brown. Abdomen black, the narrow hind margin and sides of each segment, and middle of venter, yellow. Legs reddish yel- luw, apices of femora, both ends of the tibiz, and bases of the tarsi, light yellow, Halteres yellow. Wings hyaline, hind crossvein slightly more than its length from the small. Length, 3 mm.

Two specimens, Lancaster, Cal. Bred by A. Koebele. Type No. 3802, U.S. Nat. Museum.

Chlorops pullipes, sp. nov.

Head yellow, the frontal triangle, antennz including the arista, the clypeus, palpi and occiput except the sides and lower part, brown or black ; frontal triangle polished, the sides converging to lower end of front, sides of front bare ; third anten- nal joint subquadrate, slightly longer than wide. Thorax polished, the dorsum black, sometimes marked with two yellow vittze, pleura yellow, marked with four black Spots; scutellum yellow, flattened. Abdomen black, hind margins of the fourth (usually) and fifth segments yellow. Legs brown or black, the trochanters, apices of femora, both ends of tibize, and bases of tarsi, yellow. MHalteres yellow. Wings hyaline, hind crossvein slightly more than its length from the small. Length, 2 to 4 mm.

Sixteen specimens. Santa Fé, N. Mex. (T. D. A. Cockerell, in July and August), and Cafion City, Colo. (H. F. Wickham); other specimens from Colorado were collected by C. F. Baker and H. Kk. Morrison. Type No. 3803, U.S. Nat. Museum.

Chlorops assimilis 4/acg. An examination of the type of Szphon- ella obesa Fitch proves that it isa synonym of the above mentioned species. Chlorops trivialis Loew and C. distriata Walker belong in the same category.

48 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI

Chlorops prolifica O. S.A study of co-types of this species re- ceived from Dr. J. A. Lintner, shows it to be a synonmy of C. variceps Loew.

Gaurax anchora Zoew. This species has been re-described by Dr. Williston under the name of £/achiptera dispar in Forbush and Fer- nald’s report on the Gypsy Moth, page 390.

Gaurax montanus, sp. nov.

Head black, the lower part of the front, antennz, except the arista, face, cheeks, proboscis and palpi, yellow; frontal triangle polished, the sides convex, the lower end not reaching below lowest fourth of the front, sides of front opaque ve'vety ; third joint of antenne reniform, one and one-half times as broad as long, arista densely short plamose. Thorax polished black, a large yellow spot above the middle coxze ; scutellum semicircular, yellow, the extreme base brown. Abdomen black, the base yellow. Legs, including the coxz, light yellow. Knob of halteres black,. the stem yellow. Wings hyaline. Length, 2 mm.

Two specimens. Mt. Washington (Mrs. A. T. Slosson) and White Mts., N. H. (H. K. Morrison). Type No. 3804, U. S. Nat. Museum.

Hippelates capax, sp. nov.

Head black, the lower part of the front, the face, cheeks and palpi, yellow ;. frontal triangle subshining, the sides convex, the lower end not reaching below the lowest third of the front, sides of front exceot the lower part opaque velvety, each bearing a row of short bristles ; third joint of antennz circular, arista pubescent ; vibrissze rather large. Thorax, scutellum and abdomen black, subshining, the ven-- ter basally yellowish. Legs dark brown, bases of femora and of tibiz, yellow.. Knob of halteres bright yellow. ‘Wings hyaline. Length, 3 mm.

Northern Illinois. A female specimen collected October 27, 1895,. by Dr. W. A. Nason. Type No. 3805, U. S. Nat. Museum.

Hippelates bicolor, sp. nov.

Head black, lower part of the front, antennz, except the extreme apex, and the arista, face, cheeks and palpi, yellow; frontal triangle polished, the sides concave, the apex reaching lower end of front, bristles on sides of front very short, vibrissz- wanting ; third joint of antennz reniform, one and one-half times as broad as long. Thorax and scutellum polished black, the latter semicircular, wider than long. Abdomen yellow, sometimes marked with a dorsal row of black spots and a lateral: black vitta. Legsand halteres yellow. Wings hyaline. Length, 2 mm.

Lake Worth, Fla. Two specimens collected by Mrs. A. T. Slosson.. ’ Type No. 3806, U. S. Nat. Museum.: Siphonella inquilina, sp. nov.

Head black, the lower part of the front, antennz, face, cheeks and palpi, yellow ; frontal triangle polished, the sides convex, the apex not reaching below the-

lowest fourth of the front; third joint of antenne orbicular, slightly wider than. long ; palpi projecting one third of its length beyond the oral margin. Thorax.

March, 1898.] © COQUILLETT: DESCRIPTIONS OF OSCINID#. 49

black, polished, in front of the scutellum bearing numerous black, bristly hairs ; “scu- tellum black, subtriangular, along the sides bearing numerous black, bristly hairs and at the apex with a pair of bristles which are pressed together toward their tips. Ab- domen black, the base yeHow. Coxz, femora and tibize black, the trochanters and tarsi yellow. Halteres yellow. Wings hyaline. Length, 2 mm.

Thirty-two specimens. Virginia; and St. Louis and Kirkwood, Mo. Type No. 3807, U.S. Nat. Museum.

Oscinis virgata, sp. nov.

Head yellow, an ocellar dot, which sometimes extends over the entire frontal triangle, the occiput except the lower edge, the antennz including the arista, the clypeus and apex of proboscis, black ; frontal triangle polished, reaching only slightly below the middle of the front, the latter bearing numerous short, black bristles ; third joint of antennz suborbicular, slightly wider than long. Thorax subshining, yellow, the mesonotum marked with three black vittze, a brown spot beneath the humeri and another beneath the wing ; metanotum in the middle black ; scutellum yellow, semi- circular. Abdomen black, the venter yellow. Coxze, femora and tibice yellow, outer side of front femora, and the front and hind tibia, tinged with brown; tarsi brown. Halteres yellow. Wings hyaline. Length, 3mm. Colorado.

A specimen of each sex collected by Carl F. Baker. Type No. 3808, U. S. Nat. Museum.

Oscinis pectoralis, sp. nov.

Head yellow, the frontal triangle, occiput except the lower edge, and the antennz including the arista, black ; frontal triangle polished, reaching only slightly below the middle of the front, the latter bearing black bristly hairs; third joint of antennz nearly circular, slightly wider than long. Mesonotum subshining grayish black, the sides and pleura reddish yellow, a brown spot beneath the humerus and another near middle of pleura; scutellum grayish black, semicircular; metanotum black. Ab- domen black, the base and venter yellow. Coxze, femora and tibice yellow, the tarsi brown. Wicgs hyaline. Length, 3 mm.

Franconia, N. H. A female specimen collected by Mrs. A. T. Slosson. Type No. 3809, U.S. Nat. Museum.

Sigaloessa flaveola, sp. nov.

Yellow, dorsum of thorax and of abdomen reddish yellow, the antennal arista and anterior oral margin black, a vitta on middle of occiput, a spot on front end of thorax, one above each humerus, a vitta on upper part of pleura and two spots on the lower part, brown; knob of halteres brown. Frontal triangle very small, scarcely exceeding the ocelli; third joint of antennz orbicular, as long as wide. Wings hyaline, third and fourth wings strongly converging toward their tips, apex of second vein only slightly beyond the hind crossvein. Length, 1.5 to 2 mm.

Eight specimens. Franconia, N. H., Biscayne Bay, Fla. (Mrs. A. T. Slosson), and Washington, D. C. The specimens from the latter locality were collected on windows by the writer during May and July. Type No. 3810, U.S Nat. Museum.

50 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGIGAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

DIPTERA FROM THE LOWER RIO GRANDE OR TAMAULIPAN FAUNA OF TEXAS—II.*

By C. H. TyLer TOWNSEND.

TABANIDA. Tabanus atratus 7.

Twoég ¢. April 16, and July 11. Brownsville, Texas. The eyes are slightly pubescent. First posterior cell completely closed, very short petiolate. Length, 20 to 22 mm.

SYRPHIDAS. Eupeodes volucris O. S.

One?. May 2. Brownsville, Texas. Taken on foliage.

Length, 7 mm. Has ground color of abdomen brown, instead of black. This record extends the range of this species very considerably It is a characteristic species of the Plains, belonging distinctively to the Upper Sonoran subregion, and is one of those species which indicate the extension of the dilute Upper Sonoran to the Lower Rio Grande region. ‘There is a certain element of UZpser Sonoran present in the Tamaulipan fauna; and it is interesting to reflect that the dilute Upper Sonoran reaches to, and actually meets and mixes with the dilute /Vzo-. tropical here on the Lower Rio Grande.

Baccha tropicalis Zowns.

This species was described in Section I. It is most nearly allied to B. notara Loew of Cuba, a specimen of which from Florida has recently been identified by Mr. W. D. Hunter (with Dr. Williston’s assistance). The Florida specimen, while stated to be a ¢ (Can. Ent. April, 1896, Pp. 97), possesses the peculiarities of wing coloration and abdominal markings distinctive of the 9 of ¢ropicatis. If it bea 6, it is certainly a most aberrant one, judging from the usual sexual characters in this Neotropical group of Baccha.

Notre.—While referring here to Mr. Hunter’s papers, I wish to point out a few errors that he has made. In the Can. Ent. for April, 1896, p. 96, he states that up to that time there had been recorded only one specimen of Laccha tarchetius Walker, besides the type in the British Museum; and that that specimen was from New Jersey, col- lected by Mr. Keen, and is now in the National Museum. If he will refer to the Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. for March, 1895, p. 38, he will find

* Section I of this paper appeared in JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 1897.

March, 1898.] . T'OWNSEND: DIPTERA FROM THE TAMAULIPAN REGION. 51

that I recorded the species there from the District of Columbia, in a 3 which I collected August 19. On page rot of the same paper, Mr. Hunter says that, with the exception of Kansas records, Sfidomyza guadrifasciata Say had not been recorded ‘‘ outside of some of the ex- treme eastern States.’’ I have recorded it from Michigan, in my paper above referred to. The fact that, throughout his paper, he repeatedly quotes Snow’s records of species from Colorado and New Mexico, and entirely ignores my previous records of the same species of Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona, indicates that my paper was not seen by him. The drawing of broad statements as to distribution, without consulting the literature bearing on the subject gives rise to wrong impressions and can not be too strongly condemned ; especially when it is remembered that my paper was a long and important contribution, on Syrphidz par- ticularly as well as other diptera, and appeared fully a year before, and in such a prominent medium as the Transactions of the American En- tomological Society !

Volucella tamaulipana, sp. nov.

S 9. Length, 5% to 8% mm., both sexes ranging through these sizes.

The Q in life is easily distinguished by having a lighter or more yellowish abdo- men and scutellumthan g. This is not by any means apparent in dried specimens. Front and face light yellow, faze much produced downward toa blunt point ; face and front white- pilose, vertex with black hair, cheeks with heavy shining black or brown stripes ; facial stripe much less distinct, fuscous, brown at oval margin. Face very gently concave above the slight tubercle. Frontal vitta moderately broad, shining brown, lighter arteriorly. Frontal triangle yellow, tinged with fuscous along middle, hairs somewhat brownish. Antennz about half as long as face, reddish-yellow ; third joint subequilateral, a little bulged on edges of basal portion, and slightly narrowed on apical portion; arista hardly as long as antenne, thinly long hairy above, and more thickly short hairy below. Thorax greenish-black, thickly clothed with shoit yellow hair, with a patch of black hair on posterior central portion of disk next the yellow prescutellar spot, whole of scutellum and larger or smaller prescutellar spot bright yellow, the wide lateral margins of thorax same except a fuscous space immediately above base of wings. A yellow spot on pleure directly be- low humeri, and a fuscous pale area in front of wing bases. Hair of scutellum bright yellow on anterior half or less, abruptly black on posterior half. Some longer} ur weak bristles or hairs on edge of scutellum. Metanotum shining black, with an arcuate line of yellow next scutellum, and a fuscous areabetween. Disk of scutellum, viewed from above, appears broadly fuscous Abdomen of a general yellowish brown ; first segment blackish in middle, and black on narrow hind border ; second segment wholly light yellow, except the sinuate hind margin blackish or brown, or with a median line of the brownish separating the elongate lateral yellow markings. Third segment with the same yellow markings quite distinct on anterior half of segment in some specimens, more or less distinctly divided by a median vitta,

52 JourNnaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol VI.

ino hers very indistinct. When distinct these spots are usually evenly rounded on whole hinder border, and often reach to but little short of hind margin of segment. Fourth segment usually yellow on anterior lateral portion, often indistinct in dried specimens. Pubescence of fourth segment wholly white ; of third white on front margin, very narrowly on median line but covering about half the length of segment on sides ; pubescence of second white on about anterior half, somewhat irregularly following the yellow markings. Rest of pubescence of abdomen black. Pubescence of venter white, except near apex. Legs yellowish-brown, the knees yellowish, the tarsi clear brownish-yellow except last two joints (and sometimes tip of next) black. Second vein strongly sinuous near extremity. Wings hyaline, narrowly tinged with yellow along whole costa; less than the oblique apical third yellowish fuscous, with brown cloud on section of second vein at extremity of marginal cell, and a subhyaline space before it. A lighter space in end of first posterior cell. Heavy clouds on aaterior crossvein, the crossveins at tip of second basal cell, and the origin of third vein. Brown cloud of stigma connected with that of anterior crossvein by a fuscous patch. Clouds of origin of third vein and tip of second basal cell are also connected by fuscous. Fuscous of tip narrowly and irregularly extended along inner margin ot wing. The proximal boundary of the apical fuscous of the wing extends approxi- mately from the end of the dilute stigma obliquely across to the end of second posterior cell.

Eleven 9s, and twenty-four és, as fullows: All the Qs June 24, ex- cept one June 28: all the és June 24, except two June 25, one June 28, and one July 3, near Brownsville, Texas. All on flowers of Lippia lanceolata Michx., except two és (June 25) which were hovering in air under shade of a large tree in woods. Others were seen hovering in this manner and poised in the air, in company with them. J copula June 24.

This species belongs to the group of V. pusilla, satur, etc. The ap- ical fuscous of the wing has the same inner boundary shown in the figure of pusilla given by Williston (Synopsis Syrph. pl. 6, fig. 3). It is one of the short, stout species, with the abdomen subround, and wider than the thorax.

CONOPID. Zadion albonotatum Zowzs. The species was described in Section I. It is on the order of Z. splendens Jaeun., being practically, so far as effect goes, a melanistic

and intensified color form of that species. It is, however, a perfectly good spec'es, being quite distinct in its emphatic coloring.

March, 1898.] BAKER: NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SIPHONAPTERA. 53.

NOTES ON SIPHONAPTERA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES.

By Gor. BARKER,

Early in the course of my studies on the Siphonaptera I wrote Dr. Berg in Buenos Ayres, relative to the Pulex grossiventrix of Weyenberg which I had referred to Sarcopgsylla. He very kindly sent me speci- mens of both male and female. ‘These show some remarkable charac- ters which justify the foundation of not only a new genus but a new family. JI would here again call attention to the fact that we have yet no record of any fleas from bats in this country. The bat species are among the most interesting. I hope collectors having the opportunity will certainly secure specimens from any of our bats.

Family MEGAPSYLLID, fam. nov.

Body very large in the pregnant female, but the abdomen does not lose the nor- mal texture or structure, the sutures remaining distinct, although much connective: membrane is exposed between the plates. Antenne normal. Eyes very large, in a rather small head. Mouth parts very stout, the labial palpi six or seven jointed (impossible to say which without dissection). Fourth tarsal joint very small, more or less connate wiih fifth, causing the tarsi to appear four-jointed. Last tarsal joint and claws greatly en'arged, the spines on the former inclining to somewhat foliaceous.

Megapsylla, gen. nov.

Head evenly rounded above in female, uneven and unituberculate in front in the male. Prothorax in the female with five or seven remote, short, stout, dark brown teeth ; inthe male unarmed. Fore tibize very small and short, but swollen. Max- illae small, extending only to one-half of second joint of maxillary palpi.

Megapsylla grossiventris ( Weyend.).

1879, WEYENBERG, Boletin de la Acad. Nat. de Ciencias Repub. Argent, III, p- 188. ( Pulex grossiventris. )

1895, BAKER, Can. Ent. XXVII, p. 3. (Sarcopsylla grossiventris. )

Length of $ 2.5-3.5, of 9 4 mm. to often 6.5 mm. when pregnant. Head and thorax, with legs, reddish to dark brown, abdominal plates dark smoky. Edges of antennal groove very minutely and thickly spinose. Sparingly bristled, but the bristles stout ; the spines on the legs heavy, those on the fore tibie becoming very thick and tooth-like, and those on the fifth tarsal joint more or less flattened. Claws very large and recurved to the length of the fifth tarsal joint. Dorsal segments each with a single row of long bristles, six on a side. Upper claspers of male very large, naked, twice as long as broad, sides subparallel, tips obliquely cut off downward and backward. 3

Lives on the Armadillo (Dasypus minutus) in the Argentine Re- public (Weyenberg and Berg.)

54 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Pulex longispinus Wagner, Horz. Soc. Ent. Ross. XXIII, 1889, p.

355:

Pulex lamellifer Wagzer, ibid. XXIX, 1895, p. 504.

The descriptions of these two species did not come to my hands until after the publication of the Preliminary Studies. They both be- long in my Division I of the genus. ‘The former name was also un- fortunately used by me. To the species described under this name by me I will now give the name a@visws. An examination of further ma- terial may show it to be a Zyphlopsylla.

Pulex multispinosus, sp. nov.

Male. Length, 3mm. Head flat above, strongly rounded in front, face nearly vertical. Eye rather small but distinct, and near lower edge of head. Antennal groove extending obliquely through center of head to near upper margin; near the lower edge of head, with three very long and stout spines and three smaller in front and three long and stout ones behind. Bristles on second antennal joint as long as third joint. Labial palpi about equalling fore coxze in length. Pro-, meso, and me- tanotums of nearly equal length, their discs with numerous small bristles; the pro- notum provided with a ‘‘comb’’ of about forty teeth. Dorsal segments, each with one row of medium-sized bristles, twelve on a side, and two rows of minute bristles ; ventral segments with a single row each, of four or five on aside. ‘Tarsal spines, all small and weak, especially those on fore tarsi. In fore tarsi joints 2 and 5 are of equal length, a little longer than 1 and about equalling 3 and 4 together. In middle tarsi joints 2 and 5 are of equal length and about three-fourths of 1 which equals 3 and 4 together. In hind tarsi 1 equals 2 and 3 together, 2 equals 3 and 4 together, while 5 is scarcely half of 1. The decrease in length and width of joints in hind tarsi is very marked. Upper claspers very short and broad, trapezoidal in shape and un- armed.

Described from one male collected at Raleigh, N. C., by Messrs. H. H. and C. S. Brimley. The host is the Rabbit (Lefus sylvaticus.) This species belongs to my Division II, but is widely distinct from any described species. It has a greater number of teeth in the pronotal comb than any described flea excepting Hystrichopsylla obtusiceps.

Pulex gillettei Baker.

Prof. A. P. Morse has taken this species on the Screech Owl (Z- gascops asio) at Wellesley, Mass. The habits of the birds of prey make them at least temporary hosts for several species of fleas usually found elsewhere.

Pulex howardii Beazer.

This flea is proving to be one of our most common and widely dis- tributed species, both geographically and as to hosts. Mr. D. B. Young

March, 1898.] BAKER: NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SIPHONAPTERA, 55

has collected it at Newport, Herkimer Co., N. Y., on the Wood-chuck (Arctomys monax) and the Flying Squirrel (Sciwropterus volucelia). Mr. Hubbard has taken it from a nest of the Silvery Mouse (Cereus giganteus) at Tucson, Ariz., and in debris of the Colorado River at Yuma, Ariz.

Pulex brunneri 2aker.

Collected by Professor J. M. Aldrich at Moscow, Idaho, on the Sper- mophile (Spermophilus columbianus).

Belonging to a group of my Division II, which is composed of essentially American species. This group includes irsutus, colora- densis, bruneri, montanus and divisus, and is distinguished by having one or both of the apical spines on the second joint of hind tarsi greatly elongated and exceeding in length joints 3 and 4 together.

Pulex arizonensis, sp. nov.

Male. Length, 2mm. Head evenly rounded from occiput to mouth. A few bristles below, before and behind antennal groove. Bristles on apex of second an- tennal joint few but long. Eyes normal. Labial palpi somewhat exceeding fore cox. Pronotal comb of eighteen spines. Dorsal segments with two rows of bristles each, the principal row of six to seven bristles on aside. Fore and middle tarsi very weakly spined, hind tarsi with spines long and slender. In fore tarsi joints I and 3 are of equal length and a little shorter than 2, while 5 is as long as I and 2 together. In middle tarsi joints 1, 2 and 5 are subequal in length and as long as 3 and 4 to- gether. In hind tarsi joint 5 equals 3 and 4 together, and is somewhat shorter than 2, while 1 equals 2 and 3 together ; the bristles on the apex of joint I are about as long or shorter than joint 2. Upper claspers unarmed, little more than twice longer than wide, sides subparallel, bent below, apex rounded.

Described from a male taken by Mr. Hubbard at Tucson, Ariz., in a nest of Silvery Mouse. Typhlopsylla pectiniceps Wagner. Horz Soc. Ent. Ross, XXIII, 1889, p. 347- Typhlopsylla bidentatiformis Wagner. Ibid., p. 351. These are two other species previously also overlooked by me. The former is widely distinct from any other Zyphlopsylla by reason of hav-

ing combs of fourteen teeth each on either side of the head. The latter is quite near the wnzpectinata of ‘Taschenberg.

Typhlopsylla assimilis Zschd. (var. ?).

Three females, nearer this species than any other, were taken on the Screech Owl (Megascops asio) at Wellesley, Mass., by Professor A. P. Morse. This occurrence is to be considered accidental. These

56 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VB.

specimens cannot at present be definitely referred to this species with- out the males. Typhlopsylla nudata, sp. nov.

Female. Length, 2mm. This species is well distinguished by the almost entire absence of bristles on the body, coxze and femora. The labial palpi about equal, the maxillary palpi somewhat exceed, the fore coxz in length. Head otherwise normal, no vestige of eyes. Spines of tibize few and rather weak, spines on fore and middle tarsi very weak, almost entirely absent on the former ; on hind tarsi long and slender, those on apex of first joint shorter than joint 2, but one of those on apex of joint 2 is. much longer than joints 3 and 4 together, asin Pulex bruneri and allies. Middle and hind femora apparently deeply emarginate behind, before the apex, with an acute tooth before the emargination, a character not before noted in any American flea (Skuse mentions it for his Stephanocircus). In fore tarsi joints I, 2, and 3 are sub- equal in length and little longer than 4, while 5 equals I and 2 together. In middle tarsi joint 5 equals 3 and 4 together and is a little longer than 1, the first four joints decreasing in length in this order, I, 2, 3, 4. In hind tarsi joint 5 equals 3 and 4 together and 1 equals 3, 4, and 5 together, while 2 is somewhat longer than 5.

Described from two females taken by Mr. Hubbard from inner nest of Veotoma albigula, at Tucson, Ariz. ‘This is the most interesting spe- cies of the genus yet found in North America. When the final disrupt- ing of Zyphlopsyla comes this will fall in a genus by itself.

Typhlopsylla charlottensis, sp. nov.

Female. Length, 1.75 mm. Head with two oblique rows of spines, the lowest much the stronger. Bristles on apex of second antennal joint short. Labial palpi nearly equalling fore coxee. Pronotal comb of fourteen stout teeth. Dorsal segments with two rows of bristles, the principal row of five to seven long stout bristles on either side ; ventral segments with three to four onaside. Fore coxz strongly bristled. Spines of fore and middle tarsi very weak, of hind tarsi strong. In fore tarsi joints I and 2 are equal in length, 5 equals 3 and 4 together, and 4 is one-half of 1. In middle tarsi 1 equals 2 and 3 together or 4 and 5 together, while 2 equals5. Inhind tarsi spines all short, joint 2 is three-fourths of 1, equals 3 and 4 together and is one- fourth longer than 5.

Described from two females taken in a mouse nest at Massett, Queen Charlotte Islands, by Rev. J. H. Keen. It is nearest to americana, from which, however, it is very distinct as described above.

“March, 18,8 ] Ho.tianp: NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA. ait

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA. Ma | ItOLLAND, WLDi, F:Z.5., Sc.

The species named Lycena fuliginosa by Mr. W. H. Edwards and as such listed in his Catalogue of-the Butterflies of North America, pub- lished as an Appendix to the First Volume of the Butterflies of North America, has been in the Catalogue annexed to Volume II transferred to the genus Zhec/a. This is a palpable error, as an examination of the types reveals. I called the attention of Dr. Skinner to this fact long ago, and recently upon the occasion of a short visit paid me by Mr. Beutenmuller, I likewise called his attention to it. The fact seems to be worthy of publication. Edwards was right in his original location of the species. The upper side is of a uniform grayish brown and the maikings of the underside as well as the form of the wings are of a truly lyceenine character.

Entomclogists have been puzzled for many years past by their fail- ure to discover anywhere within the limits of the United States speci- mens of the species named /Pamphila omaha by Mr. W. H. Edwards. ‘The original description, which appeared in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia, Vol. II, p. 21, stated that the type came from ‘‘ Pike’s Peak’’ and was contained in the collection of Mr. Newman, of Philadelphia, the well known collector, of whom the writer cherishes pleasant memories. In a letter recently received from Mr. Edwards he tells me that the specimens were collected by Mr. William Wood. Wood, I am informed, was a taxidermist, who also traded in a small way in insects, and had a lot of miscellaneous stuff in his shop coming from all sorts of places. He was not at all careful, so I am told, and but little dependence could be placed upon his lo- cality labels, which were as likely to be incorrect as correct.

After Mr. Edwards had written his original description of P. omaha he returned the types to their owner. If I am not mistaken they are contained at present in the collection of the American Entomological Society of Philadelphia. Atall events, two specimens labelled Pamphila omaha Edwards, are to be found there, corresponding perfectly with the description given by Edwards. They are mounted on common pins, not insect pins.

In the Edwards Collection there is a single specimen of Pamphila omaha, marked ‘‘ P. omaha, —mingo, Edw., Kanawha Co., W. Va.”’ Mr. Edward writes me that so far as he is able to recall the facts this specimen, which is the original type of his Pamphila mingo, was taken,

58 JournaL New YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. — [Vol. VI-

as the label states, in Kanawha County. He tells me that having re- turned the types of P. omaha, he fell inadvertently into the error of re- describing the species three years afterwards under the new name.

In my studiesof the He-periidz I have been led to amass an exceed- ingly large collection of the Hesperiidee of the world, and the other day Dr. Barnes, who was with me spending a little time in the examination of the Edwards Collection, called my attention to the obvious identity of P. omaha with the East Indian Zedicota mesoides Butler, of which I possess a large series of specimens. I had not noted the fact before, but, when my attention was called to it, the positive identity of the two things became at once manifest.

I strongly suspect that Pamphila omaha Edwards is not a native of this country. If we had only to do with the types originally acquired by Mr. Newman from William Wood I should have no hesitation what- ever in saying that we are dealing with an error brought about by a mis- taken locality-label. The assertion of Mr. Edwards that the type of P. mingo was taken in Kanawha County is the great obstacle to such a conclusion. Still it is possible that Mr. Edwards was mistaken also.

Elwes in his recent Revision of the Oriental Hesperiidz, published in the Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, Vol. XIV, p. 254, gives the synonymy of the species. I reproduce it here, intercalat- ing the additional synonyms of American origin:

Telicota dara Kollar. Flesperia dara KOLUAR, Hugel’s Kaschmir. Vol. IV, p. 455 (1848). Flesperia omtha WN. H. EDWARDS, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Vol. II, p. 21 (1863). Pamphila mesa Moork, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 509, Pl. XXV, fig. 9. Hesperia mingo W. WH. EpwaArpbs, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Vol. VI, p. 207 (1866). at Famphila flava MuRRAY, Ent. Mo. Mag. XII, p. 4 (1875). Pamphila nitida MABILLE, Pet. Nouv. II, p. 114 (1877). Pamphila taxilus MABILLE, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. XXI, p. 38 (1878). Carterocephalus omaha STRECKER, Butt. and Moths of N. A. p. 175 (1878). Pamphila trachala MABILLE, Pet. Nouv. II, p. 237 (1878). Pamphila mesoides BUTLER, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Ser. 2, Zool. Vol. I, p. 554 (1879). Padraona mesoides MOORE, Lep. Ceylon, I, p. 171, Pl. LXXI, figs. 5, 5a (18381) Carterocephalus omaha EDWARDS, Butt, N. A. Appendix (1884). Telicota masoides DISTANT, Rhop. Malay. p. 383, Pl. XXXIV, fig. 24 (1886). Padraona pseudomesa Moore, Lep. Ceylon, I, p. 170 (1881). Padraona dara WATSON, Hesp. Ind. p. 57 (1891). Padraona dara LEECH, Butt. China etc. p. 596, pl. XL, figs 13, 14, vars.

(1891).

March, 1898.] HoLuaNnD: NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA. 59

Pamphila heterus MABILLE, Compt. Rend. Soc. Ent. Belg. III, no. 31, p. 72 (1883).

Pamphila heterus STAUDINGER, Iris, II, p. 145 (1889).

Padraona heterus SEMPER, Schmett. Philipp. p. 303, Pl. XLIX, fig. 15, ? (1892).

Whether all of the several forms thus merged under Zedicota dara Kollar, are positively identical may perhaps be questioned a little, but of the identity of Z. omaha, with the form described as P. m@soides by Butler there is not a shadow of doubt.

Mr. Elwes, in his revision of the Hesperiidze of the Oriental Region referred to in the foregoing paragraph, describes as a new species a Zed:- cota to which he gives the name of szmplex (Cf. p. 253, Pl. XIX, Fig. 15, ¢). This is the same species which I described in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. XXV, p. 79, Pl. IV, fig. 4, under the name Ze“icota subrubra. I do not much wonder that from the wretched figure I gave, Elwes was unable to make out the species, and I am thankful to him for having given so good a figure. Of course, his name sinks asa synonym. Had he noted my description and asked for information as he did in reference to some other species, I might have helped him to avoid the error. His work is a splendid contribu- tion to our knowledge of the subject, and minor errors of this sort are likely to occur in the case of the most careful student.

Much has been written concerning Limenitis floridensis Strecker, and Limenitis eros W. H. Edwards. The latter author insists upon the distinctness of his species from that named by Strecker. I cannot agree with him. With the type of Z. evos before me, and after having carefully examined the insect named ZL. floridensis by Strecker, I am sure of the identity of the two. Strecker’s name has priority.

What is Zeuzera canadensis Herrich-Schaeffer? Under this name the distinguished lepidopterist of Ratisbon named and figured a species of Zeuzera, which, he informs us, came from ‘‘ Quebeck”’ (s¢c), From the time of the publication of his plate to this present hour no such insect has turned up on American soil. I recently purchased, while in London, a set of a Zewzera from Natal, which is undoubtedly the insect figured by Cramer as WVoctuwa asylas (Pap. Exot., Pl. 137, fig. C). Is not this species of Cramer the same as the one figured by Herrich- Schaeffer? It looks to me as if possibly Z. canadensis might be an African form, and that we are dealing in this case again with a mistaken locality-label. Quien sabe ? *

*T was tempted to drop a line to Dr. A. G. Butler of the British Museum re- questing him to confer with Sir George F. Hampson and let me know whether my

60 JourNaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ~_ [Vol. VI.

REPLY TO DR. DYAR’S NOTE. By A. RADCLIFFE GROTE.

In reply to Dr. Dyar’s note, this Journal, V, 66, I would state that,. having no preparations of the larve, I may have failed to follow en- tirely Dr. Dyar’s remarks and any misstatement of them has arisen in this way. I would suggest that Dr. Dyar figure them in outline as I have done with the neuration. I consider the ‘‘stinging spines’”’ as. adaptive, secondary characters, unfit for classificatory purposes of this. nature and not decisive of phylogeny. With regard to the anal tuber- cle, Dr. Dyar regards it as primary—of this I cannot judge, but natur-_ ally accept this dicta. And thisis the only main point. I regard the pat-- tern of neuration as ‘‘ primary ’’ and that it unites, in one phylogenetic group, Hemileuca and Saturnia and Automeris and Agta. As to other characters, the structure of the female antennze appears to fall in very well with my classification as also the specializations of the pupal en- velop. This whole case seems to converge into: anal tubercles vs. pat- tern of neuration. It is a test case and should be settled before we go any further. It appears to me a physiological impossibility that Agia should be derived from the Saturnian branch or that Memzteuca should be derived from the Aglian stem. From his point of view Dr. Dyar thinks the reverse and hence a settlement of the controversy, which should not be suffered to run into side issues, is very desirable.

surmise as to the identity of Z. canadensis, H. S. with Z. asy/as of Cramer met with their approval. I have just received the following reply contained in a letter written, January Ist, 1898.

‘¢ As desired, we have looked into the identity of Zeuzera asylas Cram. and Z, canadensis H. Sch., and have come to the conclusion that you are quite correct in the belief that both figures represent the same African species. We have nothing ap- proaching it from any temperate country and all the species of this type appear to be: inhabitants of the tropical parts of the old world.’’

I accept it then as established that Zeazera canadensis H. Sch. is a synonym for Z. asylas Cram., and the species should be stricken from our lists of North American. species. Herrich-Schaefer’s locality ‘‘ Quebeck’’ was evidently an error.

POmwiIR NAT,

Deo Bork @ntomological Society, Pov oe. JUNE, 1808 Ree a oe

STUDIES IN THE PTINIDZ, CIOIDZ AND SPHIN- DIDZZ OF AMERICA.

By Tuos. L. Casey.

The term ‘‘America,’’ in the above title, is employed to designate that portion of the American continent embraced within the boundaries of the United States. There should be no more ambiguity in designat- ing the United States of America as America simply, than in calling the United States of Brazil, or the United States of Colombia by the last word of their respective titles. It may perhaps be considered egotistical for us to appropriate to ourselves the name characterizing the continents of the western hemisphere, but as we have no other title to distinguish us among the numerous aggregates of united states which compose these continents, there is no reasonable motive for avoiding the apparent conceit.

PTINIDA. PTILININI.

The insects of this tribe form an appropriate introduction to the Bostrichinz, for they are evidently a connective bond with the Anobiini. Our species have not been studied for many years. We have two genera as follows :—

Antennz strongly flabellate in the male, serrate in the female,........... Ptilinus Antenne slender and feebly serrate in the male, shorter and somewhat stouter but rather more strongly serrate in the female.................- Euceratocerus

The eyes are rather larger and more convex in Huceratocerus than in /rilinus, but are much smaller in the female than in the male. Select- ing the apparent males by this character I have been unable to observe any pectination of the male antenna in A/evradlis, though it may exist in horni, of which I have not seen the male.

62 JourNaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Ptilinus Geof.

The long slender pubescent appendages of the male antenna are not an extreme development of the usual serriform structure, but project from the base of the joints, the joints themselves being slender and some- times cylindrical. In the female, however, the joints are prolonged out- wardly and in an obliquely anterior direction, forming a truly and quite strongly serriform antenna. The males differ from the females not only in the structure of the antennze but in the much denser sculpture of the entire body, and frequently to a very great degree in the form of the prothorax. In the following table of the species included within my cabinet, all the discriminating characters refer to the female, except in the case of flavifennis, of which the only known example is a male :—

Color uniform throughout or very nearly, the elytra not paler,............ oddoo & Golor‘blackish; the felytra flavate:'.5..2...<10.c/o> aint showtse seer saeco aS 2—Prothorax sinuate at the sides subapically, the apex more or less prominent in a

roundedsonmtecblyssinuadtes lobe wee niaerne tease taser Teenie errata 3 Prothorax arcuately oblique subapically, the apex angulate and slightly prominent 6 Prothorax broadly and evenly arcuate at apex, feebly sinuate in the middle,..... 7

3—Elytra distinctly punctured only toward the base, the punctures nearly obselete toward tip; thoracic lobe feebly and evenly crenulate. California. .basalis Lec. Elytrai distinetly punctured thiroushout -.'s2).. (1: saciid 2 aloes see ene 4 4—Thoracic lobe narrowly rounded and with a few closely approximate serrules at tips Rennsylvaniaytowindianaw erm cr ee ie eee ruficornis Say Thoracic lobe broadly rounded, with a feeble cuspiform emargination and minutely andevenly serrulate throughout |< 272 .cy nce clei ios oieke ie e e 5 5—Scutellum elongate, finely and densely rugose ; epipleurze gradually wider at base. female.—Body rather stout, cylindrical, dark piceo-castaneous in color through- out, the legs scarcely, the antennze much, paler; lustre rather dull, the pubes. cence very short and dense on the elytra. Head convex, minutely and densely granulate, the transverse frontal impression distinct. Prothorax distinctly wider than long, widest at about the middle, narrowed slightly to the base, rapidly and just visibly sinuate to the apical lobe ; surface minutely and densely granulose toward base, more coarsely, sparsely and irregularly so toward apex, the median line finely impressed. Elytra three-fourths longer than wide, equal in width to the prothorax, minutely and densely subgranulose in texture, with the punctures rather strong, sparse and distinct, feebler toward tip, where they are more dis- tinctly intermingled with small granules and the ground lustre is more shining. Length 4.0 mm.; width 1.5 mm. Nebraska...... ........ lobatus, sp. nov. Scutellum quadrate, coarsely rugose; epipieurze rapidly wider at base, d/ale.—Cy- lindrical, opaque, black, the legs scarcely paler, the antennze pale rufous, the rami infuscate; pubescence extremely minute and not very conspicuous. Head conyex, dull, minutely subgranulose, the eyes convex, separated on the front by about four times their own width, Prothorax about a third wider than long broadly, evenly arcuate at base, gradually narrowed and arcuate at the sides from

June, 1898.] CasrEy: NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 63

the broadly rounded basal angles to the apex, the latter much narrower than the base and evenly and more strongly arcuate; surface densely granulato-rugose throughout, the median line very fine and subobsolete. Elytra three-fifths longer than wide, rather wider than the prothorax and much more than twice as long, very densely granulato-rugose and opaque, the punctures distinct throughout, with about two impressed series along the lateral margin, esa/le,—A little larger and paler in color than the male, with more shining elytra, upon which there are more distinct traces on each of three or four feeble ridges. Prothorax larger, fully as wide as the elytra, rounded at the sides, widest just behind the mid- dle, the surface more sparsely and decidedly granose toward tip. Elytra scarcely three-fifths longer than wide, twice as long as the prothorax, Length 3.0-3.5 Mme swidthit. tr. 2 mam, Indiana. 2... Painters pruinosus, sp, nov. 6—Elytral punctures only distinct near the base, where they are fine. /eszale,— Evenly cylindrical, piceous, the legs and antennze paler; pubescence very short, even, extremely dense, yellowish in color and conspicuous on the elytra; lustre rather shining. Head evenly convex, minutely granulato-rugose, the epistomal impression small and rather feeble. Prothorax not quite as long as wide, the sides parallel and feebly arcuate; apex broadly and evenly ogival; surface mi- nutely granulose, becoming nearly smooth at the sides toward base, the granules coarse and pronounced toward apex except laterally. Scutellum quadrate, feebly conyex, dull. Elytra fully three-fourths longer than wide, about twice as long as the prothorax, smooth and alutaceous, without trace of impressed lines at any part. Abdomen rather convex, the second segment somewhat longer than the first. Length 2.8-4.0 mm.; width 0,9-1.4 mm, California (Sta. Cruz Mts.). acuminatus, sp. nov.

7—Elytra with fine, even and somewhat impressed strize in both sexes. J/ale.— Cylindrical, blackish, the elytra generally a little paler; legs and antennz pale, the flabellum infuscate; surface dull, the humeral callus more shining. Head short, inserted to the eyes which are well developed and strongly convex; sur- face but feebly convex, densely scabrous and opaque; antennal joints very short, the rami very long and slender. Prothorax a little shorter than wide, parallel and straight at the sides, broadly and evenly rounded in apical third or fourth, with a minute sinus at the middle; surface coarsely, densely and roughly gran- ulato-scabrous throughout the width, becoming much more finely so and smoother toward base. Scutellum moderate, subquadrate. Elytra three-fourths longer than wide, a little more than twice as long as the prothorax and rather wider, densely dull and finely granulato-rugose, the second and fifth intervals uniting and rather convex near the declivity, the ninth also becoming broader and slightly convex behind. ea/e——Rather shining and dark rufo-testaceous throughout, the prothorax similar in form but rather shorter and fully as wide as the elytra, with the rugulosities more distinct and isolated, nearly smooth toward base, the head more elongate, narrower and with the eyes small and distant from the pro- thorax; elytra rather flattened on the posterior declivity, with the intervals slightly uneven. Length 30-4.2 mm. width 0.9-1.4 mm. California (Sta. Cruz Mts)...... Sdeic cAgeh ae fat Bist ie oriticgen coe ramicornis, sp. nov. 8—Elytra with rather strong punctures unevenly arranged throughout. Ma/e.— Cylindrical, blackish and opaque, the elytra flavate and less dull; legs paler, the

64 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGIGAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

antennze pale flavate; pubescence short, fine and moderately distinct. Head rather short, inserted nearly to the eyes, which are well developed and very con- vex; surface moderately convex, dull and subscabrous; antennze moderate in length, the rami unusually.short and gradually thickened from their bases, the ramus of the fourth joint three times as long as the joint. Prothorax distinctly shorter than wide, the outline broadly parabolic from the base continuously around the apex, the sides becoming almost parallel near the base, which is broadly arcuate, finely margined toward the middle ; surface densely granulato- scabrous, larger individual granules but slightly evident toward tip. Scutellum longer than wide, dull, obtuse at tip as usual, Elytra three-fourths longer than wide, twice as long at the prothorax and scarcely wider, the punctures equally visible throughout, rather large but sparse and with but the vaguest suggestion of lineal arrangement. Length 2.4 mm.; width 0.8 mm. California (Los Anigeles” Coa Mxasas ai ae severe omens oye ste enceeesredaree flavipennis, sp. nov.

The female in this genus generally has a short acute transverse ridge near the apex of the last ventral segment, but in ramzcornis the fifth seg- ment is simple in that sex, having merely a very small and shallow im- pression at the apex. The male usually has the fifth ventral simple or slightly more convex at the apex, where it is broadly and evenly rounded.

Acuminatus is represented before me by seven females varying greatly in size, and the male is apparently rare; on the other hand ramuicornis is represented by nine specimens, only two of which are females. Z/o- racicus Rand., is not known to me at present and is therefore omitted from the table.

Euceratocerus Lec.

The fifth ventral segment is generally impressed in the female of Zv- ceratocerus and is rather shorter than in the male, where it is simple. The species are all elongate and subcylindrical, though rather less con- vex than in /¢z/nus, the head minutely and densely granulose, the pro- thorax less minutely and very clearly and evenly granulate throughout the disk, but rather more densely at the summit of the more convex median parts near the base. The elytra have very fine, scarcely im- pressed strize, which extend nearly to the apex in orzz, and that species. is well distinguished from any of the California representatives by the two basal impressions of the pronotum. ‘The species are very much more closely allied among themselves than those of /¢z/nus, and the - male appears to be very rare in comparison with the female. The four species in my cabinet may be identified as follows from the female :— Basal joint of the hind tarsi very much shorter than the entire remainder, the second

joint relatively more elongate; pronotum impressed at each side near the basal

margin; elytra more elongate ; eyes separated by rather less than three times. their ownlwidth., | Wexasiye. > ane aac erties Anan So sehoau obo horni Zec.

June, 1898 ] Casey: NortH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 65

Basal joint but slightly shorter than the entire remainder, the second joint relatively much shorter; pronotum not impressed sublaterally at base................ 2 2—Pleural sulcus below the humeri deep and strongly marked; elytra twice as long as wide; eyes separated by evidently more than three times their own width. Body rather stout, the elytra subdilated near the tip, blackish-piceous above, the legs and antennze dark rufous or rufo-piceous; surface feebly shining, the pubescence extremely short, pale, dense and conspicuous on the elytra. Head short, inserted to the eyes, dull, the epistomal impression well marked. Pro- thorax three-fifths wider than long, rounded at apex, the sides thence strongly di- verging and feebly sinuate, becoming parallel and broadly rounded in basal half; basal angles rounded. Elytra twice as long as wide, more than three times as long as the prothorax and fully as wide, a little wider at apical third ; humeral angles rounded. Length 3.7-4.5 mm.; width 1.3-1-7 mm. California (Sta. PU SUNIES ) Ueteriaraicials’ aie esslordei se eare'e'e:s Hecate cisteraneteue thet pleuralis, sp. nov. RIPE rAlGSOICUS MALrOW aNd feeble res scares caieiet aie eels 6_alecetajale eile slam cies = seiebel eae 3 3—Elytra fully twice as long as wide; eyes small, separated by fully four times their own width. Body very slender, nearly as in A/euralzs but narrower, the elytra not distinctly wider behind and fully three and one-half times as long as the pro- thorax, the latter nearly similar in outline but still more transverse, the sides be- coming parallel in less than basal half, with the median line similarly finely im- pressed anteriorly. Length 2.9 mm.; width 1.0mm, California (locality not PUMUTLacLCCLS\Wteeiays’ <"c/atcieneicich sfolsieis’ ova; tele a) essnayeiaie' are sielevereislbvar us macer, sp. nov. Elytra much shorter, three-fourths longer than wide; eyes more convex and better developed, separated by three times their own width. Body suboblong, moder- ately convex, dull, blackish, almost similar throughout to péewralis but shorter, the prothorax relatively rather smaller and the elytra much shorter, not distinctly dilated subapically, and with the minute subgranuliform rugulosity still finer and the pubescence a little denser, the fine strize distinct to the summit of the convex declivity. ~The hind tarsi are longer than in Aleuralis. Length 3.4 mm.; width 1.25mm, California (locality not indicated). .saginatus, sp. nov.

The descriptions are derived throughout from the female, the only male accessible to me being one of the four examples of fleuwrals. This male is very much smaller and narrower than the female, with the eyes better developed and separated by slightly more than twice their own width; the prothorax is more transverse and almost semicircular. in outline from the base around the apex, near which it is perhaps more correctly broadly parabolic; the last ventral segment is simple, rounded ta apex and not quite as long as the two preceding combined; the an- tennz do not differ essentially in structure from those of the female, but are rather more slender.

BostTRICHINI.

The genera of Bostrichini have not been considered in their mutual relationships for twenty years, when a review of them was published by Dr. Horn, I find it necessary to increase the genera recognized by.

66 JourNaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. — [Vol. VI.

that author by five, the species hitherto placed in Scnoxylon being quite

heterogeneous and in no single instance truly a member of that genus.

Sinoxylon dinoderoides, Amphicerus fortis and Dinoderus brevis are

also types of distinct genera. The genus proposed for the last named

species is called Fafea in the table. The genera known thus far may be thus distinguished :—

Tarsi long, with the last joint relatively shorter, the second joint usually elongate ; claws and tibial spurs stouter, grooved beneath, the edges of the groove minutely — en ElC A > An oen Baoonee GOHeoGanD GAOL GsoucnCnOasooguoGuECRocKcoNg ys: 2

Tarsi short, the four basal joints subequal among themselves and together nearly equal to the fifth; clawssmallerand more slender, not at all crenulate within, .9

2—Funicular joints of the antennz very short and closely united, together never longer than the first joint of the club, the latter long, loose and strongly com-

PTESSE Riese wins tek hale se eg who's Suevaie terezie cimtecauberc beg atese cs lereletols cee cucyar etek neat 3 Funicular joints more elongate and less closely united, together generally much longerthan the first jomtof the club) esse eee mee aeerr Bese poss Aan. 6 Z—ainiciomell Glial) sSyonate. ooscccnosdaccnn0a00c sebsvavevouvolsve ayelier sist nrcteyeveket ann Rerede 4 Antennal club 4-jointed........ LOO is BE nl IBS neat cAMP es. . Tetrapriocera

4—Antennz 10-jointed, the elytral declivity with well-marked spines or tubercles. .5 Antennze 9-jointed, the elytral declivity without spines or tubercles at the sides, or with very rudimentary tuberculiform irregularities, excavated near the suture, the latter with a spiniform elevation; antennal club moderate in development,

its joints decreasing in width and only very feebly serriform ..... Xylopertha 5—Antennal club moderately developed, its first and second joints nearly similar in form; selytral declivitySexspinase \aa-ie eee eee arene Xylobiops

Antennal club greatly elongated, its first and second joints dissimilar in form, the former more or less outwardly produced at apex; elytral declivity quadritubercu-

TOS GEA bie oa eee tee ho) Ane cerca CROP PE Bucher cyeroretnotare Dendrobiella © °

6—Joints of the antennal club strongly compressed and deeply bistriate from the ap- ical margin; front simply tumid; hind angles of the prothorax rounded.

Amphicerus

Joints of the antennal club strongly compressed but not striate, the two sensitive patches

near the apices of the joints rounded and feebly marked; front lamellarly promi-

nent behind the clypeus ; hind angles of the prothorax not rounded... Apatides )!

Joints of the antennal club but feebly compressed and generally quite convex, the first two more or less transverse, with the twosensitive patches rounded and sub-

apicall;s front notitransverselysprominente ene ee meeenmiceiaeseeeenieeeeericrns 7

7—Tibiz dentate externally; claws abruptly bent at base, not distinctly crenulate ;

SIZERVEhyalancie meena may araloverti are Ber ites te bevatsee s iS ahelalat sree peaaeieeee Dinapate

. Tibize not dentate; claws evenly arcuate; size moderate or small................ 8

8—Front margined at the sides; eyes well developed ....... Paes Bostrichus Bront@motimarcineds comvexsmey.es sia lysine ite eee Micrapate

9—Antennz with the two basal joints relatively smaller, the funicle well developed ; club rather short, 3-jointed.

Antennze Io-jointed ; body elongate, the head exserted....... ....--Dinoderus

Antennz I1-jointed; body short and stout; head deeply inserted......... Patea

June, 1898.] Casey: NorTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 67

In Zetrapriocera and Fatea the antennz are 11-jointed. In all the others they are 1o-jointed, except in Xy/ofertha and in one species of Bostrichus, where they have but ninejoints. Zetrapriocera /ongicornis (= schwarzi Horn) is the only known species of that genus. <y/ofer- tha is confined, as might be expected, to the subsiberian fauna of the Pacific coast, where it is represented by didentata, declivis and suturatts, hitherto placed in Szzoxy/on, which genus has the two basal joints of the antennal clubshort and transverse. Xy/odcofs is proposed for the Szwoxy- lon basillare, texanum, sextuberculatum and floridanum of the present lists. Dénapate wrighit, the type and only known species of the genus, is the largest bostrichid known; it will probably soon become extinct by reason of the destruction of its food-plant for commercial purposes.

Dendrobiella, gen. nov.

This genus inhabits the warmer parts of the North American con- tinent and also the West Indies; the species known to me may be iden- tified by the following characters :—

Elytral punctures distinct throughout the disk, except at the sides, where they are obso- lete, finer toward base, coarser posteriorly to the brink of the declivity, the latter smooth and impunctured as usual throughout the genus.

Larger species, 5.5-6 mm. in length, blackish in color........... sericans Lec. Smaller species, 4 mm. in length, rufo-piceous in color,.... quadrispinosa Lec.

Elytral punctures rather fine and sparse but distinct toward base, becoming wholly obsolete toward the declivity. A/z/e.—Head well developed, the surface flat- tened, polished, nude and finely, sparsely punctulate, bituberculose at the base of the vertex; eyes moderate, very prominent; antennz pale, longer than the width of the head, the first seven joints together scarcely longer than the first joint of the club, the tenth joint long and narrow. Prothorax wider than long, slightly narrowed anteriorly, broadly truncate at apex, the sides becoming parallel be- hind the middle ; apical asperities moderately coarse and obtuse at the sides ; disk polished, finely, subimbricately punctulate toward the middle in more than basal half. Elytra shining, the pubescence rather long, fine, decumbent, fulvous and conspicuous ; apical truncature flat and shining, the tubercles moderate, the lower more obtuse. Female.—Smaller than the male but nearly similar, except that the head is smaller, more convex, less shining, feebly convex, punctured, pubes- cent and devoid of tubercles. Length 4.3-50 mm.; width 1.75-21 mm. Es 2S (VEG IE) ARR one ed ao.q dbo nce toe ecat on pubescens, sp. nov.

Elytral punctures wholly obsolete, being feebly traceable only very near the base. Male.—Head moderate, flattened, becoming concave behind the frontal margin, minutely, sparingly puberulent, slightly shining, finely and rather closely punctu- late throughout; two small tubercles of the vertex on a transverse Jine through the posterior limits of the eyes; antennce but little longer than the width of the head, nearly as in Judescens. Prothorax much wider than long, feebly narrowed in

68 JournaL New YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

apical half, very broadly truncate at apex, the apico-lateral serrules acute, about three in number ; sculpture nearly as in pubescens, except that the disk is finely, sparsely punctulate toward base, without trace of imbricate sculpture. Elytra smooth, conspicuously pubescent; apical tubercles small and rather feeble, Length 5.0 mm.; width 2.0mm. Island of Jamaica...... sublzvis, sp. nov.

It is probable that pudescens is the species identified as serzcuns by Gorham in the ‘‘ Biologia.”’

Amphicerus Zec.

This is a rather large and important genus among our bostrichids, not at all closely allied to Afafe as is said to be the case by Mr. Gor- ham in the ‘‘ Biologia,’”’ the two differing radically in the form of the antennal club among other characters. The species known to me are as follows :—

Elytra deeply margined:atvapex. 1s sa qime ssic ielercscreieis ie sreicia sreie restorer eres eee 2

Elytra not strongly margined at apex, smaller species, brown or testaceous in color, with the sculpture toward the base of the pronotum less broadly granulose and.

TOES MEMAKY MIBIEOSSs Gocooncoc ceceus HoHoooGOoobOOOUoOehUCo Sob uOEHe dacs 7 2—Elytra 4-tuberculate at the summit of the apical declivity, less distinctiy so in the female; body generally black throughout............ Be aso. a3 Elytra bituberculate at the summit of the apical declivity, rudimentarily so in the fe: male; color dark brown, the elytra less coarsely punctate................-- 6 3—Pubescence of the elytra wanting or not distinguishable under low power...... 4 Pubescence of the elytra conspicuous but decumibent..............++c0++sseeeen 5

4—Elytra of the female more elongate, distinctly more than twice as long as wide, with coarse and close-set punctures. Southern Texas to Honduras. : punctipennis Zec.

Elytra of the female distinctly shortér, about twice as long as wide, with smaller and sparser punctures. /eale.—Body cylindrical, black, polished and glabrous. Head two-thirds as wide as the prothorax, with the eyes rather large, very cun-

vex and prominent; vertex transversely tumid and pubescent; sculpture coarsely granulato-rugose ; antennze as Jong as the width of the head, dark rufo- piceous. Prothorax as long as wide, parallel and broadly arcuate at the sides, narrowed and serrate at the sides anteriorly, the apex sinuato-truncate, with the apical teeth small; surface coarsely asperato-granose anteriorly, smooth with flattened contiguous tubercles posteriorly. Elytra more than twice as long as the prothorax and a little wider, the punctures coarser and closer toward the sides and strongly and coarsely confluent on the apical declivity; tubercles rudiment- ary. Abdomen with whitish pubescence, minutely and densely punctulate, with coarse punctures interspersed. Length 12.0 mm.; width 4.0mm. Texas (Gal- WESEOM!)' /s Le <xaraycheca/ sale tuskefalsieriontc tales see eee Re maritimus, sp. nov. 5—emale.—Body very slender, cylindrical, shining, black with a feeble piceous tinge. Head three-fourths as wide as the prothorax, the eyes very convex and prominent; vertex moderately tumid, the surface granulato rugose with a smooth

June, 1898. ] Casey: NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 69

median spot posteriorly; antennz rather stout, not quite as long as the width of the head. Prothorax obviously shorter than wide, narrowed somewhat from very near the base, more rapidly and arcuately and with moderate serrules an- teriorly, the apical sinuation narrow with the teeth small; surface coarsely as- perato-tuberculate anteriorly, smoother in basal two thirds, the sculpture becom- ing coarsely subimbricate in the middle toward base, with the surface shining and the median line finely impressed. Elytra much more than twice as long as wide, nearly three times as long as the prothorax and just visibly wider, the punctures coarse and close-set, subserial in arrangement, coarse, contiguous and subconfluent on the declivity, the tubercles feeble, especially the inner. Abdo- men finely punctulate, pubescent, the scattered larger punctures rather small. Legs quite slender. Length g.o mm.; width 2.5 mm, Kansas, Iowa and INP ALON Ae eles e's aie vuletes cit efeve'ss o's 3 Se ohoodouDaOod. gracilis, sp. nov. 4—Dubescence distinct, decumbent. Satcall: series rather impressed, the suture ele- vated on the declivity. Head rather small, the eyes moderate in size. Elytral punctures not serial in arrangement, but with traces of three fine raised lines. Jn Uae aC eiGeSs | RSE Suse yaqucaon oun DoS aOunouORobos bicaudatus Say. 7—Prothorax emarginate at apex, fully as long as wide and with the usual terminal teeth of the lateral series. /Z/a/e.—Rather stout, cylindrical, shining, dark testa- ceous-brown in color; antennz pale; surface virtually glabrous. Head moderate, nearly two-thirds as wide as the prothorax, broadly, almost evenly convex, with a large median impunctate area; transverse impression behind the clypeus deep and distinct; eyes small and but moderately prominent; antennze fully as long as the width of the head. Prothorax fully as long as wide, the sides broadly arcuate, becoming parallel only very near the base, converging anteriorly where the ser- rules are prominent and close-set in less than apical half; apex narrowly sinuate. surface tuberculose anteriorly, becoming smooth and polished in basal half and almost sculptureless toward the sides but sparsely imbricato-strigose toward the middle. Elytra short, one-half longer than wide, equal in width to the pro- thorax, strongly but not very closely, confusedly punctate, more closely but scarcely coalescently behind, the declivity very steep, more convex at each side above but not tuberculate, the suture elevated. Abdomen finely, strongly and densely punctulate,the scattered coarser punctures not visible,the pubescence even, decumbent and rather dense; last segment shorter than any of the preceding. Hind tarsi very much longer than the tibie. Length 6.7 mm; width 2.2 mm.

RANGE EIS © )reparatelsis tei mies lelaleielaye ale st) sielnis cleldeleia ay grandicollis, sp. nov. Prothorax truncate at tip, with the angles obtuse and rounded, without trace of pro- BESSESIi oer Vogereiutaye ele) J'aNeL<'s Me se oleteav ot oho ater steer) tet oPoi of ahateliny = ofa oye) otolepeie eee lots ef 8

8—Larger species, the prothorax much wider than long and trapezoidal in form; Female.—Rather slender, cylindrical, shining, subglabrous, dark rufo-testaceous in color, Head well developed, nearly three-fourths as wide as the prothorax, the surface granose throughout, tumid posteriorly, the epistomal suture just be- yond the middle of the length and impressed toward the middle, the epistoma large; eyes very large, convex and prominent; antennze obviously shorter than the width of the head, with the club relatively very long, the five joints of the funicle together barely equal in length to its first joint. Prothorax much wider than long, the sides parallel and feebly arcuate nearly to the middle, then

70 JouRNAL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

strongly convergent to the truncate apex, the latter not visible from above but narrow and feebly sinuate ; declivity coarsely asperate above, smoother near the apex, subserrate laterally, the teeth not extending to the apex; basal half rather dull in lustre and with short strigiform lines not densely placed. Elytra about twice as long as wide, between two and three times as long as the prothorax and rather wider, rather coarsely, deeply and irregularly but uniformly and quite densely punctate, very densely and perforately so behind, the declivity moder- ately steep, more convex at each side but not tuberculate, the suture elevated. Abdomen closely punctulate, the pubescence moderately abundant. Tarsi very long. Length 6.5-7.0 mm.; width 2.0-2.2mm. Texas (El Paso), brevicollis, sp. nov. Small species, 4.5-5.5 mm. in length, the protnorax as broad as long. Body elongate, cylindrical, sparsely clothed with moderately long semi-erect hair; elytra coarsely and’ seriately punctate; under surface sparsely punctate. California. (ort uinta, ete ial akc. goer aerate See ereahcue saueataies .....teres Hori

Grandicollis is described from what appears to be the male, but the eyes are very small when compared with those of dreuvicollis, of which the four homogeneous examples before me seem to be females ; both of these species and probably ¢eres also, which I have not seen, have the funicle of the antennz much shorter than in the others; in granidicollis the five joints together are however quite distinctly longer than the first joint of the club; in drevicol/’s they are barely as long as. the first joint but do not have the closely crowded structure observed in Stnoxylon and Tetrapriocera. In brevicollis there are a few erect hairs. observable near the sides of the elytra especially behind, but otherwise the surface is glabrous and the punctures are only feebly subseriate in arrangement.

Apatides, gen. nov.

This genus is amply distinct from Amphicerus in the characters of the table. | We have the following three species :—

Inner margin of the epipleurze continuous and obliquely ascending at base to the humeral angles in the female; basal angles of the prothorax acute and promi- nent; head and abdomen finely punctate, the former slightly tumid or subcari- nate along the middle toward the frontal margin. Lower California and California (Yuma) ae. ce. k a dtlsn cl seated en dieaed: com unde dares fortis Zec. -

Inner margin of the epipleurze discontinuous at base in the female, basal angles of the prothorax not at all rounded but at the same time not distinctly prominent, the surface lessiimpressed before: the*anplesiy 2245. 4c see eee ee z

2—Vertex gradually ascending to the prominent frontal margin, finely and sparsely punctate, the abdomen minutely punctulate throughout; thoracic processes separated by rather more than a third of the total width. d/a/e.—Head three- fifths as wide as the prothorax, the latter nearly as long as wide, with the

June, 1898.] Casty: NortH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. rQ

apical processes long and obliquely convergent; surface with the usual isolated tubercles toward base. Elytra twice as long as wide, just visibly wider than the prothorax, the apical declivity flattened, becoming alutaceous in lustre and almost impunctate toward the suture, which is elevated emadle,—Similar to the male but larger, with the thoracic processes short and parallel, the elytra rather more than twice as long as wide and more distinctly wider than the pro- thorax, the apical declivity convex and coarsely perforato-punctate throughout, the suture moderately elevated. Length 13.0-15.5 mm.; width 4.3-5.1 mm. Texas) (Hl, Pas0)cice's.2 « ayeKora tye) skecclay ai oraterey ta eheratetete robustus, sp. nov. Vertex more tumid and convex, ess finely and quite strongly punctured throughout;

abdomen strongly though sparsely punctured toward base ; thoracic processes more approximate, separated by but little more than a fourth of the total width. female,—Head moderate in size, the eyes very convex and prominent as usual, Prothorax not quite as long as wide, nearly as in rodzsfes but less devoid of sculpture toward the basal angles. Elytra not at all mcre than twice as long as wide, the apical declivity rather more convex at each side than in rodzs/us, steeper and a little less coarsely punctured. Abdomen polished as usual, the punctures becoming finer and denser toward apex. Length 12.5 mm.; width 4.3mm. Arizona (Locality not specified—Levette Cabinet. )

puncticeps, sp. nov.

The male of fortis has the apical processes more convergent and longer than the female, but there seems to be no modification of the elytral declivity near the suture. Individuals vary much in size as usual in the Bostrichinz.

Bostrichus Geof.

The genus Sostrichus, as represented in America, differs remark- ably from Amphicerus in the structure of the antennal club, the joints. being short, subglobose, and with the sensitive spaces small and circu- lar ; it also differs in having the basal angles of the prothorax acute and prominent, but in that respect resembles Apatides, from which it differs in turn in the structure of the antennal club and frontal parts of the head. The following table comprises all the species known to me at present : —

Prothorax narrowly and deeply sinuate at apex, with the limiting processes promi- nent and generally unciform ; elytra each with two ridges more or less distinct

or interrupted,.... SEOUL SOD CEE SOG TOOT oO ODE E A Lore CRRA Ay OIE 2

Prothorax sinuato-truncate at apex, with the limiting angles acute and somewhat prominent; vestiture hair-like, decumbent and unevenly distributed; elytra

without trace of ridges ; species smaller and more slender ................. 5 2—Hind tarsi fully as long as the tibize; unciform processes of the prothorax more PRLOMUMEN fee Atlan tle TESIONSs 2 4-5/9 develo eco eveiataineisleiviai aera cisiele selec sie cialsle e's 3

Hind tarsi shorter than the tibize ; unciform processes shorter, not differing in form Homathe, lateral sernilesi2 1; sciaieels)sleveras: nove aisle ois oie sfavaieh siete ctal Bah oie'e1 > oietal el 4

72 JourNAL NEw YoRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

3—Vestiture of the elytra squamiform; inner ridge strong and continuous to the

apical declivity ...... Sd atti ote een Narcan erate sai sretclenshevererenree bicornis Wed. Vestiture more hair-like and still more unevenly disposed in clusters; inner ridge feeble and much interrupted, the outer almost obsolete ...... . -armiger Lec. 4—FElytral vestiture long and hair-like, very sparse and almost evenly disposed; ridges fine, feeble and subobsolete ............ sooonees californicus Horz 5—Antenne Io-jointed as usual........ pefeniete AGU SHOON aS truncaticollis Lec.

Antennz 9g-jointed. Evenly cylindrical, black, the antennze and tarsi paler; vesti- ture coarsely hair-like, fulvous in color, dense and conspicuous, somewhat un- even on the elytra but much less nucleated than in ¢rzncaticollis. Head moderate, opaque, pubescent, the eyes well developed; antennz as long as the width of the head, the funicle 4-jointed. Prothorax nearly as long as wide, roughly tuberculose, pubescent, the basal angles acutely prominent; median line somewhat depressed. Elytra slightly wider than the prothorax, two and one-half times as long as wide, coarsely, densely, unevenly punctured and finely tuberculose. Legs rather short and slender, the hind tarsi longer than the tibice. Length 6.4 mm.; width 1.8mm. New Jersey (Woodbury).

angustus, sp. nov.

In the males the elytral apices are minutely spinulose throughout, but there is very little sexual difference otherwise, except that the male is generally smaller and with the elytra less elongate. It will probably prove necessary to generically separate the American species of Bostri-

chus from the European forms, when the family is monographed as a

whole.

Micrapate, gen. nov.

This genus is founded upon the Szzoxylon dinoderoides of Horn, and its allied species, and I have ventured to include also the SS. sémplex of that author, although the size is so much greater that renewed obser- vation would possibly disclose some divergencies of a generic nature. I should have been disposed to refer the specimens described above under the name Amphicerus brevicollis to S. simplex, were it not for the fact that the basal parts of the pronotum are said to be ‘‘ densely punctate,’’ which language it would be impossible to apply to Jrevicollis, where the sculpture of that part consists of short, isolated and longitudinal raised lines, asin the Amphicerus teres of Horn. It is a peculiarity of JZ- crapate that the basal parts of the pronotum are truly and simply punc- tate, and not in any way asperate, granose or tuberculose. Our species ‘are as follows :—

Prenotum less densely or rather sparsely punctured toward base; size much smaller, never maternally exceedingy zum nileng theses eee eee ieee Eronotumidensely, punctate itoward, base... 012 a. cemeteries Lees 2—Surface “ feebly shining ;” suture moderately and evenly elevated on the apical declivity, Arizona and Texas (Brownsville) ..........dinoderoides Aorz

June. 1£08.] CasEY: NorTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. a!” INS

Surface strongly shining; sutural elevation on the declivity strong, its summit for a short distance at the middle of the declivity, still more elevated, dilated and canaliculate. /emade.—Similar to @inoderotdes but smaller, the epistomal suture more deeply impressed and more remote from the apical margin. Prothorax nearly as long as wide, similar to dézoderoides but still more sparsely punctate toward base. Elytra rather coarsely, strongly punctured and very densely so, the punctures rather sparser toward the suture except on the declivity, but not as sparse as in adtzoderoides, the surface unevenly rugose by anteriorly oblique light. Under surface finely and densely punctulate, confluently soon the sterna. Length 3.4 mm.; width 1.15 mm, District of Columbia ..... cristicauda, sp. nov.

3—Size larger, 6.5 mm. in length. Body piceous, the elytra brownish; head opaque, tuberculate, the maxillary palpi with the last two joints equal; prothorax wider than long; elytra not wider than the prothorax, very coarsely and closely punc- tate, the punctures of the declivity coarser and denser, the sutural region slightly elevated, especially in the apical declivity. Body beneath moderately densely punctate, sparsely pubescent. Texas (southwestern) ......... simplex Horz

I have here regarded the specimens recently taken by Mr. Wickham in the extreme southern part of Texas, near Brownsville, as represent- ing the true dnoderoides, but actual comparison will be necessary to. decide, as these examples are certainly strongly shining.

Dinoderus S¢eph.

The rather numerous species of this genus may be outlined in the table which follows. Pumnctatus and fruncatus are the only discordant elements after eliminating revs, and they may have to be separated at some future time.

Apex of the elytra convex, the suture only very rarely somewhat prominent, the

apical margin not concave or prominently margined; pubescence erect...... 2 Apex of the elytra more abruptly truncate, concave and prominently margined at tip; (DUDESISNTS CCIATIONE JOE GEN St wRog Jooscs n4oc pooeooGoOre perp aOnNt non 13 2—Pronotum with granuliform and separated tubercles toward base............ 3

Pronotum with flattened and generally subcontiguous tubercles toward base; side margins almost devoid of serrulation except at apex; body more cylindro-

TORVIESS out 966 3855 5 ON OU DOM TOB TE OO Din COLO ORC OC USO OID ack the Corto. 8 B= By tra POMUSHECdrOr SION Ply SHINING), ys sistecreiie cia eis) eleleleie cle) slelele lates 0), sale, sie 4 Elytra opaque; color dark brown or blackish-piceous...............-++eeeeees 5

4—Elytra with very close-set perforate punctures, larger than the width of the in- tervals, the latter tuberculose; color dark brown throughout. Michigan, Can- AC AM AD Ce EULO DC Marcracian a tycisicie eicrs cide elettiniaiaies ori teeereeni .substriatus 7ay%. Elytra with less coarse and impressed punctures, not larger than the width of the intervals, the latter less elevated. and more feebly but distinctly tuberculose; color black or blackish. Head moderate, exserted, with a polished constriction at base as usual; surface subopaque, granulose, tre epistomal suture distinct ; apex sinuate; eyes small, convex; antennze stout, dark rufous, not as long as the

fe: a JourNaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

width of the head. Prothorax not quite as long as wide, the apex broadly arcu- ate, the sides becoming parallel and feebly arcuate near the base, serrate through- out, rather strongly at the rounded basal angles and still more coarsely around the apex; base broadly lobed; surface with small, strong and isolated granules throughout, intermingled anteriorly with some larger sparse asperities. Scu- tellum small. Elytra not quite twice as long as wide, more than twice as long as the prothorax and slightly wider; surface with series of moderately coarse punc- tures, confused near the suture and smaller and less seriate on the flanks; inter- vals asperate; apex evenly convex, with the punctures confused and asperate. Abdomen shining, sparsely punctulato-rugose and finely, sparsely pubescent. Length 4.0-4.8 mm ; width 1.3-1.6 mm. California (Calaveras Co-), Colorado and Idaho (Cceur d’Aléne)....... ENC rake aleyeaaial eas eveletaiere pacificus, sp. nov. Elytra with less coarse and more impressed punctures, nearly as in paczficus and not larger than the width of the intervals, the latter perfectly even, polished and devoid of tubercles or asperities throughout. Body deep black, the erect hairs of the elytra rather short. Head dull, sparsely pubescent, the epistoma broadly sinuate. Prothorax not quite as long as wide, arcuately swollen toward base, broadly rounded and asperato-tuberculose at apex; disk granose toward base, Elytra slightly wider than the prothorax, rather short, four-fifths longer than wide, the punctures seriate in arrangement, densely confused near the suture, more broadly toward base, small and irregular in arrangement toward the side margins, the apical declivity evenly convex and not at all granulose though more closely and unevenly punctate. Abdomen shining, sparsely punctulate. Length 2.7-3.7 mm.; width 0.8-1.2mm, Wyoming (Laramie) and Arizona. sobrinus, sp. nov. 5—FElytral granules strong and well defined, arranged in even single series along the

intenvalS yteryes ees ke rsnileielinseverel’s Fie. 01 aie wise el drete, | onath rue eloneyatenonte heehee yel nea 6 Elytral granules subobsolete except on the declivity, the punctured series contiguous, with the intervening ridges narrow and alternately slightly stronger. ........ 7

6—Elytra roughly and densely punctate on the declivity, the tuberculose intervals equal throughout, finely and confusedly on the flanks. Head short and transverse, granose, the basal constriction exposed as usual; eyes small; antennze short, the club paler; epistomal suture subobsolete. Prothorax slightly shorter than wide, nearly as in paczficus. Elytra not quite twice as long as wide, rather wider than the prothorax, the lustre dull, the sculpture coarse and rough, the punctures | of the series large, deep and approximate but circular and well defined, except at the sides. Abdomen minutely, sparsely punctulate, feebly pubescent. Length 4.0mm.; width 1.4mm, New Mexico(Fort Wingate)...asperulus, sp. nov.

Elytra finely, evenly and strongly granose on the declivity; intervals separating the punctured series equal in elevation; punctures of the series coalescent and not well defined. Head short and transverse, finely granose, the labrum declivous, the eyes and antennze moderate. Prothorax not quite as long as wide, broadly rounded and strongly asperate anteriorly, the sides feebly diverging to the rounded and asperate basal angles; disk with the granules equal, strong and isolated toward base. Elytra but little wider than the prothorax, scarcely twice as long as wide, densely sculptured in even series, except near the suture and

June, 1898.] CasEY: NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 75

more broadly on the flanks, the elevations polished. Length 5.2 mm.; width TOM NTIZONe a OCMEMIAN \i, ic ww se olnct cis ewes ss dtiels ne amplus, sp. noy. Elytra rather sparsely and strongly granose on the declivity ; intervals separating the punctured series alternating in prominence; punctures of the series subtrans- verse, subcoalescent and not well defined. North Carolina...porcatus Lec. 7—Punctures of the elytral series confluent, opaque and not well defined. Head transverse, opaque and granulose; eyes small; antennze short, dark rufous, the club not paler. Prothorax nearly as in paczficus, the tasal angles less rounded.

_ Elytra about twice as long as wide, slightly wider than the prothorax and much more than twice as long; sculpture very dense, the surface densely opaque; erect hairs moderate in length, stiff and fulvous. Abdomen rather dull, finely, sparsely punctulate. Length 3.0-4.0 mm.; width 0.9-1.2 mm. Virginia ( Nor- OMG erp ahaa cts ata eiatiarese acccolate ease alssars) aiawie Tiel ea. Slee ears siavate ls opacus, sp. noy. 8—Elytral punctures confused in arrangement, at least toward the sides and suture. .9 Elytral punctures forming perfectly even series throughout the width, the intervals

2° GD), 156 oben S646 hott See eee Ob omc OOD OOIstGh do samc doco decode 12 9—Apical declivity of the elytra granulose, the punctures more close-set throughout. 10 Pee GE CLiVILyESIIM PLY PUNCtALEs «4 cin 5 s'ayo.sa'orse'w wcele oicie wieisials weivigl Sere aelsinels;e II

to—Elytral punctures distinctly asperate throughout. Body and legs blackish, the antennz rufo-piceous; surface moderately shining. Head short, not very densely granose. Prothorax not quite as long as wide, the sides feebly conver- gent from near the broadly rounded basal angles, merging gradually into the broadly rounded and moderately serrulate apex ; surface sparsely, rather strongly asperate anteriorly, more closely granulate toward base, the granules flattened, less dense laterally. Elytra about two-thirds longer than wide, twice as long as the prothorax and scarcely wider ; punctures not very coarse, serial in arrange- ment, the intervals flat and even; apex evenly convex, strongly grano-tubercu- lose. Abdomen shining, sparsely punctulate. Length 3.7 mm.; width 1.2 BAD e NGM) ETSCY:.(0 2 cccite es) = BSOUcC SE Boo ene . hispidulus, sp. nov. Elytral punctures circular, not asperate on the disk and toward the suture, feebly granuliferous on the convex declivity; elytra polished, the intervals flat; serial arrangement of the punctures only observable along the middle of each elytron. SAP LMRNS AL CHMILH royal avel's\ S's) (aha .2 ars] sfacny aleve, wiepate)s).(apnieinya s}s aioe) sYo‘e ss densus Lec. Elytral punctures abnormal, not rounded but somewhat dilated at their posterior limits, serial in arrangement and well separated, more confused near the suture and broadly toward the sides, not granulose except posteriorly and on the de- clivity. Body evenly cylindrical, shining, dark piceous, the elytral vestiture sparse, stiff and erect. Head nearly smooth, constricted at base as usual. Pro- thorax nearly as long as wide, oval, asperulate anteriorly, the basal angles rounded ; disk with the flattened and nearly contiguous tubercles toward base small. Elytra perfectly cylindrical, barely twice as long as the prothorax and perceptibly wider, not quite twice as long as wide, polished. Length 2.4 mm. ; mace tn | Pennsylvania.\,\sv.c's\s weivianem se 6 veteaere as parvulus, sp. nov. 11—Dark rufo-piceous, the elytra blackish, highly polished with rather small and simple punctures, which are only feebly subserial in arrangement, becoming very small and feebler on the flanks and simple on the declivity. Indiana and BASHA Ema ree ECIURLA Hes Soa Ts inne hd wi cihrn/ oso els ieuptat@iriahe \pedeipn Stan aoe Copies aia cribratus Lec.

76 JourNaAL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

12—Body small, narrow, subglabrous, highly polished and pale rufo-testaceous throughout; apical margin of the prothorax rather crenulate than serrulate. Iowa (Keokuk). Cosmopolitan and introduced,............ pusillus adr. 13—Antennz with the second joint nearly as slender as the third, the funicle brist- ling with long coarse hairs anteriorly; ridge of the apicai declivity short ; head strongly, transversely tumid behind the epistoma. New York, Indiana and SoutliGaroliniasas cA perasrais va craceenaectoayereee tee cease ory sateeere ke punctatus Say Antennze with the second joint stout, the funicle not more setose in front; declivity more abrupt and flat, with the marginal ridge long. California. truncatus Horn I have not been able to compare swdstriatus* of the table with Eu- ropean examples, and the identification is taken from the books; it is referred to the genus Stephanopachys by Heyden, Reitter and Weise, who separate also Auwszlws under the generic name R/zzopertha (Rhyzo- pertha). The differences seem to be scarcely generic in value. Truncatus of Horn, I have not seen.

CIOIDZ:.

The Cioidz are intimately related to the Bostrichinz, as shown by general organization, and particularly by the two small rounded sensitive areas near the apices of the joints of the antennal club, greatly devel- oped in the genus P/eszoc?s ; but, at the same time, they are closely al- lied also to some groups at present assigned to the Clavicornia, such as the Cryptophagide and Mycetophagide. In fact, the assemblages which are at present collectively known as the Clavicornia, are so heter- ogeneous among themselves as to indicate that they do not form a natu- ral division of the Coleoptera at all, but are in many cases the extreme developments of various types of Serricornia or Adephaga, and the Heteromera belong near them in immediate succession. erginus has. a purely serricorn habitus, and yet has been placed with the Myceto- phagide. I believe that the Cryptophagidz and Mycetophagidze should not be widely separated from Cioidz and Sphindide, and I am in favor of removing them from the so-called Clavicornia and placing them in the Serricornia near Cioidze. This would be far more natural than to remove the Cioidz to the Clavicornia. The Cucujidze, consist- ing of the subfamilies Passandrinze, Colydiinze, Monotomine, Rhyso- dine, Lyctinz, Silvanine, Brontinze, Cucujinze and Hemipepline should also be removed from the Clavicornia and follow Cioidz, Cryptopha- gidee, etc., in the Serricornia. ‘The Hemipeplinz form a natural tran- sition to the Heteromera.

* Dinoderus substriatus is said by Mannerheim (Bull. Mosc., 1853, p. 233), to inhabit also the Kerai Peninsula, in Alaska.

June, 1898.] Casty: NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. TT

The Cioidz consist of two subfamilies, Cioinze and Rhipidandrine, distinguished by clavate and compactly serrate antennz respectively. The American genera of Cioinz are as follows :—

Antenne 1o-jointed,,........ eYaTeketelave el cisetobersrote ebcuetaccns pe oie cuetoteiievesarceceieuasete alata ey 2 STAIRS GEICO Cay gh ese te ROS OIE AT RO 7 PRO LE NN cen] OUMLEC CMD OGY LA DTOUSs lc ranisier re victer-joleissiralere? eieleisievs)sis/svale cleverele/sies 8 2—Prosternum well developed before the cox; lateral edges of the prothorax

AUC MLC HUM MEE ADEN raw) araceaelayeoietcvalscctsy 126i Ghsten’, [ota seletei aie susuemoial leilels statsia\nie sie gon0s

Prosternum very short and transversely excavated before the coxze; lateral edges of

the prothorax becoming Subobsoletesat the apes wa scasscncs sctemcen ashes 6 @——ehe prosternum simple or neatly) SO, |. sc. n= mccscle nies ee ncscerescvisice sees 4 The prosternum tumid or carinate along the middle .....,.......00s2esncccceece 5

4—Body setose or pubescent the vestiture erect and bristling, the anterior tibie finely prodiced and dentiform externally at apex, sometimes simple Body glabrous, the anterior tibize wholly unarmed at apex; elytral suture margined toward tip; body elongate, the head rather less deflexed than usual, the head and prothorax simple in the male, the latter with a deep rounded setigerous

fovea at the centre of the first ventral segment................ ....Orthocis 5—Body glabrozs or with very shert decumbent pubescence or inclined setze. Xestocis 6—Body very short, oblong-oval in form, with stiff erect pubescence as in C7s. Brachycis 7—Body stout, convex, coarsely cribrate and setose; anterior tibize strongly, ob- liquely produced and acute externally at apex..............csee0e- Plesiocis Body narrow, cylindrical, feebly sculptured and glabrous, the anterior tibize thickened and externally rounded and spinulose at apex.............e08: Ennearthron 8—Anterior tibize swollen, rounded and spinulose externally at apex asin Axzear- thron; head and prothorax strongly modified in the male.,........-. Ceracis

Anterior tibiz narrowly triangular, the external edge straight throughout and minutely spinulose ; head and prothorax not modified in the male. . Octotemnus

The term glabrous, as used above, signifies the absence of distinct pubescence; with high power each puncture can be seen to bear a very small hair. Many of Mellié’s species are still unknown to me, and the localities of some of them may be open to doubt; a few may possi- bly be synonyms, as, for example, a¢ripennis, which may have been founded upon a damaged specimen of fuscifes. It is possible that the Cis pumicatus of Mellié may prove to be an Octotemnus. Ceracis is very closely allied to Annearthron, and was indeed considered to be more properly a subgenus by Mellié. The figure of C. sadez, on plate 4 of the monograph, seems to have been taken from a specimen of Ennearthron mellyi.*

*I am indebted for several very interesting species of Cioidz to my friend, P, Jerome Schmitt, of Westmoreland county, Pa., and Mr. Wickham has also contrib- uted a number of interesting species in Bostrichinze, Cioidze and Sphindidze,

78 JourNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Cis Lar.

Only those species represented before me are included in the follow- ~ ing table: —

Elytra with shallow, variolate and nude punctures, intermingled with others smaller and deepernwhichubearsthe|setcenm mere ee coongoenanocaboasaccessc% Elytra deeply punctured throughout, all the punctures bearing hairs or seteze...... II 2—Body stout and convex, the elytra confusedly rugulose; maxillary palpi very stout ; anterior tibize acute and feebly everted externally at tip; apical angles of the prothorax right and somewhat prominent, the apex prolonged and broadly rounded over the head ; base not distinctly margined...............sceeee- 3 Body narrowly elongate-oval and more depressed, the surface less rugose but with the elytral series more distinct; maxillary palpi variable but generally less stout ; antennal club smaller, with the two basal joints wider than long; apical angles of the prothorax obtuse, the apex broadly, evenly rounded over the basal parts of the head, the base finely margined; scutellum transversely oval............- 8 3—FElytral bristles moderate in length, more or less distinctly serial in arrangement, the antennal club long and loose, with the two basal joints as long as wide ; head and pronotum finely, evenly punctured, the elytral punctures fine, not very dis- tinct and rather sparse; male sexual characters very feeble........... aoosot! Elytral bristles extremely short, distributed uniformly but without order; antennal club shorter, with the two basal joints wider than long; male nae pro- nounced,..... Gila (5 serleueros oyna arab’ Oeleieusre evoiia johns: dbo Seepelielet ote evel we fekeeVonene rey Renee 7 4—Third and fourth joints of the antennze elongate and equal, each as long as the fifth and sixth together. Body stout, shining, castaneous in color, the head moderate, with the clypeal margin feebly reflexed and broadly subtruncate; eyes rather well developed; prothorax distinctly wider than long, the sides reflexed, feebly convergent and feebly, evenly arcuate from the obtuse basal angles to the apex ; elytra one-half longer than wide, twice as long as the prothorax and just visibly wider. Length 2.4-2.8 mm.; width 1.05-1.25 mm. North Carolina

CAsHevill ene tttcrsiavaik.<cantewnerast creecrx operates NEPA Sette oe caroline, sp. nov. Third joint much longer than the fourth, the latter distinctly shorter than the fifth andsixth combined. 2. hobs cise oe state siola 0's ed eile ctotele Sie pe eee 5

5—Concave side margin of the pronotum not at all inwardly prolonged at base ; body large, generally pale in color, shining; prothorax more than one-half wider than long, the basal angles very obtuse and rounded; sides slightly convergent and very feebly, evenly arcuate throughout; elytra barely one half longer than wide, nearly two and one-half times as long as the prothorax and slightly wider, the humeral callus small but pronounced. Length 2.8-3.0mm.; width I.1-1.3 mm.

Montana (Missoula): i215 2)0k). Rajesh Bre Oke revere Se eaee pallens, sp. nov. ‘Concave margin more or less distinctly prolonged inwardly at base; color black or piceous-black, the size'smalllen:,...25, jareeey) wicieeriers lanl eet cya shies 6 6—Male with the prothorax simple Thaonaont Atlantic regions, from Massachusetts toWlowarand Texas ](Elouston)) ni. eos eiee eles srt -fuscipes A7e//.

Male with the prothorax broadly impressed at apex. Body moderately stout, strongly convex, blackish in color and shining, the elytral punctures generally stronger

June, 1808.] CasEY: NorTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. (i,

than those of the pronotum, with the impressed lines distinct; head with the clypeal margin moderately reflexed and broadly sinuato-truncate in both sexes ; prothorax two-fifths wider than long, the sides feebly convergent, rather more rounded near the base; elytra one-half longer than wide, fully twice as long as the prothorax and just visibly wider posteriorly. Length 1.8-2.75 mm.; width 0.8-1.2 mm. Pacific coast—Vancouver Island, Washington State (Tacoma) and California (Humboldt Co. and Alameda)............... impressa, sp. nov. 47—Body rather stout, strongly convex, oblong-suboval, shining, blackish in color throughout, the legs and antennze dark rufous; vestiture very short and almost scale-like, erect as usual; head moderate, the eyes well developed, convex and prominent; prothorax one half to three-fifths wider than long, the sides rather widely reflexed, slightly convergent and broadly, evenly arcuate throughout, the basal angles very obtuse ; surface finely, closely punctured but polished; elytra more than one-half longer than wide, nearly two and one-half times as long as the prothorax and very slightly wider, the humeral callus small; surface con- fusedly rugulose, finely punctate and with slightly evident longitudinal lines and short transverse rugze. //a/e.—Head concave, the clypeal margin reflexed and broadly bidentate; prothorax impressed transversely at the apical margin, the latter moderately reflexed, with a small rounded sinuation at the middle. e- male.—Head flat, the clypeal margin very slightly reflexed, broadly, feebly sinuato-truncate, the prothorax rounded and unmodified at apex. Length 2.2~ 2.5mm.; width 0.9-1.1mm, Rhode Island (Boston Neck). .pistoria, sp. nov. 8—Anterior tibiz finely everted and acute externally at apex............... Bene) PATIES HIG EMU DIce SI Up] Gat: APEX: 5 )4 5 .\s)< /ayerers) «le: dv sie/al sides alee Wicle arave e n/ ee ave soohedodac 10 9—Pronotum not impressed at the apical angles, the flanks deeper, the side margin feebly reflexed, more strongly about the basal angles. /e7a/e.—Body elongate- oval, moderately convex, piceous, the elytra black; legs and antennz paler, rufous, shining, the bristles short and pale, moderately abundant, not arranged in definite series on the elytra though with feeble suggestion of such arrange- ment at certain parts; head moderate, the eyes small, the clypeal margin broadly arcuate; prothorax nearly as long as wide, circularly arcuate in apical third, the sides thence nearly straight and parallel to the basal angles, which are very ob- tuse; base arcuate; punctures rather fine, strong and close-se ; elytra three- fourths longer than wide, two and one-third times as long as the prothorax and scarcely wider; punctures fine, strong, close-set, the impressed lines distinct and with rather coarser irregular punctuation, Length 2.3 mm.; width o.8 mm. 33 ]12) 4215 Ot (SE GE eR A striolata, sp. nov. Pronotum impressed at the apical angles, the side margins strongly, narrowly and equally reflexed throughout. /ea/e.—Nearly similar to s¢vzo/a¢a but shorter, the prothorax fully one-third wider than long, with the sides subparallel, evenly and feebly arcuate throughout, the apex broadly, evenly arcuate; punctures fine, strong and rather close-set; elytra two-thirds longer than wide, two and one-half times as long as the prothorax, the surface polished, with distinctly impressed lines of much coarser punctures, which are shallow, nude and variolate as usual, the bristles arranged more definitely in series. /a/e.—Smaller than the female and more slender, the clypeal margin rather strongly rounded near the eyes and remotely and feebly bituberculate at the middle; prothorax only slightly shorter

80 JouRNAL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VE.

than wide, the sides teebly convergent and evenly and feebly arcuate from the base, the apex circularly rounded, the surface dull; elytra polished, nearly as in

the female; first ventral segment foveate at the centre. Length 2.0-2.2 mm.; width 0.65-0.75 mm. Utah (southwestern)............. fraterna, sp. nov. 10—Body more slender, picious black throughout. /e#ale.—Narrowly elongate- oval, moderately convex, shining; legs and antennz rufous; bristles short, pale

as usual, arranged in almost regular series on the elytra; front feebly convex ; eyes moderate in size; clypeus broadly arcuate, very short before the eyes; pro- thorax nearly one-third wider than long, the sides feebly convergent, evenly and feebly arcuate from base to the rather pronounced apical angles, which are not rounded, the apex circularly arcuate, the punctures fine but deep, moderately close; elytra two-thirds longer than wide, nearly two and one-half times as long

as the prothorax and somewhat wider, the humeral callus minute; series well impressed, almost regular but not much more coarsely punctate, the intervals sparsely punctulate. Length 1.9mm; widtho.7mm. California (Lake Tahoe) macilenta, sp. nov.

Body stouter and more cylindric, bicolored, the head and prothorax rufous, the elytra black. emale.—Oblong-subcylindric, moderately convex, slightly dull im lustre; bristles short, feebly subserial on the elytra; head feebly convex, the clypeus broadly arcuato-truncate, oblique at the sides to the eyes, which are snall; prothorax fully one-third wider than long, nearly as in maczlenta, the - basal angles more broadly rounded; elytra scarcely more than one-half longer than wide, but little more than twice as long as the prothorax and not wider,

the impressed lines feeble and somewhat irregular, more coarsely punctured. Length 1.4-1.8 mm.; width 0.55-0.75 mm. California (Calaveras, Humboldt, alcemandeleospAnoelesy Coss maee neritic ieee versicolor, sp. nov. Ti—Vestiture of therelytraystitivand Ibnistleslike seers ctieierecrteee eee eee 12 Vestiture of the elytra long, slender and hair-like but erect and conspicuous; elytrah punctures arranged without order, not at all seriate at any point; last joint of the

maxillanyepelpinacutelyapount cd mrs hemlet aes eee eee eee tee aS. 12—Vestiture more or less distinctly serial in arrangement ............00.0000- 13 Vestiture not at all serial at any point, the punctures evenly distributed.......... 15

13—Body strongly cylindro-convex, the elytral punctures differing among themselves: in size, the larger forming