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JOURNAL

OF THE

NEW YORK

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Devoted to Gntomology in General.

Volume VI, 1898.

EDITED BY Wm. BEUTENMULLER.

NEW YORK.
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY,
QUARTERLY.

1898.

PRESS OF
THe New Era Printinc Company

LANCASTER, Pa.

CONTENTS OF VOLUME VI.

Baker, Cari F.,
Notes on einionantens with Descriptions of Four New Species, 53

Banks, NATHAN,
Some Mexican Phalangida, . : : ; ‘ : 181

BEUTENMULLER, WILLIAM,
Note on the Nest of Vespa Crabro, : ; : . 199
Three New Species of Sesiidz, : ; : : : 140

Casey, Tuos. L.,
Studies in the Ptinide, Cioidz and Sphindidz of America, . 61

Coeuinterr, D. W.,

Notes and Descriptions of Oscinidz, : : : ; 44
On the Dipterous Family Scatophagide, . : : / 160
A New Dipterous Genus belonging to the Therevide, i 187
Descriptions of Some Lepidopterous Larve, : ; . 249

Davis, Wo. T.,
Preliminary List of the Dragonflies of Staten Island, with Notes
and Dates of Capture, : ; ; : : : 195

Dyar, Harrison G.,
The Life-Histories of the New York Slug Caterpillars, XIV

—XVII, ; : : I, 94, 151, 241
New American Moths and Saompanedl INOLESS* aus 33
On the Larve of Certain Nematinz and een maith

Descriptions of New Species, : : 123
Descriptions of Larvz of Hemileucids from the ie eenne

Republic, : : , ‘ ‘ . DeG
Life-History of Calvin Sigeene : 158

Notes on Certain South American Cochlidiidee and Allied
Families, : : : 4 : : ; , , ea

iv CONTENTS.

GiR@IE, dels 1Roy
An homet to Classify the Holarctic see ae from the
Specialization of the Wings, II, . : : : ; Oo
Reply to Dr. Dyar’s Note, : é ; Me (ES

HOLianp, W. J.,
Notes on Lepidoptera, . : ; ; 5 ; : Se

KuNnzE, RICHARD E.,
Life-History of the Two Forms of Cerura Nivea, . ; » 188

MorTrer, Murray GALT,
A Contribution to the Study of the Fauna of the Grave.—A Study
of One Hundred and Fifty Disinterments with Some Addi-
tional Observations, . : : : : : f 201

ScHaus, WILLIAM,
New Species of Noctuids: from Tropical America,’ * .~ ‘. 107
New Species of Heterocera from Tropical America, . : 138

SEIFERT, OTTO,
Life-History of Feralia Jocosa, . elie’ s ies Repetto)

SMITH, JOHN B.,
Notes on lspenes of Noctua, with Descriptions of New Forms, 98

‘TOWNSEND, C. H. T., -:
Diptera from he Lower Rio Gunde or . Tamaulipan Fauna of
Mexasy ellen: : : . : , : : eS)

TOWNSEND, C. H. T., and CockERELL, T. D. A., ;
Coccidz Collected in Mexico by Messrs. Townsend and Koebele
TTS O7 7 = ; : ANS ae ; ‘ 165

WEBSTER, F. M.,
Notes and Development of Drasteria Erechtea, . : ; 27

Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society, 199, 251

TOUR NATL

New Bork Entomological Boriety,
Vol. VI ets hk eee “ERE } No. <

THE LIFE-HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK
SLUG CATERPILLARS.—XIII-XIV.

PLATE I, FIGS. I-12.
By Harrison G. Dyar, A.M., PH.D.

Packardia geminata Packard.

1864—Cyrtosta geminata PACKARD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, III, 343.

1864— Cyrtosia albipunctata PACKARD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. III, 344,
1865—Cyrtosia ocellata GROTE, Proc, Ent. Soc. Phil. 1V, 322.
1866—Lackardia geminata GROTE & RoBinson, Ann, Lyc, N. H, N. Y, VIII,

1880—fackaraia goodellit GROTE, Can. Ent. XII, 242.

1894— Fackardia geminata, albipunctata NEUMOEGEN & Dyar, Journ. N. Y.
Ent. Soc, II, 109.

Larva.

1891—Dyak, Trans. Am. Ent, Soc. XVIII, 157.

1891—Dyar, Can. Ent. XXIII, 277.

1893—PACKARD, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, 107. (as “ Larva of Hetero-
genea ( lortricidia ?)”)

1894—Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 222.

SPECIAL STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS.

Dorsal space moderately broad, flat, narrowing to both extremities,
arched; lateral space broad, oblique, narrowing to the ends; subven-
tral space two-thirds as wide as the lateral one, distinct, only slightly
retreating, suddenly narrowed in front, tapering behind. Ridges
tubercular and setiferous till the last molt, then smooth ; subdorsal
ridge obsolete, indicated by the rounded angular change in direction
between back and sides; lateral ridge slight, dividing the lateral and
subventral spaces, subtubercular even in the last stage. Setze at last
rudimentary ; in stage I with the structure and arrangement of Afoda
y-inversa except that the subdorsal spines have the short branch very

2 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. — [Vol. VI.

rudimentary and the third spine of joint 2 is lacking. Body elongated,
sides subparallel, rounded toward the anterior end, joint 13 produced
into a slender pointed tail. Skin covered with large, irregular, conic
not contiguous, clear granules. Depressed spaces (1) to (8) present,
small, ill defined, but devoid of the coarse granules. Color very
whitish green, opaque; a white line along the subdorsal ridge with
upper dark green, clear border. The centers of the depressed spaces are
also whitish, but obscured in the general white shading; (1) and (4)
have green centers, but not contrasting. A fainter white line along
lateral ridge and subventral edge. ‘The larva is whiter than the backs
of the leaves on which it rests, a condition necessary to offset the dark
shade which its thickness produces when looked at from beneath. The
larva stands about on the same level as 4. y-znversa in degree of speciali-
zation, exceeding it in the presence of the tail-like modification and
slightly more reduced setze of stage I, but falling behind in coloration.

AFFINITIES, HABITS, ETC.

This species belongs to the group of which Afoda biguttata is typical,
the palaearctic smooth Eucleids. It departs a little from this type as
noted above, but not in important characters. Its nearest ally is the
other species of the genus, /. elegans. ‘The moths emerge unusually
early in the season, at the same time as Zordricidia testacea, at or be-
fore the middle of June. The females rest quietly and do not fly at
all till after pairing, even though several nights intervene.* Normally
emergence from the pupa takes place during the day, the moths pair
the subsequent night and the eggs are deposited in the next night.
Flight of the males begins rather late at night, not till after 9:30
P. M.. The eggs are deposited singly on the under side of the
leaves. The larvee frequent dry woods and bushes on the edges of
fields. ‘They do not inhabit damp or dark locations. Very often the
larvee are found on low small plants only a few inches from the ground,
and they are never high feeders. Larvze occurred not uncommonly at
Bellport, Long Island, in a dry pine and oak woods on small wild cherry
bushes which had about six leaves apiece and did not exceed a foot in
height.

*Most 9 Eucleids fly on the second night after emergence, and if not mated
the previous night, refuse the g entirely. Pobdetron and Calydia are an exception,
for they will mate after an infertile flight, but in this case the eggs are without
vitality, most only proceeding to the first embryonic stages, and those that do hatch
never live to mature.

March, 1898.) DYAR: LIFE-HisToriEs or N. Y. StuG CATERPILLARS. 38

This species has a northern range. I obtained it at Jefferson High-
lands, N. H., in the White Mountains, where only a few species of
Eucleidz are found. Its southern limit is not known, though it occurs
throughout New York. It is one of our rarer species, yet locally fairly
common.

There are six or seven stages. The former number is here described.
When seven stages occur, the extra one is interpolated after stage V.
It resembles stage V closely, the white depressed spaces being a little
more distinct, setze large. The larva under observation fell behind in
length from the measurements given more and more in each stage, but
attained the same final size, owing tothe extra stage. The young larva
possesses distinct urticating power, in spite of the absence of stinging
spines. The sharp setz, though not converted into true spines, proba-
bly function similarly.

CRITICISM OF PREVIOUS DESCRIPTIONS.

I have given the characters of the mature larva several times. I sup-
pose Dr. Packard’s brief description of an unidentified form to have
been taken from this species, although the description is scarcely deter-
minate. It could hardly be anything else, however.

In the present descriptions I have gone a little beyond my brief in
including in the synomymy the dark forms albipunctata, goodellit and
_ ocellata. Nothing but the pale form gemnata was bred from these larvze,
so that there is a possibility of another species.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL STAGES IN DETAIL.

£gg.—Rather narrowly elliptical, flat as usual, translucent white on
glass, shining like a wet spot on the back of the leaf; 1.3.7.1 mm.
Reticulations rather distict all over the egg, but much rounded, like cir-
cular shallow pits, varying a little in size. They hatch in 14 days.

Stage J,—Rounded, thick, tail rounded; spaces all of moderate
width, the subventral one small. Color translucent whitish. Spines
transparent, short, clubbed-tipped, the subdorsal ones on joints 5, 7 and
g, leaning out slightly and the lateral one of joint 5 leaning up. Joint
2 not much retracted, a large cervical shield with several fine sete. The
subdorsal spines on joints 4-12 have just a trace of the side branch, seen
in certain lights as a small irregularity. Skin smooth; slight segmental
hollows are present dorsally at the upper sides of the bases of the tuber-
cles. Arrangement of the setz (Plate I, fig. 2), as in Afoda y-inversa
except that there is only one middle seta on joint 4. The outer third

4 JournaL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

of the seta is everted from the middie portion on hatching, sometimes
remaining incompletely so. No spines present on first emerging from
the egg. Length, .g—-1.7 mm.

Stage J/.—(Plate I, fig. 2.)—Rather elongated elliptical, tail
rounded quadrate, joint 3 truncate in front. Setze normal, two on the
subdorsal ridge, one on the lateral, distinct, long, sharp pointed. ‘The
middle row on the thorax is represented by two setee on joint 3, and by
one only or a large and a small one on joint 4. Ridges distinct, the
dorsum and sides concave. Head retracted; joint 2 partly so. Skin
rather densely frosted with clear conic granules, not contiguous, no-
where produced into secondary spines. Depressed spaces hardly indi-
cated (1) as slight hollows, not differentiated by the granules and very
small. Color pale whitish green, evenly tinted. Length, 1.6-2.5 mm.

Stage J//.—Narrowly elliptical, tail small, square. Dorsal and
lateral spaces broad, subventral smaller. Ridges marked, high, seg-
mentarily tubercular, the setze stiff, black, distinct. Color plate trans-
lucent whitish green, a faint white line under the subdorsal ridge, not
reaching either extremity. Skin with remote, low, rounded granules.
(Plate I, fig. 4), no spines anywhere. Depressed spaces small, shal-
low, not sharp edged, smooth in the bottom. Length, 2.3-3.5 mm.

Stage. JV.—Elliptical, tail produced a little and tapering, notched.
Whitish green, a distinct white band below the skin of subdorsal ridge
on joints 4-13. Lateral ridge prominent, even with the subventral
edge or a little beyond it. Dorsal impressed whitish dots (1) distinct
on the central segments, interrupting the faint green line of the dorsal
vessel. Skin smooth except for the remote, irregular, clear granules,
the surface slightly sunken to represent the depressed spaces. Length,
3-5-5-2 mm.

Stage. V.—Somewhat more like mature larva; tail truncate. Skin
more densely clear granular, the granules nearly contiguous. Subdorsal
ridge with a distinct yellowish white line on joints 3-13; a row of dor-
sal dots (1), only five of them distinct (joints 5~9). Ridges gently un-
dulating from the outline of rudimentary tubercles. Setze short, distinct.
Depressed spaces indicated, but like the rest of the skin, granular.
Color, translucent green, dark, not yellowish. Head green, eyes black.
Length, 5.2—7 mm.

Stage Vf.—(Plate I, fig. 6.) Shape as described. Skin granules.
transparent, contiguous, covering the whole surface. Depressed spaces
very small, the dorsal (1) smooth, whitish with green centers ; addorsal
ones (2) absent on the surface, but represented by white dots below the

March, 1898.] DyAR: LirE-Histories or N. Y. StuGc CATERPILLARS. 5

skin. Lateral large areas (4) and (6), indicated by pigment under the
granules, the smaller ones not represented. Tubercles obsolete, setz
minute. The body is elongate, rather narrow, highest through joints
7-8. Color, whitish green, becoming whiter during the stage as the pig-
ment is slowly deposited. A dorsal green line interrupted by the dorsal
impressed spots, subdorsal lines straight, yellowish white, connected on
joint 3 and on the tail, edged above with dark green. A row of white
dashes on the lateral ridge, the large depressed spaces (4) becoming
whitish with dark centers like (1). Length, 7-11.5 mm.

Cocoon and pupa as usual.

food-plants.—Wild cherry, white birch, black birch, oak, bayberry,
sour gum, hickory and Céethra alnifolia have been observed.

Packardia elegans /ackard.

1864— Cyrtosia elegans PACKARD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. III, 342.

1864— Cyrtosia gusca PACKARD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. III, 343.

1881— Fackardia nigripunctata GOODELL, Can. Ent. XIII, 30.

1891— fackardia elegans Dyar, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XVIII, 157.

1894— Packardia elegans NEUMOEGEN & Dyar, Journ, N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, 76.

LARVA.

1864— PACKARD, Proc, Ent. Soc. Phil. III, 343 (cocoon; no larva),
1881—GOoDELL, Can. Ent. XIII, 31 (brief desc.).
1890—PACKARD, 5, Rept. U. S. Ent. Comm. 149 (quotes Goodell).
1891—Dyar, Can. Ent. XXIII, 277.

1893—PACKARD, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XX XI, Ioo,

1894—Dyar, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. VIII, 222.

SPECIAL STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS.

Elongate elliptical, rounded before, joint 13 produced into a pointed
tail. Dorsal space rather narrow, diminishing a little at the ends,
slightly arched, highest at joints 6-7; lateral space broad, concave;
subyentral space broad, narrowly retracted in the middle. Ridges
moderate, the lateral the most distinct, subtubercular, setiferous; smooth
in the last stage. Skin rather coarsely clear granular, always without
secondary spines. Depressed spaces feebly developed, (1) and (4)
show faintly as pale rings, seen by transparency as if at the bottom of
pits with convergent sides. Pigment unusually scanty ; a band of green
color extends along the upper half of Jateral area below the subdorsal
ridge, elsewhere the body is transparent, faintly colored greenish by the
blood. Dorsal vessel plainly seen and the contents of alimentary canal,
showing through the dorsal space. At the end of the last stage the

6 JournaL New YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

pigment fills in somewhat better. Tail conic, sete of joint 13 widely
separated on it. First stage as in P. geminata.

AFFINITIES, HABITS, ETC.

Closely allied to Packardia geminata, differing only slightly. The
granulation is more dense, appearing earlier in ontogeny, but the pig-
mentation is much degenerated. ‘The moths do not emerge as early in
the season as P. geminata, yet fairly early, June 25th to July 2d, in
my examples. ‘The females are less quiescent than the allied species
and fly violently if not mated the first night after emergence. After
this night they will not mate at all, even though males be present, but
continue to lay infertile eggs, or else refuse to lay and die in a few
days. ‘The eggs are deposited singly on the under sides of the leaves
where the larvz live.* The larve frequent dark woods. The deep
shade seems to be the essential factor as they will occur in any woods
whether wet or dry if dark enough. I have found them on the thin
pale leaves in the dry woods on Goat Island at Niagara Falls and also
in an almost swampy grove in Van Cortlandt Park, New York City.
I have found them on Long Island, not commonly, as dark woods are
rare on the Island. ‘The larve are low feeders, but not so low as P.
geminata. As in the case of its ally, the larvee can be found in fair
numbers by looking in the right places. Except by breeding the moth
is seldom taken.

CRITICISM OF PREVIOUS DESCRIPTIONS.

Mr. Goodell mentions the larva without detailed description. Sub-
sequently it has been described adequately by Dr. Packard and myself.
Dr. Packard describes a series of dorsal dark green spots which he says
‘<does not form a tubercle or flattened wart.’’ This is, indeed, very
true, because the spot is the center of the dorsal depressed space. I
suppose the only reason for making this statement to be the same false
idea of the homology of these structures to which I have referred under
Tortricidia fasctola.

* Professor Poulton remarks (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1888, p. 591), ‘it is well
known that these larvze ( Eucleidz) rest on the upper surface of the leaves of their
food plants.” I cannot imagine on what this statement is based. Of the nineteen
species of North American larvze now well known to me, only one ( Phobetron pithe-
ctum ) ever rests on the upper side of the leaf, and this in the last stage only when
its peculiar shape and color make it resemble a piece of dead leaf that had fallen from
above. I cannot well believe that the two European species have different habits
from our smooth Palzarctic Eucleids.

March, 1898.] DyAR: LirE-HisToriEs or N. Y. SLuG CATERPILLARS. 7

DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL STAGES IN DETAIL.

Zgg.—Elliptical, flat, 1.0.6 .1 mm.; whitish transparent,
colorless. Reticulations distinct, irregularly quadrangular, narrow,
raised. In the bright light with the green leaf behind they appear as
narrow black lines, bordered bya bright area on both side;, the flat
cell-areas dusky grayish. ‘They hatch in ro or 11 days.

Stage J.—Just like P. geminata, the spines arranged the same
(Plate I, fig. 1); all short with irregularly knobbed tips. Branches of the
sub-dorsal spines just distinguishable as little protuberances. Elliptical,
rounded, dorsum and sides grooved, subventral space small. Ridges
smooth, sete colorless. Skin shining, smooth, colorless, transparent ;
food green; head concolorous. Length, .8-1.4 mm.

Stage I/,—Obscure, not shining, pale whitish, just tinted with green,
translucent. Elongate elliptical, narrow, the tail narrowly quadrate.
Ridges slight, non-tubercular, two setze on subdorsal ridge, one on lat-
erai ridge, normal, except only one on the middle row of joint 4; black
tipped and with stout expanded bases. Skin granules small, sparse, low
conic, clear, alike everywhere, not produced on the ridges. The largest
depressed spaces, (1) and (4), are indicated as slight hollows. Length,
I.3—2.1 mm.

Stage 1//,—Elongate elliptical, narrowing posteriorly, tail rounded,
not produced. All frosted whitish, scarcely tinted with green. Setz
distinct, sharp, black tipped, arising from slight tubercles on the subdor-
sal ridge, distinct conic segmentary ones on the lateral ridge. All of
skin surface and tubercles covered densely with small low conic clear
granules, uniformly even over the obsolete depressed spaces, where they
are scarcely thinner. The granules are very numerous, almost con-
tiguous, but rounded, not appressed. (Plate I, fig. 5.) The shape is
now unusually narrow, dorsal space not narrowing much to the ends.
Very colorless, translucent, the blood only slightly green and no pig-
ment present. Length, 1.8-3.0 mm.

Stage [V.—Narrow, elongate, truncate before; tail produced, but
tubercular like the ridges. Frosted whitish from the granules and,
therefore, slightly opaque; almost entirely without pigment, the blood
visible pulsating, slightly green tinted. An obscure whitish dot under
the subdorsal ridge at each intersegmental space, representing a sub-
dorsal line. Setz short, black and distinct. Granules small, even,
dense, but not quite contiguous, running uniformly over the whole sur-
face; depressed spaces scarcely indicated anywhere. Length, 2.8-4.0
mm. ‘

8 JourNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol VI.

Stage V.—Elongate, anterior end rounded, posterior pointed but
without a well formed tail. Dorsal space moderate, even, but little
arched, lateral broad, subventral moderate. Ridges low tubercular,
with distinct dark sete. Skin clear granular, whitish; all very trans-
parent, green pigment only in the upper half of lateral space, none in
dorsal space which appears darker from the food showing by transpar-
ency. A waved subdorsal line, bent inward on the interspaces, free at
the ends. Depressed spaces not visible, except faint white rings to
represent the lateral ones (4). Length, 3.8-5.8 mm.

Stage VI.—Narrowly elliptical with a pointed tail; setee short, black,
distinct. Pigment in the upper half of lateral space, the rest of the
body clear green from the blood, translucent and whitish in the edges.
A wavy yellow subdorsal line, free at the ends. Dorsal depressed
spaces (1) very faintly indicated by whitish dots, visible centrally only ;
lateral (4) as large intersegmental white rings, but probably at least
the glands of all the spaces (1)-(8) are present, as drops of moisture
were observed in the appropriate position of them all in the larva under
observation. Skin granules rather coarse, dense, but not contiguous,
the depressed spaces not differentiated. Length, 5.0-8.5 mm.

Stage VIJ.—(Plate I, fig. 9, to). Shape as described. Patches
of pigment in the dorsal space surround the rings of depressed spaces
(1). Light yellowish green, lateral edge clearer, dorsal space darker.
A waved, narrow, yellow, subdorsal line, free at the ends; tail
reddish brown above. The absence of pigment in the dorsal space —
makes it look hollow, though it is really flat. Six of the depressed
spaces (1) are visible as white rings, around which more or less light
emerald green pigment forms in rings, transverse bands or even
filling all of the dorsal space (Plate I, fig. 10.). The subdorsal
line is composed of a series of intersegmental, inwardly lunate, joined
yellow marks. Lateral space to lower edge of depressed spaces (4)
pigmented light green, (4) large pale rings with dark centers. A trace
of pale dots along lateral ridge intersegmentally. ‘Tail long, pointed ;
setee very small, pale. Skin granules rather large, somewhat irregular,
not quite contiguous, at the largest depressed spaces, (1) and (4), less
distinctly granular over the slight hollows. A broken white subventral
line. Length, 7.1-13 mm.

Cocoon and pupa as usual.

food-plants.—Linden, witch-hazel, hop-hornbeam, beech, maple,
black birch, wild cherry, sour-gum, black oak, chestnut, hickory and
Leucothoé racemosa, have been observed.

March, 188. ] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 9

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

. Stage I of Packardiu, dorsal view, enlarged,

. Stage II, side view enlarged.

. The subdorsal setze of one tubercle, stage II, more enlarged.
. Granules of Puckardia geminata, stage IIT, enlarged.

. Granules of Fackardia elegans, stage III, enlarged.

. Mature larva P. geminaza, three-quarters view.

. Moth of P. geminata.

. The same, dark form. var. a/ézpunctata.

. Mature larva of /. e/egans, three-quarters view, partially pigmented.
. The same, dorsal view, fully pigmented form.

. Moth of P. ef gans.

«12, The same, pale form, var. fresca,

—
OO ON AM BW DN Hw

AN ATTEMPT TO CLASSIFY THE HOLARCTIC LEP-
IDOPTERA FROM THE SPECIALIZATION
OF THE WINGS.

PART IL—THE ITAWK AND EMPEROR MOTHS.
By A. RADCLIFFE GrRoTE, A.M.

€. Radius 5-branched; vein I1V2 central or cubital; hindwings with intercostal

ELSA EM detec race Se cnuecvasens coein cdciadeeouess Tes enenenaes Geslsccee’ res SPHINGIDES.
et. No costal vein (vein J) on primaries; vein III2 absorbed by Radius;
crossvein degenerate; vein 1V2 decidedly cubital...... ENDROMIDIDZ.

cr. A costal vein (vein I) on primaries; vein III2 from Radius before ex-
tremity of cell; crossvein entire ; vein IV2 not decidedly cubital

SPHINGIDZE.
®. Radius 3-4 branched; vein 1V2 central or radial; hindwings with no intercostal
BLOSSUCIMMene ans ret cicias eros ben ree aite SoVeoE ae oH R SN Doe ENE Staeae'e SATURNIADES.
dre Vein liV2 continuous with vein’ DVls.,.0.....cscers ccs ereees SATURNIAD.
CoMMCSIROPeN a tccssctecsket cere mncas Seccdces ses soceeesdasesr-ct cea deraceers ATTACINA,
d2. Cell closed.
d3. Hindwings without vein VILL, ......c.csscosccersensesteee SATURNIAN,
demilind wings withsveiny Vil swenssacy cose secis= «cneeses HEMILEUCINA,
Se ierenee tie Veet VOI (CLOSSVELM Gc. c 5. wav thnsnyacas oes stenasincssecansaioasswases AGLIAD,

d4. Hindwings without vein VIII.
d5. Crossvein, between [V2 and IV1, directed obliquely outwardly

AGLIAN4,
Pig SREROSSVELTAUELATISVEISE):» sces yea scchercunyecausns Aside ae sacs AUTUMERINA,
dm bingwings with) veins VLU rer onc.scsssaneeas CITHERONIAD. *

* This table (C, D), and that of the Day-Butterflies (4, 4), is compiled in ac-
cordance with the sequence in the Lepidoptera which I recommend, and not altering
the Linnean arrangement upon opinionative grounds,

10 . JouRNAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

ENDROMIDID.

The subprimary tubercles of the larva (3 and 5) in stage I are
wanting on the thoracic segments (I to IIL). On the abdominal seg-
ments the subprimary tubercle 6 is also wanting. In the ‘‘ Saturnii-
den,’’ page 6, I figure abdominal segment, but the bristles marked ‘‘ 6 ’”
are too low down for this and evidently belong to 7. I indicate this.
doubt in the text (p. 5). On the same segments the tubercles 5 and 4
are separate. There appears to me no insuperable objection to the
view, that Axzdromis represents an isolated form of the Hawk Moth
stem, separating soon after this stem had emerged from the Tineid
trunk. The retention of the intercostal vein is then an independent sur-
vival of a character shared by both when the Endromid branch made its
separate way. Dyar has enabled us to show that the type of the En-
dromid larva is opposed to the Saturnian and the latter to the Sphing-
oid type. The neuration excuses me in considering Audromis as an aber-
rant Sphingoid type. It is not improbable that the larva of an existing
generalized Sphinx might throw some light on the matter through a
comparison of parallel stages. When we turn from the larva to the
pupa, we find that the segments of the abdomen are capable of move-
ment in Lxdromis and by their aid the pupa is forced out of the cocoon.
before exclusion, as in Axthrocera, Cossus and the Tineides gen-
erally. Preparations before me of Ezdromis and Anthrocera, hatched in
my breeding cages, show a striking similarity in this habit. The Sphing-
idze seem to have the habit also, inasmuch as the naked pupa is stated
to wriggle its way to the surface of the ground to allow the escape of the
moth. Such species as transform on the surface within a slight cocoon,
have not, to my knowledge, been observed as to this point. This habit:
indicates a direct connection of the Sphingides with the Tineides.
The links between Audromis and Sphinx appear to have dropped out ;.
also those by which we might more surely trace the relationship between:
adult forms of the Sphingides and Tineides. Nevertheless, I call atten-
tion to the fact that the Anthroceridz represent a Tineid branch possi-
bly related to the stem which threw off the existing Sphingides.

Leaving these characters, we will consider the neuration. And first
the shape of the wings is modified, and this probably in accordance
with the method of flight. Disposed as I am to consider the Sphingides
and Saturniades as parallel groups, each specialized in a different way,
and the Saturniades unquestionably the more highly so, I would com-
pare the Endromididze with the Saturniadze and the Sphingide with the

March, 1898.] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. ll

Agliadze (the Citheroniadz especially). For the moment we will con-
sider and compare the Endromid and Sphingoid wing. The vein on
costal edge of primaries (vein J) present in the Hawk Moths is absent in
LEndromis. This vein (or thickening, according to some of the costal
edge) is found in the Hesperianz but not, so far as Iknow, in the Pam-
philinz. The most striking difference between Zndromis and Sphinx,
is found in the evident effort in the former to get rid of vein III2.
This springs from the Radius, near III1, in the Hawk Moths. In Zn-
dromis it is absorbed and appears asa short branch before apex.* This is
a secondary character, belonging to the general direction of a diminution
in the normal number of the radial veins. ‘This direction has appar-
ently been followed out and brought to a higher stage throughout the
Saturniades. But the inequality of its expression is here no indication
of the phylogeny, seeing that it is everywhere exhibited in different per-
fection and upon different lines of descent. It is my second direc-
tion in the general evolution of the lepidopterous wing.

In my jrst direction,+ the suppression of the Media, Zxdromis has
progressed further than Sf/zvx. For the cubital direction of vein IV2,
often only indicated in the Hawk Moths, here becomes assured and evi-
dent. The crossvein already shows signs of degeneration. The wing,
in broadening, has lost the strength requisite to sustain swift and pro-
longed flight. There is, in Azdromis, a less crowding of the veins;
they do not appear so like rigid and parallel rods. ‘There is a larger
space between the Cubitus and vein VII, so that VI there appears as a
fold in the membrane. Both families retain VIII as a loop to VII on
primaries, and there is no trace of other internal veins. On secondaries
vein VIII is equally preserved. Looking at the two wings [am met
with no character which renders it unlikely that they may have had a
common origin. Here is where positive character may be said to end
and where the tact and experience of the observer comes into play.
But, on the threshold of this disputable region, I can yet point to the
intercostal vein and throw the onus of proof on those who dispute the
classification. As between Hudromis and Sphinx there is no question
which has submitted to most specialization in the neuration. In both

*In Amphidasys betularia the absorption of III2°by IIIt is clearly seen to be
in process of being carried out.

+ Perhaps we should call this rather the “second direction,” seeing that the sup-
pression of the radial veins is used as a primary divisional character of the Suborder,
but in the lepidoptera, as we find them now, the breaking up of the median system
excites everywhere the chief interest.

12 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

main directions Exdromis shows the most progress. Still, weshall have
to discuss the relation between these specializations and habit, although
here the matter may detain us no further.

It may be here remarked that it is not strictly correct to speak of
the Cubitus ‘* becoming three or four branched.’’ The Cubitus is always
two-branched. It is the movement of the lower branches of the
Media, which become varyingly attached to the Cubitus, thereby giving
the appearance of increasing the number of the cubital veins. In the
opposite direction, it is the same way with the Radius.

SPHINGID.

The absence of homology between the anal horn of the Hawk Moths
and the similarly situated hypertrophied tubercle of the Emperor Moths
has been determined by Dyar and is illustrated by me in the ‘‘Satur-
niiden,” pp. 7-8. The two groups have then no immediate connection
and the correspondence with the Citheronians is illusory, the common
habit of pupation of secondary acquirement. The venation, both of
Endromis and Sphinx, entirely warrants this view of the case. We
need not detain ourselves with these matters here but pass on to the
venation. ‘The mass of preparations I have made show me that this offers
no characters of precision for a division into subfamilies. The wings
appear cast, like iron, into the same mould. Still there is a play with
the branches of the Media and it is often not difficult to decide, as be-
tween distinct forms, which is the more specialized. Harder to embrace
these forms into groups. A form like Cephonodes picus seems special-
ized from the amount of absorption of vein I1V1 by the Radius on
primaries, the retreating, almost vanished cell on secondaries, the fusion
of IV3 with V1. Cephonodes is more specialized than Hemaris. As
between Macroglossum and Aellopos it is hard to distinguish ; they seem
practically identical. The obliquely transverse and rigid crossvein of
primaries is the same and all goes to show that the position assigned by
me to Aé//opos in 1865, among the Macroglossians, is correct and that
its placement among the Cheerocampians in the Philadelphia List is er-
roneous. A study of the neuration seems to favor the idea that the
Macroglossians are really the more highly specialized of all the groups.
‘On the other hand, that portion of the hind wing between Cubitus and
the anal margin appears generally more lappet-like in the Macroglossians
(shared by <Aé//opos) as compared with the Elephant Hawk Moths.
There is a decided indentation of the outer margin between V2 and VII.
Almost does this character seem a probable test to distinguish the groups.

%

March, 1898.] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 1s

Still, it reappears more or less evidently and constantly not only in the
Cheerocampians but in the Eyed Hawk Moths; an indentation appears
in, Sphinx ligustri and Hyloicus pinastri and is replaced by a broad ex-
cision between Vi and VII in Ditina titie. It appears less evidently in
elpenor and “ineata. There seems then mainly the movement in the
branches of the Media, which simply affords a criterion for the relative
specialization. Judged by this, Acherontia atropos is more specialized
than the majority of the Smerinthoid types, although it is overlapped by
tiie and nearly reached by Smerinthus popult.* The shape of the
secondaries in the Eyed Hawk Moths varies much. This differs even
in Calasymbolus astylus and Eusmerinthus geminatus, while Copismer-
inthus oced/ata and the allied North American species are distinguished
by the tibial claw.

On the whole, then, the neuration of the Sphingidze offers apparently
no opposition to the general sequence of Kirby, which is that adopted
by me in the Buffalo Catalogues, except that I gave the Eyed Hawk
Moths a central position. But, for probably the true reason, viz., that
I regarded the Smerinthinz as nearer a more original Sphingoid type,
from which the present groups have emerged in different directions. I
was much struck by the resemblance of Amédulyx with Smerinthoid
genera, and fancied that the Chzerocampians might have had a separate
and nearer connection with the stem which the Eyed Hawks represent.
Hence I gave these acentral position. The discovery of Ambulyx sexo-
culata Grote, strengthened this view of the case. But the arrangement
of the genera adopted by Kirby is open to betterment in the light
thrown by the details-of the neuration. This is, however, a matter
for the future student and need not to be here discussed.

From an examination of Siberian and European examples I would
here simply correct Kirby’s list of the species of Smerinthus and Eus-
merinthus (Cat. pp. 711, 712). Copismerinthus is not a synomym of
Eusmerinthus Kirby, as wrongly cited (p. 712) but of Smerinthus
Kirby. This author has not understood the character and mixed the
species. Lusmerinthus wants, Copismerinthus has, a tibial claw.

* From a note made by me when examining Latreille’s works, ofzz/i is indi-
cated as the type of Smerznthus, by being once solety cited. I regret that my note
is not definite and that I have been unable, despite several efforts, to again consult
all of Latreille’s publications, Kirby prefers Di/ina of Dalman, 1816, for ¢i/éz, and
this is probably correct.

14 JournaAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Eusmerinthus Grt., 1877. Copismerinthus Grt., 1886.

Type: £. geminatus. Type: C. ceriszz.
1. kindermanni Led. 1, ocellata Linn.
2. cecus Mén. v. atlanticus Aust.
3. planus Walk. 2. cerist Kirb.
argus Men. opthalmicus Boisd.
4. geminatus Say. vancouverensis Butl.
? gamaicensis Dru. 3. ? salicett Boisd.

The classificator must rely in great part on the body characters, the
pattern of ornamentation, and, so far as I see, will run no great risk of
being contradicted by the neurational features overturning his group-
ings. Nevertheless, when taking the question of specialization in hand,
the neuration will afford him valuable hints which he will do well to re-
spect. As to the name for the above genus ( Copzsmerinthus) Kirby has
adopted my former and original opinion that oce//ata was the type of
Smerinthus, an opinion I retained in my ‘‘ Hawk Moths of North
America.’’ But, from my notes of Latreille, I believe ofulz may be
really the true type of his genus. Whichever way the matter is settled,
by reference to the original works, I have at least here sorted out the
species accordingly as the front tibize are or are not armed. The North
American genera Paonias (for excecatus), Calasymbolus (astylus) seem
to me on other grounds distinct from each other and from the above.
(Consult an article on the frenulum of the British species of Smerznthus,
by Geo. C. Griffiths, Ent. Record. VI, 250.)

SATURNIADES.

In the ‘‘ Saturniiden,’’ p. 6, I figured the first larval stage of the Silk-
worm, Lombyx mori, showing, from the arrangement of the tubercles,
that this larva was related to the large group circumscribed by Dyar and
which I had called Agrotides. The Silkworm has therefore to be ex-
cluded from the Emperor Moths. The Saturniades, cleared of this
foreign element, have been taxonomically defined by Dyar by the
presence in the larva of a system of subprimary tubercles, wanting in
the Sphingides, as here accepted.* The pupa gives the moth within the
cocoon. The Citheronian habit is not recorded. A nearer relation-
ship, such as we can show for the Sphingides, with the Tineides is not
yet indicated. ‘There exists a temptation to regard the Ptochopsychide

* Mr, Grote has misunderstood me. I separate the Saturniides and Sphingides on
the position of tubercle iv; neither group has distinguishable sub-primary tubercles.
Lndromis is a Bombycid except for the absence of sub-primary tubercles in stage I,
which I do not regard as a strong character at present. I shall return to this point
elsewhere.—H. G. Dyar.

March, 1898.] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 15

and Psychidz as standing in a connection with the ancestral line of the
Emperor Moths, which may be merely noticed in passing.

Bearing in mind the two directions in which the evolution of the
wing is chiefly displayed, we find in the Attacinz their fullest develop-
ment. In fact the wing of Rothschildia jacobea represents almost the
ideal apex of the movement. In the frs¢ direction, the Media and its
system, as such, has completely disappeared. ‘The crossvein has
vanished. Veins [V2 and IV1 form part of the system of the Radius,
vein IV3 forms part of that of the Cubitus. ‘That portion of the cross-
vein, belonging to it morphologically, lying between [V2 and IV1, has
become physiologically the base of vein IV2*. Jn the second direction,
the radial branches are reduced to three from five. Added to this, the
concave inner margin of the secondaries has lost vein VIII. By this
latter character we are reminded of /agzdio, and that the concave margin
is a specialization is made clearer in this case by its more excessive de-
velopment, attended by a shrinking in the length of vein VII, in the
more specialized Parnassius.

There will come a time, to speak after the fashion of Mr. Strecker,
and the ancient Greeks, when the uncritical classification which thrusts
the Papilionides between the Blues and the Skippers (these latter two,
as we believe, nearly related) will be read with amazement. The fable
that the Papilionid wing is the most generalized must give way to the
view that it is peculiarly specialized by the suppression of vein VIII of
secondaries. Generalized it is, as compared with Parnassus, but it
should not be compared with the other butterflies, since it has had a
different line of development. Undoubtedly, the irritable defense of
Mr. W. H. Edwards that Papilio has six walking legs and Vymphalis
only four, was not sufficient to dispel the illusion clinging to the system
of Bates. It was also felt that the more ideal championship of Wallace,
that /apilio was so large and complete, could not excuse its being
placed ‘‘at the head”’ of a phalanx in reality, a phalanx spreading over
the plain of the present without a leader. All this was perceived, and
other similar attacks upon a system adopted by my friend Dr. Scudder,
and thus made part of the supreme cult of Boston, fell equally power-
less. So that newcomers, rising from obscurity, felt themselves obliged
to confess the creed as a matter of ‘‘ my opinion,’’ and to follow up the
futile expression of credo guia ineptum by the statement that ‘‘ the
sequence is in accord with the more conservative modern classification.’’
Where this more conservative modern classification leads to we may see

* Compare Mittheilungen aus d. Roemer-Museum, No. 8, p. 24.

16 JourNAaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI--

in the case of Mr. Meyrick, who puts the Caradrinidze ‘‘ at the head.’”
As matters stand Mr. Meyrick will undoubtedly be applauded to the
echo by Mr. Hulst. Because, in the Lepidoptera, ‘‘students have
specialized (!) and few collectors, even, go outside of the Macro-
Lepidoptera.’’ Prof. J. B. Smith has, ‘‘ therefore (?) secured the co-
operation of Dr. Henry Skinner in the Rhopalocera ;’’? and Dr. Skinner
warrants the endorsement of the Preface of the Philadelphia List by
placing the Milkweed Butterfly ‘‘ at the head’”’ of the ‘‘ Nymphalide.”
After this specimen of ‘‘modern classification’? one may well put the
List by with the feeling that whatever may be the cardinal error of the:
Boston creed, neither in Brooklyn or Philadelphia is there any salva-
tion. The suppression of vein VIII of the secondaries, in the most
specialized of the Emperor Moths, is a direct monition of the value of
the character in the Papilionides. In this latter super-family the more
specialized forms show clearly additional features of advancement, so
that the lessons taught by the suppression of vein VIII is no longer
needed to enable us to appreciate their development. The reason why
this was not considered is, that the gauge for specialization offered by
the wing was not understood, so that loose notions as to sequence and
rank were not only permitted, but, the more bizarre they were the more
they were thought ‘‘scientific,’’ until at last we are landed in the
anarchy offered us by Mr. Meyrick.

The Attacinz have served us here for a text upon Pagiiio, and to the
Emperor Moths we now return. The fact that the diminution of the
radial veins in a secondary development, occurring in pursuance of
evolutionary law, up and down throughout the more specialized groups
(such as the Parnassinze, Pierinze, Lyczeninz, Saturniadz and Agliade),
is shown by a table published by me separating the genera of Attacinz
as the Radius is 3 or 4 branched. For a study of the whole insect leads.
me to regard the 3-branched P/i/osamia as a specialization of the 4-
branched Adtacus with which its phylogeny probably lies, rather than as-
nearly related to Sama; with which it has the suppression of III3 in
common.

Leaving the Attacinze, with open cell, we come to the more gener-
alized Saturnianee* with the crossvein present and, so far asI can see,
almost everywhere at least partially functional. Undoubtedly here is a

* It is more correct to commence with the more generalized forms, but I have be-
come convinced that in the Lepidoptera it will always be more practical to adhere to
the Linnean sequence, and this for a variety of reasons, among them this, that the
contrary course will never be adopted by “ collectors,” who willthus be deprived of
the light thrown or reflected by “ scientists.”

March, 1898.] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 17

gap. The gradual stages of disintegration of the crossvein, such as I
found in the Pierinze and Nynphalinz I have not so distinctly met with
in the Emperor Moths. But the first step towards this stage is marked in
the Saturniane and has already everywhere attained full expression. It is
the conversion of the crossvein between IV2 and IV1 into the physio-
logical base of IVz, so that the crossvein proper seems to lie merely be-
tween [V2 and IV3 and we can classify the Saturniane under the rubric :
vein IV2 continuous or on a long stem with veinIVr. That the Satur-
nian have attained a high relative grade of specialization is seen by the
loss of vein VIII on secondaries and the absorption of the radical veins
on primaries. They have lagged behind the Attacinze in the first direc-
tion: the suppression of the Media and its system. One point more
and I have done with this typical subfamily. In the Saturniades vein
VIII appears as a loop to VII on primaries. In Actas and Telea
(proving the relationship of the dissimilar appearing imagos) this vein
VIII has an outer inferior spur or prolongation. Is this a trace of the
vein VIII in its former position as a parallel vein? Or is it a trace of an
absorbed additional vein? Or is it a sporadic, or extra-growth? We
notice it in Cas¢nia. Its isolated appearance in two Saturnian genera
makes it remarkable. Misled by Mr. Meyrick’s figures of Geometridz*
I at one time thought the curved internal vein of Pagz/io might corre-
spond to the internal vein figured by him in Veni@ia macularia. But it
seems not, since the vein figured by Mr. Meyrick does not exist in the
Geometrid form. .

Next, we come to the Hemileucine, and here is a case of dis-
puted classification, a matter I try here to uncover, with the help of the
annexed diagrams of neuration obtained by photographic process.
Both Professor Comstock and Dr. Dyar unite my Hemileucinz with my
Automerinz under one “ family,’’ which they call Hemileucide after
Packard. The origin of this notion may be traced back to Grote and
Robinson, who, in 1866, established the group Hemileucini with the
same contents.+ A glance at the figure of the neuration of Hemileuca
mata, which may also be found in Professor Comstock’s beautiful Man-
ual, p. 342 (a book I regret to have only recently become acquainted
with), shows that its condition is what we might expect from a more
generalized Saturnian. On the secondaries vein VIII is retained, and
the retention of this vein is a generalization and repeated everywhere.
This affords no proof of the want of relationship between Heméleuca
and Saturnia; if it did, it would equally imply a want of consanguinity

* Consult : Ill. Wochenschrift fiir Entomologie, Band II, No. 38.
+ Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. Vol. VIII, 376, October, 1860.

18 JournaL New York EnTomoLocicaL SOCIETY. — [Vol. VI.

with Auwfomeris. But here it is evidently vein VIII which is added to
what is, in its total pattern, in its flowing venation, its wide interspac-
ing, its treatment of the Media and its system, its position of vein 1V2
—ain all these points—the wing of a Saturnian, not the wing of an
Aglian. What the addition of vein VIII makes to the wing of an
Aglian we see in C7theronia. ‘The student will follow me here better by
a glance at the figures given, in this way complying with Hamlet’s re-
quest to look first on this picture and then on this. How impossible
does it not seem, that a classification can be correct (and a classification
which represents even approximately the phylogeny) which would de-
rive the Automerid from the Hemileucid wing, or the reverse!’ Is it
conceivable that the malleable Hemileucid wing should have stiffened
into the Automerid? Or that the rigid wing of Cvtheronia should have
produced both? Or to believe with Dyar, that the wing of Ag/a could
have become transformed into the wing of Saturnia and Attacus, while
the very wing of Agéa, its pendant, the wing of Aufomeris, should
break out with Afemilewca? For those who believe in the ‘‘ more con-
servative modern classification’”’ it will be no argument to appeal to~
Hiibner and that this writer considered maza to be a Saturnia; and,
in fact, we see that Hiibner was often mistaken, such as Professor
Smith never is. But, in spite of all his mistakes, we believe that here
Hiibner is quite right; right also, in the ‘“‘Tentamen’’ and in the
‘¢ Verzeichniss,’’ in recognizing two main groups of the Emperor Moths,
which we call Saturniade and Agliade, and that Hemmz/ewca belongs
to the first and Avfomeris to the last. We shall try to make this clearer
by our remarks on the next family.

AGLIADA.

It is to Dr. Packard that we are indebted for calling our attention
to the fact that Agéa is a specialized Citheronian, and this from other
grounds than the neuration, grounds we must here pass over. Before
taking up the neuration of the Agliade, we will revert for an instant to
ffemileuca again. The vein we call III1 4+ 2 in Hemileuca springs from
the Radius above the cell. In the Agliade this is the normal condition
of affairs. Its point of emergence travels upwards a little in Aga, as
compared with Avtomeris, and herein is the latter the more generalized.
But in Saturnia it has already been absorbed to a point of issuance
from III3 + 4, just before the apex. Now, this is just what we would
expect in a generalized Saturnian, and it follows naturally the presence
of vein VIII in Hemzleuca. But the type of Saturnia, the long stem
upon which IVr and IV2 sit, is already fully developed in Memileuca.

March, 1808. ] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. +g

There remains, then, but the absorption of IlI1 + 2 on primaries, and
the loss of VIII on secondaries to evolve out of Hemileuca the type of
Saturnia ; and this without violence and following the lines of evolu-
tion which we have shown to be followed by the lepidopterous wing.
Now to form the Hemileucid wing out of the Citheronian or Automerid
type we must have recourse to violence, and this violence is apparently
not considered but committed by Professor Comstock and Dr. Dyar.

The neurational type of Agda and Automeris is practically identical,
so that their position is parallel to that of Atfacus and Saturnia. We
may consider them together. ‘They differ exactly by characters on a
line with the evolutionary advancement we have everywhere pointed
out. In the jrs¢ direction a hesitating and half-expressed step has
been taken by Agha. The cross-vein, s#/ uneven, still distinctly rem-
iniscent of its true character as a crossvein becomes oblique between [V2
and IVr. Inall the Automerinz from South America I have yet been
able to study, the cross-vein is transverse asin Automeris zo. The point
of issuance of III1 + 2 varies somewhat, but little. In this, the second
direction, as we have above seen, Ag/a is again more specialized. But
otherwise the wings are identical. Neither express any of the distin-.

_ guishing features of the Saturnian type. Inasmuch as the first direction,
the suppression of the Media, is everywhere less progressed, both Agéia
and Awf/omeris are more generalized than the Hemileucid and Saturnian
type. In their progression they have lost vein VIII of secondaries, here
passing Hemileuca by, while the absorption of the radial veins would have
rested at the Hemileucid stage. These are all secondary lines of ad-
vancement, unequally entered upon. We conclude that Agéia repre-
sents Awfomeris in the Old World and that it is the more specialized
type. Both have sprung from the same near ancestors, the same stem,
whether independently, or together, or whether Agda may be looked
upon as the outcome of an Automerid form, we can only surmise. But
there they are and they belong together, their sundering, by any sys-
tem of classification, from their common stem, is an act of violence and
equivalent to a denial of any lessons to be derived from the neuration,
at least so long as their common characters cannot be explained away.
Weare confident that it is impossible and that the classification we pro-
pose is natural and in accordance with the facts.

It does not diminish the difficulty to multiply the families ; if we,
out of the six subfamily groups originally proposed by me, make, in-
stead of two, the whole six figures as families in our books. Always
will Hemileuca, Saturnia and Attacus come together, always will C7¢he-
ronia, Automeris and Aglia coalesce upon the type of wing. That

20 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. V2.

there is a difference in the closeness of contact we have urged. This
difference is the measure of their nearness to a common ancestor. Thus
Attacus and Saturnia are close together, while Hemzleuca stands apart a
little, still sharing the common type of wing which is indicated by
the long stem of the two upper branches of the Media. And Ag/a and
Automeris are, in an opposite way, quite nearly related; while Cztheronia
stands still further off from these and is much more by itself, though still
exhibiting the Aglian type of wing, the absence of stem to the upper
branches of the Media, the transverse cross vein, the stiff, equal dis-
tanced, parallel veins. To a brief review of what we have published
about C7theronia we devote the rest of this paper.

The student must study with this paper what Dr. Dyar has written
in Can. Ent., 1896, 303, and the phylogeny there given. The drawing.
there given is correct, except that I suppose the original Aglian stem (as-
sumed to be represented by the existing Citheronian branch) has given
off both Agia and Auéomeris ; whether together, or one after another, or
whether Agéia be an outcome of Automerid-like ancestors, which I am
now inclined to assume, I do not decide. My original view of the
separation of the six into the two groups is here maintained. I placed
“Hemileuca parallel with Citheronda, or but slightly advanced from the
difference in general type, from the common retention of vein VIII of
secondaries. Above Cvtheronia, as having proceeded from the same
stem I placed successively Automeris and Ag/a, the latter being the
most specialized. The antennal characters bear out this division. In the
Aglian group the female antennz are short and simple, with few excep-
tions in specialized forms. In Aétacus and Saturnia they become
pectinate. I consider C/theronia as specialized in peculiar directions,
and as baving lost much original character and added new ; still, by the
retention of vein VIII, as being, rather, the representative in direct line
of the original stem. But this view is, for the moment at least,
subordinate in importance to the correct placing of Hemzleuca, to the
breaking up of the assemblage of Awtomeris and Hemileuca by Grote
and Robinson, Packard, Comstock and Dyar. This isthe main classif-
catory result which I believed to have attained in my recent studies of the
Emperor Moths. For, whether Cztheronia represents the main branch
(in assuming which I am not a little influenced by Dr. Packard’s
paper), or whether Avéomeris, is clearly of inferior value to the main
fact, that Ag/ia, Automeris and Citheronia belong together, while A?-
tacus, Saturnia and Hemileuca represent another, and, on the whole,
more advanced phylogenetic line upon the same stem. The student.

March, 1898 ] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF I.EPIDOPTERA. 21

may consult also my illustrated paper in the ‘‘ Verhandlungen der
Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte’’ 1896, p. 197. Ina
linear series we would arrange the generic types thus: Aéfacus, Saturnia,
fTemileuca, Aglia, Automeris, Citheronia.

In a foot-note, Journ. N. Y, Ent. Soc., VI, 46, I have written that the
crossvein becomes oblique in 4g@a and Citheronia. As I recollect, I
had in my mind to write Zuc/es, but a fresh study of the latter genus,
and all the Citheronians now accessible to me, has led me to the con-
clusion that everywhere in this group the crossvein remains transverse.
No steps that I can now clearly recognize as such have been taken, as in
Aglia, towards an independence of IVz. But even were my former
statement correct, the argument supposed to be drawn from it is futile.
For the movement is secondary in its nature and would not indicate any
necessary nearer connection between Agéia and Citheronta. What we
want is primary character, underlying the general type of the wing and
this we have found in the long stem of IV2 and IVr in Saturnia,
together with the other comparative characters here discussed, as opposed
to the issuance of IV2 from the crossvein in Agda, together with the
equally opposing features above summarized.

We have above admitted that the peculiarly Citheronian type of the
Agliadz, stands at a greater distance from Agta and Aufomeris than
these two from each other. It remains here to point out these differ-
ences and emphasize the conformity to a common type of wing. The
wing in the Citheronians has pursued a slightly varying form of special-
ization of the Media from the other groups of Emperor Moths, one that
we meet on occasion again in the Day-Butterflies and also the Hawk
Moths. How far this variation is caused by the mechanics of the wing,
I cannot now enter upon. Vein IV1 travels up the lower edge of the
Radius, and the extent of its absorption by the Radius is the measure of
the specialization of the genera. These stand, in ascending order,
Eacles, Citheronia, Anisota. 1 do not know the neuration of Sphingt-
¢ampa, nor whether it bears out my formerly expressed idea that it stood
nearer to Zacles than to Citheronia. It is probably a specialized form.
But although the wings of Citheronians are on the whole perhaps more
specialized, as compared with Awsomeris, and in a different way, we
have more than a reminder of the Aglian and Automerid pattern. The
Radius is four-branched, and this is the natural precusory stage of the
three-branched, here the Aglian and Automerid, wing. In Awisofa vein
IJI1+2 has traveled up the Radius and is given off beyond the cell. In
the median system vein [V2 inclines to the Radius, and vein IV3

«

29 JourNnAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. V1.

comes into near contact with the Cubitus, thus following the course of
specialization in the entire group, by which the middle branch of the
Media becomes radial in disintegration. But the pattern remains dis-
tinctly Aglian, the veins are stiff, tend, even in the most highly special-
ized forms, to remain equidistant, there is no effort to lead to the
Saturnian pattern, indeed there seems no possibility of a progression in
this direction, vein IV1 having taken quite a contrary course, a course
entered upon already by the most generalized form, Zac/es. But this
course is possible from the Aglian, not possible from the Saturnian types.
Vein VIII of the secondaries is retained, while it is shortening. Know-
ing, as we do from Dyar’s studies, that the larva conforms to the Satur-
niades type, it becomesa matter of comparative less importance whether
we confer upon the Citheronians family rank. Under this general view
of the position of Cztheronia, we consider the slighter correspondences
in venation with the Hawk Moths to stand in relation to the narrowing
of the wings and the habit of pupating in the ground to have been
separately acquired. ‘The Citheronians have pursued a peculiar path in
evolution and one that stands in relation with their comparatively
limited geographical distribution. They seem confined, as long ago
pointed by me, to America, east of the rocky backbone of the two
continents.

From the clear exposition of Dyar, Can. Ent., 28, 303, it seems im-
possible to reconcile a phylogeny based on the larval tubercles of the
Saturniades with the one proposed by me onthe neuration. ‘Taking the
latter as the final appeal we are obliged to suppose, that A¢tacus and
Saturnia on the one hand and Agia on the other have independently
acquired the tubercles on anal plate. According tothe value placed by
Dyar on these organs, I must agree that this seems impossible. On the
other hand, I cannot find it probable, indeed, it scarcely seems to me
possible, that Agfa (which, in the same wing pattern of venation,
clearly represents a more specialized type than Aufomeris) should belong
to the Saturnian branch and wing pattern, as a generalized type. Nor
does it seem to me within the range of probability, that Aw/omeris or
Citheronia could have produced the wing pattern of Hemzleuca. On
our respective trees, the groups represented by Hemzleuca and Agha
change places. The female antennz of Agia, Automeris and Cither-
onia are of one type, so far as I can see; also those of Attacus, Satur-
nia and Hemileuca hold together, both types appearing distinctive.
Hlemileuca is just what one would expect of a generalized Saturnian ;
Aglia, just what one could agree that a specialized Automerid might

March, 1898] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 23

be. Vein VIII on secondaries has been retained by the two ‘ lowest’’
groups on the respective branches, Hemzleuca and Citheronia, exactly
as appears most natural, in my tree, wheras in Dyar’s Hemileuca goes
to the top. The association of Hemileuca and Automeris as equivalent
groups by Dyar seems, from this point of view, impossible. The whole
wing pattern of the Agliid branch on my tree holds together, with
Citheronia as its slightly dissenting feature, while the whole wing pat-
tern of my Saturnian branch holds together without any discordant ele-
ment whatever, unless the presence of VIII in Hemileuca is one, but this
does not prevent Dyar placing it with Avfomeris. So that it is possible,
from the neuration, to admit of three ‘‘ families :’’ Saturniadz, Agli-
adz, Citheroniade. Further than this we cannot go, and the matter
must be left for more light. If Aga belongs to the Saturnian branch
and Hemileuca to the Automerid, then Dyar is correct, if not, then I
am justified.

The strength of Dyar’s argument and his system in general lies in
the indifferent nature of the position of the tubercles. Where such
ornaments or their details can be proven to be useful to the organism,
adaptive, they are clearly secondary and their importance fails. I
cannot judge of the value of the tubercle on the anal plate, but
must take Dyar’s word for it that it is primary. So we are ata
deadlock. The pattern of the wing venation, not the position of
the movable veins, is for me primary. In this case Hemileuca dis-
plays the Saturnian pattern. The presence of vein VIII on second-
aries is subordinate in value to this. Hemzleuca, from the pattern
of neuration, can not, by any reasonable process, have either been
derived from Awfomeris, or alongside of it, or represent its ancestor—
the rdle Dyar expects to fill, since it is less specialized. Its capabilities
are exceeded by one and allof these demands. Aztomeris, on the other
hand, may very well have thrown off Agéa, indeed I believe that Agdia
sprang from Automerid-like forms. I can also clearly see, that Saturnia
must have sprung from Hemileucid-like forms. j So different are Saéwrnza
and Agdéia they are with difficulty compared. Cvtheronia, while at the
bottom, showing the Castnia-like pattern of Ag@a and Automeris, pre-
sents a modification in the movement of vein 1V1, analogous to the
Sphingidz, Pierids and Memeobius. Attacus and Saturnia show the
Nymphalid movement of the meridian branches, but add to it the Pierid
and Lyczenid specialization of the radial branches. Rothschildia taco-
ée@ has the most specialized neuration of any lepidopteron known to
me. On another line, the common White butterfly competes with it.

24 JourNAL NEw YoRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Not only does Rofthschildia carry the Nymphalid and Lyczenid secon-
dary movement of the veins to an extreme, but it shows also the sub-
primary Papilionid specialization of the hindwings, the inner margin
hollowed out, and VIII vanished, characters evinced by the Attacinz.
No better proof can be offered to sustain the thesis, that rank is a rela-
tive conception and that corresponding specializations are worked out
upon different phylogenetic iines. And we see that it is inevitable, that
systematists like Mr. Scudder, who erect an imaginary sequence upon
the fastening of the chrysalis, or other congruous class of facts, and
finding some example, like Oemezs, which meets their fancied require-
ments, proceed to place this ‘‘ at the head ”’ of the lepidoptera, must be
doomed to disappointment.

The arrangement for the new check list may be provisionally laid
down here, so far as embraced, by the two parts of my revision now
published. I may say, that, so far as my preliminary studies are con-
cerned, I believe to recognize eight superfamilies in the Lepidoptera :
Papilionides, Hesperiades, Sphingides, Saturniades, Bombycides (Agro-
tides), Tineides, Micropterygides and Hepialides. I would keep as
near as may be to the Linnean sequence, transferring the Sesiadze and
Anthroceridz from the Sphinges to the Tineides; and the Cosside,
Apodidz, Ptychopsychidz and Psychidz from the Bombyces to the
Tineides.

Tosumup: In Hemileuca, as in Saturnia, veins 1Vi and IV2 are
furcate at the extremity of a long stem. This stem is morphologically
the extension of that piece of the cross-vein lying between IV1 and the
Radius. Vein IVr is thus prevented absolutely from ascending the
Radius, as it can in Agwa and Automeris, where no such extension
takes place or offers to take place, and does in C7/heronia. ‘The neur-
ation here demands, in a positive manner, the classification advanced
by me. No looking at the neuration ‘‘ broadly,’’ no trifling as to terms
or the theoretical value of certain changes in the movable veins, can
ever obscure this point, which proves that Ag/ia can never be brought
into a connection, either as a derived or original representative form,
with the typical Saturnians. ‘The dichotomy proposed by me is borne
out by all exotic Saturnians I have been able to study. On the other
hand, the reference of Adromis to the Sphingides is not positively de-
manded by the neuration ; a shorter vein, connecting II and III, and
bending down II, near base of hindwings is present in Bombyx mort.
From uncompleted studies in the Lachneide, this may not be homol-
ogots. The union is at most not contradicted strongly. It becomes

‘March, 1898.] GROTE: CLASSIFICATION OF LEPIDOPTERA. 25

somewhat probable by the extension of the movable pupa from the web,
a character not found in the Bombycides (Agrotides).

A, PAPILIONIDES.

Fam. I. PARNASSIIDA. Type. P. apollo.
“ II. PAPILIONID. “ P. machaon.
B. HESPERIADES.
Fam. III. PIErRIDé&. Type. P. rape.
“ 1V. NyMPHALIDA. “ON, lucilla,
& V. AGAPETIDA. “A. galathea.
46 VI. LIMNADID. “OL. chrysippus.
“6 VIL. LipyrHeicé®. CC GCL ES
46 VILT. NEMEOBIIDA. “OWN, lucina.
Be IX. RrioDInID& “OR, Lysippus.
“6 X. LYC@nNID&. « L. endymion (teste Scudder.)
“ XI. MEGATHYMIDA, “ OM. yucce.
ee XII. HESPERIADA. “« H, male.
C, SPHINGIDES.
Fam. XIIT. ENDROMIDID. Type. #. versicolor.
“XIV. «=SPHINGIDA. < S. ligustré.
D. SATURNIADES.
Fam. XV. SATURNIADA. Type, S. pavonta maior.
« XVI. AGLIADA. Ke cate
« XVII. CiITHERONIADA WO (CR aed

EXPLANATIONS OF PLATES II AND III.

The accompanying figures of the neuration of Saturniades are obtained by photo-
graphic process and may thus be relied upon for exactness. The numbering of the
veins is in accordance with the corrected Redtenbacher-Comstock system as applied
to the Lepidoptera. IIL1— Radial veins; 1V— Median veins; V = Cubital veins.

Fig. 1.—Saturnia pavonia maior. This and the succeeding represent the
Saturnian type, in which I1V2 becomes continuous with IV1. The crossvein ap-
pears to obtain merely between IV2 and IV1 the middle branch of the Media
becomes Radial. In the Attacinze, here not represented, the crossvein vanishes.

Fig. 2.—Hemileuca maia,—The same Saturnian type is exhibited with the
secondary distinctions that vein II1I1-++-2 springs from the Radius above the cell. In
Saturnia it has travelled upwards toa point just before apex; by this character
Hemileuca is more generalized. Also with the difference that vein VIII of hind
‘wings, suppressed in A¢facus and Saturnia, is here retained. Else it equals
Saturnia.

Fig. 3.—Agla tau, This and the succeeding figure represent the Aglian type
of wing. Attention is called to the oblique outward direction of the still uneven
portion of the crossvein between IV2 and IV1, the first indication of a secondary
movement tending to the disintegration of the system of the Media.

Fig. 4.—Automeris io. The crossvein is transverse, and no indication of the
secondary movement of the crossvein in Ag/za is observed. The point of issue of
I1I1-+-2 is removed further towards the base of the wing. In these two points the
Automerid wing lags behind, or is more generalized, than the typical Aglian wing.
Else it equals 4g/ia.

JourNnaL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

26

‘sapeiurtiyes ‘q ‘sapisutyds “9
‘LV prisV *epRIUIN}ES
‘xepeluoray NG ‘episuryds
: , : ee DAD Ee
“UII IW9 FT
‘euULIAWO Ny
_ ‘eurIsV
*RURIUINILS
"ULILY

*"NOILVYNEN AHL OL ATAAIHD AONAAAAAA HLIM SHLOJ YOUAMWY GNV AMV]] AHL AO SAAYL TVOIOOTVANAL) GaSOdONd

March, 1898.] WEBSTER: DEVELOPMENT OF DRASTERIA ERECHTEA. 27

NOTES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF DRASTERIA
ERECHTEA (Cramer).*

PLATES IV AND V.

By F. M. WEBSTER.

The preparatory stages of this species have been studied by Professor
French,} and I have no expectation of adding anything to his careful
and painstaking work. Mr. M. V. Slingerland{ has also reared the
species from the egg, but his studies relate more especially to the char-
acters of the adults and those of closely allied species and varieties. My
own studies were begun with the idea of watching the individual devel-
opment of the young as closely as I was able, gleaning any points re-
garding such development as was possible, and which had not been al-
ready recorded. I can hardly claim that the work was premeditated,
as, but for what might be termed a bit of carelessness, the study would
have never been commenced.

September 24th, I captured a female moth and, killing her as was
supposed, placed her on the setting board. On the following day it
was found that she had revived and though unable to release herself,
had struggled about and completely ruined herself so far as a desirable
specimen was concerned (which I later had cause to regret), and, in the
meanwhile, deposited a number of eggs. As she was captured among
grass and clover, it was probably during the performance of that duty
that she fell into my hands, and the labor was finished while pinned
upon the setting board.

The eggs were of a malachite green, as described by Professor
French, but I found them somewhat more flattened at the poles than he
has described, though the drawings made from alcoholic specimens
hardly represent them as they appear when freshly deposited, the flat-
tening at the poles being closely illustrated by the appearance of the
upper end in the middle of the three illustrations on Plate IV, the eggs
from which drawing was made being those deposited by an unmated
female.

The eggs were placed near a bunch of grass, transplanted to the
vivarium, but they hatched while no one was about the insectary to ob-

*Read before Section “ F,” Zoology, of A.A.A.S., Detroit, Michigan, August 10
1897.

+Papilio, Vol. IV, pp. 148-149.

tInsect Life, Vol. V, pp. 87-88.

28 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. V1.

serve them, and it was not until several days that the young were found
on the blades of timothy. On October roth, however, they were found,
and at that time had precisely the appearance that French ascribes to
the larvze before first moult, viz., the two extremities of the body were
of a pinkish color while the intermediate portion was of a greenish hue,
which I ascribed at the time to the color of the food showing through
the almost transparent walls of the body. In this case, I believe the
egg stage was about twelve days, instead of five days, as observed by
Professor French, as the eggs had not hatched on October 8th, and the
larvee did not show the reddish stripes, which indicate the period fol-
lowing first moult, on October 12th, but did show them on the 14th.
‘This would give an egg period of twelve days, and the larval period to
first moult five or six days, instead of three, as Professor French found
it to be at Carbondale, Illinois. Was this difference due to latitude or
to the advanced season when my observations were made? This will
certainly be an interesting question. The very young larve have every
appearance of belonging to the Geometridz, and when feeding on the
blades of grass, eat the substance of the blades only, leaving the veins
and the epidermis almost intact. After the first moult they begin to
eat through the leaves and along the edges, causing cleanly cut notches.
The grass plant was now enclosed by a glass cylinder placed in a ver-
tical position, and the larve, by jerking the posterior part of the body
while hanging to the grass blades by the feet, threw the excreta away
from them, and it could be observed in abundance on the inside of the
glass, where it had been caught and held by the moisture collected
there. If in any way disturbed, however, they hang by the penulti-
mate and anal pairs of feet and wave the body about frantically, and
then remain quiet, clinging by the three pairs of prolegs, the body
arched nearly in the form of the letter 5, the anterior feet and legs bent
backward beneath the body, which is usually placed parallel with the
blade on which it is stationed, but not holding to or touching it. On
November 4th, some of the larvee were observed in the act of moulting,
the first time I had observed them to do so, though this was doubtless on
account of my not having been able to give them daily attention. It
will be observed that these larvae were now a few days less than a month
old. Professor French found the date of last moult to vary from 19 to
25 days from hatching.

My larvee had now become reduced to six, and by the roth of Novem-
ber, these varied so greatly in size that I was led to measure the lot,
and by so doing found that there were really two series, in point of

March, 1898] WEBSTER: DEVELOPMENT OF DRASTERIA ERECHTEA. 29

size, each series comprising three individuals and measuring in length
as follows: 1 inch; 14); inches; 1} inches, and 4} inch; 13 inch;
and inch. The larva measuring +4 inch moulted on November roth.

On account of being almost continually absent from home, I was
now compelled to turn the larve over to my assistant, Mr. C. W. Mally,
who gave them nearly all the attention they had throughout the re-
mainder of the time that they were under observation.

After December 1, the larve appeared to increase in size very rap-
idly, the larger ones becoming lighter in color, and could hardly be
distinguished from the yellowish and brown blades of grass, more or
less eaten, and along which they would stretch themselves and remain
for a long time, occasionally moving the head from side to side with a
sort of trembling motion. This protective coloration had been observed
from the time of the first moult of the larve, the brown stripes and
greenish background blending with the discoloration of the part of the
blades of grass that had been attacked, while the lighter green corre-
sponded with the portions of uneaten epidermis, backed by the green
color of the blades behind them. As the larvee became more aged the
colorschanged to a more decided brown hue, intermingled with yellow-
ish, and with this change there came a decided disposition to pass more
of the time nearer the base of the grass plants, where these colors pre-
dominated, than higher up, where the prevailing color was a uniform
green. Earlier in the life of the larvee, the upper portion of the blades
of grass were more generally attacked, none being cut off from below
and falling down to turn to yellow and brown, while now at this later
period,many blades were eaten only for a short distance above the ground:
and falling down took on the yellow and brown. Whatever might
have caused this change of habit, it was certainly not on account of the
lower portions of the blades being more tender and succulent, though
with the continually increasing bulk of the individual larva there would
naturally follow a greater aversion to activity, and a less disposition to
climb to the higher portion of the blades of grass. It seems to me that
we here have a most interesting case of adaptation, and one that was
not anticipated when these observations began.

On December 3 the three larger larvee began to show signs of un-
easiness, crawling about the cages, and again stretched at full length on
the side of the same, and again down among the grass, feeding.

December 7, one of the larger larva, which will be hereafter desig-

_nated as No. 1, and the adult and chrysalis is shown under this number
in the illustrations, settled down in a corner of the breeding cage, fas-

30 JourNnAL NEw YoRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

tened a few silky threads over itself, a labor which was completed the
following day, and passed into the pupal stage, having passed a larval
period of, approximately, sixty-one days, and seventy-four days from
time of deposition of the egg.

The remaining two of the three larger larvee crawled down to the
bottom of the breeding cage and began constructing their cocoons, but
died before pupating. The imago of larva No. 1, issued January 13,
1897, thus giving a pupal period of thirty-five days, and one hundred
and nine days from date of oviposition.

Of the series of three smaller larvee, after December 4, two of them
increased in size very rapidly, and, in fact, seemed to be gaining upon
those of the first series, while the third, which, so far as could be de-
termined, had continued to be the smaller since the time of measure-
ment on November 19, did not increase in size so rapidly. While the
two just mentioned became slightly lighter in color, precisely as had the
three larger ones, this one continued to be much smaller and darker in
color, the blackish stripes being quite conspicuous.

The first larva of the three smaller ones to pupate will be designated
as No. 2, the moth and cocoon beeing so numbered in the accompany-
ing illustration. This was one of the two light colored larvee of this
series, and began fastening the blades of grass together on the night of
December 8, the imago issuing January 19, 1897, after a pupal period
of forty-one days, and one hundred and fifteen days from date of ovi-
position of the egg.

The third larva reared to the adult moth will be designated as No.
3, including adult and cocoon. This was second of the lighter colored
of the second and smaller series, and began pupating during the night
of December 9g, but did not finish doing so until the following day, leav-
ing the blades of grass which it had begun fastening together, with the
evident intention of constructing a cocoon therefrom, and appropriated
a bit of cotton that happened to be within reach, and constructed its
cocoon from that, thus forsaking a natural material for an artificial, and
seemingly one of more practical utility. The imago appeared January
23, 1897, after a pupal period of forty-four days, and one hundred and
seven days from the deposition of the egg.

The third of this series and the smallest of the larve studied,
escaped from its breeding cage, December 15, evidently when searching
about for a satisfactory place in which to spin its cocoon. It continued
to be of a darker color throughout, but had attained to the same size as°
its fellows. Later, an adult of this species was found dead in the insec-

March, 1898.] WEBSTER: DEVELOPMENT OF DRASTERIA ERECHTEA. 31

tary, during the latter part of January, and as this was the only example
found and the date of finding corresponds so nearly with that of the
appearance of the remainder of the whole series, together with the fact
that there was hardly a possibility of a larva having been unintentionally
introduced from without, there is little doubt but that this was the imago
from the larva which had escaped from its breeding cage. It was very
similar to No. 1, being about the same size, but somewhat darker in
color. The mother of the whole three being lighter and of the type of
No. 2.

About October 10, 1896, Mr. Mally brought in from the fields three
larvee, seemingly nearly full grown, and these were placed on clover and
blue grass in a breeding cage in the insectary. About October 22, all
three of these formed cocoons similar to the one shown in No. 4, which
is composed of three clover leaflets fastened together, while still attached
to the petiole, thus making a neat and deceptive case, having three quite
conspicuous angles. The weight of the pupa of course caused them to
turn downward, but even then they appeared like a drooping, withered
leaf, and for this reason very apt to be overlooked. One of these three
pupz was preserved for a cabinet specimen, the second died, while the
third transformed December 6, and is shown with cocoon in No. 4.

Of two larve brought in from the fields and placed in jelly cups
about October 21, one formed a very slight cocoon of silk as shown in
No. 5, and the other fastened blades of grass together, as shown in No.
6, notwithstanding both were supplied with grass for food, and hence
both had the same material from which to construct their cocoons. The
imagos both appeared December 18, 1896.

The latitude of Wooster, Ohio, where these experiments were carried
on, is 40° 48/, while that of Carbondale, Illinois, where Professor
French studied the species, is about 37° 45’. It will be observed that
with him the egg period was less than half as long as with me, while
with him the species developed in from 41 to 66 days from the egg,
the majority going from 48 to 53 days, with me this period varied from
107 to 115 days. The eggs which furnished the basis for his breedings
were deposited August 13, and those which I followed were deposited
on September 24 or 25.

I am quite certain that, here in northern Ohio, the insect goes into
the winter in the larval stage, as I have observed nearly full grown larvze
crawling about after the middle of November, though hibernation may
also occur with pupz or even adults. In southern Ohio, I have ob-
served seemingly freshly emerged adults early in April. All of my

32 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol VI.

larve upon which these studies are based were kept in the insectary,.
and in a temperature varying probably from 60° to 75° Fah.

The species is a grass as well as a clover insect, as will be observed.
from the foregoing, and asthe striped body of the larvae would indicate,
but it would seem that the clover leaf is especially desirable as material’
for constructing the cocoon, and it is just possible that the lack of this:
building material would account for the great variation in tastes in select-
ing such as was at hand to supply the place of clover leaves, thus the
better illustrating natural selection.

The variation in rapidity of growth I am totally unable to account
for, as there was an abundance of food, and the larve were never
crowded. With the individual variation in size and time required for
development in the larvee, as well as their difference in coloration, to-
gether with the equally striking difference in the appearance of the
adult, it would seem that in this case at least individual variation offered
no very narrow basis for the evolution of forms, which, under a favor-
able environment, might still further progress through varieties to species..
That this may have actually transpired, is witnessed by the exceedingly
close resemblance between Drasteria erechtea Cram. and D. crassiuscula
Haw., either one of which might have given origin to the other, through
the same course of evolution as that, seemingly, being followed at pres-
ent by varieties agricola G. & R., ochrea Grt., and adstincta Neum., the
two latter being considered by Mr. Slingerland as varieties of D. crassz-
uscuda. It only requires that these varieties become sterile to each other
and the parent stock when crossed, in order for them to become species,.
as valid as either of the two just mentioned.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES IV AND V.

Fig. 1. Dvrasteria erechtea and cocoon.

66

Eggs, enlarged (pl. IV).

2
3)
4.
66 5. 66 66 66 66
6
7°
8. Larva, enlarged (pl. V).

March, 1898-] Dyar: New NortH AMERICAN MOTHS. 33

NEW AMERICAN MOTHS AND SYNONYMICAL
NOTES.

By Harrison G. Dyar, Pu.D.

LITHOSIIDZZ.

Hyproprepia mexicana Druace.

1885. Lithosta mexicana DRuvCcE, Biol. Cent. Am. Lep, I, 131, pl. 13 ff 2, 3.

1892. Crambidia mexicana KIRBY, Cat. Lep. Het. I, 338.

Dark mouse gray, a narrow yellow line on costa, through middle of cell to mar-
gin and along the internal margin, just a trace on the outer half of submedian fold.
Secondaries all gray. Sides and posterior part of thorax and tip of abdomen pink.

Two specimens, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H.G. Hubbard). Coll.
U.S. Nat. Mus.

More heavily shaded with gray than in the specimen figured by
Druce, but doubtless conspecific.

Bruceia hubbardi, sp. nov.

Similar tu 2. pulverina Neum., but smaller. The colors are the same in both
species but the diffuse dark powderings of fore wings are differently shaped. In
hubbardi there isa series of terminal dots, absent in fz/verzna, and there is a dis-
tinct angular line resting on anal angle where in fw/verina there is only a diffuse
powdering. Expanse, 22-25 mm.

1é, 29 9 Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H, G. Hubbard), July 4.
Type no. 3840, U. S. Nat. Mus.

Crambidia lithosioides, sp. nov.

Dark slate gray, secondaries lighter at base. A very narrow pale yellow line
along costa almost to apex, along anterior edge of collar, broken centrally, and on
posterior orbits faintly; otherwise immaculate. Expanse, 2I mm.

One 9, Texas. (Belfrage.) Type No. 3784, U.S. Nat. Mus.
Resembles Lithosia bicolor.

Crambidia uniformis, sp. nov.

Dark slate gray, all the veins of primaries finely lined in dull-ocherous; second
aries and abdomen a shade paler gray. Expanse,19 mm.

One 9, Washington, D. C. (F. C. Pratt). Type No. 3790, U. S.
Nat. Mus.

Size and appearance of C. /ithosioides, but without the ocherous
costa.

Palpidia, gen. nov.

Primaries 12-veined, median 4-branched, veins 3 and 4 on a short stalk, 7 to 9
stalked, 10 from the apex of the cell; 11 from sub-costal. Secondaries 8-veined,

34 JourNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

median 3-branched, 3 and 4 stalked, 5 from the cross-vein, weak, 6 and 7 frem the
apex of the cell, 8 joined to subcostal for one-third of the length of the cell. Frenu-
lum divided (9).

Eyes large, no ocelli; antennz simple (9 ), palpi long, obliquely ascending
twice as long as the head and rising above the vertex, second joint long, closely
sealed, third distinct, smabl. Body slender, legs with long spurs, two pair on the
hind tibze; wings long, narrow, the costa nearly straight but depressed at apical
third, outer margin straight, curved at anal angle; secondaries considerably shorter
than primaries.

In the synoptic table falls with Zanfura Kirb., but this genus
possesses ocelli and must be removed to the Noctuidz (see later in this

article).

Palpidia pallidior, sp. nov. .

Pale ocherous, veins pale ocherous, all the interspaces thickly irrorate with black
scales. Secondaries whitish.

One ¢@. Cocoanut Grove, Florida (EK. A. Schwarz). Type No.
3783, U.S. Nat. Mus.

Resembles Crambidia pallida Pack.

EUCHROMIIDA.
Lycomorpha /arvis.

The account of this genus by Neumoegen and Dyar (Journ. N. Y.
Ent. Soc., I, 102) contains two important errors. We did not observe
that vein 8 was present on the hind wings of coccinea Hy. Edw., having
only examined the type without removing it from the drawer, and hence
wrongly allowed it to remain in Lycomorpha. We mistook for ZL. fut-
gens Edw. the specimens which stand in the Edwards collection as
Ptychoglene equalis and described these. It will be noticed that our
description contradicts Edwards’ original one (Papilio I, 116). These
specimens bear a label, I think, in Mr. Schaus’ handwriting, but they
do not belong to Ptychoglene, as vein 8 of secondaries is absent; more-
over they do not fit Walker’s description of P. @gualis, as the costal
edge is not black and the thorax is red instead of black. I propose to
call them Lycomorpha schaust.

Lycomorpha pulchra, sp. nov.

Head and body black; thorax above, including collar and patagia, red. Wings
bright red, the fringes of both narrowly black and a very narrow black line on the
outer fourth of costa and internal margin of primaries. Expanse, 25 mm.

1 6, Texas (Belfrage). Type No. 3786, U.S. Nat. Mus.
Of the species described as Lycomorpha, sinuata and coccinea Hy.
Edw. belong to Ptychoglene (Arctiide); mexicana Druce, constans,

March, 1898.] Dyar: New NortH AMERICAN MOTHs. 35

vata, latercula and fusca. Hy. Edw. to Triprocris; marginata, notha
Hy. Edw. and centralis Walk. to Pyromorpha (Pyromorphide); augusta
Hy. Edw. is a Euchromian, but it does not belong to Lycomorpha as
vein 10 is stalked on fore wings and 5 is present on hind wings. It
may form a new genus when this family is revised, or may come in
some genus at present unknown to me. It falls into Cfenwcha in the
synopsis. From the description I think vegza Schaus must go with it.
Of the other species I have seen but half, and they may not all be con-
generic. Judging from the above, they may belong anywhere in five
genera of three families, representing two super-families. But, assuming
them to be congeneric, they separate as follows. Those which I have
reason to believe correctly placed generically are preceded by an as-
terisk. Species not placed, ch/ora Schauf.

Synopsis of Lycomorpha.

~., “Dia GUS as See een ne Ree arn re AM Lin tin BEA earth 2
minora blacks. patazia red OF yellow. a\<tavsre cis see coe bie «ale ore als «je a's <iasein 3
BREAN AMEE Oy ateter n’afeleia sieiaie’, «orev ialakece eres aya cisions) amare clots! slabeys arate o-clot theta orate 8

2. Secondaries dull orange, with narrow black margin...........-.. teos Schaus.
Secondaries with a broad black margin.............. viridiceps Feld & Rog.

3. Primaries with black reaching from outer margin to near middle of wing..... 4.
Black border of primaries covering about one-third of wing...............- 6
BlACKaDOrdemContined to thes inn Pe sal) stcersteicvofeciereieleleisielersieleiclaysieisieley< efetels 7

Ae Outen plac kainvthe) form ofa) DOLGebar. snisicie dine ole cieleleleyerersieisic/a|eieisiel= «(sels sie.e 5
Ontewolackia longitudinal: band...¢2 ccc secccccteesce sac *fumata J/oschl.

BRGTIALIESHOTAN ZEAL DASC).)a < ic iaiapac/see mg cr alsieraie xls. o Sereveierertieleraie's *pholus Drz.
EHATIES COAL DASE. wists sine ented alles a ele ails cies seielble 8 *miniata Pack.

6, Secondaries black almost to costal margin..... .......contermina Ay. Edw.
Secondaries black on outer half...,........ nisferetasieverete desertus ¢ Ay. Zdw,

47. Red; secondaries nearly all black...... FOU SDGUDOOUICAAC *fulgens Hy. Edw.

“Orange ; secondaries with fringe only black........... .... anacreon Druce.
$8. Primaries red, with rather broad outer black border.......... *schausi Dyar.
PSMHMARIESRL CH paWEMD DIA CK) TKI OC rave; ori diey/ous coselat=: oie )etaretsiel <ieinle lofalelw/a)x's's|s.sicin'sl= 9

Primaries orange, with two transverse black bands....desertus 2 Ay. Zdw.
9. Secondaries with outer black border covering half or more of wing..*grotei Pack.
Secondaries with only the fringe black.............e0eeeees *pulchra Dyar.

ARCTIID:.

In my revision of genera (Can. Ent. XXIX, 212), I included two
with ‘‘ vein 8 of secondaries wanting.’’ This is not strictly the case in
the sense that vein 8 is wanting in the Euchromiidz by coalescence
with 7, for in the series culminating in Luwpseudosoma and Eucereon it
has disappeared by atrophy, apparently, while in Bertho/dia it is vein 6

36 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VE.

that has disappeared by coalescence with 7. In some species of this
group vein 8 coalesces with 7 to end of cell, producing the appearance
of the absence of vein 8. These two groups of Phzegopterids are thus
essentially Arctian, though apparently showing the Euchromian struc-
ture.

Bertholdia was erected by Mr. Schaus in this Journal (IV, 137) with
type specularis H. S., containing three species. These are superficially
recognizable by the large triangular vitreous patch on costa, but other
species without this mark must ultimately come in the genus. Mr.
Schaus has kindly given me a number of specimens of Sertholda,
among which I recognize a new form, apparently uncharacterized.

Bertholdia schausiana, sp. nov.

Intermediate between sfecularis and ¢rigona. Primaries lead color, shaded with
pink more or less, especially toward anal angle, dotted with black. Costa red, ex-
cept at the vitreous patch, whereit is yellow. The patch is excavated superiorly be-
tween vein 6 and costa, produced outward in the interspace 5—6 or simply angled, the
lower border nearly straight, lightly shaded with yellow, the veins black dotted. The
shape is most like ¢7zgona but distinctly angled in the interspace 5—6 and not pointed
below. Basal yellow spots absent, or one small one present. Body and hind wings .
as in ¢rigona. Expanse, 33-39 mm.

1,39 9 from Mr. Schaus without locality. (Coll. Dyar.)

Synopsis of Species.
(Group r with large vitreous patch.)

1. Secondaries vitreous with gray outer border.............-. specularis 7. S.
Secondaries white, without gray border.............c0--ceceenseoeee GOO eye
2. Primaries with white subterminal line................. albipunctata Schaus.
Primaries ‘without this limes 5). ceckydic crore sors els epee one erate: «evi eve eters ate: mee ere Be

3. Subapical patch rounded below, scarcely crossing vein 4; basal spots reduced
schausiana Dyar..

Subapical patch pointed below to vein 3, or further expanding downward ; basal
spots usually expanded ......... se oaDoDG.COOG! Goud ee iarsiend trigona Grote.

Gorgonidia, gen. nov.

Primaries with median vein 4 branched, cross vein of cell slightly concave, 6:
from the apex of cell, 7-10 stalked ; secondaries with vein § absent, 6 and 7 stalked,
8 joining the subcostal for over half the length of the cell. Wing long, produced, the
secondaries small, trigonate. Palpi robust, not reaching vertex of head, first andi
second joints subequal, third minute. Ocelli touching the eye. Male antenne serrate
ciliate. Two pair of spurs on hind tibize.

The male has a stridulating organ on the thorax like that of the
Asiatic genus Dionychopus, 2. ¢., SécJosoma (?) nivens Ménét. of Kirby’s.
catalogue. (See Psyche, VII, 415, for description. )

March, 1898.] Dyar: New NortH AMERICAN MOoTHs. 37

Gorgonidia mirabilior, sp. nov.

Primaries vermilion red, crossed from the costal margin nearly to the middle by
three yellow bands, narrowing inferiorly and edged with black except below; an
elongated slate colored patch beyond the cell reaching the margin, sharply truncate
basally, its lower inner angle produced to join a large rounded similarly colored patch
which rests on the anal angle separated from the edge by a narrow red line and reach-
ing above to vein 2 and basally to near the middle of the wing. Secondaries pink-
ish red, vermilion on costa and internal margin. Body vermilion, ocherous tinted on
head and front of thorax ; posterior edge of collar pink in the middle. Posterior
edges of abdominal segments below narrowly white. Femora, tibiae and tarsi black,
lined and powdered with white.

1 ¢, Piches & Perene Vs., 2,000—3,000 feet, Peru. (Soc. Geog.
de Lima). Type No. 3791, U.S. Nat. Mus.

Closely allied to Zatrephes buckley: Druce from Ecuador, and Z.
garleppi Druce from Bolivia, which will also come in this genus.

Trichromia neretina, sp. nov.

Head dark ochre yellow on vertex, front purplish brown. Thorax purple brown;
abdomen bright red dorsally, pale yellow below; legs pale yellow, fore femora
bright red in tront, tibize and tarsi outwardly ocherous. Fore wings purplish brown,
a yellow band from middle of..costa to middle of outer margin, very narrow and dis-
located (at vein 4 ) centrally, wide on the margins and running very narrowly along
‘costa, more widely along outer margin to apex, cutting off the apical portion of the
ground color into a rounded spot. The ground color is darkened where it joins the
yellow. Secondaries straw yellow, tinted with ochre on the margins. Below as
above, but the dark marks fainter, the basal patch pale and diluted with pink, the
apical one more uniformly slaty. Expanse, 27 mm.

1 6, Piches & Perene Vs., Peru, 2,000-3,000 feet. (Soc. Geog.
de Lima.) Type No. 3792, U.S. Nat. Mus.

Very similar to Veritos repanda Walk., but entirely without the sex
mark.

Trichromia and Veritos may probably be separated by the sex
mark, if not otherwise; but at present the species are mixed and I list
them together below. Six of the species listed by Kirby seem not con-
generic. I have not examined specimens, but think that amas¢ris and
asana Druce, as well as cu¢heans Druce (described since the catalogue)
will fall near, if not in Bertholdia Schaus.

Synopsis of the similar species of Trichromia and Neritos.

Mem SeCONdares dark, DYOWD. 2/6010 0/0 olcie's » si=\-l25/s)olelnielsieis sais civ siaipis sles es «ese 2
Secondaries pale yellow or pink.........-ceseeeceeesccees pecs cafel sikiaterehsie: s/s 4
2. Yellow band of primaries broken in the middle................. onytes Cr.
Mellow, band) crossing the Wingy < s/scejs)s ole aitelsis els niincclocina cs svcesnscewce 3
3. Abdomen dark, head red. ....6. ccc cee cece teeter ssc scene psamas Cr.

Abdomen red above, head yellow...........2eeseeeeesees sithnides Druce.

38 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. V2.

4. Yellow band of primaries crossing the Wing. ..........2.ceeeeecsccees éo00 5
Yellow band broken in the middle..................- eyaieete (tere wisteniee arecres CO
5. Abdomen red or pink above..... Hy GUO KUEG ObUsuCnobadgdousooad saiiewtie , 6
Albdomen: syellowss is sei sjeyeranschis mite told eewiets ca evs aise araree Netancnene etalon ter eveis teins belatsle mes
Omteadiyellow,secondariess pinks: senna meee eens patara Druce.
Head ocherous on vertex only ; secondaries yellow...... Sala tavase else ool ake waierece ete 7
Head reddish brown, secondaries yellow............. ..0.-+> samos Druce.
7. Male with elliptical sex mark near base of fore wing.......... repanda W/é.
Malejwithoutiaisexsmarkisnvry. ctor lstsietee scereieirenieiee iets .. Meretina Dyar.
8: Head yellow ac yercs srsncieieiiclostmenc errs stibiiz webigiaie a caladarebe em eRe s tipolis Druce.
Head gray...... naive’ whale Tacauatcite lett uatlenetare vu: Siajedeuntavereyanstemetrenonn eats pandera Schaus.
g. \Costalspot yellowtroccja:: citer s cccrctet cvssiors aveysiciee choeae sotto ss flavoroseus Wa/k.
Costal spot broadly centered with brown... ............-- ....cotes Druce.

Trichromia is not a Lithosian, as placed in Kirby’s catalogue, as
ocelli are present. ‘The neuration of the species here described is as
follows :

Primaries with 4-branched median, cross-vein of cell strongly angulated, form-
ing a right angle, 6 from the apex, 7-10 stalked, 10 given off before 7, 11 close to
apex of cell, 12 from base. Secondaries with two internal veins, median 3-branched,
veins 3 and 4 on a long stalk, 5 absent, cross vein angled, 6 and 7 on a long stalk, $
joining the subcostal for only about one-third of the cell, curving and rather remote
from 7, strong. Tuibialspurs normal, small. The ocellus is pale, situated in a black
ring which is about as wide as the diameter of the ocellus itself and does not touch the
eye.

Pygarctia muricolor, sp. nov.

Fore wing mouse gray with a slight bronzy reflection, translucent except along
the margins and apically; hiad wing translucent grayish, darker along the outer
margin, pale at the anal angle. Head dark gray in front, vertex ochre yellow ; collar
mouse gray, narrowly edged with ochre behind ; thorax gray, the edges of the pata-
gia a shade lighter; below ocherous, including coxz; legs gray. Abdomen buff, a
dorsal row of small dots and a rather broad lateral band mouse gray. LExpanse, 41
mm.

1g, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H. G. Hubbard). Type No.
3787, U. S. Nat. Mus.

To give a wider comparison with southern forms this species may be
provisionally placed in the genus Opfharws Walk. on superficial resem-
blance. ‘The following are its structural characters :

Accesory cell present, veins 7-10 from its apex, 8 and 9 stalked; 8 of secondaries
joining cell for half its length, faint at the tip; no veins absent. Palpi oblique, por-
rect, not reaching the vertex, first and second joints subequal, third half of the sec-
ond ; tibial spurs normal, short. Body slender; antennz long ; hind wings rather
large.

Assuming the described species of Ofharus to be congeneric, they
would separate as follows :

March, 1808 ] Dyar: New NortH AMERICAN MOrTHs. 39

1. Abdomen continuously marked with orange or yellow, not transversely

aril eul smeepeeeetetcreretate Tart cvciobeicisteis [el avoveboyaiey se) Siel's eirails) a) cel spel'e pie le csipyave isieye fare mie 2
Abdomen not con*inuously orange, transversely banded or spotted with pale, 6
PAO OMMING awit Ol bstaTKS walks pciciararovalere uel leveiejeiciel= sie e.sile.clsleicis/etevelers eysie II

2. Abdomen dark dorsally............... sie stderaierpustenaie apenetssie basalis Walk.
Abdomen ocherous dorsally.......... Sao6s00 Bieiotetabeiclniniatorsieieveletsle atetousfaters 3

2. Abdomen with lateral spots.......... aoobooedac dic SonCOODHO NOE AaSH.aOr 4
NN OMenewitheanlateral pany. ate. ccve: a\clet sie masuels erefovermteyiel ove ey cicilasene'ole e's icjalerere 5

4. Secondaries unicolorous, translucent at base..... . euchetiformis Ay. Zdw.
Secondaries ocherous on basal half........ SCRE OC OAC CRON ruficollis Drace.

5. Abdomen blackish below...... § 6, COU RHIOON Go.0 coau BO OOOUC gemma Schaus.
PU DMOMPHEQGHEFOUS: DELOW ss c:¢ «6.00 a s)s eis 0s «= 'vinwiueiel acne v6 muricolor Dyar.

6 Abdomen yellow or red, transversely black banded ............ breyeverenteverers Hf
Abdomen dark brown, spotted with testaceous or white....... DHaaC 5 ©

7. Secondaries brownish..... Riuchey ave era cetaset ate <siee ake aay, Natotane eieianevevetederare Gio lonerats 8
Secondaries pink on internal margin...............0..00- .rhodosoma 42/7.

Sa larces twonyellow dots onl head. «. .. .<jcis.ecjeee oon cee slice oscie gigas Dogn.
Smaller, thorax with small blue dots................. albipunctatus Druce.

9. Abdomen with testaceous spots on the sides..............procrioides /Va/k.
Abdomen banded with yellowish and with white spots...... mundator Drace.
NGO HOA TAMA WAN Got Ose ooassouposodscoubcnod Cosouuonanododc fe)

10. Two lateral rows of white spots on abdomen...............4. tristis Schazs.
Cine GHeln JANSEN TON eogogncoodooadon GosdaDboooboAHuOdoI. dolens Druce.

PEP MMSE LIN ATIOS TOW MMalafs1e) eh, <iets 616; staleia, setelajy wicca S ciete lish <yaleiet> carbonarius Dogz.
PTMIMNES EN. ce bboowanaedhe bdotodd bacdonoDDDdKdodbobOdEd Gdboce son 12
[27a darker shade) crossing the celles... < .js.06cs0ce eee sc cs morosus Schauws.
Primaries uniform dark gray......... 5 Sica eieranerats Buena: ge lugubris Schaws.

Ptychoglene flammans, sp. nov.

Deep bluish black. Fore wings bright scarlet, the outer margin broadly black,
broadest at anal angle and twice inwardly waved, namely at submedian and discal
folds ; inner margin narrowly lined with black. Costal edge of secondaries broadly
red on basal two-thirds. Below as above, the outer border of primaries straighter
within. Expanse, 31 mm.

2 6%. Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H. G. Hubbard). Type No.
3785, U.S. Nat. Mus.

Apparently allied to Ahrada Druce, but the border of primaries is
irregular.

Ptychoglene has the venation of Zubaphe, but differs in the longer
narrower fore wings. In this genus will also come coccinea Hy. Edw.
as North American.

Of the described species, porfonia Druce is Eubaphe ostenta Hy.
Edw.; sp/endida Druce is green and can hardly belong to this genus.
The others separate as follows. I have marked with an asterisk those
examined by me.

40 JournaL NEw YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

To) Hhorax,yincludinewpataciaiblackreyertyecty-tieieetclelel tale ciep-isle mod metedctl-tertarate \2
Patagia red or orange, at least at base. ..5.......00-eeeccecterens coce 6
Mhorax, meludimempatagias ned ay .cine etererstien rel ieietel= ..*coccinea Hy, Edw.

2. Primaries black along costal edge .............5.-005- VEDgdoooodoD Hodion ss <
Primaries :ed along costal edge............ ..--- Lege nate eisro oratetay ome roverstisvaters 5

2B.) Secondaries) black except alompCOstarreiaiets setters token afeieineieteraretstet= terete 4
Secondaries red with black border........... .2.-eeeee- *sanguineola Zav.

4. Costal edging of primaries broad .............00-0e00- *erythrophora edd.
Costal edging of primaries narrow ..........-..606- Uonaee seks zqualis Walk.

54. Outer border events .)-mi-eaie cee esc a Ni erat Bey rca ste phrada Druce.
@uter borderitwicerdentate:|s =o cn- saciees cio sieieireretorte *flammans Dyar.
Outer border sinuately widened below......... apetene cheretors *sinuata Ay. Edw.

6°) Costall margin of primaries red) 2s). elocie e ee) aoe w cles s=-elel lela) <-1-1-1 aye
Costal margin’black atbase <2. 2. de.-0cs ses an Eee eae snares ira Druce.

fe secondaries blackvor mostly Sonat pects ict lees lel ereier«eletsiereieiel | eitvabr=ts 8
Secondaries orange on basal half .............00eeeeeee- pamphylia Drace.

8. Primaries black except red costal line.............. rubromarginata Druce.
Costal half of wing red................- iebaleleie sional gisrstetsia xylophila Drace.
Primaries red, outer margin broadly black.......... sopo006 pertunda Druce.

NYCTEOLIDA.

Arctiide, Nycteoline, HAMPSON, Moths of India II, 128.
Noctuide, Sarrothripine, HAMPSON, Moths of India IT, 365:
Cymbide, KirByY, Cat. Lep. Het. I, 279.

Nycteolide, SMITH, List. Lep. 23.

Pseudoipside, GROTE, Syst. Lep. Hild.

Nycteole, HUBNER, Tentamen.
Pseudoipes, HUBNER, Tentamen.

.

I see no sufficient distinction between Hampson’s Nycteolinze and
’ Sarrothripine. The primary distinction founded on vein 8 of second-
aries is negatived by some of his Sarrothripinze, and the structure of the
groups seems otherwise the same. The males have the bar-shaped
retinaculum in both. The green and gray moths differ superficially,
but the larvee and cocoons are the same and are not Arctian. They
are excluded from the Lithosians by the presence of ocelli. Family
type WVycteola revayana Scop.

Nycteola proteella, Walsh.

1864, WALSH, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. III, 609, note fe Tortricid ).

1867, WALSH, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. VI, 272, note.

Similar to revayana, but smaller and without the prominent angles at base of
costa of fore wings. Gray, shaded with brown. Basal line curved, t.a. line straight,
black, narrow ; t.p. line wavy, strongly arcuate outward opposite cell; s.t. line undu-
late, shaded. The wing is nearly uniformly grayish with the lines faint, or heavily
shaded with blackish and brown between the lines and more distinctly marked; very
variable. Expanse, 14-17 mm.

“March, 1898.] Dyar: NEw NortH AMERICAN MOTHS. 41

Three examples from Walsh collection, U. S. Nat. Mus.

NOCTUID#.
Cydosia Westwood.

New synonyms of this genus are Pethetria Hy. Edw. and Zantura
Kirby. C. majuscudla, the type of the genus, belongs toCydosza. Neu-
moegen and Dyar placed it in the Lithosiidz, but ocelli are distinctly
present, as I have proved in fresh material. We could not examine the
type freely, so failed to discover them.

The other species of Penthetria, namely parvula, from Florida, is a
Tineid forming a curious pedunculate, lace-work cocoon. It is at pres-
ent without reference to any genus.

Synopsis of forms of Cydosia.

Primaries with three golden brown bands.

Many white spots on wing and thorax..... 5 pps oade soon noE nobilitella Cr.
“MIRE 0S Sas Se Ses oROoC cee Gra oEaTOCeouso occ aurivitta G. R.
Primaries without any markings. ......-..0c0s-0s0ecseeses majuscula Hy. Edw.

Euclidia diagonalis, sp. nov.

Pattern of markings as in &. in¢ercalcaris Grt., but the pale mark that arises
near the anal angle is directed to the outer third of the cell instead of joining the
pale reniform as in the allied species. Other markings similar but rather more
drawn out longitudinally. A black streak runs through the cell, obscuring the puncti-
form orbicular. The white t. p. line is rather diffuse and shaded, straight, joining
ithe oblique mark below. Expanse, 44 mm.

One? , Mesino Valley, New Mexico (Wheeler Survey, through A.
S. Packard). Type No. 3844, U.S. Nat. Mus.

Apatela minella, sp. nov.

Closely allied to A, fragilis Guen, but uniformly shaded with dark gray. Head,
thorax and fore wings blackish gray, the lines as in /ragzdzs, the centers of t. a, and
t. p. lines whitish and rather contrasting. Ordinary marks outlined in black, the
basal dash indicated. Abdomen dark gray; secondaries scarcely darker than in
fragilis.

One?. Type No. 3843, U.S. Nat. Mus.

The specimen is without locality label, but probably from Rocky
Mountain region.

This may be a western form of fragilis.

NOLID.

Following Dr. Chapman’s views on the phlyogeny of this group, I
place them as a distinct family at the bottom of the Bombyces or between
the Bombyces and Tineides. The larval characters correspond with this

42 JouRNAL NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. _ [Vol. VL

position. Hampson makes them a subfamily of Arctiidee and Meyrick
includes them in the Arctiadz, with which no fault is to be found if
their different origin be kept in mind.

The following is a revision of our species, following Meyrick for

genera.
Synopsis of Genera.

Eximaniessto-veined.s (eantenncerciliate amen eee . Reselia
Primaries I1-veined, g antennz slenderly pectinate.............0.cceceeee: Nola.
Primaries (F2.veinedin jcntcsctomce conc ee eee Meganola.

Reeselia Hitdn.

Argyrophyes Grt. falls as a synonym on Meyrick’s definition; also-
Lebena Walk.
Synopsis of Species.

Di. CEPIMATIOSIBTAY ees oy Sb aoa eles SNe see ER ORES eee eC Ee 2
Primariés in part’ ‘white %2'.2 2.0. Segtorice ncaa oie hee eee ee 3.
2. Three costal dots, on basal, t. a. and median lines........triquetrana /7¢ch.
Tw» costal dots, on basal and t. a. lines........... HON ee -minna Buz.
3. Wing shaded, grayish on costa and anal angle ..........- sorghiella Riley.
Wing) with marks contrasted, "im part black: j2)tsci)2 see ie eee 4.
42 basaluwhiteyspace cution: trom castameeeiyare ee eee eenieetee menalopa Ze//.
Basal white space reaching costa, at least narrowly...........0.02eeceees Ss.
5. pMedian band broadie. tite. re Reka to acto cero pustulata /Vaik.
Median band defined only on outer half ...............000-: cilicoides Grt.

The type of Wolaphana triguetrana Fitch is in the Nat. Museum,
and is ¢rinotata Walk. = sexmaculata Grt. Nola hyemalis Stretch = NV.
minna Butl. ,

Nola Leach.
Synopsis of Species.

I. T.p. line outwardly arcuate opposite cell........... po conoonceuonuanDCe: 2.
dep linemeanlyastralphtynotibentesa eer emrrerireeer sen ieee sooosoad Zk
2. Wing lines usually heavy as compared with costal spots.............-.. pooo 3%
Wing lines slight, costal spots heavy............. Baten cerreraye es phylla Dyar.
3. Larger, markings blurred on a dark ashen ground............. _.fuscula Grt.
Medium, markings somewhat contrasted on a whitish ground. .minuscula Ze/.
Smaller, the markings usually slender, the ground more ashen ..... ovilla Grz..
4. Basal dash on primaries less distinct than outer costal dot...... involuta Dyar.
Basal dash strong: 5 :[c:cc..\elereeis eters ae oe RO RS en, Cone exposita Dyar.

Nola involuta, sp. nov.

|| V. zznescula Dyar, Psyche, VI, 248 (1892).

Fore wing dusky gray; t. a., t. p. and s. t. lines oblique, parallel, fine, finely
dentate or dotted, nearly straight, the s.-t. faintest, but waved and bordered out-
wardly by a pale shade. On costa at base a brown dash ; a brown tuft of scales on

2

March, 1898.] Dyar: New NortH AMERICAN Morus. 43

t. a. line below costa, surrounded more or less by a diffuse cloud. Hind wing
whitish, gray on the margin. Expanse, 18 mm.

Two & $, Los Angeles, Cal. (Koebele, Coquillett), 9 Santa Barbara,
Cal. (Dyar). Type No. 3779, U.S. Nat. Mus.

Nola exposita, sp. nov.

|| V. Ayemalis Dyar, Psyche VI, 110 (1891).

Fore wing pale gray, thinly scaled; t. a., t. p. and s.:t. lines oblique, parallel,
fine, finely dentate, nearly straight; lines obscure, especially the s.t. On costa at
base a brown dash; a brown tuft of scales ont. a. line below costa; a slight brown
shade between t. a. and t. p. lines, especially on internal margin. Secondaries
whitish, translucent. Expanse, 16 mm.

One ¢ Phoenix, Arizona (Dyar). Type No. 3780, U.S. Nat. Mus.
Close to zmvoluta, but the larval habit is different.

Nola phylila, sp. nov.

Thorax and primaries bright silver gray. Lines as in *zmzscula, but very slen-
der, minutely dentate. Three raised whitish dots in the cell, above which two dis-
tinct brown-black marks on costa, one at base, the other at end of cell. Secondaries
and abdomen dark gray. Expanse, 17 mm.

Two? 9°, Long Island, N. Y. (Dyar), Washington, D. C. (Koebele);
also several other specimens. Type No. 3781, U.S. Nat. Mus.

The larva lives on the oak, but is different from ovz//a and has differ-
ent habits.

Meganola, gen. nov.

Primaries 12-veined, median 4-handed, 7-10 stalked, 7 given off befcre Io.
Secondaries 7-veined, median 2-branched, vein 4 absent, 5 given off a little below mid-
dle of cross vein, 6-7 stalked, 8 joining subcostal for about one-third the length of
cell. Hind tibize with two pairs of spurs, legs long, slender. Palpi about three times
as long as head, broad, flattened, thickly scaled, obliquely descending. No ocelli.
Primaries with three raised tufts of scales.

Meganola conspicua, sp. nov.

Thorax ani fore wings dark gray. T-.a. line just visible, arcuate, dentate; t p.
line rather distinct, blackish, bent inward below median vein and obsolete on costa,
finely blunt-dentate, free or closely paralleled inwardly by the median line which,
when present, is irregularly dentate and bent towards base on costa; subterminal line
obscure, inwardly waved, faintly bordered with whitish outwardly. A row of fine
terminal white points with black scales inwardly. On costa at base a brown dash and
a few brown scales also on the raised patches in middle and at end of cell. Second-
aries grayish, pale at base. Expanse, 26 mm.

Three? 9, Texas; Colorado; Fort Grant, Arizona (H. G. Hub-
bard). Type No. 3789, U.S. Nat. Mus.

44 JourNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

LACOSOMID.
Lacosoma arizonicum, sp. nov.

g fore wing slightly incised at anal angle and roundedly produced at vein 3, the
apex rounded, not falcate; hind wing rounded, somewhat sharply angled at anal
angle, and slightly excised between the veins. Body flesh color, shaded with rosy
pink on head and pectus; antennz yellowish with long pectinations. Wings pale
brown, the basal half shaded with rosy pink, sparsely irrorate with brown. An ob-
scure discal dot on both wings, black, overlaid with white, and a narrow, very slightly
flexuous outer common brown line. Expanse, 29 mm.

One ¢. Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H.G. Hubbard). Type No.
3789, U.S. Nat. Mus.

PYROMORPHID.

Acoloithus rectarius, sp. nov.
Entirely black, the collar concolorous. Fore w:ngs slightly bluish, hind wings
greenish. Expanse, 13 mm.

One example, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona (H. G Hubbard). Type
No. 3788, U. S. Nat. Mus.

Possibly not distinct from Harrisina mexicana Schaus, which I have
Not seen.

NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF OSCINID-A.
By D. W. CoguiLtett, Washington, D. C.

The insects comprising this family belong to the group of acalyptrate
Diptera in which the auxiliary vein is imperfect or wanting, and the
‘crossvein, which usually separates the discal from the second basal cell,
is wanting, as is also the anal cell. The legs are short and rather
robust. The only other family possessing these characters is the Ephy-
dridz, but in these the head is usually much broader than high, the
aristee of the antennze are sometimes long pectinate on the upper side,
the sides of the face are usually provided with bristles and the oral
opening is often excessively large, none of which characters occur in
the Oscinide.

In studying up the extensive series of specimens contained in the
collection of the National Museum several new forms were met with,
and it was found necessary to make a few corrections and additions to
the genera given in Osten Sacken’s catalogue. A large series of speci-
mens of Ofetiophora straminea, the type species of this genus, collected
in Texas by Mr. E. A. Schwarz, shows that this genus is a synonym of

March, 1808.] CoQuILLETT: DESCRIPTIONS OF OSCINID&. 45

Hippelates. LElachiptera is the older name for Crassiseta, as Mosidlus
is of Gymnopa. The last named genus is not mentioned in Williston’s
recent manual. One European genus, Avrzma, is now for the first time
reported from this country, and a new genus, Ceratobarys, is erected
for the Hippelates eulophus of Loew. The genus Sigalessa of Loew,
although placed by its author in the Asteidz, and by Dr. Williston in
the Drosophilidz, may with propriety be admitted into the present
family, from which it does not differ in any more important character
than the shortened second longitudinal vein.

The genus Z//ifoneura is unknown to the writer in nature; all of
the other genera reported from this country are represented in the
National Museum collection.

Table of Genera.

I. Costal vein terminating at the tip of the third vein........ gdoogonsa0g008 pee
Costal vein continued to the fourth vein................-4-- F5adna30500¢ 6
2, Hind crossvein present ...... snooesoonsoodouscad Sead oopsooddoosbasas 3
Hind crossvein wanting............2000.20 SA dersreet vor tocdawstehsts Elliponeura.
= Pestenion femora not thickened 0.05. 0500 326 c oleate eine no stm ainmiemceneanes 4
Posterior femora unusually thick......... ake fereiaveie tots eteye het eeeat Meromyza.
4. Front projecting in front of the eyes at least two-thirds the length of their hori-
PANT AUCH AI CLE TURE No tedelettedeil sy clever r= eislcue orevoleveerepela tale) oloke tater steraiene: cleusucyoters 5
Front not projecting more than one-half of the diameter of the eyes..Chlorops.
5. Third joint of antenne at least twice as long as wide .......... Ectecephala.
Third joint only slightly longer than wide ..........-...000seeeeeee Eurina.
6. Hind tibize each bearing a stout curved spur at tip of inner side............ 7
lr ecnti nicer Gestitutel of SHCRISPUTS Haye ciel eiolelele = ale) 1 elelaleie lela eelels lee cle) = se
7. Antennal arista unusually broad ............ serene ..+.e.....Ceratobarys.
Antennal arista SlOAGer o..10:6 i iniais acts wis veiw sie ne wie eke eee Hippelates.

8. Tip of second vein less than the length of the hind crossvein beyond the first.
Sigaleessa.
Tip of second vein several times the length of the hind crossvein beyond the
LLP SCR PENSE RE or Tole fel sy sis uniavssnseiwinvekeleue ete emisiersials ASR DOS AUODUS soci aoe 9
g. Arista of antennze not broadened .............+28 20% A fejeleustor ere siete SLO
restr nanasally ProAdeHeM) 1.0510 x, <r leis s/o 6)s.nveve opine sien wae 6 Elachiptera.
10. Last section of fourth vein three or more times as long as the penultimate sec-
DING. 5 GAL ObA gs Id DO ISU DO ROS TOneo: SODoO DSH OOOO TSUC Ly sola bison II
Last section less than twice as long as the penultimate SECHOR | vs sio6 Mosillus.
11. Antennal arista bare or pubescent. ............. jn sobeosodyacg snaabas 12
Antennal arista short plumose ............eeseeeeeees HOD SOA SAC Gaurax..
12, Epistoma noticeably produced forward. .........0e2 seu eeeeeeees Siphonella.
POA NGE PLOUUCE LOL WAG ..-\. <a.0 acl ei= sie ale ale » pivip's nls 4 > en o/ens Oscinis.

Descriptions of New Species.
Eurinaexilis, sp. nov.
Head yellow, the frontal triangle, antennz, thickened base of the arista, the
clypeus and occiput, except the sides and lower part of the latter, black; frontal.

46 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

triangle polished, toward the sides striated, its lower end broad, rounded, reaching
lower end of the front, sides of the latter bare ; third joint of antennz subquadrate,
only slightly longer than broad. Thorax black, the sides and pleura yellow, the
latter marked with four black spots, mesonotum coarsely punctured, scutellum yel-
low, convex. Abdomen black, the sides and venter yellow. Coxe, femora and
tibiz reddish yellow, the middle of the hind tibize and all tarsi black. Hialteres yel-
low. Wings grayish hyaline, third and fourth veins strongly diverging apically, hind
crossvein twice its length from the small. Length, 4 to 5 mm.

Fourteen specimens, Beverly, Mass., June 4 and 20 (Edward Bur-
gess), and Colorado (Carl F. Baker and H. K. Morrison). Type No.
3798, U.S. Nat. Museum.

Chlorops aristalis, sp. nov.

Head yellow, the front triangle, third joiat of antenne, clypeus and occiput ex-
cept the sides and lower part black, arista white, the thickened basal part yellow ;
frontal triangle polished, the sides converging to below the middle of the front,
then as a narrow line extending to the lower edge of the front, sides of the latter
bearing short, black, bristly hairs; third joint of antennze one and one-half times as
long as broad, concave above and convex below ; palpi unusually large, projecting
nearly one-third of their length beyond the anterior oral margin. Thorax yellow, the
mesonotum subshining, marked with five nearly contiguous black vittz, the pleura
marked with three blackish spots; scutellum yellow, convex. Abdomen dark
brown, the sides and venter yellow. Coxe, femora and tibia: yellow, the tarsi
brownish. Halteres yellow. Wings hyaline, hind crossvein one and two thirds times
its length from the small. Length, 3 to 4 mm.

Three specimens. North Carolina and southern Georgia. Collected
by H. K. Morrison. Type No..3799, U. S. Nat. Museum.

Chlorops scabra, sp. nov.

Head yellow, the frontal triangle, second antennal joint and narrow upper edge
of the third, the clypeus and occiput except the sides and lower part, black, arista
brown, the thickened base black ; frontal triangle polished, its sides converging to
below middle of front, then nearly parallel, extending to lower end of front, sides of
the latter bearing short black bristly hairs ; third joint of antennz orbicular, slightly
shorter than wide. Thorax black, the sides and pleura yellow, one or two spots on
the pleura, and the sternum largely black ; mesonotum subshining, coarsely punc-
tured ; scutellum yellow, convex. Abdomen dark brown, the sides and venter yel-
low. Legs reddish yellow, a broad black band near middle of.each hind tibia, apices
of tarsi brown. MHalteres yellow. Wings hyaline, hind crossvein over twice its
length from the small. Length, 3 to 4mm.

Two specimens. Oswego, N. Y. Collected July 17, 1896, by
Professor Sheldon. Type No. 3800, U. S. Nat. Museum. .

Chlorops rubida, sp. nov.
Head yellow, an ocellar dot and narrow upper edge of the third antennal joint,
black ; frontal triangle polished, punctured, each puncture bearing a short hair, a me-

March, 1898.] CoQuILLETT: DESCRIPTIONS OF OSCINIDA. 47

dian, longitudinal carina on lower half of the triangle sides of triangle converging to
lower end of front, pointed at the apex, sides of front bearing short black bristly
hairs ; third joint of antennz orbicular, slightly longer than wide. Thorax yellow,
five dorsal vittae and two spots on the pleura, reddish yellow ; scutellum light yellow,
flattened. Abdomen black, the ends, side; and venter yellow. Legs reddish yellow.
Halteres light yellow. Wings hyaline, the hind crossvein slightly more than its length
from the small. Length, 3 mm.

Two specimens. Colorado (H. Kk. Morrison), and Placer Co.,
Cal., in August (A. Koebele). Type No. 3801, U.S. Nat. Museum.

Chlorops graminea, sp. nov.

Head yellow, an ocellar spot, one on lower part of the triangle, the third anten-
nal joint, thickened base of arista and two vittze on the occiput, black, sides of triangle
partly or wholly brown, terminal portion of arista white ; frontal triangle opaque,
punctured, bare, the sides converging to lower end of front, the apex broadly rounded,
sides of front bare; third joint of antennz orbicular, slightly shorter than wide.
Thorax yellow, opaque, five dorsal vittze and three or four spots on the pleura, black-
scutellum convex, yellow, toward the sides brown. Abdomen black, the narrow hind
margin and sides of each segment, and middle of venter, yellow. Legs reddish yel-
luw, apices of femora, both ends of the tibiz, and bases of the tarsi, light yellow,
Halteres yellow. Wings hyaline, hind crossvein slightly more than its length from
the small. Length, 3 mm.

Two specimens, Lancaster, Cal. Bred by A. Koebele. Type No.
3802, U.S. Nat. Museum.

Chlorops pullipes, sp. nov.

Head yellow, the frontal triangle, antennz including the arista, the clypeus,
palpi and occiput except the sides and lower part, brown or black ; frontal triangle
polished, the sides converging to lower end of front, sides of front bare ; third anten-
nal joint subquadrate, slightly longer than wide. Thorax polished, the dorsum black,
sometimes marked with two yellow vittze, pleura yellow, marked with four black
Spots; scutellum yellow, flattened. Abdomen black, hind margins of the fourth
(usually) and fifth segments yellow. Legs brown or black, the trochanters, apices of
femora, both ends of tibize, and bases of tarsi, yellow. MHalteres yellow. Wings
hyaline, hind crossvein slightly more than its length from the small. Length, 2 to 4
mm.

Sixteen specimens. Santa Fé, N. Mex. (T. D. A. Cockerell, in
July and August), and Cafion City, Colo. (H. F. Wickham); other
specimens from Colorado were collected by C. F. Baker and H. Kk.
Morrison. Type No. 3803, U.S. Nat. Museum.

Chlorops assimilis 4/acg. An examination of the type of Szphon-
ella obesa Fitch proves that it isa synonym of the above mentioned
species. Chlorops trivialis Loew and C. distriata Walker belong in
the same category.

48 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI

Chlorops prolifica O. S.A study of co-types of this species re-
ceived from Dr. J. A. Lintner, shows it to be a synonmy of C. variceps
Loew.

Gaurax anchora Zoew. This species has been re-described by Dr.
Williston under the name of £/achiptera dispar in Forbush and Fer-
nald’s report on the Gypsy Moth, page 390.

Gaurax montanus, sp. nov.

Head black, the lower part of the front, antennz, except the arista, face, cheeks,
proboscis and palpi, yellow; frontal triangle polished, the sides convex, the lower
end not reaching below lowest fourth of the front, sides of front opaque ve'vety ;
third joint of antenne reniform, one and one-half times as broad as long, arista
densely short plamose. Thorax polished black, a large yellow spot above the middle
coxze ; scutellum semicircular, yellow, the extreme base brown. Abdomen black,
the base yellow. Legs, including the coxz, light yellow. Knob of halteres black,.
the stem yellow. Wings hyaline. Length, 2 mm.

Two specimens. Mt. Washington (Mrs. A. T. Slosson) and White
Mts., N. H. (H. K. Morrison). Type No. 3804, U. S. Nat. Museum.

Hippelates capax, sp. nov.

Head black, the lower part of the front, the face, cheeks and palpi, yellow ;.
frontal triangle subshining, the sides convex, the lower end not reaching below the
lowest third of the front, sides of front exceot the lower part opaque velvety, each
bearing a row of short bristles ; third joint of antennz circular, arista pubescent ;
vibrissze rather large. Thorax, scutellum and abdomen black, subshining, the ven--
ter basally yellowish. Legs dark brown, bases of femora and of tibiz, yellow..
Knob of halteres bright yellow. ‘Wings hyaline. Length, 3 mm.

Northern Illinois. A female specimen collected October 27, 1895,.
by Dr. W. A. Nason. Type No. 3805, U. S. Nat. Museum.

Hippelates bicolor, sp. nov.

Head black, lower part of the front, antennz, except the extreme apex, and the
arista, face, cheeks and palpi, yellow; frontal triangle polished, the sides concave,
the apex reaching lower end of front, bristles on sides of front very short, vibrissz-
wanting ; third joint of antennz reniform, one and one-half times as broad as long.
Thorax and scutellum polished black, the latter semicircular, wider than long.
Abdomen yellow, sometimes marked with a dorsal row of black spots and a lateral:
black vitta. Legsand halteres yellow. Wings hyaline. Length, 2 mm.

Lake Worth, Fla. Two specimens collected by Mrs. A. T. Slosson..
’ Type No. 3806, U. S. Nat. Museum.:
Siphonella inquilina, sp. nov.

Head black, the lower part of the front, antennz, face, cheeks and palpi,
yellow ; frontal triangle polished, the sides convex, the apex not reaching below the-

lowest fourth of the front; third joint of antenne orbicular, slightly wider than.
long ; palpi projecting one third of its length beyond the oral margin. Thorax.

March, 1898.] © COQUILLETT: DESCRIPTIONS OF OSCINID#. 49

black, polished, in front of the scutellum bearing numerous black, bristly hairs ; “scu-
tellum black, subtriangular, along the sides bearing numerous black, bristly hairs and
at the apex with a pair of bristles which are pressed together toward their tips. Ab-
domen black, the base yeHow. Coxz, femora and tibize black, the trochanters and
tarsi yellow. Halteres yellow. Wings hyaline. Length, 2 mm.

Thirty-two specimens. Virginia; and St. Louis and Kirkwood,
Mo. Type No. 3807, U.S. Nat. Museum.

Oscinis virgata, sp. nov.

Head yellow, an ocellar dot, which sometimes extends over the entire frontal
triangle, the occiput except the lower edge, the antennz including the arista, the
clypeus and apex of proboscis, black ; frontal triangle polished, reaching only slightly
below the middle of the front, the latter bearing numerous short, black bristles ; third
joint of antennz suborbicular, slightly wider than long. Thorax subshining, yellow,
the mesonotum marked with three black vittze, a brown spot beneath the humeri and
another beneath the wing ; metanotum in the middle black ; scutellum yellow, semi-
circular. Abdomen black, the venter yellow. Coxze, femora and tibice yellow, outer
side of front femora, and the front and hind tibia, tinged with brown; tarsi brown.
Halteres yellow. Wings hyaline. Length, 3mm. Colorado.

A specimen of each sex collected by Carl F. Baker. Type No.
3808, U. S. Nat. Museum.

Oscinis pectoralis, sp. nov.

Head yellow, the frontal triangle, occiput except the lower edge, and the antennz
including the arista, black ; frontal triangle polished, reaching only slightly below the
middle of the front, the latter bearing black bristly hairs; third joint of antennz
nearly circular, slightly wider than long. Mesonotum subshining grayish black, the
sides and pleura reddish yellow, a brown spot beneath the humerus and another near
middle of pleura; scutellum grayish black, semicircular; metanotum black. Ab-
domen black, the base and venter yellow. Coxze, femora and tibice yellow, the tarsi
brown. Wicgs hyaline. Length, 3 mm.

Franconia, N. H. A female specimen collected by Mrs. A. T.
Slosson. Type No. 3809, U.S. Nat. Museum.

Sigaloessa flaveola, sp. nov.

Yellow, dorsum of thorax and of abdomen reddish yellow, the antennal arista
and anterior oral margin black, a vitta on middle of occiput, a spot on front end of
thorax, one above each humerus, a vitta on upper part of pleura and two spots on the
lower part, brown; knob of halteres brown. Frontal triangle very small, scarcely
exceeding the ocelli; third joint of antennz orbicular, as long as wide. Wings
hyaline, third and fourth wings strongly converging toward their tips, apex of second
vein only slightly beyond the hind crossvein. Length, 1.5 to 2 mm.

Eight specimens. Franconia, N. H., Biscayne Bay, Fla. (Mrs. A.
T. Slosson), and Washington, D. C. The specimens from the latter
locality were collected on windows by the writer during May and July.
Type No. 3810, U.S Nat. Museum.

50 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGIGAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

DIPTERA FROM THE LOWER RIO GRANDE OR
TAMAULIPAN FAUNA OF TEXAS—II.*

By C. H. TyLer TOWNSEND.

TABANIDA.
Tabanus atratus 7.

Twoég ¢. April 16, and July 11. Brownsville, Texas.
The eyes are slightly pubescent. First posterior cell completely
closed, very short petiolate. Length, 20 to 22 mm.

SYRPHIDAS.
Eupeodes volucris O. S.

One?. May 2. Brownsville, Texas. Taken on foliage.

Length, 7 mm. Has ground color of abdomen brown, instead of
black. This record extends the range of this species very considerably
It is a characteristic species of the Plains, belonging distinctively to the
Upper Sonoran subregion, and is one of those species which indicate
the extension of the dilute Upper Sonoran to the Lower Rio Grande
region. ‘There is a certain element of UZpser Sonoran present in the
Tamaulipan fauna; and it is interesting to reflect that the dilute Upper
Sonoran reaches to, and actually meets and mixes with the dilute /Vzo-.
tropical here on the Lower Rio Grande.

Baccha tropicalis Zowns.

This species was described in Section I. It is most nearly allied to
B. notara Loew of Cuba, a specimen of which from Florida has recently
been identified by Mr. W. D. Hunter (with Dr. Williston’s assistance).
The Florida specimen, while stated to be a ¢ (Can. Ent. April, 1896,
Pp. 97), possesses the peculiarities of wing coloration and abdominal
markings distinctive of the 9 of ¢ropicatis. If it bea 6, it is certainly
a most aberrant one, judging from the usual sexual characters in this
Neotropical group of Baccha.

Notre.—While referring here to Mr. Hunter’s papers, I wish to
point out a few errors that he has made. In the Can. Ent. for April,
1896, p. 96, he states that up to that time there had been recorded only
one specimen of Laccha tarchetius Walker, besides the type in the
British Museum; and that that specimen was from New Jersey, col-
lected by Mr. Keen, and is now in the National Museum. If he will
refer to the Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. for March, 1895, p. 38, he will find

* Section I of this paper appeared in JouRN. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 1897.

March, 1898.] . T'OWNSEND: DIPTERA FROM THE TAMAULIPAN REGION. 51

that I recorded the species there from the District of Columbia, in a 3
which I collected August 19. On page rot of the same paper, Mr.
Hunter says that, with the exception of Kansas records, Sfidomyza
guadrifasciata Say had not been recorded ‘‘ outside of some of the ex-
treme eastern States.’’ I have recorded it from Michigan, in my paper
above referred to. The fact that, throughout his paper, he repeatedly
quotes Snow’s records of species from Colorado and New Mexico, and
entirely ignores my previous records of the same species of Colorado,
New Mexico and Arizona, indicates that my paper was not seen by him.
The drawing of broad statements as to distribution, without consulting
the literature bearing on the subject gives rise to wrong impressions and
can not be too strongly condemned ; especially when it is remembered
that my paper was a long and important contribution, on Syrphidz par-
ticularly as well as other diptera, and appeared fully a year before, and
in such a prominent medium as the Transactions of the American En-
tomological Society !

Volucella tamaulipana, sp. nov.

S 9. Length, 5% to 8% mm., both sexes ranging through these sizes.

The Q in life is easily distinguished by having a lighter or more yellowish abdo-
men and scutellumthan g. This is not by any means apparent in dried specimens.
Front and face light yellow, faze much produced downward toa blunt point ; face and
front white- pilose, vertex with black hair, cheeks with heavy shining black or brown
stripes ; facial stripe much less distinct, fuscous, brown at oval margin. Face very
gently concave above the slight tubercle. Frontal vitta moderately broad, shining
brown, lighter arteriorly. Frontal triangle yellow, tinged with fuscous along middle,
hairs somewhat brownish. Antennz about half as long as face, reddish-yellow ; third
joint subequilateral, a little bulged on edges of basal portion, and slightly narrowed
on apical portion; arista hardly as long as antenne, thinly long hairy above, and
more thickly short hairy below. Thorax greenish-black, thickly clothed with shoit
yellow hair, with a patch of black hair on posterior central portion of disk next the
yellow prescutellar spot, whole of scutellum and larger or smaller prescutellar
spot bright yellow, the wide lateral margins of thorax same except a fuscous
space immediately above base of wings. A yellow spot on pleure directly be-
low humeri, and a fuscous pale area in front of wing bases. Hair of scutellum
bright yellow on anterior half or less, abruptly black on posterior half. Some longer} ur
weak bristles or hairs on edge of scutellum. Metanotum shining black, with an
arcuate line of yellow next scutellum, and a fuscous areabetween. Disk of scutellum,
viewed from above, appears broadly fuscous Abdomen of a general yellowish brown ;
first segment blackish in middle, and black on narrow hind border ; second segment
wholly light yellow, except the sinuate hind margin blackish or brown, or with a
median line of the brownish separating the elongate lateral yellow markings.
Third segment with the same yellow markings quite distinct on anterior half
of segment in some specimens, more or less distinctly divided by a median vitta,

52 JourNnaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol VI.

ino hers very indistinct. When distinct these spots are usually evenly rounded on
whole hinder border, and often reach to but little short of hind margin of segment.
Fourth segment usually yellow on anterior lateral portion, often indistinct in dried
specimens. Pubescence of fourth segment wholly white ; of third white on front
margin, very narrowly on median line but covering about half the length of segment
on sides ; pubescence of second white on about anterior half, somewhat irregularly
following the yellow markings. Rest of pubescence of abdomen black. Pubescence
of venter white, except near apex. Legs yellowish-brown, the knees yellowish, the
tarsi clear brownish-yellow except last two joints (and sometimes tip of next) black.
Second vein strongly sinuous near extremity. Wings hyaline, narrowly tinged with
yellow along whole costa; less than the oblique apical third yellowish fuscous, with
brown cloud on section of second vein at extremity of marginal cell, and a subhyaline
space before it. A lighter space in end of first posterior cell. Heavy clouds on
aaterior crossvein, the crossveins at tip of second basal cell, and the origin of third
vein. Brown cloud of stigma connected with that of anterior crossvein by a fuscous
patch. Clouds of origin of third vein and tip of second basal cell are also connected
by fuscous. Fuscous of tip narrowly and irregularly extended along inner margin ot
wing. The proximal boundary of the apical fuscous of the wing extends approxi-
mately from the end of the dilute stigma obliquely across to the end of second
posterior cell.

Eleven 9s, and twenty-four és, as fullows: All the Qs June 24, ex-
cept one June 28: all the és June 24, except two June 25, one June 28,
and one July 3, near Brownsville, Texas. All on flowers of Lippia
lanceolata Michx., except two és (June 25) which were hovering in
air under shade of a large tree in woods. Others were seen hovering in
this manner and poised in the air, in company with them. J copula
June 24.

This species belongs to the group of V. pusilla, satur, etc. The ap-
ical fuscous of the wing has the same inner boundary shown in the figure
of pusilla given by Williston (Synopsis Syrph. pl. 6, fig. 3). It is one
of the short, stout species, with the abdomen subround, and wider than
the thorax.

CONOPID.
Zadion albonotatum Zowzs.
The species was described in Section I. It is on the order of Z.
splendens Jaeun., being practically, so far as effect goes, a melanistic

and intensified color form of that species. It is, however, a perfectly
good spec'es, being quite distinct in its emphatic coloring.

March, 1898.] BAKER: NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SIPHONAPTERA. 53.

NOTES ON SIPHONAPTERA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS
OF FOUR NEW SPECIES.

By Gor. BARKER,

Early in the course of my studies on the Siphonaptera I wrote Dr.
Berg in Buenos Ayres, relative to the Pulex grossiventrix of Weyenberg
which I had referred to Sarcopgsylla. He very kindly sent me speci-
mens of both male and female. ‘These show some remarkable charac-
ters which justify the foundation of not only a new genus but a new
family. JI would here again call attention to the fact that we have yet
no record of any fleas from bats in this country. The bat species are
among the most interesting. I hope collectors having the opportunity
will certainly secure specimens from any of our bats.

Family MEGAPSYLLID, fam. nov.

Body very large in the pregnant female, but the abdomen does not lose the nor-
mal texture or structure, the sutures remaining distinct, although much connective:
membrane is exposed between the plates. Antenne normal. Eyes very large, in a
rather small head. Mouth parts very stout, the labial palpi six or seven jointed
(impossible to say which without dissection). Fourth tarsal joint very small, more
or less connate wiih fifth, causing the tarsi to appear four-jointed. Last tarsal joint
and claws greatly en'arged, the spines on the former inclining to somewhat foliaceous.

Megapsylla, gen. nov.

Head evenly rounded above in female, uneven and unituberculate in front in the
male. Prothorax in the female with five or seven remote, short, stout, dark brown
teeth ; inthe male unarmed. Fore tibize very small and short, but swollen. Max-
illae small, extending only to one-half of second joint of maxillary palpi.

Megapsylla grossiventris ( Weyend.).

1879, WEYENBERG, Boletin de la Acad. Nat. de Ciencias Repub. Argent, III,
p- 188. ( Pulex grossiventris. )

1895, BAKER, Can. Ent. XXVII, p. 3. (Sarcopsylla grossiventris. )

Length of $ 2.5-3.5, of 9 4 mm. to often 6.5 mm. when pregnant. Head and
thorax, with legs, reddish to dark brown, abdominal plates dark smoky. Edges of
antennal groove very minutely and thickly spinose. Sparingly bristled, but the
bristles stout ; the spines on the legs heavy, those on the fore tibie becoming very
thick and tooth-like, and those on the fifth tarsal joint more or less flattened. Claws
very large and recurved to the length of the fifth tarsal joint. Dorsal segments each
with a single row of long bristles, six on a side. Upper claspers of male very large,
naked, twice as long as broad, sides subparallel, tips obliquely cut off downward and
backward. 3

Lives on the Armadillo (Dasypus minutus) in the Argentine Re-
public (Weyenberg and Berg.)

54 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Pulex longispinus Wagner, Horz. Soc. Ent. Ross. XXIII, 1889, p.

355:

Pulex lamellifer Wagzer, ibid. XXIX, 1895, p. 504.

The descriptions of these two species did not come to my hands
until after the publication of the Preliminary Studies. They both be-
long in my Division I of the genus. ‘The former name was also un-
fortunately used by me. To the species described under this name by
me I will now give the name a@visws. An examination of further ma-
terial may show it to be a Zyphlopsylla.

Pulex multispinosus, sp. nov.

Male. Length, 3mm. Head flat above, strongly rounded in front, face nearly
vertical. Eye rather small but distinct, and near lower edge of head. Antennal
groove extending obliquely through center of head to near upper margin; near the
lower edge of head, with three very long and stout spines and three smaller in front
and three long and stout ones behind. Bristles on second antennal joint as long as
third joint. Labial palpi about equalling fore coxze in length. Pro-, meso, and me-
tanotums of nearly equal length, their discs with numerous small bristles; the pro-
notum provided with a ‘‘comb’’ of about forty teeth. Dorsal segments, each with
one row of medium-sized bristles, twelve on a side, and two rows of minute bristles ;
ventral segments with a single row each, of four or five on aside. ‘Tarsal spines, all
small and weak, especially those on fore tarsi. In fore tarsi joints 2 and 5 are of
equal length, a little longer than 1 and about equalling 3 and 4 together. In middle
tarsi joints 2 and 5 are of equal length and about three-fourths of 1 which equals 3
and 4 together. In hind tarsi 1 equals 2 and 3 together, 2 equals 3 and 4 together,
while 5 is scarcely half of 1. The decrease in length and width of joints in hind tarsi
is very marked. Upper claspers very short and broad, trapezoidal in shape and un-
armed.

Described from one male collected at Raleigh, N. C., by Messrs.
H. H. and C. S. Brimley. The host is the Rabbit (Lefus sylvaticus.)
This species belongs to my Division II, but is widely distinct from any
described species. It has a greater number of teeth in the pronotal
comb than any described flea excepting Hystrichopsylla obtusiceps.

Pulex gillettei Baker.

Prof. A. P. Morse has taken this species on the Screech Owl (Z-
gascops asio) at Wellesley, Mass. The habits of the birds of prey make
them at least temporary hosts for several species of fleas usually found
elsewhere.

Pulex howardii Beazer.

This flea is proving to be one of our most common and widely dis-
tributed species, both geographically and as to hosts. Mr. D. B. Young

March, 1898.] BAKER: NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF SIPHONAPTERA, 55

has collected it at Newport, Herkimer Co., N. Y., on the Wood-chuck
(Arctomys monax) and the Flying Squirrel (Sciwropterus volucelia).
Mr. Hubbard has taken it from a nest of the Silvery Mouse (Cereus
giganteus) at Tucson, Ariz., and in debris of the Colorado River at
Yuma, Ariz.

Pulex brunneri 2aker.

Collected by Professor J. M. Aldrich at Moscow, Idaho, on the Sper-
mophile (Spermophilus columbianus).

Belonging to a group of my Division II, which is composed of
essentially American species. This group includes irsutus, colora-
densis, bruneri, montanus and divisus, and is distinguished by having
one or both of the apical spines on the second joint of hind tarsi greatly
elongated and exceeding in length joints 3 and 4 together.

Pulex arizonensis, sp. nov.

Male. Length, 2mm. Head evenly rounded from occiput to mouth. A few
bristles below, before and behind antennal groove. Bristles on apex of second an-
tennal joint few but long. Eyes normal. Labial palpi somewhat exceeding fore
cox. Pronotal comb of eighteen spines. Dorsal segments with two rows of bristles
each, the principal row of six to seven bristles on aside. Fore and middle tarsi very
weakly spined, hind tarsi with spines long and slender. In fore tarsi joints I and 3
are of equal length and a little shorter than 2, while 5 is as long as I and 2 together.
In middle tarsi joints 1, 2 and 5 are subequal in length and as long as 3 and 4 to-
gether. In hind tarsi joint 5 equals 3 and 4 together, and is somewhat shorter than 2,
while 1 equals 2 and 3 together ; the bristles on the apex of joint I are about as long
or shorter than joint 2. Upper claspers unarmed, little more than twice longer than
wide, sides subparallel, bent below, apex rounded.

Described from a male taken by Mr. Hubbard at Tucson, Ariz., in
a nest of Silvery Mouse.
Typhlopsylla pectiniceps Wagner. Horz Soc. Ent. Ross, XXIII,
1889, p. 347-
Typhlopsylla bidentatiformis Wagner. Ibid., p. 351.
These are two other species previously also overlooked by me. The
former is widely distinct from any other Zyphlopsylla by reason of hav-

ing combs of fourteen teeth each on either side of the head. The latter
is quite near the wnzpectinata of ‘Taschenberg.

Typhlopsylla assimilis Zschd. (var. ?).

Three females, nearer this species than any other, were taken on
the Screech Owl (Megascops asio) at Wellesley, Mass., by Professor A.
P. Morse. This occurrence is to be considered accidental. These

56 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VB.

specimens cannot at present be definitely referred to this species with-
out the males.
Typhlopsylla nudata, sp. nov.

Female. Length, 2mm. This species is well distinguished by the almost entire
absence of bristles on the body, coxze and femora. The labial palpi about equal, the
maxillary palpi somewhat exceed, the fore coxz in length. Head otherwise normal,
no vestige of eyes. Spines of tibize few and rather weak, spines on fore and middle
tarsi very weak, almost entirely absent on the former ; on hind tarsi long and slender,
those on apex of first joint shorter than joint 2, but one of those on apex of joint 2 is.
much longer than joints 3 and 4 together, asin Pulex bruneri and allies. Middle
and hind femora apparently deeply emarginate behind, before the apex, with an acute
tooth before the emargination, a character not before noted in any American flea
(Skuse mentions it for his Stephanocircus). In fore tarsi joints I, 2, and 3 are sub-
equal in length and little longer than 4, while 5 equals I and 2 together. In middle
tarsi joint 5 equals 3 and 4 together and is a little longer than 1, the first four joints
decreasing in length in this order, I, 2, 3, 4. In hind tarsi joint 5 equals 3 and 4
together and 1 equals 3, 4, and 5 together, while 2 is somewhat longer than 5.

Described from two females taken by Mr. Hubbard from inner nest
of Veotoma albigula, at Tucson, Ariz. ‘This is the most interesting spe-
cies of the genus yet found in North America. When the final disrupt-
ing of Zyphlopsyla comes this will fall in a genus by itself.

Typhlopsylla charlottensis, sp. nov.

Female. Length, 1.75 mm. Head with two oblique rows of spines, the lowest
much the stronger. Bristles on apex of second antennal joint short. Labial palpi
nearly equalling fore coxee. Pronotal comb of fourteen stout teeth. Dorsal segments
with two rows of bristles, the principal row of five to seven long stout bristles on either
side ; ventral segments with three to four onaside. Fore coxz strongly bristled.
Spines of fore and middle tarsi very weak, of hind tarsi strong. In fore tarsi joints
I and 2 are equal in length, 5 equals 3 and 4 together, and 4 is one-half of 1. In
middle tarsi 1 equals 2 and 3 together or 4 and 5 together, while 2 equals5. Inhind
tarsi spines all short, joint 2 is three-fourths of 1, equals 3 and 4 together and is one-
fourth longer than 5.

Described from two females taken in a mouse nest at Massett, Queen
Charlotte Islands, by Rev. J. H. Keen. It is nearest to americana,
from which, however, it is very distinct as described above.

“March, 18,8 ] Ho.tianp: NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA. ait

NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.
Ma | ItOLLAND, WLDi, F:Z.5., Sc.

The species named Lycena fuliginosa by Mr. W. H. Edwards and
as such listed in his Catalogue of-the Butterflies of North America, pub-
lished as an Appendix to the First Volume of the Butterflies of North
America, has been in the Catalogue annexed to Volume II transferred
to the genus Zhec/a. This is a palpable error, as an examination of the
types reveals. I called the attention of Dr. Skinner to this fact long
ago, and recently upon the occasion of a short visit paid me by Mr.
Beutenmuller, I likewise called his attention to it. The fact seems to
be worthy of publication. Edwards was right in his original location of
the species. The upper side is of a uniform grayish brown and the
maikings of the underside as well as the form of the wings are of a truly
lyceenine character.

Entomclogists have been puzzled for many years past by their fail-
ure to discover anywhere within the limits of the United States speci-
mens of the species named /Pamphila omaha by Mr. W. H. Edwards.
‘The original description, which appeared in the Proceedings of the
Entomological Society of Philadelphia, Vol. II, p. 21, stated that the
type came from ‘‘ Pike’s Peak’’ and was contained in the collection of
Mr. Newman, of Philadelphia, the well known collector, of whom the
writer cherishes pleasant memories. In a letter recently received from
Mr. Edwards he tells me that the specimens were collected by Mr.
William Wood. Wood, I am informed, was a taxidermist, who also
traded in a small way in insects, and had a lot of miscellaneous stuff in
his shop coming from all sorts of places. He was not at all careful,
so I am told, and but little dependence could be placed upon his lo-
cality labels, which were as likely to be incorrect as correct.

After Mr. Edwards had written his original description of P. omaha
he returned the types to their owner. If I am not mistaken they are
contained at present in the collection of the American Entomological
Society of Philadelphia. Atall events, two specimens labelled Pamphila
omaha Edwards, are to be found there, corresponding perfectly with
the description given by Edwards. They are mounted on common
pins, not insect pins.

In the Edwards Collection there is a single specimen of Pamphila
omaha, marked ‘‘ P. omaha, —mingo, Edw., Kanawha Co., W. Va.”’
Mr. Edward writes me that so far as he is able to recall the facts this
specimen, which is the original type of his Pamphila mingo, was taken,

58 JournaL New YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. — [Vol. VI-

as the label states, in Kanawha County. He tells me that having re-
turned the types of P. omaha, he fell inadvertently into the error of re-
describing the species three years afterwards under the new name.

In my studiesof the He-periidz I have been led to amass an exceed-
ingly large collection of the Hesperiidee of the world, and the other day
Dr. Barnes, who was with me spending a little time in the examination
of the Edwards Collection, called my attention to the obvious identity
of P. omaha with the East Indian Zedicota mesoides Butler, of which
I possess a large series of specimens. I had not noted the fact before,
but, when my attention was called to it, the positive identity of the two
things became at once manifest.

I strongly suspect that Pamphila omaha Edwards is not a native of
this country. If we had only to do with the types originally acquired
by Mr. Newman from William Wood I should have no hesitation what-
ever in saying that we are dealing with an error brought about by a mis-
taken locality-label. The assertion of Mr. Edwards that the type of
P. mingo was taken in Kanawha County is the great obstacle to such a
conclusion. Still it is possible that Mr. Edwards was mistaken also.

Elwes in his recent Revision of the Oriental Hesperiidz, published
in the Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, Vol. XIV, p.
254, gives the synonymy of the species. I reproduce it here, intercalat-
ing the additional synonyms of American origin:

Telicota dara Kollar.
Flesperia dara KOLUAR, Hugel’s Kaschmir. Vol. IV, p. 455 (1848).
Flesperia omtha WN. H. EDWARDS, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Vol. II, p. 21 (1863).
Pamphila mesa Moork, P. Z. S., 1865, p. 509, Pl. XXV, fig. 9.
Hesperia mingo W. WH. EpwaArpbs, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Vol. VI, p. 207
(1866). at
Famphila flava MuRRAY, Ent. Mo. Mag. XII, p. 4 (1875).
Pamphila nitida MABILLE, Pet. Nouv. II, p. 114 (1877).
Pamphila taxilus MABILLE, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. XXI, p. 38 (1878).
Carterocephalus omaha STRECKER, Butt. and Moths of N. A. p. 175 (1878).
Pamphila trachala MABILLE, Pet. Nouv. II, p. 237 (1878).
Pamphila mesoides BUTLER, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. Ser. 2, Zool. Vol. I, p.
554 (1879).
Padraona mesoides MOORE, Lep. Ceylon, I, p. 171, Pl. LXXI, figs. 5, 5a (18381)
Carterocephalus omaha EDWARDS, Butt, N. A. Appendix (1884).
Telicota masoides DISTANT, Rhop. Malay. p. 383, Pl. XXXIV, fig. 24 (1886).
Padraona pseudomesa Moore, Lep. Ceylon, I, p. 170 (1881).
Padraona dara WATSON, Hesp. Ind. p. 57 (1891).
Padraona dara LEECH, Butt. China etc. p. 596, pl. XL, figs 13, 14, vars.

(1891).

March, 1898.] HoLuaNnD: NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA. 59

Pamphila heterus MABILLE, Compt. Rend. Soc. Ent. Belg. III, no. 31, p.
72 (1883).

Pamphila heterus STAUDINGER, Iris, II, p. 145 (1889).

Padraona heterus SEMPER, Schmett. Philipp. p. 303, Pl. XLIX, fig. 15, ?
(1892).

Whether all of the several forms thus merged under Zedicota dara
Kollar, are positively identical may perhaps be questioned a little, but
of the identity of Z. omaha, with the form described as P. m@soides by
Butler there is not a shadow of doubt.

Mr. Elwes, in his revision of the Hesperiidze of the Oriental Region
referred to in the foregoing paragraph, describes as a new species a Zed:-
cota to which he gives the name of szmplex (Cf. p. 253, Pl. XIX, Fig.
15, ¢). This is the same species which I described in the Proceedings
of the Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. XXV, p. 79, Pl. IV, fig.
4, under the name Ze“icota subrubra. I do not much wonder that from
the wretched figure I gave, Elwes was unable to make out the species,
and I am thankful to him for having given so good a figure. Of course,
his name sinks asa synonym. Had he noted my description and asked
for information as he did in reference to some other species, I might
have helped him to avoid the error. His work is a splendid contribu-
tion to our knowledge of the subject, and minor errors of this sort are
likely to occur in the case of the most careful student.

Much has been written concerning Limenitis floridensis Strecker,
and Limenitis eros W. H. Edwards. The latter author insists upon
the distinctness of his species from that named by Strecker. I cannot
agree with him. With the type of Z. evos before me, and after having
carefully examined the insect named ZL. floridensis by Strecker, I am
sure of the identity of the two. Strecker’s name has priority.

What is Zeuzera canadensis Herrich-Schaeffer? Under this name
the distinguished lepidopterist of Ratisbon named and figured a species
of Zeuzera, which, he informs us, came from ‘‘ Quebeck”’ (s¢c), From
the time of the publication of his plate to this present hour no such
insect has turned up on American soil. I recently purchased, while in
London, a set of a Zewzera from Natal, which is undoubtedly the insect
figured by Cramer as WVoctuwa asylas (Pap. Exot., Pl. 137, fig. C). Is
not this species of Cramer the same as the one figured by Herrich-
Schaeffer? It looks to me as if possibly Z. canadensis might be an
African form, and that we are dealing in this case again with a mistaken
locality-label. Quien sabe ? *

*T was tempted to drop a line to Dr. A. G. Butler of the British Museum re-
questing him to confer with Sir George F. Hampson and let me know whether my

60 JourNaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ~_ [Vol. VI.

REPLY TO DR. DYAR’S NOTE.
By A. RADCLIFFE GROTE.

In reply to Dr. Dyar’s note, this Journal, V, 66, I would state that,.
having no preparations of the larve, I may have failed to follow en-
tirely Dr. Dyar’s remarks and any misstatement of them has arisen in
this way. I would suggest that Dr. Dyar figure them in outline as I
have done with the neuration. I consider the ‘‘stinging spines’”’ as.
adaptive, secondary characters, unfit for classificatory purposes of this.
nature and not decisive of phylogeny. With regard to the anal tuber-
cle, Dr. Dyar regards it as primary—of this I cannot judge, but natur-_
ally accept this dicta. And thisis the only main point. I regard the pat--
tern of neuration as ‘‘ primary ’’ and that it unites, in one phylogenetic
group, Hemileuca and Saturnia and Automeris and Agta. As to other
characters, the structure of the female antennze appears to fall in very
well with my classification as also the specializations of the pupal en-
velop. This whole case seems to converge into: anal tubercles vs. pat-
tern of neuration. It is a test case and should be settled before we go
any further. It appears to me a physiological impossibility that Agia
should be derived from the Saturnian branch or that Memzteuca should
be derived from the Aglian stem. From his point of view Dr. Dyar
thinks the reverse and hence a settlement of the controversy, which
should not be suffered to run into side issues, is very desirable.

surmise as to the identity of Z. canadensis, H. S. with Z. asy/as of Cramer met with
their approval. I have just received the following reply contained in a letter written,
January Ist, 1898.

‘¢ As desired, we have looked into the identity of Zeuzera asylas Cram. and Z,
canadensis H. Sch., and have come to the conclusion that you are quite correct in
the belief that both figures represent the same African species. We have nothing ap-
proaching it from any temperate country and all the species of this type appear to be:
inhabitants of the tropical parts of the old world.’’

I accept it then as established that Zeazera canadensis H. Sch. is a synonym for
Z. asylas Cram., and the species should be stricken from our lists of North American.
species. Herrich-Schaefer’s locality ‘‘ Quebeck’’ was evidently an error.

POmwiIR NAT,

Deo Bork @ntomological Society,
Pov oe. JUNE, 1808 Ree a oe

STUDIES IN THE PTINIDZ, CIOIDZ AND SPHIN-
DIDZZ OF AMERICA.

By Tuos. L. Casey.

The term ‘‘America,’’ in the above title, is employed to designate
that portion of the American continent embraced within the boundaries
of the United States. There should be no more ambiguity in designat-
ing the United States of America as America simply, than in calling the
United States of Brazil, or the United States of Colombia by the last
word of their respective titles. It may perhaps be considered egotistical
for us to appropriate to ourselves the name characterizing the continents
of the western hemisphere, but as we have no other title to distinguish
us among the numerous aggregates of united states which compose these
continents, there is no reasonable motive for avoiding the apparent
conceit.

PTINIDA.
PTILININI.

The insects of this tribe form an appropriate introduction to the
Bostrichinz, for they are evidently a connective bond with the Anobiini.
Our species have not been studied for many years. We have two
genera as follows :—

Antennz strongly flabellate in the male, serrate in the female,........... Ptilinus
Antenne slender and feebly serrate in the male, shorter and somewhat stouter but
rather more strongly serrate in the female.................- Euceratocerus

The eyes are rather larger and more convex in Huceratocerus than
in /rilinus, but are much smaller in the female than in the male. Select-
ing the apparent males by this character I have been unable to observe
any pectination of the male antenna in A/evradlis, though it may exist
in horni, of which I have not seen the male.

62 JourNaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Ptilinus Geof.

The long slender pubescent appendages of the male antenna are not
an extreme development of the usual serriform structure, but project
from the base of the joints, the joints themselves being slender and some-
times cylindrical. In the female, however, the joints are prolonged out-
wardly and in an obliquely anterior direction, forming a truly and quite
strongly serriform antenna. The males differ from the females not only
in the structure of the antennze but in the much denser sculpture of the
entire body, and frequently to a very great degree in the form of the
prothorax. In the following table of the species included within my
cabinet, all the discriminating characters refer to the female, except in
the case of flavifennis, of which the only known example is a male :—

Color uniform throughout or very nearly, the elytra not paler,............ oddoo &
Golor‘blackish; the felytra flavate:'.5..2...<10.c/o> aint showtse seer saeco aS
2—Prothorax sinuate at the sides subapically, the apex more or less prominent in a

roundedsonmtecblyssinuadtes lobe wee niaerne tease taser Teenie errata 3
Prothorax arcuately oblique subapically, the apex angulate and slightly prominent 6
Prothorax broadly and evenly arcuate at apex, feebly sinuate in the middle,..... 7

3—Elytra distinctly punctured only toward the base, the punctures nearly obselete
toward tip; thoracic lobe feebly and evenly crenulate. California. .basalis Lec.
Elytrai distinetly punctured thiroushout -.'s2).. (1: saciid 2 aloes see ene 4
4—Thoracic lobe narrowly rounded and with a few closely approximate serrules at
tips Rennsylvaniaytowindianaw erm cr ee ie eee ruficornis Say
Thoracic lobe broadly rounded, with a feeble cuspiform emargination and minutely
andevenly serrulate throughout |< 272 .cy nce clei ios oieke ie e e 5
5—Scutellum elongate, finely and densely rugose ; epipleurze gradually wider at base.
female.—Body rather stout, cylindrical, dark piceo-castaneous in color through-
out, the legs scarcely, the antennze much, paler; lustre rather dull, the pubes.
cence very short and dense on the elytra. Head convex, minutely and densely
granulate, the transverse frontal impression distinct. Prothorax distinctly wider
than long, widest at about the middle, narrowed slightly to the base, rapidly and
just visibly sinuate to the apical lobe ; surface minutely and densely granulose
toward base, more coarsely, sparsely and irregularly so toward apex, the median
line finely impressed. Elytra three-fourths longer than wide, equal in width to
the prothorax, minutely and densely subgranulose in texture, with the punctures
rather strong, sparse and distinct, feebler toward tip, where they are more dis-
tinctly intermingled with small granules and the ground lustre is more shining.
Length 4.0 mm.; width 1.5 mm. Nebraska...... ........ lobatus, sp. nov.
Scutellum quadrate, coarsely rugose; epipieurze rapidly wider at base, d/ale.—Cy-
lindrical, opaque, black, the legs scarcely paler, the antennze pale rufous, the
rami infuscate; pubescence extremely minute and not very conspicuous. Head
conyex, dull, minutely subgranulose, the eyes convex, separated on the front by
about four times their own width, Prothorax about a third wider than long
broadly, evenly arcuate at base, gradually narrowed and arcuate at the sides from

June, 1898.] CasrEy: NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 63

the broadly rounded basal angles to the apex, the latter much narrower than the
base and evenly and more strongly arcuate; surface densely granulato-rugose
throughout, the median line very fine and subobsolete. Elytra three-fifths longer
than wide, rather wider than the prothorax and much more than twice as long,
very densely granulato-rugose and opaque, the punctures distinct throughout,
with about two impressed series along the lateral margin, esa/le,—A little
larger and paler in color than the male, with more shining elytra, upon which
there are more distinct traces on each of three or four feeble ridges. Prothorax
larger, fully as wide as the elytra, rounded at the sides, widest just behind the mid-
dle, the surface more sparsely and decidedly granose toward tip. Elytra scarcely
three-fifths longer than wide, twice as long as the prothorax, Length 3.0-3.5
Mme swidthit. tr. 2 mam, Indiana. 2... Painters pruinosus, sp, nov.
6—Elytral punctures only distinct near the base, where they are fine. /eszale,—
Evenly cylindrical, piceous, the legs and antennze paler; pubescence very short,
even, extremely dense, yellowish in color and conspicuous on the elytra; lustre
rather shining. Head evenly convex, minutely granulato-rugose, the epistomal
impression small and rather feeble. Prothorax not quite as long as wide, the
sides parallel and feebly arcuate; apex broadly and evenly ogival; surface mi-
nutely granulose, becoming nearly smooth at the sides toward base, the granules
coarse and pronounced toward apex except laterally. Scutellum quadrate, feebly
conyex, dull. Elytra fully three-fourths longer than wide, about twice as long as
the prothorax, smooth and alutaceous, without trace of impressed lines at any
part. Abdomen rather convex, the second segment somewhat longer than the
first. Length 2.8-4.0 mm.; width 0,9-1.4 mm, California (Sta. Cruz Mts.).
acuminatus, sp. nov.

7—Elytra with fine, even and somewhat impressed strize in both sexes. J/ale.—
Cylindrical, blackish, the elytra generally a little paler; legs and antennz pale,
the flabellum infuscate; surface dull, the humeral callus more shining. Head
short, inserted to the eyes which are well developed and strongly convex; sur-
face but feebly convex, densely scabrous and opaque; antennal joints very short,
the rami very long and slender. Prothorax a little shorter than wide, parallel
and straight at the sides, broadly and evenly rounded in apical third or fourth,
with a minute sinus at the middle; surface coarsely, densely and roughly gran-
ulato-scabrous throughout the width, becoming much more finely so and smoother
toward base. Scutellum moderate, subquadrate. Elytra three-fourths longer
than wide, a little more than twice as long as the prothorax and rather wider,
densely dull and finely granulato-rugose, the second and fifth intervals uniting
and rather convex near the declivity, the ninth also becoming broader and slightly
convex behind. ea/e——Rather shining and dark rufo-testaceous throughout,
the prothorax similar in form but rather shorter and fully as wide as the elytra,
with the rugulosities more distinct and isolated, nearly smooth toward base, the
head more elongate, narrower and with the eyes small and distant from the pro-
thorax; elytra rather flattened on the posterior declivity, with the intervals
slightly uneven. Length 30-4.2 mm. width 0.9-1.4 mm. California (Sta.
Cruz Mts)...... Sdeic cAgeh ae fat Bist ie oriticgen coe ramicornis, sp. nov.
8—Elytra with rather strong punctures unevenly arranged throughout. Ma/e.—
Cylindrical, blackish and opaque, the elytra flavate and less dull; legs paler, the

64 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGIGAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

antennze pale flavate; pubescence short, fine and moderately distinct. Head
rather short, inserted nearly to the eyes, which are well developed and very con-
vex; surface moderately convex, dull and subscabrous; antennze moderate in
length, the rami unusually.short and gradually thickened from their bases, the
ramus of the fourth joint three times as long as the joint. Prothorax distinctly
shorter than wide, the outline broadly parabolic from the base continuously
around the apex, the sides becoming almost parallel near the base, which is
broadly arcuate, finely margined toward the middle ; surface densely granulato-
scabrous, larger individual granules but slightly evident toward tip. Scutellum
longer than wide, dull, obtuse at tip as usual, Elytra three-fourths longer than
wide, twice as long at the prothorax and scarcely wider, the punctures equally
visible throughout, rather large but sparse and with but the vaguest suggestion
of lineal arrangement. Length 2.4 mm.; width 0.8 mm. California (Los
Anigeles” Coa Mxasas ai ae severe omens oye ste enceeesredaree flavipennis, sp. nov.

The female in this genus generally has a short acute transverse ridge
near the apex of the last ventral segment, but in ramzcornis the fifth seg-
ment is simple in that sex, having merely a very small and shallow im-
pression at the apex. The male usually has the fifth ventral simple or
slightly more convex at the apex, where it is broadly and evenly rounded.

Acuminatus is represented before me by seven females varying greatly
in size, and the male is apparently rare; on the other hand ramuicornis
is represented by nine specimens, only two of which are females. Z/o-
racicus Rand., is not known to me at present and is therefore omitted
from the table.

Euceratocerus Lec.

The fifth ventral segment is generally impressed in the female of Zv-
ceratocerus and is rather shorter than in the male, where it is simple.
The species are all elongate and subcylindrical, though rather less con-
vex than in /¢z/nus, the head minutely and densely granulose, the pro-
thorax less minutely and very clearly and evenly granulate throughout
the disk, but rather more densely at the summit of the more convex
median parts near the base. The elytra have very fine, scarcely im-
pressed strize, which extend nearly to the apex in orzz, and that species.
is well distinguished from any of the California representatives by the
two basal impressions of the pronotum. ‘The species are very much
more closely allied among themselves than those of /¢z/nus, and the
- male appears to be very rare in comparison with the female. The four
species in my cabinet may be identified as follows from the female :—
Basal joint of the hind tarsi very much shorter than the entire remainder, the second

joint relatively more elongate; pronotum impressed at each side near the basal

margin; elytra more elongate ; eyes separated by rather less than three times.
their ownlwidth., | Wexasiye. > ane aac erties Anan So sehoau obo horni Zec.

June, 1898 ] Casey: NortH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 65

Basal joint but slightly shorter than the entire remainder, the second joint relatively
much shorter; pronotum not impressed sublaterally at base................ 2
2—Pleural sulcus below the humeri deep and strongly marked; elytra twice as long
as wide; eyes separated by evidently more than three times their own width.
Body rather stout, the elytra subdilated near the tip, blackish-piceous above,
the legs and antennze dark rufous or rufo-piceous; surface feebly shining, the
pubescence extremely short, pale, dense and conspicuous on the elytra. Head
short, inserted to the eyes, dull, the epistomal impression well marked. Pro-
thorax three-fifths wider than long, rounded at apex, the sides thence strongly di-
verging and feebly sinuate, becoming parallel and broadly rounded in basal half;
basal angles rounded. Elytra twice as long as wide, more than three times
as long as the prothorax and fully as wide, a little wider at apical third ; humeral
angles rounded. Length 3.7-4.5 mm.; width 1.3-1-7 mm. California (Sta.
PU SUNIES ) Ueteriaraicials’ aie esslordei se eare'e'e:s Hecate cisteraneteue thet pleuralis, sp. nov.
RIPE rAlGSOICUS MALrOW aNd feeble res scares caieiet aie eels 6_alecetajale eile slam cies = seiebel eae 3
3—Elytra fully twice as long as wide; eyes small, separated by fully four times their
own width. Body very slender, nearly as in A/euralzs but narrower, the elytra
not distinctly wider behind and fully three and one-half times as long as the pro-
thorax, the latter nearly similar in outline but still more transverse, the sides be-
coming parallel in less than basal half, with the median line similarly finely im-
pressed anteriorly. Length 2.9 mm.; width 1.0mm, California (locality not
PUMUTLacLCCLS\Wteeiays’ <"c/atcieneicich sfolsieis’ ova; tele a) essnayeiaie' are sielevereislbvar us macer, sp. nov.
Elytra much shorter, three-fourths longer than wide; eyes more convex and better
developed, separated by three times their own width. Body suboblong, moder-
ately convex, dull, blackish, almost similar throughout to péewralis but shorter,
the prothorax relatively rather smaller and the elytra much shorter, not distinctly
dilated subapically, and with the minute subgranuliform rugulosity still finer
and the pubescence a little denser, the fine strize distinct to the summit of the
convex declivity. ~The hind tarsi are longer than in Aleuralis. Length 3.4
mm.; width 1.25mm, California (locality not indicated). .saginatus, sp. nov.

The descriptions are derived throughout from the female, the only
male accessible to me being one of the four examples of fleuwrals. This
male is very much smaller and narrower than the female, with the eyes
better developed and separated by slightly more than twice their own
width; the prothorax is more transverse and almost semicircular. in
outline from the base around the apex, near which it is perhaps more
correctly broadly parabolic; the last ventral segment is simple, rounded
ta apex and not quite as long as the two preceding combined; the an-
tennz do not differ essentially in structure from those of the female, but
are rather more slender.

BostTRICHINI.

The genera of Bostrichini have not been considered in their mutual
relationships for twenty years, when a review of them was published by
Dr. Horn, I find it necessary to increase the genera recognized by.

66 JourNaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. — [Vol. VI.

that author by five, the species hitherto placed in Scnoxylon being quite

heterogeneous and in no single instance truly a member of that genus.

Sinoxylon dinoderoides, Amphicerus fortis and Dinoderus brevis are

also types of distinct genera. The genus proposed for the last named

species is called Fafea in the table. The genera known thus far may be
thus distinguished :—

Tarsi long, with the last joint relatively shorter, the second joint usually elongate ;
claws and tibial spurs stouter, grooved beneath, the edges of the groove minutely —
en ElC A > An oen Baoonee GOHeoGanD GAOL GsoucnCnOasooguoGuECRocKcoNg ys: 2

Tarsi short, the four basal joints subequal among themselves and together nearly
equal to the fifth; clawssmallerand more slender, not at all crenulate within, .9

2—Funicular joints of the antennz very short and closely united, together never
longer than the first joint of the club, the latter long, loose and strongly com-

PTESSE Riese wins tek hale se eg who's Suevaie terezie cimtecauberc beg atese cs lereletols cee cucyar etek neat 3
Funicular joints more elongate and less closely united, together generally much
longerthan the first jomtof the club) esse eee mee aeerr Bese poss Aan. 6
Z—ainiciomell Glial) sSyonate. ooscccnosdaccnn0a00c sebsvavevouvolsve ayelier sist nrcteyeveket ann Rerede 4
Antennal club 4-jointed........ LOO is BE nl IBS neat cAMP es. . Tetrapriocera

4—Antennz 10-jointed, the elytral declivity with well-marked spines or tubercles. .5
Antennze 9-jointed, the elytral declivity without spines or tubercles at the sides, or
with very rudimentary tuberculiform irregularities, excavated near the suture,
the latter with a spiniform elevation; antennal club moderate in development,

its joints decreasing in width and only very feebly serriform ..... Xylopertha
5—Antennal club moderately developed, its first and second joints nearly similar in
form; selytral declivitySexspinase \aa-ie eee eee arene Xylobiops

Antennal club greatly elongated, its first and second joints dissimilar in form, the
former more or less outwardly produced at apex; elytral declivity quadritubercu-

TOS GEA bie oa eee tee ho) Ane cerca CROP PE Bucher cyeroretnotare Dendrobiella © °

6—Joints of the antennal club strongly compressed and deeply bistriate from the ap-
ical margin; front simply tumid; hind angles of the prothorax rounded.

Amphicerus

Joints of the antennal club strongly compressed but not striate, the two sensitive patches

near the apices of the joints rounded and feebly marked; front lamellarly promi-

nent behind the clypeus ; hind angles of the prothorax not rounded... Apatides )!

Joints of the antennal club but feebly compressed and generally quite convex, the
first two more or less transverse, with the twosensitive patches rounded and sub-

apicall;s front notitransverselysprominente ene ee meeenmiceiaeseeeenieeeeericrns 7

7—Tibiz dentate externally; claws abruptly bent at base, not distinctly crenulate ;

SIZERVEhyalancie meena may araloverti are Ber ites te bevatsee s iS ahelalat sree peaaeieeee Dinapate

. Tibize not dentate; claws evenly arcuate; size moderate or small................ 8

8—Front margined at the sides; eyes well developed ....... Paes Bostrichus
Bront@motimarcineds comvexsmey.es sia lysine ite eee Micrapate

9—Antennz with the two basal joints relatively smaller, the funicle well developed ;
club rather short, 3-jointed.

Antennze Io-jointed ; body elongate, the head exserted....... ....--Dinoderus

Antennz I1-jointed; body short and stout; head deeply inserted......... Patea

June, 1898.] Casey: NorTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 67

In Zetrapriocera and Fatea the antennz are 11-jointed. In all the
others they are 1o-jointed, except in Xy/ofertha and in one species of
Bostrichus, where they have but ninejoints. Zetrapriocera /ongicornis
(= schwarzi Horn) is the only known species of that genus. <y/ofer-
tha is confined, as might be expected, to the subsiberian fauna of the
Pacific coast, where it is represented by didentata, declivis and suturatts,
hitherto placed in Szzoxy/on, which genus has the two basal joints of the
antennal clubshort and transverse. Xy/odcofs is proposed for the Szwoxy-
lon basillare, texanum, sextuberculatum and floridanum of the present
lists. Dénapate wrighit, the type and only known species of the genus,
is the largest bostrichid known; it will probably soon become extinct
by reason of the destruction of its food-plant for commercial purposes.

Dendrobiella, gen. nov.

This genus inhabits the warmer parts of the North American con-
tinent and also the West Indies; the species known to me may be iden-
tified by the following characters :—

Elytral punctures distinct throughout the disk, except at the sides, where they are obso-
lete, finer toward base, coarser posteriorly to the brink of the declivity, the latter
smooth and impunctured as usual throughout the genus.

Larger species, 5.5-6 mm. in length, blackish in color........... sericans Lec.
Smaller species, 4 mm. in length, rufo-piceous in color,.... quadrispinosa Lec.

Elytral punctures rather fine and sparse but distinct toward base, becoming wholly
obsolete toward the declivity. A/z/e.—Head well developed, the surface flat-
tened, polished, nude and finely, sparsely punctulate, bituberculose at the base of
the vertex; eyes moderate, very prominent; antennz pale, longer than the width
of the head, the first seven joints together scarcely longer than the first joint of
the club, the tenth joint long and narrow. Prothorax wider than long, slightly
narrowed anteriorly, broadly truncate at apex, the sides becoming parallel be-
hind the middle ; apical asperities moderately coarse and obtuse at the sides ; disk
polished, finely, subimbricately punctulate toward the middle in more than basal
half. Elytra shining, the pubescence rather long, fine, decumbent, fulvous and
conspicuous ; apical truncature flat and shining, the tubercles moderate, the lower
more obtuse. Female.—Smaller than the male but nearly similar, except that
the head is smaller, more convex, less shining, feebly convex, punctured, pubes-
cent and devoid of tubercles. Length 4.3-50 mm.; width 1.75-21 mm.
Es 2S (VEG IE) ARR one ed ao.q dbo nce toe ecat on pubescens, sp. nov.

Elytral punctures wholly obsolete, being feebly traceable only very near the base.
Male.—Head moderate, flattened, becoming concave behind the frontal margin,
minutely, sparingly puberulent, slightly shining, finely and rather closely punctu-
late throughout; two small tubercles of the vertex on a transverse Jine through the
posterior limits of the eyes; antennce but little longer than the width of the head,
nearly as in Judescens. Prothorax much wider than long, feebly narrowed in

68 JournaL New YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

apical half, very broadly truncate at apex, the apico-lateral serrules acute, about
three in number ; sculpture nearly as in pubescens, except that the disk is finely,
sparsely punctulate toward base, without trace of imbricate sculpture. Elytra
smooth, conspicuously pubescent; apical tubercles small and rather feeble,
Length 5.0 mm.; width 2.0mm. Island of Jamaica...... sublzvis, sp. nov.

It is probable that pudescens is the species identified as serzcuns by
Gorham in the ‘‘ Biologia.”’

Amphicerus Zec.

This is a rather large and important genus among our bostrichids,
not at all closely allied to Afafe as is said to be the case by Mr. Gor-
ham in the ‘‘ Biologia,’”’ the two differing radically in the form of the
antennal club among other characters. The species known to me are
as follows :—

Elytra deeply margined:atvapex. 1s sa qime ssic ielercscreieis ie sreicia sreie restorer eres eee 2

Elytra not strongly margined at apex, smaller species, brown or testaceous in color,
with the sculpture toward the base of the pronotum less broadly granulose and.

TOES MEMAKY MIBIEOSSs Gocooncoc ceceus HoHoooGOoobOOOUoOehUCo Sob uOEHe dacs 7
2—Elytra 4-tuberculate at the summit of the apical declivity, less distinctiy so in the
female; body generally black throughout............ Be aso. a3
Elytra bituberculate at the summit of the apical declivity, rudimentarily so in the fe:
male; color dark brown, the elytra less coarsely punctate................-- 6
3—Pubescence of the elytra wanting or not distinguishable under low power...... 4
Pubescence of the elytra conspicuous but decumibent..............++c0++sseeeen 5

4—Elytra of the female more elongate, distinctly more than twice as long as wide,
with coarse and close-set punctures. Southern Texas to Honduras. :
punctipennis Zec.

Elytra of the female distinctly shortér, about twice as long as wide, with smaller and
sparser punctures. /eale.—Body cylindrical, black, polished and glabrous.
Head two-thirds as wide as the prothorax, with the eyes rather large, very cun-

vex and prominent; vertex transversely tumid and pubescent; sculpture
coarsely granulato-rugose ; antennze as Jong as the width of the head, dark rufo-
piceous. Prothorax as long as wide, parallel and broadly arcuate at the sides,
narrowed and serrate at the sides anteriorly, the apex sinuato-truncate, with the
apical teeth small; surface coarsely asperato-granose anteriorly, smooth with
flattened contiguous tubercles posteriorly. Elytra more than twice as long as the
prothorax and a little wider, the punctures coarser and closer toward the sides
and strongly and coarsely confluent on the apical declivity; tubercles rudiment-
ary. Abdomen with whitish pubescence, minutely and densely punctulate, with
coarse punctures interspersed. Length 12.0 mm.; width 4.0mm. Texas (Gal-
WESEOM!)' /s Le <xaraycheca/ sale tuskefalsieriontc tales see eee Re maritimus, sp. nov.
5—emale.—Body very slender, cylindrical, shining, black with a feeble piceous
tinge. Head three-fourths as wide as the prothorax, the eyes very convex and
prominent; vertex moderately tumid, the surface granulato rugose with a smooth

June, 1898. ] Casey: NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 69

median spot posteriorly; antennz rather stout, not quite as long as the width of
the head. Prothorax obviously shorter than wide, narrowed somewhat from
very near the base, more rapidly and arcuately and with moderate serrules an-
teriorly, the apical sinuation narrow with the teeth small; surface coarsely as-
perato-tuberculate anteriorly, smoother in basal two thirds, the sculpture becom-
ing coarsely subimbricate in the middle toward base, with the surface shining
and the median line finely impressed. Elytra much more than twice as long as
wide, nearly three times as long as the prothorax and just visibly wider, the
punctures coarse and close-set, subserial in arrangement, coarse, contiguous and
subconfluent on the declivity, the tubercles feeble, especially the inner. Abdo-
men finely punctulate, pubescent, the scattered larger punctures rather small.
Legs quite slender. Length g.o mm.; width 2.5 mm, Kansas, Iowa and
INP ALON Ae eles e's aie vuletes cit efeve'ss o's 3 Se ohoodouDaOod. gracilis, sp. nov.
4—Dubescence distinct, decumbent. Satcall: series rather impressed, the suture ele-
vated on the declivity. Head rather small, the eyes moderate in size. Elytral
punctures not serial in arrangement, but with traces of three fine raised lines.
Jn Uae aC eiGeSs | RSE Suse yaqucaon oun DoS aOunouORobos bicaudatus Say.
7—Prothorax emarginate at apex, fully as long as wide and with the usual terminal
teeth of the lateral series. /Z/a/e.—Rather stout, cylindrical, shining, dark testa-
ceous-brown in color; antennz pale; surface virtually glabrous. Head moderate,
nearly two-thirds as wide as the prothorax, broadly, almost evenly convex, with
a large median impunctate area; transverse impression behind the clypeus deep
and distinct; eyes small and but moderately prominent; antennze fully as long as
the width of the head. Prothorax fully as long as wide, the sides broadly arcuate,
becoming parallel only very near the base, converging anteriorly where the ser-
rules are prominent and close-set in less than apical half; apex narrowly sinuate.
surface tuberculose anteriorly, becoming smooth and polished in basal half and
almost sculptureless toward the sides but sparsely imbricato-strigose toward the
middle. Elytra short, one-half longer than wide, equal in width to the pro-
thorax, strongly but not very closely, confusedly punctate, more closely but
scarcely coalescently behind, the declivity very steep, more convex at each side
above but not tuberculate, the suture elevated. Abdomen finely, strongly and
densely punctulate,the scattered coarser punctures not visible,the pubescence even,
decumbent and rather dense; last segment shorter than any of the preceding.
Hind tarsi very much longer than the tibie. Length 6.7 mm; width 2.2 mm.

RANGE EIS © )reparatelsis tei mies lelaleielaye ale st) sielnis cleldeleia ay grandicollis, sp. nov.
Prothorax truncate at tip, with the angles obtuse and rounded, without trace of pro-
BESSESIi oer Vogereiutaye ele) J'aNeL<'s Me se oleteav ot oho ater steer) tet oPoi of ahateliny = ofa oye) otolepeie eee lots ef 8

8—Larger species, the prothorax much wider than long and trapezoidal in form;
Female.—Rather slender, cylindrical, shining, subglabrous, dark rufo-testaceous
in color, Head well developed, nearly three-fourths as wide as the prothorax,
the surface granose throughout, tumid posteriorly, the epistomal suture just be-
yond the middle of the length and impressed toward the middle, the epistoma
large; eyes very large, convex and prominent; antennze obviously shorter than
the width of the head, with the club relatively very long, the five joints of the
funicle together barely equal in length to its first joint. Prothorax much wider
than long, the sides parallel and feebly arcuate nearly to the middle, then

70 JouRNAL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

strongly convergent to the truncate apex, the latter not visible from above but
narrow and feebly sinuate ; declivity coarsely asperate above, smoother near the
apex, subserrate laterally, the teeth not extending to the apex; basal half rather
dull in lustre and with short strigiform lines not densely placed. Elytra about
twice as long as wide, between two and three times as long as the prothorax and
rather wider, rather coarsely, deeply and irregularly but uniformly and quite
densely punctate, very densely and perforately so behind, the declivity moder-
ately steep, more convex at each side but not tuberculate, the suture elevated.
Abdomen closely punctulate, the pubescence moderately abundant. Tarsi very
long. Length 6.5-7.0 mm.; width 2.0-2.2mm. Texas (El Paso),
brevicollis, sp. nov.
Small species, 4.5-5.5 mm. in length, the protnorax as broad as long. Body elongate,
cylindrical, sparsely clothed with moderately long semi-erect hair; elytra
coarsely and’ seriately punctate; under surface sparsely punctate. California.
(ort uinta, ete ial akc. goer aerate See ereahcue saueataies .....teres Hori

Grandicollis is described from what appears to be the male, but
the eyes are very small when compared with those of dreuvicollis, of
which the four homogeneous examples before me seem to be females ;
both of these species and probably ¢eres also, which I have not seen,
have the funicle of the antennz much shorter than in the others; in
granidicollis the five joints together are however quite distinctly longer
than the first joint of the club; in drevicol/’s they are barely as long as.
the first joint but do not have the closely crowded structure observed in
Stnoxylon and Tetrapriocera. In brevicollis there are a few erect hairs.
observable near the sides of the elytra especially behind, but otherwise
the surface is glabrous and the punctures are only feebly subseriate in
arrangement.

Apatides, gen. nov.

This genus is amply distinct from Amphicerus in the characters of
the table. | We have the following three species :—

Inner margin of the epipleurze continuous and obliquely ascending at base to the
humeral angles in the female; basal angles of the prothorax acute and promi-
nent; head and abdomen finely punctate, the former slightly tumid or subcari-
nate along the middle toward the frontal margin. Lower California and
California (Yuma) ae. ce. k a dtlsn cl seated en dieaed: com unde dares fortis Zec. -

Inner margin of the epipleurze discontinuous at base in the female, basal angles of the
prothorax not at all rounded but at the same time not distinctly prominent, the
surface lessiimpressed before: the*anplesiy 2245. 4c see eee ee z

2—Vertex gradually ascending to the prominent frontal margin, finely and sparsely
punctate, the abdomen minutely punctulate throughout; thoracic processes
separated by rather more than a third of the total width. d/a/e.—Head three-
fifths as wide as the prothorax, the latter nearly as long as wide, with the

June, 1898.] Casty: NortH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. rQ

apical processes long and obliquely convergent; surface with the usual isolated
tubercles toward base. Elytra twice as long as wide, just visibly wider than the
prothorax, the apical declivity flattened, becoming alutaceous in lustre and
almost impunctate toward the suture, which is elevated emadle,—Similar to
the male but larger, with the thoracic processes short and parallel, the elytra
rather more than twice as long as wide and more distinctly wider than the pro-
thorax, the apical declivity convex and coarsely perforato-punctate throughout,
the suture moderately elevated. Length 13.0-15.5 mm.; width 4.3-5.1 mm.
Texas) (Hl, Pas0)cice's.2 « ayeKora tye) skecclay ai oraterey ta eheratetete robustus, sp. nov.
Vertex more tumid and convex, ess finely and quite strongly punctured throughout;

abdomen strongly though sparsely punctured toward base ; thoracic processes
more approximate, separated by but little more than a fourth of the total width.
female,—Head moderate in size, the eyes very convex and prominent as usual,
Prothorax not quite as long as wide, nearly as in rodzsfes but less devoid of
sculpture toward the basal angles. Elytra not at all mcre than twice as long as
wide, the apical declivity rather more convex at each side than in rodzs/us,
steeper and a little less coarsely punctured. Abdomen polished as usual, the
punctures becoming finer and denser toward apex. Length 12.5 mm.; width
4.3mm. Arizona (Locality not specified—Levette Cabinet. )

puncticeps, sp. nov.

The male of fortis has the apical processes more convergent and
longer than the female, but there seems to be no modification of the
elytral declivity near the suture. Individuals vary much in size as usual
in the Bostrichinz.

Bostrichus Geof.

The genus Sostrichus, as represented in America, differs remark-
ably from Amphicerus in the structure of the antennal club, the joints.
being short, subglobose, and with the sensitive spaces small and circu-
lar ; it also differs in having the basal angles of the prothorax acute and
prominent, but in that respect resembles Apatides, from which it differs
in turn in the structure of the antennal club and frontal parts of the
head. The following table comprises all the species known to me at
present : —

Prothorax narrowly and deeply sinuate at apex, with the limiting processes promi-
nent and generally unciform ; elytra each with two ridges more or less distinct

or interrupted,.... SEOUL SOD CEE SOG TOOT oO ODE E A Lore CRRA Ay OIE 2

Prothorax sinuato-truncate at apex, with the limiting angles acute and somewhat
prominent; vestiture hair-like, decumbent and unevenly distributed; elytra

without trace of ridges ; species smaller and more slender ................. 5
2—Hind tarsi fully as long as the tibize; unciform processes of the prothorax more
PRLOMUMEN fee Atlan tle TESIONSs 2 4-5/9 develo eco eveiataineisleiviai aera cisiele selec sie cialsle e's 3

Hind tarsi shorter than the tibize ; unciform processes shorter, not differing in form
Homathe, lateral sernilesi2 1; sciaieels)sleveras: nove aisle ois oie sfavaieh siete ctal Bah oie'e1 > oietal el 4

72 JourNAL NEw YoRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

3—Vestiture of the elytra squamiform; inner ridge strong and continuous to the

apical declivity ...... Sd atti ote een Narcan erate sai sretclenshevererenree bicornis Wed.
Vestiture more hair-like and still more unevenly disposed in clusters; inner ridge
feeble and much interrupted, the outer almost obsolete ...... . -armiger Lec.
4—FElytral vestiture long and hair-like, very sparse and almost evenly disposed;
ridges fine, feeble and subobsolete ............ sooonees californicus Horz
5—Antenne Io-jointed as usual........ pefeniete AGU SHOON aS truncaticollis Lec.

Antennz 9g-jointed. Evenly cylindrical, black, the antennze and tarsi paler; vesti-
ture coarsely hair-like, fulvous in color, dense and conspicuous, somewhat un-
even on the elytra but much less nucleated than in ¢rzncaticollis. Head
moderate, opaque, pubescent, the eyes well developed; antennz as long as the
width of the head, the funicle 4-jointed. Prothorax nearly as long as wide,
roughly tuberculose, pubescent, the basal angles acutely prominent; median
line somewhat depressed. Elytra slightly wider than the prothorax, two and
one-half times as long as wide, coarsely, densely, unevenly punctured and finely
tuberculose. Legs rather short and slender, the hind tarsi longer than the tibice.
Length 6.4 mm.; width 1.8mm. New Jersey (Woodbury).

angustus, sp. nov.

In the males the elytral apices are minutely spinulose throughout,
but there is very little sexual difference otherwise, except that the male
is generally smaller and with the elytra less elongate. It will probably
prove necessary to generically separate the American species of Bostri-

chus from the European forms, when the family is monographed as a

whole.

Micrapate, gen. nov.

This genus is founded upon the Szzoxylon dinoderoides of Horn,
and its allied species, and I have ventured to include also the SS. sémplex
of that author, although the size is so much greater that renewed obser-
vation would possibly disclose some divergencies of a generic nature. I
should have been disposed to refer the specimens described above under
the name Amphicerus brevicollis to S. simplex, were it not for the fact
that the basal parts of the pronotum are said to be ‘‘ densely punctate,’’
which language it would be impossible to apply to Jrevicollis, where the
sculpture of that part consists of short, isolated and longitudinal raised
lines, asin the Amphicerus teres of Horn. It is a peculiarity of JZ-
crapate that the basal parts of the pronotum are truly and simply punc-
tate, and not in any way asperate, granose or tuberculose. Our species
‘are as follows :—

Prenotum less densely or rather sparsely punctured toward base; size much smaller,
never maternally exceedingy zum nileng theses eee eee ieee
Eronotumidensely, punctate itoward, base... 012 a. cemeteries Lees
2—Surface “ feebly shining ;” suture moderately and evenly elevated on the apical
declivity, Arizona and Texas (Brownsville) ..........dinoderoides Aorz

June. 1£08.] CasEY: NorTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. a!” INS

Surface strongly shining; sutural elevation on the declivity strong, its summit for a
short distance at the middle of the declivity, still more elevated, dilated and
canaliculate. /emade.—Similar to @inoderotdes but smaller, the epistomal suture
more deeply impressed and more remote from the apical margin. Prothorax
nearly as long as wide, similar to dézoderoides but still more sparsely punctate
toward base. Elytra rather coarsely, strongly punctured and very densely so,
the punctures rather sparser toward the suture except on the declivity, but not as
sparse as in adtzoderoides, the surface unevenly rugose by anteriorly oblique light.
Under surface finely and densely punctulate, confluently soon the sterna. Length
3.4 mm.; width 1.15 mm, District of Columbia ..... cristicauda, sp. nov.

3—Size larger, 6.5 mm. in length. Body piceous, the elytra brownish; head opaque,
tuberculate, the maxillary palpi with the last two joints equal; prothorax wider
than long; elytra not wider than the prothorax, very coarsely and closely punc-
tate, the punctures of the declivity coarser and denser, the sutural region slightly
elevated, especially in the apical declivity. Body beneath moderately densely
punctate, sparsely pubescent. Texas (southwestern) ......... simplex Horz

I have here regarded the specimens recently taken by Mr. Wickham
in the extreme southern part of Texas, near Brownsville, as represent-
ing the true dnoderoides, but actual comparison will be necessary to.
decide, as these examples are certainly strongly shining.

Dinoderus S¢eph.

The rather numerous species of this genus may be outlined in the
table which follows. Pumnctatus and fruncatus are the only discordant
elements after eliminating revs, and they may have to be separated at
some future time.

Apex of the elytra convex, the suture only very rarely somewhat prominent, the

apical margin not concave or prominently margined; pubescence erect...... 2
Apex of the elytra more abruptly truncate, concave and prominently margined at tip;
(DUDESISNTS CCIATIONE JOE GEN St wRog Jooscs n4oc pooeooGoOre perp aOnNt non 13
2—Pronotum with granuliform and separated tubercles toward base............ 3

Pronotum with flattened and generally subcontiguous tubercles toward base; side
margins almost devoid of serrulation except at apex; body more cylindro-

TORVIESS out 966 3855 5 ON OU DOM TOB TE OO Din COLO ORC OC USO OID ack the Corto. 8
B= By tra POMUSHECdrOr SION Ply SHINING), ys sistecreiie cia eis) eleleleie cle) slelele lates 0), sale, sie 4
Elytra opaque; color dark brown or blackish-piceous...............-++eeeeees 5

4—Elytra with very close-set perforate punctures, larger than the width of the in-
tervals, the latter tuberculose; color dark brown throughout. Michigan, Can-
AC AM AD Ce EULO DC Marcracian a tycisicie eicrs cide elettiniaiaies ori teeereeni .substriatus 7ay%.
Elytra with less coarse and impressed punctures, not larger than the width of the
intervals, the latter less elevated. and more feebly but distinctly tuberculose;
color black or blackish. Head moderate, exserted, with a polished constriction
at base as usual; surface subopaque, granulose, tre epistomal suture distinct ;
apex sinuate; eyes small, convex; antennze stout, dark rufous, not as long as the

fe: a JourNaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

width of the head. Prothorax not quite as long as wide, the apex broadly arcu-
ate, the sides becoming parallel and feebly arcuate near the base, serrate through-
out, rather strongly at the rounded basal angles and still more coarsely around
the apex; base broadly lobed; surface with small, strong and isolated granules
throughout, intermingled anteriorly with some larger sparse asperities. Scu-
tellum small. Elytra not quite twice as long as wide, more than twice as long as
the prothorax and slightly wider; surface with series of moderately coarse punc-
tures, confused near the suture and smaller and less seriate on the flanks; inter-
vals asperate; apex evenly convex, with the punctures confused and asperate.
Abdomen shining, sparsely punctulato-rugose and finely, sparsely pubescent.
Length 4.0-4.8 mm ; width 1.3-1.6 mm. California (Calaveras Co-), Colorado
and Idaho (Cceur d’Aléne)....... ENC rake aleyeaaial eas eveletaiere pacificus, sp. nov.
Elytra with less coarse and more impressed punctures, nearly as in paczficus and not
larger than the width of the intervals, the latter perfectly even, polished and
devoid of tubercles or asperities throughout. Body deep black, the erect hairs of
the elytra rather short. Head dull, sparsely pubescent, the epistoma broadly
sinuate. Prothorax not quite as long as wide, arcuately swollen toward base,
broadly rounded and asperato-tuberculose at apex; disk granose toward base,
Elytra slightly wider than the prothorax, rather short, four-fifths longer than
wide, the punctures seriate in arrangement, densely confused near the suture,
more broadly toward base, small and irregular in arrangement toward the side
margins, the apical declivity evenly convex and not at all granulose though more
closely and unevenly punctate. Abdomen shining, sparsely punctulate. Length
2.7-3.7 mm.; width 0.8-1.2mm, Wyoming (Laramie) and Arizona.
sobrinus, sp. nov.
5—FElytral granules strong and well defined, arranged in even single series along the

intenvalS yteryes ees ke rsnileielinseverel’s Fie. 01 aie wise el drete, | onath rue eloneyatenonte heehee yel nea 6
Elytral granules subobsolete except on the declivity, the punctured series contiguous,
with the intervening ridges narrow and alternately slightly stronger. ........ 7

6—Elytra roughly and densely punctate on the declivity, the tuberculose intervals
equal throughout, finely and confusedly on the flanks. Head short and transverse,
granose, the basal constriction exposed as usual; eyes small; antennze short, the
club paler; epistomal suture subobsolete. Prothorax slightly shorter than wide,
nearly as in paczficus. Elytra not quite twice as long as wide, rather wider
than the prothorax, the lustre dull, the sculpture coarse and rough, the punctures |
of the series large, deep and approximate but circular and well defined, except at
the sides. Abdomen minutely, sparsely punctulate, feebly pubescent. Length
4.0mm.; width 1.4mm, New Mexico(Fort Wingate)...asperulus, sp. nov.

Elytra finely, evenly and strongly granose on the declivity; intervals separating the
punctured series equal in elevation; punctures of the series coalescent and not
well defined. Head short and transverse, finely granose, the labrum declivous,
the eyes and antennze moderate. Prothorax not quite as long as wide, broadly
rounded and strongly asperate anteriorly, the sides feebly diverging to the
rounded and asperate basal angles; disk with the granules equal, strong and
isolated toward base. Elytra but little wider than the prothorax, scarcely twice
as long as wide, densely sculptured in even series, except near the suture and

June, 1898.] CasEY: NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 75

more broadly on the flanks, the elevations polished. Length 5.2 mm.; width
TOM NTIZONe a OCMEMIAN \i, ic ww se olnct cis ewes ss dtiels ne amplus, sp. noy.
Elytra rather sparsely and strongly granose on the declivity ; intervals separating the
punctured series alternating in prominence; punctures of the series subtrans-
verse, subcoalescent and not well defined. North Carolina...porcatus Lec.
7—Punctures of the elytral series confluent, opaque and not well defined. Head
transverse, opaque and granulose; eyes small; antennze short, dark rufous, the
club not paler. Prothorax nearly as in paczficus, the tasal angles less rounded.

_ Elytra about twice as long as wide, slightly wider than the prothorax and much
more than twice as long; sculpture very dense, the surface densely opaque;
erect hairs moderate in length, stiff and fulvous. Abdomen rather dull, finely,
sparsely punctulate. Length 3.0-4.0 mm.; width 0.9-1.2 mm. Virginia ( Nor-
OMG erp ahaa cts ata eiatiarese acccolate ease alssars) aiawie Tiel ea. Slee ears siavate ls opacus, sp. noy.
8—Elytral punctures confused in arrangement, at least toward the sides and suture. .9
Elytral punctures forming perfectly even series throughout the width, the intervals

2° GD), 156 oben S646 hott See eee Ob omc OOD OOIstGh do samc doco decode 12
9—Apical declivity of the elytra granulose, the punctures more close-set throughout. 10
Pee GE CLiVILyESIIM PLY PUNCtALEs «4 cin 5 s'ayo.sa'orse'w wcele oicie wieisials weivigl Sere aelsinels;e II

to—Elytral punctures distinctly asperate throughout. Body and legs blackish, the
antennz rufo-piceous; surface moderately shining. Head short, not very
densely granose. Prothorax not quite as long as wide, the sides feebly conver-
gent from near the broadly rounded basal angles, merging gradually into the
broadly rounded and moderately serrulate apex ; surface sparsely, rather strongly
asperate anteriorly, more closely granulate toward base, the granules flattened,
less dense laterally. Elytra about two-thirds longer than wide, twice as long as
the prothorax and scarcely wider ; punctures not very coarse, serial in arrange-
ment, the intervals flat and even; apex evenly convex, strongly grano-tubercu-
lose. Abdomen shining, sparsely punctulate. Length 3.7 mm.; width 1.2
BAD e NGM) ETSCY:.(0 2 cccite es) = BSOUcC SE Boo ene . hispidulus, sp. nov.
Elytral punctures circular, not asperate on the disk and toward the suture, feebly
granuliferous on the convex declivity; elytra polished, the intervals flat; serial
arrangement of the punctures only observable along the middle of each elytron.
SAP LMRNS AL CHMILH royal avel's\ S's) (aha .2 ars] sfacny aleve, wiepate)s).(apnieinya s}s aioe) sYo‘e ss densus Lec.
Elytral punctures abnormal, not rounded but somewhat dilated at their posterior
limits, serial in arrangement and well separated, more confused near the suture
and broadly toward the sides, not granulose except posteriorly and on the de-
clivity. Body evenly cylindrical, shining, dark piceous, the elytral vestiture
sparse, stiff and erect. Head nearly smooth, constricted at base as usual. Pro-
thorax nearly as long as wide, oval, asperulate anteriorly, the basal angles
rounded ; disk with the flattened and nearly contiguous tubercles toward base
small. Elytra perfectly cylindrical, barely twice as long as the prothorax and
perceptibly wider, not quite twice as long as wide, polished. Length 2.4 mm. ;
mace tn | Pennsylvania.\,\sv.c's\s weivianem se 6 veteaere as parvulus, sp. nov.
11—Dark rufo-piceous, the elytra blackish, highly polished with rather small and
simple punctures, which are only feebly subserial in arrangement, becoming
very small and feebler on the flanks and simple on the declivity. Indiana and
BASHA Ema ree ECIURLA Hes Soa Ts inne hd wi cihrn/ oso els ieuptat@iriahe \pedeipn Stan aoe Copies aia cribratus Lec.

76 JourNaAL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

12—Body small, narrow, subglabrous, highly polished and pale rufo-testaceous
throughout; apical margin of the prothorax rather crenulate than serrulate.
Iowa (Keokuk). Cosmopolitan and introduced,............ pusillus adr.
13—Antennz with the second joint nearly as slender as the third, the funicle brist-
ling with long coarse hairs anteriorly; ridge of the apicai declivity short ; head
strongly, transversely tumid behind the epistoma. New York, Indiana and
SoutliGaroliniasas cA perasrais va craceenaectoayereee tee cease ory sateeere ke punctatus Say
Antennze with the second joint stout, the funicle not more setose in front; declivity
more abrupt and flat, with the marginal ridge long. California.
truncatus Horn
I have not been able to compare swdstriatus* of the table with Eu-
ropean examples, and the identification is taken from the books; it is
referred to the genus Stephanopachys by Heyden, Reitter and Weise,
who separate also Auwszlws under the generic name R/zzopertha (Rhyzo-
pertha). The differences seem to be scarcely generic in value.
Truncatus of Horn, I have not seen.

CIOIDZ:.

The Cioidz are intimately related to the Bostrichinz, as shown by
general organization, and particularly by the two small rounded sensitive
areas near the apices of the joints of the antennal club, greatly devel-
oped in the genus P/eszoc?s ; but, at the same time, they are closely al-
lied also to some groups at present assigned to the Clavicornia, such as
the Cryptophagide and Mycetophagide. In fact, the assemblages
which are at present collectively known as the Clavicornia, are so heter-
ogeneous among themselves as to indicate that they do not form a natu-
ral division of the Coleoptera at all, but are in many cases the extreme
developments of various types of Serricornia or Adephaga, and the
Heteromera belong near them in immediate succession. erginus has.
a purely serricorn habitus, and yet has been placed with the Myceto-
phagide. I believe that the Cryptophagidz and Mycetophagidze
should not be widely separated from Cioidz and Sphindide, and I am
in favor of removing them from the so-called Clavicornia and placing
them in the Serricornia near Cioidze. This would be far more natural
than to remove the Cioidz to the Clavicornia. The Cucujidze, consist-
ing of the subfamilies Passandrinze, Colydiinze, Monotomine, Rhyso-
dine, Lyctinz, Silvanine, Brontinze, Cucujinze and Hemipepline should
also be removed from the Clavicornia and follow Cioidz, Cryptopha-
gidee, etc., in the Serricornia. ‘The Hemipeplinz form a natural tran-
sition to the Heteromera.

* Dinoderus substriatus is said by Mannerheim (Bull. Mosc., 1853, p. 233), to
inhabit also the Kerai Peninsula, in Alaska.

June, 1898.] Casty: NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. TT

The Cioidz consist of two subfamilies, Cioinze and Rhipidandrine,
distinguished by clavate and compactly serrate antennz respectively.
The American genera of Cioinz are as follows :—

Antenne 1o-jointed,,........ eYaTeketelave el cisetobersrote ebcuetaccns pe oie cuetoteiievesarceceieuasete alata ey 2
STAIRS GEICO Cay gh ese te ROS OIE AT RO 7
PRO LE NN cen] OUMLEC CMD OGY LA DTOUSs lc ranisier re victer-joleissiralere? eieleisievs)sis/svale cleverele/sies 8
2—Prosternum well developed before the cox; lateral edges of the prothorax

AUC MLC HUM MEE ADEN raw) araceaelayeoietcvalscctsy 126i Ghsten’, [ota seletei aie susuemoial leilels statsia\nie sie gon0s

Prosternum very short and transversely excavated before the coxze; lateral edges of

the prothorax becoming Subobsoletesat the apes wa scasscncs sctemcen ashes 6
@——ehe prosternum simple or neatly) SO, |. sc. n= mccscle nies ee ncscerescvisice sees 4
The prosternum tumid or carinate along the middle .....,.......00s2esncccceece 5

4—Body setose or pubescent the vestiture erect and bristling, the anterior tibie finely
prodiced and dentiform externally at apex, sometimes simple
Body glabrous, the anterior tibize wholly unarmed at apex; elytral suture margined
toward tip; body elongate, the head rather less deflexed than usual, the head
and prothorax simple in the male, the latter with a deep rounded setigerous

fovea at the centre of the first ventral segment................ ....Orthocis
5—Body glabrozs or with very shert decumbent pubescence or inclined setze.
Xestocis
6—Body very short, oblong-oval in form, with stiff erect pubescence as in C7s.
Brachycis
7—Body stout, convex, coarsely cribrate and setose; anterior tibize strongly, ob-
liquely produced and acute externally at apex..............csee0e- Plesiocis
Body narrow, cylindrical, feebly sculptured and glabrous, the anterior tibize thickened
and externally rounded and spinulose at apex.............e08: Ennearthron
8—Anterior tibize swollen, rounded and spinulose externally at apex asin Axzear-
thron; head and prothorax strongly modified in the male.,........-. Ceracis

Anterior tibiz narrowly triangular, the external edge straight throughout and
minutely spinulose ; head and prothorax not modified in the male. . Octotemnus

The term glabrous, as used above, signifies the absence of distinct
pubescence; with high power each puncture can be seen to bear a very
small hair. Many of Mellié’s species are still unknown to me, and
the localities of some of them may be open to doubt; a few may possi-
bly be synonyms, as, for example, a¢ripennis, which may have been
founded upon a damaged specimen of fuscifes. It is possible that the
Cis pumicatus of Mellié may prove to be an Octotemnus. Ceracis is
very closely allied to Annearthron, and was indeed considered to be
more properly a subgenus by Mellié. The figure of C. sadez, on plate
4 of the monograph, seems to have been taken from a specimen of
Ennearthron mellyi.*

*I am indebted for several very interesting species of Cioidz to my friend, P,
Jerome Schmitt, of Westmoreland county, Pa., and Mr. Wickham has also contrib-
uted a number of interesting species in Bostrichinze, Cioidze and Sphindidze,

78 JourNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Cis Lar.

Only those species represented before me are included in the follow-
~ ing table: —

Elytra with shallow, variolate and nude punctures, intermingled with others smaller and
deepernwhichubearsthe|setcenm mere ee coongoenanocaboasaccessc%
Elytra deeply punctured throughout, all the punctures bearing hairs or seteze...... II
2—Body stout and convex, the elytra confusedly rugulose; maxillary palpi very stout ;
anterior tibize acute and feebly everted externally at tip; apical angles of the
prothorax right and somewhat prominent, the apex prolonged and broadly
rounded over the head ; base not distinctly margined...............sceeee- 3
Body narrowly elongate-oval and more depressed, the surface less rugose but with the
elytral series more distinct; maxillary palpi variable but generally less stout ;
antennal club smaller, with the two basal joints wider than long; apical angles
of the prothorax obtuse, the apex broadly, evenly rounded over the basal parts of
the head, the base finely margined; scutellum transversely oval............- 8
3—FElytral bristles moderate in length, more or less distinctly serial in arrangement,
the antennal club long and loose, with the two basal joints as long as wide ; head
and pronotum finely, evenly punctured, the elytral punctures fine, not very dis-
tinct and rather sparse; male sexual characters very feeble........... aoosot!
Elytral bristles extremely short, distributed uniformly but without order; antennal
club shorter, with the two basal joints wider than long; male nae pro-
nounced,..... Gila (5 serleueros oyna arab’ Oeleieusre evoiia johns: dbo Seepelielet ote evel we fekeeVonene rey Renee 7
4—Third and fourth joints of the antennze elongate and equal, each as long as the
fifth and sixth together. Body stout, shining, castaneous in color, the head
moderate, with the clypeal margin feebly reflexed and broadly subtruncate; eyes
rather well developed; prothorax distinctly wider than long, the sides reflexed,
feebly convergent and feebly, evenly arcuate from the obtuse basal angles to the
apex ; elytra one-half longer than wide, twice as long as the prothorax and just
visibly wider. Length 2.4-2.8 mm.; width 1.05-1.25 mm. North Carolina

CAsHevill ene tttcrsiavaik.<cantewnerast creecrx operates NEPA Sette oe caroline, sp. nov.
Third joint much longer than the fourth, the latter distinctly shorter than the fifth
andsixth combined. 2. hobs cise oe state siola 0's ed eile ctotele Sie pe eee 5

5—Concave side margin of the pronotum not at all inwardly prolonged at base ; body
large, generally pale in color, shining; prothorax more than one-half wider than
long, the basal angles very obtuse and rounded; sides slightly convergent and
very feebly, evenly arcuate throughout; elytra barely one half longer than wide,
nearly two and one-half times as long as the prothorax and slightly wider, the
humeral callus small but pronounced. Length 2.8-3.0mm.; width I.1-1.3 mm.

Montana (Missoula): i215 2)0k). Rajesh Bre Oke revere Se eaee pallens, sp. nov.
‘Concave margin more or less distinctly prolonged inwardly at base; color black or
piceous-black, the size'smalllen:,...25, jareeey) wicieeriers lanl eet cya shies 6
6—Male with the prothorax simple Thaonaont Atlantic regions, from Massachusetts
toWlowarand Texas ](Elouston)) ni. eos eiee eles srt -fuscipes A7e//.

Male with the prothorax broadly impressed at apex. Body moderately stout, strongly
convex, blackish in color and shining, the elytral punctures generally stronger

June, 1808.] CasEY: NorTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. (i,

than those of the pronotum, with the impressed lines distinct; head with the
clypeal margin moderately reflexed and broadly sinuato-truncate in both sexes ;
prothorax two-fifths wider than long, the sides feebly convergent, rather more
rounded near the base; elytra one-half longer than wide, fully twice as long as
the prothorax and just visibly wider posteriorly. Length 1.8-2.75 mm.; width
0.8-1.2 mm. Pacific coast—Vancouver Island, Washington State (Tacoma) and
California (Humboldt Co. and Alameda)............... impressa, sp. nov.
47—Body rather stout, strongly convex, oblong-suboval, shining, blackish in color
throughout, the legs and antennze dark rufous; vestiture very short and almost
scale-like, erect as usual; head moderate, the eyes well developed, convex and
prominent; prothorax one half to three-fifths wider than long, the sides rather
widely reflexed, slightly convergent and broadly, evenly arcuate throughout, the
basal angles very obtuse ; surface finely, closely punctured but polished; elytra
more than one-half longer than wide, nearly two and one-half times as long as
the prothorax and very slightly wider, the humeral callus small; surface con-
fusedly rugulose, finely punctate and with slightly evident longitudinal lines and
short transverse rugze. //a/e.—Head concave, the clypeal margin reflexed and
broadly bidentate; prothorax impressed transversely at the apical margin, the
latter moderately reflexed, with a small rounded sinuation at the middle. e-
male.—Head flat, the clypeal margin very slightly reflexed, broadly, feebly
sinuato-truncate, the prothorax rounded and unmodified at apex. Length 2.2~
2.5mm.; width 0.9-1.1mm, Rhode Island (Boston Neck). .pistoria, sp. nov.
8—Anterior tibiz finely everted and acute externally at apex............... Bene)
PATIES HIG EMU DIce SI Up] Gat: APEX: 5 )4 5 .\s)< /ayerers) «le: dv sie/al sides alee Wicle arave e n/ ee ave soohedodac 10
9—Pronotum not impressed at the apical angles, the flanks deeper, the side margin
feebly reflexed, more strongly about the basal angles. /e7a/e.—Body elongate-
oval, moderately convex, piceous, the elytra black; legs and antennz paler,
rufous, shining, the bristles short and pale, moderately abundant, not arranged
in definite series on the elytra though with feeble suggestion of such arrange-
ment at certain parts; head moderate, the eyes small, the clypeal margin broadly
arcuate; prothorax nearly as long as wide, circularly arcuate in apical third, the
sides thence nearly straight and parallel to the basal angles, which are very ob-
tuse; base arcuate; punctures rather fine, strong and close-se ; elytra three-
fourths longer than wide, two and one-third times as long as the prothorax and
scarcely wider; punctures fine, strong, close-set, the impressed lines distinct and
with rather coarser irregular punctuation, Length 2.3 mm.; width o.8 mm.
33 ]12) 4215 Ot (SE GE eR A striolata, sp. nov.
Pronotum impressed at the apical angles, the side margins strongly, narrowly and
equally reflexed throughout. /ea/e.—Nearly similar to s¢vzo/a¢a but shorter,
the prothorax fully one-third wider than long, with the sides subparallel, evenly
and feebly arcuate throughout, the apex broadly, evenly arcuate; punctures fine,
strong and rather close-set; elytra two-thirds longer than wide, two and one-half
times as long as the prothorax, the surface polished, with distinctly impressed
lines of much coarser punctures, which are shallow, nude and variolate as usual,
the bristles arranged more definitely in series. /a/e.—Smaller than the female
and more slender, the clypeal margin rather strongly rounded near the eyes and
remotely and feebly bituberculate at the middle; prothorax only slightly shorter

80 JouRNAL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VE.

than wide, the sides teebly convergent and evenly and feebly arcuate from the
base, the apex circularly rounded, the surface dull; elytra polished, nearly as in

the female; first ventral segment foveate at the centre. Length 2.0-2.2 mm.;
width 0.65-0.75 mm. Utah (southwestern)............. fraterna, sp. nov.
10—Body more slender, picious black throughout. /e#ale.—Narrowly elongate-
oval, moderately convex, shining; legs and antennz rufous; bristles short, pale

as usual, arranged in almost regular series on the elytra; front feebly convex ;
eyes moderate in size; clypeus broadly arcuate, very short before the eyes; pro-
thorax nearly one-third wider than long, the sides feebly convergent, evenly and
feebly arcuate from base to the rather pronounced apical angles, which are not
rounded, the apex circularly arcuate, the punctures fine but deep, moderately
close; elytra two-thirds longer than wide, nearly two and one-half times as long

as the prothorax and somewhat wider, the humeral callus minute; series well
impressed, almost regular but not much more coarsely punctate, the intervals
sparsely punctulate. Length 1.9mm; widtho.7mm. California (Lake Tahoe)
macilenta, sp. nov.

Body stouter and more cylindric, bicolored, the head and prothorax rufous, the elytra
black. emale.—Oblong-subcylindric, moderately convex, slightly dull im
lustre; bristles short, feebly subserial on the elytra; head feebly convex, the
clypeus broadly arcuato-truncate, oblique at the sides to the eyes, which are
snall; prothorax fully one-third wider than long, nearly as in maczlenta, the -
basal angles more broadly rounded; elytra scarcely more than one-half longer
than wide, but little more than twice as long as the prothorax and not wider,

the impressed lines feeble and somewhat irregular, more coarsely punctured.
Length 1.4-1.8 mm.; width 0.55-0.75 mm. California (Calaveras, Humboldt,
alcemandeleospAnoelesy Coss maee neritic ieee versicolor, sp. nov.
Ti—Vestiture of therelytraystitivand Ibnistleslike seers ctieierecrteee eee eee 12
Vestiture of the elytra long, slender and hair-like but erect and conspicuous; elytrah
punctures arranged without order, not at all seriate at any point; last joint of the

maxillanyepelpinacutelyapount cd mrs hemlet aes eee eee eee tee aS.
12—Vestiture more or less distinctly serial in arrangement ............00.0000- 13
Vestiture not at all serial at any point, the punctures evenly distributed.......... 15

13—Body strongly cylindro-convex, the elytral punctures differing among themselves:
in size, the larger forming more or less indefinite series; bristles unusually
Doma eer ese Sacto g aN ete Poe eR ea ar, Ae aL Sg he cr 6 ate Aenetenere RAS
Body narrow, parallel, distinctly depressed, the punctuation dense, the elytral punc-
tures more uniform in size, the bristles moderate in length, forming close and
nearly even series. Pennsylvania to Texas.............. creberrima 17/e//.
14—Sides of the prothorax becoming straight and parallel behind the middle. Jade.
—Body subcylindric, somewhat shining, castaneous in color, the bristles coarse,
erect, longer than the width of the scutellum, subserial on the elytra ; head mod-
erate, the front flat, the eyes small; clypeal margin feebly reflexed, remotely and
feebly bituberculate, a small sinus just without each tubercle and thence strongly
oblique for some distance to the eyes; prothorax nearly as long as wide, circu-
larly rounded at apex, narrowly subsinuate at the middle; angles obtuse; base
finely margined ; surface very obsoletely, transversely impressed at apex ; punc-
tures uneven in size, small, deep, not very close-set; scutellum pointed behind ;,

June, 1898.] CasEy: NorTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 81

elytra two-thirds longer than wide, equal in width to the prothorax and barely
twice as long, obtuse at apex; series of coarse punctures scarcely impressed.
Female.—Nearly similar to the male, the clypeal margin evenly arcuato-truncate,
the prothorax not modified, Length 2.4-2.9 mm.; width 0.9-1.1 mm, Utah
(southwestern)........... Pe KAV Ae alatol olor ereiel wietetersters mormonica, sp. nov.
Sides of the prothorax suparallel and evenly arcuate throughout. J/a/e,— Similar
to mormonice in the modifications of the clypeus and prothorax, pale piceous,
polished, the bristles long, stiff and erect, subserial on the elytra; eyes small;
prothorax fully one-third wider than long, the angles obtuse; punctures moder-.
ately fine, deep, somewhat uneven in size, rather close-set; elytra less than twice
as long as wide, as wide as the prothorax and barely twice as long; punctures
rather coarse and close-set, the larger only partially forming indefinite and
scarcely at all impressed series. Length 2.0mm; widtho.85 mm. Pennsyl-
amie GV estmorclandaCon)h 9. «a/c se cle clicie ainsi event .. horridula, sp. nov.
15 —Body obese and strongly convex, suboval; male sexual characters pronounced,
the female also having the apex of the prothorax at Jeast feebly bilobed; apical
angles of the anterior tibize everted and acute externally.................. 16
Body subcylindric, convex; male sexual characters feeble, the clypeus finely bitu-
berculate; maxillary palpi slender; prothorax margined at base, the angles

SELIG oak 4 Oe OR Cn LS OR COREE EERO ERS Ech A CM LALA emiocea On 21
16—Clypeus angulate at each side near the eyes in both sexes,...............- 17
Clypeus emarginate in the middle and bidentate, not angulate near the eyes...... 20
£©7—Plytra very nearly one-half Jonger than wide............ceccecesserseces 18
Elytra very short, scarcely one-third longer than wide ..............00cceereee 19

18—Elytral punctures rather close-set. A/Za/e with the clypeal margin reflexed and
quadridentate, the apex of the prothorax with two broad porrect triangular pro-
cesses, separated by a rounded sinuation. California.......... vitula Wann.
Elytral punctures rather sparse, the integuments more shining. /emza/e.—Body
elongate-oval, very convex, polished, castaneous, the legs, antennz and some-
times the anterior parts paler; bristles of the prothorax very small and rather
fine, not conspicuous, of the elytra coarse, moderately long and rather sparse ;
head concave apically, the clypeus broadly rounded and obscurely quadrangulate ;
eyes rather small; prothorax one-fourth wider than long, the sides feebly con-
vergent and very feebly, evenly arcuate from base to the rather obtuse but some-
what prominent apical angles; base transverse, very feebly lobed at the middle,
very finely margined ; apex advanced, rounded and feebly bilobed; punctures
fine and moderately close ; scutellum obtuse, wider than long; elytra as wide as
the prothorax and slightly less than twice as long, perfectly even, the punctures
deep, very much larger than those of the pronotum. Length 2.3-2.5 mm.;
width 1.15 mm. California (Humboldt Co.)..... Persqnies illustris, sp. nov.
19—Female.—Body stout, oval, strongly convex, pale in color, polished, the elytral
bristles very short, those of the prothorax rather inconspicuous; head nearly as
in z//ustris, less concave anteriorly, the eyes very small; prothorax nearly as
in z//ustr7s but shorter, nearly one-half wider than long, the punctures very
small and rather sparse; surface occasionally with a very obsolete median
-canaliculation near the apex; elytra very short, scarcely two-thirds longer than
the prothorax, strongly convex, obtusely rounded behind, the punctures rather

82 JourNAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol VE.

coarse but feebly impressed and quite sparse. Length 2.1 mm.; width 1.0 mm~
MOUISIAN A) Se psrarevaerehs were eos ebe eaten hiecohanasynghowye totale detelotonersven congesta, sp. nov.
20—M ale.—Cylindric-oval, not very stout. stroagly convex, pale in color probably
from immaturity, rufo-testaceous, shining; bristles very stout but short, distinct
and rather close on the prothorax, somewhat sparse on the elytra; head and
eyes rather well developed, the front flat ; clypeus strongly reflexed, triangularly
bidentate ; prothorax two-fifths wider than long, the sides rather strongly con-
vergent and arcuate from base to apex, the latter reflexed and triangularly bi-
dentate; base truncate; punctures quite coarse, deep and close-set; elytra less:
than one-half longer than wide, four-fifths longer than the prothorax, the punc-
tures about equal in size to those of the pronotum but sparser. Length 1.4
maa, Ml CLO won, (Caytioiae, 6 scccsaccascnocdreoccaes duplex, sp. nov.
21—Prosternum normally convex; anterior tibia externally everted and acute at
apex; scutellum small, not wider than long; prothorax rounded at the apex 5.
male with the first ventral simple. 4/a/e.—Body narrowly cylindric-oval,
moderately convex, piceous-black, with the legs and antennz pale; surface
shining; bristles coarse, pale, erect, moderately sparse, even in length on the
elytra; head and eyes small; clypeal margin feebly reflexed, bituberculate ; pro-
thorax nearly as long as wide, parabolically rounded anteriorly, with a small and
very feeble median sinuation, the sides becoming straight and parallel toward’
base; punctures fine but perforate, rather close-set; elytra rather more than one-
half longer than wide, as wide as the prothorax and twice as long, the punc-
tures rather coarse, well separated and subeven in size. Length 2.0 mm. ;
width 0.7 mm. California (Lake Tahoe).............. hystricula, sp. nov.
Prosternum broadly and feebly biconcave; anterior tibize thickened and rounded ex-
ternally at apex; scutellum larger; prothorax feebly sinuate from above at the
converging sides of the apex; maxillary palpi with the last joint more acutely

pointed ; male with the first ventral foveate at the middle.,................ 22:
22—Hyes small, the body more elongate and cylindric,................-...-.- 23
Eyes large and: well developed; body stouter and more cylindric-oval........... 24

23—Antennal funicle longer than the club. 4/a/e. Moderately convex and shining,
rather pale castaneous, the bristles stiff, moderately long and rather abundant ;
head rather weil developed, the clypeal tubercles small and separated by a fourth
of the entire width; prothorax nearly a fourth widerthan long, rounded and some-
what lobed at apex, the sides becoming nearly straight and parallel toward
base; punctures rather strong and close-set though not very coarse; elytra one-
half longer than wide, as wide as the prothorax and rather more than twice as:
long, the punctures quite coarse, impressed and somewhat close-set. Length
1.75-1.8 mm.; width o.75 mm. Montana (Missoula).....montana, sp. nov.
Antennal funicle equal in length to the club. A/a/e.—Dark rufo-piceous, the elytra
black, the legs and antennz pale, shining, the bristles stiff, erect and pale but
rather sparse throughout; head well developed, the minute tubercles of
the clypeus separated by a little more than a fourth of the width; prothorax
nearly as in montana but nearly a third wider than long, with the punctures.
much less close-set; elytra one-half longer than wide, as wide as the prothorax
and rather more than twice as long, the punctures moderately coarse, deep and

June, 18,8 ] Casey: NortH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 83

not very close-set. Length 1.5-1.7 mm.; width 0.65-.75 mm. Vancouver
Island, Washington State and Northern California,.......... .soror, sp. nov.
24— AZale.—Black and shining, the anterior parts picescent; legs and antennze pale;
bristles rather sparse, short and somewhat inconspicuous anteriorly, longer on
the elytra; head well developed, the minute clypeal tubercles separated by a
fifth of the width; prothorax nearly as in soror but fully two-fifths wider than
long, the punctures strong and well separated ; elytra suboval, not more than
two-fifths longer than wide, rather wider than the prothorax and distinctly more
than twice as long; punctures only moderately coarse but deep and quite
sparse. Length 1.6-1.75 mm.; widtho.75 mm. New York.
curtula, sp. nov.
25—Anterior tibize everted and acute externally at apex; hairs very long, a fifth or
sixth as long as the entire width of the elytra. /a/e.—Body stout, cylindric,
polished, piceous in color, the vestiture very long and bristling, abundant; head
and eyes moderately developed; front feebly concave; clypeus with two long
slender erect and widely separated processes; prothorax slightly wider than
long, the sides just visibly convergent and nearly straight from base nearly to
the apex, then rounding and strongly convergent to a trapezoidal and obliquely
upturned lamina, which is subtriangularly emarginate at tip; surface with
rather strong and close-set punctures, feebly impressed at apex behind the
lamina; elytra short, cylindric, obtuse at apex, two-fifths longer than wide, as
wide as the prothorax and three-fifths longer, the punctures rather coarse, even,
moderately close-set, the surface not at all rugose. /emza/e.—Smaller than the
male, the clypeus feebly reflexed at each side; prothorax shorter and more trans-
verse, simple. Length 1.75-2.1 mm.; width 0.75-0.9 mm, Florida (Lake
Name LIN Ee Anetta hla lat cneie anata; siearainaa tere Warave elevate. o Ga ues hirsuta, sp. nov.
Anterior tibize simple at apex, not dilated or produced ; hairs shorter, about an eighth
as long as the entire width of the elytra. #emadle.—Oblong-oval, moderately
convex, shining, pale rufo-testaceous, the vestiture only moderately abundant
and not dense; head moderate, the eyes small; clypeal margin feebly reflexed
at each side ; prothorax nearly one-half wider than long, parabol'cally rounded
at apex, the sides becoming parallel and nearly straight behind the middle ;
punctures fine and ra'her sparse, elytra suboval, rather ogival at tip, two-fifths
longer than wide, rather wider than the prothorax and more than twice as long,
the punctures somewhat coarse but feeble, well separated ; humeral callus rather
small and feeble. Length 1 4 mm.; widtho65 mm. Alabama.
ursulina, sp. nov.

Fuscipes is our most abundant species, and the west coast mpressa
resembles it very much in externalappearance. Mellié states that the
anterior margin of the head in the male of /wsczZes is surmounted by
two very small tubercles; this is not the case in the representatives be-
fore me, but as Mellié included with his American specimens some
from Madeira, it is probable that he had one of these under observa-
tion, and that it is a species different from fuscipes. Vitula of Manner-
heim, is assigned to Lumnearthron in the Henshaw list, but without

84 JourNAL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

reason, as it is in no way related to that genus, and the Czs achrous, of
that list, is a manuscript name, appearing only in the LeConte list of
Coleoptera. Mirsu¢a and ursufina are remarkable in having long fine
and bristling pubescence. ys¢ricu/a seems to have the elytral bristles
vaguely inclined to serial arrangement, and it is undoubtedly more
closely allied to »zormonica than to the three species immediately fol-
lowing it in the table. The Alaskan Cvs ephippiatus, of Mannerheim,
(Bull. Mosc., 1853, p. 234), isomitted from our lists. It is unknown to
me, but seems to be peculiar in having the elytra profoundly and re-
motely, subseriately punctate, red, with a large common transverse
black spot at the middle, which attains the margin at each side.

Orthocis, gen. nov.

This genus is very closely allied to Cvs, but differs in the more
parallel form of the body, in its glabrous surface, margined elytral
suture and absolutely simple apex of the anterior tibiz. The maxillary
palpi are rather stout, the ligula large and corneous, the antennz long,
with the two basal joints of the funicle elongate and the club rather
small and loose. The head and clypeus are absolutely simple in the
male, and the only visible male sexual character is a small oval opaque
and densely pubescent area at the centre of the first ventral segment, at
the point occupied by a deep circular fovea in some species of Cus.
Our two species greatly resemble each other but may be distinguished
as follows :—

Ligula broader and flat ; third antennal joint nearly or quite as long as the next two
combined ; body rather less elongate, the sides of the prothorax somewhat less
rectilinear, otherwise similar to the following. New York....punctata //e//.

Ligula narrow and convex ; third antennal joint distinctly shorter than the next two
combined. Ma/e.—Oblong, parallel, moderately convex, polished, black, the
legs and antennz rufous, glabrous, each puncture of the elytra with a very minute
simple silvery hair ; head well developed, convex, the eyes small and prominent ;
clypeal margin perfectly simple, evenly arcuate from side to side ; prothorax two-
fifths wider than long, the sides parallel and straight, rather widely reflexed ;
apex broadly arcuate and slightly advanced ; angles obtuse ; base finely margined ;

. punctures rather fine but deep, well separited; elytra twothirds longer than
wide, rather wider than the prothorax and nearly two and one-half times as
long, obtusely ogival at apex, the sides very feebly arcuate ; punctures confusedly
arranged, rather small but deep and somewhat sparse, the surface smooth; ely-
tral suture margined toward tip. Length 2.3-2.5 mm.; width 0.85 mm. Cali-
fornia; (Alameda Co?) i ytance of /cis\eie sletietier stein tesco aterrima, sp. nov.

June, 1898.] Casey: NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 85

Xestocis, gen. nov.

A few species of peculiar facies are separated under this name, be-
cause of the prosternal carination. ‘The antenne are of the normal
structure, with the club well developed and the second funicular joint
only slightly longer than wide. The anterior tibize are strongly oblique
and acute externally at apex, except in ofadescens, where the external
angleisslightly thickened and rounded. The maxillary palpi are usually
rather slender. The first ventral segment is subfoveate and densely pu-
bescent at the centre of the disk in the males. Our five species are

strongly differentiated among themselves, and may be described as fol-
lows :—

SIREN VIES AUEOLIS eyareieisroteveierarct ava) croc oreisrel ostce ore oreiebeohcne shevelaietiave sjalctetererofeveia' els CLA ae
Body clothed with short pubescence or bristles. ............0cecescessseeee ces 3
2—Clypeus bidentate in the male, the prothorax simple and rounded at apex in both ©
sexes. MMa/e.—Suboval,very dark rufo piceous, sometimes paler, polished; head
and eyes moderately developed; prothorax two-fifths wider than long, the sides
just visibly convergent from base to the obtuse apical angles, rather distinctly and
evenly arcuate; lateral margin very fine, the base finely margined, more dis-
tinctly in the middle ; punctures minute and rather sparse ; elytra less than one-
half longer than wide, twice as long as the prothorax and barely wider, rather
narrowly rounded at apex, very feebly subrugulose, minutely, sparsely punctate.
Length I.5-I.9 mm.; width 0.7-0. De mm. Canada (Toronto), New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Indiana and ieee soba HOOD OG ae OURS TO GOOODR levettei, sp. nov.
Clypeus monocerate in the male, the prothorax with two long slender porrect pro-
cesses. Male.—Oblong-oval, convex, testaceous, polished, glabrous, each punc-
ture with an excessively minute hair; head and eyes moderately developed, the
front impunctate, broadly concave, the clypeus reflexed, with a long erect par-
allel process at the middle, feebly expanding toward apex, the latter very feebly
emarginate ; prothorax distinctly wider than long, the sides moderately conver-
gent and evenly arcuate throughout, the apex prolonged over the head and with
two long remote straight and porrect processes, the surface behind their separating
sinus broadly impressed ; punctures fine, not very sparse ; elytra short, one third
longer than wide, twice as long as the prothorax at the median line and some-
what wider, rather rapidly and narrowly rounded at apex, the sides arcuate ;
surface nearly smooth, minutely, rather sparsely punctate. Female.—Nearly
similar to the male, the clypeus broadly sinuate at the middle, the prothorax
broadly rounded at apex. Length 1.2-1.35 mm.; width 0.55-0.6 mm. Penn-
sylvania (Westmoreland Co ) and Rhode Island ( Boston Neck). . miles, sp. nov.
3—Upper surface normal ; vestiture distinct, even but arranged without order ; punc-
tures of the elytra intermingled with larger sparse punctures, which are some-

times disposed in vague series ; clypeus bidentate in the male..............- 4
Upper surface covered with a waterproof crust, through which the extremely minute
BUH EA MANIS a DLOLLEIG <4 atasel/aym'archaesliteolaseies ptotabals eialViGgotbielat ire metals’ e[sicie ws ww: aie t= as 5

4—Vestiture composed of small simple and subdecumbent hairs A/a/e.—Oblong-
oval, moderately convex, rufo testaceous, feebly shining ; prothorax wider than |

86 JouRNAL NEw YoRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI-

long, minutely but strongly, closely punctate ; elytra two-fifths longer than wide,
ogivally rounded at apex, finely, rather closely punctured and vaguely subrugose.
Alaska (Sitka) and Queen Charlotte Islands (Massett)......biarmata JZezz.
Vestiture composed of coarse stiff and suberect squamules. A/a/e.—Slightly smaller
than ézarmata but similar, oblong-oval, moderately convex, testaceous, feebly
shining, the bristles short and abundant ; head rather small, feebly concave, the
eyes moderate ; clypeus triangularly reflexed at each side; prothorax nearly one-
half wider than long, the sides just visibly convergent, feebly and evenly arcu-
ate ; angles obtuse ; apex subangularly produced and rounded, with the tip very
narrowly sinuato-truncate; punctures moderately fine, deep and quite dense ;.
elytra not quite one-half longer than wide; less than twice as long as the=pro-
thorax and somewhat wider, feebly rugulose, minutely and rather closely punc-
tate, the punctures smaller than those of the prothorax ; apex ogivally rounded.
Length 1.6 mm.; width o.7 mm. Pennsylvania (locality not recorded).
insolens, sp. nov..
5—Male.—oblong oval, rather stout, only moderately convex, polished, dark piceo-
testaceous ; head moderate, the eyes small but prominent ; front broadly concave,
the clypeus acutely, bitriangularly reflexed; prothorax one-half wider than
long, the sides very feebly convergent, rather strongly, evenly arcuate; apex
subtriangularly prolonged, with the tip minutely emarginate and feebly reflexed ;.
punctures rather fine but distinct, slightly separated; lateral margins narrowly -
reflexed ; elytra short, scarcely a third longer than wide, as wide as the prothorax
and four-fifths longer, the apex rather acutely ogival; surface not very finely,
evenly and rather closely punctate. Length 1.4-1.6 mm ; width 0 6-0 75 mm.
Pennsylvania (Westmoreland Co.).......-..+2--+-2-00- opalescens, sp. nov.

° . . . . ° ° 4 .
Biarmata is misprinted ‘* dicarinatus’’ in the Henshaw list.

Brachycis, gen. nov,

The chief peculiarities of the single type of this genus are the short:
and suboval form, very short, transversely excavated prosternum and ob-
solescent side margin of the prothorax at the rounded and obtuse apical
angles. The antennal club is strongly developed, as long as the pre-
ceding six joints combined and has the sensitive apical pores small but
deep and bristling with white sete, thus leading up to the remarkable
FPlestocis which follows. The maxillary palpi are rather slender and
acutely pointed, and the anterior tibiz are finely, acutely and almost
perpendicularly produced externally in a well-marked process. Sexual

characters are wanting in the single specimen before me, which is prob-
ably a female: —

Broad, moderately convex, oblong- oval, piceous, the elytra, legs and antennal shaft
paler rufo-testaceous ; body clothed above with stiff pale and erect setze, moder-
ate in length and density, uniformly distributed ; head rather small, the eyes mod-
erate; clypeus simple, subtruncate: prothorax two-thirds wider than long ;

June, 1898.] CasEy: NorTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 87

angles rounded, the sides strongly convergent and broadly arcuate from base to
apex, the latter broadly subparabolic, not extending much over the head ; pune-
tures not very coarse but deep, rather close-set ; elytra oblong, very broadly, ob-
tusely rounded at apex, one-fourth longer than wide, two and one-half times as
long as the prothorax, and, at apical third or fourth, visitly wider ; sides nearly
straight; punctures rather coarse, deep and somewhat close set, the surface
nearly smooth. Length 1.4 mm.; width o.75 mm. New York (Ithaca)
brevicollis, sp. nov.

Plesiocis, gen. nov.

This genus, which is also represented at present by a single species,

is remarkably distinct in the structure of the antennz, which are 9-
jointed, with the club large and well developed, more corneous than
usual, dark in color and with the two sensitive subapical pores on each
side large, rounded and filled with white spongy pubescence; the ‘club.
is nearly as long as the entire basal portion, with its first two joints.
transverse and obtriangular. The maxillary palpi are well developed,
but rather slender, the prosternum normal, the process however rather
thin and sublamellar. The anterior tibize are strongly, obliquely pro-
duced and acute externally at apex. The male has very simple charac-
ters, the clypeus having two minute and rather approximate tubercles,
but the first ventral segment has, as in so many other cases, a small pubes-
cent fovea at the centre of the disk. The type resembles a large sub-
cylindrical Czs :—

Body cylindric-oval, strongly convex, piceous-brown, shining, the legs and antennal
shaft rufous ; vestiture rather sparse, the hairs coarse, pale, stiff and erect, mod-
erate in length ; head rather small, the eyes moderate, convex ; front flat, finely
punctate ; prothorax two-fifths wider than long, the sides feebly convergent and
slightly arcuate, the basal angles rather broadly rounded, the apical obtusely
subprominent ; lateral margin narrowly reflexed; base finely margined ; apex
broadly rounded, slightly produced over the head; punctures coarse, perforate
and close-set ; elytra one-third longer than wide, twice as long as the prothorax
and scarcely at all wider, the sides nearly straight, the apex very broadly and
obtusely rounded ; punctures coarse, perforate, close-set and arranged evenly
but without order, the interspaces smooth. Length 2.1-2.3 mm ; width I O-I £
mm. California (Mokelumne Hill, Calaveras Co.)........ cribrum, sp. nov.

Ennearthron Jeli.

The small cylindrical species which compose this genus may be
readily identified by the characters given in the table. The antennz
are slender, with the club rather feeble, the first joint of the funicle
generally equal to the next two, which, with the last are equal and
moniliform. Prosternum moderately developed before the coxe, with

88 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

the process very narrow and sublamellar. The male characters are
always pronounced and generally affect both the clypeus and thoracic
apex, but these characters greatly diminish in degree in the smaller and
less developed males, these depauperate individuals not differing much
from the females in either the present genus or Ceracis. In both of
these genera the male also has a small deep pubescent fovea, not at the
centre, but near the posterior margin, of the first ventral segment. The
characters of the following table are taken throughout from what appear
to be fully developed males only :—

Male with the clypeal margin broadly and strongly reflexed in a trapezoidal process, the

thoracic|\processibidentate 0) .)3:2..6./0:2 nieieis aim soeteterccleod Se asin See ene eee teehee
Male with a long slender erect clypeal process, the thoracic apex simple and rounded;
Spectes very Smalley .oc).:c,c015 sieocdeetee etn aie sicletciaratet sus oters a\Aiejeieiie als/a etait II
2—Flytra without trace of impressed lines... s..2c.2.0+--cco+- ++ sees ueee orem 3
Elytra with very feebly and unevenly impressed lines, the punctures feebly sub-
Serialpinjarrancementee eerie aera rae eiee cere epereePieler cee depentetens Io

3—Male with the thoracic processes longer, narrower and more approximate ; punc-
tuation feeble, the elytral punctures always confused in arrangement. Atlantic
and Gulf rE gions, 2). 250 51008 si ares efe's Risers a cvovslnntens eke Sicha serene enone are ee 4
Male with the thoracic processes shorter, more widely separated and more lamellarly
triangular ; punctuation stronger, the elytral punctures generally confused but ,
occasionally very feebly subserial. Pacific Coast regions.............e-. areiO
4—Apex of the pronotum rather feebly impressed behind the processes........... 5
Apex of the pronotum strongly, transversely impressed behind the processes. Mod-
erately slender, polished, piceo-rufous in color ; head well developed, concave,

tke clypeal process large and well developed, with the apex feebly sinuate at

the middle; prothorax slightly wider than long, the sides parallel and nearly
straight, the angles all rounded ; processes long, slender and distinctly diverging

as usual ; base and sides finely margined ; punctures fine and sparse; elytra less
than one-half longer than wide, as wide as the prothorax and two-thirds longer,

the surface very feebly subrugulose, sparsely and very minutely punctate, the
punctures much more minute than those of the pronotum ; apex evenly rounded.
Length 1.2-1.5 mm.; width 0.45-0.6 mm. Texas (Columbus) and Louisiana.
piceum, sp. nov.

5—Elytra fully one-half longer than the prothorax, slender, cylindric oval, black,
rather strongly shining ; legs, mouth parts and antennz pale ; punctures fine and
rather sparse ; thoracic processes rather short. Canada to Pennsylvania (medd,z
MeN i eee Olan MESYO) axe ote Memes et neta a ae thoracicorne Zig.
Elytra very short and quite strongly cunei‘orm, very much less than one-half longer
than the prothorax. Rather stout, the head polished and concave, the eyes
small; clypeal process well developed but with the sinuate sides rather rapidly
converging, the apex a little less than half as wide as the head, feebly sinuato-
truncate ; prothorax large, not quite as long as wide, the sides parallel and
broadly arcuate, the corneous processes moderately long and rather stout ;
punctures fine but distinct, only moderately sparse ; elytra at base as wide as the

June, 1898.] Casey: NoRTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 89

prothorax, the sides nearly straight and distinctly convergent, the apex narrowly
rounded ; punctures rather sparse and very minute, the surface feebly rugulose.
Length 1.3 mm.; width 0.53mm. Louisiana (Morgan City).

Jaminifrons, sp. nov.

6—Thoracic process of the male abruptly formed................e cece veeeeeee 7
Thoracic process gradually formed, its sides merging gradually and obliquely into the
sides of the prothorax ; thoracic punctures quite dense...............0020-: 9:

7—Elytral punctures rather coarse and closer ; thoracic process one-half as wide as the
elytra. Body rather stout, blackish, the elytra piceous ; legs and oral organs pale ;
lustre moderately shining ; head and eyes modera‘ely developed ; clypeal process
very broad, only moderate in length, almost transversely truncate ; prothorax only
slightly wider than long, the sides parallel and broadly arcuate ; apical process
very broad, deeply sinuate ; punctures strong and close-set ; elytra quite distinctly
narrower than the prothorax and scarcely more than one-half longer ; one-half
longer than wide, the sides parallel ; apex broadly rounded ; surface feebly rugu-
lose, strongly punctured, less closely than the prothorax. Length 1.4-1.7 mm ;

width 0.55-0.7 mm. California (southern)............ grossulum, sp. nov.
Elytral punctures fine but distinct, rather sparse, the thoracic process much less than
one-half as wide as the elytra............ 000000. ibleheve peeve atecspacene lev ateenct stots 8.

Thoracic punctures close-set ; angles of the clypeal process scarcely at all rounded.
Blackish, the elytral punctures generally very feebly subserial in arrangement.
California (especially northern coast regions) ............californicum Csy.

Thoracic punctures sparse; angles of the clypeal process rounded. Body evenly
cylindric, moderately shining, more or less rufo-testaceous in color, the elytra
sometimes blackish toward base; head and eyes moderate, the clypeal process
moderately strong, with the sides rather strongly convergent and the apex broadly
sinuate ; prothorax slightly transverse, the sides parallel and almost straight,
rounding anteriorly, the process rather feebly developed, sinuate at apex ; elytra
scarcely one-half longer than wide, as wide as the prothorax and three-fifths.
longer, the sides parallel and straight, the apex broadly rounded ; punctures fine:
and sparse, the surface almost smooth. Length 1 2 mm.; width 0.5 mm. ~ Cal-
McmrANIOUOIMIA GO, ))". 5 o.c.svis.a/ehe « alaie'a sie waters pidioiehl tate arte discolor, sp. nov.

g—Narrowly cylindric, blackish, the elytra rufescent at tip ; legs, trophi and antennze
pale ; surface moderately shining ; head well developed, the clypeus moderate
in length, with the sides strongly convergent, the apex broadly sinuato-truncate
and the angles blunt ; piothorax but little wider than long, the sides subparallel
and very slightly arcuate ; process rather short, sinuate at tip; elytra fully one.
half longer than wide, as wide as the prothorax and fully three-fourths longer,
somewhat parabolically rounded at tip, the punctures fine but strong, but little
smaller than those of the prothorax and much less close-set. Length 1.1-1.3
mm.; width 0.4-05 mm. California (Los Angeles)...convergens, sp. nov.

10—Moderately stout, piceous to blackish in color, with the elytra paler ; legs, trophi
and antennz pale, the club dusky; surface polished; head well developed,
broadly concave, the clypeus only moderately reflexed, the apex broadly truncate;
prothorax but little wider than long, the sides subparallel and broadly, distinctly
arcuate ; process rather short, lamelliform, with a triangular incisure at the mid-
dle, the process abruptly formed ; punctures very fine and srarse ; elytra short,.

90 JourNaAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

less than one half longer than wide, scarcely as wide as the prothorax and one-
half longer, evenly rounded at apex, the punctures minute and sparse, those of
the series larger and closer. Length 1 0-1.2 mm ; widtho.4-0 5 mm. Florida.
pullulum, sp. nov.

11—Narrowly cylindric-oval, moderately shining, pale flavo-testaceous throughout ;
head and eyes well developed, the front concave; clypeal process narrow, long, the
apex strongly rounded ; prothorax distinctly wider than long, the apex evenly and
circularly rounded, the sides becoming parallel toward base; punctures very minute,
sparse and feeble ; base distinctly margined as usual ; elytra fully as wide as the
prothorax and two-thirds longer, not quite one-half longer than wide, parabolic-
ally rounded at tip, margined at base, the punctures sparse, very feeble and ex-
tremely minute, even smaller than those of the prothorax; surface smooth.
Length I.0-1.I mm.; width 0.4-0.45 mm. Florida...... unicorne, sp. nov.

Unicorne is evidently closely related to the Brazilian corniferum of
Mellié, but in that species the cephalic process is said te be broad, re-
curved and narrowed to the acute apex.

Ceracis AZe/ie.

This genus is scarcely distinct from Lxnearthron, agreeing in facies
and in every structural feature except the antenne, which are 8-jointed,
one of the small joints of the funicle Deine eliminated. Theswo species
before me are as follows :—

Rufo-testaceous, the elytra blackish toward base ; punctures very minute and sparse,
the remaining characters nearly as in puzctulata. Louisiana [Mellié], North
Carolina and Pennsylvania (Westmoreland Co.)....... Hoe eod de sallei 12/7.

Black throughout, the head and prothorax sometimes picescent ; legs, trophi and an-
tennze pale ; surface polished, the elytra nearly smooth ; head and eyes well de-
veloped ; clypeal process rather well developed, with its sides but slightly con-
verging, the apex broadly sinuato-truncate ; prothorax slightly shorter than wide,
the sides feebly convergent and broadly arcuate from the base to the rather pro-
nounced but obtuse apical angles; process very abruptly formed, moderate in
length, the exterior angles somewhat everted and the apex deeply sinuate ;
punctuation quite deep and close-set but rather fine; base finely margined ;
elytra at base as wide as the prothorax, less than one-half longer than wide ;
the sides nearly straight and feebly convergent ; apex broadly rounded, base not
in the least margined ; punctures finer and sparser than those of the prothorax,
confusedly arranged. Length 1.25-1.3 mm.; width 0 55-0.6mm. Florida.

punctulata, sp. nov.

The species recently described from Lower California by Dr. Horn,
under the name s7mz/is, appears to resemble sa//ez, but differs from
both the above in having the elytral punctures coarser than those of the

prothorax, a very exceptional character in Aznearthrou and Ceracis.

June, 1898 ] Casey: NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 91

Octotemnus JAZe//ié.

This is a very pronounced and distinct genus, differing from Z7-
nearthron in the oval outline of the body, absence of male sexual char-
acters of the head and prothorax, and in tibial structure. The maxil-
lary palpi are slender and pointed, the antennal club well developed
and very loose, the joints being attached by very slender pedicels and
with the sensitive pores approximate at each side of the apex. The
prosternum is short and somewhat concave before the coxze, with the pro-
cess thin and laminate. There is no fovea on the first ventral segment
of the male, but the surface is feebly and approximately bi-impressed
near the base, the intervening area elevated and prolonged backward in
an isolated triangular point, a structure not suggested elsewhere in the
family. The surface is glabrous, but the elytra have a few widely dis-
persed erect sete. Our two species are very closely allied; they may
be described as follows from the male :—

Form more narrowly oval; size larger, the basal abdominal process of the male
very acute at apex, pale testaceous, polished throughout ; head and eyes well
developed, the latter convex; front broadly, evenly convex, very minutely,
sparsely punctate ; clypeal margin slightly thickened for a short distance from
the eyes ; prothorax but little wider than long, circularly rounded at apex, the
sides diverging slightly to the base; angles all very broadly rounded ; base very
minutely margined ; punctures very minute, feeble and sparse ; elytra fully one-
half longer than wide, a little wider than the prothorax and nearly twice as long ;
sides feebly arcuate, the apex rather narrowly parabolic ; base not margined ; hu-
meral callus very small, feeble ; surface feebly rugulose, the punctures extremely
minute and sparse. Length 1I.4-1.75 mm.; width 0.55-0.75 mm. Pacific
coast (from Vancouver to San Francisco).............. denudatus, sp. nov.

Form rather shorter and more broadly oval, polished, the pronotum more or less alu-
taceous, blackish to pale flavo-testaceous throughout ; head and prothorax nearly
as in denudatus, \he elytra barely one-half longer than wide, distinctly wider
than the prothorax and barely twice as long, the surface nearly smooth, very mi-
nutely, sparsely punctate. Length 1.35-1.6 mm.; width 0.6-0.65 mm.
Rhode Island, New York and Pennsylvania............... ... laevis, sp. nov.

Both of these species are very common, and it is remarkable that
they have not been heretofore described. Perhaps the Cvs pumecatus of
Mellié may be the same as /zv/s, but that species, taken apparently near
New Orleans, is said to have the prothorax longer than wide and the
elytra only one-half longer than the prothorax, which language agrees
rigorously also with the figure and in no way suits either of the above
species.

92 JournaL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VE

SPHINDID.

This family forms a very good transition to the Cryptophagidz.
The antenne are of a more perfectly clavicorn type than in Cioide,
and have a large compact club, with the ninth joint variable in size.
The mentum is very large, in striking contrast to the Cioidz, where it
is unusually minute. The maxillary palpi are small, slender and pointed
and the anterior coxe rather widely separated. The clypeus is con-
vex, continuous with the front, narrowed and continued over the larger
part of the mandibles, the labrum being small, almost atrophied in
Odontosphindus, the epistomal suture fine and posteriorly arcuate.
The eyes are large, convex and coarsely faceted. ‘The two genera before
me may be distinguished as follows :—

Tarsi heteromerous ; antenne I1-jointed, the ninth joint wider than the eighth, but
very short, the club virtually 2 jointed, large and nearly cylindr.c ; prothorax den-
ticulate at the sides, the elytra with impressed series of coarse punctures ; body
olabrousiser anaes ocadeeativrevges Sseeesecece scene oe OGORLOSphindts

Tarsi pentamerous ; antennz 10-jointed, the club variable, 2 or 3-jointed ; prothorax
not denticulate, the elytra with unimpressed series of fine punctures; body
SParSeliyapu ESCM te tote retere ters etatete tte etait es aletetntet te anit eee ta Sphindus
Another genus, Eurysphindus, has been described by LeConte, but

I have seen no example; the inferior flanks of the prothorax are said

to be deeply concave and the body clothed with erect hair.

Odontosphindus Zec.

These species are much larger than those of Szmdus and are
distinguishable at once by the characters of the table; the two species
are as follows :—

Sides of the prothorax scarcely at all reflexed, finely margined. Atlantic regions.
denticollis Zec.
S.des of the prothorax distinctly though not very broadly explanato-reflexed, more
strongly and quite irregularly denticulate. Body subparallel, moderately convex,
pale rufo-testaceous in color, shining though somewhat alutaceous in lustre ; head
moderate in size, the epistoma polished and impunctate ; eyes moderately large,
convex ; antennz as long as the width of the head, the first joint large, the sec-
ond more slender, contorted at base as usual ; prothorax quite transverse, parallel,
the sides feebly arcuate ; punctures rather coarse and close set; elytra only just
visibly wider than the prothorax, three-fourths longer than wide, the serial punc-
tures obsolete toward tip. Length 3.0-3.5 mm.; width 1.25 mm. California
(Sonora Co.) severe rete eC dda hatgsth att cbe katate car SN clavicornis, sp. nov.

Clavicornis is materially larger than denticoliis, and has a larger,
more transverse and more coarsely punctured prothorax.

June, 1893.] Casey: NorTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 93

Sphindus Czev.

The species of this genus are small and oblong, with duller surface
lustre and moderately long, rather sparse pubescence, serial in arrange-
ment on the elytra. The three species before me may be thus sepa-
rated :-—

J\ttarmell Chil 2 eilt@ilacc ona guedodoodna 5 cnaatpoolod noo UbbU doo Doo bonODonaC 2
LATE Ghilyysiiaky Spy@inlils eogapoonoohoaseuCooucGos sSoodbo Oo ODSGEE ORC s50 3)
2—Pronotum minutely and ratker closely punctured, more or less rufo-piceous in

color. Atlantic regions to Iowa .........0. ccc cece ee ones americanus Zec.

Pronotum more coarsely and quite sp rsely punctured. Body black, stouter, dull in
lustre ; head and eyes moderate in size, the epistoma polished ; antennz a little
longer than the width of the head, the club only moderately stout, the tenth joint
twice as long as the ninth ; prothorax nearly twice as wide as long, the sides just
visibly convergent from base to apex, feebly arcuate ; apex broadly arcuate ; ely-
tra scarcely a fourth longer than wide, barely wider than the prothorax and two
and one-half times as long; serial punctures rather fine, the intervals dull and
minutely shagreened. Length I.9 mm.; width 0.9 mm. Colorado (Buena
OG iteasts (8180) EIS) Sap oh or CORR ONDT BOM ODS OO UraO tC Octo crassulus, sp. nov.

3—Narrowly oblong, more shining, piceous black, the elytra, legs and antennz pale
testaceous ; head moderate, the eyes large and convex, separated by about three
times their own width ; antenna moderate in length, the last three joints forming
a compact subcylindric club; prothorax much smaller than in the two pre-
ceding species, transverse, the sides subparallel; surface evenly convex, very
minutely and not very closely punctulate ; elytra two-fifths longer than wide,
about a fifth wider than the prothorax and three times as long; serial punctures
feeble but distinct, the intervals smooth and alu'aceous ; apex obtusely rounded
as usual. Length1.7 mm.; widtho.7 mm. Canada (Toronto).

trinifer, sp. nov.

Americanus varies greatly in size as usual in this and neighboring
families ; it is quite abundant and occurs in fungi of various species.

94 JournaL New YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

THE LIFE-HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK
SLUG CATERPILLARS.—XV.

PUATE VI, PIGS.) 1-0 te

By Harrison G. Dyar, A.M., Pu.D.

Heterogenea flexuosa Grote.*

1880—Limacodes flexuosa GROTE, North Am. Ent. I, 60.

1880—Limacodes cesonia GROoTE, North Am. Ent. I, 60.

1894— Heterogenea cesonia and flexuosa NEUMOEGEN & DyAR, Journ. N. Y.
Ent. Soc. III, 74.

LARVA.

1878—GLovER, II]. North Am. Ent. pl. 95, fig. 19.

1893—PACKARD, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XXXI, 105 (as “full grown larva of
Heterogenea sp.”).

1895—Dyar & Morton, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. III, 146 (in synopsis).

1896—Dyakr, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. IV, pl. VI, figs. 3 and 4 (as Zortrictdia
fallida).

SPECIAL STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS.

Dorsal space narrow, of even width, scarcely narrowing at the ends,
gently arched; joint 13 rounded prominent. Lateral space broad,
oblique, narrowing to the extremities; subventral space small, re-
tracted. Subdorsal ridge slight; indicating the change in direction
between back and sides; lateral ridge rather prominent, overhanging
the subventral space. Outline elliptical, joint 13 only slightly notched
on the sides, not forming a quadrate tail. Depressed spaces (1)—(8)
present, the subventral ones (7) and (8) only indicated, the others
sharp edged and deep, large, dividing the surface into latticed ridges as
in Tortricidia pallida, (4) the largest, transversely elongated, the lower
segmental (5) moderate, the intersegmental (6) very small, alternating
exactly in line with the lower edge of (5). Skin surface covered with
coarse clear granules, the depressed spaces finely granular in the base.
In the first stage the setee are arranged as in 7. falida, but disappear
at the first molt when all the structural characters are assumed nearly
in their mature form. Coloration of the pattern and colors of TZ.
pallida, modified in detail.

* This is not a Heterogenea ; but I reserve generic corrections till the end of
these articles.

June, 1898.] Dyar: LirE-Histories N. Y. SLuG CATERPILLARS. 95

AFFINITIES, Hapits, Etc.

This larva is very closely allied to 7. paléida, but differs in several
characters, nearly all of which are a higher specialization. In stage I
the setee are smaller, not so distinctly alternating and the anterior limb
of the Y-shaped spines is slightly shortened. After the first molt the
sete are nearly obliterated, being much more reduced than in 7. padiida.
The granules are smoother, more appressed, not subpapillose on the
lateral ridge as in the younger stages of Z. falda and the depressed
spaces are, if anything, larger. ‘The red mark appears at the same time
or sooner than in its ally, but is never so large. It does not exceed the
lateral extension of Z. pallida of stage V even in the last stage, VII,
though the longitudinal extension is the same in both in the case of the
most heavily marked 4. flexuosa. ‘The amount of variation is perhaps
not greater in flexuosa than in its ally, though the breaking up of the
red band gives the appearance of greater diversity.

The moths emerge during the last week in June and lay the eggs
singly on the backs of the leaves. The favorite food plant is the chest-
nut and the larvz occur on the lower of the main branches of this tree,
not on the low shoots nor on any but the old matured leaves. The oak
is also a food plant ; I have found the larvee abundantly on Q. coccinea,
very rarely on Q. ata. ‘The larve mature early in September. ‘This
species occurs scattered all over New York State, usually rare, but occa-
sionally locally common. I have taken it in most of the wooded parks
around New York City and at various places in Long Island. The
present life-history was completed from a newly hatched larva which I
found in Bronx Park after a two days’ search, in which I was kindly
assisted by Mrs. P. N. Knopf and Miss L. I. Hoff.

CRITICISM OF PREVIOUS DESCRIPTIONS.

Dr. Packard has described this larva without knowing what it was.

‘I have made an unfortunate error in the description of Zortricidia

pallida (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., IV, 170-1), and included characters

of H. flexuosa in stages II, III and VI. The figures on the plate of

the young larva (figs. 3 and 4) represent stages [V and V1 of . flexuosa.

The text of Z. Aalida will be specifically corrected in the ‘‘ additions
and corrections’’ to follow at the end of these articles.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL STAGES IN DETAIL.
Egg.—Elliptical, flat as usual; 1.1.7 mm., the shell colorless,
white. |
Stage J.—Rounded elliptical, tail round ; skin smooth, depressed a

96 JourNAL NEw YoRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol VIL

little dorsally above the bases of the tubercles in paired hollows. All
colorless. Setae Y-shaped in the subdorsal row on joints 4-11, the
front limb a little shorter than the back one (Plate VI, fig. 1) ; two sete
on joints 3 and 13; .a middle row of two on each of joints 3 and 4; a
single lateral row on joints 3-12. ‘Tips of sete a little enlarged, not
distinctly swollen. Subventral setze very fine, obscure, all pale. Head
colorless, eye black; body whitish, food greenish. Length, .9g—1.4 mm.

Stage 7,—Narrowly elliptical, tail rounded quadrate; dorsum
broad and flat, the subdorsal ridge forming its sharply angled edge.
Smooth, regular, all the depressed spaces (1) to (6) large and very dis-
tinct. Sides concave, lateral ridge smooth; subventral area retracted.
Latticed ridges covered with smooth, dense, frosted, appressed granules,
one row wide, uniform, not papillose anywhere. Setz absent. Color
opaque whitish; later distinctly pale green. Length, 1.3~-1.8 mm.

Stage I77.—Rounded, rather broadly elliptical, sides concave at first
so that the dorsum stands up as a broad ridge gently arching from head
to tail. Tail slightly notched at the sides, rounded. Depressed spaces
very distinct, (4) narrowly elongate. Latticed ridges beaded with clear
appressed granules, not generally over one granule wide in the narrower
parts. Bottoms of the spaces finely granular, dotted, the larger ones
with shallow, saucer-like centers. Color green; a yellow line appears
along the subdorsal ridge on joints 5-9, widened a little on each seg- .
ment. Usually no other marking, but there may be a small, faint, or
even distinct dark red dot between the lines on joint 8, or surrounding
the depressed space (1) of joints 7-8. Length, 1.8-2.4 mm.

Stage ZV.—Rather narrowly elliptical; tail rounded quadrate-
Dorsum rather narrow, a little grooved at first. Lateral ridge extend-
ing beyond the subventral one. Depressed spaces large and sharp, the
latticed ridges scarcely more than one granule wide, but the granules
becoming wedge-shaped. All smooth, no setz. Color light green, the
yellow subdorsal lines reaching joints 5-10. The dorsal yellow mark
varies from a narrow yellow bridge on joint 8 to a red bar on joints 7-8.
(see the plate of Z. pallida, pl. IV, fig. 3) or even a rather large round
red patch, which does not encroach on the subdorsal lines. Length,
2.4—-3.2 mm.

Stage V.—Shape as in the mature larva; tail rounded, scarcely
notched at the sides. Dorsum not broad, sides oblique, concave. Lat-
ticed ridges several granules wide, smoothly evenly granular, a little
frosted. Spaces finely shagreeened with a circular shallow saucer-like
centre. Color green, spaces not discolorous except a little yellow in

June, 1898.) Dyar: Lire-Historiges N. Y. SLuG CATERPILLARS. 97

(4); a yellow subdorsal line on joints 3-12, not quite reaching either
extremity, the pair unconnected at the ends, but centrally on joints 6-9,
broadened to the top of the depressed spaces (4) and enclosing in the
dorsal space a reddish patch on joints 7~-8 with salmon-colored margin
and dark brown latticed ridges. In some examples a reddish mark
appears on joint 3 between the subdorsal lines. Length, 3.2-4.3 mm.

Stage V7.—Structures as before, tail rounded quadrate. Depressed
spaces large, the latticed ridges closely clear granular. Green, the
large lateral depressed spaces (4) shaded with yellow. The yellow
subdorsal lines reach joints 3 and 13, entirely free * or joined by a
yellow bridge on joints 7 to 9 containing a red spot of varying form,
corresponding to the variety of the larva. In an example from
Bellport, Long Island, the spot was cordate, the depression in front,
pink and edged with a crimson line. In another it was in the
form of a cross, darker, shaded with brown on the latticed ridges and
encroaching on the subdorsal line. (See Z. dalida, pl. VI, fig. 4.)
In others the shape was circular, or of the form of the ‘‘club”’ or
‘<spade’”’ as usually depicted on playing cards. There is also another
spot at the anterior end. In the Bellport larva it was elliptical, cover-
ing joint 3 dorsally, bright red and edged with yellow. In another
from Fort Lee, N. J., it was shaded with dark brown like the central
spot. It was present in a larva which lacked the central spot entirely.
Length, 4.2-6.3 mm.

Stage VI7.—(Plate VI, figs. 5 to 9.) Shape as described. Dorsal
space of uniform width, scarcely narrowing anteriorly. Skin rather
regularly coarsely watery granular on the latticed ridges, the depressed
spaces narrow, finely granular. Color pale yellowish green, pigmented
in the dorsal and upper half of lateral space, clearer green below. All
the depressed spaces yellow in the bottom, the largest with glandular
green ceaters. Subdorsal line yellow, straight from joint 3 to the tail,
rather broad. On the anterior edge of joint 3 a red mark, widened
along the edge, produced backward in the dorsal space more or less.
The central dorsal red mark is very variable. It may be absent (Plate
VI, fig. 8) or represented only by a narrow yellow bridge on joint 8
slightly red tinted (Plate VI, fig. 9). The usual form is a rounded
cross, reaching on the sides nearly or quite to the lateral depressed
spaces (4) and in the dorsal space on joints 7 to 9; it may be enlarged
to a hexagon (Plate VI, fig. 6) or extend in a dorsal band the whole

* Out of 263 larvzee which were found in an oak woods at Yaphank, L. I., only
three were entirely without the yellow bridge (Plate VI, fig. 8).

98 JournaL New YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI,

length (Plate VI, fig. 5). The color is crimson, marked with purplish
brown or blackish on the latticed ridges in the place of the usual spots,
a more or less distinct square pale spot covering the depressed space (1)
of joints 7-8. Length, 6.3-10 mm.

Cocoon as usual.

food-plants.—Chestnut, oak, hickory, wild cherry.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. Stage I, side view enlarged, diagrammatic.

2. One of the single setze more enlarged.

3. Larva in stage III enlarged.

4. Granules from young larva.

5- Mature larva, enlarged, full pattern.
«“ 6. The same, widest spot.

7. Front and side views.

8. Mature larva, most reduced pattern,

9. The same, a small red spot.
cé IO,
66 II

Moth of Heterogenea flexuosa.
. The same, variety c@sonza.

NOTES ON SPECIES OF NOCTUA WITH DESCRIP-
TIONS OF NEW FORMS.

PLATE VII.
By Joun. B. SmituH, Sc.D.

In 1890 I published a revision of the species theretofore lumped under
the generic term Agrofis, as Bulletin No. 44 of the U. S. National Mu-
seum, and divided up the species among fifteen genera, new and old.
The general conclusions reached in that paper have approved themselves.
to me since that period; but the increased material has necessitated
some changes in the standing of certain species.

The genus /Voctwa as restricted by me contained species with all the
tibize spinose, the anterior not heavily armed ; front smooth and feebly
convex ; antennze in the male ciliate only; vestiture hairy, scaly or mixed ;
primaries with apices rectangular or rounded, and as a whole rather
subparallel, if varying in width.

Nothing essential need be added to this description, and all the new
forms since seen fit very nicely into the definition. Most of the addi-

June, 1898.] SmitH: NortTH AMERICAN NOCTUID. 99

tions have come from the northern portion of our country and empha-
size the character of the genus as one of either high altitude or high lati-
tude. It is quite probable that a few species yet remain to be discovere |
and these will in all likelihood be rather close allies to something already
described.

The receipt of material from Manitoba and Calgary has, within the
past few years, added considerable to our knowledge of the species of
this genus and a very interesting example of close relationship is re-
corded here.

The additions above referred to have also enabled us to gain a bet-
ter idea of the specific standing of some of our species and some of these
facts are here recorded.

Noctua smithii Sve/en.

Tijdschr. voor Entomologie, XX XIX, 157.

baja {Smith.

Bulletin 44, U.S. Nat. Mus. 78.

All authors who had written on the subject up to the date of Snellen’s
paper have assumed the identity of the European and North American
examples labelled Jaya. Speyer, Zeller, Moeschler and Grote have all
examined specimens from both countries and considered them as repre-
sentatives of one species only. In the Revision above cited I pointed
out that both Lederer and Speyer refer to the anterior tibice as unarmed,
while in all the specimens seen by me they were spinose. Unfortunately
I had no European examples for comparison, hence could only suggest
the question: ‘‘ whether we have not here as in the case of ¢rzangulum
and xormaniana, distinct species.” Snellen has carefully compared
specimens from both countries and finds the European form with con-
stantly unarmed fore tibie. He therefore names the American form as
above, while the structural difference thus brought out, assigns Jaya to
my genus Ahynchagrotis. It is certainly remarkable that so well marked
a structural difference should separate species superficially so much
alike.

Snellen prefers to separate the European species on a somewhat dif-
ferent basis from that proposed by me, and does not accept my genera
for their comparatively small number of forms. It must remain for the
student with collections from all countries for comparison, to decide
as to the advisability of subdivision and to select the basis for it.

It is also pointed out that Carneades Grt., is long since preoccupied
by Bates, in Coleoptera. If the rule is to be strictly enforced, Mr.
Grote’s tern’ must give way, probably to Chera Hubner.

100 JourNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Noctua hospitalis Gro¢e.

Of this species I knew only the female type from the Hill collection
in 1890. Mr. Grote was inclined in 1886 to consider this a form of
perconflua, but as I pointed out, it is much nearer to the European
brunnea. "Two years ago Dr. Ottolengui took a perfect male at Man-
chester, N. H., which he kindly gave me, and recently I saw a specimen
in the Strecker collection, labelled simply «‘ N. Y.”’

The latter specimen was named drunnea and, compared with Euro-
pean examples in the same collection, no superficial differences were ap-
parent. In view of what has appeared in other instances—notably that
of daya—it would be unsafe to cite the two as identical ; hence I present
a picture of the male genitalia (Plate VII, fig. 9) for comparison with
those of the European drunnea by any one with specimens of the latter
at hand.

Noctua rubifera Grz

There has been much confusion in collections between rzdifera and
perconflua, and even Jabels in Mr. Grote’s handwriting are not always
correctly applied. When the western forms were added, leading to
rosaria, the confusion became yet greater and there seemed to be almost
no line of division. swrialis Grote, described from Washington I re-
ferred from a comparison of types in 1891 as a probable geographical
race of perconfiua.

Within the last five years I have received material in this group
from all the Pacific Coast States, from Vancouver, from British Colum-
bia, from Manitoba and from Calgary, and the result of a renewed
study has been the conclusion that there are more species than has been
realized, and that even in the East two species have been confused under
the name rubifera. Fortunately Mr. Grote gives us a figure of his spe-
cies (Can. Ent., VII, pl. I, f. 14), and of this type I have four examples
from Orono, Me., Sharon Springs and the Adirondack Mountains, New
York.

The sexual characters of the two males agree, and are not those fig-
ured by me on pl. IV, f. 37, Bull. 44 U.S. Nat. Museum. They are
represented on the accompanying Plate VII, fig. 2. This species has the
primaries rather narrow, especially in the male, the apex almost rect-
angular, outer margin evenly curved and the inner margin nearly
straight. None of the ornamentation is at all contrasting, yet in most
specimens a diffuse darker median shade is traceable.

June, 1898.] SmITH: NORTH AMERICAN NOCTUID&. 101

Noctua cynica, sp. nov.

This species reminds one of Orthodes cynica in wing form and gen-
eral appearance, hence I give it the same name. As compared with
rubifera, with which it has been confused, it is much broader winged,
with both costal and inner margins curved at least as decidedly as in
perconflua. In maculation it does not differ from rzdzfera, except in
the lack of a median shade in the specimens before me. But this may
not be permanent, and I attribute most value to the wing form and the
totally different genitalia of the male. It was this form that I dissected
to illustrate rvdifera in pl. IV, f. 37 of Bulletin 44, already cited, and
a new figure is given on pl. VII, fig. 3, herewith. The differences be-
tween the two are simply in details and partly due to a difference in
mounts. My examples are from the vicinity of Albany, N. Y.

It is not impossible that one or the other of these forms may really
be the same as the European 7d, or the latter may even agree with one
of the western forms. Unfortunately I have none for comparison.

Noctua jucunda Wik. = perconflua GRT.

This species has approximately the wing-form described for cynica,
but is more brightly marked. All the specimens I have seen are dis-
tinctly mottled or shaded with yellow and the transverse lines are more
irregular. The reniform is more regularly kidney-shaped and both
spots are mottled, the orbicular quite usually open above.

The male was not before me in 1890, and a figure of the genitalia is
presented herewith on pl. VII, fig. 4. It will be seen at once that it is
of the same type as in cyzzca while yet very different in detail, and it
shows that the new species follows its ally in wing form rather than that
most like it in ornamentation.

Noctua calgary, sp. nov.

At various times Mr. F. H. Wolley Dod has been sending me exam-
ples which I have not been satisfied to place with either 7wdcfera or ro-
saria, but named vosaria, I think. ‘The recent receipt of specimens
bringing the number up to three males and one female—a much better
series was unfortunately ruined in sending—makes it possible for me to
decide that we have a new species to deal with. Superficially it is dis-
tinct by the more trigonate primaries, which have rectangular apices,
the outer margin straight to vein 3, then forming an obvious though
obtuse angle inwardly. In all the specimens the ordinary spots are
gray powdered and the median shade is obvious. ‘The s. t. space is the
darkest part of the wing in all examples and contrasts with the pale ter-

102 JourNAL NEw YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VL.

minal space. ‘This is exactly opposite to what is usually found in 7z-
bifera and rosaria, and by this and the wing form the species may be
recognized, I think.

The sexual characters of the male are quite different from those of
the other allied species and are figured on plate VII, fig. 5. The de-
rivation is evidently from the rudifera type, but is modified in both
harpe and clasper at least as much as is indicated by the difference in
wing form.

The examples before me vary in the amount of contrast in the orna-
mentation. In one specimen the space between the ordinary spots is
black filled ; in another it is still a little darker than the ground color;
the others are intermediate. The female has the outer half of the median
space darker than the basal portion of the wing ; but this is probably not
a sexual characteristic.

The dates given are in June and July and one specimen is marked
bred from larva beaten from sallows at night. Mr. Dod writes that he
bred two examples and that the species is not uncommon.

Noctua rosaria G7?.

This species I have from British Columbia, Washington and the
Sierra Nevada, California. It is like rwdzfera in size and wing form but
the ground appears more even, while yet the ordinary spots seem more
mottled. The specimens have a somewhat more rusty shading, which
yet gives the impression of a velvety surface. It is almost impossible to:
put the difference into words ; yet it exists and is visible on comparison,
while its importance is demonstrated by the genital characters which are
shown at plate VII, figs. 6 and 7. ‘The differences between the two:
figures is that between a flat mount (fig. 6) and one in a cell (fg. 7);
the latter showing the natural curves and position of parts.

Noctua esurialis Gr+.

I have specimens from Corfield, Vancouver and from Portland,
Oregon, which I take to be this species. Thespecimens from Vancouver
agree perfectly with Mr. Grote’s description and with my notes on the
type when I referred it as a probable geographic race of jucunda. The
latter it is decidedly not, but I am not certain that it is not a form of
rosaria. Compared with the latter it seems somewhat broader winged
and dirtier ; darker and more sordid in color. Yet the differences are
scarcely tangible and as my material is almost all from electric light
globes it leaves something to be desired.

The genital structure of the male indicates a good species, but leaves.

June, 1898.] Smita: NortH AMERICAN NOCTUID&. 103

some doubt. The differences will be found in comparing fig. 8, in plate
VII, with those cited for rosarza. The chief point is in the much nar-
rower harpes and this amount of variation I have not seen equalled else-
where in the same species. Three males, one from Corfield and two
from Oregon are practically identical, while three specimens of rosaria
from the three localities represented are also practically the same.

This study of the forms allied to 7zd¢/era will serve to indicate that
our knowledge of the species is by no means even yet complete and that
much remains to be done. The material in collections even of the
Eastern forms is altogether insufficient in amount and character to fairly
illustrate the species. All the examples of the forms referred to here
should be preserved for careful study.

Noctua inopinatus, sp. nov.

Among the material received from Mr. A. W. Hanham, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, are specimens that I have named haruspica with some doubt.
Other examples from Corfield, Vancouver and 264 (Gillette) Colorado,
have increased that doubt and I venture the above name to indicate a
form intermediate between the eastern Aarusfica and the western szerra.
In size the new species averages less than haruwspica and the color is as
a whole more evenly smoky and with less red. The ordinary spots are
somewhat better relieved, while the median lines tend to become broken
and incomplete, while yet the detached parts may be well marked.

In all other respects, including sexual structure of the male, the
agreement is with harwspica and the species may be deemed an impres-
sionist one, rather than one based on sharply definable characters.
Plate VII, fig. 1, illustrates the sexual pieces, the figure given in my
Revision having been made, as now appears, from an imperfect speci-
men.

Noctua treatii G77.

Since I wrote in 18go this species has turned up in several places and
is now well represented in a number of collections. To the locality
given in my catalogue must be added Jefferson, N. H.; Adirondack
Mountains, N. Y.; Central Maine and Calgary, Canada. None of
the examples seen approaches in size the specimen referred to in my Re-
vision and now in the U. S. National Museum.

Noctua exuberans, sp. nov.

Ground color gray, varying from reddish to almost ashen, more or less irrorated.
Head without markings; palpi deep brown at the sides. Collar with the lower half
deep sienna brown. Thorax otherwise without markings. Primaries with the
median lines obsolete, except on costa where the basal, t. a. and t. p. lines are indi-
cated by black spots, A median shade is indicated by a brownish cloud, In one

104 JouRNAL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

‘specimen it is possible to trace a vague t. a. line part way across the wing. Thes.t.
line is indicated but is broken, a little paler, principally marked by the slightly darker
terminal space and toward the costa also by a dusky preceding cloud. The orbicular
is wanting in the specimens before me. The reniform is small, kidney shaped,
black; but with indefinite outlines and incomplete superiorly. Secondaries whitish,
iridescent, becoming smoky at the margin, where there is a brown terminal line
setting off the white fringes. Beneath whitish, a little powdered at the margins, the
primaries a little darker than the secondaries, and in one specimen almost smoky.
Expanse, 1,60 inches — 40 mm.

ffabitat : Glenwood Springs, Colorado, in July; Dr. Barnes.

Three male specimens are before me, each differing a little in color ;
but otherwise very similar. ‘The species is allied to Zubricans; Dut is
larger and with much less trace of the ordinary markings, while on the
other hand the reniform is much more distinct. In most of the
examples of /dricans the transverse lines may be made out. In this
species there is no appearance of them except on the costa. Two of
the specimens are uniform in color, although different in shade. The
third specimen is ashen gray along the costa and in the terminal space,
while the rest of the wing has a reddish cast. The species reminds
one somewhat of zzczvzs, but the wing form is different.

In sexual characters the insect agrees in general with the group in
which I have placed it, and is one of those showing no very character-
istic features. It is represented in Plate VII, fig. 1o.

Noctua bolteri, sp. nov.

Ground color red with a violet tinge. The markings rusty brown and black. The
vestiture of the head and thorax is defective, hence it is impossible to say whether or
not they are maculate. Basal line geminate, black, emphasized by brown scales,
continuing to the submedian vein and from that point obliquely outward to the inner
margin. At this point there is an oblique brown shade which marks the middle of
the lower half of the median space. In the cell there is, almost midway between the
basal and t. a. line, an upright black mark which is inwardly margined by yellowish
scales. T.a line geminate, the outer part black, the inner brown ; included space
marked with yellow scales. As a whole the line is nearly upright to the submedian
vein and then with a strong outcurve to the inner margin. T. p. line geminate, lunu-
la'e, with a square outward bend over the cell, then incurved below ; made up of
black lunules f»llowed by yellow scales and outwardly margined by a rusty brown,
rather broad and nearly even line. S. t. line yellow, irregular, forming a W on veins
3 and 4, preceded by a distinct brown shade which becomes blackish toward the
costa. A series of black terminal lunu'es, which are outwardly marked with yellow.
Th:re is a brown, irregular median shade. Claviform large, filling nearly the entire
space between the median and submedian ve'ns; outlined by black scales within
which is a yellow line, and the whole is filled with brown. Orbicular large, oval, in-
complete above, outlined by black scales within which is a yellow annulus. Reni-
form very large, broad, hardly kidney shaped, outlined with black scales, then annu-
late with yellow; the center with a whitish lunule. Secondaries smoky gray, the

June, i898 J SmitH: NortH AMERICAN NOCTUIDA. 105

fringes almost white, a vague trace of a discal lunule showing from below. Beneath
primaries pale, powdered along the margin with carmine scales, and with a vague
discal spot. Secondaries with a more distinct discal spot and incomplete outer line.
Expanse, 1.32 inches = 33 mm.

FTabitat: Was Vegas, New Mexico, July rith.

A single female specimen was received from Mr. A. Bolter, after
whom I have named this most remarkable insect. It is totally unlike
any other of the described species in every respect and at first sight re-
calls some of the /éwszzd forms allied to Déastema, yet it has all the
characters of the genus /Voctwa to which I refer it, and in this genus it
stands by itself. Its occurrence in New Mexico contradicts the general
distribution of the genus which I have elsewhere referred to, and the
male may present characters which will induce the reference of the spe-
cies to some other genus.

Noctua plebeia, sp. nov.

Ground color a dirty clay yellow, with blackish powderings which give it a sordid
appearance. Head and thorax without obvious markings. The tip of the collar
paler, the general shading of the thorax a little darker than the primaries. There is
an obvious divided anterior and posterior tuft. All the markings are traceable,
though all are more or less incomplete. Basal line geminate, black, extending to
the submedian vein. T. a. line geminate, black, incomplete both parts of the line
almost equally distinct ; as a whole with a very slight outcurve. T p. line blackish,
powdery, geminate, very even, feebly bisinuate. S t. line consisting of a series of
very black spots which may become partly united into a broken line, and outwardly
margined by a few yellowish scales. There is a series of brown or blackish terminal
lunules, beyond which is a yellowish line at the base of the fringes. There is a dif-
fuse median shade which is hardly marked on the costa; but is obvious below the
median vein. The claviform is outlined by brown and black scales and filled with
brown: Orbicular moderate in size, oval, rather irregular, outlined by pale scales,
black filled. Reniform large, kidney shaped, outlined by yellowish and brown scales,
and filled with black. The space between the ordinsry spots is brown. Secondaries
smoky fuscous, the fringes considerab'y paler. Beneath, smoky, powdery, the pri-
maries darker; the secondaries with a very distinct large discal spot and a broad
median line. On the primaries similar marks are traceable. Expanse, I.40 to 1.60
inches — 35 to 40 mm.

Habitat : Vancouver, August 14th ; Livingston. British Columbia ;
California.

I have two males and one female, and have seen other specimens ;
one at least from Oregon, and I think also a specimen or two from
Washington. The California specimen is the only female and is, I be-
lieve, from some point in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. This species is
very well marked and is unlike any others of those that are described.
In a general way it is allied to Jaya, or, as it must now be known, smirhii,

106 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

but the most obvious difference and the one that will enable this species
to be readily recognized is in the black filled ordinary spots. In this
character the species is unique. The insect gives the impression, some-
how, of a dirty creature.

The male parts are very simple, consisting of a single upright corne-
ous process on a broad triangular harpe.

Setagrotis elata, sp. nov.

Ground color ash gray, varying in general shade from a yellowish to a bluish
tinge. Head and thorax without markings of any kind. Primaries with all the
markings obscured and very feebly traceable. The median lines are always visible as
geminate black costal spots, but beyond that they are only vaguely indicated. Ina
general way and so far as can be indicated the t. a. line seems to be a little outcurved
between the veins, and as a whole a little outcurved in its course. Thet. p. line is
even, with an even outcurve over the cell and an almost equally even incurve. The
s. t. line is whitish, irregular, broken, well defined by a blackish preceding shade
and by the somewhat darker terminal space. The claviform is merely indicated by a
few black scales. Orbicular round, of moderate size, incompletely defined by a few
black scales, within which is a somewhat more distinct circlet of yellowish scales.
‘The reniform is moderate in size, als» incompletely outlined by black and yellow
scales, the lower portion filled with blackish and forming quite a prominent feature in
the markings of the wing. Secondaries in the male white, with a vague smoky outer
margin and a narrow discal lunule. In the female more smoky, with a blackish outer
margin and discal lunule. Beneath whitish, powdery, with a more or less marked
outer line and discal spot on both wings. Expanse, 1.50-1.60 inches = 36-40 mm.

Hfabitat : Colorado.

I have three specimens, two males and one female, received from
Professor C. P. Gillette, and numbered 565, 2610 and 2732. The
specimens differ considerably, and yet resemble each other quite closely,
The female is the larger and much the darker. All the specimens agree
in showing the black filled reniform and pale, dark bordered s. t. line.
as the only prominent features in the wing.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

Fig. 1. Harpe and clasper of /Voctua tnopinatus, male.
Soe ss e os Noctua rubifera, male.
ieee Gt SS oe Noctua cynica, male.
G4, | «oC Ge OG Noctua jucunda, male.
Cte aN GG Ol Noctua calgary, male.
66) 6G C6 6G Noctua rosaria, male.
7 66 G6 56 Noctua rosaria, male.

GON CU “e GG Noctua esurialis, male.
0 @) fe fe os Noctua hospitals, male.
OG Tey | 06 Ct oe Noctua exuberans, male.

All the figures are drawn with a camera lucida and to the same scale.

June, 1898.] ScaHaus: New Species OF NOCTUID. 107

NEW SPECIES OF NOCTUIDAE FROM TROPICAL
AMERICA.

By WILLIAM SCHAUS.

Noctua herculeana, sp. nov.

Head and thorax reddish brown. Abdomen griy. Primaries at the base viola-
ceous, limited by a geminate velvety black basal line ; the antemedial line partly gem-
inate, oblique and not reaching the inner margin, most heavily marked on the costa ;
the space before the antemedial line grayish; the median space violaceous brown ;
orbicular indistinct, partly surrounded by black ; the reniform large, diffuse, whitish
gray ; the postmedial line fine, geminate, followed by a row of small spots ; the post-
medial space light brown, followed by the broad dark violaceous brown margin. Sec-
ondaries smoky brown. Expanse, 60 mm.

ffabitat : Trojes, Mexico.

Agrotis aureolum, sp. nov.

Head golden yellow. Collar and thorax concolorous, dark reddish brown.
Primaries similar to Agrotis malefida Gn, but browner and the postmedial line more
distinct. Secondaries pure white. Expanse, 4o mm.

Habitat: Castro, Parana.

Agrotis perotensis, sp. nov.

Body light reddish brown. Primaries light reddish brown; the lines very fine
and slightly darker ; basal and antemedial lines somewhat oblique and hardly wavy ;
the postmedial very slightly curved beyond the cell and marked by minute points on
the veins ; subterminal line wavy, paler than the ground color and inwardly shaded
with darker brown especially towards the costa; orbicular large, very oblique ; reni-
form large, kidney shaped, both spots olive brown, surrounded by a pale line. Sec-
ondaries white with a slight reddish brown tinge; fringe darker; discocellular well
marked. Expanse, 41 mm.

fTabitat : Las Vigas, on the Cofre de Perote. Elevation 10,000 ft.

Agrotis oaxacana, sp. nov.

Body very dark brown, almost black. Primaries blackish brown; lighter brown
along the basal half of costa to below cell; the antemecial and postmedial lines
geminate, indistinct; a subterminal light brown shade crossed on veins 4 and 5 by
black streaks; claviform very small; orbicular and reniform hardly perceptible ;
some light brown spots at the base of the fringe. Secondaries smoky black, whitish
towards the base; fringe go!'den. Expanse, 39 mm.

Habitat : Oaxaca, Mexico.
I have only received 2‘? 9 of this distinct species.

108 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Agrotis molepa, sp. nov.

g. Antennze pectinated. Head and thorax light reddish brown. Abdomen
yellowish white. Primaries light reddish brown; antemedial line replaced by three
black spots, on costa, median and submedian veins; postmedial line punctiform,
black, hardly curved on costa and parallel with outer margin ; reniform small, black.
Secondaries pearly white. Expanse, 36 mm.

FHfabitat: Castro, Parana.

What I consider as the 9 of this species has the primaries dark red-
dish brown with transverse black strize, making the costal margin much
darker; orbicular represented by a black point; reniform small, black.
Secondaries white, thinly speckled with black. Expanse, 42 mm.

Flabitat : Castro, Parana.

Amathes gasiva, sp. nov.

Head and thorax dark gray, the scales tipped with white, and a black central
line on the collar. Abdomen brown with a subdorsal basal tuft of dark gray scales.
Primaries dark gray ; the basal line black, indistinct ; the antemedial line black, out-
wardly curved between the veins ; the postmedial inwardly curved between the veins,
more narrowly black, but very distinct and followed by a line of dark scales; the
subterminal wavy, lighter gray, preceded and followed by a brownish shade; the
veins on outer margin blackish ; the claviform outlined in black; the orbicular and
reniform large, tinged with brown and irregularly outlined with black; a broad dark
brown median shade crossing the wing between the spots. Secondaries brown,
whitish towards the base; a terminal white line. Underneath light grayish with a
minute discal spot and postmedial line. Expanse, 28 mm.

Habitat: Las Vigas, Mexico. Elevation 10,000 ft.
Strongly resembles 4. ¢esse/loides Grote.

Amathes yaxcaba, sp. nov.

Head and thorax gray, the anterior portion of collar velvety black. Abdomen
light grayish brown. Primaries gray, minutely speckled with black ; a basal black
line not reaching the inner margin; the antemedial line diffusely angulate, irregular,
sometimes only visible on the costal margins ; the postmedial represented by a black
spot on costa; the subterminal most indistinct, forming a faintly darker shade near
costa ; reniform indistinctly and unevenly outlined in black. Secondaries white, with
a fine terminal brown line. Underneath primaries and costal margin of secondaries
grayish. Expanse, 33 mm.

Flabitat : Orizaba, Mexico.
This species is allied to A. 4zbricans Gn, and the Q is easily dis-
tinguished by the white secondaries.

Mentaxya butleri, sp. nov.

Body light gray. Primaries silvery gray with all the markings very indistinct ;
a basal interrupted line; a geminate antemedial and a geminate postmedial line

June, 1898.] ScHaus: NrEw SPECIES OF NOCTUIDA. 109

darker gray ; a median and a subterminal reddish brown shade ; the orbicular and
reniform finely outlined in dark gray. Secondaries white, the margins faintly shaded
with brown. Expanse, 30 mm.

ffabitat : Jalapa, Mexico.
There is a specimen of this species in the B. M. from Rio Janeiro.

Mentaxya biformis, sp. nov.

Head and thorax gray with a reddish or black spot anteriorly on the collar.
Primaries gray, crossed by numerous transverse brownish strice ; a minute dark basal
spot on the costa; the antemedial line straight, inwardly oblique, crossing the clavi-
form which is represented by a small black spot ; outer line curved beyord the cell, in-
distinct ; orbicular absent; reniform small, reddish brown. Inthe 9 the lines and
reniform are also absent. Secondaries pearly white in the ¢, the margins shaded
with brown in the 9. Expanse, 33-36 mm.

Ffabitat : Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.
I may here mention that MZentaxya lucilla Btl., is a synonym of A.
messium Gn.

Anicla mahalpa, sp. nov.

Head and thorax light gray or pale buff, the anterior portion of thorax sometimes
reddish or velvety brown. Primaries light gray or pale buff with transverse darker
strize, and thinly speckled with black ; a few reddish scales in the cell and subtermin-
ally ; the outer margin irregularly dark gray; a terminal row of dark points ; three
dark points on the costa ; orbicular absent ; reniform spotted and surrounded by small
black sagittate marks. Secondaries and fringe pearly white. Expanse, 38 mm.

flabitat : Castro, Parana.
The peculiar reniform and pearly white secondaries distinguish this
species from A. zzczvis Gn., to which it is otherwise allied.

Carneades colima, sp. nov.

Head and thorax brownish yellow. Primaries brownish yellow, brightest along
the costal margin and at the base ; two small dark brown basal spots, below the costa
and median vein; antemedial line dark brown, angular ; postemedian line puncti-
torm on the veins, connected by a lunate shade ; the subterminal very fine, indistinct ;
the extreme margin brownish with a terminal row of black points ; orbicular repre-
sented by a brownish patch ; reniform large, kidney shape, brownish, circled with yel-
low. Secondaries wh'te with an interrupted dark terminal line. Expanse, 41 mm.

Flabitat : Colima, Mexico.

Carneades cofrensis, sp. nov.

Head and thorax grayish; collar with a black posterior line. Abdomen light
brown. Primaries light green, mottled with brown ; basal and antemedial lines white,
connected by a brown patch below the median vein; some brownish shades on the
costa and a large white spot above the median vein ; space between spots and before

110 JouRNAL NEw YoRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

orbicular brown ; claviform large, brown; orbicular greenish, speckled with brown
and broadly circled with white ; reniform large, indistinctly outlined and shaded with
brown and partly margined with white ; postmedial line brown, denticulate, outwardly
shaded with white and outwardly preceded by a brown shade below the reniform ;
subterminal indistinct, forming a broad shade; a terminal row of triangular black
spots; fringe gray. Secondaries light gray, with a darker terminal line and the discal
spot of the underside clearly visible. Expanse, 35 mm.

Habitat : as Vigas on the Cofre de Perote, Mexico. Elevation
10,000 feet.

Polyphzenis psittacea, sp. nov.

Head and thorax bright green. Abdomen trown with a few subdorsal greenish
tufts. Primaries bright green; the lines brown, geminate ; the antemedial irregular
wavy, the basal straight, the postmedial crenulate; the subterminal shade heavy and
irregular, brown, followed apically by some brownish spots; a terminal crenulate
black line. Secondaries reddish brown, paler towards the base; an interrupted
darker terminal line; the fringe partly green. Underneath primaries reddish brown ;
secondaries lighter brown, with a discal spot, postmedial line, and broad marginal
band all reddish brown. Expanse, 35 mm.

flabitat: Aroa, Venezuela. Jalapa, Mexico.

Poly phzenis aurea, sp. nov.

Head and thorax bright green. Abdomen golden yellow with a brownish sub-
dorsal line. Primaries bright green ; basal marks blackish, irregular, antemedial line
brown, geminate from costa to median vein only, then single, fine angular to inner
margin ; postmedial line fine, black, wavy, deeply curved beyond the cell, and border-
ing a large brown median space on the inner margin; vein 6 black, from postmedial
line to outer margin; subterminal shade only visible at apex. Secondaries golden
yellow with a large apical reddish brown spot. Primaries below with the basal half
and inner margin golden yellow, otherwise dark brown; secondaries below golden
yellow with a broad brown band on the apical half of the outer margin, and a small
brown spot on the costal margin. Expanse, 40mm.

Flabitat: Aroa, Venezuela.

Mamestra zobira, sp. nov.

Body dark brown, paler dorsal tufts on the abdomen. Primaries dark violaceous
brown, the lines fine, black ; the basal line outwardly, the antemedial line inwardly
shaded with reddish brown ; the postmedial line crenulate, outwardly shaded with
reddish brown; the subterminal broken into an irregular row of reddish brown spots,
inwardly shaded with black, the spot at inner angle being the largest; a few minute
pale spots on the costa; the orbicular absent ; the reniform indistinct, mottled with
reddish brown scales. Secondaries whitish in the disc, otherwise black. Expanse,
31 mm.

fTabitat : Orizaba, Mexico. Jamaica, W. I.

June, 1898.] ScHAaus: New Species oF NOcTUID&. 111

Mamestra janeira, sp. nov.

Body dull brown. Primaries reddish brown, darker along the costa and outer
margin ; the lines fine, black, basal line geminate, angular ; antemedial line geminate,
wavy ; postmedial line crenulate, followed by points on the veins; subterminal line
punctiform outwardly shaded with yellowish brown; orbicular large, dark, finely
outlined in black and fusing with the darker costal margin; reniform light reddish
brown, partly outlined in black, with a minute white spot in its lower portion ; a dark
median shade curved, and connected to the lower portion of the reniform by a dark
line. Secondaries dull brown; underneath paler with a postmedial dark wavy line
and a large black discal spot on the secondaries. Expanse, 35 mm.

FTabitat : Rio Janeiro.

Mamestra trocas, sp. nov.

Head and thorax light dull brown; abdomen paler. Primaries light brown, lines
darker, very fine and indistinct ; the basal and antemedial lines wavy and slightly
curved ; a dark median shade angled below the reniform ; the postmedial geminate,
widely apart, broken, almost punctiform ; a subterminal row of small black spots,
outwardly shaded with white towards the apex ; a yellowish white spot at the inner
angle ; the spots faintly outlined in black, the reniform containing a few yellowish
scales. Secondaries light smoky brown. Expanse, 33 mm.

Ffabitat : Castro, Parana.
This species is closely allied to 47. dotata Druce.

Mamestra baruna, sp. nov.

g. Antenne pectinated, yellow. Head and thorax reddish brown; abdomen
grayish brown ; anal hairs rufous. Primaries dark reddish brown, the lines indistinct ;
the antemedial outwardly curved between the veins ; a postmedial and a subterminal
row of black points; the costal margin and fringe reddish; the orbicular minute,
circled with white ; the reniform large quadrate, whitish gray. Secondaries pale yel-
lowish with an indistinct marginal shade. Expanse, 40 mm.

Ffabitat : Castro, Parana.

The 9 has the primaries rich reddish brown, the veins somewhat
darker; the spots asin the ¢. Secondaries brownish black with red-
dish fringe.

Mamestra subpicta, sp. nov.

Body dark gray ; abdomen rufous beneath. Primaries above dark blackish gray,
the lines black and indistinct; some mottling from the base to the antemedial line, and
the space between the postmedial and subterminal lines, light brown; a terminal row
of black points and some brownish spots on the fringe; orbicular small, reniform,
large, both light brown circled with black. Secondaries very dark brown, the fringe
whitish. Underneath the primaries light rufous along the costa and subterminal
space ; the cell and apical half of outer margin black ; a wavy black postmedial line.
Secondaries below whitish, thickly mottled with reddish, scales towards the apex ; a

112 JourNAL New YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VE.

large black discal spot, and the commencement of a broad black antemedial band; a
wavy black postmedial line. Expanse, 22 mm.

Habitat : Orizaba, Mexico.

Hecatera marmica, sp. nov.

Head and collar whitish speckled, with black. Thorax dark gray. Abdomen
light brown. Primaries blackish gray ; the lines indistinct ; the basal line followed
by a broad white band from the costa to the submedian vein ; a broad subterminal
white siade interrupted above angle by a dark spot, occupying inner margin from the
postmedial line to the angle itself; fringe dark gray, spotted with white ; postmedial
line denticulate ; orbicular dark, hardly discernible; reniform large, mottled gray
and white. Secondaries white with the costal margin and a terminal line brownish.
Expanse, 30 mm. ;

Habitat : Oaxaca, Mexico.

Hadena lignaris, sp. nov.

Head and collar light brown: posterior portion of collar and two transverse lines
reddish brown. ‘Thorax reddish brown. Abdomen light brown. Primaries reddish
brown with numerous longitudinal light and dark brown lines; the transverse lines
hardly perceptible, light brown and very irregular ; spots small, indistinct with a cen-
tral dark point. Secondaries brown, semitransparent towards the base; a discal
‘spot. Expanse, 34 mm.

Habitat : U.S. Colombia.

This species is allied ¢ Hadena ordinarius Btl., and A. patina
Harv. Both ordinarius and patina are common in Mexico and may
eventually prove to be the same species.

Alibama scuroba, sp. nov.

Head and thorax blackish brown; abdomen lighter brown. Primaries blackish
brown with the markings very indistinct ; the lines fine, velvety black; the basal line
angular, the antemedial outwardly curved between the veins, the postmedial in-
wardly curved; the subterminal shade narrow, brown, followed by a dusky dark
gray marginal shade; the spots finely outlined in black. Secondaries pearly white
with a terminal dark line and some postmedial clusters of dark scales on the veins.
Expanse, 30 mm.

Flabitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

The female has the outer half of the secondaries black, the base
white. Expanse, 36 mm.

This species bears a strong resemblance to the dark forms of
Alibama terens W\ik.=A. pulchra Moésch, but the secondaries are very
distinct.

Oligia niveiplaga, sp. nov.

Head, collar and patagice lizht reddish brown ; thorax white ; abdomen brown.
Primaries light brown ; the inner margin wh'te, the upper portion of this white space

June, 1898 ] Scuaus: New Species or Nocruin#. 113

circular ; the lines fine, black, indistinct, not crossing the white portion of the wing ;
orbicular and reniform finely outlined in black ; a broad black streak from the cell
across lower portion of reniform to the outer margin ; the subterminal shade white, in-
distinct. Secondaries white, the apex and adjoining portion of outer margin brown ;
a minute discal spot beneath. Expanse, 27 mm.

Flabitat: Aroa, Venezuela.

Oligia apicalis, sp. nov.

Head and collar grayish yellow ; thorax reddish gray. Primaries reddish gray
speckled with black, forming indistinct lines ; the apical portion of the wing beyond
the cell and from inner angle dark brown ; on the inner margin close to angle a red-
dish brown shade, above which the indistinct subterminal shade of reddish brown
eresses the dark portion of the wing; an apical reddish gray spot. Secondaries
brown in the 9, paler at the basein the g. Expanse, 32 mm.

Habitat: Aroa, Venezuela ; Castro, Parana.

Oligia thoracica, sp. nov.

Head, collar and thorax light reddish brown, the scales tipped with white ; pata-
gize dark velvety brown. Abdomen light brown. Primaries brown, slightly mottled
with gray; the basal line black, outwardly shaded with white; the antemedial line
black, forming three curves and outwardly oblique, the costal portion outwardly
shaded with white ; the postmedial line white on costa, then finely black, outwardly
shaded with white, on which some minute black points are visible to the inner mar-
gin; a dark brown shade descends from the costa on the inner side of reniform and
joins the postmedial line at vein 2; a black space on the costa beyond the postmedial,
and a dark streak between veins 4 and 5; the subterminal shades indistinct, yellow-
ish, followed by some grayish shades ; the orbicular round, pure white ; the reniform
brown, indistinct, surrounded by darker shadings. Secondaries whitish with a mar-
ginal brown band; the discal spot and postmedial line of the underside distinctly
visible. Expanse, 30 mm.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Oligia cadema, sp. nov.

Head and collar reddish brown, thorax gray. Abdomen grayish brown. Pri-
maries brownish gray, palest beyond the postmedial line; basal line indistinct, pale ;
antemedial line light grey, forming three Jarge curves and outwardly oblique ; an in-
wardly oblique dark shade from the antemedial at the mediah vein to the base of the
inner margin ; the postmedial line geminate, finely crenulate, the space within partly
lilacine ; a darker shade to the outer margin between veins 3 and 4; the subterminal
shade indistinct, gray, shaded on either side with brown; a very dark line in the cell
between the spots; orbicular punctiform, white; reniform large, oblique, grayish,
outlined with black. Secondaries in both sexes pearly white, the apex and part of
the outer margin smoky; the discal spot and punctiform postmedial brown line of the
underside visible above. Expanse, 27 mm.

ffabitat : Castro, Parana. Described from seven specimens show-
ing variability.

114 JourNAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VB.

Trachea paranica, sp. nov.

Head and collar brownish gray. Thorax mottled olive, gray, black and white.
Abdomen dark gray. Primaries olive green, thickly mottled with lilacine gray, all
the veins being of the latter color; a broad median band being most devoid of
mottling ; the basal line black, broadly shaded with white outwardly ; the antemediab
line black, curved between the veins and inwardly bordered with white ; the postme-
dial crenulate, indistinct, slightly shaded outwardly with white; the subterminal
broad, white, and very wavy, outwardly shaded with black at the middle of the inner
margin and above the inner angle ; a terminal row of black points ; the margin lilacine
gray ; orbicular small, grayish ; reniform dark circled, indistinct. Secondaries whit-
ish at the base, otherwise grayish black. Expanse, 35 mm.

Ffabitat : Castro, Parana.

Praina, gen. nov.

Eyes naked. Antenns= pectinated. Fore tibize without spines ; mid tibiz with
three terminal spines ; hind tibize with two pairs of spines. Primaries with outer
margin rounded; vein 8 and 9 anastomosing to form the areole. Secondaries with
veins 3 and 4 slightly stalked. Abdomen long, stout, conical.

Praina radiata, sp. nov.

Head and thorax dark velvety brown ; a pale line between antennz and poster-
iorly on collar. Thorax pale buff; patagicze with a broad dark brown band. Abdo-
men light brown. Primaries pale buff; a broad brown space below subcostal vein,
and also below median vein; the submedian shaded on either side with brown; the
intervenal spaces on the outer margin dark brown. Secondaries yellowish white
with a terminal brown line. Underneath primaries and costal margin of secondaries
brown. Expanse, 32 mm.

Flabitat : Castro, Parana.

Leucania oriza, sp. nov.

Primaries light pinkish gray with a slightly darker central shade from the base to
the outer margin; a few black scales scattered over the wing; the median nervure
between veins 2 and 3 faintly white, above which there is a minute black point; a
terminal row of black points. Secondaries smoky gray, whitish at the base. Ex-
panse, 30 mm.

Flabitat: Orizaba, Mexico.

Leucania jaliscana, sp. nov.

Head and addomen ochreous; collar light reddish brown with three transverse
gray lines. Primaries light ochreous, the subcostal and median veins slightly grayish ;
the fringe and a triangular shade on the outer margin dark reddish brown; a light
reddish brown shade at the end of the cell, and a white spot on the median vein ;
some antemedial clusters of dark scales below the median vein; a postmedial row of
black points. Secondaries white with a terminal fine brown line; the base of the
fringe ochreous. Expanse, 32 mm.

Flabitat : Guadalajara, Mexico.

June, 1898.] ScHaus: New Species oF NOCcTUID&. 115

Leucania oaxacana, sp. nov.

Head ochreous gray. Collar and thorax light gray speckled with black. Primaries
light gray, the veins faintly whitish, black scales scattered over the wing, thickly so
along the median vein on which is a white spot containing a black point ; a postmedial
row of black spots ; a terminal row of black spots. Secondaries whitish gray, the
veins and a terminal line brownish. Expanse, 33 mm.

Habitat: Oaxaca, Mexico.

Leucania misteca, sp. nov.

Head and thorax reddish gray. Primaries pinkish gray speckled with black ; the
outer margin darker with long fine black streaks between the veins; a dark central
shade from the base to beyond the cell ; a minute whitish spot on the median vein ; a
postmedial and a terminal row of black points. | Secondaries white ; a terminal row
of black spots between the veins ; the apex and base of the fringe smoky. Expanse,
35 mm.

Habitat: Oaxaca, Mexico.

Leucania orizaba, sp. nov.

Body reddish gray; the collar posteriorly dark gray, anteriorly with two fine
black transverse lines. Primaries light reddish gray, the veins paler, and darker
longitudinal streaks between the veins ; some black points below the median vein ; the
postmedial row of black points very much curved, inwardly oblique, geminate from
beyond the cell; a whitish speck on the median vein preceded and followed by a
broad black streak ; a terminal row of black points ; a subapical dark shade on the
outer margin, Secondaries grayish brown, paler at the base ; the base of the fringe
yellowish. Expanse, 35 mm.

Habitat: Orizaba, Mexico.

Atethmia targa, sp. nov.

Head and thorax brown, the scales tipped with white. Abdomen rufous brown.
Primaries brown. powdered with whitish scales, the lines whitish ; the basal line al-
most invisible ; the antemedial line somewhat oblique outwardly and shaded with
darker brown especially on the basal side; a median brownish shade crossing the
reniform which is indistinct ; the postmedial line strongly angled beyond the cel! and
slightly curved inwardly to the inner margin ; the subterminal line slightly wavy ; the
orbicular represented by a brownish dot. Secondaries silvery white ; a broken termi-
nal black line. Expanse, 24 mm.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Atethmia editha, sp. nov.

Head and thorax light brown, the scales tipped with white; the collar edged
with white. Primaries brown thickly speckled with white scales, the veins finely
whitish ; all the transverse lines fine whitish ; the basal line indistinct ; the antemedial
line curved on costa, then outwardly oblique to inner margin ; the postmedial line the
heaviest and followed by a whitish shade, this line and the subterminal being parallel
with he outer margin; a terminal lunuler brown line ; the fringe mottled brown and

116 JourNAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

gray ; the orbicular and reniform distinct and dark, both finely edged with white.
Secondaries silvery white in the ¢, smoky inthe 9. Expanse, 30 mm.

Ffabitat: Castro, Parana.

Atethmia paulensis, sp. nov.

Body pale fawn color. Primaries silvery fawn color crossed by an antemedial,
postmedial and subterminal line; these three linés are fine, brown, and angled near
ihe costa; the fringe brownish ; the spots not visible. Secondaries white, the fringe
and margins narrowly silvery fawn color. Underneath fawn color with traces near the
costa of a postmedial and subterminal line; a minute spot at the end of the cell on
the primaries. Expanse, 32 mm.

Flabitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil. This species is nearly allied
to A. rectifascia Grote, from the United States.

Dacira ranapa, sp. nov.

Pal pi brown tipped with white. Head white. Collar brown with some white sca'es
posteriorly. Thorax dark brown. Abdomen light brown with a subdorsal white tuft on
the firstsegment. Primaries above with the base dark brown, limited by the antemedial
lighter brown wavy line ; the median space white ; the orbicular and reniform indis-
tinctly outlined in gray, the latter crossed by a smoky brown band, which is slightly
oblique from the costa and then forms a single outward curve to the inner margin ; the
postmedian line denticulate, velvety brown; a large dark br-wn patch from the reniform
to the postmedial line ; a brownish patch on the costal margin beyond the postmedial
and not reaching the apex; the outer margin yellowish shaded with dark brown on
the extreme margin ; fringe dark brown; the subterminal represented by a few scat-
tered dark brown scales. Secondaries whitish with the outer margin broadly grayish
brown. Underneath whitish ; the outer half of the primaries brownish ; the second-
aries with a wavy, postmedial line, a small discal spot and some grayish scales along
the costal margin. Expanse, 23 mm.

Flabitat: Castro, Parana.

Cucullia lilacina, sp. nov.

Head and anterior portion of collar dark gray; collar otherwise and thorax light
gray ; abdomen gray with the dorsal tufts dark brown. Primaries lilacine gray with-
out the usual longitudmal streaks ; the base, inner margin, and heavy streak above
the inner angle, dark brown ; the fringe on the inner margin partly black ; the apical
portion beyond the cell light reddish brown, becoming darker on the costa, where
there are three small white spots ; the orbicular of the ground color finely outlined in
black ; the reniform light reddish brown, indistinct ; a blackish shade from the costa,
between the spots not reaching the median vein. Secondaries sordid white, the
veins and outer margin brownish. Expanse, 40 mm.

flabitat: Orizaba, Mexico.

Cucullia strigata, sp. nov.

Ilead very dark gray; collar and thorax lighter gray of the same shade as C.
postera Gn; abdomen still paler, with dark gray dorsal tufts. Primaries same color

June, 1898.] Scuaus: New Species oF NocrTulpé. 1

as thorax ; same general shadings as in ©. convextpennis Grote, but darker ; a long
basal streak below the median vein; another dark streak starting on the median vein
at a third from the base and continuing along vein 5 to nearly the outer margin. Sec-
ondaries sordid white at the base, the outer margin broadly dark brown, Expanse,
45 mm.

Habitat: Jalapa, Mexico. This species bears a similarity to C.
convexipennis Grote, but the color is quite different.

Chloridea distincta, sp. nov.

Head and thorax light olive green. Abdomen brownish. Primaries light olive
green ; a brown line inwardly shaded with paler green from close to the apex on the
costal margin to nearly the middle of the inner margin. Secondaries brown in the
©, the fringe white. Secondaries in the ¢ white with a broad brown margin. Un-
derneath primaries brown, with the costa, apex and outer margin gray. Secondaries
grayish with a large brown space at anal angle; a postmedial dark line and discal
spot. A discal spot also on underside of primaries. Expanse, 32 mm.

flabitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Acontia obscura, sp. nov.

Head, collar, thorax below, and abdomen of the ¢ ventrally, also the tibize,
bright orange: tarsi black; the hind tibizee black at points. Abdomen and thorax
dorsally dark greenish black. Primaries dark greenish black. Secondaries bluish
black. Expanse, 36 mm.

flabitat: Guadalajara, Mexico.
Acontia trilinea, sp. nov.

Head, collar ¢nd body beneath, orange yellow. Thorax orange, the patagize
bordered with greenish black ; abdomen dorsally black. Primaries olive green ; the
costal vein broadly yellow to nearly the apex ; the median vein narrowly yellow, this
color extending for a short distance on veins 3 and 4; the submedian vein broadly
yellow. Secondaries bluish black. Expanse, 34 mm.

Ffabitat: Jalapa, Mexico. Possibly an extreme form of A. od-
scura Schs.

Tarache pyralidia, sp. nov.

Head and collar light rufous. Thorax dark brown. Abdomen light brown.
Primaries gray shaded with dark brown on the basal third; the outer margin broadly
light rufous, inwardly shaded with brown ; the fringe brownish. Secondaries whitish,
faintly smoky along the outer margin. Expanse, [9 mm.

Habitat: Oaxaca, Mexico.

Tarache axendra, sp. nov.

Head and collar dark olivaceous green. Thorax black. Abdomen brown.
Primaries dark olivaceous brown; traces of antemedial and postmedial black lines,
beyond the latter clusters of steel gray scales extending toward the apex; similar

118 JournAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

clusters on the inner margin ; three large white spots on the costal margin, and a
whitish patch close to anal angle ; the extreme outer margin and fringe steel gray; a
terminal row of black spots. Secondaries brown, darkest on the outer margin. Un-
derneath the secondaries are fuscous with a terminal brown shade and some dark
spots on the costal column. Expanse, 21 mm.

Flabitat: (Guadalajara, Mexico.

Tarache mizteca, sp. nov.

Head and thorax dark steel gray. Collar whitish. Abdomen yellowish, Pri-
maries with the anterior half olivaceous and three large spots on the costal margin ;
the inner margin dark steel gray, with traces of an antemedial and postmedial dark
line ; a large white spot at the anal angle containing some clusters of grayish scales
and a terminal interrupted black line. Secondaries white with the outer margins

‘brownish yellow, especially at the apex. Underneath yellowish, the dark portions of
the primaries visible. Expanse, 25 mm.

Flabitat: Oaxaca, Mexico.

Tarache jaliscana, sp. nov.

Head black. Collar and thorax white. Abdomen brown above, white below.
Primaries white, the marginal third of the wing violaceous brown shaded inwardly
with olive green ; some terminal patches of lilacine scales, and a double grayish termi-
nal line ; the basal third of the costal margin steel gray. Secondaries white in the ¢
with smoky margins, entirely brown inthe 9. Expanse, 35 mm.

flabitat: Guadalajara, Mexico.

Tarache duenna, sp. nov.

Head creamy white. Thorax grayish. Abdomen dark gray with transverse
whitish lines. Primaries violaceous, mottled with brown and black scales; a large
white spot on the centre of the costal margin, inferiorly bordered with olivaceous
green ; some whitish scales at the base and also on the outer margin below the apex.
Secondaries yellowish white, the outer margin smoky. Expanse, 2I mm.

Flabitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Eustrotia bertha, sp. nov.

Head and collar grayish Prothorax fawn color. Abdomen light brown.
Primaries with the basal half creamy fawn color shaded with longitudinal brown
streaks ; the outer half lilacine gray with a subterminal white line preceded by some
whitish shades ; a few apical dark brown streaks Secondaries white in the g witha
terminal brown line, and minute spot in the cell ; slightly smoky at the apex. Secon-
daries brown in the 9. Expanse, 20 mm.

Habitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Xanthoptera auruda, sp. nov.

Bc dy and primaries bright yellow ; a broad transverse orange line, curved beyond
the cell and inwardly oblique to the middle of the submedian vein ; the orbicular and
reniform represented by orange dots; a similar dot below the orbicular; a terminal

June, 1898.] ScuHaus: New Species or NoctTuipD&. 119
brown line ; the fringe dark gray. Secondaries pale yellowish, shaded with brown on
the outer margin. Expanse, 20 mm.

flabitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Galgula cuprea, sp. nov.

Head and abdomen brown. Thorax violaceous. Primaries violaceous ; the outer
margin broadly coppery red ; the antemedial line irregular, olivaceous, finely bordered
with brown ; the postmedial line straight, olive green, divided by a fine brown line
and inwardly shaded with dark brown ; a small triangular olivaceous patch resting on
the postmedial line beyond the cell and having a white line at its base. Secondaries
brown. Expanse, '8 mm.

Habitat: Castro, Parana.

Galgula castra, sp. nov.

Body and primaries light violaceous brown. The lines and spots asin G. partita
Gn., but having in addition a distinct subterminal wavy line. The secondaries are
yellowish white. Expanse, 25 mm.

Habitat: Castro, Parana. Rivula mandane Druce, of which I
possess the type is merely one of the paler forms of G. fartifa Gn.

Palindia hermura, sp. nov. .

Body bright yellow, the collar and thorax outlined with white. Primaries above
bright yellow ; a basal spot on the costa reaching the median vein, a broad and irregu-
lar antemedial band, and a spot on the costa at two-thirds from the base all lilacine
faintly outlined with black ; at the anal angle a white line, shaded with lilacine strice,
extends to vein 5. Some small black apical costal spots ; a dark terminal line ; the
fringe yellow tipped with silvery white. Secondaries whitish yellow shaded with
bright yellow below the cell and along the margins ; on the outer margin a large spot,
white and lilacine shaded with darker strice. Underneath the wings are pale yellow-
ish white. Expanse, 26 mm. |

flabitat: Jalapa, Mexico; Aroa, Venezuela.

Dyomyx volcanica, sp. nov.

Body and wings lightish brown. Primaries with a fine dark velvety basal line
from costa to the submedian vein; a large irregular dark velvety brown triangular
space from the costa to just above the inner margin, limited by the antemedial and
medial lines which are pale ; an oval daik spot surrounded by a yellowish line and
containing a fine blue point extends from this space to the inner margin ; the reniform
large irregularly outlined with dark brown ; the postmedial line dark, angular, only
visible near the costal margin ; a subterminal row of dark spots beyond which the outer
margin is darker ; a terminal dark line preceded by a row of yellowish dots; fringe
dark brown. Secondaries with a terminal yellow line ; some brown and black scales
on the outer margin surmounted by a cluster of bluish scales, above which two yellow-
ish curved lines edged with black extend towards the cell and outer margin ; the fringe
brown, towards the apex yellowish. Underneath brown with a postmedial dark wavy
lire, and an antemedial line on the secondaries. Expanse, 43 mm.

Habitat: Orizaba, Mexico.

120 JourNAL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Dyomyx jonesi, sp. nov.

Body brown. Primaries above with the basal half dark reddish brown, the outer
half lighter brown, separated by an oblique transverse line from the middle of the costal
margin to the inner margin at two-thirds from the base ; this line outwardly shaded with
yellowish ; just above the inner margin and close to this line a black spot surrounded
by an orange line and containing a white dot ; a dark basal line from the costa to the
median vein ; an oblique, dark antemedial line from costa to middle of inner margin ;
a postmedial line from costa to vein 3, where it is lost in a cluster of grayish scales
which extend to the inner margin ; the reniform large, outlined in dark brown ; a sub-
terminal irregular line of dark sagittate spots outwardly shaded with yellowish; a
terminal dark gray line. Secondaries dark brown; a subterminal yellowish line sur-
mounted near the anal angle by white and lilacine scales, above which an irregular
yellowish line extends towards the cell and also towards the outer margin; a termi-
nal gray line; the fringe partly yellowish. Underneath the wings are brown with a
wavy dark postmedial line, and an antemedial shade on the secondaries. Expanse,
46 mm.

Jakofepyans 2 sSeVoy ENGI, (Sy. 18, Liravaill,

Orzsia serpens, sp. nov.

Palpi, head and thorax dark brown. Abdomen light brown, laterally buff. Pri-
maries above dark silky brown, the veins tinged with violaceous; two dark median
transverse lines, the outer one the more conspicuous and forming a border to the tooth
on the inner margin; a subterminal dark wavy line, not reaching the submedian vein
and extending abruptly to the outer margin, forming an angle which encloses a small
yellowish spot. Secondaries brown, fringe whitish. Underneath primaries dull
brown with the costal margin whitish. Secondaries whitish, the outer margin dull
brown, and a dull brown streak at the base of the costal margin; a small brownish
discal spot whitish in the center. Expanse, 35 mm.

flabitat: Jalapa, Mexico.

Phrodita bilinea, sp. noy.

Palpi orange. Head, thorax and abdomen creamy white. Primaries above
creamy white, the costal margin finely orange ; a velvety black streak below the me-
dian vein, not quite reaching the outer margin; a black point in the cell followed by
a black streak to the outer margin and which is crossed at the end of the cell by a
whitish line. Secondaries white. Underneath primaries yellowish white, showing
indistinetly the streak on the up er side ; secondaries white. Expanse, 33 mm.

ffabitat: Castro, Parana.

June, 1898.] Dyar: NEw SPECIES AND LARVA OF SAWEFLIES. 121

ON THE LARVZE OF CERTAIN NEMATINZ AND
BLENNOCAMPINA, WITH DESCRIPTION
OF NEW SPECIES.

By. Harrison G. Dyar, Pu.D.

Pontania borealis J/ar/att.

Galls on Salx sericea at Plattsburg, N. Y.; solitary, smooth, ex-
ceeding the edge of the leaf, reaching from the midrib to beyond the
margin and at varying distance from the base; not evenly divided by
the leaf about one-third above, two-thirds below; shape pyriform or
rounded ; a few corky dots; color greenish, strongly red shaded, espe-
cially above; length, 8-9 mm., width about 6 mm., height, 5 mm.
The substance is thick, teed white with pink lines.

Larva.—Head .6 mm.; all white, eye and mouth black.

Last Stage.—Head pinion a dusky shade above the clypeus, eye
black mouth, brown; width 1.0 mm. _ Body all white, waxy, not shin-
ing, segments Ghecunels 3-annulate, a little shaded with blackish in the
folds. Thoracic feet rather large, colorless; abdominal ones on joints
6 to 11, distinct, slender. Body uniform, subventral folds somewhat
prominent, joint 13 tapering. Length, 6.5 mm. _ Single brooded ;
cocoons in decayed wood.

Pontania consors JZar/att.

Galls found with the preceding on 5S. sericea, but gregarious, hairy
and spherical. Near the base of the leaf, three or two together, rarely
but one, exceeding the margin often by half the diameter of the gall ;
not evenly divided by the leaf, about one-third or a little more above,
two-thirds below; pale greenish, often heavily marked and mottled
with red above, paler below, rarely uniformly pale. Strongly silky hairy
like the leaves below, less hairy or even smooth above; size 8.5)<8.5\<
7mm. or as small as5 mm. in diameter. ‘The substance is fleshy,
strongly streaked with pink.

Larva.—Head .g mm. ; all white, eye and mouth black, segments
annulate, with large obscure concolorous tubercles; joint 13 tapering.

Single brooded; cocoon in decayed wood.

Pteronus carpini J/ar/atz.
Gregarious on the iron wood,* Fort Lee, N. J., in September.
Head shining black, 1.8 mm. wide, under the lens black dotted on a

* T am not certain now meen this tree was the Ostrya virginica or Gains
caroliniana,

122 JourNAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

sordid ground, mouth brownish. Feet on joints 6-11 ; no glands everted.
Segments coarsely 4-annulate with small dark setee. Color dull green,
the spiracles with faintly discolored yellow blotches; dorsal region
shaded with black, the color streaked on the annulets, not forming a
distinct regular edge and not complete, tending to be broken into dor-
sal and subdorsal bands. Subventral folds double. A spot below the
spiracle and one above the base of the leg, black. Thoracic feet and
venter pale. Imagoin May. The species is probably double brooded.
The larva looks like that of Preronus corylus.

Pteronus integer Say.

Dr. Packard describes a larva on spruce (5th Rept. U. S. Ent.
Comm., p. 838) as of this species. It is green with a dusky supra-ocellar
shade, the dorsal vessel edged with light green and a white lateral stripe.
The number of feet is not given.

I think there is some error here and that this larva is not that of z7-
teger. ‘The true larva is described herewith.

Stage V.—Head sordid greenish with a heavy brown-black shade.
reaching up each side behind the eye, a dotted shade on vertex, the
sutures pale; width 1.6 mm. (2). Body green like Wematus chloreus
not very sordid nor very transparent; black marks at the base of the
thoracic feet. Segments irregularly 6-annulate in this large larva,
bringing thespiracle on third annulet, 5-annulate in another with spiracle
placed normally. No other marks. Anal plate concave-truncate as in
LV. chloreus. The larva is throughout closely allied to chloreus and
differs only in having the head marked with dark shades in the last
stage. Tracheal line visible.

Single brooded, no ultimate stage; cocoon as usual in the earth.

Found on Quercus tinctorta at Brookhaven, Long Island; not com-
mon, the rarest of the oak feeding Nematids

Pteronus quercus J/ar/ate.

Solitary on white oak (Q. aééa) resting on the edge of the leaf.

Stage [V.—Head round, eye black, a very faint posterior dark
shade; width . mm.; whitish, sordid with scarcely any ochreous
tint. Body colorless, translucent, appearing sordid from the food by
transparency, the incisures folded; segments obscurely 4-annulate,
smooth ; anal plate concave-truncate, no prongs. A large black spot at
the base of the colorless thoracic feet; abdominal ones on joints 6-11.
‘Trachez white.

Stage V.Head 1.3-1.5 mm. (& @) colorless, faintly yellowish,

June, 1898] Dyar: New SPECIES AND LARV& OF SAWFLIES. 123

eye black; a distinct shaded black line posteriorly from behind the
ocellus to vertex. Body sordid greenish, annulets dull, incisures folded.
Anal plate and marks at base of thoracic feet as before. Trachez and
folds of incisures white.

Single brooded ; cocoon in the ground.

This larva closely resembles /Vematus chloreus but is not so green
and has a black shade on the head in the last stage. Brookhaven,
Long Island, in June.

Nematus chloreus /Vorv/on.

On the black oak (Q. coccinea) at Bellport, Long Island, in June, a
solitary edge-eating Nematid.

gg slits in the edge of the leaf just before the point of the apex,
1 mm. long,.5 mm. deep, semi-circular, swollen, yellowish.

Stage J.—Head sordid whitish, eye black, a dusky shade behind
and over clypeus; width .4 mm. _ Body whitish translucent, green from
the food, smooth, slender, curved, annulate; feet on joints 6-11; a
ventral elevation on joint 5; no sete. Black marks at the base of
thoracic feet.

Stage J/.—Head whitish, dull, eye black, the vertical shade behind
it reaching nearly to apex; width .6 mm. Body rather finely annulate,
whitish, green only from the food, bases of thoracic feet marked with
black. Anal plate truncate, concave, the posterior rim dusky bordered.

Stage J//.—Head rounded, whitish, eye black, a dark shade behind;
width .8 mm. Body translucent sordid greenish, no marks except at
bases of thoracic feet ; spiracles blackish.

Stage [V.—As before, the dusky shade behind the eye has become
small; width 1.15 mm. Anal plate projecting, truncate-concave ; no
prongs. ‘Translucent whitish green with black marks at base of thor-
acic feet.

Stage V.—Head green, eye black, mouth brown, no marks; width
1.4-1.6 mm. ( ¢ @ ) clearer green than before, incisures folded ;_ black
marks at bases of thoracic feet clouded, small. Anal plate truncate,
slightly cordately notched, no prongs. A little green fat in joint 13,
the frass not contrasted ; dorsal vessel obscure. Head shagreened,
dull; body also dull. Thoracic feet colorless, abdominal ones small,
slender on joints 6-11 and 13, functional. Segments irregularly
wrinkly 6-annulate, last annulet very narrow, the others subequal; no
sete even under a ¥%4-inch objective. Sometimes the body is faintly
yellowish subdorsally from the obscure fat granules; spiracles dusky.

124 JoURNAL NEw YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.
'

Cocoon elliptical dark brown, single, formed at the surface of the
ground. Single brooded. ‘This is the commonest of the oak feeding
nematids on Long Island, N. Y.

Hemichroa fraternalis /Vorv7on.

8 described by Norton (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., IV, 81).

Q black and rufous. Head black; prothorax pale, whitish, interior
lobe of mesothorax and upper half of pleura shaded with brown ; abdo-
men largely pale brown. All the segments above broadly banded with
black and narrowly so below. Legs luteous, femora and tibia lined with:
black. Wings hyaline, nervures black, costa and stigma luteous.
Length, 9 mm. ‘Texas, New York, Massachusetts. A perfectly dis-
tinct species, not nearly allied to A. albidovariata. ‘The larva lives on
the young leaves of the white oak in May and early June, solitary.
Each larva eats away the leaf from the midrib or a large vein and uses.
the vein as a perch somewhat in the manner of the young Léminitis
They hold on by the thoracic feet and thresh the body around violently
when disturbed. There are probably five larval stages.

Stage 7.—Head rounded, dull, dusky, eye black; width .4 mm.
Body annulate, sordid grayish green, uniform with short black points.
A dark line at base of thoracic feet.

Stage [7.—Head .6 mm., sordid whitish, gray posteriorly, eye black;.
body slate gray, whitish below the spiracles.

Stage [/7,Head small, leaden black, width .9 mm. Segments.
6-annulate, with black points on the second and fourth. Body slate
gray, more or less whitish subventrally below the spiracles, a dusky —
shade along subventral folds. Thoracic feet largely black, abdominal
ones small, on joints 6-12, 13: Venter waxy grayish white.

Stage /V.—Head sordid leaden, clypeus and back of head nearly
black; antenneze and eye black ; width 1.3 mm. Dorsum leaden black,.
somewhat broadly greenish centrally except in the incisures, below the
spiracles nearly white, the subventral folds marked in blackish, forming
a double row of dashes. ‘Thoracic feet largely black, abdominal ones
pale. Black points on second and fourth annulets small. Later the
larva becomes more greenish with growth.

Stage V.—Head black, the face pale and vertex gray; or a light
fleshy brown; width 1.6-1.8 mm. (¢ 2). Body sordid greenish gray,
white subventraily, a lateral leaden gray shade band touching the stig-
matal line; dusky marks on the subventral folds; points small, black.
Thoracic feet pale, black at base; a trace of white bloom on head. In
some the subventral region is scarcely contrasted and the larva appears.

June, 1898.] Dyar: NEw SPECIES AND LARVA OF SAWFLIES. 125

more uniformly gray. The black points vary in distinctness, sometimes
obsolete. Occasionally the larva is very pale, an albino, with dull red
head and sordid white body marked with an olivaceous blackish lateral
band.

No ultimate stage; cocoon dark brown, formed in the earth. Single
brooded.

Larva referred to as ‘‘F’’ Can. Ent. XXVII, 330.

Hemichroa albidovariata (Vor/on.

2 described by Norton (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. IV, 81).

3 closely similar to 2 with the three basal segments of abdomen
above yellowish white, the basal plates black. Two 29, one ¢ from
Texas (Belfrage), coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., one from larva at Bellport,
Long Island, N. Y. The larvee live on the black oak (Q. coccinea) in
May, eating the young leaves, resting on the edge, the abdomen slightly
curled.

Stage V.—Head pale red-brown, eye narrowly black, mouth dark
brown; width 1.8 mm. (2). Feet on joints 6-12, 13, moderate; seg-
ments regularly and distinctly 6-annulate, spiracle on second annulet.
Color translucent fleshy brown, a lateral row of irregular black spots on
annulets 1 (small), 2-3 (large), 4-5 (rather small), the large one
broken on some segments; all absent on joint 13; anal plate immacu-
late. Some small black marks around spiracle; a distinct black patch
on the anterior subventral fold and a smaller patch on the posterior one.
Feet and venter unspotted, but a black mark at the base of thoracic
feet. Dorsal vessel and paired dots on annulet 1 dusky translucent.

No ultimate stage ; cocoon in the ground; single brooded.

Hemichroa phytophagica, sp. nov.

2 extremely similar to . albidovariata but the pale lines on an-
terior lobe of thorax are short and obscure and the basal plates of ab-
domen are black.

One @ bred from larva from Bronx Park, New York, and two ? @ in
coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. marked ‘‘saw fly on white oak’’ from Miss Murt-
feldt, No. 241 M., Dept. Agriculture, No. 3168.

Found on the young leaves of the white oak in May.

In Bronx Park these larvee were mixed with those of HZ. fraternalis,
and showed somewhat the same habits by eating away the leaf from the
midrib; but they do not use this as a perch and are true edge eaters.

Stage J.—Head rounded shining black-brown; width .4 mm.

126 JouRNAL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Body lustreless blackish, segments 6-annulate with rows of short, blunt, -
pale points on second and fourth annulets, about six on each side.

Tracheal line pale; feet on joints 6-12, 13. Eats the whole leaf on
the edge.

Stage [7,—Head pale, faintly brownish, eye black with a very faint
dark shade reaching upward. Body whitish translucent, colored by the
food, the points blunt, fleshy, dark at tip.

Stage I/1,—Head very pale brownish, eye narrowly black. Body
translucent waxy whitish, segments 6-annulate, the points whitish ; no
marks. Incisures folded,tracheal line white.

Stage [V.—Head pale brown, eye black. Body moderately trans-
lucent, dull whitish with a tinge of yellowish and green, the folds of
skin whiter. Points obsolete; no marks or, in some, a small black
patch laterally on third annulet and another on anterior subventral fold,
more or less distinct. In some the points are still visible, pale, rarely
distinctly defined by dusky dots. Spiracle on the second annulet.

Stage V.—Head pale, finely brewn dotted, eye black. Segments
6-annulate, smooth, no points seen. Skin thin, the body uniformly
green from the blood, dorsal vessel dark, outlined by a little green fat,
not contrasting strongly. A black patch on the anterior subventral fold
and sometimes another laterally. ‘Tracheze evident, their ramifications
visible nearly up to the dorsal vessel. Thoracic feet pale; anal flap
smooth. Abdominal feet on joints 6-12, 13. The larva is now very
green, differing markedly from the preceding stages. A single example
from Bellpcrt, Long Island, had a black dot on the thorax, subdorsally
on the second annulet of joints 2 and 3, one on the anterior subventral
fold of joint 3 and one at base of each thoracic foot. The paired dusky
translucent patches in annulet 1 were also noted. No ultimate stage;
cocoon in the ground; single brooded. ‘This larva is possibly a dimor-
phic form of 4. albido vartata, but the food plants differ and the slight
imaginal characters seem correlated.

GENERIC SYNOPSIS OF THE BLENNOCAMPINE.

The following tables have been prepared by Mr. Ashmead for his
forthcoming revision of the genera of saw flies and he has kindly given
me a copy of them for use here.

June, 1898.] Dyar: NEw SPECIES AND LARV OF SAWFLIES. 127

Family SELANDRIID&.

TABLE OF SUBFAMILIES.

Lanceolate cell petiolate; (in only a single genus, Aadosysphinga, does it appear
contracted, but the anal vein is faint or subobsolete before uniting with the sub-
median vein, while the anal cell in hind wings is wanting).

Subfamily I. Blennocampine

Lanceolate cell contracted befcre the middle but still open.

Antenne 4-jointed, the third joint very long, the fourth very minute.
Subfamily II. Blasticotomine
Antennz 7 to 15-jointed, the third joint not unusually long, often shorter or not
longer than the fourth........... so noo OsooNmeAC Subfamily ILI. Selandriine

Lanceolate cell contracted at or at little before the middle and completely closed.

Subfamily IV. Aoplocampine

Subfamily I. BLENNOCAMPINA.
TABLE OF GENERA.

Reo Lontiwines with foursubmarsinall cellsi3..sclaciel- cle elsleyeielels leis cieieteieicieiei-e oie 3

Front wings with three submarginal cells, the first transverse cubitus wanting,
very rarely with the second transverse cubitus wanting.

Hind wings with two discal cells

We, eel ale) si ayol(ejistie\ a olvie! siisi@lielle joi ella)ie/ eieliwie) =jes! «eve 2
Hind wings without discal cells.

MLC = Tk —LA GOMES 5) atae ate) ein eye iehalereietel =a) eley eivi=eie Fenella Westw.

Antennz 9-jointed.
Hind wings with a distinct anal cell............ Fenusa Leach.
Hind wings without an anal cell....... Kaliosysphinga Zaschd.
2. Head transverse ; clypeus anteriorly truncate ; front wing with the second trans.
EESEP CLUS WADE Osis 5 cctictcis, © orslcvaiais) cata; slesdisicietoveteleys Palmatopus artic.

Head large, quadrate, the temples broad ; clypeus anteriorly deeply emarginate ;
antennz densely hairy, the third jo’nt nearly as long as joints 4-5 united.
Xenopates Cameron.
3. E es extending to base of mandibles or at most with only a linear space between. 7
Eyes more or less distant from base of mandibles, with a distinct space between.
Hind wings not surrounded by a bordering nervure at apex. ..... ...... 4
Hind wings surrourded by a bordering nervure at apex, and without a
discal cell; claws bifid or with a tooth within. ;

Anal cell in hind wings shorter than the submedian, petiolate or sub-
petiolate at apex. f..... GaONe seater alee * Periclista A onow.
(= Mogerus Mac G.)

Anal cell in hind wings fully as long as the submedian. ¢
Isodyctium Asim. g. n.
(Type caryicolum Dyar. )

* Mr. MacGillivray was not justified in changing the name of this genus, since
the cynipid genus is Periclistus, not Periclista.

128 JourNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VE.

A, labiacl (ies yrlaout a Cleseal Ghiscal Cll, coscasandcoasndcanbasadaoeanouen. 6
Hind wings with a closed discal cell.
Claws simple or with a minute scarcely perceptible tooth within. ........ 5

Claws cleft or with a large tooth within.
Anal cell in hind wings as long as the submedian. 2
Isodyctium 4shm.
Anal cell in hind wings shorter than the submedian.

Transverse median nervure in hind wings received by the discal
cell at or somewhat deyord the middle; sheaths of ovipositor
equally thickened and more or less obliquely pointed at apex ;
third joint of antennz almost as long as joints 4-5 united. 9

Periclista Kozow.

Transverse median nervure in hind wings received by the discal
cell defore the middle; sheaths of ovipositor produced at apex
intoyanthorny Wkeltips Orne eerie Ardis Konow:

5. Third joint of antennz longer than the fourth ; sheaths of ovipositor at tips obtuse.

Pareophora Konow.

Third joint of antenne a little shorter than the fourth, never longer ; sheaths of

ovipositor at tips rounded ; clypeus anteriorly truncate. Rhadinocerzea Aonow..

6. Anal cell in hind wings as long as the submedian. 9. .... Isodyctium 4sim..

Anal cell in hind wings shorter than the submedian. G ........ Ardis onow.

7. Third joint of antennze longer than the fourth. ...............00c0ceeeeeee- &

Third joint of antennze shorter than the fourth or not longer; hind wings with

oneudiscalacellliaclawsibitideaseen eee Phyl matocera Dahm...

8. Preesternum of mesosternum not at all separated by a suture................. oy
Preesternum of mesosternum separated by a distinct suture.

Clypeus anteriorly truncate ; hind wings with one discal cell, the anal cell

shorter than the submedian ; claws loog, simple.. Tomostethus Zers.

9. Elind! wings) withrone’discallcelll s,s sae. aa ele ee eee i132

Hind wings without a discal cell.
Hind wings with the marginal cell pointed at apex and sometimes open. . 12
Hind wings without a surrounding nervure at apex the marginal cell well

roundedvatapexyandiy27/7saniappendacen marr eeeeie irene: 10
Hind wings with a surrounding nervure at apex the marginal cell well
rounded at apex but w2thout an appendage............... «+++ II

10. Third transverse cubitus curved inwardly and not extending in the same direction:
with the transverse radius, the third submarginal cell considerably larger than
the first and second united ; antennz dense'y pilose, tapering toward tips, the
third joint longer than the fourth ; claws cleft. 9 ¢.Parazarca Ashm. g. n.

(Type fumipennis Ashm. ).
Third transverse cubitus straight or nearly so, and running in the same direction
with the transverse radius; antennz pubescent, the third joint nearly as
long as joints 4 and 5 united
Claws cleft or bifid; anal vein in front wings straight, not curving upwards.
at tip; transverse cubitus in hind wings not short, the anal cell shorter
than the submedian, briefly petiolated... 9 Erythraspides 45/7. g. n.

(Type pvgma@a Say. )

June, 1898.] Dyar: NEW SPECIES AND LARV OF SAWFLIES. 129

Claws simple ; anal vein in front wings curving upwards at tip; transverse

cubitus in hind wings very short, the anal cell longly petiolated. 9 ¢.
Blennocampa Zartiz.
11. Third transverse cubitus curved inwardly, not extending in the same direction
with the transverse radius, strongly divergent ; third submarginal cell larger
than the first and second united ; pedicel as long as the scape, about thrice’as
EHCka were Aer cistrstycretancraevee sivicle a Meiers s'alnian ae LBs eye Calozarca Ashm. g. n.
(Type fasczpennis Nort. )

Third transverse cubitus straight or nearly so, and running in the same direction
with the transverse radius ; third submarginal cell hardly longer than the sec-
ond, much smaller than the first and second united ; pedicel shorter than the
SEA EMMIS amit icte isin, vials osiaias ws Sn er syas mw ceieiemns Erythraspides 4shm.

12. Third transverse cubitus in front wings not running in the same direction with the
transverse radius ; marginal cell in hind wings wit an appendage ; third joint
of antennz much shorter than joints 4-5 united; claws with a small tooth
WHEL S TARE HEPA a .chc aa ahs) apate i iniats caoer sce wie aire arate, al epoy uataceis Scolioneura Konow.

Third transverse cubitus in front wings almost interstitial with the transverse ra-
dius, and running in the same direction; marginal cell in hind wings without
an appendage, sometimes open at apex ; claws witha strong triangular tooth at
scat Uk yeh creche tens amacied a etm toe Entodecta Konow.

13. Hind tarsi usually longer than their tibize ; clypeus very small, transverse-linear.
antennz densely pilose, the third joint longer than the fourth. 9 ¢.

Zarca Cameron.

Hind tarsi not longer than their tibice ; clypeus not small, anteriorly subemargi-

nate or truncate.

Antennze pubescent, the third joint distinctly longer than either the fourth
or the fifth.

Third submarginal cell longer than the first and second united ; antennze
long, tapering toward tips, the third joint about as long as joints 6-9
united Or yac ye BODOG ODISE CTD OOM DOR NAD OU TOOL Calozarca Ashm.

Third submarginal cell not longer than the first and second united ;
antennze with the third joint usually not longer than joints 9-10
united ........................ ..... Monophadnus artig.

Antennz clothed with long appressed hairs, the third and fourth joints equal,

the fifth longer, all somewhat thickened toward tips. .Senoclia Cameron.

Periclista diluta Cresson.

These larvze are briefly described from Riley’s notes in Packard’s
Forest Insects (5th Rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 206), but without giv-
ing the most essential characters. The bred flies in collection U. S.
Nat. Mus., have the lanceolate cell of hind wings unusually long, though
still shortly petiolate at tip.

Periclista purpuridorsum, sp. nov.

3. Black, segments 2 to 4 of tergum dull luteous ; angles of prothorax (except a
black dot) aid tegulze white ; tip of clypeus and labrum pale. Legs black at base,
ends of femora and tibicze whitish and brown, tarsi dusky, nervures brown black ;
second recurrent received at base of third submarginal cell, almost interstitial,

130 JouRNAL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Voi VI.

©. Reddish brown and black. Head black, tip of clypeus and labrum pale brown.
Thorax brown, a black spot on each lobe, lower half of pleura and pectus black ; pro-
thorax and tegulz whitish. Abdomen brown, shaded with black on each segment,
the basal four segments solidly black ; ovipositor sheath black ; all the segments above
and below narrowly lined with whitish posteriorly. Legs reddish, coxz black, tibiz
whitish and tarsi dusky. Middle cells of hind wings one or none. The larva re-
sembles that of P. dz/uta as far as that description goes.

Stage /7/T,—Head black, a pale dot at apex of clypeus; width .6
mm. Body green, food darker, the four dorsal spines on each side
black with white limbs.

Stage V.—Head pale in sutures and face, all the black marks touch-
ing each other ; width, 1 mm. Body green, dorsum faintly shaded with
purplish ; spines as before, all distinctly furcate.

Stage V7.—Head pale, the lobes broadly black and a geminate
spot in clypeus; width, 1.4 mm. Segments indistinctly 5-annulate, two
spines on second (spiracular) annulet, one small one on third behind
spiracle, three on fourth; two on each subventral fold. Legs on joints
6-12, 13; rest on venter on surface of leaf. Dorsum to spiracles oliva-
ceous blackish, the four dorsal spines black, short with short limbs or
reduced to small black buttons; joint 2 anteriorly, subventral region
and feet pale greenish white with colorless furcate spines which fringe
the sides. The dorsal spines on joints 2, 3, 12 and 13 are not reduced.
At the end of the stage the dorsal color fades to purplish.

Stage VII,—(Ultimate.) Smooth, no spines, annulets folded ;
shining areas represent the tubercles; color translucent waxy greenish
white, greener on the thorax, often blue-green ; no purple shade. The
larvee enter the earth and form cells lined with brown secretion. Soli-
tary on the white cak in May, eating the young leaves; single brooded.
Found at Pelham Manor and Bellport, Long Island, N. Y., Washing-
tone): iC:

Periclista albicollis /Vorvfon.

Stage /V.—As in next stage; head .7 mm.

Stage V.—Head shining black except mouth anda small arcuate
line above clypeus which are greenish; width, 1.1mm. Spines arranged
as in the preceding species, quite large and strongly furcate, all black,
even the little one on third annulet and the anterior one of the upper
subventral fold ; lower subventral spines pale, not furcate. Body trans-
lucent green, indistinctly annulate. Feet on joints 6-12, 13.

Stage V7.—Head 1.4 mm. The same, the spines with long tapering
limbs, longer than the shaft.

June, 1898.] Dyar: New SPECIES AND LARVA OF SAWFLIES. 131

Stage VZZ.—(Ultimate.) Not smooth, the tubercles represented by
small distinct cones; not shining, all very light whitish green, very
much whiter than in the feeding stages, slightly wrinkly annulate, no
marks, no tarry shades. Larvaas high as wide, robust. Spins a rather
fine brown cocoon either in the earth or after boring in decayed wood.
Single brooded. ‘The larva is solitary, rarely several together, resting
on the upper side of the leaves of Q. “vcforia early in June. They are
unusually sluggish, often feeding upon a single leaf.

Others were found on the white oak (Q. a/ba) which appeared less
robust and had a pale space on the spines at the bases of the limbs; but
the imagines seem indistinguishable from the others.

Brookhaven, Bellport and Yaphank, Long Island, N. Y.

Periclista emarginata J/acGilfivray.

2. Black, clypeus emarginate, labrum pale; abdomen with the tips
of segments lined with whitish below, the last segment brownish ; pro-
thorax largely and tegulz white; legs pale, the femora brown, except
narrowly on the under side; tips of tarsi dusky. Under wings with one
middle cell or none.

Two 2 bred from larve similar to those described (Can. Ent.,
xxvi, 185), which produced the ¢ type.

Stage [V.—As in next stage, spines all pale; head .7 mm.

Stage V.—Head 1.1 mm., a shade above ocelli, the patch in clypeus
single, transverse, later double.

Body green, spines all pale, furcate, arranged as in the preceding
species of Perictista.

Stages VI and VJT have been published.

Found on Q. coccinea at Pelham Manor and Van Cortlandt Park,
N. Y., in May.

Periclista subtruncata, sp. nov.

Q.Similar to the preceding, but the clypeus shallowly emarginate.
Shining black, prothorax narrowly and tegulz white; abdomen entirely
black. Legs brown, coxee and basal two-thirds of femora blackish, tarsi
dusky. Sculpturing essentially as in emarginata, but the vertical groove
on head shows a tendency to cross the transverse one between the pcs-
terior ocelli. ‘Length, 5.5 mm. One °.

Not strikingly distinct in either imago or larva from P. emarginata,
but both Mr. MacGillivray and Mr. Ashmead have compared the flies
and do not consider them the same.

Stage /V.—Head pale brown, dotted on a greenish ground, a black

132 JournaL NEw YoRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY [Vol. VI.

patch in clypeus; eye and antennze black. Body light yellowish green,
the furcate spines paler except the thoracic ones which are black tipped.
Feet on joints 6-12, 13, the thoracic ones short, scarcely visible from
above.

Stage V.—Patch in clypeus brown; body green,-dorsal vessel less
contrasting.

Stage V7.—Head green, clypeus brownish, eye black. Body rather
opaque green, a little whitish dorsally from diffuse fat, dorsal vessel
darker green. Furcate spines whitish, dusky tipped on joints 2 and 3
and faintly on anal flap.

Stage V77.—(Ultimate.) Smooth, waxy greenish, eye black ; shin-
ing, indistinctly annulate, dorsal vessel green. Cocoon in the ground ;
single brooded.

Found on the black oak (Q. coccinea) in Van Cortlandt Park, N.
Y., in May.

Periclista chionanthi J7Zur¢fe/dt, (M.S.).

©. Shining black ; tips of femora and tibiz du | luteous, tarsi dusky ; angles of
prothorax narrowly and tegulz whitish. Wings hyaline, nervures brown-black ; second
recurrent nervure received at basal third of third submarginal cell. One middle cell in
hind wings. Length, 5.5 mm.

Two 2, Coll. U. S. Nat. Mus. (Miss Murtfeldt), no. 296 M.

Larva.—Head shining black, mouth parts only pale. Segments in-
distinctly 5-annulate, spines furcate, moderate, two on second (spirac-
ular) annulet, three on fourth, two on each subventral fold, all furcate
except the pair on lower subventral fold. Body yellowish with numer-
ous fat granules, a broken subdorsal black shade, distinct at the bases
of the second spines. Dorsal spines black-ringed at base. Thoracic
feet small, abdominal moderate on joints 6-12, 13; rests on venter on
surface of leaf. ‘*Slug on white fringe’’ (Chzonanthus), Kirkwood,
Mo., Dept. Agriculture no. 4048 bis.

Periclista media /Vor/on.

Sitting on the venter on the surface of young leaves of white oak
(Q. alba), eating circular holes, solitary.

Stage [.—Head very pale brown, eye black; width .3 mm. Body
translucent whitish, food brownish; covered with short colorless Y-
shaped spines, thick and with short shaft, the limbs blunt, apparently
arranged as in the later stages.

S/age IT, —Head and body translucent, colorless, eye black ; width
.4mm. Spines with long shaft and sharp recurved branches extending

June, 1898.) Dyar: NEw SPECIES AND LARVA OF SAWFLIES. 133

in a longitudinal plane. Segments scarcely annulate. ‘Thoracic feet
large, abdominal on joints 6-12, 13.

Stage [//.—Waxy white, shining, eye black; width.6 mm. Body
pale green, principally from the food. Furcate spines moderate, con-
colorous whitish. Feet pale. Length, 5.5 mm.

Stage JV,—The same. Head .8 mm., length, 6 mm. The body be-
comes darker green from the food, but the blood is pale green, tinting
the subventral area.

Stage V.—The same; width of head 1.1 mm.

Stage V7,—Entirely green, no marks. Furcate spines rather short;
seeming remote, none dark ; arrangement as usual in fericlisfa with
but two spines on the spiracular annulet. Head greenish white, eye
black; width 1.4mm. Rarely some of the spines are trifid instead of
bifid. A variety occurs with a black patch in the clypeus, but it dis-
appears in the last stage, leaving the larva immaculate. Segments
indistinctly annulate.

Stage V7/,—( Ultimate.) Smooth, all greenish, not shining; head
and thorax emerald tinted ; dorsal vessel green. Enter the earth and
form cells. Single brooded, common onthe white oak in May, the
commonest of the early spring slugs. Van Cortlandt Park, Bronx Park,
Bedford Park, Pelham Manor, N. Y.; Fort Lee, N. J., Brookhaven,
Bellport and Yaphank, Long Island.

KEY TO THE AMERICAN SPECIES OF Periclista, 9.

ce vellow with brown thorax ;) no black above........0- 00.2.4. diluta Cress.
HateealEETCOLOE LACK ects ea Saye orci bi aie arg ol eicrarciara yh Cini oniniel eid Gichejie Peers nists 2

2. Bjack of dorsum mixed with brown, abdominal segments very narrowly white
BIQTELEN tenets tayereyexo ed avec oharase aretha ecaterayer clavate @ tis purpuridorsum Dyar.
Batixe ly blackwabOve.c sjecjac.ctcie-<isisleleiercia oe eine et esata tetelan Tons ots Faiorapatoheneyancee veins 3
peuypeus somewhat, angularly emaroinate sd. csc) ss, « elals a are seis oe peewee seis 4
Clypeus more broadly and shallowly emarginate or truncate...............--- 5

4. Slender, legs whitish and amber brown ; vertical groove from lower ocellar basin
GUILE? 3 oy 15,6 h cha Riel Ole oR Renee ens GSICaR OeSAG eee emarginatus ac G.
Robust, legs shadi: g to black on femora; vertical groove from lower ocelJar basin
SHG ab eM ERIE Se take. st tee ske 2) tc ose lard Mima ec etdloxaesitmee albicollis (Vor.

eee lypeusisuallowlywemarcinatens.y...33.< sisters syne ae vist ciereelainiele enclave vie, actrelovevetanere eve 6
Clypeusitruncate, scarcely at alliemarginate: sss s oes dc cs meee eel eel cole 7

6. Legs heavily sbaded with bleckish brown ; transverse groove between upper ocelli
straight, sightly crossed by the vertical groove.......... subtruncata Dyar.

Legs mostly wh tish below the femora ; transverse groove slightly bent at junction
with vertical one, noticrossed by it). ..... sem ec cn ecines chionanthi Muri

7. Legs pale, femora brownish, abdomen brownish at sides posteriorly ; vertical
groove short, the lower ocellar basin reaching ‘nearly to the transverse froove.
media Vorz.

134 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [V ol. VIL

Isodyctium floridense, sp. nov.

@. Brown; anteanze, except basal joint, black. Head narrowly darker brown in the
sutures, orbits yellowish. Thoracic lobes lined with yellowish as in 7z/eyz, bat with-
out black, only darker brown double marks on the side lobes. Abdomen brown,
basal plates yellowish, lined before and behind narrowly with blackish; beneath
shaded with black, especially towards tip. Mesopleura brown, with a yellow line
posteriorly. Legs pale. Wings hyaline, veins blackish brown, basal half of stigma
pale. Length, 6.5 mim.

One 2. Florida, U. S. Nat. Mus. (from Am. Ent. Soc.).

Larva unknown.

Isodyctium subgregarium, sp. nov.
$. Head black, clypeus emarginate with two white dots at tip, labrum pa’'e ;.
clypeus hollowed below each antennze, the lower rim projecting. Thorax black,
tegulze and collar (except a black dot) white ; a line on mesopleura and sutures below
white. Abdomen whitish, basal plates and four terminal segments above black, be-
low shaded with black. Legs pale, tarsi shaded with blackish, coxee and trochanters.
spotted with black. Wings hyaline, costa pale at base, second recurrent nervure re-
ceived near base of third submarginal cell. Lergth, 6 mm.
©. Pale yellowish, head, thorax and pleura red Antenne black except basal joint;

narrow black linings in head grooves and in sutures behind mesothorax. Legs yel-
lowish, tarsi slightly tipped with blackish. Wings hyaline, nervures pale, those to-
ward center of wing lined with black. Nomiddle cells in hind wings. Length,6.5 mm.

Stage [V.—Head green with a large triangular black patch on each
lobe and one in clypeus; width .8 mm. Spines furcate, short, three on
second and fourth annulets, one behind spiracle, two on each subven-
tral fold, the smaller ones simple. Spines black except the subventral
ones; feet pale, abdominal ones on joints 6-12, 13.

Stage V.—The same ; patch in clypeus double; width of head 1.2
mm. Spines distinct, the limbs curving, divergent and tapering.

Stage V7,.—Head 1.8 mm. Body uniformly green from food,
spines black except on lower subventral fold. No change in colorxation.

Stage V/I.—(Ultimate.) Smooth, entirely green, eye black;
shining areas in the places of the spines. Enter the earth and form
cells; single brooded.

The larve are gregarious in the early stages, but separate before
maturity.

Found in May on white oaks (Q. alba, Q. priuus) at Pelham Manor,
Bronx Park and at several places on Long Island.

Isodyctium infrequens, sp. nov.

©. Robust ; head black, a brown dot between antennz and line at tip of clypeus
which is scarcely emarginate. Thorax dark brown, streaked with black on all the

June, 1898.) Dyar: NEw SPECIES AND LARV# OF SAWFLIES. 135

lobes, scutellum black ; pleura brown above, black below, pilose. Abdomen brown,
segments banded with blackish posteriorly, more distinctly toward base above. Legs
brown, tibize and tarsi paler. Wings hyaline, costa and stigma pale. One middle
cell in hind wings. Length, 6.5 mm.

Stage V.cHead immaculate, eye black; width, 1.1 mm. -Body
green, dorsal vessel darker; spines moderate, furcate, arranged as is
normal for /sedyc¢ivm with three on spiracular annulet, pale except the
terminal ones on joints 2, 3, 12 and 13 which have black limbs and
the upper row the whole length which is touched with black at the base
of the fork, leaving the apex and shaft pale. Feet pale, 6-12, 13.

Stage VZ.—Head 1.6 mm., green, eye narrowly black. Body faintly
annulate, spines all pale except the black patches as before. Another
had the limbs of the four dorsal spines black whole length.

Stage V//,—( Ultimate.) Head slightly brownish tinted, eye black ;
width 1.6 mm. Body smooth, green, with shining areas instead of the
spines, indistinctly annulate. Color uniform, dorsal vessel dark.

Single brooded, cells in the ground as usual.

Found on the white oak (Q. ada) at Brookhaven and Bellport,
Long Island, early in June, but probably occurs earlier in the mainland
where the season is not retarded by cold winds as on the south shore
of the island. Rare.

Isodyctium murtfeldtiz, sp. nov.

2. Head black, clypeus emarginate, its tip and labrum whitish. Thorax brown, a
black spot on each lobe ; metathorax black. Mesopleura brown above, black below,
a distinct white line behind ; metapleura shining black, lined through the middle with
white. Abdomen mostly pale luteous, basal plates and irregular marks on some of the
sutures black. Legs pale, black marks only in sutures of trochanters and cox.
Hind wings with one middle cell. Length, 5 5 mm.

One °, Miss Murtfeldt, no. 207 M.

Larva.—Head green, eye narrowly black; width, 1.4mm. Body
green, the spines distinct, well furcate (arrangement not discernible in
the specimen, but presumably as in Jsodyctium), all the basal ones
broadly black at the base and with blackish limbs. Food plant, black
oak.

Isodyctium calricolum Dyar.

In the larvz previously described (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., V, 193)
only the upper spine on second annulet and upper two on fourth were
furcate, the rest being reduced to single spines or cones. I have since
found others with the spines nearly normally furcate and others perfectly
normal, all the spines furcate except the stigmatal one of third annulet,

136 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI

the posterior one of anterior subventral fold and pair on posterior fold.
On acquiring the last stage (VI) some of the lower spines become single.

Stages 1V to VII observed. Rather common on the hickory at
Bronx Park and Bedford Park, New York, in May.

The ¢ of J. dipartitum Cress. closely resembles this species in color-
ation, but the head sculpturing and shape of clypeus seem different.
The 2 is unknown, and may turn out to be quite distinct from that of
LI, caryicolum.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF /sodyctium, 2*.

©. Head in part, at least orbits above pales. os... 2. 6c sce en cles cle em eile «ical i=cicle 2
Plead tblaeheg ao a aiie Mao sands chk eu ontyabe tars, Syece elle eucaste alacowels vet ss tales ae oMie cot fea een 5
2. Black on head confined narrowly to sutures..........- eral aie Gyerela bs a ietoveeteheneeme 3
Black on head covering most of vertex besides sutures.............0+.+-0---- 4
3. Lobes of thorax yellow lined ; orbits narrowly yellowish...... floridense Dyar.

Thorax and head uniformly red brown except for slight black marks.
subgregarium Dyar.
4 Lobes of thorax yellow lined, orbits pale above, black before and behind.
rileyi Cress.

5. Upper half of pleura red’ or brows? 2). ceca al= 2 mielelela = tarekele siete ee 6
Pleuratblacke sisi eratcrs eo oo ataeraais ane ere ie he oie levetote eau eta ers tayoechene aoe nite Rte neaetets 9
6. Slender; ocellar basin narrowed, the vertical groove joining the transverse one be-
(AGN Whose Ceellasoos secooenouuso seco bUadbodGbaosHougauRsDOOR SOS 7

More robust ; ocellar basin, triangular, the vertical and transverse grooves slightly
GSA IE ee ao ens Aa Aan COO A UE OM OOGESO.CCC050¢ 8

7. Middle lobe of thorax brown............+. ae Parse acareue es inzequidens /Vort.
Thorax heavily black marked on all lobes................ murtfeldtiz Dyar.

8. Thorax dark brown, the streaks on lobes obscure, brown ; abdomen brown at
SUES wiaisce Shoes erereee eaten eleven ok ore etic entass teror er leuus ohareuansnareons's infrequens Dyar.
Thorax brown, obscure streaks black ; abdomen yellow at the sides........... 9

9. Rather slender, ocellar basin narrow, joining the straight transverse groove
ADOVE Mars optsiersieveis ctatessie iene svatotansitore ei ie inat ee teieroeeeterens caryicolum Dyar.

SYNOPSIS OF THE LARV& OF THE NoxtTH AMERICAN
BLENNOCAMPIN SO FAR AS KNOWN.

The Blennocampine have feet on joints 6-12 and 13, resting flatly
on the surface of the leaf; body thick and robust, as high as wide or
more so, except in leaf mining forms which are flattened and have de-
generate feet.

The group is rather heterogeneous in appearance, but includes all
the leaf miners, all the spiny slugs and the smooth slugs that are thick
and robust.

* bipartitum Cress, not included from lack of 2 specimen.

June, 1298] Dyar: NEw SPECIES AND LARV OF SAWFLIES. 13T

The hairy, slimy, long-woolly or slender slugs and all edge feeders

are foreign to the group.

1. Resting flatly on surface of leaf, feet moderately developed, functional......... 2
Weafaniners mectstunctionlessior ADSENEy = sien diet ie'eleiei sig) cis wien v vis s ois wa ale a yele 16:
2. Body with spines or points, distinguishable at least subventrally............... 3
Rechy Geeweiltig.yoecddse So usemaco noo ducdode too cod G UTTOnt oc eatin aoe 15
BwOrspines Onisecond (Spiractiian)Fannullet, \).c:ta\-/sie1 slneiciein scl eiais onc» wm ool 4
Three spines on both second and fourth annulets...................00000.- 9
4. Dorsum shaded with blackish in last stage, at least subdorsally. .............. 5
DYONStIMIENtinelyROTEE Meyer. c, creche teks cis leie siaveuclcvcusleutvelecny wie 'efieevsieyatersisiv’s lebeleisi sist e/a, 5 6
5. Head black spotted ; dorsum purplish, on Quercus alba.

Periclista purpuridorsum
SNMAT Fontes PRECCUMIG® yers\ac as ss ieie eis ov) oe, as HK sbiehle eo» mi Periclista diluta*
Head black ; a subdorsal black line, on Chionanihus..Periclista chionanthi

6. Head and spines blac<; on Q. alba, Q. tinctoria ....... Periclista albicollis
Meadeandespines! partlycon wholly :ereens iim icteric aici electors Aminoiey
7. Head with a black supra-ocellar shade and double spot in clypeus ; on Q. coccinea.
Periclista emarginata
Head green or with only a brownish spot in clypeus. .............- 000 cee. 8.

8. Clypeus brownish ; terminal spines dusky on the tips; on Q. coccinea.
Periclista subtruncata
All green, at least in last stage; on Q. alba .......... Periclista media
Guaecnine ‘on trees (Omerces,: Caxpinus, CAryd) 2. se ovecn wesc wens SLO
Feeding on shrubs or vines ( Rzbus, Vitis, Spirea)...... ouoooddeDoouNs 13

Io. Head largely black spotted, spines black; on Q. srznus, QO. alba

Isodyctium subgregarium
bleadenotispottedsaspinesmmost lym palenricrlcnrictsstmestercisieleisisieienenersieiter-lelciare leis II
Hem SpInesnwe llMorked, mot depeneratemryricrs sim cier tials cirereiieve ole stersielloie aielsiie! » 12

12.

13.

14

15.

16.

Spines more or less degenerate in last stage ; on hickory (Caja)
; Isodyctium caryicolum
Spines black at base and tip; on Q. coccinea .... Isodyctium murtfeldtiz
Terminal spines only black tipped; on Q. adda ... Isodyctium infrequens
Spines well forked, dorsal ones wih black limbs ; on raspberry ( Abus)
Monophadnus rubi
SME SHCMNCE MRTG APOUItS stirs sites /atatacve inves crephislol Gaus sieia sialic nt vel ena 14
Head and dorsal points black ; on grape ( Vet/s).... Erythraspides pygmza
All green, points white ; on meadow sweet (fica)... Blennocampa spire
Head black, body white and yellow ; on ash ( Fvaxinus)
Monophadnus barda

NNAVES NEM OR EH NCECIIEUS )\ sta's « a)acslajeiase sicie aiareralelctera/e\ sinycieieis «ais Fenusa curta
WMS PEATE EASPDETLY (LEE VHS ly «Sia ayn are ni a’atripels eralentioieystsyeieta le eats Fenusa rubi
Minin AnaLdee (AUpzL8) Liles ania sjeieiats'd wleie¥s| alecn'a Kaliosysphinga varipes
amin ohn poplar. (CZ0h74/265))\-\<tais\ > ereysuclerois cicvelsiai «level eo che eve Entodecta populi

Note.—Mr. Ashmead has kindly revised the generic references of

* Insufficiently described,

138 JourNaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

the insects recorded in the above table in accordance with his generic
synopsis.

I have excluded the woolly slugs from this table because yuglandis is
clearly referable to the Selandriinz. There is probably some error
connected with the account of the other woolly slug, Monaphadnus
cary@ of Norton and Packard, and it will be found to be wrongly re-
ferred to Monophadnus.

NEW SPECIES OF HETEROCERA FROM TROPICAL
AMERICA.

By WILLIAM ScHaus.

SYNTOMIDA.

Cosmosoma dorsimacula, sp. nov.

Head and palpi black. Legs brown; fore cox white. Collar and thorax
orange, the latter with two large black subdorsal spots; a minute black point an-
teriorly on patagize. Abdomen orange with four subdorsal black spots ; the last three
segments entirely black. Wings hyaline, the margins black, the outer margins and
apices more widely so; a large black spot at the end of the cell on the primaries.
Expanse, 37 mm.

ffabitat: Balzapamba, Prov. of Bolivar, Ecuador.

Cosmosoma biseriatum, sp. nov.

Head and palpi black. Collar black with two metallic blue spots. Thorax
black anteriorly, orange posteriorly with a large black subdorsal spot containing some
metallic blue scales ; the patagice orange internally streaked with black ; thorax be-
Jow dark yellow, the legs brown streaked at the base with yellow. Abdomen above
orange, the last four segments black ; the orange portion with lateral transverse black
bands, interrupted dorsally. A lateral row of metallic blue spots on all the segments.
Underneath the abdomen is yellow; the last segments black and a black band on
basal segment. Wings hyaline with black margins, very wide on the outer margins
and at apices. A large black spot at the end of the cell on primaries ; a large orange
spot at the base of the wings. Underneath the wings at the base are yellow. Ex-
panse, 41 mm.

Habitat: Balzapamba, Prov. of Bolivar, Ecuador.

Cosmosoma bolivari, sp. nov.

Head and palpi black. Collar anteriorly black, posteriorly yellow. Thorax
yellow, with subdorsal black spots. Abdomen dorsally brown, the first and sixth seg-

June, 1898.] New SPECIES OF HETEROCERA. 139

ments yellow, the first having a black subdorsal spot ; anal scales yellow. Under-
neath yellow, the last two segments black. Legs light brown, tarsi yellowish. Wings
hyaline ; the margins finely black ; the apices, inner angle and base of primaries more
widely black ; costal margin of primaries luteous. Expanse, 23 mm.

Habitat: Balzapamba, Prov. of Bolivar, Ecuador.

Chrostosoma cardinale, sp. nov.

Head and palpi black. Collar, thorax and abdomen red ; tibize and tarsi brown.
Wings hyaline, veins and margins finely black ; apices and inner margin of secondaries
more heavily black. A red spot at the base of the primaries and some red scales
along the inner margin of secondaries. Underneath with the base of the wings red.
Expanse, 28 mm.

Habitat: Colombia.

Tsanthrene pentagona, sp. nev.

Body below, legs, head and palpi bright yellow. Collar yellow with a transverse
black streak. Thorax black, patagize with a central yellow streak. Abdomen above
yellow, the last five segments broadly banded with black. Wings hyaline, the veins
and fringe reddish brown. Expanse, 24 mm.

Habitat: Peru.

Agunaix lacrumans, sp. nov.

Body black. Primaries smoky black, darkest on the basal half. Secondaries
semi-hyaline, black. Expanse, 26 mm.

FHflabitat: Peru.

The genus Aguwnazx is new and will be described by Sir George
Hampson in his work on the Syntomidez.

Paramya flavia, sp. nov.

Palpi and legs light brown. Body otherwise pale yellow. Wings hyaline, veins
and margins finely light brown, the apex and outer margins of primaries, also the in-
ner margin of secondaries more broadly so. Discocellular black. Base of the wings
light yellow. Expanse, 23 mm.

Flabitat: Castro, Parana.

Pheia hemapera, sp. nov.

Body black ; two large crimson spots on collar. Anus crimson. Coxze and base
of abdomen below cream color. Wings hyaline, veins and margins black, most
heavily marked at apices and inner angle. A black spot at the end of the cell on
primaries. Expanse, 22 mm.

Habitat: Sta. Catherina, Brazil.

ethria rubipectus, sp. nov.

Palpi black spotted with white. Head black. Thorax black, the collar and
patagize finely edged with white. Underneath thorax is crimson. Abdomen metallic

140 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

blue, the anal hairs very long and black. Wings hyaline, veins and margins finely
black ; the apex of primaries broadly black. Expanse, 22 mm.

ffabitat : San Domingo, W. I.

Napata unifascia, sp. nov.

Palpi and head black speckled with metallic blue. Thorax black mottled with
metallic blue. Abdomen above dark metallic blue, below with a white ventral stripe.
Legs black streaked with white. Primaries black, the basal half of inner margin me-
tallic blue; a broad median crimson fascia from the subcostal vein and narrowing
towards inner angle. Secondaries dark metallic blue with the extreme margin and .
fringe black. Undern: ath the same, but on the primaries there is a cluster of metal-
lic blue scales beyond the crimson fascia, and the secondaries have the outer margin.
and apex more broadly black. Expanse, 27 mm.

Flabitat: Chimbo, Ecuador.

Trichodesma obliqua, sp. nov.

Head brown, frons cream color. Thorax and collar brown finely edged with
yellowish. Abdomen brown circled with fine yellow lines. Primaries brown; a
broad yellow oblique band from the costa, not reaching the inner angle. Secondaries.
yellow, with the margins broadly black. Underneath the same. Expanse, 30 mm.

ffabitat: Rio Janeiro.

SATURNIDA,
Automeris naranija, sp. nov.

Primaries olive gray to brown, sometimes shaded with paler in the disk; the
antemedial line wavy, indistinct ; the postmedial line somewhat curved inwardly from:
apex, to beyond center of inner margin; this line outwardly dark, inwardly pale.
Discal spot large, darker and diffuse, outlined by five black points. Secondaries with
the costal and inner margin brownish, with a darker subterminal shade inwardly lim-
ited by a black line which also separates it from a deep orange postmedial space which
contains the ocellus, the latter being brown with a gray centre and broadly circled
with black. Below wings grayish with a dark straight postmedial line and a black
discal spot on primaries. Thorax colored like primaries, abdomen blackish above,
grayish below. Expanse, g, 64 mm.; 2, 77 mm.

Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul.

Automeris zaruma, sp. nov.

Head and thorax dark velvety brown; abdomen reddish. Primaries yellowish
brown, with basal space and postmedial shadings darker, an oblique and irregular
bright yellow, antemedial line ; the postmedial black, inwardly shaded with yellow,
from apex to inner margin at two thirds from base. Secondaries with costal and inner
margins reddish ; outer margin brownish; a black subterminal band adjoining the
larger median space of bright yellow ; this yellow space crossed by a black postmedial
line ; ocellus brown, broadly circled with black and containing a cluster of gray scales.
crossed by a white line. Underneath the wings are reddish; a large black discal

June, 1898.] New SPECIES OF HETEROCERA. 14]

point with white centre on primaries, a minute white discal point on secondaries,
Indistinct dark postmedial lines and subterminal shades. Expanse, ¢, 81 mm.

FHlabitai ; Zaruma, Ecuador.

Automeris castrensis, sp. nov.

Thorax dark brown ; abdomen red; anal hairs brownish. Primaries narrow with
ioner angle rounded, also apex rounded, light brown with an oblique indistinct line
from apex to middle of inner margin ; this line is inwardly p.'er, outwardly darker
than the ground color; discal spot round small with paler center. Secondaries bright
yellow the outer margin narrowly brown, separated from yellow portion by a black
line. Ocellus large, black, with grayish centre crossed by a white line. Underneath
wings brown with a large round black discal spot on each wing. Expanse, 55 mm.

FHlabitat : Castro, Parana.

Dirphia muscosa, sp. nov.

Primaries thickly mottled with greenish and black hairy scales ; an oblique angu-
lar line from the costa at one-third from the base to vein 2, where it is joined by
the postmedial line which is crenulate. The lines are black, outwardly shaded with
grayish ; a dark spot in the cell ; inthe 2 the lines do not meet, but extend to the
inner margin some distance apart. Secondaries brownish gray in the ¢, fawn color
inthe 9, thickly speckled with dark scales, the outer margin and a subterminal line
darker in the ¢ ; inthe ? only a subterminal line. Thorax same color as primaries ;
abdomen orange with transverse black bands inthe g. Expanse, ¢, 80mm.; 9,
9° mm.

Habitat: Rio Grande do Sul.

NoctTuID&é.

Chorizagrotis sorella, sp. nov.

Body grayish brown, the collar slightly reddish. Primaries brown, faintly tinged
with reddish beyond the reniform. Space before the spots dark brown, spots them-
selves of ground color finely outlined in dark brown ; claviform the same; ante-
medial line geminate, indistinct, forming three curves ; postmedial very fine, almost
punctiform ; subterminal wavy, indistinct with some sagittate spots between veins 3-5.
Secondaries semi-hyaline, smoky brown, darkest along the outer margin. Underneath
whitish powdered with brown scales ; traces of postmedial line and discal spots dis-
tinct on secondaries. Expanse, 39 mm.

Habitat: as Vigas, Cobre de Perote, Mexico.
According to Prof. J. B. Smith this species is allied to Chorizagrotis
soror Smith.

Peridroma scortea, sp. nov.

Body grayish brown. Primaries light brown; some grayish scales at the base on
the inner margin, in the orbicular reniform, along the veins and terminal space.
These grayish shades are very indistinct. Antemedial line only visible on costa.

142 JourNAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Postmedial fine crenulate. A fine terminal black line, saggitate on veins. Secondaries
whitish hyaline, smoky along the outer margin. Expanse, 34 mm.

Flabitat: Orizaba, Mexico.

Mamestra gavisa, sp. nov.

Body brown. Primaries dull brown, somewhat shaded with rufous; a black
streak at the base; the veins indistinctly grayish ; the antemedial pale fawn color
finely edged with dark scales; the orbicular and claviform finely outlined with dark
scales; the reniform grayish with a distinct white line outwardly, the postmedial
fawn color, slightly crenulate and finely edged with dark scales; the terminal space
except at apex dark gray with a terminal row of yellowish spots ; the fringe mottled
gray and fawn color. Secundaries brown, pale at the base. Underneath a post-
medial line and discal spot on both wings. Expanse, 32 mm.

fTabitat: Las Vigas, Cobre de Perote, Mexico.

23

Mamestra ciniva, sp. nov.

Head and thorax gray. Abdomen light brown. Primaries silvery gray, thickly
speckled with white scales; an interrupted black basal line; the antemedial line
black, oblique from the costa to middle of inner margin ; the median space a trifle
darker ; some subterminal black scales ; a terminal gray line ; fringe white with two
gray lines ; the orbicular and reniform very indistinct and faintly outlined with black.
Secondaries whitish ; the veins and outer margin smoky. Expanse, 22 mm.

Flabitat: Oaxaca, Mexico.
This species somewhat resembles JZ. anguina Gr., and WZ. vecina
Gr., but is much smaller.

Hadena dyschoroides, sp. nov.

Body reddish brown. Primaries light reddish brown, the terminal space except
at apex dark brown ; the basal line black, geminate, indistinct ; the antemedial dark
brown, sinuate, a dark median transverse shaded, angled below costa ; the postmedial
fine wavy, dark brown inwardly shaded with violaceous and outwardly followed by
two rows of dark points ; the dark terminal space preceded by a wavy violaceous line,
a bright yellow spot in the reniform. Secondaries brown, the fringe reddish. Un-
derneath grayish brown ; a dark postmedial spot on costa of primaries. Secondar.es
with a discal spot and postmedial line. Expanse, 21 mm,

Flabitat: Orizaba, Mexico.

Hadena orizabena, sp. nov.

Head and thorax violaceous brown ; abdomen light brown. Primaries violaceous
brown ; the central portion of median space darker ; some dark scales at the base ;
the antemedial line paler, irregularly oblique from costa to a paler space on the middle
of inner margin ; the postmedial similar, slightly sinuate to middle of inner marzin
also, but not quite touching the antemedial line; orbicular very indistinct, reniform
with a large white spot; a subterminal row of white points inwardly preceded by
sagittate dark violaceous shadings. Some minute reddish brown spots on costa and

June, 1898.] New SpeEciES oF HETEROCERA. 143

extreme outer margin; fringe dark violaceous brown. Secondaries light brown.
Underneath light brown with a postmedial line and discal spot on secondaries, Ex-
panse, 25 mm.

Habitat: Orizaba, Mexico.

Hadena zuelana, sp. nov.

Palpi, head and collar pale fawn in color. Thorax brown. Abdomen gray ;
dorsal tufts reddish brown. Primaries with the basal half brown, the outer half gray,
the basal half sometimes mottled with paler shades; the antemedial and medial lines
fine, geminate, very indistinct ; the. postmedial line fine, dark, very wavy and twice
sinuate beyond the cell; the apex darker, with a lunate subapical line outwardly
shaded with white; some dark subterminal shadings at the inner angle; the spots in-
cistinct and faintly outlined. Secondaries with the basal half white, the outer half
black. Expanse, 34 mm.

FHlabitat: Aroa, Venezuela.
Out of eight specimens I have of this species no two are absolutely
alike and the variation is greater than the description implies.

Eurois bertha, sp. nov.

Head and thorax mottled brown and white. Abdomen light brown. Primaries
brown. A pink spot at the base; the basal line white, inwardly shaded with dark
brown ; the antemedial and postmedial lines fine wh'te, the basal and postmedial
spaces slightly speckled with white. On median space the median and submedian
veins pink ; the spots circled with white ; the orbicular dark brown, the reniform in
the shape of 8, pink and brown; a dark brown space between the spots and a dark
brown spot beyond the reniform. The terminal space mottled with light brown, some
subterminal black streaks ; a terminal dark line interrupted on the veins. Fringe
mottled with gray. Secondaries brown, fringe partly white. Expanse, 30 mm.

flabitat: Castro, Parana.

Eurois orbiculata, sp. nov.

Palpi yellow, laterally brown. Head yellow. Collar and throat mottled yellow
and gray. Primaries mottled white and olivaceous brown ; the basal line dark olive,
the entemedial white, interrupted, and outwardly bordered with a black line ; a dark
olive space in the cell between the spots. The orbicular small, white ; the reniform
large, mottled gray and white ; the postmedial dark, fine, crenulate, angled beyond
the cell, inwardly shaded with white ; a subterminal wavy greenish white shade; a
terminal black line inwardly shaded with white and interrupted in the veins. Fringe
olivaceous with pale streaks opposite the veins. Secondaries light brown. Under-
neath primaries brownish. Secondaries gray with discal spot, postmedial and sub-
terminal shading. Expanse, 34 mm.

Habitat: Castro, Parana.
Platysenta obscura, sp. nov.

Head, collar and thorax black. Abdomen brown. Primaries black, brown
along the inner margin, in the cell and towards apex. A velvety black streak at base

144 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI. .

below median vein, some indistinct subterminal brown streaks between the veins.
Orbicular brown, outlined in velvety black. Reniform, small, round whitish circled
with black and crossed with two black lines ; a terminal black line, fringe mottled
brown and gray. Secondaries white, the veins black on the outer margin. Expanse,
33 mm.

Habitat: Orizaba, Mexico; Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

Stibadium corazona, sp. nov.

Body gray. Primaries apparently gray, the ground color being olive brown, very
thickly irrorated with whitish scales. The antemedial line fine, pale, nearly straight;
the postmedial pale, angled beyond the cell and then straight to inner margin, above
which it is inwardly shaded with olivaceous ; a pale subterminal shade straight from
apex to angle of postmedial, then wavy to inner angle. Secondaries grayish brown,
with an indistinct subterminal pale line. Expanse, 35 mm.

Habitat: Orizaba, Guadalajara, Mexico.

Stibadium jalada, sp. nov.

Head and thorax rufous. Abdomen brown. Primaries olivaceous brown, thickly
speckled with lilacine scales, the outer margin paler ; the lines fine olive brown, de-
void of lilacine scales ; the antemedial angular, the postmedial forming a large curve
beyond the cell ; the medial line geminate, indistinct. Secondaries grayish brown,
with a fine postmedial line. Expanse, 33 mm.

flabitat: Guadalajara, Mexico.

Plagiomimicus musculus, sp. nov.

Head and thorax light gray, abdomen light brown. Primaries mouse gray; an
indis'inct antemedial whitish line angled at the cell; a broad white band indistinctly
divided by a grayish line from the costal margin close to the apex to just beyond the
middle of inner margin. Secondaries grayish white. Primaries below grayish.
Secondaries below white, speckled with gray on the costal margin. Expanse, 24 mm.

Flabitat: Oaxaca, Mexico.

Grotella dulcita, sp. nov.

Body and primaries bright silky yellow. Secondaries dark gray, the fringe yel
low. Underneath primaries dark gray with the costal margin and fringe yellow.
Secondaries below light gray. Expanse, 23 mm.

ffabitat: Guadalajara, Mexico.

Eustrotia malonia, sp. nov.

Palpi black. Head and collar white. Thorax and abdomen brownish yellow
speckled with white. Wings pale creamy brown. Primaries with a black spot at the
base of the costa ; an antemedial white wavy band, spotted with yellow, and starting
from a conspicuous black spot on the costa ; the postmedial line fine, white, shaded
with brown and also starting from a black costal spot, then curved beyond the cell,
and wavy to the inner margin; a heavy white subterminal shade; an interrupted
terminal black line; fringe grayish brown, spotted with white. Secondaries pale

June, 1808. ] New SPECIES OF HETEROCERA. 145

brown, shaded with white at the base and along the inner margin ; a terminal dark
line ; fringe mottled brown and white. Exparse, 22 mm.

Flabitat: Sao Paulo, S. E. Brazil.

GEOMETRID&.
Pityeja picta, sp. nov.

Head and thorax cream color, the latter speckled with reddish brown ; abdomen
cream color. Primaries with the base cream color defined by a reddish oblique line ;
the antemedial line very oblique to the centre of the inner margin, reddish brown ;
the space before it light brown mottled towards the base with white; the postmedial
line’ nearly straight from costa to vein 4, and then forming an inward curve to near
the inner angle; the median space white crossed by reddish brown veins and some
transverse strice especially in the cell ; beyond the postmedial line the wing is dark
gray shading to reddish brown on the outer margin, mottled with darker stric ; near
the apex some reddish spots. In the 9 the dark basal and postmedial spaces are
thickly spotted with white. Secondaries white, the inner and outer margins,
especially about the anal angles, light reddish brown with some grayish striz. A
terminal blackish line, and a black spot on the prolongation between veins 3 and 4.
Expanse, 29 mm.

flabitat: Jalapa, Mexico.

Ophthalmophora fasciata, sp. nov.

Body brown. Primaries dark brown, crossed by a broad median yellow band,
very wide on the costal margin, narrowing at the median vein and then widening
slightly to the inner margin ; some yellow spots on the extreme margin and fringe
yellow, except from veins 2-4, where it is brown. Underneath the same but no spots
on the margin except at anal angle. Secondaries above dark brown ; the apex, outer
margin and fringe yellow ; a subterminal silvery line and four postmedial ocelli black,
circled with yellow and containing some silvery scales. Underneath the same but
without the ocelli or silvery line. Expanse, 23 mm.

Habitat: Castro, Parana.
This species is closely allied to O. asopis Druce.

Aplogompha chotaria, sp. nov.

Body yellow ; two longitudinal brown streaks on thorax. Abdonen with brown
spots and transverse lines. Primaries yellow with transverse rows of small quadrate
brownish spots ; basal, subbasal, antemedial and medial complete ; the postmedial
and subterminal rows coalescing between veins 4, 5 and 6, and represented by a single
spot on the inner margin; a terminal row of smaller spots. The spots along the
costa, the terminal and some of the subterminal spots shaded with metallic scales.
Secondaries yellow with similar rows of spots, the terminal and subterminal rows also
shaded with metallic s:ales. Expanse, 16 mm.

Habitat: Jalapa, Mexico; Aroa, Venezuela.
Bapta ruptilinea, sp. nov.

Primaries silky white, thickly irrorated with creamy scales and sparsely speckled
with dark brown. An indistinct antemedial shade not reaching the costa ; the post-

146 JourNAL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. V1.

medial shade broad, interrupted between the veins giving it a denticulate appearance ;
a terminal row of black poin‘s. A black point in the cell. Secondaries similar but
with only the postmedial shade, which does not reach the costal margin and is most
distinct on the inner margin. Expanse, 26 mm.

Flabitat: Castro, Parana.
Allied to &. hebetior Warr, from the same locality.

Lozogrammia (?) setaria, sp. nov.

Wings pale silky grayish brown. An almost imperceptible wavy brown ante-
medial line ; a minute discal point ; a postmedial straight brown line edged on either
side with dark brown. Secondaries with a trace of a postmedial line on the inner
margin. Expanse, 23 mm.

Flab:tat: Castro, Parana.

’

Semiothisa oaxacana, sp. nov.

Wings entire, very pale reddish brown, darker beyond the postmedial line, thinly
speckled with dark brown scales ; the veins and a postmedial line buff, the latter
straight on the primaries, slightly wavy on the secondaries ; traces of a fine medial
line on the primaries. A minute black spot in the cells, terminal black ‘points between
the veins, underneath the same. Expanse, 26 mm.

FHlabitat: Oaxaca, Mexico.

Microgonia gilva, sp. nov.

Pale yellow, tinged with green, the basal and medial space on primaries somewhat
grayish, iridescent. An irregular antemedial black line edged with whitish scales ;
a minute black discal point; the outer line fine, black, outwardly bordered with
white, angled near apex and then slightly wavy to middle of inner margin ; this line
is continued on secondaries where it is still more wavy ; the outer margin with lilacine
striee and three subterminal cuneiform marks ; a wavy lilacine subterminal shade on
secondaries. Underneath primaries bright yellow, except inner margin which with
secondaries is grayish; the outer line brownish, broadly shaded outwardly with white
on the primaries ; on the secondaries it is perpendicular from costal margin to below
cell where it forms a large curve to centre of inner margin. Expanse, 56 mm.

Flabitat: Castro, Parana.

Allied to JZ. mexicata Gn., but readily distinguished by color,
wavy line on secondaries and absence of glaucous spot on inner margin
of primaries.

Microgonia fulcata, sp. nov.

& olive green, 9 dark brown. Primaries very acute as in Alatypterata Gn.; a
fine basal line; an antemedial line oblique from costa to median vein, then slightly
wavy, perpendicular to inner margin ; a minute discal point followed by an oblique
dark shade from costa; outer line curved from costa to nearly outer margin, then
angled and inwardly oblique to inner margin at two-thirds from base ; this line is
heavily marked and dark brown followed by a narrow pale shade and is continued on
the secondaries to middle of inner margin ; there is also an angular subterminal shade

June, 1898.] New SPECIES OF HETEROCERA. 147

on secondaries. Underneath the wings are grayish in the ¢ with brownish mottl-
ings; the outer margin on primaries and apex being dark brown. In the ? under-
neath wings are dark brown suffused with lilacine ; the primaries with a white mark
before the apex, and some postmedial white spots on secondaries. Expanse, ¢, 57
mm.; 9, 67 mm.

flabitat: Castro, Parana.
This species is very distinct.

Azelina castraria, sp. nov.

Antennz simple. Wings hardly dentate. Body and primaries dark greenish
gray shaded with buff in the cell. The inner line wavy, oblique from the costa at a
third from the base to the inner margin beyond the middle and nearly contiguous to
the outer line which is nearly straight and runs parallel with the outer margin. Both
lines finely velve'y brown, shaded with olive green which nearly fills the base of the
V formed by the two lines. A minute black discal point. The outer line is outwardly
shaded with lilacine, then with a dark greenish shade and finally with pale buff. All
these colors running into each other. Secondaries buff, speckled with dull greenish
gray. The inner margin and anal angle reddish brown. A submarginal dark shade,
divided by a faint buff line. Underneath grayish, the ccstal half of each wing red-
dish brown, mottled with gray. An indistinct white outer line and a black discal spot
on the secondaries. Expanse, 33 mm.

Ffabitat: Castro, Parana.
Nearest Aze/ina scitaria Obt.

Subfamily AscoTinz.

Psilopora thesea, sp. nov.

Wings gray, thinly speckled with dark brown, the lines dark brown: the ante-
medial fine, perpendicular to subcostal, then a curve to near submedian and then in-
wardly ‘oblique to inner margin. A dark discal point; beyond this a curved median
line and a wavy punctiform postmedial line ; the space between these two lines filled
in with dark brown from inner margin to vein 4; a fine reddish shade beyond post-
medial and a darker subterminal grayish line ; a terminal row of black points. Sec-
ondaries with a broad dark median fascia from inner margin, slightly bifurcating at
cell and not reaching costal margin ; a postmedial punctiform line, followed by two
fine reddish shades ; the margin darker gray. Expanse, 26 mm.

flabitat: Castro, Parana.

Physocleora tascaria, sp. nov.

Wings white, finely powdered with light brown, lines fine, irdistinct and inter-
rupted, marked by larger spots on the costa; the postmedial punctiform, the largest
spot being between veins 3 and 4 and is followed by a bright yellow spot, a terminal
row of dark points. Secondaries with the lines more distinct, the basal fine, wavy ;
the median distinct, just beyond ‘the cell spot, and geminate ; a postmedial and sub-
terminal grayish shade; terminal spots between the veins. Underneath primaries

148 JourNnaL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

dark gray, secondaries sordid white, discal spots and terminal wavy dark line. Ex-
panse, 2I mm.

Flabitat: Castro, Parana.

Physocleora obscura, sp. nov.

Wings gray in the ¢, light brown in the 9° ; the basal space and costa grayish,
the former limited by a dark line, nearly straight. A perpendicular fine median line ;
the postmedial wavy, geminate, the space within filled in with reddish brown; the
margin mottled brown and gray with an irregular angular white subterminal line, en-
closing some cuneiform black marks. Secondaries heavily powdered with gray; the
antemedial line heavy, dark gray, the postmedial fine, indistinct, followed by reddish
brown shadings. A terminal dark line on both wings, thickened between the veins.
Underneath gray, primaries with a basal, median, postmedial and subterminal dark
lines, the latter outwardly shaded with white. Secondaries with a broad antemedial
band and a fine postmedial line. Expanse, 9, 21 mm.

ffabitat; Castro, Parana.

Physocleora punctilla, sp. nov.

Wings white with a few black speckles ; lines black; the antemedial forming a
large curve, the space within bei1g shaded with light brown ; a black median spot on
costa and a small discal spot below it ; the postmedial line fine wavy, followed by a
distinct reddish brown shade ; the marginal space heavily shaded with dark gray,
divided by a subterminal white angular line; a terminal row of black points. Sec-
ondaries the same, but with the discal spot larger and more distinct. Underneath
gray, the margins broadly darker. A postmedial punctiform line and discal spots.
Expanse, 15 mm.

ffabitat : Castro, Parana.

Stenalcidia nortonia, sp. nov.

Pale gray, speckled with brown scales. A fine antemedial line, punctiform on
subcostal and median veins; an oblique median yellowish line not extending above
cell; a postmedial punctiform line nearly straight from near apex to middle of inner
margin, followed by a broad smoky shade ; margin darker with a terminal row of dark
points. Secondaries with a broad antemedial dark band ; the prstmedial line fine,
followed by two reddish gray lines; a terminal row of black points. Underneath
darker gray ; on the primaries a straight postmedial line, and on the secondaries an
antemedial band and postmedial line; the lines somewhat punctiform. Expanse,
26 mm.

flabitat: Castro, Parana.

Described from a well-marked $. The secondaries are slightly ex-
cavated below apex with a slight tooth at vein 4 and then the margin is
straight to anal angle.

Stenalcidia cindica, sp. nov.

Wings whitish thinly powdered with gray; lines dark brown ; the antemedial
slightly curved and inwardly oblique to inner margin, marked by a large dark spot
on costa, a smaller one on median vein and inner margin, preceded by an oblique

June, 1898.] New Species OF HETEROCERA. 149

light reddish brown shade; the median line less distinct, wavy, and slightly curved,
marked by a dark spot on costa; the discal point forms part of the line ; the post-
medial line thickened in places, slightly curved to below vein 2 where it touches the
median line and then perpendicular to inner margin ; this line is followed by a light
reddish brown shade ; a subterminal lunular white line heavily shaded with dark gray
oo either side, especially between veins 4 and 6; beyond this the veins are shaded
with light reddish brown ; a terminal row of black triangular spots between the veins ;
fringe pale, spotted with gray. Secondaries with an antemedial line straight ; discal
spot distinct ; postmedial finely acute, followed by a broad reddish brown shade ; sub-
terminal line dark gray, angular ; beyond this a row of triangular grayish spots filled
in with reddish brown ; a terminal black line, thickened between the veins. Under-
neath sordid white with antemedial and postmedial punctiform lines, the fringe also
distinctly spotted. Expanse, 28 mm.

Fflabitat: Castro, Parana.
The female is larger, more thickly irrorated with gray, and the lines
very fine and punctiform.

Tephrina submarcata sp. nov.

_ Wings above sordid white, irrorated with brown scales ; the lines hardly percepti-
ble, but strongly marked by four brown blotches on costa of primaries ; a brown discal
spot ; fringe brown, at inner angle buff; a terminal row of dark spots between the
veins. Secondaries more heavily irrorated with brown along the outer margin; a
faint postmedial line and subterminal shade; an interrupted terminal brown line ;
fringe buff. Underneath yellowish with strong brown mottling and striz. The post-
medial line straight and broad on pr maries, punctiform on secondaries. Expanse,
26 mm.

Habitat: Guadalajara, Mexico.

Tephrina griseata, sp. nov.

Body and wings dull gray; fine antemedial, medial and postmedial lines, the
latter closely followed by a dark subterminal shade not extending above vein 6; the
lines marked by a dark spot on costa. The extreme costa mottled with buff. A
small discal spot with pale centre. Fringe buff interrupted by darker scales. Sec-
ondaries with antemedial, postmedial and subterminal lines very indistinct. Under-
neath pale gray thickly clouded with darker gray. Expanse, 25 mm.

Flabitat: Jalapa and Oaxaca, Mexico.

Tephrina guadarana, sp. nov.

Wings dove color, the veins yellowish ; costa yellowish with some black strize ;
a curved antemedial yellowish line, inwardly shaded with black ; a straight post-
medial yellowish line, outwardly shaded with black, at four fi ths and parallel to the
outer margin. Secondaries with a straight postmedial yellowish line not reaching the
costal margin. A blackish discal spot in cells of both wings. Underneath buff,
powdered with gray. Expanse, 3I mm.

flabitat: Oaxaca and Guadalajara, Mexico.
This species comes nearest to Z. ¢rrorata Pack.

150 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

DESCRIPTION OF LARV OF HEMILEUCIDS FROM
THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.

By Harrison G. Dyer.

Hyperchiria coresus Bozsduval.

Larva shaped as Z. zo, large, cylindrical, with prominent head. The body bears
bunches of long stinging spines as in 4. zo, three rows on joints 2 to 13 on each side,
a single dorsal one instead of the first row on joints 12 and 13, anal plate bare; a
fourth row on joints 2 to 6, 11 and 13.. The shaft of the tuft of rows 1 and 2 is very
long (Io mm.) except the mid-dorsal of joint 13, which is rudimentary ; row 3 is
small, especially on the abdomen, not over 2 mm. in length and row 4 is still smaller.
A few fine secondary hairs, short and pale. Color green, a narrow, broken black,
substigmatal line on joints 5 to 13, edged below by a white band ; a black patch,
dotted with white on the anterior side of the segment subventrally on joints 6 to 12 ;
anal plate blackish, pale dotted. An eversible gland behind the spiracle on joints 5
and 11. Width of head, 6 mm.; length of larva, 80 to 100 mm.

Hyperchiria viridescens Walker.

Three rows of tufts of spines on joints 2 to 13, singie dorsal on 12 and 13; 4
fourth row on joints 2 to 6, 11 toIl3. Spineshafts short, subequal, the spines coarse,
the upper row bearing piercing caps, the two lower rows setz only. Rather numer-
ous, pale, secondary hairs most abundant and longest on the feet. Color black, the
head, leg plates and anal plate shining, the body sooty. Spines pale yellowish, con-
trasting. Width of head,6mm. The eversible stigmatal glands cannot be made out
in the specimens. ‘This differs unexpectedly from the other species in the presence of
a fourth spine tuft on join 12 (tubercle vii not aborted).

Eudyaria venata Butler.

Head large, smooth, not bilobed, rounded. shining brown, the mouth and a spot
covering the ocelli black ; width, 7.5mm. Body with tufts of stinging spines arranged
exactly as in 4. viridescens described above, the fourth row present on joint 12. Body
black, the feet and anal plate shining ; the segmental incisures from joints 3 to 12 are
occupied dorsally as far as the third spine tuft by broad reddish brown, transverse
bands, contrasting with the body. Spines ocherous brown like the head. A few blackish,
rather stiff, secondary hairs.

Hylesia nigricans Berg.

Head rounded, smooth, shining black, curiously marked with white streaks ; a
line on the vertex in the median suture, an inverted V- mark over the clypeus, a dash
above each eye, joined by a spur above to a quadrate patch on the posterior side of the
head ; width, 3.5 mm. Body with rows of spine tufts as in HZ. viridescens, the fourth
row present on joint 12; row I on joints 5 to 12 is somewhat shorter than rows 2 and
3 but not so markedly as in Hemzleuca and Pseudohazis, from which this larva also
differs in the presence of the fourth spine on joint 12. Rather numerous, pale,
secondary hairs are present. Body black, a broad white stigmatal band, white dots
at the bases of the secondary hairs and pale streaks in the segmentary incisures. Spine
shafts brown-black, the spines brownish.

I am indebted to Mr. G. Ruscheweyh for sending me these larvee.

JOURNAL

Meo Bork Entomological Society.

Mol. VI. SEPTEMBER, 1898. No. 3.

THE LIFE HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK SLUG-
CATERPILLARS.—XVI, WITH CERTAIN
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

PLATE VIII.
By Harrison G. Dyar, A.M., PH.D.

Tortricidia testacea Packard.
1864—Tortricidia testacea PACKARD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil, III, 337.

1882— «6 “ Grote, Check List, Bombyces, no. 195.

1891— se cs SMITH, List. Lep. no. 1211.

1892— a ss Ktrsy, Cat. Lep. Het. I, 551.

1894— «“ ‘“ NEUMOEGEN & Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II,

SPECIAL STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS.

Dorsal space moderately broad, narrowing only a little toward the
extremities, arched ; lateral space broad, oblique, concave; subventral
space. small, retracted. Ridges slightly prominent, never tubercular,
furnished with single or furcate swollen-tipped sete in stage I, afterward
with rudimentary setee which nearly disappear at maturity. Outline
from dorsal aspect elliptical, notched at the anterior part of joint 13 to
form a short quadrate tail. Skin covered with close, appressed, rather
large, clear granules, which appear immediately after first molt, a little
papillose on the margins, becoming smoother and increasing in number
at subsequent molts. Depressed spaces large, well developed, deep,
with sharp sides, the bottom flat and finely granulated. The spaces
(2) to (8) are present, dividing the surface into a series of raised lat-
ticed ridges.

The larva is throughout very smooth. ‘The coloration is green with
a large red mark appearing in the middle of the back, finally reaching
head and tail and the middle of the sides.

152 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol, VI.

This species is more generalized than its ally, 7. pallida. It is the
stem form, from which Za//da is just beginning to diverge. It is the
more northern form of the two and in this again shows its ancestral
condition, since, belonging to the Palearctic Eucleids, it is less distantly
removed from the ancient habitat of the group.

AFFINITIES, Hapits, ETc.

This larva is closely allied to Z. pallida. It has all the same struc-
ture and coloration, differing only in certain details which might be
considered to be of but varietal rank, except that they prove to be con-
stant. The certain differentiation of these larvee is difficult except when
the whole life history is seen, and then a number of differences appear.
The real difference between the species is found in the date of occur-
rence. The moths of ¢estacea emerge unusually early, nearly a month
before the allied species. My dates are June roth to 14th for moths
bred at Long Island. Professor G. H. Hudson finds June gth to 22d
for all the moths he has taken at light at Plattsburgh during a series of
years. Consequently, full grown larve are found early, often during
July at the time when 7. palida is hatching. This is not a case of two
differently colored broods, as I thought at one time. Both species are
strictly single brooded, like all the other northern Eucleids. The power
of early emergence gives 7. ¢es¢acea a northern range, since it pupates
in time to avoid early frosts. In the Adirondacks it was the only Eu-
cleid met with.

The larva is a rather low feeder, occurring in the same situations as
its ally, Z. pallida. The habits are the same. ‘There are seven larval
stages, occasionally six by the omission of stage II and still more rarely
eight by the interpolation of an extra stage before the last, as Mr. L.
H. Joutel tells me happened to a larva that I sent him to breed.

CRITICISM OF PREVIOUS DESCRIPTIONS.

I have no references to this larvaassuch. Probably the descriptions
referred to Z. pallida cover festacea in part, but I find it difficult to sort
them out without dates of occurrence. The diagnosis given by Miss
Morton and myself (JourNnaL N. Y. Ent. Soc., III, 146) of (?) 7.
zestacea refers more probably to Aronea minuta Reakirt. Miss Morton
thought she had bred the larva, getting an imago /esfacea, but there
must nave been some error. I followed her opinion at the time of
writing the synopsis as I had not then bred zes¢acea myself. A corrected
table will be given at the end of these articles. My account of 7. pal-

Sept. 1898.] Dyar: Lire Histories or N. Y. SLuG CATERPILLARS. 1538

lida (JourNau N. Y. Ent. Soc., IV, 167-172) contains many sentences
referring to Z. ¢estacea. Having wrongly identified the larva of fes-
facea and being under a misapprehension as to the close relation of sev-
eral of our smooth red-spotted Eucleids and further desirous of includ-
ing all the varieties of Aa//ida while I was writing about it, I went too
far and included portions taken from larvee of other species. The ac-
count, therefore, is based on Zortricidia pallida, T. testacea and T.
( Heterogenea*) flexuosa, confused together. It is fully corrected here-
with, with illustrations of both species.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL STAGES IN DETAIL.

fgg. Elliptical, flat, whitish translucent on white leaves, shining ;
reticulations faint, narrowly linear, elongate. Size 1.0.6 mm.
Laid singly on the under side of the leaf.

Stage, (Plate VIII, fig. 1). Elliptical, rather elongate, dorsal and
lateral spaces rather broad. Sete as in 7. palida, the Y-shaped ones
large, strongly alternating, those on joints 5, 7, 9 and 11 leaving out.
Color translucent whitish with a slight green tint. Skin smooth.
Length .7-1.1 mm. The larva feeds during this stage.

Stage JI. Distinct short black setz, two on subdorsal ridge, one
on lateral ridge on the abdominal segments. Subdorsal ridge rather
square, dorsum flat, rounded; tail quadrate; sides concave. Lateral
ridge moderate, subventral space small, retracted. Depressed spaces
all present as in the mature larva, deep, sharp, the latticed ridges com-
posed of one row of large clear granules, becoming subpapillose on the
lateral ridge. Color pale greenish without marks. Length, 1.1-1.7
mm., or reaching 2.2 mm. in six-stage larvee.

Stage I/f, Elliptical, tail rounded quadrate; all pale green. Skin
structures the same as before; setz quite distinct. Length, 1,6-2.2
mm. Six-stage larve, which have omitted stage II, have the size and
coloration of the next stage.

Stage IV. (Plate VIII, figs. 2,3). Elliptical, both ends rounded,
the anterior more obtusely ; dorsum arched. Ridges low, the subdorsal
shorter than the lateral. Body smooth, setz nearly obsolete. Skin
coarsely clear-granular except in the large depressed spaces which are
finely granular and on the lateral ridge where the granules become sub-
papillose. Color light yellowish green; during the stage the subdorsal

*J find that none of the American species belong to Heterogenea Knoch except
shurtlefit Pack. which is distinct from cesonia Grt. A generic revision will follow.

154 JourRNAL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. — [Vol. VI.

ridge becomes pale, a large rounded quadrate reddish spot appears dor-
sally, covering joints 7 to g and reaches the subdorsal ridge; as the
stage advances this becomes better defined, regularly elliptical, covering
joints 6 to 10 and reaching nearly half way down the lateral space. It
is bordered with yellow, this color extending also backward and forward
for some distance along the subdorsal ridge (Plate VIII, fig. 3). Length,
2.2 tO 3.3 mm. ‘

Stage V. (Plate VIII, fig. 4). Shape as before. Skin surface the
same, but the granules on the latticed ridges are more numerous. Sete
obsolete, scarcely discernible except at the ends of the body. Color
green, dorsal patch elliptical, but now a little angled at the sides, a
slight point projected to the depressed space (4) of joints 6—7 and 9-10
and a more decided one reaching below the space (4) on joint 8. The
patch is rounded before and behind and contains a varying paler cen-
tral space, which may be so large as to reduce the patch to a red line
but is usually small and quadrate. Yellow border distinct, reaching
as a subdorsal line nearly to head and tail. Depressed spaces greenish.
Length, 3.5 to 4.7 mm.

Stage VT (Plate VIII, fig. 5). Structure as in the mature larva and
as before. Color green, the depressed spaces concolorous. A large red
patch of varying shade covers the center of the back, more rounded out
and larger than before and enclosing six of depressed spaces (1). Its
outline is elliptical, a little irregular or notched on the sides, the furthest
lateral extension being on joint 8 where it reaches depressed space (5).
The patch does not reach either extremity, though a small detached
red spot may occuron joint 3. There is a more or less distinct central,
square, pale blotch on joints 7, 8, sometimes large as before. A sin-
gle example found on hickory had the patch blackish chocolate, nar-
rowly bordered with red and yellow. Length, 4.7 to 6.7 mm.

Stage Vi[,—(Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., IV, pl. VI, figs. 5, 6, 7)
shape as described. Depressed spaces as in 7. palida (l. c. pl. VI,
f. 8). Latticed ridges coarsely clear granular, the depressed spaces.
finely granular. Color green, depressed spaces pale with dark centers.
Dorsal mark reaching the extremities and lateral margins in the form of
a cross with four projections from the center which touch the depressed
spaces (4) of joints 6-7 and g-10 (l.c. pl. VI, f. 6), or filled out to
a larger diamond-shaped mark, produced narrowly forward to joint 3
(1. c. pl. VI, f. 7). It has a pale salmon-colored center, often square
and covering only one depressed space (joints 7-8) or rarely larger,
occasionally wanting. The patch is bordered with crimson and yellow

Sept. 1898.] Dyar: Lire Histories oF N. Y. SLuG CATERPILLARS. 155

and is usually darker around the edge and on the latticed ridges. The
exact shape is variable, but the points mentioned form its boundaries
between which the outline may be contracted or expanded. Length,
6.7 to 9.5 mm.

Cocoon with the characters of the group.

food-plants: Oak, wild cherry, birch, hickory, chestnut, witch-
hazel and sour gum have been observed.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

As it was necessary to make the corrections to the account of 7.
pallida with this plate, I have included all additions and corrections that
have occurred to me to date, to all the articles that I have published on
Eucleid larve in this JouRNAL. Corrections to the introductory article
will be deferred to the concluding remarks.

Apoda y-inversa fackard.

This JourNat, III, p. 151. Omit the reference to the larva. A.
y-inversa larva was undescribed previous to our article.

This JournaL, III, p. 152, lines 8, 9. Omit the words ‘‘in which
the larva does not feed.”” P. 154, Stage .—Add ‘“‘ The larvee feed in
this stage. Length, .g to 1.5 mm. Subdorsal sete of joints 5, 7, 9
and 11 lean outward, lateral of joint 5 leans upward.”’

This Journat, III, Plate VI, Fig. 1. The alternation of the sete is
wrongly represented.

Sibine stimulea Clemens.

‘Comparison may be made with the allied South American species
referred to by me (Can. Ent., X XIX, 77).

Tortricidia pallida Herrich_Schiffer.

This JourNnaL, IV, 167, et seq. Special structural characters, line
5 of paragraph, omit the words ‘‘ smooth or;’’ p. 168 line ro for ‘* sete
practically’’ read *‘ tubercles.’’

Affinities, Habits, etc. Read as follows: This larva is typical of
the red-marked smooth Eucleids, a subdivision of the Palearctic group.
It is most nearly allied to 7. ¢estacea, less closely to H. flexuosa. It
represents a more primitive state than AZoda in that setee ia and id on
joint 4 and i and ii on joints 5 to 12 are partly united into a furcate or
Y-shaped spine, both limbs of equal length, whereas in Afoda one limb
has been reduced to a slight prominence.

156 JourNnAL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

The moths emerge rather late in the season. Professor G. H. Hud-
son has taken them at light between June 26th and July 29th at Platts-
burgh during several years. My own dates for bred moths are July 8th
to 1gth.

Full grown larvee are not found till September. In Long Island,
eggs and young larve were found on the trees at the time the larvee of
T. ¢estacea were maturing. .

This larva is a little more specialized than 7. ¢estacea, in that the
dorsal patch becomes earlier defined and grows larger while the granules
are a little more papillose. The two larvz, however, are not distin-
guishable in any strong character.

The larva is rather a low feeder, occurring on higher bushes and the
lower branches of trees, along the edges of woods, etc., not as a rule in
very shaded locations. Rarely more than one larva is found on the
same plant. ‘They are well scattered, not affecting any particular tree
and occurring almost everywhere, not abundant locally and elsewhere
rare as H. flexuosa is. The larva remains on the back of the leaf
where its shape and color are adapted to its concealment. .

Criticism of Previous Descriptions. The ‘* Z. testacea’’ that Dr.
Packard described from a larva I sent him, may be correctly named.
The date of occurrence would decide.

Description of the Several Stages in Detait. Stage [.—Add: Sete
large, strongly alternating, those on joints 5, 7, 9 and 11 leaning out-
ward.

Stage /7,—Read: Elliptical, narrowed behind, tail quadrate. Sub-
dorsal ridge rather square, dorsum flat, rounded; sides concave. Lat-
eral ridge moderate ; subventral space small, retracted. Setze short, dis-
tinct, pointed, black, two on subdorsal ridge, one on lateral ridge on
abdomen. Depressed spaces large, sharply edged, deep, as in the ma-
ture larva. Latticed ridges apparently one granule wide, but not smooth
and clear, being all finely papillose, especially on the lateral ridge,
though also showing on the subdorsal ridge, feathery and frosted.
Color frosted whitish, no marks. Length, 1 to 1.6 mm.

Stage [/7,—Read: Elliptical, tail rounded quadrate, structure as
before. Setee still distinct, short, black. Skin neatly granular as in
T. testacea, papillose only around the margin. Colorless, greenish, a
faint red shade centrally on the subdorsal ridges. Later this develops
into a large red patch, becoming rounded, the depressed spaces covered
by it pale. Length, 1.6 to 2.5 mm.

Stage /V.—(Plate VIII, fig. 8). Elliptical, both ends rounded, the

Sept. 1898.] Dyar: Lire Histories oF N. Y. SLuG CATERPILLARS. 157

anterior more obtusely ; dorsum arched, the highest point a little before
the middle; tail quadrate. Ridges low, not prominent, the subventral
shorter than the lateral. Body smooth, setze still visible. Depressed
spaces large, the latticed ridges beginning to be more than one granule
wide, those of the subventral ridge subpapillose or slightly cleft. Color
whitish, green only in front; dorsal red patch large, covering joints 6
to Io, pentagonal, truncate before, widest at joint 8 where it reaches
the lower border of the depressed space (4), tapering behind nearly to
a point; a central pale patch and distinct yellow border, produced as a
subdorsal line behind, but not in front. Length, 2.6 to 3.7 mm.

Stage V.—(Plate VIII, fig. 9). Page 170, lines 31, 32, 39, 4oand page
171 lines 1 and 2, omit all reference to the coloration and read: green
in front, the dorsal patch larger than before, more distinctly angled and
pointed in front; it covers six depressed spaces and reaches on the sides
to depressed space (5). There may be a small red patch oi joint 3.

Stage V7.—(Plate VIII, fig. 10). Page 171, lines 8 to 13, omit all
referring to the coloration and read: A large dorsal purplish red patch
almost exactly as in the mature larva, but not reaching either extremity.
Line 7 for ‘‘ may have’’ read ‘‘has.”’

Stage V7/J,—(Plate VIII, fig. 11). Page 171, lines 27 and 28, omit

the words ‘‘ from narrow to broad and.’’ Omit also the references to
the plate and the foot-note at bottom of page. Lines 36 and 37, omit
*«thus forming a large blurred red cross.’’ ‘There is no particular re-

semblance to a cross in 7. pallida.

This JouRNAL, IV, pl. VI, figs. 5, 6 and 7 represent Z. ¢estacea not
T. pallida. Compare the accompanying plate (Plate VIII, figs 8, 10 and
DT) for the correct representation of 7. falda. Figs. 3 and 4 repre-
sent H. flexuosa not T. pallida.

Phobetron pithecium 4207 & Smith.

This JouRNAL, IV, 178. Add as reference to the larva, 1869—Mel-
sheimer, Harris’ Ent. Corresp., p. 112 (as Ocketicus).

Sisyrosea textula errich-Schiffer.

This JouRNAL, IV, 187. Add the following description of the freshly
laid egg: Large, colorless, a little milky whitish, shining; 1.8 x 41.
mm. and almost without thickness (about .1 mm.); reticulations dis-
tinct, raised, whiter than the egg. Hatches in not less than ten days.

Stage I.—Mr. Joutel has seen this stage with the subdorsal horns of
joints 6 to 12 degenerate, the rest normal. The degenerate horns had

158 JouRNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SocIETY. [Vol. VI.

three large, and a group of smaller setz on joints 6 and 12, three large
and other very rudimentary ones on joints 5 to 11. This is a most in-
teresting variation as foreshadowing the condition of the mere specialized
species where but three setze remain. 3

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

Tortricidia testacea,

1. Larva, stage I, dorsal view, enlarged.
2. Larva, stage IV, dorsal view, early in the stage.
3. The same, later in the stage.
«4. Larva end of stage V.
5. Larva end of stage VI.
6. 7. ¢estacea, imago,

Tortricidia pallida.

Fig. 7. Side view of mature larva.
« 8. Larva end of stage IV (compare hg. 2).
“« g. Larva end of stage V (compare fig. 4).
“10, Larva end of stage VI (compare fig. 5).
“11. Larva stage VII (compare this JouRNAL, IV, pl. VI, figs. 6 and 7).

LIFE-HISTORY OF CALYBIA SLOSSONIZA.
By Harrison G. Dyar.

I am able to present descriptions of the remaining stages of this larva
which, with those previously given by me, will complete the life-history.
The previous article may be amended as follows:

This JouRNAL, V, p. 123, line 1, read. . appendages of nearly
equal length at maturity, the anterior ones a little shorter, but in stages
II and III of unequal length as in Phobetron. Page 124, line 1 for
“except that this character may not be primary,’’ read: except that this
character is a secondary adaptation.

Add: I have recently received a specimen of this species from Mr.
Graef labeled ‘‘ Texas.”’

DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL STAGES IN DETAIL.

f£gg.—Add: duration of this stage six days; 15 days in a cold
room in New York.

Sept. 1898.] Dyar: Lire History OF CALYBIA SLOSSONIA. 159

Stage J.—Add: the dorsal and subdorsal brown lines are broken,
existing as dashes on the weak segments 4-5, 7, 9 and 11; a slender
brown marking between the horns of 4 and 13. Later a milky white
shade along the subdorsal ridges, joining at the ends. Length, 1 to1.5
mm.

Stage JJ.—Elliptical, flattened, dorsal space broad, level with the
laterally extended horns; side area small. Horns 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12
and 13 short, tapering, as long as the width of the dorsum, those of
joints 7, 9 and 11 very short, conic, less than half as thick and about
one sixth as long as the others. Long horns with many fine, flexible,
spinulose white hairs toward tip, but above and at base mixed with
smooth straight sete with dark tips. The short horns bend down and
have only smooth sete ; the long horns are all equal. Color uniform
translucent whitish green, in some with rounded brown dots on joints
4, 7 and 11 or 4, 7, 9 and 11 dorsally. The side area is covered by
the subdorsal horns which are constricted a little at base, but are with-
out separate basal pieces. Skin with clear setiferous granules as at ma-
turity. The larva eats a channel in the leaf, in which it rests, the
horns overlapping the uneaten leaf. Length, 1.5 to3.1 mm. Duration
of the stage 5 days.

Stage I7I.—Shape essentially as in the mature larva, the dorsal
groove broad and shallow. Horns of joints 3 to 13 of even length ex-
cept 7, 9 and 11 which are about half as long or a little over half as
long as the others, thick, tapering, constricted near and at base, indica-
ting the rounded basal pieces, but they are not furcate. Hair abundant,
fine and spinulated as before with some smooth, dark tipped ones
toward bases of horns ; primitive setze ii visible. Color all green, made
whitish by the hairs. Skin as before. The horns are slenderer than
before and look more numerous as those on the weak segments appear
more distinctly. Length, 3.1to 4.5 mm. Duration of the stage 5 days.

Stage [V.—Much the same. The short horns are now about nine-
tenths the length of the others and during the stage they fill out and
become almost completely indistinguishable. The hairs are almost all
the spinulose ones, only a few of the smooth, black tipped ones remain-
ing. Horns long and slender, a little swollen at base, the basal pieces
constricted off and obscurely furcate. Sete i and ii are distinct, on the
basal piece and tip of horn respectively, smooth, dusky. Lateral horns
minute, naked, tapering, enlarged at base and once constricted, con-
cealed under the subdorsals. All green, usually no marks, sometimes
with the dorsal red spots. The shade varies from leaf green to bluish

160 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

green. Head rounded, green with black ocellus and brown mauadibles ;
width .8 mm. The horns are detachable as at maturity. Length, 4.5
to 7 mm.

Stage V.—Shape as in the mature larva, all the horns equal except
joints 3 and 4 which are beginning to be a little shorter, that of 3
slightly recurved. Dorsal groove distinct, narrow; basal piece of horns
distinct, cordate at base. Horns regularly tapering, rounded at tip,
densely clothed with long, fine, white fringe-hairs. There are also some
smooth, short, dark-tipped hairs and short, densely feathered, stellate
ones especially toward the bases of the horns. Setz i and ii long,
smooth, black. Skin as at maturity. Color soft, clear green, more
whitish along the dorsal groove. Nearly all the specimens (35) had lost
the red spots at this stage, only one or two retaining them. Length, 7
to 10.5 mm.

Stage VI.—Mature larva. Length, 10.5 to 16.7 mm. The short
smooth hairs on the horns represent the long smooth ones of the earlier
stages; the short, very feathery hairs are those of the long feathery
ones which lie on the dorsal aspect of the horns, made short. The
larva here recorded probably omitted one of the normal stages. Prob-
ably the penultimate as in Packardia geminata (JouRN. N. Y. ENT.
Soc, VE 3).

It was kept very warm and was protected from the chill night air that
it would have had on its native river. Consequently it grew very rapidly,
probably more so than in nature.

Another larva reached 13.5 mm. before last molt which was doubtless
this missing stage. It was like the final stage, but the coloration entirely
green.

Food-plants. Add Marlberry (Ardisia pickeringia), cocoa plum
( Chrysobalanus icacoa) and another plant not determined. I am in-
debted to Mr. F. Kinzel for the names and to Mrs. Slosson for sending
leaves to feed the larve.

>

ON THE DIPTEROUS FAMILY SCATOPHAGIDE.,
By D. W. CoquiLLetT, Washington, D. C.

This family is known in Europe as Scatomyzidz, but since the genus
Scatomyza is an admitted synonym of. Scatophaga, it would appear de-
sirable to change the name of the family to Scatophagide. In the

Sept. 1898] COQUILLETT: ON DipTEROUS FamiILy ScaToPpHaGID&. 161

Osten Sacken catalogue it bears the name of Cordyluridz, but since the
genus Scafophaga is the oldest one in this family, it is desirable to name
the family after it.

The European genera and species of this family have quite recently
been monographed by Mr. Theodore Becker,* and a translation of his
tables of subfamilies and genera, in an abbreviated form, is given by Dr.
Williston in his recent manual. Owing to the faulty definitions of the
subfamilies, whereby certain genera which possess a given character are
placed in a subfamily in which this character is expressly stated to be
absent, and the further difficulty of separating subfamilies by such
Walkerian phrases as ‘‘ face short,’’ ‘‘ face long,’’ it will be quite im-
possible for the student to refer his species to its proper genus by the use
of these tables, and I have therefore constructed an entirely new one
which contains all of the genera belonging to this family known to me
to occur in this country.

TABLE OF GENERA.
1. Front tibiz destitute of an erect black spine on the inner side of each near the
SUD | 22 SSS SRR ORR OCOD OER Ene See Aer ORE mae eerie z
Front tibize each bearing such a spine, third antennal joint rounded at the apex,
palpi destitute of an unusually long bristle at apex of each, one sternopleural

TH AGE GRACE AIRE fetes e acl ay ei zis: jahtel pais) shclciciacaye aehsccitietniessle Acanthocnema Secker.

2. Third antennal joint produced in the form of a tooth at the anterior apical angle. .3
MI KAs OME ONNG edeatithe ape xii sieyeratcrelerareivelelcilarckeretcrsieleleteleieisieheterereteistavole cere 5

3. With three sternopleural macrochete, palpi destitute of an unusually long bristle
2; 23S OH CHGHL 6 Seo pababcagocusses poonbaér cot don Orthocheta Becker.
With two sternopleurals, palpi near apex of each bearing a bristle which is nearly
one-half as long as the palpi..............-...+++.--. Chetosa, gen. nov.
With only one sternopleural, palpi destitute of a single long terminal bristle....4

4. Palpi spatulate, about twice as long as wide,.............- Spaziphora Rozd.
Palpi more than four times as long as wide... .......-. Opsiomyia, gen. nov.

5. Apex of palpi each bearing a single bristle which is nearly as long as the palpi,
ONEHStSIMOP le tTallty irra yare oeiera skaiesetedtorskeiche ela sohels/orsrsi si ove/s eeievsielaey siareje\atsrotavole 6
NPE XAOM al PICestiti te OfSitCl) ai lLIStl epperrerateitslopaleintete) lelalelelsielayajeiererelelerelarele let 7

6. Head at least as high as long, face nearly perpendicular ...... Cordylura Fad/.
Head flattened, noticeably longer than high, face very oblique, greatly retreating
DELOWssivisieys yeas Rraperalavavekevorcveceveratepevehcuslavarssolcietsnotneleteors Acicephala, gen. nov.

Pere tu Only One Sterno plerraly 5; i «:0isininia vse cusveha,n ie.n/0) 0,0) s)ecninlies q.cvwhoheleiege's i erete sce 8
With two sternopleurals, frontal bristles strong, two or more pairs on anterior third
SIPC ULOMG | 12 otoieicicls(ei« 0 ninie sifalesciieeisin a aislaeeTar .... Hexamitocera Becker.

8. Frontal bristles strong, two or more pairs on anterior third of the front.
Scatophaga Jeig.
Frontal bristles very short, none on lowest third of the front. Hydromyza /a//en.

* Berl. Ent. Zeitsch., May, 1894, pages 77 to 196.

162 JourNnaAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES, AND NOTES.

Scatophaga vulpina, sp. nov.

Black, the front except each side and an ocellar spot, face cheeks, first two an-
tennal joints, arista, palpi, halteres and legs, yellowish, the bases of the front femora
and a streak or more or less of the bases of the others, sometimes black; hairs of
occiput, body and legs long and abundant, principally reddish-yellow, arista bare,
humeral and dorso-central bristles except the posterior pair, very slender, scarcely
distinguishable from the hairs, pteropleura bare, middle and hind femora destitute of
stout macrocheetze, hind tibize each bearing only two, situated near the middle of the
front side; wings strongly tinged with yellow, the small and posterior crossveins
bordered with brown; body subopaque, gray pruinose, the thorax and pleura mottled
with brown. Length, 8 to 11 mm.

Point Barrow, Alaska. Five males and five females collected June
22, 1882, by Mr. John Murdock. Type No. 4096, U.S. National
Museum.

Scatophaga furcata Say.

This is one of the few species introduced from Europe and described
in this country before it was described in Europe. The synonymy is:
sguatida Meig., aficalts Curtis, nigricans Macq., fuscinervis Zett., pu-
bescens Walk., and Cleigastra suisterei Townsend ; the latter based upon
a co-type specimen.

Opsiomyia, gen. nov.
The characters of this genus may be gleaned from the following de-
scription of the type species :

Opsiomyia palpalis, sp. nov.

Head slightly broader than high, as long as higk, slightly longer at base of
antennz than at the vibrissze, seven pairs of orbital bristles which extend from the
lowest ocellus to the anterior end of the front, clypeus connate with the face and ex-
tending more than the length of the second antennal joint below the vibrissz, the
latter almost twice as long as any of the adjacent bristles, lateral oral margin bearing
black bristles on nearly its anterior half; third joint of antennz twice as long
as broad, slightly more than twice as long as the second, the anterior apical
angle produced in the form of a tooth, arista bare, thickened on the basal third, the
penultimate joint slightly longer than broad ; proboscis robust, palpi greatly flattened,
of nearly an equal width but tapering at the base, five times as long as broad, pro-
jecting four-fifths of its length beyond the oral margin, each bearing a single long,
black bristle near the middle of the outer side, eyes oblique, slightly higher than
long, bare. Bristly hairs of body short and sparse, five dorso-central macrochztz»
one sternopleural and four stout scutellar, none on the abdomen, all femora and tibize
bearing several, hind tibize each with two pairs on the outer side besides those near
the tip. Venation practically as in Cordy/ura, all veins bare. Black, the extreme

Sept. 1898] COQUILLETT: ON DipTEROUS FAMILY SCATOPHAGID2. 163

base of palpi yellow, remainder white, halteres, femora, tibice and tarsi yellowish,
wings hyaline ; face silvery white, body brownish gray pruinose. Length, 5 mm.

White Mts., N. H. Two males collected by the late H. K. Mor-
rison. Type No. 4097.

Chetosa, gen. nov.

The type species is Cordylura punctipes Meig., of which the Na-
tional Museum possesses two specimens from Minnesota, one from Colo-
rado and two from Holland. This species could never be identified by
the use of Becker’s monograph, since he places it in the genus Z7icho-
palpus, to which, both in the table of genera and in the definition of the
genus, he attributes a single sternopleural macrocheta. ‘The palpi are
sub-lanceolate, slightly flattened, and at the apex of each is a black
bristle which is much longer than any of the adjacent ones.

Acicephala, gen. nov.

Closely related to Cordylura but readily distinguishable by the
elongated, flattened head and very oblique face. Type, the following
species :

Acicephala polita, sp. nov.

Black, the face, cheeks, palpi, halteres, coxze, femora, tibize and tarsi, yellowish;
front, except the ocellar triangle, inner side and apex of second antennal joint, face,
cheeks and pleura white pruinose, the occiput, mesonotum, scutellum and abdomen,
polished; second joint of antenne prolonged over the inner side of the first nearly to
the arista, the third joint two and one-half times as long as broad, only slightly longer
than the second, arista rather long plumose, thickened on the basal fifth, the penulti-
mate joint broader than long; eyes bare, nearly perpendicular, only slightly higher
than long; vibrissze more than twice as long as the adjoining bristles, lateral oral
margin bearing three or four black bristles en its anterior half; palpi clavate, slightly
flattened, bearing several long yellowish bristles near the middle, a few short black
ones at the tip besides one which is nearly as long as the palpi; proboscis robust, only
slightly over twice as long as thick. Mesonotum almost destitute of bristly hairs, five
stout dorso-central macrochzetz, one prothoracic, one sternopleural, and two on the
scutellum ; abdomen less polished than the mesonotum, destitute of stout macrocheete,
its hairs black, those on the venter except at the apex, whitish. Wings hyaline,
tinged with brown along the veins, third and fourth veins toward their apices parallel,
the fourth ending far beyond the apex of the second, small crossvein beyond the mid-
dle of the discal cell, and far beyond the tip of the first vein, all veins bare. All
femora and tibiz bearing macrochate, hind tibize each bearing three pairs on the
outer side beside those at the tip. Length, 7 ty 8 mm.

Colorado. One male and three females. Type No. 4098.
Acicephala pilosella, sp. nov.

Same as the above description of fo/ita with these exceptions: Face, cheeks,
palpi, coxze and femora black; pruinosity of front, face, cheeks, and pleura, brownish

164 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. Vr,

gray and not dense, none on the second antennal joint, mesonotum sparsely covered
with short yellow hairs, oaly one pair of dorso-centrals, the prothoracic bristle yellow,
hairs of the first three segments of the abdomen in the male, of the first six in the female,
yellow, apex of sixth segment in the female bearing six stout macrocheetz. Wings
not tinged with brown along the veins. Hind tibize each bearing only two pairs of
macrocheetee on the outer side. Length, 6 to 7 mm.

Colorado, and Reno, Nevada (H. F. Wickham). One male and
two females. Type No. 5002.

Cordylura nebulosa, sp. nov.

Black, the front except the sides and the ocellar triangle, dark brownish yellow,
sides of front, face, cheeks, lower part of occiput and the palpi, white, first two anten-
nal joints, proboscis, halteres, coxze, femora, tibize and tarsi yellow; third antennal
joint one and one-third times as long as wide, arista short pubescent, vibrissze short,
yellow, a yellow bristle of nearly the same length below each. Mesonotum and scutel-
lum opaque gray pruinose, five dorso-central macrocheetz, scutellum bearing four stout
ones; pleura on the lower part gray pruinose, the upper part and the abdomen
polished, the latter destitute of stout macrocheetee, its hairs yellow. All femora and
tibize bearing stout macrocheetee, hind tibize each with three ou the outer side besides
those at the tip. Wings hyaline, the costal cell beyond the humeral crossvein, a bor-
-der to the first vein beyond base of the second, and a large spot extending from apex
of first vein to slightly beyond the apex of the fourth, brown, sometimes a hyaline
vitta in the marginal cell, a triangular hyaline spot near apex of the submarginal and
first posterior cells; small crossvein near last third of the discal cell. Length, 5 mm.

Algonquin, Ill. Two female specimens collected June 2 and 6,
1895, by Dr. W. A. Nason. Type No. 4099.

Cordylura slossone, sp. nov.

Black, the lower half of the front, antennz, face, cheeks, lower part of occiput,
palpi, proboscis, under side of the prothorax, halteres, apical lamellz of the genitalia,
coxze, except a spot on the outer sides of the middle and hind ones, femora except
apices of the middle and hind ones, tibize and tarsi, yellow. Third antennal joint
one or two-thirds times as long as wide, arista long plumose on the basal half,
thickened on the basal sixth, lateral oral margin ciliate with yellow bristly hairs.
Mesonotum, scutellum and abdomen polished, sparsely covered with yellow hairs, one
pair of dorso-central and scutellar macrocheetee, abdomen destitute of stout macro-
cheetze except at apex of the sixth segment; pleura gray pruinose, one sterno-
pleural macrocheete, those of the proth>srax and mesopleura slender and yellow.
Front and hind femora destitute of stout macrochetz, those of the front tibize slender
and yellow, under sides of femora and inner sides of tibize thickly covered with long
yellow hairs. Wings hyaline, small crossvein near last third of the discal cell.
Length, 7 mm.

Mt. Washington (Mrs. A. T. Slosson) and White Mountains (H. K.

Morrison), N. H., and Beverly, Mass. (Edw. Burgess). Four male
specimens. ‘Type No. 5000.

Sept. 1898.1 TOWNSEND & COCKERELL: ON Mexican Coccinaé. 165

Hexamitocera vittata, sp. nov.

Head yellow, an oblong ocellar spot and a wide stripe extending from the upper
part of each eye to the neck, dark brown; antennz brown, the first two joints and
base of the third yellow, third joint two and one-half times as long as broad, arista
pubescent, palpi and proboscis yellow. Thorax yellow, the mesonotum, scutellum,
metanotum and a vitta beneath each wing, dark brown, polished, the mesonotum
marked with four yellow vittz; two pairs of dorso-centrals, one pair of scutellar,
two prothoracic and two stenopleural macrochzetze. Abdomen polished, dark brown,
the hypopygium and the posterior margin of each segment, except the first, yellow,
the hairs black, a few macrochztz along the sides. Legs yelluw, front and middle
femora ciliate on the under sides with black bristles. Wings grayish hyaline, small
crossyein slightly beyond middle of discal cell. Length, 6 mm.

Colorado. A male specimen. Type No. 5o0ot.

COCCIDZ COLLECTED IN MEXICO BY MESSRS.
TOWNSEND AND KOEBELE IN 1897.

By C. H. TyvLER TowNsEND anp T. D. A. COCKERELL.

The following are species jointly studied by us (with certain excep-
tions duly noted) in working over the two lots of coccid material col-
lected in Mexico by Messrs. Townsend and Koebele during 1897, which
were sent to us for determination by the United States Department of
Agriculture. An author’s initials, bracketed at the end of a species,
mean that the entire text under that species is to be accredited to that
author alone. The work of mounting the specimens, drawing up the
descriptions, and finally of preparing and writing the entire manuscript,
was done by Mr. Townsend. Some notes on the forms of /cerya pur-
chasi, based on material not represented in the above two lots, and also
the description of a Brazilian species of Capuw/inza, are included in the
paper, having developed in connection with the study of the other
material.

Icerya purchasi J/ask.

Typical form (= craw? Ckll.).—On citrus trees in Magdalena, So-
nora, Sept., 1894 (Townsend). ‘Thriving colonies of the typical pur-
chast were found here, and must have been introduced from California.
This, however, is so far the only authentic recorded locality for typical
purchasi in Mexico. (See remarks under var. maskel/i which follows. )
enor. LT. T.]

166 JouRNAL New YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Icerya purchasi var. maskelli C2/.

On trunks of several orange trees at Aranjuez, six miles from Guay-
mas, Sonora, Sept. 23, 1894 (Townsend).* This is the form that I took
at Guaymas, and which has been published as purchasz. ‘The specimens
are noticeable for their small size and short subconic ovisacs.

The larval characters of gurchasz (typical form) and var. maskelii do
not differ appreciably except in the antennze of first stage, and this dif-
ference is not apparently constant. Mounts were made of larve of pur-
chasi (typ. form) from California and Magdalena, Sonora; and of var.
maskelii from Californiaand Guaymas, Sonora. The two mounts from
California and that from Magdalena show the antenne of first larval
stage practically the same; 2. ¢., the last joint is irregular in outline, and
the penultimate, as well as last joint, bears one or two of the very long
hairs. The Guaymas mount, being from the present specimens, shows
the last antennal joint of first larval stage almost uniformly to be rather
swollen and regular in outline, well constricted at base, rather soda-bot-
tle shaped, and with none of the long hairson penultimate joint. But
some specimens occurred exhibiting a tendency toward the other form,
so that the character can hardly be called distinctive.

The difference between the typical purchasz and var. maskellt were
pointed out by Cockerell in Psyche, July, 1897, under the heading
«¢note on two forms of the fluted scale.’’ These forms were recognized
by Craw some seven years ago as differing from each other, and have
ever since been noticed by him to retain their distinctive features. The
finding of the present specimens, which seem to be an exaggerated
maskelli form, near Guaymas, Sonora, suggested the possibility that
maskelli might represent an endemic American form, not in any way
connected with the Australian purchasc. This supposition fell after
making-an extended examination of the larve, which could not be satis-
factorily separated (at least the Californian specimens could not), so
that the two forms could hardly be natives of two widely separated
countries. It is still possible, however, that the present specimens from
Guaymas may represent an endemic form related to purchasz, and thus
a new species, but I do not consider it probable.

The statement of Cockerell (Psyche, 1. c.) that maskelii is purchase
in the strict sense, and agrees very nearly with Maskell’s description,

*These specimens were in al] ‘probability what I collected near Guaymas, but
unfortunately they were sent out from the Department without label. I can state

positively that I collected exactly similar specimens, so far as external appearance goes
at the locality given.—C. H. T. T.

Sept. 1898.] TOWNSEND & COCKERELL: ON Mexican Coccipa@. 167

needs correction. It is craw which agrees very perfectly with Maskell’s
description, and maske/di agrees very poorly. A photograph taken by
Craw, in San Francisco, of Californian specimens of the two forms side
by side, in situ on the branches, shows the differential characters very
clearly. _Z. purchast has the body covered, usually conspicuously, with
a white or yellowish mealy secretion; the ovisac long, stout and sub-
cylindric, the whole form of sac and insect robust; the edges of body
with curled cotiony filaments often of some length and pronounced,
and the long glassy filaments normally present and conspicuous. J.
maskelli, on the other hand, has the body usually nearly bare, dark in
color; the ovisac short rounded subconic, being very conspicuously ab-
breviated compared with purchast ; the whole form much less robust,
the edges of the body quite destitute of curled cottony filaments, and
the long glassy filaments usually inconspicuous. [C. H. T. T.]

Icerya montserratensis Ailey and Howard.

On leaves of avocado pear, Tampico, Jan. 26, 1897 (Townsend).
Diy. Ent., No. 4708. Only one adult 9, but many young.

Icerya palmeri (/ey and Howard.

One adult 9, on Coursetia sp.,* near Guaymas, Sonora, April 23,
1897 (Koebele, 1714), Div. Ent., No. 7893. ‘This is the first and onty
adult specimen of /. Jalmeri known. As the specimen is an unique, it
was decided not to boil it for a study of the adult 9 anatomical charac-
ters. Unfortunately the antennz were broken, so that it is impossible
to say whether it possesses g-jointed or 11-jointed antenne, and there-
fore it can not yet be referred to its proper subgenus.

Length of scale including ovisac, over 11 mm. Greatest width of body and of
ovisac,5 mm. Width of ovisac at extremity, 4mm. Height of insect, 4 mm.; of
ovisac, 444 mm.

Adult 9. Body red; legs and antennz black, covered as well as venter with a
white mealy secretion. Edge of body with moderately long curled filaments of white
secretion, a central dorsal patch of filamentous secretion being variegated with pale
sulphur-yellow. No glassy filaments on body apparently.

Ovisac pure white, not fluted, presenting a smooth lime-like surface, large and
stout, 8 mm. long below and 7 mm. above. The species resembles v2/eyé in its
smooth unfluted ovisac.

Several larvee extracted from the ovisac demonstrated the fact of this
species being fa/meri. The median constriction of last antennal joint
of first larval stage is pronounced and seems a constant character. The

* The name was spelled Cocersitia on label. Presumably Coursetia was in-
tended.

168 JouRNAL New YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

wax of first and second larval stages is pure white. The characters
agree perfectly with Riley and Howard’s description. A specimen of
the second stage of 9 larva was also obtained from within the ovisac,
and shows two long hairs, a little shorter than width of body, sticking
straight out from sides of body, well removed from each other. These
were doubtless broken off from the dried cast larval skins, from which
the original description and drawings were made. The several hairs on
last antennal joint of first larval stage are somewhat longer in some cases
than in the figure. The broken stumps of the pair of cephalic hairs
between bases of antennze appear in one specimen, but do not show in
Phevouners. 1: [MC lw eeyalicg)

Icerya rose Riley and Howard.

Seven @ specimens, all apparently adult, taken on bark of trunk of
a tree which may have been Prosopis sp., in plaza at market place.
Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca, May 26, 1896 (Townsend). Div. Ent., No.
4222. It is curious to note that the anatomical characters of the adult
@ of vos@ are the same as those of purchasz ; the antennee of rose have
been stated by Riley and Howard to be the same as purchasz, while an
examination of the present specimens shows them to agree perfectly in
allthe other anatomical characters with the description of purchasz given
by Comstock. The validity of vos@ stands on the absence of ovisac,
absence of curled filaments of secretion on border of body, and absence
of fine glassy filaments on body. Boiling in caustic soda gives first a
pronounced rose-color, then a rose-brown.

Icerya littoralis C£/.

One adult 9 on bark of tree which may have been /rosofzs sp., in
plaza at market, Tehuantepec City, Oaxaca, May 26, 1896 (Town-
send). Div. Ent., No. 7222. The egg-sac is short, and is distinctly
yellow on circumference of basal half. There is no sign of the fine
glassy filaments of the body in this species. ‘The fluffy waxy secretion
enveloping the eggs and newly-hatched young is whitish, but the inside
of the wall of egg-sac shows conspicuously yellow. The wax of first
stage of larva is apparently quite pure white. ‘The last antennal joint of
first larval stage, taken from ovisac of present specimen, and from sacs
of “ittorals typical form, shows a slight constriction in middle, thus ex-
hibiting a tendency toward Zalmeri. The first larval stage of Uttorals
has the third antennal joint uniformly the same as 1, 2 and 4, the ap-
proximate formula being 6 (1234) 5; while Aadmer? has the third joint
uniformly longer than 1, 2 and 4, the formula being 63 (124)5. The

Sept, 1898.] TOWNSEND & COCKERELL: ON Mexican Coccip#. 169

antenne of first larval stage of “¢toralis var. mimose Ckll., differ from
typical “¢/oralis in the more uniformly stout basal joints and stout last
joint, the intermediate joints being narrowed, giving the antennz a
constricted appearance in the middle. In typical 47¢torals the basal
joints seem nearly as narrowed as the intermediate ones. Both the
typical form and var. mimose@ have the last antennal joint of first larval
stage with several (about 3) very long hairs. Both also have the lateral
bristles of border of abdomen anterior to anal bristles, in first larval
stage, well differentiated from other lateral hairs, thus falling in the
group with ros@, montserratensis and palmert.

The antennz of adult 9 were both broken, one showing nine joints,
the ninth joint being fractured and the distal portion missing. But the
identity of the newly hatched larva with that of “7¢oralis proves the de-
termination beyond doubt.

Ortonia primitiva, sp. nov. Zowns.

Differs from O. mexicanorum Ckll..as follows: Antenne only 9 jointed, less than
twice as long as femur plus trochanter, more than twice as long as femur alone, the
first five joints being about equal in length to the femur plus trochanter. Approxi-
mate antennal formula, (39) (21) (678) (45). Ninth is not as long as seventh and
eighth together. The only joints that are broader than long are 1, 2, 4 and 5,
joints 3, 6, 7 and § are about as broad as long, In some cases 8 seems a little longer
than 6 and 7. The last three joints are approximately equal in width, while the
other joints gradually narrow proceeding toward the base. Joint 1 is perhaps 2 wider
than 2. Tibia more than ¥f longer than femur, and but little more than 14 as broad
as femur, being rather slim. Tarsus (not including claw) about 34 length of tibia,
with about seven spines in a line on inner edge, tibia with about ten such spines.
Claw apparently with a short stout rudimentary digitule. Under and outer edge of
claw on each side delicately scalloped, showing four scallops. No bristles apparent
on claw. Integument showing the large round and oval hyaline spaces said to be
characteristic of the genus, and thickly covered everywhere with numerous long strong
spines interspersed with shorter ones. Boiling in KHO stains the liquid brown.
Length of 9 after boiling, about 5 or 6 mm.; dried unboiled ones are 3 mm. long,
by 2 mm. wide. One of the larger specimens is accompanied by a considerable
amount of pure white, fluffy, cottony secretion, which may form a substitute for an
ovisac in this species. This cottony secretion, which does not seem to be present in
mexicanorum, together with the presence in the debris of small orange-colored eggs,
indicates that the material is adult.

This species and mexicanorum need the erection of a separate sub-
genus for their reception, perhaps two subgenera. I propose the name
Protortonia for the present species, and it may even be found to merit
generic rank, as being quite distinct from Or¢onza. For the present,
O. mexicanorum can be included in it also.

170 JourNAL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI-

On ‘nettle tree,’? Cuantla, Morelos, May 31, 1897 (Koebele).
Diy. Ent., No. 7878. The nettle tree, as stated elsewhere in this paper,
is probably AZanzhot sp. [C. H. T. T.]

Cerococcus corticis, sp. nov.

Adult 9. Elongate-globular, balloon-shaped, apodous and without antennz,
integument whitish and transparent after boiling; anal cone chitinous, yellowish at
base, brownish on terminal margins, wide and stout, conico-cylindric, about as long as.
basal width, less in diameter at discal end than at Fase, the margin deeply notched
on ventral and dorsal aspect, the notch reaching to about middle of length of cone,
the margins with a row of strong bristly hairs curved at ends, the lateral lips exter-
nally rather thickly clothed with the same extending;down about 3/ way to base of
cone. Between bases of lateral lips of cone inside appears what is evidently a
median tubercle though not distinct, corresponding to the median tubercle situated
between the two elongate caudal tubercles of C. guercus Comst. Anal ring con-
cealed, but the stout, long cylindriform hairs arising from it are conspicuous, six in
number (3 pairs), and reach well beyond ends of lateral lips of cone. In a younger
specimen these hairs reach fully as far beyond ends of lips as depth of notch of anal
cone. In astill younger specimen they are not apparent atall. The clear light yellow
surface of basal part of cone shows a pair of brownish spots on either side, the inner
pair much the larger. Spiracles distinct. Mouth parts large and well-developed 5
@ full of large well-developed ova. Length of 9 on slide, nearly 2 mm.; width,
12 mm.

@ Scale white, irregularly oval in form, seed-shaped or bead-shaped, covered
wholly with a waxy secretion which has a felted, sometimes cottony, appearance on
the surface. Length, 2 to 214 mm.; width, about 13 mm.; thickness, about I to If
mm. Apparently stuck into the surface of the rough bark.

On bark of Quercus engelnanni, Nogales, Sonora, April, 1897
(Koebele). Div. Ent., No. 7880. Professor Cockerell had determined
this species rather hastily as C. ehrhorni, and Mr. Pergande called at-
tention to the fact that it was very different in appearance and must be
distinct. As will be seen, the anal characters show the species to be
very distinct from ehrhorni. It will be well also to note the very
marked difference between corticts and guwercus in the anal characters,
as shown in Comstock’s figure of the latter.

Phenacoccus gossypii, sp. nov.

Sac pure lime white; length, 5 to6%4 mm.; width, 2 to 2%4 mm.; parallel-sided,
more widened, larger and stouter than in ED, and the body of 9 not apparent
at one end, the sac wholly covering the body, Boiling in caustic soda does not stain
the liquid.

Adult 9. Length of body, 3mm. Approximate antennal formula 2 (39)
(145678). The antennz and legs are practically the same as in Aeianthi. The
digitules of the claw are distinct, rather slender, well knobbed, and extending beyond
the end of the claw about ¥% the length of the latter. Amtennze and legs pale
brown.

Sept. 1898.] TOWNSEND & COCKERELL: ON MEXICAN CoccIDé. gil

This species may be considered as taking the place in tropical
Mexico of helianthi, which is found in northern Mexico, Texas and
New Mexico. While hedianthi affects Helianthus, Pluchea, etc., in the
temperate region just named, gossyZzz affects cotton and other malvaceous
plants in the tropical region to the south. Probably the specimens
found by Townsend on cotton at Santa Maria, Texas, May 7, 1895,
and identified by Tinsley as he/ianthi var., are nearly or quite the same
as the present form.

LP. helianthi and gossypt both differ from ywcce, the only other de-
scribed Mexican Phenacoccus in lacking the characteristic dark coloring
of the antennz and legs. They may be separated from each other by
the sac characters already given.

Massed on stems, stalks and leaves, mostly on underside of latter at
base of cultivated ornamental plant called, ‘‘amistad,’’ which is very
closely allied to cotton and is probably a species of Gossypium. Fron-
tera, Tabasco, June, 1897 (Townsend). Div. Ent., No. 7820.

Also specimens on twigs, leaves and squares of cotton, Frontera,
Tabasco, June, 1897 (Townsend). Div. Ent., No. 7811. From this
material only a single adult 9 was obtained. It agrees in every respect
with the specimens from amistad, except that the second and third an-
tennal joints are equal in length. Only the first six of the antennal
joints are represented in the specimen; the formula for these would be
(23) 1 (456). The sacs are typical.

Var. a.—Sacs have same general characteristics and appearance, but
are uniformly smaller than in typical gossyfzz. Length of sac, 3 to 5
mm.; width 14% to 2mm. The legs, including digitules of claw, are
same as in gossyfiz. So also are the other characters of the 9 , except-
only those of the antennze, the second and third joints of which are
normally quite equal; the approximate antennal formula is 23 (19)
(45678).

Greatly massed on branches, twigs, stems, and leaves of AZmosa sp.,
called ‘‘sarsa,’’ Las Islas del Rio Usumacinta, some 20 miles or more
above Frontera, Tabasco, July 9, 1897 (Townsend). Div. Ent., No.
7281. The plants were growing on the edge of the river, and were
partially submerged at the time by the high water.

Subsequently to writing the above, Professor Tinsley has carefully
studied these forms of gessyfi7, and compared them with hedianthi.
His investigation convinces him that no antennal or other structural
character of the adult 9 will serve to differentiate he/ianthi and gossypii.
The easily noticeable differences. in external appearance are, however,
sufficient to separate them.

172 JourNaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol VB.

Prosopophora manihotis, sp. nov.

. Scale suborbicular, averaging about 3 mm. long, by 2% mm. wide, and 1%
to 1% mm. high. Color sordid yellowish-white or brownish-gray. Surface rugose
near margin, dorsal surface faintly transversely ribbed, three longitudinal rows of
slight tubercles more or less distinct ; in some specimens the dorsal surface is worn
smooth. Scale with conspicuous traces of a whitish chalky secretion. Boiled in:
KHO gives the liquid a reddish or brownish color. The dried females under the
scales are black.

@. Antennz 8-jointed, moderately stout, gently tapering; first joint about
twice as wide as long, second a little wider than long, third a little longer than wide,
second and third about equal in width and considerably narrower than first; fourth
considerably narrower than third, about half again as long as wide; fifth still nar-
rower but not twice as long as wide; sixth shorter than fifth, and seventh shorter
than sixth, seventh being slightly wider than long; eighth joint knob-lke, circular in
outline, surmounted by several hairs, diameter less than width of seventh. Usual
antennal formula approximately (34) 5 (612) (78); varying in one case to (34)
(512) 6 (78). .

Spines of integument large, long and sharp. Double glands of integument not
of the usual figure-eight form, but bent half double, thus presenting the outline of a
pair of short ears. The integument shows the rod-like structures very numerous and
rather stout, the whole surface being covered with them.

On bark of ‘‘ nettle tree’’ (so called on label), Cuantla, Morelos,
May 31, 1897 (Keebele 1757). Div. Ent., No. 7910. As there is no
other possible plant in the tropics of Mexico, so far as I know, which
could be called a nettle tree, other than what is known as the “ mala
mujer,’’ which is a species of AZanzhot (or Jatropha), I take it that this
is the plant in question. It especially merits the name of nettle, and
assumes tree-like dimensions. Its spines are extremely irritating if only
barely touched to the skin. The bark on which the scales occur resem-
bles perfectly that of this giant nettle. [C. H. T. T.].

Tachardia nigra, sp. nov.

Single specimens show the lac to be disposed in a more or less stellate form
covering the body of the female, the stellate shape being due to the similar shape of
the body of the female. Usually, however, the specimens are massed together on the
branches, being so close to each other that the lac becomes confluent, joining the
specimens and presenting the form of irregular elongate globular masses more or less
confluent. The lac usually has a decided blackish surface color, unlike any hitherto
known species of the genus; it varies to dark brown in some cases, however. Aver-
age diameter of single specimens covered with lac, 3 to 4 mm.; height, 2 to21%4 mm.
Boiling the lac in KHO gives a dark crimson lake color.

. Spine is very long and thorn-shaped, perfectly regular in outline, widened at
base, gradually tapering from near base to point, in length probably more than four
times extreme basal width (the point in specimen studied is broken off). Perforated

.

Sept. 1838.] TOWNSEND & COCKERELL: ON Mexican CocciDé. 173

plate of lac-tube subcircular; group of glands elongate-oval, widened end of group
contiguous to border of plate; glands oval, closely packed. Anal tubercle prolonged
at sides into long spine-like processes only a little shorter than width of tubercle at
their origin, and longer apparently than the caudal filaments which are to be seen
between them, The specimens are evidently adult. The lac of young specimens is
disposed in a perfect star-like form, and the color is reddish-brown.

On branches of Acacita sp., Orizaba, Vera Cruz State, July 15, 1897.
(Koeble 1721). Div. Ent., No. 7927.

Tachardia mexicana Comst.

Lac in color reddish-brown, shaded to reddish-yellow.

©. Antennz 6-jointed, formula (23) 4 (15) 6, stout, outwardly bowed, nearly
equal in width throughout, first joint a little wider than rest; sixth joint narrowest,
rounded, very short ; second and third about as long as wide.

On branches of AZimosa sp., Oaxaca, Oaxaca State, August 21, 1897.
@Mcebele 1664).> Div. Ent., No. 871. [C. Ho i: F.]

Capulinia sallei Szgz.

Adult 9. Antennze very short, atrophied, represented by a mere tubercle, not
as high as broad, surmounted by several (about 4 to 6) hairs, not chitinous. Mouth
parts large and well developed. Legs atrophied, front and middle pairs represented
by a sharp conical stump, chitinous, triangular in outline, but little longer than basal
width, usually distinctly 3-jointed, the third joint point-like. Hind legs nearly twice as
long as others, of same structure, form and outline, except that they are nearly twice
as long as basal width. The two stigmata on each side of body distinct, chitinous.
Anogenital ring small, chitinized on its edge, without hairs; the integument thickly
clothed all around it, within a radius of 8 to 10 times diameter of chitinous portion of
ring, with what appear like short hairs but are probably minute elongate glands or
tubular spinnerets, giving the area a thickly dotted appearance which ends abruptly.
The specimens studied, after being boiled, measure 114 to 124 mm. in diameter. ©
They’ boiled clear easily. Boiled in KHO stains liquid greenish-yellow.

g. What is apparently the male scale is creamy-white, cottony but of close
texture, entirely covering the immature male, subquadrangular in dorsal outline, a
little flattened, and 114 to nearly 2 mm. long, by 34 to 44 mm. wide. An immature
male pupa shows a broad stout chitinous anal horn, twice as long as width at origin,
rather bluntly pointed, triangular in outline, and with a long strong chitinous spine
approximated to it underneath, taking its origin on ventral surface at a distance an-
terad of origin of anal horn equal to fully or a little more than the length of latter,
the point of spine reaching beyond the middle of length of latter and parallel with
it. The legs are well developed ; femora, tibize and tarsi rather swollen, cox and
trochanters narrowed, the femora thinly and the tibize and tarsi more thickly clothed
with minute bristles, the tarsi with a well-formed claw atend. Femur plus trochanter
distinctly shorter than tibia plus tarsus. The long many-jointed antennze do not
show the segmentation distinctly enough to be described. The length of the pupa,
as mounted, is 11¢ mm, A

I have no doubt that this is Signoret’s species. Not only do the

174 JourNAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

adult 9 characters agree perfectly, as figured and described by Signo-
ret, but the description of the appearance of the adult 9’s in life, in
situ on the food plant, agrees perfectly, the @ being covered with a
cottony secretion and bearing pendant from the oval end a single long
cottony filament.

Found on leaves and twigs of a wild shrub or small tree called
“*escobillo,’’ in woods, Arroyo San Isidro (near Frontera), Tobasco,
May 27, 1897 (Townsend). Div. Ent., No. 7659. The cottony fila-
ments hanging pendant from the ?’s reached a length of something like
tkree inches.

This rediscovery of Capulinia sallec is of great interest, not only
ger se, but further as throwing much light on the affinities of several
more recently described allied genera. ‘The study of the present ma-
terial has demonstrated the close relationship of Capudinza with Sphero-
coccus Mask. (1891), and Xylococcus Loew (1882). Both Capulinia
and Xylococcus fall in the /dococcine of Maskell, and in fact could
both be included in the genus Spherococcus as characterized by that
author. However, the genus Sph@erococcus may be maintained for
forms of the S. caswarine Mask. and acaci@ Mask. type, while S. zzjfla-
tipes Mask. needs the erection of a separate genus for its reception. S.
bambus@ Mask. has already been referred to Aztonina. Other species
described since by Maskell as Sshe@rococcus will need similar revision.
Xylococcus filiferus Lw. of Austria, resembles Capudlinia sallei in the
presence of the long pendant cottony filament of 92, but apparently
differs in the presence of an anal cone and other minor characters. ‘The
genus Spherococcus, asabove restricted, will include such forms as have
the feet entirely absent in the adult 9, and the antenne either absent
or rudimentary. Cafudnia will include forms in which not only the
antennee, but also the feet, at least the posterior pair, are represented in
more or less rudimentary form, and are not entirely absent. While both
the feet and antennze are said by Loew to be wanting in Xy/ococcus,
the latter genus will remain distinct from Sfh@rococcus by its chitinous
analvconeron tubercle, Co Ee dyes)

The description of the following Brazilian species is included here
while on this genus:

Capulinia jaboticabz Von Jhering.*

Adult 9. Round-oval in outline, 44 tor mm. in length, Differs from C. sadlez

as follows: Antennz more developed but still rudimentary, about twice as long as

* We had named this species after Dr. Von Jhering, but in the meanwhile he has
(Revista Agricola, June 1898, p. 188) proposed to call it Capalinia jaboticabe, Dr-

Sept. 1898.] TOWNSEND & COCKERELL: ON MExican CocciD&é. 175

wide, distinctly 4-jointed, joints 1 to 3 more than twice as wide as long, last joint
narrower and irregular with several hairs. Another specimen, probably of a previous
moult, shows five joints in the antennee. Front and middle pairs of feet entirely ab-
sent, without tubercular rudiments. Hind legs quite well developed, distinctly seg-
mented, not tubercular but elongate; coxa subtriangular, as long as basal width,
wide; femur (plus the small trochanter) wide, but only about two-thirds as wide as
base of coxa, about as long as length of coxa; tibia narrower and a little longer than
femur ; tarsus tapering, fully as long as tibia, without apparent claw. In the imma-
ture specimen above mentioned the femora are relatively wider compared with the
coxee,

Brazil, probably Sao Paulo (Dr. H. von Jhering). On dZpreiaria
cauliflora. This is a very distinct species from C. sad/ez, in the com-
plete absence of front and middle legs, and the comparatively well
developed hind legs.

Lichtensia mimosa, sp. nov.

Length of shrunken 9, 314 mm.; of ovisac, 12to 13 mm. Width of ovisac, 4
to 4% mm, Ovisac white, compact, surface with a satiny lustre, nearly parallel-sided,
not ribbed or keeled, normally covering the insect.

Antenne rather short, eight-jointed, without noticeable hairs except what ap-
pear to be two short ones at tip, second joint considerably shorter than third which is
longest, fourth and fifth nearly equal and shorter than third, sixth about as long as
second, seventh and eighth but little shorter. Approximate antennal formula 3
(45) (26) (78) 1. Tarsal digitules very long, slender, more than twice as
long as the claw, not greatly knobbed. Digitules of the claw very stout, one
quite equally thickened and not greatly widened at end, while the other is nar-
rowed in the middle and club like at end. Claw digitules as long as the claw,
which is rather large. Tarsus a little more than one-third length of tibia; femur
markedly longer than tibia. Anal plates together forming a square, the outline of
each being a right-angled triangle, each with two short hairs at posterior end. In-
tegument with numerous oval or usually nearly spherical glands, the smaller ones so
massed as to give a finely granulated appearance. Marginal spines small and simple,
but fairly stout, about or hardly as far apart as their length.

As compared with Lichtensia lutea Ckll., from Vera Cruz on Croton
being the only previously known tropical Mexican Lichtensia, the pres-
ent species differs markedly in the claw digitules, besides having the
ovisac pure white instead of lemon-yellow. In JZ. éufea the claw is
smaller, and the digitules of the claw are about twice as long as the latter.

Occurring singly on branches of AZimosa sp., locally called ‘‘sarsa,”’
Las Minas, near Frontera, Tabasco, June 4, 1897 (Townsend). Div.
Ent., No. 7810.

Noack has also sent me some specimens in situ, collected by Dr. Campos Novyaes at
Itatiba, State of St. Paulo, and I find they live in little crater-shaped galls. The
females have the antennz with 5 or 6 segments.—T. D. A. C.

176 JouRNAL New YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Ctenochiton aztecus, sp. nov.

Length of 9 scale, 2 to 2% mm.; width, 114 to 2 mm.; height, I mm. or a
little less; in form convex, and leaving a very conspicuous white silk-like covering
on the bark whendetached. Boiling in KHO gives a pale brown color. The secre-
tion of 9 is glassy in appearance, and has the characteristic serrate frings on the
edge. The marginal fringe shows 12 to 15 short teeth on each side. The adult 9°,
after being denuded of the glassy secretion, is brown, but loses its color by boiling in
KHO, except the anal plates and adjacent edges of cleft which remain brown, In-
tegument shows a reticulated or honeycombed structure. Female apparently apodous
and without antenne. Marginal bristles extremely short, stout, and pointed, about as
far apart as twice their length, but varying. Anal plates triangular, taken together
hardly or nearly forming a square. Anal cleft deep, in some about one-fifth the
length of whole body, in others less. Two bristles at end of each anal plate, and
one on inner edge. Two longer bristles springing from their junction inside. The
females are full of larvee.

Glassy secretion is minutely irregularly striate, but shows no distinct air cells; it
is raised on the dorsal surface into tubercular processes, showing especially in the
more immature individuals. In the latter the processes take the form of a median
dorsal row, a marginal row, and a row on each side half way between the dorsal and
marginal,

On bark of trunk of tree called ‘ cafetilla cimarron,’’ which means
wild coffee, but the tree is very distinct from coffeé. Arroyo San Isidro,

near Frontera, Tabasco, May 27, 1897 (Townsend). Div. Ent., No.
7645.
Ceroplastes roseatus, sp. nov.

© scale. Greatest length, 11 mm.; greatest width, 8 mm.; height, 6 mm,
Color pale sordid yellowish, with a very faint rose tinge. Younger (smaller) speci-
mens measure 7 to 9 or 10 mm. in length, and show the wax clearer, whitish with a
pronounced roseate tinge or blush. Wax not divided into plates, no nuclei present.
Form in lateral profile low conical with the apex rounded, the two sides meeting ata
little more than a right angle; in anterior profile the sides meet at less than a right
angle. ‘The younger more roseate scales, with the fresh appearance to the wax, are
not so symmetrically formed, the anterior margin of the wax being lapped up in
front, and presenting just posterior to this a deep notch in the profile. Median dor-
sal tubercle of the wax is pale yellowish. Margin a little scalloped in dorsal profile,
showing about seven projections of the border. Thickness of wax at base, 3 mm. at
ends, averaging 2 mm. at sides. Surface of wax smooth, a little roughened in the
largest specimens.

Body of 9, before being boiled, denuded of wax (basal measurements), 4 mm.
long, 214 mm. wide; this being a specimen which measured 914 mm. in length with
wax in situ. Dorsal tubercle prominent, high, narrow, but widened (or rather
lengthened ) longitudinally, the sides giving the outline in lateral profile of a. perfect
angle of 55 degrees. Sides of body showing seven distinct lateral tubercles, the an-
terior one being in the middle. Caudal horn very elongate and stout, about 2 mm.
long, and 44 mm. in diameter at base. Color of dorsum brownish-red, the caudal
horn black, becoming brown at base. Boiling in KHO gives a faint rosy tinge.

Sept. 188.] TOWNSEND & COCKERELL: ON MExican COCcCcIDA. EGE

©. Capitate spines of integument present same form asin cerzferus. Claw
short, digitules of claw about twice as long as claw, unequal, one very stout and that
knob extremely large, the other more slender and widened or flattened leaf like at end.
Femur rather stout, swollen, rather long oval in outline, without the trochanter about
as long as tibia; tibia about one third as wide, parallel-sided. Tarsus a little more
than half as long as tibia. Tarsal digitules filiform, well knobbed at end, reaching a
little farther than to the ends of claw digitules. Antennz 6-jointed, the last three
joints nearly equal in length, the sixth slightly longest, the third very long and a little
wider than the following ones; the first and second about equal and each less than or
about one-third as long as the third. The fourth and fifth are about one-half again
as long as wide; the first is somewhat wider than length of second; the second is
truncate-conical, its basal width being about equal to its length, its distal width a little
more than one-half its basal.

The only other known roseate forms of Ceroflaszes are, a variety of
floridensis, which is easily distinguished by its much smaller size; and
albolineatis, which was described from Jamaica, and is a very common
species in Brazil, but is at once distinguished by the two conspicuous
white lines on the sides.

On branches of a wild fruit tree locally called ‘‘cojon de venado,”’
El Cuyo del Chicosapote, near Frontera, Tabasco, June 18, 1897 (Town-
send). Div. Ent., No. 7611.

Lecanium tuberculatum, sp. nov.

Q. Scale very convex, rounded-oval, sometimes nearly round, normally about
4 mm. in length, 3 mm. in width, and 2mm. in height. Color clear reddish-brown,
the margin narrowly dark brown. Scale finely tuberculate and pitted near border,
coarsely and less conspicuously tuberculate on rest of surface, the low rounded
tubercles with shallow pits or furrows between them. In shrivelled scales the fine
tuberculation is more extentive and conspicuous. Most specimens also show a pair
of longitudinal dorsal impressed lines, with one or two less distinct lines running
across them at right angles. No glassy secretion apparent on surface of scale. The
blackish rim and tuberculate character of the scale will serve to distinguish it from
perconvexum, which is uniformly blackish and with only the row of fine tubercles
near rim.

Legs very short, tibia and tarsus equal in length and about as long as broad;
the tarsus hardly narrower than tibia, rounded apically and not pointed; claw short,
stout, strongly hooked, and about half the length of tarsus; femur but little longer
than tibia, wider basally than apically, and as long as apical width. Digitules of
tarsus and claw stout, filiform, the claw digitule apparently longer than the tarsal,
which latter is about as long as the claw itself. Anal plates subtriangular, together
forming nearly a square, but somewhat rounded on the caudo-lateral margin. Anal
ring with four bristly hairs showing between the opened plates. Dermis chitinous,
with gland pits moderately small and rather numerous. Boiling in KHO stains
liquid pale brown.

Belongs to the neotropical group of perconvexum, chilaspidis, uricht,

178 JouRNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

zmbricatum, etc., characterized by the short rudimentary legs. It comes
nearest to the Brazilian ferconvexum Ckll.

On twigs of tree called ‘‘cafetillo,’’ San Antonio del Sapotal,
near Frontera, Tabasco, June 2, 1897 (Townsend). Div. Ent., No.
78009.

’

Aspidiotus jatrophe, sp. nov.

Belongs in the subgenus Dzasfzdiotus. Q scale circular to suboval, CONVEX»
pale grayish-brown, 114 mm. in diameter. Exuviz nipple-like, situated usually to
one side of the middle, concolorous with rest of scale but ofa darkershade. { scale
suboval or oblong, same color or a little paler than 9, 1 mm. long and about or little
more than half as wide. Scales not leaving a white surface on the bark when de-
tached.

©. Circumgenital glands absent. Anal orifice near posterior extremity. Three
pairs of lobes. Median lobes large, oblique, very strongly notched on outer side, not
at all oninner side. Well marked glandular incisions in the interlobular intervals.
Chitinous processes of the glandular incisions resemble those of A. detule. First
interlobular interval moderately wide. Second and third lobes minute, dentiform.
Spines unusually large and stout. Outer spine-like plates much branched, those of
first interlobular space simple and two in number. Body of 9 broad pyriform, yel-
lowish brown. Species doubtless viviparous, as the 9 is filled with large well
developed embryos, and lacks the circumgenital glands.

g and 9 scales massed together on bark of mainstems and branches
of Jatropha sp., called ‘‘chaya,’’ a cultivated plant whose green juicy
stems are cooked for food. Frontera, Tabasco, May, 1897 (Town-
send). Div. Ent., No. 7682. This is a southern species of a northern
type.

Aspidiotus agavis, sp. nov.

Belongs in subgenus Chy-ysomphalus. 9 scale circular or subcircular, brownish-
gray, the marginal portion whitish. Exuvice central, black or blackish, more or less
covered with a gray secretion which is usually scaled off and shows only as a border
to the exuvize. Diameter, I to 1144 mm.

©. Body deep yellow. Three pairs of lobes. Median lobes widened, ap-
pearing like human incisions, contiguous to each other. Second pair of lobes about
one-fifth wider than median, third pair same as second. Distance between median
and second pairs of lobes less than half width of one of the median lobes. Distance
between second and third pairs nearly equal to width of one of the median lobes.
Spine-like plates moderately short. There is a rudimentary angular fourth lobe be-
yond the third pair, and the margin of the body beyond the lobes is serrate for a dis-
tance equal to that occupied by the lobes of one side, the serration being composed
of smaller spine-like plates. Beyond this the margin of the body is minutely serrate.
Four groups of circumgenital glands, cephalolaterals 16 in each group in one speci-
men; in another 13 to 16, more or less prolonged inwardly in group outline instead
of rounded as normally. Caudolaterals apparently with 8 glands each.

Sept. 1898.] TOWNSEND & COCKERELL: ON Mexican CocciD&. Ny(

This species is allied to 4. nigropunctatus Ckll. It resembles it in
general appearance by the blackish exuvize, and the lobes are similar in
form. It may be distinguished from that species by the lobes being en-
tire, not notched. ‘The scales are also uniformly smaller than in zzgro-
punctatus.

Massed on leaves of Agave sp. Toluca, Mexico, August 29, 1897
(Koebele 1697). Div. Ent., No. 7935.

Aspidiotus koebelei, sp. nov.

Belongs in the subgenus Chrysomphalus. Allied to A. albopictus Ckll., from
which it differs as follows: Caudal end not so narrow and pointed. Caudolateral
glands 3, cephalolaterals 4. Tubular glands short, only about as long as the median
lobes, eight in number, the median pair having their origin posterad of the rest. In
immature females these glands are much longer, and much resemble those of a/bofic-
tus, Median lobes well separated, about as wide as long, rounded, entire, Second
pair of lobes removed from the median a distance equal to diameter of either lobe,
about same width as median, entire. Third pair pointed, tooth-like, somewhat farther
removed from second than are latter from median, less conspicuous than other lobes.
Farther down the margin a rudiment of a fourth lobe appears. Anal orifice (appar-
ently) close up near base of tubular glands.

. Scale circular to suboval, flat or but little raised, 114 to 2 mm, in diameter,
usually clear light brown but sometimes more or less grayish. Exuviz a little to one
side of center, marked only by a darker ring in some specimens, in others nearly con-
colorous with rest of scale, while in still others they are grayish or of a lighter color.
g scales oblong or long-oval, usually pale grayish-brown, the exuviz usually neaier
one end and light reddish-brown in color.

Numerous ¢ and 9 scales massed on leaves of orange, Oaxaca,
Oaxaca State, August 22, 1897 (Koebele 1656). Div. Ent., No. 7935.

Aspidiotus albopictus var. leonis, var. nov.

The characters of the 9 are the same as in a/bopictus, except that the caudolat-
eral glands number 5 to 6, and the cephalolaterals only 6to 7. A. albopictus be-
longs in Chrysomphalus. One specimen is infested by an interesting fungus.

Q. Scale circular, flat, averaging 114 mm. in diameter. Color of scale flesh-gray,
outer border more or less distinctly whitish, the whitish often invading most of sur-
face. Exuvice often nearly central, pale brown. Although the characters of the 9
insect are nearly the same as in typical a/éofictus, the present specimens represent at
least a good variety in the considerable differences in the characters of the 9 scale.

On leaves of orange, Linares, Neuvo Leon, Dec. 17, 1897 (Town-
send). Div. Ent., No. 7935.

Diaspis baccharidis, sp. nov.

@. Scale rather broad oyster-shell shaped, 2 to 24 mm, long, 1% to 2 mm,
wide, flattened, exuvicze at smaller end which corresponds to the hinge end of an
oyster shell, leaving a whitish film on bark when detached, The inside or underside

180 JournaL New YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

of the scale is grayish in color; the outside surface is wholly covered in all cases,
with a fungus of a grayish-brown color, obscuring the color of the scale so that it is
impossible to distinguish it.

g. Scale is quite distinctly tricarinate, 11, to 134 mm. long, 24 mm. wide
white; exuvium at one end, brownish-yellow or yellowish-brown. The ¢ scale is
different in texture from that of the 9.

Q@. After boiling, subcircular, tinged with brownish-yellow at least anally.
‘Three pairs of lobes, the median largest, almost imperceptibly excavated on their
outer posterior border, very slightly notched on inner posterior border, about as wide
as long, slightly separated, not contiguous. Second pair of lobes subround, rather
less than one-half the width and length of median lobes, each removed by about its
own width from median lobes, entire. Third pair of lobes small, about half the size
of the second pair, appearing as tubercles on the margin, removed from second pair
a distance equal to rather more than twice their diameter. Small sac-like structures
situated at bases of lobes resembling in form those of Dzaspidio¢us, those of each
median lobe appearing nearly U-shaped, being very indistinctly separated at base ;
those of third lobes shaped like a pair of heavy dots, those of second lobes transi-
tional in form between those of median and third lobes. There arealso still a fourth
pair, and even a rudimentary fifth. Spines rather smallandshort. Spine-like plates
not large, not long, equallingin length the median lobes. Anal orifice about five
times its diameter removed from anal end of body, well posterior to the level of the ©
caudolateral glands. Five groups of ventral glands, in form mulberry-shaped, espe-
cially the cephalolateral pair. Caudolaterals, about 20; cephalolaterals, about 30 or
more; median group, I5. ;

On bark of woody stalks of Baccharis glutinosa, Amecameca, Mexico,
June 1, 1897 (Koebele 1758). Div. Ent., No. 7959.

Pseudoparlatoria serrulata, sp. nov.

Distinguished at once from the other species of the genus so far known by the
minutely serrulate character of the lobes. Five groups of circumgenital glands
caudolaterals 11 to 15, cephalolaterals 12 to 15, median 2. Allied to P. zoacki CkIL.,
rather than to P. parlatorioides Comst., as indicated by the five groups of glands, the
jJatter species having only four. The median lobes are not so pointed as in z0ack?, but
are rather rounded; while not notched like pa7/atordoides (as in Comstock’s figure),
they are rather inconspicuously notched nearer the base. The spine-like plates of
first and second interlobular spaces are shorter than in either species, projecting but
little beyond the end of the lobes. Lobes of second pair divided into three lobules.
Fish tail structure between the median lobes hardly projecting beyond the lobes.

©. Scale 1% to 2mm. in diameter, flattened, subcircular, whitish, grayish, or
greenish gray; exuviz lateral, pale yellowish or yellowish-brown. ¢ scale small,
subpyriform, about 1 mm. long, exuvice at the wider end; color grayish, with exuviz
yellowish.

On leaves of unknown tree Hernosillo, Sonora, April 23, 1897
(Koebele 1719). Div. Ent., No. 7934.

Sept. 1893 ] Banks: On MEXICAN PHALANGIDA. 181

SOME MEXICAN PHALANGIDA.
By NATHAN BANKS.

Cynorta mexicana, sp. nov.

Length body, 6.5 mm.; breadth, 4.5 mm. ; femurI, 2 mm.; femur II, 3.5 mm.
Dull yellow brows, tibize darker, last palpal joint black. Dorsum nearly smooth,
eye-tubercle low, smooth; tibia of palpus very broad, last joint ending in a fine
curved claw; legs I, II and III nearly smooth, with fine hairs; venter smooth;
‘dorsum of abdomen with low tubercles along each side to the hind femora, on hind
part of middle a pair of very small tubercles, scarcely evident, and behind them a
transverse row of four minute tubercles, the hind border of the shield and of the
next two segments with a row of small tubercles ; hind leg spinulate on femur, patella
and tibia, rather more strongly on last two, on inner side of femur near tip isa larger,
prominent, blunt spine. Readily known from our forms by larger size, absence of
markings, small tubercles, and armature of hind leg.

Erginus mexicana, sp. nov.

Length, 3.9 mm.; femur I, 1.7 mm.; femur II, 3.1mm. Body almost uniform
pale yellowish, legs paler, nearly white. Dorsal surface evenly and rather. roughly
granulate, eye-tubercle broad, low; basal joint of mandibles swollen above and
prominent, distinctly granulate; palpi appressed to mandibles, the femur broad, den-
ticulate above, below on inner margin with six blunt teeth, tibia very broad, concave
within, margins with bristles, tarsus slender, one half length of the tibia, ending in a
long, fine, curved claw; venter and coxz granulate; the margins of the very much
retracted segments denticulate; legs slender, finely granulate, fourth pair nearly as
long as second, but the fourth tarsus shorter than that of second leg.

One specimen ; readily known by the blunt teeth under the femur

of palpus.

Liobuhum mexicanum, sp. nov.

Length body 4mm, femur I, 11 mm., femur II, 18 mm. Dark brown above,
nearly uniform, but faintly showing a chocolate brown vase-mark on basal part of
abdomen; beneath wholly pale; palpi pale, brownish on base of the femora, above
on patellze, and at base and tip of the tibiz; mandibles pale ; legs brown, with scat-
tered pale dots on basal joints, often arranged in groups, coxze pale, trochanters brown-
ish, extreme tip of tibice pale. Dorsum above quite finely and regularly granulate;
eye-tubercle quite high, smooth, the eyes prominent; last joint of palpus as long as
tibia and patella together, scarcely curved, each of the coxz I, II and III terminate
above next to the body in a small white spine.

Amecameca [Barrett]. The specimen has but three legs on the right

side, leg II being absent and its coxa is rudimentary.

Liobunum albipalpe, sp. nov.
Length body 5 mm., femur I, 12 mm., femur II, 20 mm. Palpi white, basal
joints rather yellowish, mandibles pale yellowish; cephalothorax black in center,

182 JournaL NEw YoRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

whitish on front and sides, and narrowly behind ; abdomen black, a whitish stripe on
the side of basal half and two or three of the segments behind are narrowly white
on the side of the apical margin ; coxze and venter almost black, four elongate whit-
ish spots just behind hind coxze, the basal one much the largest; trochanters black,
legs brown, pale on middle of femora, darker on patellz. Eye-tubercle moderately
prominent, faintly roughened above; patella of palpus with a distinct projection at
inner end about as long as width of joint, tibia scarcely longer than patella, last joint
slightly curved, fully as long as tibia plus patella; basal part of abdomen finely rug-
ulose, also the apical portion of the apical segments; legs faintly roughened.

Readily distinguished by the white front and white spots behind
cOxe.

Leptobunus spinulatus, sp. nov.

Length 11 mm., femur I, 5 mm., femur II,9 mm. Black, mandibles pale yel-
lowish, patella, tibia, and basal half of tarsus, of palpus yellow brown, coxze dark
yellow brown, extreme base of femora whitish, tarsi brownish. Eye-tukercle low,
with a few spinules above, a group of numerous spinules on front border, all small;
palpi with short stiff hair, tibia much longer than patella, tarsus longer than both to-
gether, nearly straight; coxze with granules, and trochanters spinulate, rows of spin-
ules on the femora, more irregular on patella and smaller on tibie ; tibia II nearly
smooth, with two false articulations, none in other tibize, none in anterior metatarsi ;
abdomen with transverse rows of minute, pale, pointed tubercles, rather few in a row.

Related to Z. grande, but much more spinulate.

LIFE-HISTORY OF FERALIA JOCOSA.
By Otto SEIFERT.

This pretty species may be found in the vicinity of New York from
the last days of March to the end of April, wherever hemlock trees
(Tsuga Canadensis) grow in any number. The moths emerge from
their pupze about noon and ascend the hemlock trunks to develop their
wings. Sometimes, on very cold days, they remain resting near the
ground, as if paralyzed by the severity of the weather. When dis-
turbed, they seem indifferent at first, but later suddenly dart off, usually
to the higher branches of the trees. ‘They are easily found, as their
bright colors contrast with the dark bark, especially after rain; but
they are never abundant and seem to prefer spending their lives high up
amongst the foliage of the trees, so much resembling their own colors.
I have never been able to find a pair in copulation, though I have often
observed males and females on the same trunk. When taken home and

Sept. 1898.] SEIFERT: LiFE-HISTORY OF FERALIA JOCOSA. 183

kept carefully with hemlock sprigs in large glass vessels, they remained
nearly inactive and finally the females laid unfertilized eggs. It may
be mentioned here that these moths can be kept alive for a compara-
tively long time when fed on slices of fresh apple.

The entire existence of this insect is bound and admirably adapted
to the conifer on which it feeds. In April and May the mature hem-
locks develop their flowers. ‘The staminate aments are produced pro-
fusely on the younger, higher branches. The moth is only to be found
on the larger trees. The impregnated female runs restlessly up and
down the branchlets until it finds a twig with the budding staminate
aments. ‘These latter appear in numerous clusters and here on the ad-
joining leaves the moth deposits its rather large, pale honey yellow eggs.
One or a few are glued to a leaf, mostly on the under side. The whole
number of eggs rarely reaches 150.

The eggs hatch after 14 to16 days. The pale greenish yellow larve
at once attack the undeveloped anther sacks and feed on these only at
this stage. ‘They bury their heads and part of their bodies in the buds,
covering themselves over with pollen grains. As soon as the anthers
reach maturity; develop their tender filaments and turn light brown the
young caterpillars leave them entirely and take to the new leaves which
have just opened. In the successive stages they gradually abandon the
growing leafy shoots, touching them only occasionally and, after the
last molt, feed exclusively on the deep green perennial leaves. They
often denude small twigs of their leaves and leave only the light green
terminal shoots on the branches.

By the changes of color and design during growth the larvze follow
the successively acquired food habits. Very young larvz are pale yel-
lowish green, the color of the budding staminate aments; after this
they change to bright, light green; then they obtain pale white longitu-
dinal bands; later on they change to bright pea green with intense
white stripes from the head to anal segment and a cherry red supra-
stigmatal line bordering the white stigmatal stripe; at last the bands
are broken into oval spots partly tinted and edged with yellow and red.
Now the glossy, deep pea green, checkered caterpillar is admirably
adapted to the deep green lacquered perennial leaves of the hemlock,
variegated with flowers and buds. About six weeks after leaving the
egg shell, the larval period is completed and the trim creature descends
the tree, probably at night, digging into the ground close to the trunk
and near the surface to form an almost oval, soft, but tenacious cocoon
of earth and silk. In this it transforms to a brown pupa in a few days.

184 JourNnaL NEW YorK ENToMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

It might be rash to assume these seemingly adaptive changes of
habits and colors in the larval state to be a protective measure. The
insect, on account of its early appearance, hardly needs much protection
from enemies. Birds are rather scarce at this time, especially in hem-
lock groves and probably would detect it in any case. Ichneumon flies
and other parasitic hymenoptera are almost out of the question. A
small Carabid beetle which ascends the trees at night and a rather large
green hemipteron lurking often on the bark in day time probably never
will infest the lofty habitat of the Herafa larve. Even the colors of
the imago resembling the green and white mottled lichens on the bark
are to all appearance of not much protective value, as some mutilated
moths found near the trunks had apparently been killed by Carabids
while resting on the bark. Probably the larva simply follows the gen-
eral law of markings (Eimer, Artbildung bei den Schmetterlingen ;
Orthogenesis, etc.), gradually converting the primitive pattern of longi-
tudinal stripes into spots. In this case these changes apparently coin-
cide with the different surroundings which are conditioned by the alter-
ing food habits.

figg.—Rather large, of the typical noctuid form; semiglobular,
much flattened at base, depressed on top; pale honey yellow with
faint greenish tint, extremely thin shelled and soft; closely ribbed when
magnified, the ribs appear as blunt ridges with many irregular indenta-
tions, these ridges widening toward base, do not all commence from the
vertex, nor do they all reach the base.

Eggs laid April 7th commenced to hatch April 21st. The young
larvee do not eat their egg shells, but making an opening side ways, they
leave the delicate, colorless, transparent membrane in shape.

First stage.—Larve slender, almost pellucid, of a pale green-
ish yellow color. Skin not smooth but irregularly folded. Head
rather large, sparsely hairy, mouth-parts and ocelli pale yellowish-
brown. On 1st, 2d and 3d segments dorsally shield-like plates indi-
cated, those on 2d and 3d are omitted after moulting. Eleventh seg-
ment humped slanting to anus, this hump before first moult has a raised
shield-like plate covering the entire dorsal and subdorsal region. Seg-
ments, except thoracic and last, with five minute black dots each bearing
a short slender hair arranged in the usual noctuid way (Dyar, Classifi-
cation of Lepidopterous Larvee); the three first segments have a few more
delicate hairs and above cremaster a transverse bow of about 24 minute
hairs. The young larve have during their earlier stages a looper-like gait
and habits, holding with the after legs to a sprig and stretching the body

Sept. 1898.] SEIFERT: LirE-HIsTORY OF FERALIA JOCOSA. 185

out like a stick. They are fond of spinning small networks over the
leaves especially when moulting and drop on a thread when disturbed,
but these customs are gradually abandoned during their moults. Before
changing their skins they turn sordid olive green, moult during the
night and eat their cast-off skins except the head shell.

After first moult,—The larve are bright yellowish green, slightly
paler ventrally. Skin very transparent, contracted. Head compara-
tively smaller than before of very pale tan-color, mouth parts light
brown, ocelli darker. First segment somewhat swollen, hump much
produced. An indistinct stripe forms dorsally, more distinct from
seventh to last segment, also a very pale whitish green lateral stripe.

After second moult.—They change to bright, glossy pea-green with
pale bluish white dorsal, lateral and stigmatai stripes, all equidistant.
The stripes run from first segments to the last, the stigmatal continued
by a narrow line above cremaster. Cervical shield indicated by a slight
depression and still brighter green, hump on top also more shiny.

After third moult.—The stripes turn clear, heavy white. The stig-
matal one is bordered above by a cherry-red line. The larve vary
much in deeper or lighter shade of green, from pea-green to bright
olive; the red line with different individuals is more or less intense and
when most prominent it is edged below with yellow and the stigmatal
stripe appears cream-colored.

After fourth moult.—The ground color is still more glassy and trans-
parent pea-green: stripes chalky, finely wrinkled. The dorsal stripe
rather even, the lateral one almost uniform on the three first segments,
but then widening in the middle of the segments and tapering in the
incisures forms a chain of elongated spots. The stigmatal stripe is
broken up into eleven irregular, half-moon shaped spots ; conjoined.
The humped 11th and 12th segments have only one spot, but enlarged ;
these spots are bordered above with cherry-red and shaded with yellow
on the edges and junction. A pedal line of yellowish-white, oblong,
irregular spots forms above the abdominal feet and on the tenth segment.

After fifth moult.—The larve attain their maturity. Full-grown
they are nearly cylindrical, about 32 to 35 mm. long, width 4.5 mm.
All 16 feet normally developed. Eleventh segment forming a hump
slanting to cremaster. The few short delicate hairs distributed as before,
but hardly perceptible. The finely granulated skin folded, especially
on stigmatal area. Ground color deep, glossy pea-green, very transpa-
rent ; head and legs more yellowish green; cervical shield and hump
still brighter green. Dorsal and lateral stripes chalky white, finely

186 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

wrinkled, running from first segment to last. Dorsal stripe uninterrupted,
on thoracic segments nearly uniform, then widening in the middle of
segments and narrowing in the joints. The lateral stripe follows the
same principal, but in a more complete way, being almost uniform on
thoracic segments and forming a chain of spindle-shaped spots on the
abdomen connected by a narrow line. The spot on the eleventh seg-
ment runs in a line to anal plate. From first to last segment a stig-
matal row of eleven large, half-moon shaped, cream colored spots, yel-
low on the edges and bordered above their full length with cherry red ;
on the three first segments the spots are more elongated forming almost a
band, but they are disconnected ; on last two segments one large spot
which ends in a narrow white stripe, edged above with yellow,
bordering the anal plate. A pedal line of oblong, irregular cream col-
ored spots, one on each segment except on first and twelfth. Spots on
second and third segments smaller than the others, the latter extending
almost over the whole width of the segment.

The larvee vary in the deeper or lighter shade of green, the inten-
sity of the red color and prominence of the yellow edgings. One of
about 75 full grown caterpillars had all, even the dorsal stripe, converted
into oval spots.

From May 3oth to June 3d all but a few sickly stragglers had gone
into the ground. Some forming their cocoons on the surface, only cov-
ered by moss and dry hemlock leaves. ‘

Cocoon.—Rather soft but durable, made of earth and silk.

Pupa.—Rather stout anteriorly, head cases slightly rounded, almost
blunt ; movable segments tapering much to anal joint, the latter ends in
two fine hooks with which the pupa is fastened to the cocoon. ‘Thorax
and wing cases brown, the former shagreened, the latter wrinkled, an-
tenne cases clearly visible, but not much produced. Abdominal seg-
ments more reddish brown, finely punctured, the movable ones only so:
anteriorly. Length of pupa 15 mm., widest in the middle, 5 mm.

The imagines do not vary much in size. Almost all expand 34 mm.
(about 50 specimens). ‘There is more variation in ground color and
the black scales in median space. ‘The former varies from pea-green to
bright olive; also appearing in all shades of cream color. The whole
median space is often powdered with black scales, sometimes only
partly and in a few specimens the black scales are omitted. _The white
and black t. a. and t. p. lines are nearly always regular and distinct.
The green females seem to be in the majority, but in general the.
variability in either way is not confined to any sex, nor has the flying

Sept. 1898] CoQuimILLETT: ON A NEw GENuS oF DIPTERA. 137

anything to do with it since undeveloped soft winged green females,
as well as cream colored ones have been found. Hind wings and
vestiture not subject to noticeable variation, nor the underside of pri-
maries and secondaries, which differs only slightly in deeper or lighter
shading.

[Note.—This larva has occurred to me in the Adirondacks on the
balsam fir. Its pattern of markings and coloration are strikingly like
those of the pine-feeding Sphingide, doubtless in adaptation to the
similar environment. H. G. Dyar.]

A NEW DIPTEROUS GENUS BELONGING TO THE
THEREVID.

By D. W. CoquiLLertr.

Henicomyia, gen. nov.

Antenne slightly longer than the thorax, cylindrical, first joint two-thirds as long
as the head, the second broader than long, one-fifth as long as the first, third joint of
nearly an equal diameter until near the tip, almost twice as thick as the first joint
and nearly four times as long, the apical portion tapering gradually to the tip which
is truncated and destitute of a style; head nearly twice as broad as long, face bare ;
proboscis rather slender, the labélla of about the same diameter as the proboscis
proper, the two together slightly longer than the head; palpi slender, their apices
considerably dilated ; three ocelli present. Abdomen slender, fully three times as
long as the therax, Wings with two submarginal and five posterior cells, the fourth
posterior and anal cells closed and short petiolate. Type, the following species :

Henicomyia hubbardii, sp. nov.

gf. Head black, front somewhat polished, at narrowest part one-third as wide as
either eye, antennz yellow, the second joint and apical portion of the third, brown ;
proboscis brown, the under side of the basal portion yellow; palpi brown, the apices
yellow; a row of black macrocheetze extending around the upper half of the occiput.
Thorax and scutellum yellow, polished, a white pruinose vitta in middle of dorsum of
thorax, considerably expanded behind the suture, and a white pruinose spot on upper
part of the pleura in front of the insertion of each wing; a black macrocheta above,
and another in front of, the insertion of each wing, thorax elsewhere, and the scutel-
lum, bare. Abdomen black, polished, the extreme base yellowish, the posterior
margins of the first four segments white; hypopygium nearly twice as long as the
seventh, or last, abdominal segment. Wings hyaline, a brown cloud on veins at apex
of second basal cell, and a brown fascia extending from the costa, a short distance
before the apex of the second vein, to the base of the third posterior cell. Coxze yel-
low, the posterior ones Jargely brown and covered with a silvery-white pruinosity ;

188 JourNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

femora yellow, the posterior ones except the extreme base and apex, brown; tibiz
yellow, the hind ones brown; tarsi brown, the first joint and basal half of the second
joint of the hind ones, yellow; all femora and the front tibize bare, middle and hind
tibize thinly beset with very short bristles; pulvilli rather large, empodium wanting.
Halteres brownish, the apical portion of the knobs white. Length, 8 mm.

Ft. Grant, Arizona. A single specimen collected July 19, 1897,
by Mr. H. G. Hubbard, after whom this interesting species is named.
Type No. 4071, U. S. Nat. Museum.

LIFE-HISTORY OF THE TWO FORMS OF CERURA
NIVEA.

By RicHarp E. Kunzez, M.D.

In Professor Packard’s Monograph on Bombycine Moths, this Ceru-
rin: Moth is mentioned as a varietal form of C. cimerea. Under date
of August 14, 1897, the doctor wrote me, that ‘‘ there were two pale or
white forms of czzerea in my region, whose larvee need to be identified.’”
Professor Packard in his monograph states, that the white color of an
example of C. mzvea, in Mr. Palm’s collection, from the Virgin river,
southern Utah, is evidently the result of the action of bright sunlight,
heat and dryness. ‘The same conditions exist in the Salt River Valley.
Phoenix and Yuma hold the record for highest temperature of Arizona,
that of the former being 117° Fahrenheit in the shade, while that of
Yuma exceeded it by two or three degrees. This information I ob-
tained from U. S. Weather Bureau of this City, and an attaché of the
same formerly stationed in Yuma. My examples of zzvea were all col-
lected at light in Phoenix up to the end of June, a few emerged from
collected cocoons, and of those sent six to Mr. Charles Palm for deter-
mination. ‘The reply stated, that according to the synopsis of Neumoe-
gen and Dyar, they were Cerura nivea, variety of cenerea. Since my
correspondence with Professor Packard, have taken the autumn brood
of this insect, from which I bred from ova to pupze and imagines, and
will now give as a result, that this moth has an undisputed right to rank
as a species, and not as varietal form of cémerea. In its earliest larval
stages the resemblance is nearer that of c¢zerea than any other Cerurine,
while the last two stages more nearly resemble larvee of C. mu@tiscripia.
In the East have bred from ova and collected larvee of any number of
C. cinerea, multiscripta and borealis and well remember the larval life
of those specics.

Sept. 1898.] Kunze: Two ForMs oF CERURA NIVEA. 189

As before mentioned, there are two annual broods in this hot anc
arid region. The larva feeds on willow and cottonwood and I have
collected cocoons early in spring from both food-plants. ‘The examples
which served for observation, were two females taken in September,
1897, in Phcenix. One of these was almost immaculate, except a
small black spot between the veins of external border of primaries.
The other was marked at the base and near cell of primaries with a few
black patches and irregular markings. Bodies of both heavily clothed
by long white hair, and at first thought I had taken a Spclosoma.
The base of wings likewise thickly covered by a thick mass of shorter
hair than onthe body. The males of this species have longer hair than the
females. These Arizona cerurines are much larger than the C. cinerea
of the East. After ovipositing I sent both females, a little the worse
for functions performed, to Professor Packard, and also better examples
of the spring and autumn broods of both sexes. Ground color of all
was snow-white. ;

The first female secured I placed in a paper box for ovipositing.
This example regarding ornamentation, agreed more fully with figure
19 of Packard’s Bombycine Moths, described as C. cinerea var. nivea
or Dyar’s type of merzdionalis, 8. Onthe night of Sept. rgth a few
eggs were laid and some more the following evening. ‘They were laid
singly and in piles of 5 to 6 each. They were black, of a dull color,
hemispherical and flat at base. Size 1.5 mm. Seven larve hatched
Sept. 26th and eight more Sept. 27th, between the hours of 8.30 and
9.45 A. M., making time of hatching seven days.

Stage 7.—Face neutral pink, pilose, the same as the rest of the body. On all the
joints white hairs. Joint 2 has two lateral prothoracic horns finely spinose, of purple
color. These processes connected by a dorsal ridge. Two subdorsal, purple stripes
from joint 2 to 7, interrupted on joints 8 and 9, and continued from joint 10 to 12.
Joint 13 has appended two anal, filamental legs or ‘‘ tails.’ Dorsum greenish-yellow
in a continuous line to penultimate joint. Dorsum of segments 7, 8 and 9, presents a
diamond-shaped mark, due to absence of subdorsal purple stripes. Tails covered
with spines or spinules, annulated purple and greenish-yellow. Near insertion the
‘*tails’’ are purple, and of similar color at middle and terminal parts. Feet yellow-
ish white, almost co.colorous with body. Length of larva without stemapods, 3 mm.
and inclusive of these organs, 5.5 mm. ‘The head .5 mm. in breadth, space between
head and middle of body .33 mm. breadth, and between joints 6 and 7, .5 mm.

Stage I[[,—Observed October 3d, larva seven days old. Length of larva without
stemapods, 14 mm. and inclusive of ‘‘ tails,” I9 mm. Width of joint 2, 2mm., and
of joints 6 and 7, 1.25 mm. Length of prothoracic horas, I mm., width of ridge con-
necting these processes, 3 mm. Face and body sparingly covered with white hair.
Face and vertex speckled brown and green, Middle of face and mouth parts green.

190 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Laterally a green stripe passing from vertex to mouth. Prothoracic horns brown,
covered with greenish tubercles supporting a black spine. A greenish-yellow dorsal
stripe, becoming triangular on joints 2 and 3 ; it becomes narrow and again widens
on joints 6, 7,8 and 9 intoa diamond-shaped patch, constricted on joint 11, and finally
widening on joints 12 and 13. A triangular brown patch in the middle of joint 3. A
brown spot on joint 6. Joints 7 and 8 ornamented by an oval brownish spot centered
green, and surrounded by a circle of minute, greenish tubercles. From the middle of
joints 9 to II, a brownish patch like a maple leaf. Across the penultimate joint a
longitudinal brownish dash. Lateral parts of larva green, of the same color as leaf
of cottonwood. All legs concolorous with lateral parts. Feet whitish. The green
of abdominal parts a lighter tint, and last two joints almost white. Stemapods of a
color approaching a purple or lilac brown, annulated with greenish-yellow. The ex-
tensile part of outer third of ‘‘tails’’ of darker shade. Spinose from insertion to tip.

Stage [77.—Noted October 11th, larva 15 days old. Length of larva at rest 24
mm., of body from head to venter, 18 mm. and of stemapods, 8mm. The width of
joint 2, 3.5 mm. of joints 6 and 7,3 mm. Head subquadrate, 3 mm. inlength and
2.5 in breadth. Head brown, face almost oval, brown and of lighter tint at mouth
parts. Ground color of face a much lighter brown covered with dark spots. Lateral
parts of face tinted brown. Vertex light brown, the same color passing over dorsum
joints t and 2. A chocolate brown triangular patch on joint 5, widening on segments
6 and 7, and narrowing on joint 8, forming the first, anterior diamond-shaped orna-
mentation. The same brown dorsal patch is repeated on joints II and 12, not quite
so large. On joint 13 there is more of an elliptical brown dorsal patch, reaching to
venter. A yellow border a little broader than the width of stemapod, passes like an
iregular subdorsal line below the brown ornamentation. This line starts at the head
and continues uninterruptedly to venter. On joints 3 and 4, this yellow line almost
meets with only a trace of brown between. Lateral parts of larva green, exact coun-
terpart of cottonwood leaf, covered by yellowish-white and lilac purple papillz, some
surmounted by hairs. A few dark brown papillz on dorsal patches, Thoracic and
abdominal legs green like lateral parts. Feet of a lighter tint. Stemapods lilac
brown near venter, of ligkter tint at the ‘‘flagellum,’’ and twice annulated yellow,
and spinose covered with setz. Venter and abdominal parts of last three segments
whitish. All other abdominal parts of larva conclorous with lateral surface. The
spiracles light brown, edged by atint of green and white centered. Feet quite pilose,
hairs fewer in number toward spiracular line.

Stage [V.—Not observed until nearly mature. October 22d, mature larva 26
days old. Length at rest from head to venter, 30 mm., while in motion 37 mm, of
stemapods 9 mm. when undisturbed, and during flagellation 10 mm. This gives en-
tire length of 39 mm. at rest.

Length of head 3 mm. and over, width 3 mm. Width of segment 2, 5 mm., of
joint 7, 6 mm., of joint 10, 5mm. Dorsal abdominal diameter of segment 7, 7 mm.
Head subquadrate or nearly so, a triangular patch on vertex. Color of head lilac
brown with a brown spot each side of vertex. Face of lighter tint, lateral parts yel-
lowish. Antennze also yellowish. Mouth parts blackish. Dorsal ornamentation of
a triangular patch, whitish within and lilac edged, on segments 2 and 3. The median
dorsal surface is almost miilk-white, much as in C. mzuliiscrzp/a, thus widely separating

Sept. 1898.] Kunze: Two ForMs oF CERURA NIVEA. 191

larval differences of mivea and cinerea. The dorsal ornamentation of larva of xzvea
is bordered by a feint yellow line. Dorsal patch of joints 6, 7, 8 and 9, diamond-
shaped, bluish-white on median line, edged rosy lilac when viewed in certain light
and bordered yellowish. All diamond shaped patches much constricted near place
of union. The patch of segments 10 and 11, also diamond shaped and in coloration
like preceding. On segments 4 and 5, the yellowish border of dorsal patch is almost
confluent, a trace of lilac tint between it. Joint 12, has a median lilac line which
widens on joint 13, to form a smaller diamond patch reaching to venter. This dorsal
patch is more lilac on median surface than the other. A brown elevated spot now marks
the place of former prothoracic processes. Supra and in{raspiracular surface light
green, spotted and speckled lilac and yellowish over entire parts, as far down as
feet. These spots vary from ovoid to hemispherical. Below the yellowish border of
dorsal ornamentation of posterior half of body, the green color of larva is lighter
tinted, spiracles brown, white-centered. Thoracic feet yellow, laterally spotted brown
and sparingly pilcse. Abdominal feet pilose, clasping surface white, and just above a
brown luoulate mark covered by 6-8 hairs. Abdominal surface concoloring with
lateral parts. Dorsal and lateral surface smooth. Stemapods have lost the bright
color of previous stage. Spinose, with setze now very short.

Cocoon.—Color, dark drab. Shape, elliptical, very little flattened, strong, not
indented by finger. Size, length, 24 mm ; width across central area, 9 mm.

On the night of October 22d, this larva only 26 days old, com-
menced to make itscocoon. The only one other example of this brood
for five or six days tried hard to transform and failed, so that finally I

made an alcoholic specimen of it for Professor Packard.

WHITE FORM OF CERURA NIVEA.

The accumulated evidence referred to under this heading should be
accredited to the whitest form of an Arizona cerurine, heretofore known
as a variety of cimerea. The example from which bred, a female as
white as the driven snow, was ornamented with a minute, black spot
between each vein on external margin of primaries. The antennze
showed very little black, which was confined to the branches, all else-
where a spotless white. ‘The insect was secured at light in this city.
Confined in a small paper box, I obtained 65 ova, all laid singly, of
which about fifty hatched’ October 8, 1897. In color and size, as well
as shape, the ova were black and hemispherical like those of the pre-
vious female referred to. Of this brood about 33 reached maturity, and
besides reserved two examples of every stage in alcohol for the use of
Professor Packard. A full-grown larva or nearly so, by the time it ar-
rived in Providence, R. I., was sent alive, and of which the doctor
wrote me, Mr. Joutel made a beautiful figure. Of the earlier stages I

‘

192 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

did not take notes, inasmuch as they resembled the progeny of the other
cerurine referred to above.

Stage IJ7,—Larva molted October 30th, when 22 days old. Length at rest from
head to fork of tails, 14 mm. Stemapods, 8 mm. Breadth of joint 2, 5 mm.
joint 7, 4 mm., joint 12, 3 mm. Width of head, 3 mm., length 3.5 mm _ Vertex
marked by a triangular green yoke, the point of which passes into the median line or
dorsal band. Prothoracic horns now quite rudimentary. A round brown spot quite
prominent each side of head, I mm. in diameter. A few white hairs on face.
Mandibles greenish-white and tinted lilac. In centre of face a brown dot, surrounded
by an oval, light brown border above mandibles. On each side of this oval two longi-
tudinal lines of same color and length. Above the brown dot a triangular depression
lilac edged, which has passing through the middle a whitish longitudinal bar.

On the anterior part of segments 6, 7 and 9, is a small, whitish triangular spot
each side of median line, enclosing a purple oval which posteriorly is surrounded by
three or four whitish dots. Joint 10, marked by faint dots of same color. Anterior
ridge connecting rudiments of former prothoracic horns, of much lighter color than
the rest of joint 2. Joint 4 has an elliptical purple patch, and joint 5, one of ovoid
pattern on its dorsal surface. The purple of entire dorsal ornamentation bordered by
a bright yellow line, which on anterior half of all segments is half a millimeter in
width. This yellow line starts from below the insertion of former prothoracic pro-
cesses, and is lost at the insertion of stemapods. Lateral surface green, dotted and
mottled, with yellowish-white and purple spots. A few kairs on lateral surface.
Spiracles tinted brown. Thoracic and abdominal legs a brighter green than the
lateral parts of larva. Lateral surface of thoracic feet splashed redcish. Clasping
surface whitish. Stemapods anteriorly tinted green, and annulated yellow from the
middle to the flagellum. Lateral surface green covered by minu:e, purple papille.

Mature Larva, 35 days old, observed November 12, 1897. Length at rest
including stemapods, 40 mm., when in motion 50mm. Length from head to fork
of tails, 32 mm., stemapods, 8 mm. Length of head, 3.5 mm., width, 3 mm.
Width of joint, 3. 6 mm, of joint 7, 7 mm, joint 11, 6mm. MHead purple, vertex
green, antennz white. A yellow spot indica'es location of former prothoracic horns.
The border of entire dorsal ornamentation is now milk-white from joint 2 to 13.
The color of dorsum between this border is greenish white in some places and
milk white in others.

The color intermediate between the whitered dorsal surface and whitish border
line, has now changed to a lilac tint. Lateral surface of larva spotted and marked
purple. Thoracic feet whitish, splasbed purplish. Abdominal feet whitish and
above claspers purplish. On the abdominal surface of segments, between joint II to
venter, runs a longitudinal, median purple line. A few white hairs below spiracular
line. Spiracles brown with a longitudinal, yellowish dash, ringed greenish-yellow.
Anterior part of stemapods concolorous with body, and posterior part of these anal
filamental organs is yellow. Entire surface of stemapods studded purple. When
prolonged the extensive part of outer third of ‘‘tails,’’ bright purple annulated
lavender. Under a strong lens the purple spinules covering the stemapods, were
seen to support a hair.

Cocoon.—In all thirty-eight cocoons were observed. Of these 37 be-

Sept. 1898. ] Kunze: Two Forms or CERURA NIVEA. 193

longed to one brood and 1 to another, all but two larve of the last
died, affected by a fungus which previously existed in the breeding cage.
As soon as larve commenced cocooning and had the cells well walled
the branches were removed into an envelope box, where the transforma-
tion could go on undisturbedly, and permit cocoon to harden. The
larve gnawed off bits of epidermis from the cotton wood, and mixed
with saliva, formed when. hardened the silken frame for the wall of its
cell. It would continue building on the inside of cocoon until of suffi-
cient strength. On the external surface the cocoon resembled the light
gray bark of cottonwood, sometimes of very light tint and again of
darker color to agree with surrounding conditions. The dark color of
cocoon often corresponded with that of the bark deprived of epidermis.
Some were darkest at the terminal ends, of a chestnut tint, especially
if spun against the surface of the branch covered by an eschar, always
of darker shade. Some cocoons on surface exhibited striz, such as seen
on young branches, here and there speckled, or raised bits of bark to
mimicry and deceive enemies. In the open I have observed such
cocoons on small canes of willow, as well as on the roughest bark of
great cottonwoods, from which they had to be chiseled out with diffi-
culty. All such yielded similar imagines as those bred. The in-
side of cocoon presented a smooth surface, and a concavity existed in
the stem where bark was bitten off to receive one-half or one-third of
the pupa. The sides of cocoon generally flattened, plainly showing
silken threads, where attached to bark.

The cocoon is elliptical, mostly rounded, a very few flattened,
tapering at end like a wedge. One or two cocoons seemed to be more
ovoid than elliptical in shape. The measurement of another cocoon
taken from a second observation jar is as follows: Length, 33 mm.,
width, 11 mm.; and height at central area, 6.5 mm. Another smaller
cocoon gave length, 25 mm.; width, 9.5 mm.; and height, 5.5 mm.

All larvee of this brood spun their cocoons between November 8th
and 17th.

Pupa.—Cylindrical, tapering mostly at inferior extremity, where much rounded.
Toward the head much less reduced in size. The flattened parts of pupa restricted
to upper two-fifths, and on abdomioal surface extending almost to the end of wing
cases. Head and antennz case prominent, and that of wings much more on dorsal
surface. Abdominal segments on dorsal surface thickly covered wi.h fine, dark
points, as viewed through a lens. Length, 21 mm., breadth, 7 mm. at the middle
part, and 6.5 mm. across thorax. Color of dorsum almost chestnut of lighter tint

toward anal segment. A longitudinal, dorsal black line from the thorax to penulti-
mate, abdominal joint. Color of case covering palpi, antennze and wings, show

194 JournaL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

traces of a greenish tint as far down as costa of primaries. Abdominal segments a
shiny, light brown almost chestnut. Posterior edge of three antericr segments heavily
banded by darker brown, which is absent on the last two. A slight depression of
the case on either side of thorax, between the wings and first adominal segment.

Of twenty-four imagines emerged, I have the following record :
April 14, 1898, one ¢ emerged from only cocoon of the first brood
the parent representing the ordinary form of C. wvea. The emerged
moth agreeing quite in every particular with this form. On same date
emerged three g of the second brood, bred from an almost immediate
female. The progeny all took after the ordinary form of zzvea as well
as twenty others, which emerged in the following order: April 15th,
2 9; April 18th, 2¢ and 19; April 20th, 1 9 and 16; April etst,
1 Oy; Apnlzed, 2 9 andi d se eApuleesdie2rs CaeAprileeqthyecroms
Apnllasth, 3105 Apml 2oth, mos Mayrist td.

Six cocoons of the second brood I sent to Prof. Packard, and have
not heard of result. Several went over to emerge in autumn, provided
these do not perish.

Imago.—The pectination of antennz of the male, black. Entire body heavily
clothed with long white hair. Head white, across the occiput a few black hairs; on
the dorsal part of thorax a transverse mark of black hairs, usually fringed posteriorly
with yellow hairs. Abdomen white, forewings white, with a few yellow hairs near
base of wing. A triangular, black mark across the middle of the cell. A row of
blaek spots between the veins of external border. A similar row of black spots,
across the wing near the end of cell. A few minute black spots near base of wing,
between cell and inferior border. A few triangular black spots on costa. Hind-
wings immaculate. Reverse side of wings immaculate. Antennz of female simple,
black. In other respects, the head, thorax, abdomen and wings are ornamented the
same as in the male. Legs white, feet blackish in both sexes. Sometimes the intra-
venular spots are reproduced on reverse side of wings, and a black spot is noticeable
in the cell of inferiors. In the whitest form of xzvea, black spots occur only between
the veins of the forewings close to the fringe of the external border.

food-plants.—FPopulus balsamifera, var. candicans, one of the
Western Cottonwoods, and Sa/x spec., a narrow-leaved willow. One
larva near Flagstaff, found on Populus tremuloides, much resembling |
species herein described.

ffabits.-The young larva feeds on the tender parenchyma of
upper side of leaf, thus exposing the skeleton of the blade. It spins a
web, to which it clings. When five days old the larva feeds on the
green pulp as well as fibrous part of the leaf, except midrib. It was
supposed by some that the anal filamental organs or ‘‘ tails,’’ were for
the purpcse of aiding in casting aside dung pellets. _ This is not the
case As stated in a preceding paragraph, I noticed larva less than

Sept. 1898 ] Davis: DRAGONFLIES OF STATEN ISLAND. 195

three hours old, remove a pellet wedged in tightly between the fork of
stemapods, and toss it far away with its mouth parts. In so doing it
moved the extensile part of ‘tails’? vigorously up and down. When-
ever a larva large or small had to be removed from breeding cage for
purposes of noting changes, the stemapods always moved to and fro in
a very lively manner. It appears that it might be to frighten enemies.
Whenever a larva, while in process of making cocoon, was disturbed,
especially before completely housed in it, would endeavor to spin it else-
where. Even the change from perpendicular of breeding jar to that of
horizontal final depository, would cause it to make the attempt. One
larva left its cocoon and transformed into pupa in an envelope box.

General Observation.—The first molt of larva occurred in from 7
to 74%4 days. Second molt in 15 days.. Third molt in 21 days and
over. Warm temperature, and moisture seems to facilitate some of the
stages. Cool weather much retards the time between stage IV, and pu-
pating. One larva commenced to make its cocoon when only twenty-
six days old, and others when from four to five weeks old. After
ceasing to feed, the larva rests a day or longer and contracts in size be-
fore the last transformation takes place. A week after second molt the
color of the dorsal band or diamond patches, changes from chocolate
brown to lilac brown, which in certain lights varies from amethystine to
purplish tints. Two annual broods occurin Arizona, the pupa of autumn
brood hibernating.

PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE DRAGONFLIES OF
STATEN ISLAND, WITH NOTES AND
DATES OF CAPTURE.

By Wm. T. Davis.

There are no large, clear ponds on Staten Island like Echo Lake and
Green Pond in northern New Jersey, and consequently the dragon-
flies that make such bodies of water their home, are not to be found on
the Island. The sub-family Libellulinz, however, seems to be well
represented and all but two of the species mentioned by Mr. Philip P.
Calvert in his Catalogue of the Dragonflies of the Vicinity of Phila-
delphia, page 267, are here recorded.

Thanks are due to Mr. Calvert for identifying species, or passing
upon identifications already made, and at his suggestion I have in-
dicated, by placing an asterisk before their names, the seven dragon-
flies which are additions to the list of ‘* The Odonata of New York

196 JournAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

State,’’ published in this JouRNAL, Vol. III, pp. 39-48 and Vol. V,
PP- 91-95-
Subfamily CALOPTERYGINA.
Calopteryx maculata Beawv. Common along the banks of brooks
in July and August.
Subfamily AGRIONINA.

Lestes congener Hagen. September.

Lestes unguiculata Hagen. On July 15, 1894, several females
were ovipositing in the stems of grasses growing on the edge of one of
the Four Corners iron mine ponds.

Lestes forcipata Rambur. May, June, August.

Lestes rectangularis Say. June, July, August.

*kLestes inequalis Walsh. July.

Argia violacea Hagen. July, August.

*Argia apicalis Say.

*Nehalennia posita Hagen. June, July, August.

Amphiagrion saucium Aurmeister. June, August.

Enallagma civile Hagen. June, August, September.

Enallagma aspersum agen. June, July, August.

Enallagma signatum //agen. June, August.

Ischnura verticalis Szy. May, June, July, August.

Ischnura ramburii Se/ys. September, October.

Anomalagrion hastatum Say. July, September.

Subfamily GoMPHINA.

Gomphus exilis Se/ys. May, June, July.
Gomphus villosipes SeZys. June.
*Cordulegaster maculatus Se/ys. Richmond. May 30, 1890.

Subfamily AiscHNINA.

Epizschna heros /adricius. May, June, July, August. On the
7th of June, 1885, at 8.35 P. M., one of these insects flew into my
open .window. ‘There was a light in the room at the time. The
female has been observed on the 28th of July laying eggs in dead,
water-soaked branches lying in swampy pools in the woods.

Boyeria vinosa Say. July (September. N. J.)

Basizschna janata Say. One male. May ad.

4eschna juncea Z. var. verticalis Hagen. June, September,
October. On the 21st of October, 1882, in the Clove Valley, one of

Sept. 1898.] Davis: DRAGONFLIES OF STATEN ISLAND. 197

these dragon flies was seen to crawl down a stick lying in the water
until it was entirely below the surface of the pool, as recorded in Ento-
mologica Americana, Vol. I, p. 18.

4eschna constricta Say. June, September, October. On
August 26, 1894, about six P. M., several hundred dragon flies were
seen flying westward over Slosson’s Lane, West New Brighton. They
were a species of #schna as I could see with my glass, but none flew
low enough to permit of capture.

Anax junius Drury. April 9, 1893, plentiful at Watchogue.
May, June, July, August and September. In copula May s.

* Anax longipes Hagen. Clove Valley, June 5, 1881; August,
9, 1885. Also at Orange, N. J.

Subfamily CoRDULIN2.
Tetragoneuria cynosura Say. May, June, July.

Subfamily LIBELLULIN2.

*Pantala flavescens /adricitus. July, August, September.
July 30, 1887, at New Brighton. On July 31, 1887, there were
many specimens near the reservoir of the Crystal Water Company at
Four Corners, nearly all of them keeping over a field of oats. They
were quite difficult to capture, except those newly emerged from the
pupze, and all that were seen closely were males.

Tramea carolina Zizznué. May, June, July, August, September
On July 15, 1894,a male Zramea carolina was flying over one of
the Four Corners iron mine ponds. Soon a female came and com-
menced dipping her abdomen into the water. Ina moment she was
seized by the male and they flew away. Ina half hour they were back
and went flying about together, the male now and then suddenly letting
go his hold and with equal rapidity catching the female again by the
neck. Other male dragonflies flew after them and when the female
stopped to lay eggs, they annoyed her considerably. The chief among
the disturbers was a Libe/dula basalis. After a time the male Zramea
left his mate and she was quickly seized by the aforesaid Lzbel/ula
basalis, after which they flew about together for a considerable time.
After letting go his hold once and flying down the pond, the Z. dasalis
returned and seized the Zvamea a second time.

Tramea lacerata Hagen. May, June, July, August, September.

Often quite abundant on the salt meadows.
Libellula basalis Say. June, July.

Libellula auripennis Burmeister. May, June, July.

198 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Libellula cyanea /aéricius. June, July, August.

Libellula exillena Westwood,.form vibrans (Fabricius ?) Kirby.
Not uncommon on the Island in August, 1894; much less common in
July, 1895.

Libellula exillena Westwood, form* imcesta Hagen. July,
August. .

Libellula quadrimaculata Z7nné. Arlington, May 11, 1889,
and plentiful June 19, 1893.

Libellula semifasciata Burmeister, April 25,1896. May, June,
July, August, September.

Libellula pulchella Drury. May, June, July, August, September.

Plathemis trimaculata De Geer. May, June, July, August,
September.

Micrathyria berenice Drury. May, June, July, August. Often
of a quiet summer evening countless numbers of this species will be seen
settled on the grass stems in the salt meadows, in which position they
spend the night. When they are particularly abundant the July crop
of mosquitoes is speedily reduced in numbers, being devoured at head-
quarters. i

Nannothemis bella U//er. June and July, 1888, at the Four
Corners iron mine ponds.

Celithemis elisa Hagen. June, July, August.

Celithemis eponina Drury. May, July.

Leucorhinia intacta Hagex. May, June.

Diplax rubicundula Szy. July, August, September.

Diplax obtrusa Hagen. July.

Diplax semicincta Say. July 15, 18y4. Four Corners iron
mine ponds.

Diplax vicina Hagen. September, October, November. While
my companion and I were sitting in the sun on October 21, 1892, five
of these dragonflies at one time lit upon us, wishing to sun themselves
also. Some lit on my hands—one on the end of my thumb. The
dragonflies are most attracted if you have on light colored garments, or
a newspaper spread on the ground is a favorite resting place.

Diplax corrupta Hagen. Shore at Eltingville, May 27, 1896.
(See this JourNaL, Vol. V, p. 95.)

Perithemis domitia Drury. June, July.

Mesothemis simplicicollis Szy. June, July, August.

Pachydiplax longipennis Burmeister. June, July, August, Sep-
tember.

Sept. 188 ] BEUTENMULLER: ON THE NEST OF VESPA CRABRO. 199

NOTE ON THE NEST OF VESPA CRABRO.
PLATES IX AND X.
By Wittiam BEUTENMULLER.

The nest of this species, figured on Plate X, was found by Dr. E.
G. Love, at Jamaica, Long Island. It was built in a hollow oak tree,
and only had a small opening which was used as an entrance for the
wasps. The figure is very much reduced; the nest is about two feet
long and seven inches wide. The comb figured on Plate X is natural
size and was taken from the middle part of the nest. In the American
Museum of Natural History is a nest of Cradro from Germany, which
is oblong oval, and constructed of a brittle, light brown wood pulp,
from pine. It is an external nest, being covered with ‘‘paper’’ from
which the resin exuded, giving it a variegated appearance. It evidently
had been built between the rafters of a house. The top of nest is open,
and shows traces of having been fastened at that end.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY.

MEETING OF NOVEMBER 2,°1897.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Palm in the chair. Fifteen members present.

Mr. C. F. Hartman was elected an active member.

Mr. Davis exhibited a pupa, pinned soon after the pupation, that
had continued to develop, and the butterfly had emerged with the pin
stuck through it. He stated that he had experimented with several
species with the same result.

Mr. Doll exhibited several cases of rare North American Lepidop-
tera, and after a general discussion the meeting adjourned.

MEETING OF NOVEMBER 16, 1897.

Held at the residence of Mr. Miller, 141 East goth Street.
The entire evening was devoted to an auction sale of insects for the
benefit of the JouRNAL, and the sum of $117.00 was realized.

200 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

MEETING OF DECEMBER 7, 1897. .

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Palm in the chair. Fourteen members present.

Mr. Daecke stated that it would be advisable to arrange for a series
of classes for beginners to foster an interest in the study of entomology,
and thought that the Society ought to undertake this task.

Dr. Martin read a paper-entitled ‘‘ On Collecting in New York City
Forty Years Ago.’’ He stated that he began collecting insects in Al-
bany, and then came to this city and collected for about ten years.
He collected principally in Washington Square, which in the fifties was
a very different place from the Washington Square of to-day. The
trees were mostly poplar, buttonwood, locust and weeping willow. He
gave a graphic description of the features, and also mentioned the fol-
lowing as some of the insects caught there: Two species of Caéoca/a,
Vanessa antiopa, Grapta comma and interrogationis, Limenitis dt-
sippus, a Sesia, much like apiformis, in the roots of poplar, Brontes
adubius, Saperda calcarata, Parandra brunnea, Dorcus parallelus, Ptero-
stichus lucublandus, Neoclytus erythrocephalus, Caloides nobilis, Ela-
phrus ruscarius, Cotalpa lanigera, several species of Lachnosterna,
Staphylinus, Chlenius, Harpalus and also many Hymenoptera and
Diptera. We stated that the black species of Ophion and FPelecinus
polycerator were very common. Several species of Agap~ostemon on Al-
thea flowers were also abundant. The canker-worms at that time
swarmed over everything, but after the introduction of the English
Sparrow they gradually disappeared. Calosoma scrutator, C. calidium
and C. externum were abundant and fed on the canker-worms. ha-
gium lineatum was also to be found. He further stated that during that
time Oxacis dorsalis was to be found at Sandy Hook under logs and
pieces of wood.

Mr. Beutenmuller said that this insect was yet to be found at Sandy
Hook near the old steamboat landing, and he also exhibited larvee of
Eudemonia argus and argiphontes.

Mr. Southwick made a few remarks on his work in Central Park,
and said that with a little more help at certain seasons of the year he
could manage to get rid of the Orygia /eucostigma.

Mr. Doll exhibited a fine series of Schznia brevis caught near Brook-
lyn. Healsoshowed some striking varieties of Vanessa antiopa lacking
the blue spots.

After discussion, adjournment.

Sept. 1898 ] BEUTENMULLER: ON THE NEsT OF VESPA CRABRO. 199

NOTE ON THE NEST OF VESPA CRABRO.
PLATES IX AND X.
By WiLliaM BEUTENMULLER.

The nest of this species, figured on Plate X, was found by Dr. E.
G. Love, at Jamaica, Long Island. It was built in a hollow oak tree,
and only had a small opening which was used as an entrance for the
wasps. The figure is very much reduced; the nest is about two feet
long and seven inches wide. The comb figured on Plate X is natural
size and was taken from the middle part of the nest. In the American
Museum of Natural History is a nest of Cradro from Germany, which
is oblong oval, and constructed of a brittle, light brown wood pulp,
from pine. It is an external nest, being covered with ‘‘ paper’’ from
which the resin exuded, giving it a variegated appearance. It evidently
had been built between the rafters of a house. The top of nest is open,
and shows traces of having been fastened at that end.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY.

MEETING OF NOVEMBER 2, 1897.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Palm in the chair. Fifteen members present.

Mr. C. F. Hartman was elected an active member.

Mr. Davis exhibited a pupa, pinned soon after the pupation, that
had continued to develop, and the butterfly had emerged with the pin
stuck through it. He stated that he had experimented with several
species with the same result.

Mr. Doll exhibited several cases of rare North American Lepidop-
tera, and after a general discussion the meeting adjourned.

MEETING OF NOVEMBER 16, 1897.

Held at the residence of Mr. Miller, 141 East 4oth Street.
The entire evening was devoted to an auction sale of insects for the
benefit of the JOURNAL, and the sum of $117.00 was realized.

200 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

MEETING OF DECEMBER 7, 1897.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History. .

President Palm in the chair. Fourteen members present.

Mr. Daecke stated that it would be advisable to arrange for a series
of classes for beginners to foster an interest in the study of entomology,
and thought that the Society ought to undertake this task.

Dr. Martin read a paper entitled ‘‘ On Collecting in New York City
Forty Years Ago.’’ He stated that he began collecting insects in Al-
bany, and then came to this city and collected for about ten years.
He collected principally in Washington Square, which in the fifties was
a very different place from the Washington Square of to-day. The
trees were mostly poplar, buttonwood, locust and weeping willow. He
gave a graphic description of the features, and also mentioned the fol-
lowing as some of the insects caught there: Two species of Ca/ocada,
Vanessa antiopa, Grapta comma and interrogationis, Limenitis di-
sippus, a Sesta, much like apsformis, in the roots of poplar, Brontes
dubius, Saperda calcarata, Parandra brunnea, Dorcus parallelus, Ptero-
stichus lucublandus, Neoclytus erythrocephalus, Caloides nobilis, Ela-
Phrus ruscarius, Cotalpa lanigera, several species of Lachnosterna,
Staphylinus, Chlenius, Harpalus and also many Hymenoptera and
Diptera. He stated that the black species of Ophion and Fe/lecinus
polycerator were very common. Several species of Agapostemon on Al-
thea flowers were also abundant. The canker-worms at that time
swarmed over everything, but after the introduction of the English
sparrow they gradually disappeared. Calosoma scrutator, C. catidium
and C. ex¢ternum were abundant and fed on the canker-worms. /a-
gium lineatum was also to be found. He further stated that during that
time Oxacis dorsalis was to be found at Sandy Hook under logs and
pieces of wood.

Mr. Beutenmuller said that this insect was yet to be found at Sandy
Hook near the old steamboat landing, and he also exhibited larve of
Eudemonia argus and argiphontes.

Mr. Southwick made a few remarks on his work in Central Park,
and said that with a little more help at certain seasons of the year he
could manage to get rid of the Orygia /eucostigma.

Mr. Doll exhibited a fine series of Schznia brevis caught near Brook-
lyn. Healso showed some striking varieties of Vanessa antiopa lacking
the blue spots.

After discussion, adjournment.

WotR NAT

New Bort Entomological Sarit
Volk. V-1. : DECEMBER, 1898. No. 4.

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE FAUNA
OF THE GRAVE. A STUDY OF ON’ HUN-
DRED AND FIFTY DISINTERMENTS,
WITH SOME ADDITIONAL EXPER-
IMENTAL OBSERVATIONS.

By Murray Gatt Mortter, B.S., M.A., M.D.

Volunteer in the United States Bureau of Animal /ndustry.

It were fitting, at the very outset of this report, to make acknowl-
edgment of the kindly interest and assistance, through which alone
the work was made possible: To Dr. Ch. Wardell Styles, Zodlogist
of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of Agricul-
ture, for the facilities of his laboratory ; to the Entomologist, Dr. L.
O. Howard, and his assistants, Messrs. Schwarz, Coquillett, Pergande,
Banks, and Chittenden, and to Messrs. Simpson and Benedict, of the
Smithsonian Institution, who, by their specific determinations and
valuéd suggestions, have brought order out of the chaos of an amateur
collector.

At the suggestion of Dr. Stiles, the work was undertaken to deter-
mine, if possible, the bearings of Mégnin’s ‘‘ Application of Ento-
mology to Legal Medicine,’’ in so far as they might be learned
through a faunistic study of such disinterments as we should have ac-
cess to, in and about the City of Washington. The collection and
superficial differentiation of specimens were made by the writer, for the
most part without assistance, it being found better to have all the ob-
servations made by the same individual. While, by this plan, less
was accomplished in the way of collecting, what was done was done
more thoroughly and uniformly. It is to be regretted that, owing to
these circumstances, it was impossible to take fuller, more detailed
notes of the general conditions observed in each disinterment.

202 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY [Vol. V1.

This phase of the subject, the appearance and condition of the
human cadaver, after varying periods of interment and under varying
conditions, has received more or less scientific study for something
over a hundred years at least. Beginning with the report, published
in 1783, of the exhumations at Dunkerque, and continuing with
Thouret’s report of those by Fourcroy in 1789; Marc’s article in the
Dictionary of the Medical Sciences for 1815; the studies of Orfila
and his associates, and the more recent studies of Bordas—throughout
all, the difficulties and complications of the subject are seen to be such
that, from the condition of the cadaver alone, no certain knowledge
of the exact date of death is to be had.

Some of the conditions which influence and determine the process
and progress of the decomposition of buried human cadavers would
seem to be as follows: The age, sex, and perhaps even the race of the
subject ; the character and duration of the disease process to which
he succumbed ; the mode of death, whether quiet and peaceful or vio-
lent and painful; the season of the year at which this event occurs ;.
the temperature and general conditions of the sick-room ; the length
of time intervening between death and burial; the attention given
the corpse in the matter of cleaning, embalming and clothing; the
kind of coffin in which it is placed, its internal fittings and external
casings ; the grave, its depth, the way it is prepared and filled, whether
one or more interments be made in the same grave-site ; the soil, its
character physical and chemic, soil-temperature and soil-moisture ;
the general, physical, climatic and meteorologic conditions of the
cemetery in which interment is made.

These are but some of the many factors which must be taken into
consideration in the study of exhumed human cadavers. Just what
weight should be given to each we seem, at present, utterly unable to
determine. As in the study of the living, but diseased, subject, each
case would seem to be a law unto itself; and our previous knowledge
of apparently similar cases can afford suggestions only, not hard and
fast rules, To illustrate, Barrett quotes from Orfila an exhumation, at
Valenciennes, after fifteen years’ interment, where ‘‘ preservation was
so perfect the inspectors were enabled to determine that the individual
had not died a violent death, but of a peripneumony, complicated with
a gastro-enteritis.’’ In the following list will be found two cases
(Nos. 7 and 8), in which, after but three years and six months, the
skeletons were completely stripped and all soft tissues gone. Again,

Dec. 1898] MotTrerR: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 203

Orfila, Goedart and others have been led to the conclusion
that, other things being equal, the deeper the grave the slower the
progress of decomposition. In two cases following (Nos. 58 and 59),
buried within sixteen days of each other, after an interment of seven
years and nine months, the skeleton at the bottom of the grave was
found almost wholly stripped, while the upper one had still a heavy
case of adipocere.

So variedand so numerous are the modifying conditions and cir-
cumstances that it is impossible to say, definitely and absolutely, what
is the exact order of disappearance of the several organs and tissues.
Looking at the problem from the opposite standpoint, it seems that.
the bones and the hair are the last to undergo disintegration. I have
found the bones, after an interment of seventy-one years, still pre-
serving their general form and appearance, though easily crushed be-
tween thumb and fingers; the hair I have seen practically intact after
thirty-six years. The brain I have found a still recognizable grayish
mass, lying within the skull after all the other soft tissues had disap-
peared and the skeleton had been completely disarticulated. Indeed,
I have found it, after eighteen years and two months (No. 136), lying
on the occipital bone after the skull itself had fallen apart. Strange
to say, the spinal cord seems to disappear much earlier; I have failed
to find any vestige of it—in one case (No. 6)—after three years and
five months. The skin and the more superficial connective tissues of
the trunk and extremities are converted into a sort of case of adipocere,
which preserves the general outline of the cadaver long after the in-
ternal organs, and the muscles and tendons even have been completely
destroyed and the skeleton within stripped and disarticulated. Under
ordinary conditions of interment, some, at least, of this adipocere may
persist for ten or twelve years, remaining longest about the pelvis and
lower part of the abdomen. I have been able to recognize the skin,
fascize, muscles, tendons, vessels and nerves of the thigh in one cada-
ver (No. 44) after six years and five months; while, on the other
hand, in another case (No. 40) the muscles had entirely disappeared
after six years and three months. In most of the cases observed, the
thoracic and abdominal organs seem to have disappeared before the
muscles. The face, handsand feet seem to be the first parts attacked ;
I recall at least one instance where the skull was entirely stripped
while as yet there seemed to be but little change elsewhere.

In the following pages I have brought together, for the purpose of

204 JourNAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

a closer study and comparison, the notes of one hundred and fifty
disinterments, made within the city limits of Washington, D. C.,
during the summers of 1896-97. ‘The cases are arranged chronolog-
ically according to the period of interment of each, and the fauna is
grouped systematically. The specimens will be deposited in the U.
S. National Museum, at Washington, as the Stiles-Motter Collection
of cadaveric fauna.

I.—I yr. II mos. Grave 6ft., moist;sandy. Erysipelas. Interred May 3, 1894.

Pseudoscorpiones, Chelanops tristis Bks., 14 specimens.

Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinid, Azhefa, sp. (Momalota ?), I specimen.

GG sie Lleusis palliua Lec., 2 specimens.
a Nitidulide, RA2zophagus scalpturatus Mann., 2 specimens.
2,.—2 yrs. 10 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Interred July
14, 1894.

Thysanura, undetermined.
Diptera, Muscidze, Lzcilia cesar Linn., puparia.
<¢ Anthomyidz, omalomya, sp.
3.—3 yrs. Imo. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand and clay. Hepatic abscess. Interred ~
March 12, 1893. ;
Crustacea, Armadillidium vulgare Latr., 1 specimen.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Homoptera, Coccidee, Rzfersza, sp., in Phorid puparia.
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia.
4.—3 yrs. 2mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred Feb-
ruary 15, 1894.
Vermes, Lumbricid, undetermined.
Acarina, Gamaside, Zyroglyphus, sp.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Actobius pederoides Lec., fragment.

of s¢ Pederus littorarius Grav., 3 specimens, two covered
with undetermined fungus.

UG ie Eleusis paliida Lec., 160 specimens.

ob Elateridee, AZonocrepidius bellus Say, 1 specimen.

Diptera, Stratiomyidz, larva.
«¢ Phoridze, puparia.
“¢ Sepsidee, Prophila casec Linn., puparia.
«¢ — Borboridz, wings ( Zzzosznza ?).
5.—3 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 3 ft., dry; sandy. (Infant.) Congestion of lungs. In-
terred February 21, 1893.
Diptera, Phoride, puparia.
6.—3 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred Jan-
uary 18, 1894.
Diptera, Muscidee, Compsomyia macellaria Fabr., puparia.
Only afew of these puparia found. Thoracic and abdominal organs, neck and
soft tissues of face and hands destroyed. Abdominal and chest walls almost
intact. Ribs not yet disarticulated. Spinal cord gone.

Dec. 1898.] MOTTER: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 205

7.—3 yrs. 6mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sandandclay. Pneumonia. Interred De-
cember 29, 1893.
Acarina, Gamasid, Urofoda depressa Bks., sp. n.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, //ezsis pallida Lec., numerous.
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia.
Mites, thysanura and beetles working together in slimy debris about thighs and
pelvis. All soft tissues gone ; some clothing still remaining.
8.— 3 yrs. 6 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Bronchitis. Interred De-
cember 17, 1893.
Acarina, Gamaside, Uropoda deprissa Bks., sp. n.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Zvezs?s pallida Lec., fragments.
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia.
All soft tissues gone; some clothing still left.
9.—3 yrs. 6mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred De-
cember 10, 1893.
Araneida, Zheridion subterranea Bks., sp. n.
Acarina, Gamasidee, Uvopoda depressa Bks., sp. n.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Actodces umbripennis Lec., 2 specimens.
ee ss Eleusis pallida Lec., numerous.
Diptera, Sepsidze, Prophzla caset Linn., puparia.
Thysanura, beetles and larvee working in layers of adipocere, lower abdominal
wall and pelvis.
10.—3 yrs. 6mo. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred No-
vember 20, 1893.
Acarina, Gamaside, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Z/ewsis pallida Lec., numerous, adults and larve.
‘ Beetles and larvee especially about pelvis.
II.—4 yrs. Imo. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred June
13, 1893.
Acarina, Gamaside, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Actodius umbripennis Lec., larva.
ae ze Eleusis pallida Lec., 6 specimens.
Diptera, Muscide, Zuct/ia cesar Linn., puparia in great numbers.
“ Sepsidee, Prophila casei Linn.
Skeleton completely stripped and disarticulated. Mites on bones. Beetles
and larvze from slime in bottom of coffin.
12.—4 yrs. Imo. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Uremia. Interred June
6, 1893.
Acarina, Gamaside, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. 0.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidze, Z/eusts pallida Lec., adult and fragments.
I3.—4 yrs. I mo. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Dropsy (!). Interred
May 25, 1893.
Araneida, Lrigone albescens Bks., sp. n.

206 JouRNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Acarina, Gamasidee, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Diptera, Phoridz, puparia.

Hymenoptera, Myrmicide, A/onomorium minutum Mayer.

14.—4 yrs. Imo. Grave 3 ft., dry, sandy. Phthisis. Interred May 24, 1893.

Acarina, Gamaside, Uvofoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Diptera, Phoridze, puparia.

oC Muscide, Lzctha cesar Linn., puparia.
«¢ Sepsidee, Prophila caset Linn., wing.

No coffin, only burial case used. Myriads of mites, thysanura and puparia.
No beetles nor larvee. Skeleton stripped.

15.—4 yrs. Imo. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Bronchitis. Interred May
18, 1893.

Acarina, Gamaside, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. 0.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Pseudoneuroptera, Zermes flavipes Kollar.

Coleoptera, Staphylinidz, /eusts pallida l.ec., fragments .

Ot Larvee, undetermined.
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia.
One live staphylinid escaped (Acfobzus ?). Skeleton stripped and dry.
16.—4 yrs. 2mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Senility. Interred May 7,
1893.
Acarina, Gamaside, Uvropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Actobcus wmbripennis Lec., 1 and larva.
ee se Lathrobium simile Lec., 1 specimen.

Diptera, Phoridze, puparia.

Few insects found. Skeleton completely stripped. Some clothing still re-
maining.

17.—4 yrs. 2mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Nephritis. Interred May
8, 1893.
Acarina, Gamaside, Uvofoda depressa Bks., sp. n.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Actodzus umbripennis Lec., 1 and larve.
ss se Lleusis pallida Lec., numerous.
uc Larvee, undetermined.
Beetles and larvee especially about pelvis; elsewhere all soft tissues gone.
18.—4 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Valvular disease of heart.
Interred May 14, 1893.

Acarina, Gamaside, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Actobius umbripennis Lec., 1 specimen.

ae Ge Eleusis pallida Lec., numerous.
Ot Larve, undetermined.

Fairly alive with mites, thysanura, beetles and larvz, working on surface of
cadaver, under clothing. Cadaver large and heavy; general outlines still
well preserved by case of adipocere.

19.—4 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Interred March 28, 1893.

Acarina, Gamaside, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Dec. 1898.) MOTTER: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 207

Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Z/ezs?s palida Lec., numerous.
a6 Larvee, undetermined.
20.—4 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 4 ft., moist; sandandclay. Interred January 24, 1893.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Acfobius umbripennis Lec., I specimen.
oC fe - Lathrobium, sp., head of larva.
oC Larvee, undetermined.
Diptera, Sepside, Piophila casei Linn., puparia.
A number of very minute, silvery thysanura, so active that it was almost im-
possible to take them. ~
21.—4 yrs. 1omos. Grave 4 ft., moist; sandand clay. (Infant.) Diarrhoea. In-
terred September 6, 1892.
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Actobius umbripennis Lec., I specimen.
ct 36 Lleusts pallida Lec., 7 specimens.
G6 Larvze, undetermined.
Coffin filled with mud and slime.
22.—4 yrs. II mos. Grave 3 ft., moist; sand and clay. Cholera infantum. In-
terred August 9, 1892.
Coleoptera, larvae, undetermined.
Bones almost disintegrated. Specimens from wood of bottom of coffin.
23.—5 yrs. Grave 6 ft., wet loose clay. Rheumatism. Interred April 17, 1891.
Thysanura, /sofoma, sp.
Coleoptera, Curculionide, larva ( Sphenophorus ?).
24.— 5 yrs. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Typhoid. Interred
May 13, 1891.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidz, Z/eusis pallida Lec.
25.—5 yrs. Grave 6 ft., wet, sandy. Phthisis. Interred April 23, 1891.
Thysanura, undetermined.
26.—5 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand andclay. Interred April 5, 1892.
, ‘Vhysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Zveus?s pallida Lec., 8 specimens.
27.—5 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Congestion of brain. In-
terred March 22, 1892.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidz, Actobius umbripennis Lec., 1 specimen.
a es Eleusis pallida Lec., numerous.
er Larvee, undetermined.
Considerable adipocere on legs and pelvis.
28.—5 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred March
Io, 1892.
Acarina, Gamaside, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, L/eus¢s pallida Lec., numerous.
29.—5 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand and clay. Typhoid. Interred March
9, 1892.
Acarina, Gamaside, Uropfoda depressa Bks., sp. n.
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, /oma/ota, sp., 5 specimens.
e¢ * Actobius umbripennis Lec., fragments.

208 JourNAL NEw YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Z/euszs pallida Lec., numerous and fragments.
06 Larvee, undetermined.
Beetles found working in layers of adipocere and within the bones.
30.—5 yrs. 4mos. Grave 5 ft., coffinsubmerged; sand andclay. Cardiac'dropsy.
Interred February 2, 1892.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Nothing left but the bones and some of them softened. :
31.—5 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand and clay. Interred February 4, 1892.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Zews?s pallida Lec., numerous.
Hymenoptera, Myrmicide, Cremastogaster lineolata Say.
32.—5 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist ; sand and clay. Interred February 29,
1892.
Thysanura, in great numbers, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Carabide, Harpalus faunus Say, 1 specimen.
oe Staphylinids, fragments (Z/ezs?s ?).
The carabid beetle was probably accidental.
33-—5 yrs., 4mos. Grave 3 ft., moist; sand and clay. (Infant.) Phthisis. In-
terred February 22, 1892.
Myriapod, larva.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidz, larva (Phzlonthus ?).
ss Nitidulidee, Aizzophagus scalpturatus Mann., 7 specimens.
Skeleton completely stripped and dry ; some clothing still remaining.
34-—5 yrs., 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand and clay. Pneumonia. Interred Jan-
uary 18, 1892.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidze, Actobiéus umbripennis Lec., 1 specimen.

es a Lleusis palhida Lec., 2 and fragments.
35-—5 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand and clay. Peritonitis. Interred Jan-
uary 18, 1892.

Acarina, Gamaside, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidze, “euws?s pallida Lec., numerous.
a Larvee undetermined.
Beetles and larve burrowing in adipocere and soft bones.
36.—5 yrs.5 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand and clay. Cerebral congestion. Inter-
red January 18, 1892.
Acarina, Gamaside, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidz, Z/ews?s pallida Lec., fragments.
Diptera, Phoridz, puparia.
Probably embalmed. Soft tissues almost disappeared.
37-—5 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Consumption. Interred
January 24, 1892.
Acarina, Gamaside, Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, ZZeusis pallida Lec., 2 and fragments.

Dec. 1898.] MOTTER: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 209

Coleoptera, Nitidulide, AAzzophagus scalpturatus Mann., 1 specimen.
ac Larvee, undetermined.
38.—6 yrs. Grave 5 ft., moist; sandy. (Infant.) Tuberculosis. Interred June 31,
I8oI.

Pseudoscorpiones, Chelanops tristis Bs.

Myriapoda, undetermined.

Diptera, Phoridze, puparia, in great numbers.

39.—6 yrs. 2mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Pneumonia. Interred
April 22, 1891.

Acarina, Gamaside, Uvopoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinide, HYomalota, sp., I specimen and larva.

es c Lleusts pallida Lec., numerous.
£6 Nitidulidze, Rhzzophagus scalpturatus Mann.

Soft tissues almost disappeared. Beetles in great numbers about patella and
sternum.

40.—6 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Pneumonia.
Interred April 2, 1891.

Thysanura, in great numbers, undetermined.

No other insects seen. While grave was wet, cadaver had evidently been
mummified. Skeleton stripped and disarticulated; muscles almost disap-
peared, only an outer shell of adipocere which preserved general outline of
cadaver.

41.—6 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Interred De-
cember 26, 1890.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Diptera, Sepsidze, Prophila cased Linn., puparia.
42.—6 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Phthisis. In-
terred January 23, 1891.
Thysanura, undetermined.
- Coleoptera, fragments, undetermined.
Diptera, Phoridze (?), puparium.
Nothing but hard bones left.
43.—6 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand and clay. Senile debility. Interred
February I, 1891.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidze, Actobius umbripennis Lec., I specimen.
aM ot Lleusis pallida Lec., numerous.
ot Larvee, undetermined.

All soft tissues gone. Thysanura, beetles and larvee working inside the bones,
entering through nutrient canals, etc.

44.—6 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Senile debility.
Interred February 2, 1891.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Thoracic and abdominal cavities emptied; lower ends of limbs (upper and
lower) stripped. Tissues (skin, fasciee, muscles, tendons, vessels and nerves)
still distinguishable about thighs.

210 JourNAL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VIL.

45.—6 yrs. 9 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Cerebral em-
bolism. Interred August $, 1889.
Thysanura, undetermined.
46.—6 yrs. I1 mos. Grave 4 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred May
18, 1890.
Myriapoda, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidz, A/ezuszs pallida Lec., 2 specimens.
Diptera, Sepsidee, Pzophzla caset Linn., puparia.
47.—7 yrs. Grave 4 ft., moist; sandand clay. Still-born. Interred July 28, 1890.
Gastropoda, elicodiscus lineatus Say.
Crustacea, undetermined.
Araneida, Theridion subterranea Bks., sp. n.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Diptera, Phoridz, puparia.
Smaller bones, skull, etc., almost disintegrated and pulverizable. Snails from
coffin lid ; spider and a few thysanura inside.
.48.—7 yrs. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. . Interred
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Actobius umbripennis ee , 3 and larvee.

——. 1889.

Ss $s Lleusis pallida Lec., numerous.
“ fg Undetermined, covered with fungus.
cc Larvee, undetermined.

Skeleton stripped and disarticulated lying within shell of adipocere. Clothing
fairly preserved.
49.—7 yrs. 4mos. Grave § ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred De-
cember 16, 1889.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Aleuszs pallida Lec., 2 specimens.
50.—7 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Typhoid. Interred May
5, 1890.
Araneida, 7heridion subterranea Bks., sp. n.
Acarina, Gamasidz, Uvopoda depressa Bks., sp. n.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidze, A7Zewszs paliida Lec.
ce Larve, undetermined.
Diptera, Sepsidee, Prophzla casec Linn., puparia.
“g Borboridze, Zzmosiza ? wings.
Hymenoptera, Myrmicidz, Aphenogaster, sp.
Skeleton completely stripped and disarticulated. Black, wet, powdery debris
in bottom of coffin, alive with mites, thysanura and a few larvee.
51.—7 yrs. 4mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Valvular disease of heart.
Interred March 4, 1890.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinids, Zezs?s pallida Lec.
oe Larvee, undetermined.
Thorax not yet evacuated. Heavy case of adipocere; within, skeleton pretty
well cleaned.

Dec. 1898.1 MOTTER: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 211

52.—7 yrs. 7mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Exposure tocold(!). In-
terred December 7, 1889.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Zeusis pallida Lec., fragments.
Skeleton completely stripped.
53-—7 yrs. 7 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Inanition. Interred De-
cember 13, 1889.
Acarina, Gamasidz, Uyopoda depressa Bks., sp. n.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Z/ezszs pallida Lec., fragments.
Gib Larvee, undetermined.
Diptera, Phoride, puparia.
Skeleton stripped.
54.-—7 yrs. 8 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Intermittent fever. In-
* terred November 15, 1889.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Zezs?'s pallida Vec., fragments.
Skeleton stripped. Coffin dry inside, completely overgrown with roots.
55-—7 yrs. 8mos. Grave 5 ft., wet, sand and clay. Obstruction of bowels. In-
terred November 10, 1889.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Zveus?s pallida Lec., 2 specimens.
26 Larve, undetermined.
Skeleton stripped.
56.—7 yrs. 8mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Accident. Interred Octo-

ber 7, 1889.
Coleoptera, Staphylinida, Actobius umbripennis Lec.
e e Lleusis pallida Lec.

Skeleton stripped and disarticulated ; adipocere almost consumed,
57-—7 yrs. 9 mos. Grave 3 ft., moist; sand and clay. Diphtheria. Interred
y October 17, 1889.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Zvecsts pallida Lec., 6 specimens.
ee Larvz, undetermined.
Skeleton stripped and disarticulated, lying within heavy case of adipocere
which was very black on surface. Many A/ewsis dead on outside of coffin.
This cadaver in same grave with 58.
58.—7 yrs. 9 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Diphtheria. Interred Oc-
tober I, 1889.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidze, Actodius umbripennts Lec., I specimen.
20 OG Eleusis pallida Lec., numerous.
Be Larve, undetermined.
Very little adipocere left. This buried in same grave underneath No. 57.
59.-—7 yrs. Io mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Dysentery. Interred
September 24, 1889.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Zeests pallida Lec., 2 specimens.
Coffin too full of earth to examine thoroughly. Specimens from skull.

212 JournaL New YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

60.—7 yrs. 10 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Pneumonia. Interred
September 16, 18809.
Thysanura, in great numbers, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Z/ewsts pallida Lec., 2 specimens.
Cadaver large and heavy; outlines preserved by heavy case of adipocere, skele-
ton within stripped.
61.—7 yrs. Io mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Heart disease (!). In-
terred September 14, 1889.
Thysanura, in great numbers, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidz, ezs7s pallida Lec., 8 specimens.
Many Z/ews?s on coffin lid, outside and in. Skull entirely stripped; heavy
case of adipocere below this; within, skeleton stripped.
62.—8 yrs. 2mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sandand clay. Convulsions(!). Interred
May 5, 1889.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Actobius umbripennis Lec., 3 specimens.

ec G6 Eveusis pallida Lec., numerous.
6c 06 Larve (Zéeusis ?).
ee Nitidulidee, Rhzzophagus scalpturatus Mann., numerous.

Upper half of cadaver completely stripped. Myriads of thysanura, beetles
and larvee on lower half, on and under clothing and in adipocere.
63.—8 yrs. 2mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred April
27, 1889.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, “J/ezszs palhda Lec.
Bones completely stripped; but one beetle and few thysanura seen.
64.—8 yrs. 2mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Debility (!). Interred May
3, 1889.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Actobius umbripennis Lec., I specimen.

a eg Lleusis pallida Lec., numerous.
ge Nitidulids, AAzzophagus scalpturatus Mann., 4 specimens.
Gc Larvee, undetermined.

Thysanura, beetles and larvee in layers of adipocere, about pelvis, and on
skull under hair.
65.—8 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet; sandy. (Infant.) Malnutrition. Interred
February 2, 1888.
Thysanura, undetermined.
66.—9 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred Jan-
uary 27, 1888.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Diptera, Sepsidee, Prophzla casei Linn., puparia.
67.—9 yrs. 9 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred Septem-
ber 18, 1887.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Lathrobéum simile Lec., 3 specimens.
ee s6 Eleusis pallida Lec., 6 specimens.
Diptera, Phoridz, puparia.

Dec. 1898.] Morrer: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 213

68.—10 yrs. Grave 5 ft., wet; sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred July 7, 1887.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidz, Aveus’s pallida Lec., 3 and fragments.
ee ‘Fragments, undetermined.
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia.
69.—I0 yrs. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Diarrhcea. Interred July 14,
1887.
Crustacea, undetermined.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidze, Homalota, sp.
ce OC Eleusis pallida Lec.
CL Larvee, undetermined.
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia.
Thysanura, beetles and larva burrowing in wood of coffin, in layers of
adipocere, and in cancellated bone tissue, sternum, patella, etc.
7O.—Io yrs. 2 mos. Grave 4 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. (Infant. )
Marasmus. Interred April 25, 1887.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Z/eusis pallida Lec., 10 specimens.
71.—I0 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Phthisis. In-
terred March 6, 1887.
Thysanura, undetermined.
72.—10yrs. 3 mos. Grave Oft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred March
Q, 1887.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Z/eusts pallida Lec.
Diptera, Sepsidze, Prophila casei Linn., puparia.
Pupze apparently viable when taken but failed to breed in the laboratory.
73-—10 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Cholera. In-
terred February 15, 1887.
Gastropoda, Helicodiscus lineatus Say.
Vermes, undetermined.
Crustacea, Armadillidium 2
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Avewsis pallida Lec., 3 specimens.
74.—I10 yrs. 7 mos. Grave 9ft.,damp; loose sand. Tetanus. Interred September
21, 1885.

Crustacea, Armadilhdium vulgare Ltr., 3 specimens.

t

Thysanura, /sofoma, sp.
75.—I0 yrs. 8 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Consumption.
Interred September 23, 1886.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera ; Nitidulidee, RAizophagus scalpturatus Mann., 7 specimens.
76.—10 yrs. 8 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Consumption.
Interred October 3, 1886.
Thysanura, undetermined.

214 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

77.—II yrs. 2mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Hepatic colic.
Interred April 8, 1886.
Thysanura, undetermined
Coleoptera, Staphylinidz, Less pallida Lec.
78.—12 yrs. 11 mos. Grave 6 ft., dry; sandy. Phthisis. Interred July 27, 1883.
Crustacea, undetermined.
Araneida, Bathyphantes, sp. n.; Cicurina arcuata Keys.
Myriapoda, Jsobates (L. minutus Brandt ?).; Zelus, sp.
Pseudoneuroptera, Zermes flavipes Kollar, 7 specimens.
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, larva undetermined.
aes Nitidulide, Rhizzophagus scalpturatus Mann.., fragments.
Diptera, Phoridz, puparia.
79.—I5 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 7 ft., dry; sandy. (Infant.) Diphtheria. Interred De-
cember 17, 1880.
Araneida, Cicurina creber Bks.
Myriapoda, /z/zts, sp., numerous.
Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Staphylinus cinnamopterus Grav., 2 specimens,
probably accidental, found outside coffin in grave.
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia.
80.—15 yrs. Io mos. Grave 4 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred Sep-
tember 29, 1881.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Carabidee, Schizogenius amphibius Hald., fragments, probably
accidental.
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia.
81.—16 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 9 ft., moist; sand. Apoplexy. Interred January 18,
1881.
Gastropoda, Zonztoides minuscudus Binn.
Vermes, undetermined.
Crustacea, undetermined.
Pseudoscorpiones, Chelanops tristis Bks.
Araneida, Circurina creber Bks.; Theridion subterranea Bks., sp.n.; Erigone
albescens Bks., sp. n.
Myriapoda, undetermined.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Pselaphide, Gatrisus (ferox ?).
es Nitidulidee, Rhzzophagus scalpturatus Mann., fragments.
Diptera, Phoridz, puparia.
Hymenoptera, Formicide, Lastws flavus De Geer.
Dry disarticulated bones and portion of coat lying in brown, powdery debris,
fairly swarming with the above animals.
82.—18 yrs. 11 mos. Grave 3 ft., dry; sandy. (Infant.) Aphtha. Interred
January 18, 1879.
Crustacea, undetermined.
Araneida, Lathyphantes, sp. n.
Myriapoda, Zsobates (£. minutus Brandt?) numerous; L:/us, sp.

Dec. 1898] MOTTER: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 215

83.—20 yrs. Grave 3 ft., dry; sandy. (Infant.) Gastritis. Interred June 26,
1876.
Vermes, undetermined.
Crustacea, undetermined.
Myriapoda, /sodates (Z. minutus Brandt?) ; Lulus, sp.
Diptera, Phoridz, puparia.
84.—20 yrs. Grave 9 ft., dry; sandy. Enteritis. Interred May 9, 1876.
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia.
85.—20 yrs. 3 mos.. Grave 5 ft., dry; sandy. (Infant.) Meningitis. Interred
February 14, 1876. .
Myriapoda, Jsobates (L. minztus Brandt?) ; Lzlus, sp.
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia.
86.—20 yrs. 7 mos. Grave 4 ft., dry; sandy. (Infant.) Pertussis. Interred
August 8, 1875.
Gastropoda, Vitrea electrina Gould.
Thysanura, /apyx (_/. subterraneus Pack.?).
Diptera, Phoride, puparia.
87.—20 yrs. 9 mos. Grave 6 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant.) Diarrhoea. Interred
August 26, 1875.
Myriapoda, /z/us, sp.
Coleoptera, Carabide, Dice/us ovalis Lec., I specimen. Probably accidental,
from bottom of grave.
ot Elateridze, larvee, undetermined, fragment.
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia.
88.—21 yrs. Grave 3 ft., dry; sandy. (Infant.)
Gastropoda, Zonitoides minusculus Binn.
Vermes, undetermined.
Myriapoda, /sobates (/. minutus Brandt?) ; Lulus, sp.
Diptera, Phoridz, puparia.
89.—21 yrs. Grave 3 ft., dry, sandy.
‘ Gastropoda, Helicodiscus lineatus Say.
Araneida, Theridium, sp. (7. subterranea Bks.?).
Myriapoda, /sobates (/. minutus Brandt?) ; ulus, sp.; Striaria, sp.;
Scolopocryptops sexspinosa Say.
Coleoptera, Trogositida, Zenebrioides laticolus Horn. Fragments.
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia.
go.—2I yrs. Grave 3 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant. )
Myriapoda, Zz/us, sp.
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia.
.—21 yrs. Grave 4 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant. )
Gastropoda, felicodiscus lineatus Say.
Myriapoda, /sobates (L. minutus Brandt ?).
Coleoptera, Pselaphide, Batrisus ferox Lec.

I

9

Diptera, Phoridze, puparia.

g2.—21 yrs. Grave 4 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant.)
Myriapoda, /sobates (/. minutus Brandt?) ; Lulus, sp.
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia.

216 JourNAL NEw YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI

93.—2I1 yrs. Grave 4 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant. )

Gastropoda, Helicodiscus lineatus Say.

Araneida, Czcurina creber Bks.

Myriapoda, /sobates (f. minutus Brandt?) ; L2lus, sp.

Coleoptera, Scarabzeidze, Lachnosterna, sp. Probably aguidonie

Diptera, Phoridze, puparia.

Hymenoptera, Formicide, Grachymyrmex heert Forel.

BG Poneridz, Ponera contracta Latr.
es Myrmicidze, Myrmicina latreih André.
94.—21 yrs. Grave 6 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant. )

Myriapoda, /z/us, sp.

Diptera, Phoridze, puparia.

95.—21 yrs. Grave 6 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant. )

Gastropoda, Helicodiscus lineatus Say.

os Zonitoides minusculus Binn.

Araneida, Lophocarenum, sp.

Myriapoda, /sobates (1. minutus Brandt?) ; Lzdus, sp.

Thysanura, Lepedocyrtus, sp.

Diptera, Phoridz, puparia.

96.—2I1 yrs. Grave 6 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant. )

Araneida, Agalenidee (Cicurina ?).

Myriapoda, Jsobates (L. minutus Brandt?) ; Ludlus, sp.

Diptera, Phoridz, puparia.

97-—27 yrs. Grave 8 ft.. dry, sandy. (Infant.) Interred November 2, 1869.

Myriapoda, undetermined.

Diptera, Phoridz, puparia. ( Covzcera ?)

98.—29 yrs. Imo. Grave 6 ft., dry, sandy. (Infant.) Interred May 25, 1867.

Araneida, Avgzope, sp.

Hymenoptera, Formicide, Zastws americanus Emery.

99.—38 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 6 ft., dry; sandy. Interred June 29, 1861.

Araneida, Czcurina creber Bks.

Acarina, Gamasidz, Gamasus, sp.

Myriapod, undetermined.

Diptera, Phoridze, puparia ( Conzcera ?).

100.—7I yrs. Grave 6 ft., dry; sandy.

Gastropoda, Heliocodiscus lineatus Say.

Acarina, LZypopus, sp.

Bones dry and crumbling; rib picked up by its sternal end broke and crushed in
falling by its own weight. Oscalcis, astragalus, head of femur, etc., crushed
with little orno pressure. Wood of coffin dry and crumbling ; medullary rays
beautifully and clearly outlined; penetrated, more especially through long
diameter, by numerous dead, dry, filamentous roots. Knots curiously de-
marcated and encapsulated. All dry, brown and pulverulent.

Note 1. Numbers 88-96 inclusive were interred prior to 1875,
before the cemetery records were fully kept.

Dec. 698.1 MOoOTTER: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 217

2. Numbers 5, 38, 74, 78; 79, 81-99 inclusive, are especially
noteworthy on account of the unusual method of interment followed
in the cemetery from which all were taken. Here, in every instance,
each separate burial case is inclosed in a four-inch brick wall, laid in
cement, and covered with stone or slate slabs, likewise sealed with
cement, thus making what is practically a vault for each interment.
This, it would seem, would prove an almost impenetrable barrier to
the necrophagous fauna. It must be remembered, however, that, no
matter how carefully prepared and laid, this cement, sooner or later,
disintegrates ; and that, save where two or more interments are made
in the same grave-site—as is here not infrequently the case—the bot-
tom of these vault-chambers is of earth, not of brick or stone. But,
even where one vault is built on top of another, the crumbling cement
leaves interstices between the bricks, through which, as we have seen,
come diverse sorts of animals.

The following list of fifty cases includes those in which the exam-
ination was, for one reason or another, incomplete, the records frag-
mentary or unreliable, or the specimens lost.

IOI.—5 mos. Grave 6 ft., dry; sandy. Pneumonia. Interred January 22, 1896.
No insects found. Body embalmed and in good state of preservation.
Slight whitish fungus over lower part of face and hands.
102.—I yr. 2mos. Grave 4 ft., moist; sand. Gastro-enteritis. Interred April 29,
1896.
On outside of coffin, chelifer, spider and thysanura; inside no insects found.
Cadavar embalmed, tissue leathery, covered with thick, white, felt-like fungus.
103.—3 yrs. Grave 6 ft., dry; sandy. Consumption. Interred May 11, 1894.

‘ Chelanops tristis Bks. and thysanura on outside of coffin. No insects inside.
Body embalmed. Bones of skull clean, covered with thick, white fungus.
Examination interrupted.

104.—3 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 7 ft., day; sandy. Asphyxia. Interred July 20, 1893.
Body embalmed and well preserved. Face and hands covered with thick,
white fungus. No insects found.
105.—4 yrs. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Interred July 14, 1893.
Had not sufficient time to examine thoroughly. Fragments of numerous
staphylinids ( Z/eus?s paliida Lec.?) no specimens taken.
106.—4 yrs. Imo. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged ; sand andclay. Valvular disease
heart. Interred May 1, 1893.
Too wet to handle. Coffin contained embalming fluid. Skull stripped, some
adipocere still remaining on lower limbs.
107.—4 yrs. 2mos, Grave 3 ft., moist; sand and clay. Still-born. Interred April
24, 1893.
Gastropoda, //elicodiscus lineatus Say.
Diptera, Sepsidze, Pzophila casei Linn., puparia.

218 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

108.—4 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 3 ft., moist ; sand and clay. (Infant.) Interred March
II, 1893.
A few thysanura only. Everything but the disarticulated bones gone.
Coffin dry inside ; roots and grasses growing up through bones and remnants
of clothing.
109.—4 yrs. 7 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Pneumonia.
Interred December 12, 1892.
Thysanura only. Considerable adipocere left. Intestines not yet destroyed.
In vault 1 month.
110.—5 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred Feb-
ruary 29, 1892.
Thysanura only. In vault 2 months.
I1I.—5 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Cholera. In-
terred February 26, 1892.
Thysanura and staphylinid fragments, specimens lost. Heavy case of adi-
pocere, swarming with Thysanura.
II12.—5 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Pneumonia.
Interred January 2, 1892.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidz, Actobius umbripennis Lec.
II13.—6 yrs. 2mos. Grave § ft., moist; sand and clay. Paralysis. Interred April
28, 18901.
Coffin too much broken in removal to be accurate about contents.
114,—6 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Inflammation
bowels. Interred February 9, 1891.
No insects, ot even Thysanura !
115.—6 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Pneumonia.
Interred February 2, 1891.
Skeleton completely disarticulated, even skull, which contained pultaceous
brain mass. Little adipocere left.
116.—6 yrs. 7 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred De-
cember 18, 1890.
No insects found. Clothing almost intact. Skeleton stripped and disarticu-
lated. ;
117.—6 yrs. gmos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Typhoid. In-
terred September 7, 1890.
Thysanura only.
118.—7 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 9 ft., dry; sandy. Hemorrhage from lungs. Interred
July 27. 1889.
Thysanura and acarids. Specimens lost.
I19.—7 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Membraneous
croup. Interred January 20, 1890.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidze, Actobius umbripennis Lec., fragment, covered with
undetermined fungus.
iy og Lleusis pallida Lec.
120.—7 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred Feb-
ruary 27, 1890.
Thysanura, undetermined.

Dec. 1898.] MorTrer: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 219

Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Acfobins umbripennis Lec., one dead covered with

Ot UC white fungus.
SC as Lleusis pallida Lec.
ot & Undetermined.

Diptera, Sepsidee, Prophz/a caset Linn., puparia.
‘¢ Borboridz, Zzmostnta, sp., wings.
Skeleton completely stripped, no adipocere left.
121.—7 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay. Chronic diarrhoea. Inter-
red February 24, 1890.
Gastropoda, Helicodiscus tineatus Say.
es Zonitoides arboreus Say.
Araneida, Theridion subterranea Bks., sp. n.
Coleoptera, larvee, undetermined.
Diptera, Sepsidee, Pophzla casei Linn., puparia.
Skeleton completely stripped.
122.—7 yrs. 7 mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred Sep-
tember 15, 1889.
Skeleton completely stripped and disarticulated ; bones solid and black as
ebony, some small detached masses of adipocere still remaining in coffin.
Not a sign of an insect to be found.
123.—7 yrs. Iomos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay.
Coffin crushed in and full of earth, no specimens taken.
124.—7 yrs. lo mos. Grave 5 ft., moist; sand and clay.
Coffin crushed in and full of earth, no specimens taken.
125.—8 yrs. 4 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Congestion
brain. Interred March 9, 1889.
In vault 1 month. Skeleton completely stripped; a few masses of adipocere
left from lower abdominal walls. No specimens taken.
126.—I0 yrs. Imo. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Dropsy (').
Examined by assistant, no specimens. ~
127/—Io yrs. I mo. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidee, Actobius wmbripennis Lec., fragments.
128.—1o yrs. 2 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged ; sand and clay. Interred April
3, 1887.
A few Thysanura only. No specimens taken.
129.—I1 yrs. Grave 5 ft., dry; sandy. Still-born. Interred October 24, 1885.
Diptera, Phoridee, puparia (Conzcera ?), specimens lost.
130.—11 yrs. Grave 5 ft., wet; sandy.
Thysanura, undetermined.
Coleoptera, Staphylinidz, A7/euss pallida Lec.
13I1.—II yrs. 7 mos. Grave 5 ft., wet; sandy. Tetanus. Interred November
1884.
Araneida, Lepthyphantes, sp.
Pseudoneuroptera, Zermes flavipes Kollar.
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia.
In vault three months. Ob. 30, VIII, 84.
132.—12 yrs. 3mos. Grave 6 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Phthisis. In-
terred February 29, 1884.

bo
wo
oS

JOURNAL New YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

‘Thysanura only, In vault I month.
133.—I4 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 6 ft., dry “‘rottemrock.’’ Peritonitis. Ob. 5, IX, 81,
Mass. Interred November 22, 1881, D. C. ES

Diptera, Phoridze, puparia.

Cadaver mummified, surface moist, skin and appendages practically intact.
Coffin in tin-lined case, top tacked on.

134.—14 yrs. 8 mos. Grave 5 ft., dry, sandy. Hydrocephalus. Interred March 3,
1882. ;
Diptera, Phoridze, puparia ( Cozzcera ?), specimens lost.
135.—I6yrs. Grave 9 ft., dry, sandy. Ctdemaoflungs. Interred October 9, 1880.

Thysanura only. In vault 9 days.

136.—18 yrs. 2 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Interred May
13, 1879.

No insects save a few Thysanura on inner side of coffin. Skeleton completely
stripped and disarticulated. Some grayish brain matter still left within dis-
articulated skull.

137.—18 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 5 ft., coffin submerged; sand and clay. Membraneous
Croup. Interred February 2, 1878.
No insects found.
138.—I9 yrs. 2 mos. Grave 6 ft., dry, sandy. Bright’s disease. Ob. 9, I, 77.
Interred April 17, 1877.

Gastropoda, /Velicodiscus lineatus Say.

Araneida, Lophocarenum, sp.; Lycosa, sp.

Hymenoptera, Formicidz, Camponotus melleus Say.

139.—20 yrs. 3mos. Grave 5 ft., wet, sand and clay. Phthisis. Interred Apr.
& nei,

No insects found.

140.—24 yrs. 5 mos. Grave 5 ft., dry, sandy. Dysentery. Ob. 13, III, 72. In-
terred May 25, 1872.

Gastropoda, elicodiscus lineatus Say.

Araneida, Cizcurina creber Bks.

Acarina, ypopus, sp.

Myriapoda, J/sobwtes (L. minutus Brandt?); Lelus, sp.

Thysanura, undetermined.

Diptera, Phoridz, puparia ( Cozzcera ?).

In vault two months.

141.—28 yrs. Grave 9 ft., dry, sandy. Pneumonia. Ob. 25, IX, 68, N. J. In-
terred April 25, 1884, D. C.

Crustacea, undetermined.

Pseudoscorpiones, Chelanops tristis Bks.

Araneida, 7heridium tepidartorum Koch.

Acarina, Gamaside, Hypoaspis, sp.

Myriapoda, /sobates (Lf. minutus Brandt?); Lzlus, sp.

Thysanura, “tomobrya, sp.

Coleoptera, Pselaphide, Batrisus globosus Lec.

cs Nitidulide, RAzzophagus scalpturatus Mann.
Diptera, Drosophilide, Drosophila ampelophila Loew, probably accidental.

Dec. 1898.] Morrer: Sruby OF THE FAUNA. OF THE GRAVE. 221

142.—36 yrs. No insects found.

143.—36 yrs. (Infant.) No insects found.

144.—36 yrs. (Infant.) No insects found.

145.—56 yrs. (Infant.) No insects found.

146.—Coffin so decayed’and grave so wet, no definite results obtainable.

147.—Coffin so decayed and grave so wet, no definite results obtainable.

148.—Murder case, coffin filled with all sorts of rubbish ; not examined.

149.—Negro, aet. 18 yrs. (?) drowned, 7th St. wharf, August 29th. Body recovered
August 30th, inclosed in tin-lined case August 31st. Examined at Morgue
September 2d. Larvee taken from hair, face and clothing, September 16th

bred :
Diptera, Muscidze, Compsomyia macellaria Fabr.
se oe Lucilia cesar Linn.

150.—7 yrs. 3 mos. Grave 4 ft., moist, sand and clay. Premature birth.

No cadaver found in coffin, nothing to indicate that it had ever been placed
therein. Clothes nicely folded in bottom of coffin. A most thorough search
revealed but the following :

Thysanura, undetermined.

Coleoptera, Staphylinide, Z/ezsts pallida Lec., 1 specimen.

a Larve, undetermined.

Diptera, Phoridze, puparium.

Note 3. Numbers ro1—104, 118, 129, 133, 134, 135, 138, 140,
I4I graves prepared as explained in note 2, page 217.

Note 4. The undetermined Coleopterous larvee mentioned in the
above lists belong, according to Mr. Schwarz, to but three species :
Actobius umbripennis Lec., Eleusis pallida Lec. and Rhizophagus
scalpturatus Mann. Owing to the illness of Mr. Schwarz, the deter-
minations could not be specified in each case.

, Grouped and arranged in systematic order, the fauna of-the one
hundred and fifty disinterments studied, as thus far determined, stands
as follows :

GASTROPODA.
FLelicodiscus lineatus Say. Zonitoides minusculus Binn.
Zonitoides arboreus Say. Vitrea electrina Gould.
Vermes, undetermined.
CRUSTACEA.
Armadillidium vulgare Ltr., many undetermined.
ARACHNIDA.
Pseudoscorpiones, Chelanops tristis Bks.
ARANEIDA.
Agalena, sp. Lepthyphantes, sp.

A. nevia Atz. Lophocarenum, sp.

JourNnaL NEw YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI

Argiope, sp. Lycosa, sp.
Bathyphantes, sp. 0. Theridium tepidariorum Koch.
Cicurina arcuata Keys. Theridion subterranea Bks., sp.n.
Cicurina creber Bks. Erigone albescens Bks., sp. 0.
ACARINA.

Gamaside, Gamasus, sp. Lphis, sp.

LTolostaspis, sp. Uropoda, sp.

L[Typoaspis, sp. Uropoda depressa Bks., sp. n.

Tyroglyphide, Zyroglyphus, sp. LHypopus, sp.
Oribatidee, Hoplophora, sp. ( Tritia).

MYRIAPODA.
Lsobates (L. minutus Brandt?). Striaria, sp.
Lulus, sp. Scolopocryptops sexspinosa Say.
Lithobius, sp.

THYSANURA.
JSapyx, sp. (J. subterranea Packard?). Entomobrya, sp.
Lepidocyrtus, sp. Podura, sp.
Many undetermined.

PSEUDONEUROPTERA.

Psocide, undetermined. Termes flavipes Kollar.

HOMOPTERA.
Coccide, Azipersza, sp.

COLEOPTERA.

Carabidee, Schizogenius amphibius Hald. Daicelus ovals Lec.
co flarpalus faunus Say.
Pselaphide, Batrisus ferox Lec. Batrisus globosus Lec.

Staphylinide, A¢hefa, sp. Actobius pederoides Lec.
Homalota, sp. Lathrobium simile Lec.
Staphylinus cinnamopterus Grav. Pederus httorarius Grav.
Philonthus, sp. Lileusis pallida Lec.

Actobius umbripennis Lec.
Trichopterygide, Z7cchopteryx haldemanni Lec.
Nitidulide, Rhzzophagus scalpturatus Mann.
Trogositide, Zenebrioides laticollis Horn.
Elateridee, Monocrepidius bellus Say.
Scarabeeidze, Lachnosterna, sp.
Curculionidee, Sphenophorus, sp.

bo

Dec. 1893] MOTTER: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 223

DIPTERA.

Mycetophilidz, Sczara, sp.

Stratiomyide (larva).

Phoride (puparia), Phora clavata Loew ; Conicera, sp.
Muscidee, Compsomyia macellaria Fabr.; Lucila cesar Linn.
Anthomyide, Homalomyia, sp.; Ophyra leucostoma Wied.
Sepsidz, Prophila caset Linn.

Drosophilide, Drosophila ampelophila Loew.

Borboridz, Zzmosina, sp.

HYMENOPTERA.

Formicide, Brachymyrmex heert Forel.; Camponotus melleus Say.
ee Lasius americanus Emery ; Lastus flavus DeGeer.
Poneride, .Ponera contracta Latr.
Myrmicide, Myrmicina latreilii André.
Monomorium minutum Mayer.
Cremastogaster lineolata Say.
Aphenogaster, sp.

This list includes the names of a few species found, not in the one
hundred and fifty human disinterments studied, but in the experi-
mental observations, viz.: The undetermined Psocid, the Dipteron
Sciara sp., and the Coleopteron Zrichopteryx haldemanni Lec. were
found in the empty boxes, buried for experimental purposes; while
the Myriapod Zithodius sp., and the Diptera Conicera sp., Phora
clavata Loew, and Ophyra leucostoma Wied., were found on dog
cadavers, as noted elsewhere.

During the summer of 1896 the cadavers of a number of dogs,
which had been examined in the laboratory for parasites, were tightly
nailed up. each in a wooden box, and buried in a neighboring plot at
a depth of two feet. Two of these, examined after two months,
showed only the following Diptera: Phoridz, Phora clavata Loew.
Muscide, Lucila cesar Linn. Anthomyidze, Ophyra Jleucostoma
Wied. Of these, I have found only the Muscid on human cadavers,
in four instances: (a) The living larve were found on the cadaver
of a drowned negro after an exposure of three days and bred to the
adult stage (No. 149). (&) The puparia were found on a cadaver
(No. 2) which had been buried for two years and eleven months ;
and (¢) puparia were likewise found on two cadavers (Nos. rz and

224 JouRNAL NEw YorRK ENYOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. V1.

14) which had been buried four years and one month. On the dog
cadaver, buried two months, was found a fragment of one adult fly.
This fly Mégnin puts in his second ‘‘squad,’’ which arrives on
cadavers a few hours after death. The Phorid was found in great
numbers in the adult stage, busily feeding upon the contents of the
box, which emitted a very pungent ammoniacal.odor.

The Anthomyid was taken in the larval stage and bred in great
quantities, in the laboratory, even unto the third and fourth genera-
tions. Notes of these breeding experiments were presented to the
Entomological Society of Washington and will appear in the forth-
coming issue of its Proceedings. - Suffice it to say that, contrary to
what has generally been known of the Ophyra J/eucostoma Wied., it
seemed to thrive better upon decaying animal than upon vegetable
matter. Mégnin places this fly in his fifth ‘‘squad,’’ which he has
found on human cadavers buried about two years. It is interesting to
note just here that Schdyen found another species of this same genus,
Ophyra anthrax Meig., in one of the cemeteries o Kristiania, in
graves which had been dug but two months before, just the period of in-
terment of the dogs in question. Schiner mentions O. anthrax as more
rare than O. /ewcostoma still, in certain places very common ; he found
it in great numbers on the body of a dead horse in Kloster-neuberg.

On dogs buried for three months, this same Anthomyid, O. Zeu-
costoma, was found together with an undetermined Thysanuron and
three Acarids of the Gamasid family: Uvopoda sp., Gamasus sp.
and Hypoaspis sp. ‘The mites belong to Mégnin’s sixth ‘‘squad,’’
found on exposed human cadavers after two or three years. Uvopoda
I have found on twenty-one human cadavers, interred for periods
varying from three years and six months to eleven years and seven
months ; ypoaspis, on a human cadaver buried twenty-eight years ;
Gamasus on another, buried thirty-eight years and four months.
While belonging to the same genus, it must be noted that the species
of Gamaside found on dog cadavers are not identical with those
found upon human cadavers.

On dogs buried for four months the principal find was the Phorid,
Conicera sp., which was likewise bred in the laboratory through sev-
eral generations. ‘This fly is of special interest, because it was prob-
ably the first in America recorded by an accurate observer as having
been found on a disinterred human cadaver; it will again be referred
to later on.

Dec. 1£98.] MOoOTTER: STUDY OF HE FAUNA OF THE GRavVE. 225

On dogs buried for five months were found Conicera sp., adult
flies and larve, together with Uvopoda sp., identical with that found
on dogs after three months’ interment, but differing from that found
on human cadavers ; and, finally, an Elaterid beetle, Monocrepidius
bellus Say, identical with that found on human cadavers after three
years and two months’ interment.

At this point the experimental work with dog cadavers ceased ;
first because there was such abundant material from the cemetery, and,
secondly, because, according to Dr. Wyatt Johnston’s experience, the
results would be apt to be more confusing than helpful. Writing of
his own observation in this line, Dr. Johnston said: ‘‘ We were
especially struck with the circumstance that Coleoptera which attack
the bodies of animals early, z. e., in a few days, will not attack human
bodies unless these have been exposed some months. For this reason
we avoided control experiments with dead animals and dead meat, as
unreliable and misleading.’’

One other line of experimental investigation proved interesting
and suggestive, though it was pursued in but two cases. At the sug-
gestion of Mr. E. A. Schwarz, we buried in a cemetery, at a depth of
three feet, two empty boxes which had been thoroughly cleaned and
then closed with a well fitting cover securely nailed on. As it hap-
pened, we were enabled to place each of these boxes in a lot adjoining
one in which an interment had recently been made, thus approximat-
ing, as nearly as might be, the conditions of anactual interment. After
two months one of the boxes was taken up and found to contain a
young Araneid, Agalena nevia Htz., several young Acarids of the
Gamasid family, many Podurids (Thysanura), an undetermined
Psocid, one small beetle, Z7ichopteryx haldemani Lec., and three
Mycetophilid flies, Sczara sp. ‘The second box, which was buried
for a little over three months, was not quite so prolific, containing
only one Araneid, Zheridium tepidariorum Koch, and a few Podurids
and Lefpidocyrtus sp. (Thysanura). These small insects were no
doubt feeding upon the delicate black fungus with which the boxes
had become lined.

It is highly probable that further experiments in this line might be
productive of interesting results. In the last case noted in the above
list (No. 150) an empty (?) coffin, exhumed after seven years and
three months, contained, among other things, the same beetle, A/euszs
pallida Lec., which was found insuch great numbers and under such

226 JourNAL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

varying conditions in fifty-six of the one hundred and fifty observa-
tions and after periods of interment ranging from one year and eleven
months to eleven years and two months. ‘The cemetery records show
that this particular coffin was supposed to contain the product of a
‘« Premature Birth,’’ but it seems highly propable that the coffin was
sent to the cemetery, minus the cadaver, and that the latter now
adorns some one’s embryologic collection.

In 1890 Mr. Webster published an interesting find of Concera sp.,
on a two-year cadaver, in the stomach of which chemic analysis showed
one and one-half grains of arsenic. Commenting on this case, Mr.
Webster writes: ‘‘ That the larve of these flies might subsist upon the
flesh of bodies killed by arsenic is by no means surprising, as they are,
doubtless, very tenacious of life. * * * That adults or larve could
have made their way to the body through box and coffin, after burial,
seems incredible ; while that with the temperature but little above the
freezing point flies should have been attracted to the corpse, while the
latter was awaiting burial, and either deposited their eggs upon it be-
fore burial or have been conveyed within the coffin to the grave and
there begun reproduction appears at first thought almost equally im-
possible. ’’

Here, then, are raised the questions upon the answers to which
rest the importance and practical value of all these observations.
How, when and during what periods do these insects attack the human
cadaver? Mégnin’s answers seem to have been accepted by the French
courts, and decisions rendered, sentences imposed in accordance there-
with. His work has been abstracted in a large number of journals,
and in several different languages ; everywhere it is labelled ‘‘ Impor-
tant—if true.’’ Dominique writes a conservative review, compliment-
ing Mégnin upon his work, at the same time suggesting that the science
of an entomologic chronology of cadaveric history must, of necessity,
be a slow growth. Here and there, however, there have been more or
less vigorous protests. It is significant that these protests and warn-
ings have come largely from the entomologists, men whose sole spe-
cialty is the study of the characters and life habits of these insects.
True, when we attempt to look up the life-history of any given insect,
especially one not important from an economic standpoint, we are
amazed at the paucity of data, even with regard to our most common
species. Among those who have made the life habits of beetles a
special study, is Major L. von Heyden, who denies Mégnin’s assertion

Dec. 1898.] MOTTER: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE. 227

that the Nitidulid beetle, RAzzophagus, is attracted by the odor of the
corpse, and declares that this beetle never feeds upon cadavers, but
that it enters the grave as a parasite of the larva of another beetle
(Scolytid) which infests the wood of which coffins are made. In spite
of this high authority, I have found, in a number of cases the Ameri-
can cousins of this beetle feeding, beyond the peradventure of a doubt,
upon the decomposing soft tissues and in the cancellated bone of the
human cadaver.

Another item, about which we have yet much to learn, is with re-
gard to the seasonal activity of a number of flies. _Mégnin states, and
he is confirmed by Webster’s and by own experience, that the Phori-
dz have been found on bodies interred in winter as well as in summer.
But his conclusion, that the presence of Muscidze indicates that the
body in question was interred in summer and not in winter; and
Johnston’s and Villeneuve’s conclusion, that the absence of Dipterous
remains points to interment in winter and not in summer, have been
too hastily drawn, if the study of but one hundred and fifty disinter-
ments in Washington afford any criterion by which to judge. For, in
ten of the one hundred and fifty cases, | have found the remains of a
number of flies (Stratiomyid, Muscid, Sepsid and Borborid) on cadav-
ers interred in December, January and February.

Two important facts must be noted just here: On the one hand,
I have found, on looking up the recorded temperatures for several days
preceding death and following burial, a degree of cold wholly incom-
patible with insect activity above ground ; on the other hand, we not
infrequently have in Washington, even in mid-winter, several succes-
sive days of sufficient warmth to start up the incubators of the omni-
present fly. That the presence of certain insects on a cadaver may
indicate the exposure of that cadaver to a temperature favorable to the
functional activity of these insects, is a conclusion wholly legitimate,
and not without entomologic interest. Can it have any Medico-legal
weight? ‘To go before a Court of Law and to swear that because a
Muscid was found upon a disinterred human cadaver, that cadaver
might have been interred in June, but cowd? not have been interred in
January, would be to fly in the face of facts and to assert a proposi-
tion controverted by practical experience. Be it remembered that
these remarks apply only to interred human cadavers, only to those
interred in the vicinity of Washington, and only from the limited
view of this field obtained from one hundred and fifty observations.

228 JourNnaL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

I am thoroughly convinced that we can not, as yet, make any broad,
universally applicable generalizations on this subject. ‘The field is far
too broad, the important and modifying factors are far too numerous
and conflicting, the conditions vary far too widely to be thus compre-
hended in any concise, unqualified formula. The only conclusion I
can reach, as the result of my studies thus far, is that it is not safe to
draw any conclusion at all. The vital point upon which the whole of
Mégnin’s theory of the fauna of exposed cadavers turns, is that the
various insects appear in distinct ‘‘squads,’’ at definite and specified
periods of cadaveric decomposition, and: that they succeed each other
in regular order. That this proposition does not in any particular ap-
ply to the observations here noted is most evident from the following
brief resumé of the work, taking only the more important mites, bee-
tles and flies :

Acarina, 8 species found in 30 cases, interred from 3 years and
2 months to 71 years. Coleoptera, Pselaphidee, 2 species found in 3
cases, interred from 16 years and 5 months to 28 years. Staphylini-
dee, Homalota, found in 4 cases, interred from 1 year and 11 months
to 10 years; Staphyiimus found in 1 case, interred 15 years and 5
months ; P/z/onthus found in one case, interred 5 years and 4 months ;
Actobius found in 22 cases, interred from 3 years'and 2 months to 10
years; Lathrobium found in 3 cases, interred from 4 years and 4
months to g years and g months; /ederuws found in I case, interred
3 yearsand 2 months ; #/ewszs found in 56 cases, interred from 1 year
and rz months to 11 years and 2 months. © Nitidulide, AAzzophagus
found in ro cases, interred from-1 year and 11 months to 28 years.
Diptera, Phoridz, puparia found in 43 cases, interred from 3 years and
2 months to 38 years; Muscidze, 2 species found in 5 cases, interred from
3 days to 4 years and 1 month ; Anthomyidz, oma/omyza found in one
case, interred 2 years and 11 months; Sepside, Prophz/a found in 13
cases, interred from 3 years and 2 months to 10 years and 3 months.

Since the completion of this paper, the writer has received a re-
print of Johnston & Villeneuve’s paper, ‘‘ On the Medico-Legal Ap-
plication of Entomology,’’ which was ‘‘ read: before the Canadian
Medical Association, Montreal, August, 1896,’’ and published in the
Montreal Medical Journal, August, 1897. These authors assert that
‘one may now judge from the animal fauna. met with in a dead body
how long it has been exposed.’’ But they add: ‘‘ The chief danger
to be feared from Mégnin’s imitators is that they might tend to indulge

lw
Lo

Wiss)

Dec, 1898.] MoTTER: STUDY OF THE FAUNA OF THE GRAVE.

in guesses having no.very solid basis and to apply rules to countries
and climates where they were inapplicable.’’ They conclude that,
aor. appears certain that observations and experiments. upon exposed
human bodies should be made in the particular locality before the
present entomological data can be directly applied to legal medicine.
pats The time limits apparently require modification for the
particular locality.’’

It should be remembered that the experience of Johnston & Ville-
neuve has been almost entirely with exposed cadavers—as distinguished
from the present observations on interred cadavers. They print an
interesting table, which is hereto appended.

ab

kK

FAUNA OF DEAD BODIES EXPOSED TO THE AIR.*
(COMPILED FROM MEGNIN. )

_ Physical Conditions. ECs Forms met with.
time.
BicsbeReriod...--.4|bOdles freshtes..eeece cence First (D) MMusca.*
Cyrtoneura.*
ice Calliphora.*
Second Period.,...; Decomposition co m- (D) Lucilia.*
MENCEMMeansascmeeeee cere | months. Sarcophaga.*
Third Period...... BAEL YAGI... 2. wcsoss one ee | 3 months |(C) Dermestes.*
- F (L) Agdlossa.
4 to ( D ) Piophila.*
Fourth Period .....|Caseous products........... Anthomyia.
| 6 months. |(C) Mecrobia ( Corynétes).
Fifth Period........ Ammoniacal fermenta-| { 4 months |(D) 7Zhyreophora.
tion, black liquefac- Ophyra.*
HOME ae ehonimocseonece Lonchea, Phora.
Aas ato (C) Necrophorus.
Silpha.*
Lfister.*
| 8 months. Saprinus.*
Sixth Period ...... I ESTGCAMOM 5.24) sacs see ( 6months |(A) Uvofoda.
Trachynotus.
to Tyrogliphus.*
Glyciphagus.
| 12 months. _ Serrator.
Seventh Period... ee extreme...... Tyear |(L) Agéossa.
| ne Tineola.
} (C) Attagenus.
L. .3 years. Anthrenus.
Pamato Period... Debris’. !.1).200. 600 denceests f - Over 3 |(C) Tenedrio.
\ years. Ptinus.

230 JourNaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VIL.

FAUNA OF BURIED BODIES.

Before? untall morece cons cence steccessceeseneconiceneesere D) Calliphora,* Cyrtoneura.
Aiter/Burniall ai0s sie. ete se peso ones cae seeetecene D) Ophyra,* Phora.

(The genera marked * in the table are those | (C) Phzlonthus,* Rhizophagus.
met with by ourselves. ) tr} Achorutes, Templetonia.

REFERENCES TO SOME OF THE LITERATURE ON THIS SUBJECT.

1783.—Recueil de pieces concernant les exhumations faites dans l’anciente de
l’Eglise de St. Eloi de la ville Dunkerque.

1789.—Thouret, Rapport sur les exhumations du cimitiere des Innocens Fourcroy,
a la Societe royale de médecine de Paris.

1815.—Marc, Dict. d. Sc. Méd. Paris, XIV, 186-206.

1823.—Orfila, Rev. Méd. Franc. et Etranger, Paris, XII, 143-150.

1825.—Orfila, Arch. gen. de. Méd. Paris, VII, 281-286.

1830.—Orfila, Ann. d’ Hyg. Paris, 1V, 80-165.

1831.—Orfila and Lesueur, Traite des exhumations juridiques, Paris, 2v.

1845.—Barrett (Thos.), Lancet, Lond. II, 425-428.

1881.—Reinhard (H.), Verh. Zool. bot. Ges. Wien, 31, p. 207-210.

1886.—Hofman (O.), Bull. Soc. Ent. Belgique, XXX, p. CXXXI.

1887.—Karsch, Entomolog. Nachricht. Berlin, December, 1887.—P. 382.

1890.—Webster (F. M.), Insect Life, V, 11 pp., 356-358, 370-372.

1892.—Bordas (F.), Etude sur la putrefaction. Paris, Rueff et Cie.

1894.—Mégnin (P.), La Fauna des Cadavres. Paris, G. Masson, Gauthier, etc.

1895.—Schéyen (W. M.), Entomologisk Tidskrift, Stockholm, p. 121-124.

1895.—Dominique (J.), Bul. de la Soc. des Sc. de l’ouest de la Fr. Tome V, p.

217-226.

1895.—Miiller (C.), Zoolog. Garten, V, 36, pp. 271-275.

1895.—von Heyden (L.), Zoolog. Garten, V, 36, pp. 380-381.

1895.—Schiner, Fauna Austriaca, Die Fliegen, I, 620.

1896.—Meégnin (P.), Bul. du Mus. d’ Hist. Nat. Paris, pp. 187-190.

1897.—Johnston (Wyatt), and Villeneuve (Geo.). Montreal Medical Journal,

August.

EXPLANATION OF TABLES.

TABLE I. Showing entire ‘‘find’’ on human cadavers buried for varying periods.

In the first column are given the serial numbers, with numbers referring to notes on
individual observations. Next is indicated the duration of interment,expressed in years
and months; then the monthin which interment was made and that in which the body
was disinterred. Then follow the depth of the grave and character of soil—*‘s ’? =
sandy, ‘‘c’’ clay, and ‘‘sc’’ sand and clay mixed. The degree of moisture,
noted in the grave at the time of disinterment, is indicated as follows: I= dry, 2
—=moist, 3—= wet, 4—coffin submerged. The figures in the body of the table indi-
cate the number of the specimen or specimens, in the Stiles-Motter collection of
grave-fauna, to be deposited in the U. S. National Museum. Some of these speci-
mens, more particularly of the lower forms, have not as yet been fully determined.

*(D) Diptera, (C) Coleoptera, (L) Lepidoptera, (A) Acari, (T) Thysanura,

TABLE II.—Showing the miiburied for periods varying from 2 to 5

ACARINA.
Gamasidz, Gamasus,.............. aera = Hlesece eset Saree eer corccl ones Boo tienen ences ackt| teal esas eee
26 Holostaspis, ......... ee eeslUeceal| eee Inccodlooose S33hes oieed laaecel anos sea velewesslentend erere||ocace|oosa:

Ge Ely poaspisaeeceecsetee Beco |= ell llSaoeaidoece Gos Iseees Becre eccn mereel eae +)... Buccal leccbal Secs

ee INDIANS). egocadeobocooddbolloodte Joc064|)}[Sccec fose69| aco. 20059 |5q7=c jasocq |G000g oboe" ko5ecq pond Jooaad laoond| ede:

Gy Wropodaspes.s eres. Souc| See leacee asealleciees Sectal seiexs stusaldsecelinens siotes| seas stnceel acess eee

ue Wedepressaspeecescces scocd||ooaed| | enalloonce||opecel| ac00l|n5009)|aco0c)|oanc0 Ga0nd|oo054 loadol|accee Sonne} fooce
Tyneslypaidex, Ago fea 70) bs paca ecoed lseoda | lances eouce|joccea laces BSCE jbooca loneed jagoce| Idee ececn Space| lsooos loose

Hypopus,......... paacal lec Ml ieeice eo eee gical neste tsico eee Silla doedaleeesleteleeeee
Orbatidze, Hoplophora, ...........|..... wee.

we eee| ce cee|eeree| cose! co ces| oeces| setae setae) cones! Setes| seres| soses| sone

COLEOPTERA.

Pselaphidee, Batrisus. ............ goood |ooboe
ptapiylinid=:, Evomal otaspewere ner acess ste s0604|[ocenc Babe apne ooote
SE aed sete. Specalseselpleace:|'seoselsncss Dacallseavall toull eaters lewess lseiees Jeet ew see lemees eens
ce ebilontlus see eeees asees lees Bee tosee|aes
CG UNCLODWUS seeks eee eeevel(aoexe
“e Lathrobium, ...... Beer ioc
“< [PBSOKSTATIS. cootoonnace opese eee dle
CG BETISISS see aee nese Bree eee Ssecee Seeeelaiose bate we trees istics lerctecaltotetetss [lanlwae pats eracal eten eee
Nitidulide, Rhizophagus, ........ seeteleieees Fl)" | nenen dooce |pooce gene ate Raced ese + |..... BOLE bese 5d0%:
Blateridze, Monocrepidius, ... «|.....|.....|:|-0-+.|-e---| «ose noses |Seaed|aeesleness Wdiseecs (ance: sdaceloscealiares

we] esos! cc ces| so cee| cosee| eoces| Se eee| ecees| seeee| eeses| cece

eee] ccoee| ce ccs|coeee| seeee|eeces| esses) coees|setes| soeee| sone

Oren] cocee| se eee) ce eee| ae ees| cesses soces| OOhrs cosas) seses| seeen| seses

Bee] eeeee| coces| se eee| coces| ceses| scons! cores| cores esees| eeeas

‘

DIPTERA.

SEAL LOM VAC Ges sonic seers aceesteinn sl seaisieel|/aces Sanee | leaded oced| saseq kenoca lonees ogee cesslodiacce| le cceellesecellepavellaweee seen
IPHORA2e) PUPATIA)..s...<scseeceson0 PeSeretoeeeel| Pe Sa Seccellsccsd| = tltSecee ail tilts peilloseen ogcselcneeelesees ame
ge NC lavata, cc. scescaesere =foiles ctl fsllscese| pease Babee pace jcbeet Booed |oodd Micrer aeeceleeers sisesellamestlteee

“ (Conicerateenseeesecetessee leeeoe| Saeed | fechas eeoed loeasc|ioecce + |.....|.....| | +]... Ses oy
Muscidze, Compsomyia,...........|..... aoce4 | |loocee Neace Seeedl |lncded lanecd laocce =inced|}oncon |oooee Socby| bods. Apced jbsed
gs Mercia iesemcesceessse see ey ene |e ee Sepeo }S8ced doce jancod eoodd lobesd|occsc Beond|cinAed |so0s
Ney Homalomyia, Bacbalfodded Baers ‘leooss Bicod Ihooee p90e9 [so06d| Gobel loocc ogee faced |aeia8 Soca |noncd essa
O. leucostoma, ...) + | + |).|.....)..... envelleearellaeece|(eecel scene Seren acest Kose oace dupes l eke

Ke *Ophyra anthrax, ..|..... Sc0ed| «llocecd |booa: usesel Secee|evers ancec||aoobeljaooa: sanveloeaa|(stcece|seree laws

DEpsidcemkdOp ila asscsacrecesscecrl ease Sacex|| dloapodlosee. distad laodad |oodoc}ooscd |a08e0 50 ]oncos :
Borboridz, Sanco bectoandsoqavontedssallaciced) loAaes dl laooed booed occas ab ose lageTd |obace baned Issar a! duod Ieccd locasdodaed laced

"9 Reported by other observers.

TABLE II.—Showing the mites, beetles and flies found on INTERRED canine and human cadavers. Dog cadavers buried for periods varying from 2 to 5
months. Human cadavers buried for periods varying from 1 to 71 years.

= St

Doc. D|M INTERRED HUMAN CADAVERS.

ACARINA. ae
Gamaside, Gamasus,.............- Sea ie el ered hee
a6 Holostaspis, ......... neced|ooce. 29964] 00000

G8 Hypoasplis, ...........[..... el = |loaocelogand
ce IDG, casooanendde00600 Sosed odes lososd lsocee

“s Who, TLE, 350000006001 o0000 +h...) +
(Wendepressayee-cescs: s00da}000
Tyroglyphide, AS oye) by}9} BND} 5506)|o000d 000d] an00d|loneen

11599010) SIS}, scononcd||oeced||ona0e 5066q|/ 5060
Orbatide, Hoplophora, ...........

2] cece) cc cwe| coeee| erence) eeene| eeeen| cence! ccrce| cocee| sesce|ccena| senna) ccens| setee| eevee! cccac|cetes|eecce| cores! scene! sect evens! oeees| creas! ecene| sees

wren ce ceel eee ee| ee nee| cecee| eeene| ecece| cess! ccsee|corce| cetael evens! sescelsccce|seces| cores cesses! sesee|setes|ecces| ceces| acces! cases saeen coer! Seees|sesne|peees| coves) sesee ceees|ceses|sssee|sotee| cues aesen

we] ee ees| ce cee we ene| we teel creas lonene| ences) ceeee|ceeee| cess! setes| sete! osesn| ooene

a] ee eee| ee eee| ecene| cr cce| coeee|ccoen| cores! setae cesses wosee| secre! scees| coces| eooee|cccee| oven! seco! esses! seses| coors cores sae

COLEOPTERA.
Pselaphidz, Batrisus. ............
Staphylinidz, TaI@TaTENKOYE, .csqo6000lla5cee leon lonced oo5a0

Staphylinus, ......
66 Philonthus, ........

Joye poltoyUuIsIp AsAeped ueuln yy
Ta
+ .
+
+
+
+

eeceeleeees|cocselecese| BD | TT | cancel weeee| secee| cecee|cceec| cores! secee|eccce|cecce| sores

+
+
ot

seeeeleecce eeceal eves! | Fy | eeeecl a ceae| ccces| ceene| cenee| ccces| escse| wceee| covee|sotea| esses! socee

S| cee ccl cee ee| co eee| cence] ee ccn| cecss|ceces|eccee| § |ecees|eeces|cecee| ances) eccee|ccccsleccce|secce|ecces|occce|cccee| coves! cvcre|scces|sveee|euccelecsce| eevee! coccelecces| scsee|ssces| susae|scesslsceee|sesesl ove
6 JN@I@) SUS) sno0consanal esos seace aacee cbece Pe | ae A ee Ste eee +)... ee ey ..| oces|eesee SS |e ooce ss5ed| loosed lone |lo000q lon001 ]eoecel lecoed |oncod||oo0s [ococd|2000qlcoo0d][socad] a0c0d|fooced occ
GG Lathrobium, ...... Paice Sted OE ECe Pan eeett cece ae |e en roe a ral fsmeae ll eee ={oill Be wealleetees oesa| trees a fo Joc ecefeccee|oecee|eeees|enenh|erree[aesceloccce|arcee|orcee|eneee/ernre|erere|ionese|eocra|aeses|ienseal acces
oe NeeeclenuSepeneeeeree S6s00laened Wedon lobecc|| ss? "lg ae sll aeieel eceel aces eer He... Hace lbobecl 0560 loas0dlcoadd locosdl acond| lodand Isoscd locece| Isaac aoded Gaced bonds lococd leec0d||60¢1]6o004 |bo0a0|loodad laonad loonco| ondad cowed |oocadljodeca||oD90q 000d] cand|foouce
6G ISNEWSHS, scaceoeccecn||ooo0d bound |ececd lee A os

Nitidulidze, IRI OUCZOYD) DEXEUS)) 3500000|lo0ecc||ec¢ed[adc0d|ooded
Elateridze, Monocrepidius, See loceee aseee sere +

zydag pautuiexa ‘of “‘Sny pereaooe1 Apoq ‘6% “Sny petMo1p 0139 N

DIPTERA. ; 1 r
Siratlomyl dee ecessercesee ence teres eoerelmeccleoeecleea|, ule Saeselsecalleee G1 \l55encl once 60000 |eoc0o||a00<cl|o0000 se]eccec|ecseelecceslecccelecese|acese/eacce|erces
TPE TAEED) [OLEPF NTE, oncnoa26c0000000 aad eee ones socal = Anse ese Bee haem + |... + |e. Sp |lacs00 AP ||eoc0 AE | SE |looond[acasc||oon0s ar lar oF
GG 185 @ENIEKIEN Gancunnaccosboe 5 [occas Aerad Goo 66002 |boee a loduce| ener loner ered loceda Godee oncod Iboco0! océadincacd anced Geacd aeey astalcimers Sen6d [onces||6000q\6000d sessa|eetes|eoees
6 Come, osansseeognaeo09|fanere vee BI). eeu esata | *4 Webster, F. M., Insect Life, 'Y. eae pee 1890-5) ailesites vests] [esas eal |
Muscidee, Compsomyia,...........|..... nomBeoooe pase ||=fo) | Becscl sense Goand| raced oAeed| | i=) labeo Fonvsl doeealleweee poms 5061 boned eaeeey meeee leeaee nonce lonaecllenaed lode ladecc||ooand oo0c -
“e Lucilia, ee ecm oe -- ee onl iec ee ARE + Soca Soteal ase Mente 4. Soeel Boro a paacal|oace ealeee| acces eeces evvee|cccse|ecres|ecces|cecee|cocce|secre|cncce|eccee|oscee|ecads
Anthomyidze, Homalomyia, .....|.....|.....|....-|.. have 4a005 aseed nore 5o86H) "=" | sacsd| jodond odead leno 90000||680Rc1]oG0c¢| laceod ono anepel louse loonod alps soeer lacoed lacced lecond|loeer s}o0c6d Sc006 seeeelereee| seers poietic fahacad farcanny FO wemalinee
SG O. leucostoma, ...| + | + }.....). coe fadcadjodcos| faced |Goacd|aoaod Gaoed Ber eslame es Spded lao80d {ened 19°07! |anocc)boced Inoned leeceollacoed bpd !aeocd nonce} |caced spend |ogbed /<iocce coe alate Socee|loocnafoecce setts] eesee| ee ee| cores] eeeee pated net 200°
“ “OY ITES ENOMINVIEDS, 2] ecod| asco | soonelf once focore SE i

. 9 2 Schéyen, W. M., Entomologisk Tidskrift Stockholm ' 121-124, 1895. Gat (llo6ded |poecd pect jscerd lode: Cober looted ocnce|}ooced Booed ondcc latiece|(aoces
Sepside, Piophila, .....cssssse 0, noc ose cost bos [vee erect eae a ea EN ET ona Ss melts pps Sit 1 abe Soe ore nel eel fees I

ccc] ee cen|ccces| cocee| cccce|ecses|serce|sereciere

* Reported by other observers.

Dec. 1898. ] Dyar: On SoutH AMERICAN MOTHS. 231

TABLE 2, groups the mites, beetles and flies, which have been held to be especially
significant as time-indicators, and shows that the same species have been found after
widely varying periods of interment. ‘This is in direct contrast with the ‘‘ principle ’’
hitherto deduced, from observations on exposed cadavers, ‘‘ that the products formed
at different epochs in the progress of decomposition attract certain forms and repel
others.’’ A principle which Mégnin reiterates in a recent ‘* Note sur une collection
d’Insectes des cadavres interessants a connaitre au point de vue Medico-legal, offerte
au Museum.”’

NOTES ON CERTAIN SOUTH AMERICAN
COCHLIDIIDA AND ALLIED FAMILIES.

By Harrison G. Dvyar.

At my request Mr. W. Schaus kindly brought me a number of
moths from his collection for examination. Many of them are his
types of species recently described and the rest have been carefully
determined by him. ‘The following notes are based on this material.
It includes the groups closely allied to the Cochlidiidz as well as that
family itself, and one species of Ptilodontidz, which was improperly
described as a Cochlidian.

Family DALCERID/.
Synopsis of Genera.

Fore wings without accessory cell; antennz with prominent scale tuft at tip.
Vein 6 arising above discal vein; vein 11 from cell.................. Dalcera
Vein 6 arising below discal vein; vein 11 stalked with 9 and 10....Dalcerina
Fore wings with accessory cell; antennze without scale tuft.

’ Veins Grandseromoneistallced ybutydistinclmeme miter airciniete .Acraga
Veins 9 and Io coincident, 9 absent or invisible.

Fdindiwinesiovatess rounded .). anti acee. isco cis ieieisieialel© ae ere Dalcerides

Hind wings trigonate, inner margins long................. Epipinconia

Genus Dalcera 7. -S.

1855 —Dalcera HERRICH-SCHAFFER, Ausser. Schmett. I. 7.

Type, aérasa H.-S.: also fumata Schaus, both before me. Mésch-
ler has given the generic characters. Others species listed are obscura
Schs., a/6a Druce, daxata Druce, ampla Druce and /eberna Druce, but
I have not examined them.

232 JournaL NEw York ENTuMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI

Genus Dalcerina, nov.

Antenne short, bipectinate, a tuft of scales at tip above; head prominent, eyes
large; palpi porrect, slender, exceeding the front by half their length, not reaching
vertex; third joint minute. Legs slender, hind tibia with end spurs only. Wings
full, rounded; fore wing costa straight, rounded at apex; vein I, furcate at base,
without branch; Ic present; 2 at middle of cell; 4 and 5 short stalked; cell closed
by the short, wide angled furcation’ of discal vein; 6 midway between 5 and discal
vein; 7 and 8 long stalked below apex of cell; 9 and 10 very long stalked as in Da/-
cera, but 11 also stalked with 9 and Io for some distance; 12 from base; retinaculum
a long fold. Hind wings with three internal veins; vein 2 from the middle of cell;
3 and 4 arising close together ; 5 from the lower part of cross vein; discal vein as on
fore wing; 6 and 7 very remote, running parallel; 8 very close to 7 to end of cell,
but free or with a trace only of a cross bar toward base where the vein is rounded
toward costa. Frenulum long.

Type “jwcana Schaus (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 322). Mr.
Schaus’ type is before me, and looks, superficially, like a variety of
Dalcera fumata.

Genus Acraga Walp.

185s—Acraga WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. Lep. Het. IV, 807.

1882—Pinconia Moore, Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Liverp. XXXVI, 364.

Venatation asin Dafcera (vide Méschler, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, XXVII,
673), but accessory cell present ; veins 7-8 and 9-10 on stalks from accessory cell ;
II from the top of accessory cell.

Type celzata Walker; also moorez Dyar (|| ochracea Moore),
ochracea Walk. and coa Schaus. Also mefnda Druce, unknown to
me. I am indebted to Sir G. F. Hampson for information about
Walker’s type in the British Museum.

Genus Dalcerides V. & D.
1893—Dalcerides NEUMCEGEN and Dyar, Can. Ent. XXV, 121.

Close to Acraga, but the stalk of veins 9 and ro reaches tip of wing.
Type zugenita Hy. Edw.; also mesoa Druce, the latter from Mr.
Schaus’ collection. .

Genus Epipinconia, nov.

Antenne short, bipectinate; eyes large; palpi slender, porrect, reaching half
their length beyond the front; legs slender, hind tibize without spurs. Fore wing
triangular, costa straight; vein 10 shortly stalked on the stalk of 7 and 8, 9 coinci-
dent (absent), 11 at base of accessory cell, all as in Dalcerides. Hind wings trigo-
nate; inner margin long, anal angle sharply rounded, as also apex, the outer margin
nearly straight; veins 2 to 5, somewhat equally spaced, 3 and 4 nearest; 6 above the
end of discal vein, remote from and parallel to 7; 8 close to subcostal to end of cell,
then divergent. Thinly scaled, bronzy, glistening species.

Dec. 1898.] Dyar: On SoutH AMERICAN Morus. 233

Type flava Walker (Cat. Brit. Mus., V, 1107) ; also cz#v7ma Schaus
are before me.

Family MEGALOPYGID.
Genus Aidos Ader.

1818—Azdos HUBNER, Verz. Bek. Schmett. 191.

1895—Brachycodion DyAR, Can. Ent. XX VII, 244.

This has the venation of aanda, but veins 8 and 9 form a rounded rather than an
angular furcation and Io and 11 are very shortly stalked together. On hind wings
veins 3 and 4 are shortly stalked; 6 and 7 separate and parallel; $ free to base.

Type amanda Stoll ; also yamouna Dogn. (Luclea yamouna Dognin,
Le Nat., XIII, 126) from Mr. Schaus’ collection.

Genus Brachycodilla, nov.

Antenne lengthily pectinated on basal half, terminal half simple (serrate), the
regions sharply marked; head sunken, palpi short, porrect, just reaching frontal tuft.
Robust, vestiture suberect ; legs rather long, posterior tibize with terminal spurs only.
Venation essentially as in Azdos (vide Can. Ent., XXVII, 244), but vein 8 of hind
wings is joined to subcostal by a strong bar at the end of the cell.

Type castrensis Schaus (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., IV, 56) ; also B.
carmen Schaus (Zalima carmen Sch.) and &B. admirabilis Schaus
(Perola admirabilis Sch.) are before me, the latter retained in my
collection by the kindness of Mr. Schaus.

Genus Cyclara Schaus.

1896—Cyclara ScHAUS, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. IV, 57.

Besides the characters given by Mr. Schaus, vein I of fore wings has a long
branch on the lower side (characteristic of the Megalopygidz) ; vein 6 arises above
the concavity of the cell ; cell broad ; stalk of veins 7 and 8 drooping from that bear-
ing 9; hind wings with veins 6 and 7 remote and parallel ; 8 touching the cell ex-
cept at base and extreme apex. Antenne much shorter than half of fore wing, but
not disproportionately short as the body is slender, pectinated to the tip; eyes large;
palpi very short, almost rudimentary, not reaching the front ; legs slender, rather long,
hind tibize without spurs. A fragile insect, with proportionately large rounded wings.

Type ovata Schaus. Mr. Schaus’ type is before me.

Family COCHLIDIID.

A. Male antennz bipectinate on basal portion, the terminal half simple.
a. Discal vein long forked, the limbs forming an angle of less than go°.

Genus Sibine 7. -S.

1855—Sibine HERRICH—SCHAEFFER, Ausser. Schmett. I, 7.
1855—|| Vyssca WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1132.

234 JouRNAL NEw YorkK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

1860—Lmpretia CLEMENS, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. XII, 158.

1866—Zupaha WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. XXXV, 1927.

1878—||.S¢vedlota BERG, Ann. Soc. Argent. V, 177.

1878—Neomiresa BUTLER, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 74.

Tyne zesea Stoll. Mr. Schaus has loaned me specimens labelled
modesta Cr., plora Schaus, extensa Schaus, and ¢rzmacula Stoll. I
should regard the first three as the same species in most genera, but
here the larve should be known for certainty.

Genus Episibine, nov.

Male antennz bipectinated on basal third, the tip simple ; palpi not reaching be-
yond the frontal hairs; fore wings with costa straight, inner margin sinuate, veins 2,
and 3 separate, 8 and 9 stalked, 11 straight; fork of discal vein long and closed by a
cross-vein ; hind wings triangular, veins 6 and 7 separate at base, but divergent; 8
anastomosing at base ; hind tibize without perceptible spurs.

Type auromacula Schaus (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., IV, 56). Mr.
Schaus’ type is before me. This is a specialization of the ordinary
Svbine form, the hind wings shaped as in the male of Phodetron.

Genus Euclea Aiidner.

1822— Euclea HUBNER, Verz. Bek. Schmett. 149.

1854—|| Veera HERRICH-SCHAFFER, Samm]. Ausser. Schmett. I, fig. 176.

1859—Parasa Moore, Cat. Lep. E. I. Co. 413.

1860—WVochelia CLEMENS, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. XII, 159.

1864—Callochlora PACKARD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. III, 339.

Type ceppus Cramer.

21. Fore wings with vein 10 from end of cell (Parasa).

E. imitata Druce $ , kindly added to my collection by Mr. Schaus.

E. cebrenis Sch. $ 9, (9 Trabala cebrenis). The female has
been described by Mr. Schaus and figured by H. Druce (Biol. Cent. -
Am., Lep. Het., Il, pl. 87, fig. 11). The male associated with it is
£. lysta Druce (Biol. Cent.-Am., II, 439) without any green on the fore
wings. Mr. Schaus stated to me that he had a reason for this unexpected
association, but he could not then recall what it was.

E. minima Schaus.

g, Identical with chlor’s H.-S., except that the green band is of
about half the width and does not touch the base of the wing. The
moth is a little smaller than is usual in chlorts.

E. viridogrisea, sp. nov.

Vertex of head and thorax above bright green; abdomen, thorax below and
legs dark slate gray; wings uniformly dark slate gray, the veins not lined ; on fore-

Dec. 1868. J Dyar: ON SoutTH AMERICAN MOTHS. 235

wings a rather narrow bright green band crosses the wing at about the middle and
runs along internal margin to base; it is edged on both sides narrowly with light red
brown; width of band about one-fourth the length of wing, a little narrower centrally
from the brown outer border becoming broader at that point ; the terminal space is
slightly grizzled by pale scales. Expanse, 32 mm.

Type, one female in the collection of Mr. Schaus, who says that
this is the ‘‘ ch/orzs’’ of the Biologia Centrali-Americana.

@ 2. Fore wing with vein 10 stalked (Zzclea).
E. diversa Druce. (Semyra diversa D.)

The figure in the Biologia is poor. ‘The silvery line near internal
margin should be a slender zigzag, produced a little along vein 2 and
narrowly along vein r to base. ‘The ordinary green of the genus is
here replaced by dark brown. ‘The pretty species seems to suggest
some affinity with AZonol/euca in markings.

E. copac Schaus. (eomiresa copac Sch.)
A pretty dark gray species, with ovate, rounded wings.

Genus Metraga JVa/p.

1855—AMetraga WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1129.

Type ferplexa Walk. ‘This species is before me. The genus
seems a good one, close to Huclea, but differing in the large palpi,
which reach nearly to the vertex of head, and in the convex costa ;
vein 11 is distinctly curved toward vein 12 at base ; the discal vein is
long forked and the cell closed by a cross-vein.

Genus Miresa lVa/k.

1855—Miresa WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1123.

Type albipuncta H.-S. In this genus the discal vein is long- forked,
the limbs connected by a cross-vein outwardly ; but often the upper
limb is weak, so that the cross-vein practically replaces it, and the de-
ceptive appearance of Hampson’s figure is produced (Moths of India,
i350).

M. argentea Druce. (Zupalia argentea D.)

The upper limb of the discal fork is quite strong and distinct ; the
palpi are a little longer than normal, just exceeding the front, and the
pectinations of antennz are not sharply marked off from the simple
portion, the serrations running to apex. ‘This is a generalized species
in all these characters, possibly separable generically from Aresa (it
would fall in Asteria Feld).

M. argentata Walk. (Wyssia argentata Walk. )

236 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

A true Afresa, close to the Indian species dracteata Butl., argen-
tifera Walk., and zzvaha Moore. ‘The upper limb of discal fork is
nearly absent, just traceable as a slight fold.

Genus Idonauton Swxhoe.
1892— J/donauton HAMPSON, Moths of India, I, 391.

Type apicale Walker.

I. straminea Schaus. (Semyra straminea Sch.)

This may be referred here provisionally. I have no male, hence
do not like to propose anew genus. ‘The palpi agree with /donauton ;
head sunken, front not tufted ; hind legs with terminal spurs only ;
venation agreeing with Hampson’s figure, vein ro from end of cell,
but discal vein forked and closed by-a cross vein.

6. Discal vein short-forked, the limbs forming an angle of 90° or more.

Genus Talima Wak.

1855— 7ahma WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1120.

Type postica Walker. The type species is before me. Venation
of Parasa, except for the short forked discal vein, of which the two
limbs close the cell, widely divergent, looking like a single vein meet-
ing the end of cell. Vein 11 slightly curved at base. ‘The palpi are
upturned nearly to vertex ; hind tibiz with end spurs only. A thinly
scaled, simply marked form, more generalized than the preceding.

Genus Protalima, nov.

Closely allied to Zama, but the palpi are short, not exceeding the frontal tuft,
and the inner margin of hind wings is rounded, less long drawn out than in 7alima.
This would fall in Jf@vesa, except for the structure of the discal vein. The superfi-
cial appearance, however, is like 7a/7za, and is here really the best guide to affinity

Type sulla Schaus (lVyssta sulla Sch., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892,
324).
4. Male antennze bipectinated to the tip; fork and discal vein short and open.

a. Palpi long, reaching near or above vertex. -
* Veins 2 and 3 of fore wings separate.

Genus Vipsania Drvuce.

1887— Vipsania Druce, Biol. Cent.-Am. Lep. Het. I, 217.

Palpi as in Ayphorma, fore wings with veins 7-9 stalked; fork of discal vein
short and open, but a peculiar deceptive fold lies from the middle of the vein to
origin of vein 6; hind wing like Ayphorma, but discal vein not forked; veins 6 and
7 from a point. Hind legs broken; but I learn from Sir G. F. Hampson that Druce’s

Dec.. 1898.] Dyar: On SoutmH AMERICAN MOTHs. 237

type has two pair of spurs. The male is needed to place this genus finally ; compare
section C,

Type anticlea Druce 9. Only the female is known and Mr.
Schaus’ specimen is one of this sex. Consequently the male antenne
are unknown.

Genus Semyra [Valker.

1855—Semyra WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1130.

. 1878—Eulimacodes MOSCHLER, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. XXVII, 672.

Type coarctata Walk. The type species is before me; also Mr.
Schaus’ type specimen of Zudimacodes méschleri, which is simply the
female of coarctata Walk. S. distincta Moéschl., with the same struc-
ture and pattern, but larger and S. de//a H.-S. are also before me.
S. cardia Schaus begins to depart a little from the generic type. The
palpi are a little shorter, not quite attaining the vertex, about as in
Prosternidia Saalm., with which this species might be confounded ina
synoptic table, though the markings are as in Semyra,

Genus Prosternidia Saa/m.
1884— Prosterniaia SAALMULLER, Lep. Madagascar, I, 208.
Type metallica Saalm. I have not seen this type, but from the
characters given, place in the genus provisionally . e/ea Druce
(Perola elea D.), which is before me.

* * Veins 2 and 3 of fore wings stalked.

Genus Amydona Wa/k.

1855—Amydona WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, I1Io.

Type subpunctata Walk. Mr. Schaus has kindly given me Peroda
dora Druce, which he thinks is the same as suwbpunctata Walk. ‘The
forks of discal vein form a right angle, or a trifle less; open. Con-
generic are 4. swcéa Schaus (Perola sucta Sch.) and A. platona Schaus.

Amydona sericea Schaus.

This does not belong here, but I cannot place it, as the hind legs
are gone. It is a curiously contradictory form, the male antenne
being distinctly pectinated to the tip, though decreasing rapidly on
terminal half, while the fork of discal vein is long and closed by a
cross-vein. ‘The palpi are upturned above vertex, third joint long
and slender; head rather prominent. Venation normal, vein 1 with
many small veinlets toward the margin, but no distinct branch ; veins
2 and 3 widely separate, 7 to 9 stalked, 11 oblique; hind wings with

238 JournaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

6 and 7 from a point, 8 anastomosing near base. Mr. Schaus’ type is
before me. ‘This doubtless represents a new genus.

6. Palpi moderate, reaching beyond frontal tuft.
* Veins 2 and 3 of fore wings separate.

Genus Natada /Va/g.
1855—Natada WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1108.
Type 7vufescens Walk. Perola daona Druce is before me. It be-
longs to this genus and seems specifically identical with JV. zasonz of
the United States.

Genus Sisyrosea Grote.
1876—Stsyrosea GROTE, Can. Ent. VIII, 112.
Type ¢extula H.-S. Amydona /ucens Walk. is before me. The
legs are broken, but the other characters agree exactly. Semyra diana
Druce is similarly mutilated, but otherwise falls here.

Genus Thosea /Va/dk.
1855— Thosea WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1068.
Type waifascea Walk. Z. fusca Druce is before me ( Zrabala fusca
D.) and falls here, agreeing with the characters given in Hampson’s
‘* Moths of India.’’

* * Veins 2 and 3 of fore wings stalked.

Genus Epiperola, nov.

Male antennz bipectinated to the tip; palpi upturned, slightly exceeding the front,
third joint small but distinct; fore wings with costa straight, veins 2 and 3 stalked,
7 to g stalked, 11 straight; fork of discal vein short and open; hind wings with veins
6 and 7 from a point, § anastomosing near base; hind tibize with terminal spurs.

Dype ducer schaus. “(Rroc: Zool) Soc Wond:, 28925) 4235)

This differs from Pero/a in lacking the middle spurs of hind tibize
and in length of palpi.

c. Palpi short, not exceeding frontal tuft.
* Veins 2 and 3 of fore wings stalked.

Genus Perola /VaZe.

1855— Perola WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. IV, 920.

1855—Nomosa WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1114.

1855—Camila WALKER, Cat. Brit. Mus. V, 1126.

Type murina Walk. ‘The type species is before me. Also P. ve/-
losipes Walk. ( Zrabala villosipes Walk. ), sericea Méschl. (Asboha sert-

Dec. 1898. ] Dyar: On SoutH AMERICAN MOTHS. 239

cea Méschl.), ctcur Sch., druceotdes Dogn., brumals Sch. and rubens
Sch., all before me. I am indebted to Sir G. F. Hampson for the
structural characters of the genera referred to the synonymy.

Genus Paleophobetron, noy.

Male antennz bipectinated to the tip; palpi porrect, just reaching the front; fore
wings with costa straight, veins 2 and 3 stalked, 11 straight, fork of discal vein
broadly open without cross-vein; hind wings triangular, veins 6 and 7 stalked, 8
anastomosing at base; hind tibize with small terminal spurs.

Type arcuata Druce (Biol. Cent.-Am. Lep. Het., II, 444, pl. 88,
fig. 9).

This differs from Pero/a in lacking the middle spurs of hind tibize
and in wing shape.

C. Male antennze simple.
a. Veins 6 and 7 of hind wings from a point or stalked.

Genus Pseudovipsania, nov.

Male antennz simple; palpi porrect, three times as long as the head, third joint
distinct, quadrate; fore wings with costa straight, veins 2 and 3 separate, 7 to 9
stalked, 11 very slightly curved toward 12 at base, fork of discal vein short and open ;
hind wing with veins 6 and 7 stalked, $8 anastomosing at base; hind tibize with termi-
nal spurs, the legs weaker than the middle pair which are apparently abnormally
strengthened.

Type frigida Schaus (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1892, 323).

Genus Prolimacodes Schaus.

1896— Prolimacodes SCHAUS, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. IV, 56.

Type “angulifera Schaus. Mr. Schaus has given me a specimen
of the typical species. ‘The structure is as in the North American
scapha, except that vein 10 of fore wings is from cell and 6 and 7 of
hind wings from a point. It isa form a little more generalized than
our species, but, I think, not generically distinct therefrom.

Family PTILODONTID.

Trabala truncata Schaus.

Belongs to this family (Melalophide). In the synoptic table it
falls with /Zarvpyza, but the tongue is imperceptible and the wings are
shorter and more triangular. The palpi are scarcely curved, and ex-
ceed the front by half their length; third joint small. I do not yet
know enough of the South American Ptilodontid genera to place this
form.

240 JournaL New York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

THREE NEW SPECIES OF SESIIDA.
By WILLIAM BEUTENMULLER.

Sesia tacoma, sp. nov.

Male: Head deep black, palpi yellow above and clothed with long black and
yellow hair beneath. Collar narrowly yellow in front, Thorax deep black with a
narrow yellow stripe on the patagize and a narrow, yellow, transverse mark at the pos-
terior end. Abdomen deep black with a narrow yellow band at the end of the second,
fourth and sixth segments. Anal tuft black, fan-like and mixed with a little yellow
beneath at the middle. Thorax beneath with a large yellow patch on each side.
Femora black with loose scales; tibiae banded with yellow ; tarsi yellow. Anterior
coxze with a yellow line. Fore wings transparent, brown-black at margins and on the
veins ; space between median vein and inner margin orange-red, also orange-red be-
tween the veins on the outer part of wings and border of the cell. Transverse mark
large, black and touched with orange-red on each side. Transparent part beyond
this mark rounded; elongate and triangular in cell. Fringes brown. Hind wings
wholly transparent and narrowly bordered with violet black; fringes brown. An-
tenn black. Fore wings beneath largely orange-red except borders and the trans-
verse mark which is much reduced. Hind wing like.above, but with an orange line
in outer border. Expanse, 19-21 mm.

Lremale; Head, thorax, legs and abdomen as in the male, but the abdomen is
heavier with the bands somewhat broader. Palpi wholly yellow. Fore wings with the
orange-red and heavier, giving them a red appearance with narrow black margins.
Hind wings with a narrow red margin before the brown fringes. Underside almost
entirely golden orange-red and narrowly bordered with brown-black outwardly and
the fringes. Transverse mark red, sometimes with a black center. Hind wings be-
neath similar to the above. Abdomen beneath with three bands at.end. Anal tuft
black, a little yellow beneath. Expanse, 20-22 mm.

flabitat: 1 &, Big Horn Mts., Wyoming, July 11, 1896 (R. P.
Currie), Dype, U:*s. National Museum); 3°45 6 2) Mtaakanier
6,300 feet, Washington State, August, on Veratrum viride (C. V.
JEDI ))s

Sesia arizone, sp. noy.

Head brown black; collar canary yellow in front ; palpi wholly canary yellow.
Thorax brown-black with a narrow yellow line on the patagiz. Abdomen blue
black ; first segment yellow and with a yellow band at the ends of the 3-7 segments,
inclusive, those on the third, fifth and seventh segments twice as broad as the others.
Anal tuft largely yellow, black at the sides and beneath. ‘Thorax beneath with a
large yellow patch on each side. Abdomen beneath with the bands repeated or only
partly repeated. Femora blue-black ; tibize banded with yellow, tarsi wholly yellow
as are also the anterior coxee. Fore wings violet brown, with the usual transparent
spaces, wholly or partly filled with golden-orange and only slightly transparent be-
yond the golden-orange transverse mark, also streaked with this color between the

Dec. 1898.] DyarR: Lire—Histories or N. Y. SLUG CATERPILLARS. 241

veins on the outer part of the wings. Hind wings transparent, fringes fuscous, nar-
rowly orange at base. Underside of fore wings golden-orange with the veins on
outer part violet. Hind wings beneath same as above. Antenne black. Expanse,
22 mm.
1 9, Summit of Mt. Union, 9,000 feet, Arizona, July 3, 1887,
flying about scrub oak (G. D. Hulst). Coll. Hy. Edwards.
peoebexas. Coll) Urs. Nat. Mus:

Pyrrhotznia coccinea, sp. nov.

Head black; palpi yellow, tip black; collar narrowly edged with white in front.
Thorax and abdomen bronzy-black with a metallic reflection. Antennze brown-black.
Underside of thorax with a scarlet patch on each side. Legs metallic blue-black.
Fore wings bright scarlet-red, outer border and a round spot at end of cell bronzy-
brown. Hind wings brown, Underside of fore wings light orange, outer part brown,
discal spot much reduced. Hind wings beneath same as above. Expanse, 12 mm.

1 @, Albuquerque, New Mexico. (Cockerell.) Type, Coll. U.
S. Nat. Mus.

_ Very different from any of the hitherto known species. It may be
at once recognized by the bright red fore wings with brown outer bor-
der and discal spot.

THE LIFE-HISTORIES OF THE NEW YORK SLUG
CATERPILLARS.—XVII.

PLATE XI, FIGS. I-12.
By Harrison G. Dyar, A.M., PH.D.

Heterogenea shurtleffii Packard.

1864— Hererogenca shurtleffit PACKARD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. III, 346.
1882—feterogenca shurtleffii GROTE, Check List. p. 18.

1891—Ffeterogenea shurtlefii and var. cesonia SMITH, List Lep. p. 209.
1892—feterogenea shurtleffit Kirpy, Cat. Lep, Het. I, 556.
1894—FH/elerogenea casonia ? NEuM@GEN & Dyar, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, 74.

SPECIAL STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS.

Dorsal space rather narrow and of uniform width, narrowing a lit-
tle posteriorly, but scarcely so anteriorly ; full, rounded, not concave.
Sides obliquely concave ; subventral space small, retracted. Ridges
at first prominent, with large, low, distinct segmentary tubercles ;
later the subdorsal ridge indicated by the change in direction between

242 JourNaL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

back and sides, lateral one projecting, smooth, neither ever spinose.
Sete of stage I, as in Zortricidia pallida, differing only in detail.
Later the warts are represented by distinct short setee which diminish
nearly to obliteration during ontogeny. Depressed spaces well devel-
oped, fairly large, (1) to (8) present. Skin at first smooth, later
covered with round, clear granules, each with a minute central spine
and crown of four to eight around it, causing the skin to appear mi-
nutely furry. The granules appear well formed first on the ridges,
later spreading more evenly over the body. ‘The fur-like spines be-
come smaller at each subsequent molt till in the last stage they are ab-
sent, leaving the granules perfectly smooth. Coloration green with
yellow lines and a small red mark. ‘There are six larval stages.

AFFINITIES, Hapits, Etc.*

Allied to Zortricidia pallida and Heterogenea flexuosa. Stage I
is most like fexwosa, but the Y-shaped setze are distinctly alternating,
as in paliida, or more so, and there is a brown cervical shield. In
stage II the seta persist as in pad/ida, but the granulation is at once
distinguished from either by the peculiar fur on the ridges, which
passes less perfectly into the spaces. The ridges are prominent and
distinc tlysegmentarily beaded as in neither of the alles. Later, owing
to the diminution of the fur and the small size of the red mark, the
larva resembles most flexuosa, and may be distinguished from some
forms of that species only by the yellow collar. It is less strongly
pigmented, a clearer, less yellowish-green, while the pattern of color-
ation is much less extended, though essentially the same as in both al-
lies. The transverse yellow line on joint 3, or collar, is present in
this species only. The depressed spaces are yellow, as in f/exwosa.

The moths emerge somewhat later than those of the allied species,
during the first weeks in July. ‘The larvz have the same habits and
occur in the same situations as flexuosa, but show a more marked pref-

* The nearest ally of our H. shzrtleffii will doubtless prove to be the European
H. cruciata. The moths are strictly congeneric, whereas H. flexuosa and its variety
cesonia do not belong to Heferogenea or to Lithacodes, but properly to Tortricidia.
H. shurtlefii has been very rare in collections, only the type being kuown for thirty-
four years. Consequently it appeared to Mr. Neumcegen and myself that it might
prove an aberrant form of c@sonia. However we overlooked two important struc-
tural characters, not having the type for examination ; but this has recently been sent
to me by Mr. Henshaw. It agrees with my bred specimens, of which a full account
is presented herewith. The specimens are deposited in the U. S. National Museum.

Dec. 1898.] Dyar: Lire—HistTories of N. Y.SLuG CATERPILLARS. 243

erence for large trees. JI have found them rarely in Van Courtlandt
Park, New York, and in several places on Long Island, most numer-
ously at South-haven and Speonk. Mr. Joutel has found them at
Glendale, but on small trees, as he tells me. ‘This species is distinctly
a local one, and when once found, a number of larve can be secured.
I have encountered a colony in the District of Columbia on some iron
wood trees growing on the shores of Rock Creek and overhanging the
water. ‘The situation is such that any other of our Eucleids could not
live there, as they would fall in the water and be drowned at pupating
time.

The larval stages are passed with unusual rapidity. Mature larvee
are first seen early in August, and but few last into September. With
the exception of Avonea minuta, this is our smallest Eucleid larva.

CRITICISM OF PREVIOUS DESCRIPTIONS.

This larva has not been described, yet a specimen was seen by us
before writing the synoptic table (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., II, 146),
and confused there with /eterogenea flexuosa.* Only the last five
words of the diagnosis were written actually from a specimen of flexu-
osa ; the other words apply to the species, although not indicating the
best specific differences. A corrected synoptic table will be given at
the end of these articles.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL STAGES IN DETAIL.

Lgg.—Very small ; elliptical, flat, shining, slightly milky and iri-
descent. Keticulations obscure, linear, elongated and irregularly
quadrangular, not peculiar; size .8 x .5 mm., rarely 1.0 x .6 mm.

Stage /.—Highest in front at first, later higher in the middle and
more rounded, truncate before, tail rounded. Spines as in 7: palida,
but smaller, distinctly alternating, the Y-shaped spines of joints 5, 7,
g and 11 leaning out sometimes so much so that those of joints 7 and
g lean at go° and those of joints 5 and 11 at 45° with the erect ones
on the strong segments. The anterior limb of the Y-spines has a
tendency to be shorter, especially on the weak segments, where, as on
joint 11, it may be scarcely more than half as long as the other and
lack the cleft tip. Tips bifid or trifid, brown, narrowed just before

*In the long series of bred flexuosa-cesonia from the collection of the late Mr
S. L. Elliot, occurs a single specimen of shurtleffii, showing that he, too, had con-
fused the larvae,

244 JouRNAL NEw YorkK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

the apex, the shaft of the spine pale. Color whitish, no marks except a
large brown cervical shield. Head pale, eye black, mouth brown. Skin
smooth as usual. Length .8-1.2 mm. Duration of the stage seven days.

Stage /7.—Elongate elliptical, joint 3 truncate before, tail broadly
square, scarcely notched at the sides. Dorsum and sides moderate,
not distinctly concave, nearly flat. Subdorsal ridge segmentarily
tubercular with large, low, round tubercles, bearing two short, blake
sete, alternating, the tubercles of joints 5, 7 and 9 a little tipped
outward. Lateral ridge not tubercular, gently waved segmentarily.
Both ridges broadly covered with nearly contiguous granules, produced
with pale slender spines, several from a granule ; on the apices of the
tubercles and edge of the lateral ridge these spines are usually dark
and distinctly seen, under a high power, to be arranged in the form
of a radiating crown of 4 to 6 around an erect central spine (Plate XI,
Fig. 5). Dorsal and lateral spaces centrally nearly smooth, the
granules feebly developed. Depressed spaces indicated, slightly
sunken, not fully differentiated and protected between the setose
ridges. Color whitish, faintly tinged with green; dorsum darker
from the food showing by transparency. Length, 1.2-1.9 mm.

Stage [//.—Elliptical, not much elongated, tail rounded, quad- -
rate, distinctly notched at the sides. Dorsum slightly, lateral space
distinctly concave, subventral space very small and retracted. Sub-
dorsal ridge prominent, segmentarily beaded tubercular. Both ridges
with short, distinct black primary sete. Depressed spaces rather
large and distinct, especially (1) and (4), the other small ones
visible in a good light, none very sharply edged. Skin granules
large on the tubercles, bearing a crown of minute black spines, losing
these and grading off into smaller granules on the latticed ridges.
The paler spines on these ridges may be seen in favorable lights to
overhang the edges of the depressed spaces like minute fur. Lateral
ridge weakly segmentarily waved with single setze at the projections.
The latticed ridges are broad, several granules wide, the depressed
spaces finely granular in the bottom. Color frosted whitish, opaque,
no marks; later all faintly bluish-green from the blood, still without
marks ; still later a narrow yellow subdorsal line appears in a series of
dots on joints 4 to 10, free, or connected by a short bar on joint 8,
either yellow or pinkish red. The brown rosette spines on the ridge
give a shade along all the ridges and joining at the ends. Length,
1.8—2.8 mm. :

Dec. 1898.] DYAR: LiFE—HISTORIES OF N. Y. SLUG CATERPILLARS. 245

Stage JV.—Elliptical, tail rounded quadrate, in general as 7. pa/-
lida ; ridges, especially the sub-dorsal, slightly segmentarily waved.
Depressed spaces deep, well marked with perpendicular sides. Skin on
the latticed ridges shortly, finely, densely white pubescent with minute
colorless fur arising in a crown from each small granule. On the
ridges the fur is usually dark, but it may be pale and concolorous with
the rest. Granules nearly uniform on all the latticed ridges, which
are at least four granules wide. Depressed spaces (1) to (8) present,
(7) and (8) partly confluent obliquely. Color light yellowish-green,
sparsely pigmented in patches dorsally and in the upper half of lateral
space, the ridges clearer. A narrow wavy yellow sub-dorsal line on
joints 4 to 13, often appearing double at a certain angle by the refrac-
tion of the distinct clear ridge, the pair connected by a narrow crim-
son bridge on joint 8, varying in different examples. A faint yellow
or salmon colored transverse band on the anterior edge of joint 3,
shaded dusky by the dark rosette spines. Sides paler green, depressed
spaces darker, without colored centers. Head green, width about .5
mm. Length, 2.6—4.0 mm.

Stage V. —Elliptical, tail rounded, slightly notched at the sides ;
dorsal space about half as broad as the lateral one, flat; lateral space
steep above, slightly concave ; subventral small, retracted ; the larva is
therefore flattened. Subdorsal ridge indicated by the angular change
in direction between back and sides; lateral ridge prominent. De-
pressed spaces fairly large, distinct. Latticed ridges rounded, the
sides not always perpendicular. The skin looks smooth, minutely
granular, even shining a little ; but under a high power the 4 to 6 ro-
sette spines are still seen on the granules, very short and pale. The
granules are small, rounded, not quite contiguous, uniform’ all over,
the narrowest latticed ridge four granules wide. The rosette spines
are dusky on the anterior edge of joint 3. Color bright yellow green,
rather translucent on the edges. The yellow subdorsal lines extend
from joint 3 posteriorly to joint 13 anteriorly, narrowed at the addor-
sal depressed spaces, slender, not reaching the extremities. A yellow
band on joint 3 anteriorly, shaded with crimson below. Depressed
space (4) yellow in the base witha green center. Subdorsal lines free
at the ends, a yellow bridge centrally, varying in different examples.
It may become broad, covering joints 7-9, containing a round red
spot on joints 7-8, scarcely even widening the subdorsal line. Length,
3.8-5.7 mm.

246 JourNAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Stage VZ.—Shape as described. Absolutely smooth, finely clear
granular, the granules low, rounded, contiguous, but not appressed,
without a trace of the rosette spines. Depressed spaces rather small,
but sharp, the latticed ridges not less than five granules wide. Spaces
very finely granular in the bottom; (1) flat before, with green glan-
dular center, (2) rounded, highest in the center, (4) elongate. Pale
yellowish-green, shading to nearly colorless on the lateral ridge, the
dorsum and upper part of lateral area on joints 6 to 11 distinctly
spotted with emerald green pigment. A narrow yellow sub-dorsal
line, straight, but slightly crinkly edged, on joints 4 to 13, the pair
free and uniform (Plate XI, Fig. 10), or partly or wholly connected
by a yellow bridge, usually with a small red spot (Plate XI, Fig. 8),
or rarely a rather large one covering joints 7 and 9g and widened on
joint 8 (Plate XI, Fig. 9). The red spot varies in color from vermil-
ion red to light blue or dark slaty blue, edged with crimson. On
joint 3 in front, a transverse yellow line, edged with crimson below.
A series of red spots usually appears, beginning on the collar in front
and extending to joint 5, not discoloring the dorsal depressed spaces.
The spots are dull and diffuse. At the end of the stage the pigment
is all dissolved and the larva appears entirely transparent, dirty whit-
ish or waxy greenish, the internal organs visible in motion. It eats
for only a short time in this condition, and leaves the twig to spin.
Length, 4.8-8.2 mm., in some large larve suddenly increased to
13.3 mm. at the end of the stage by the degenerative change in shape
accompanying the loss of the pigment.

Cocoon as usual, ellipticai, very small. The larvze do not leave
the tree, but spin in the crevices of the bark.

Food plants. Black oak, chestnut, beech, iron wood.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

. Larva, stage I, side view enlarged.

. Two of the Y shaped setze more enlarged.

. Young larva, stage III, dorsal view.

. Asection of the skin granules, back and sides, stage II] more enlarged.
. A single skin granule with rosette spines, top and side views.

. The same side view.

. The same, dorsal view, the usual colorational form.
. The same, showing the largest red spot seen.

. The same, showing the absence of the red spot.

«¢ a1. Moth of Heterogenea shurtleffit §, suffused form.

‘« 12. The same, 9, normal form.

I
2
3
4
5
a6 6. Mature larva, front view.
il
8
9
fe)

Dec. 1898.] SLOSSON: SPIDERS OF FRANCONIA, N. H. 247

LIST OF ARANE TAKEN IN FRANCONIA,
NEW HAMPSHIRE.

By ANNIE TRUMBULL SLOSSON.

These spiders, taken by me during the last five years in Franconia,
have all been examined and identified by Mr. Nathan Banks. There

are 147 species in the list:

Micaria montana £7.
Micaria formicoides B&s.
Graphosa conspersa Zor.
Graphosa brumalis Zhor.
Graphosa parvula Bés.

Clubiona canadensis £7:.
Clubiona abbotti Koch.
Clubiona riparia Koch.
Clubiona crassipalpis £72.
Thargalia bivittata Keys.

Agalena nzvea /7z.
Tegenaria derhami Scop.

Dictyna sublata “zz.
Dictyna frondea £m.
Dictyna maxima Bes,

Theridium tepidariorum Koch.
Theridium differens 27.
Theridium sexpunctatum £772.
Theridium rupicola Em.
Steatoda borealis Hz.
Steatoda marmorata ///z.
Lithyphantes corollatus 2277.
Euryopsis funebris //z.
Diopcena nigra £77.
Argyrodes trigonum /7//z.
Ceratinella minuta 277.
Ceratinella fissiceps Camér.
Ceratinella micropalpus £7.

DRASSIDE.

Drassus neglectus Keys.
Prosthesima atra Az.
Prosthesima ecclesiastica “7/7z.
Pythonissa imbecilla Keys.
Peecilochroa montana £72.

CLUBIONIDE.

Thargalia pinnata £m.
Agrceeca pratensis £77.
Phrurolithus pugnatus £m.
Phrurolithus alarius Azz.

AGALENID.

Cicurina creber Bé&s.
Hahnia agilis Keys.

DICTYNID#.

Dictyna volucripes Keys.
Dictyna foliacea “ez.
Amaurobius ferox Koch.

THERIDID.

Tmeticus, n. sp.?

Erigone persimilis Camdér.
Linyphia mandibulata 27.
Linyphia communis //¢z.
Linyphia marginata Koch.
Linyphia phrygiana Koch.
Linyphia variabilis Bés.
Lepthyphantes minuta 474,
Lepthyphantes nebulosus Szzzd.
Helophora insignis AZZ.
Drapetisca socialis BZ£.
Diplostyla nigrina Rezss.
Bathyphantes zebra 27.

248 JouRNAL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Ceratinella emertoni Camzbr.
Ceratinella pygmzea £77.
Ceratinopsis nigriceps £7.
Cornicularia directa Camobx.
Lophocarenum floreus Camzbr.
Tmeticus plumosus £77.

Epeira solitaria 2772.
Epeira corticaria £77.
Epeira cavatica Aeys.
Epeira nordmanni Zhor.
Epeira silvatica “72.
Epeira sclopetaria Clerck.
Epeira patagiata Koch.
Epeira strix “Zz.

Epeira trifolium /7/Zz.
Epeira insularis és.
Epeira trivittata Aeys.
Epeira pratensis £7.
Epeira displicata A/z.
Epeira prompta ///z.
Epeira placida Azz.

Xysticus stomachosus Keys.
Xysticus emertoni Keys.
Xysticus elegans Aeys.
Xysticus limbatus Keys.
Xysticus 4-lineatus Keys.
Xysticus galosus Keys.
Xysticus triguttulus Keys.
Xysticus gramineus £72.
Xysticus formosus Bes.

Lycosa pratensis Em.
Lycosa frondicola £7.
Lycosa erratica Fz.
Lycosa carolinensis fz.
Pardosa montana 27.
Pardosa pallida Zm.
Pardosa nigripalpis 2m.
Pardosa brunnea £7.
Pirata minuta Em.

Bathyphantes alpina £m.
Bathyphantes bihamata £m.
Micronecta 5-dentata £m.
Micronecta olivacea Em ?
Micronecta discolor £7.

EPEIRIDA.

Epeira gibberosa /Zz.
Plectana stellata //¢z.
Singa variabilis Z7z.

Singa maculata yz.
Cyclosa conica Pad/.

Zilla montana Koch.
Cercidia prominens West.
Argiops transversus £77.
Larinia borealis Bhs.

Meta menardi La¢r.
Theridosoma gemmosum Koch.
Pachygnatha brevis £7.
Tetragnatha grallator //7z.
Tetragnatha extensa Zzn7.

THOMISID:.

Coriachne versicolor Keys.
Oxyptila conspurcata Zhor.
Synzena obscura Keys.
Misumena vatia Clerck.
Tmarsus caudatus /7/z.
Tibellus oblongus Walck.
Thanatus rubicundus Aeys.
Philodromus rufus Wadck.
Philodromus vulgaris //z.

LYCOSID/.

Pirata insularis £72.

Pirata montana £72.

Pirata, n.sp.?

Trochosa rubicunda Keys.
Ocyale undata //zz.
Dolomedes tenebrosus 77z.
Dolomedes scriptus /z.
Dolomedes sexpunctatus és.

[Vol. VI.

Dec. 1898.] COQUILLETT:

Phidippus rufus /7/z.
Phidippus mystaceus “7s.
Phidippus borealis 22s.
Philzeus militaris 77/2.

Dendryphantes octavus “Zs.

Icius elegans /7/z.
Icius similis Bzs.
Neon nellii Peck.

LARV& OF SOME LEPIDOPTEROUS.

ATTIDAL.

Habrocestum decorum AZ2.
Habrocestum borealis Bzs.

Habrocestum cristatum ///z.

Ergane borealis ZA.
Saitis pulex /éz.

Attus palustris Peck,
Attus cruciatus £7.
Zygoballus iridescens Bs.

249

Habrocestum coccatum ///z.

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME LEPIDOPTEROUS
LARVA.

By D. W. CoguiLLETttT,

Nola miniuscula Ze//.

Body light bluish-green or light gray, on each of the segments
four to eleven is a transverse row of four very large brownish warts,
which are thinly covered with short whitish hairs, while below the
lowest of each, and on 1, 2, 3 and 12 segments is a smaller
greenish or gray wart thinly covered with longer white hairs; a
subdorsal wavy black line on anterior part of body, sometimes ex-
tending nearly the entire length of the body; head small, wholly
contractile in the first segment, light brownish, a black dot on each
side, spiracles wholly brown ; fourteen legs, none under segment six.
Length, 12 mm.

Found one June gth and three June 11th, 1886, feeding upon a
Tenthridinid gall on willow ; they feed upon them from the outside.
Two spun whitish, elongate-ovate, tough cocoons June 12. ‘The date
of the issuing of the moths was not noted.

Scepsis wrightii Groce.

A caterpillar pupated December 14, 1889, and the moth issued
February 11 of the following year. ‘The chrysalis is pale yellowish,
marked with a dorsal, lateral and ventral broad black interrupted band
and a subdorsal row of black dots. Another caterpillar pupated Feb-
ruary 18, 1890, and the moth issued March 21, of the same year.

250 JourNaL NEw YoRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY [Vol VI.

Arctia nevadensis Groce.

Body black, with a purplish tinge, the portion below the spiracle
lighter, more grayish; a broken dull white dorsal line; warts light
gray, hairs issuing from them in spreading clusters not concealing the
ground color, mixed black and reddish, or black and yellowish, the
red and yellow hairs most numerous in the middle of the dorsum and
low down on each side of the body, and varying in color from a bright
brick-red to a pale straw-yellow ; spiracles yellowish-brown, ringed
with black ; head black, the sulcus on top between the two lobes, usu-
ally the sides and lower margin of the clypeus and a dot at the base of
each antenne, yellow, mouth parts marked with yellow, anal and ab-
dominal prongs largely pale yellowish. Length, 36 mm.

Found a great many from one-half to nearly full grown feeding
upon various plants at Santa Monica, California, March 14, 18g91.
Placed leaves of Malva borealis in their cage, and they fed greedily
upon them. One moth issued July 29 ; at this date there were two
chrysalids and ten larve ; the remaining moths issued in August and
September. All the moths bred had the black thorax.

Hemileuca electra Wright.

Body black, thickly dotted with white ; an indistinct broken black
dorsal line bordered by a white line; a yellowish or white subdorsal
and two stigmatal lines, one of the latter above and the other below
the spiracles ; spines short, in thin spreading clusters, those in the two
dorsal rows simple except on segments one and two, in the other rows
a branched spine arises from the middle of each cluster, each branch
terminating in a long slender bristle ; body thinly covered with short
stiff white hairs, not concealing the ground color ; head shining black,
thinly covered with short stiff white hairs ; space between the two
stigmatal lines less dotted with white than the remainder of the body ;
sutures more or less brownish; spiracles brown, ringed with black.
Length, 45 mm.

Found several on Lriogonum fasciculatum on a high hill near
Riverside, California, April 12, 1887. One pupated May 8, and the
moth issued November 1, of the same year.

Dec, 1898]. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 261

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY.

MEETING OF DECEMBER 21, 1897.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Palm in the chair. Ten members and several visitors present.

The resignations of Messrs. Pike and Kiichler were read and accepted.

Mr. Groth moved that the President appoint a committee to propose names for
the officers for 1898. Accepted. Messrs. Beutenmiiller, Zabriskie, Groth and
Daecke were appointed to serve on this committee.

Mr. Shoemaker read a paper on ‘‘ Sugaring for Moths,’’ in which he stated that
he had collected during the past summer at Aqueduct, Long Island, from June 16th to
October 16th, and that he had taken 118 species of Noctuidze on 26 trips, and
amongst which were-species of Agrotis, Teniocampa, Scopelosoma, Cucullia, Plusia,
Fladena, Mamestra, etc. His method of collecting was to suspend dried apples
that had been strung on a copper wire and soaked in the sugaring mixture. These
were hung on bushes and small trees along thickets. While the usual bait of beer;
molasses and rum was attractive to the moths, he found that adding a little asafcetida
rendered the mixture still more attractive, and that the moths would prefer this
mixture to the former. He stated that weather conditions most favorable to
collect in were clear, dark nights with a light breeze, and that it made no difference
if it was warm or cold. There were few moths flying on moonlight nights. During
the summer he spent several days collecting in the same locality for Lepidoptera
and took Argynnia idala, Pamphila pontiac, Chrysoph. thoé, Neonympha canthus,
Acontia delecta, Doryodes bistriaris, Cilla distema, and also pupee of Hydrecta ne-
copina in stalk of wild sunflowers.

Mr. Blackburn, exhibited a book of butterflies, which proved a novel way of
mounting them. He explained that by taking some paper slightly gummed and
pressing the wing between two pieces, all the scales would adhere to the paper and
by painting in the body of the insect in its proper place, a perfect representation of
the insect could be obtained. After discussion, adjournment.

MEETING OF JANUARY 4, 1808.

Held in the American Museum of Natural History.

President Palm in the chair. ‘Twelve members present.

The Treasurer’s Annual Report was read, approved and referred to the oe
Committee.

The following officers for 1898 were elected. President, Dr. E. G. Love;
Vice-President, G. F. Groth; Treasurer, L. H. Joutel ; Recording Secretary, E.
Daecke ; Corresponding Secretary, Ernest Shoemaker ; Executive Committee, Messrs.
Zabriskie, Palm, Daecke, Hug, and Dr. Ottolengui ; Publication Committee, Messrs.
Beutenmiiller, Joutel, Schaeffer and Groth.

Rev. Zabriskie exhibited a small Proctotrypid Hymenopteron, Dyryinzs, sp.,
with chelate anterior tarsi. He referred to the fact of the Hymenoptera being in
general beneficial to man, because of their preying, as captors or parasites, upon in-
jurious insects; the Proctotrypidz being especially beneficial as parasites upon the

252 JournaL NEw YorRK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

smaller insects, and largely upon insect eggs. The Dryinz are said to confine their
atfacks to small hymenopterous insects such as Jassidze, etc., and to live in small felt-
like sacks protruding from the abdominal spiracles of the host. A curious feature
found only in this one sub-family of hymenoptera, is that of the chelate anterior
tarsi of the females. These chelze are formed somewhat on the plan of the formid-
able pincers of the lobster, although relatively more slender, They are outgrowths
from the inner side of the fourth tarsal joint and are of comparatively large size, so
that when opened in a straight line, the expanse is nearly equal to the combined
length of all five tarsal joints; when the two members of pincers are closed together,
the lid is folded upward against the inner side of the first, second and third tarsal
joints. They are probably used for holding the prey when the female is ovipositing,

Mr. Beutenmiiller showed a number of remarkable Australian Hepialids from Mr.
Schaus’ collection; among which were Zelotypia stacyi, Hlepialus virescens, 7.
swainsonit, H. daphnandre, H. eximia, H. splendens, H. lignivorus and H. lewinit.

Mr. Joutel spoke on the protective habit of Cotalpa Janigera. He stated that the
beetle, which is bright yellow and a very conspicuous object, has the habit of drawing
the edges of the leaves together with its claws, so that it is completely hidden.
Several may be on the same bush, but from this habit not one will be seen. He also
exhibited eggs of the common walking-stick. They very much resemble seeds, in
color, size and shape. Adjournment.

MEETING OF JANUARY 18, 1898.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Dr. Love in the chair, Eleven members present.

The Auditing Committee reported on the Treasurer’s accounts as being correct.

Dr. Ottolengui spoke on the genus P/usza and pointed out the relative differences
and doubtful nomenclature of various species of this genus.

MEETING OF FEBRUARY I, 1898.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Dr. Love in the chair. Twelve members and several visitors present,
amongst which were Professor Smith, Messrs. Southwick and Ormond.

Mr. Joutel proposed Mr. W. T. Davis for membership.

The President appointed Messrs. Zabriskie, Palm and Beutenmiiller, to form an
auditing committee for 1898, and Messrs. Loss and Munch as the field committee.

Mr, Crampton spoke upon experiments upon the grafting of pupze of Lepidoptera.
He described in detail a series of experiments upon pupz performed during the spring
of 1897. These experiments, he added, were similiar to those made by Dr. Born
upon the coalescence of portions of different embryos of Amphibia. Besides the possi-
bility of coalescence of two individuals or parts of individuals, there appeared in the
Lepidoptera experiments certain other interesting problems, which related chiefly to
the causes producing the magnificent colors of the imago. From the work of Mayer
and others it has been shown that the pigmented colors are produced by the chemical
decomposition of the hzemolymph in the empty scale cells. Hence, @ friorz, it
might be possible to produce reciprocal color effects of one moth upon another differ-
ently colored moth by uniting the hemolymph of each with that of the other. The
problem of heredity involved in such cases, as C. promethea where the male and female

Dec. 1898.] PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 253.

are of different colors is the question whether the gonad of a certain sex and the color,
are both the effects of a common set of causes, or whether the color is more directly
dependent upon the gonad of a certain sex. As the color is produced by a chemical
decomposition of the hemolymph, and as the hemolymph can hardly escape being
reciprocally affected chemically by the sexual organs, the second of the assumptions
would be indicated.

The results so far obtained, however, do not warrant any final opinion upon this
subject. The pupz used were those of the common Saturnidze, Ca//osamia promethea,
Platysamia cecropia and Telea polyphemus. A cartilage knife or razor was used in
cutting the pupe. The two portions to be united were placed in apposition and
melted parafine was applied with a camel’s hair brush to the edges of the common
wound. The cooled parafine formed a ring which kept the parts together and pre-
vented the escape of the hemolymph. ‘Three groups of operations were recognized
according. to the make-up of the complex. First, where parts from two different
pupze were united in normal proportions.

Homoplastic operations upon Cyz¢hza furnished three successful cases, Only
one heteroplastic union was obtained. In this specimen a part of the abdomen of a
female Aromethea was united to the rest of the body of a cynthia. ‘The part of the
imago derived from the Aromethea showed no trace of ared color, but was buff, the
ground color of the cyuthia. ‘‘Tandem’’ fusions formed the second group. In
these a head was cut from one pupa and a part of the abdomen of the other, the parts
being united on a long axis. ‘The resulting moths possessed four pairs of wings and
six pairs of legs. Heteroplastic and homoplastic.

Twin unions formed the third group. In these but little of each pupa was cut
off. Moths joined by the heads, by their backs or tails or sides could be produced by
corresponding operations. In some of the heteroplastic unions, however, was there
any indications of reciprocal color effects.

In summary it was pointed out that homoplastic unions were easier to produce
than heteroplastic ones. Eleven per cent. of the latter was successful, while fifteen
per cent. of the former furnished imagines. The mortality was greatest among the
pupze of the first group, only six surviving the operation. The ‘‘Tandem”’ give a
percentage of success of eleven. ‘The ‘‘ Twins’’ furnished twenty per cent. of suc-
cessful operations. He hoped that future operations and experiments will furnish data
for the solution of the problem of reciprocal color effects. Atter a lengthy discussion
the meeting adjourned.

MEETING OF FEBRUARY I5, 1808.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.
President Dr. Love in the chair. Eight members present and several visitors.
Mr. Davis was elected an active member.
Mr. Beutenmiiller exhibited specimens of the curiously formed butterflies, 4r-
mandia lidderdalii and A. thaidina.
Mr. Joutel showed living specimens of Ceruchus piceus in decayed white birch.
After discussion, adjournment.
MEETING OF MArRcH.1, 1898.
Held at the American Museum of Natural History.
Vice-President Groth in the chair. Twelve members present.

954 JournaL NEw York ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VI.

Mr. Ditmars read a popular paper on the Transformations of Insects, and de-
scribed in some details the main characteristics of the different orders. He also ex-
hibited a series of prepared specimens of transformations preserved in alcoho] and
some anatomical models.

A brief note from Dr. Kunze on Zuchloé ima was read by Mr. Beutenmiiller.
He stated that Aza is single brooded and flies in Pima and Maricopa Co., Arizona,
principally during March. Dr. Kunze took it also on February 28, 1898. Pima
rifles the flowers of a hirsute plant called Amsinckia spectabilis and stated that he
never observed it feeding on any other plants. It is difficult to differentiate between
the sexes on the wing, as both are exactly alike in color. Besides the female is very
scarce and about in proportion as I to 20.

Mr. Beutenmiiller exhibited about 100 species of Sphingidz from Mr. Schaus’
collection. Amongst which were Ambulyx substrigalis, A. rubicosa, Pterogon gor-
gonides, Sataspes infernalis, Maruba roseipennis, Amblypterus panopus, etc.

MEETING OF MARCH 15, 1808.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Dr. Love in the chair. Fourteen members and visitors, Messrs. Kear-
fott and Southwick, present.

Mr. Southwick read a paper on the economic entomological work done in the
parks of New York City.

He enumerated and described in detail the various insects and the modes of de-
stroying them, the sc aping of the egg-masses and cocoons in winter and the spraying
of the foliage in summer.

Mr. Southwick described the various emulsions for the destruction of insects, and
Stated that a mixture of London purple against the Elm beetle was very effective,
The work against the beetle is begun about the middle of May by spraying and again
about June 6th for their larvze with an emulsion of soft soap, kerosene, carbolic acid
and water, ‘The various borers are treated with bisulphide of carbon. Fungi which
promptly appear after trees have been wounded are scraped off and the affected places
painted with celluloid. The bag-worm, 7hyridopteryx ephemera formis, formerly very
abundant, has almost entirely vanished from the parks by effective work ; similarly the
scale-louse, Puluinaria innumerabilis, formerly common in the parks, hasalmost entirely
disappeared from that place. The speaker pointed out the effective work which is
constantly in progress against a number of other injurious insects, such as the Ozgyza,
different species of Datana, Hyphantria, oyster-shell bark louse (AZyéilaspis) and
different Hackberry Galls (Pachypsylla).

In conclusion the speaker showed a number of tools used for economic ento-
mological work, such as knives, scrapers, spraying nozzles, etc.

Mr. Palm exhibited some rare Coleoptera collected by Dr. Kunze in Arizona.

Mr. Kearfott showed a box of inflated larvee. After discussion adjournment.

MEETING OF APRIL 5, 1898.
Held at the American Museum of Natural History.
President Dr. Love in the chair. ‘Ten members present.
Dr. Seifert spoke on experiments of heat and cold upon pupze of Lepidoptera.
He stated that larva exposed to an abnormal degree of heat or cold showed no visible

Dec. 1898.] PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 255

differences in the imago, pupz, however, exposed to heat yield images of darker and
more intense coloring, while such exposed to a longer period of abnormal cold will
produce comparatively lighter effects. Excessive moisture causes a scarcity of scales
and gives the wings a glassy semitransparent appearance. He exhibited a number of
specimens produced by abnormal temperature.

Mr. Davis spoke on the dragonflies of Staten Island.

Mr. Beutenmiiller exhibited a nest of Vespa crabro from Europe. ‘This nest had
evidently been built between the rafters of a house, being covered with a very brittle
wood-pulp from which the resinous substance exuded, giving the nest a variegated ap-
pearance. Usually this species builds its nest in a hollow tree.

Mr. Groth exhibited a series of biological sets and transformations of Wasps.
After discussion, adjournment.

MEETING OF May 3, 1808.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

Dr. Love in the chair. ‘Ten members present.

Mr. Schaeffer made some remarks on the genus Omus, and exhibited O. lecontez,
edwardsiz, seqguoiarum, californicus, audouint, ambiguus and dejeani, all from the
Museum collection.

Mr. Beutenmiiller spoke on the genus Zzch/oé and pointed out that the American
species may be placed into three groups according to venation, Midea, Euchloé and
Anthocharis.

After discussion, adjournment.

MEETING OF MAy 17, 1898.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Dr. Love in the chair. “Ten members present.

The publication committee reported that they discussed the expediency of holding
an auction sale of insects for the benefit of the JOURNAL,

Dr. Love proposed the following amendment to the constitution and by-laws:

** Resolved, That Article XVI be amended by inserting the words ‘and Sep-
tember’ after the word ‘ August’ and by the omission of the word ‘and’ between
the words July and August.’’

The resignation of Mr. Nushardt was read and accepted.

Mr. Deecke gave some notes on Zhecla damon, in which he stated that this
creature had the habit of dropping to the ground when disturbed, and owing to its
green and brown colors was difficult to detect amongst grass.

Mr. Beutenmiiller, stated that the Museum collection of Coleoptera is now be-
ing arranged, and he estimated that it contained at least 150,000 specimens.

A general discussion of the species of Czcinde/a was held, after which followed
adjournment.

MEETING OF JUNE 7, 1808.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Dr. Love in the chair. Eight members present and several visitors.

Mr. Beutenmiiller announced a donation by Mr. Schaus of $50.00 to the Jour-
NAL fund and it was moved and accepted that the Secretary forward a letter of
thanks to Mr. Schaus for this generous donation.

256 JouRNAL NEw YorK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Vol. VE:

The amendment to the constitution and by-laws announced at the previous meet-
ing was accepted.

Mr. Schaeffer proposed for active membership Messrs. Joseph E. Graef and F
A. Stinner.

A discussion on the species of the genera Pamphila and Leptura was held.
Adjournment.

MEETING OF JUNE 21, 1898.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Dr. Love in the chair. Eight members present.

Messrs. Stinner and Graef were elected as members of the Society.

Mr. Beutenmiiller proposed Mr. W. D. Kearfott for active membership.
After a discussion on various topics the meeting adjourned until October.

MEETING OF OCTOBER 4, 1898.

Held at the American Museum of Natural History.

President Dr. Love in the chair. Eight members present.

Mr. Kearfott was elected as member of the Society.

It was moved and accepted that a vote of thanks be extended to Mrs. A. T.
Slosson for a number of rare Zefzdoptera which she donated for the auction sale.

Mr. Joutel made some remarks on a curious variety of Spilosoma latipennis
which had yellow forelegs. He stated that these were bred from eggs of a specimen
which had pink forelegs, the normal form.

Mr. Beutenmiiller spoke on the observations made by Dr. Seifert on three closely
allied species of Arctia—nais, phalerata and vittata, and proved the validity of these
three species.

INDEX To VoLumE VI.

Acanthocnema, gen. of, 161

Acicephala, gen. nov,, 161
polita, sp. nov., 163
pilosella, sp. nov., 163

Acoloithus rectarius sp.
noy.,
Acontia obscura, sp.

44

nov., 117
trilinea, sp. nov., 117
Acraga, genus of, 232
Actobius pzderoides, 204
umbripennis, 205
/Eschna constricta, 197
verticalis, 196

/&thria rubipectus, sp. n.,139
Agrotis aureolum, sp.

nov., 107
lacrumans, sp. nov., 139
molepa, sp. nov., 108
oaxacana, sp. nov., 107
perotensis, sp. nov., 107
Agliadze, class. of, 9, 18
Aidos, gen. of, 233
Alibama scuroba, sp.
nov., 112
Anax junius, 197
longipes, 197

Anicla mahalpa, sp. n., 109
Anomalagrion hastatum, 196
Amathes gasiva, sp. nov. ,108

yaxdcaba, sp. nov., 108
Amphiagrion saucium, 196
Amphicerus bicaudatus, 69

brevicollis, sp. nov., 70

gracilis, sp. nov., 69

grandicollis, sp. novy., 69
maritimus, sp. nov., 68
punctipennis, sp. noy., 68

teres, sp. nov., 70
Amydona, gen. nov., 237
sericea, 237

Apatela minella, sp. nov., 41
Apoda y-inversa, life hist.155
Aplogompha chortaria, sp.

nov., 145
Apatides, gen. nov., 70
fortis, sp. nov., 70
puncticeps, sp. nov., 71
robustus, sp. nov., 71
Aranee, list of, 247

Ardis, 128
Argia forcipata, 196

violacea, 196
Arctia nevadensis, 250

Ashmead, gen. nov., by,

127, 128
Aspidiotus albopictus, 179
var. leonis, nov., 179
agavis, sp. nov., 178
jatrophe, sp. nov., 178
koebelei, sp. nov., 179
Atethmia editha, sp.
nov., II5
paulensis, sp. nov., 116
targa, Sp. nov., II5
Attacine, class. of, 9
Automerine, class. of, 9

Automeris castrensis, sp.

nov., 141

naranja, sp. Nov., 140

zaruma, sp. nov., 140
Azelina castraria, sp.

nov., 147
Baccha tropicalis, 50
Baker, article by, 53
Banks, article by, 181

Bapta ruptilinea, sp. nov.,145
Basizeschna janiata, 196
Bathyphantes, sp. nov., 214

Batrisus ferox, 215
globosus, 222
Bertholdia, species of, 36
schausiana, sp. nov., 36

Beutenmuller, articles by,

Blennocampa,
Bostrichini, genera of,
Bostrichus armiger,

angustus, sp. nov., 72
bicornis, 72
californicus, 72
truncaticollis, 72
Boyeria vinosa, 196
Brachycis, gen. nov., 86
brevicollis, sp. nov., 87

Brachycodilla, gen. nov. ,233

Brachymyrmex heeri, 216
Bruceia hubbardi, — sp.
nov., 33

Calozarca, gen. nov., 129

Camponotus melleus, 220
Capulinia jaboticabe, 174
sallei, 173
Carneades cofrensis, sp.
nov., 109
colima, sp. nov., 109
Casey, article by, 61
Celithemis elisa, 198
eponina, 198
Ceracis punctulata, sp.
nov., go
sallei, go
Cerococcus corticis, sp.
nov., 170
Ceroplastes roseatus, sp.
nov., 116

Cerura nivea, life history
of, 188
Cheetosa, gen. nov., 161, 163

Chelanops tristis, 204.
Chlorizagrotis sorella, sp.
nov., 141
Chloridea distincta, sp.
nov., 117
Chlorops, aristalis, sp.
nov., 46
assimilis, 47
graminea, sp. nov., 47
prolifica, 48
pullipes, sp. nov., 47
rubida, sp. nov., 46
scabra, sp. nov., 46
Chrostosoma cardinale,
sp. nov., 139
Cicurina arcuata, 214
creber, 214
Cioidze, 77
Cis carolina, sp. nov., 78
congesta, sp. nov., 82
creberrima, 80

curtula, sp. nov., 83
duplex, sp. nov., 82
fraterna, sp. nov., 80
fuscipes, 78
hirsuta, sp. nov., 83
horridula, sp. nov., 81
hystricula, sp. nov., 82
illustris, sp. nov., 81
impressa, sp. nov., 79
macilenta, sp. nov., 80

258
montana, sp. nov., 82
mormonica, sp. noy. 81
pallens, sp. nov., 78
pistoria, sp. nov., 79
soror, sp. nov., 83
striolata, sp. nov., 79
ursulina, sp. nov., 83
versicolor, sp. nov., 80
vitula, 81

Citheroniidze, 9

Cockerell, article by, 165

Compsomyia, macellaria, 204
Coquillett, articles by, 160,
187, 249
Cordulegaster maculatus, 196
Cordylura nebulosa, sp.

nov., 164

slossonze, 164
Cosmosoma _biseriatum,

sp. nov., 138

bolivari, sp. nov., 138

dorsimacula, sp. nov., 138
Crambidia lithosoides, sp.

nov., 33

uniformis, sp. nov., 33
Cremastogaster lineolata,208
Ctenochiton aztecus, sp.

nov., 176
Cucullia lilacina,sp. nov. ,116

strigula, sp. nov., 116
Cyclara, 233
Cydosia, synopsis of, 41
Cynorta mexicana, sp.

nov., 181

Dacira ranapa, sp. nov., 116

Dalceridz, genera of, 231
Dalcerides, 232
Dalcera, 231
Dalcerina, gen. nov., 232
Davis, article by, 195

Dendrobiella, gen. nov., 67
pubescens, sp. nov., 67
ee

quadrispinosa, 7
sericans, 67
subleevis, sp. nov., 68
Diaspis baccharidis, sp.
nov., 179
Diczlus ovalis, 215
Dinoderus amplus, sp.
nov., 75
asperulus, sp. nov., 74
cribratus, 75
densus, 75
hispidulus, sp. nov., 75
opacus, sp. nov., 75
pacificus, sp. nov., 74

parvulus, sp. noy.,
porcatus,

INDEX.

punctatus, 76
pusillus, 76
sobrinus, sp. nov., 74
substriatus, 73
truncatus, 76
Diplax, list of, 198

Dirphia muscosa, sp.
nov., 141
Dragonflies, list of, 196
Drosophila ampelophila, 220
Dyar, articles by,
I, 33, 94, 121, 150,
I5I, 158, 231, 241
Dyomyx jonesi, sp. nov., 120
volcanica, sp. nov., 119
Eleusis pallida, 204
Enallagma, list of, 196
Endromide, 9g, 10
Ennearthron californicum,89
ccnvergens, sp. nov.,
discolor, sp. nov.,

grossulum, sp. nov., 89
laminifrons, sp. nov., 89
piceum, sp. nov., 88
pullulum, sp. nov., go
thoracicorne, 88.
unicorne, sp. nov., 90
Entodecta, 129
Epizschna heros, 196
Epicinconia, gen. nov., 232
Epiperola, gen. nov., 238

Episibine, gen. nov.,
Erigone albescens, 205,
Erginus mexicana, sp.

nov., 181
Erythraspides, 128
Eubaphe ostenta, 39

splendida,

Euceratocerus macer, sp.
nov.,
pleuralis, sp. nov.,

saginatus, sp. nov., 65
Euclea, 234
cebrensis, 234
copac, 235
diversa, 235
minima, 234
unitata, 234

viridogrisea, sp. nov.,
Euclidia diagonalis, sp.

nov., 41
Eudyaria venata, larva, 150
Eupeodes volucris, 50
Eurina exilis, sp. nov., 45
Eurois bertha, sp. nov., 143

orbiculata, sp. nov., 143
Eustrotia bertha, sp. n., 118

malonia, sp. nov., 144

Feralia jocosa, life-history

of 182
Fenusa, 127
Galgula castra, sp. nov., 119

cuprea, sp. nov., 119
Gaurax anchora, 48
montanus, sp. nov., 48
Gomphus exilis, 196
villosipes, 196
Gorgonidia, gen. nov., 36
mirabilior, sp. noy., 37
Grote, articles by, 9, 60

Grotella dulcita, sp. nov.,

: 144
Hadena dyschoroides, sp.

nov., 142

lignaris, sp. nov., 112

orizabena, sp. nov., 142

zuelana, 5p. nov., 143,
Harpalus faunus, 208
Hecatera marmica, sp.

nov. 112

>
Helicodiscus lineatus,

12035205,
Hemichroa albidovariata,

larva of, 125

fraterna, life-history, 124
phytophagica, sp. nov.,

125

Hemileucine, 9
Hemileuca electra, larva

of, 250:

Henicomyia, gen. nov., 187
hubbardii, sp. nov., 187

Heterogenea flexuosa,
life-history of, 94
shurtleffii, life history, 241

Hexamitocera, genus of, 167

vittata, sp. nov., 165.
Hippelates bicolor, sp.

nov., 48

capax, sp. nov., 48
Hydromyza, 161

Hylesia nigricans, larva, 150
Hyperchiria coreus, larva,

150:

viridescens, larva, 150:
Hypoprepia mexicana, 33
Icerya littoralis, 168
maskelli, 166
montserratensis, 167
palmeri, 167
purchasi, 165.
rose, 168
Idonauton, genus of, 236
straminea, 236
Ischnura ramburi, 196
verticalis, 196

Isobates minutus,

Isodyctium, gen. noy.,
synopsis of,
calricolium, larva,
floridense, sp. nov.,
infrequens, sp. nov.,
murtfeldtiz, sp. nov.,
subgregarium, sp. n.,

Kunze, article by,

Kaliosysphinga,

Lacosoma arizonicum,
sp. nov.,

Lasius americanus,
flavus,

Lathrobium simile,

Lebena, synopsis of,

Lecanium tuberculatum,
sp. nov.,

Leptobunus spinulalis,
sp. nov.,

Lestes, species of,

Leucania misteca, sp.
nov.,
oaxacana, sp. nov.,
jaliscana, sp. nov.,
oriza, sp. nov.,
orizaba, sp. nov.,

Leucorhinia intacta,

Libellula, list of,

Lichtensia mimosz, sp.
nov.,

Limenitis floridensis,
eros,

Liobunum albipalpe, sp.
noy.,
mexicanum, sp. nov.,

Lozogramma, setaria,
sp- nov.,

Lucilia cesar,

Lyczna fulignosa,

214,

Lycomorpka, synopsis cf, 35

pulchra, sp. nov.,
Mamestra baruna, sp.
nov.,
ciniva, sp. nov.,
gasiva, sp. nov.,
janeira, sp. nov.,
subpicta, sp. nov.,
zobira, sp. nov.,
trocas, sp. nov.,
Meganola, gen. nov.,

conspicua, gen. nov.,
Megapsyllide,
Megapsylla, gen. nov.,

grossiventris,

Mentaxya biformis sp.
nov.,
butleri, sp. nov.,

34

INDEX.

Metatraga, 235
Mesothemis simplicicollis,
198
Micropate, gen. nov., 72
cristicauda, sp. nov., 73
dinoderoides, 72
simplex, 73,
Miresa argentea, 235
argentata, 235
Micrathyria berenice, 198
Microgonia fulcata, sp.
nov., 146
gilva, sp. nov., 146
Momorepedius bellus, 204
Monomorium minutum, 206
Motter, article by, 201
Myrmicina latreillei 216
contracta, 223
Nannothemis bella, 198
Napata unifascia, sp.
nov., 140
Natada rufescens, 238
Nehalennia posita, 196
Nematus chloreus, life-
history, 123

Neritos, synopsis species, 37
Noctua bolteri, sp. nov., 104

calgary, sp. nov., Kopi
cynica, sp. nov., IOl
esurialis, 102
exuberans, sp. nov., 103
herculeana, sp. nov., 107
hospitalis, 100
inopinatus, sp. nov., 103
jucunda, Iol
plebeia, sp. nov., 105
rosaria, 102
rubifera, 100
smithii, 99
treatii, 103
Nolide, 4L
Nola, synop. of species, 42
exposita, sp. nov., 43
involuta, sp. nov., 42
miniuscula, larva of, 249
phylla, sp. nov., 43
Nycteolidz, 40
Nycteola proteella, 40
Octotemnus denudatus,
sp. nov., gI
leevis, sp. nov., gI
Odontosphindus _ clavi-
cornis, sp. noy., 92
denticollis, g2

Oligia apicalis, sp. nov., 113

cadema, sp. nov., 113
niveiplaga, sp. nov., I12
thoracica, sp. novy., I13

259
Opharus, synopsis of, 38
Ophyra-leucostoma, 223

Ophthalmophora fasciata,

sp. nov., 145
Opsiomyia, gen. nov.,

161, 162

palpalis, sp. nov., 162

Oreesia serpens, Sp. Nov., 120

Orthocheeta, 161
Orthocis, gen. nov., 84
aterrima, sp. nov., 84
punctata, 84
Ortonia primutiva, sp.
nov., 169
Oscinidz, 45
Oscinis pectoralis, sp.
nov., 49
virgata, sp. nov., 49
Oxacis dorsalis, 200

Paramya flavia, sp. nov., 139
Packardia geminata, larva, I
Pachydiplax longipennis, 198
Pzederus littorarius, 204
Paleophobetron, gen. n., 239
Palpidia, gen. noy., 33

pallidior, sp. nov.,
Palindia hermura, sp. n., 119

Palmatopus, 127
Pamphila omaha, 57
Pantala flavescens, 197
Pareophora, 128
Parazarca, gen. nov., 128

Periclista albicollis, larva, 130

chionanthi, 132
diluta, larva, 129
emarginata, larva, 132
media, larva, 132

purpuridorsum, sp. n., 129
subtruncata, sp. nov., 131

Peridroma scortea, sp.
nov., 141

Perola, genus of, 238

Perithemis domitia, 198

Pheia hamapera,sp.nov.,
Phenacoccus gossypii, sp.

nov., 170
Phobetron pitheceum, 157
Phrodita bilinea, sp.

nov., 120
Phylmatocera, 128
Physocleora obscura, sp.

nov., 148

punctella, sp. nov., 148

tascaria, sp. nov., 147
Piophila casei, 205
Pityeja picta, sp. nov., 145

Plagiomimicus musculus,

sp. nov., 144 °

260

Plathemis trimaculata, 198
Plesciocis, gen, nov., 87

cribrum, sp. nov., 87
Polyphzenis aurea, sp. n., 110

psittacea, sp. nov., I10
Ponera contracta, 216, 223
Pontania consors, larva, 121

borealis, I21
Praina, gen. nov., 114
radiata, sp. nov., 114

Proceedings, N. Y. E.

Soc., 199, 251
Prolimacodes, 239
Prosternidia, 237
Prosopophoria manihotis,

sp. nov., 172
Protalima, gen. nov., 236

sulla, 236
Pseudoparlatoria serrulata,

Sp. nov., 188

Pseudovipsana,gen.nov., 239
Psilopora thesea,sp. nov.,147
Pteronus carpini, larva, 121
integer, larva, 122
quercus, larva, 122
Ptilmus acuminatus, sp.

nov., 63
basalis, 62
flavipennis, sp. nov., 64
lobatus, sp. nov., 62

pruinosus, sp. nov., 63
ramicornis, sp. nov., 63
ruficornis, 62
Ptychoglena, synopsis of, 40
flammans, sp. nov.,
Pulex arizonensis, sp. n.,
brunneri,

gillettei, 54
howardii, 54
lamellifer, 54
longispinus, 54

multispinosus, sp. nov., 54
Pygarctia muricolor, sp.

nov., 38
Pyrrhotzenia coccinea, sp.
nov., 241
Rhadinocerea, 128
Rhizophagus scalpturatus,
204
Reeselia, 42
Saturniidz, 9, 14
Scatophaga, 161

INDEX.

furcata,
vulpina, sp. nov., 162
Scepsis wrightii, larva of, 249
Schaus, articles by, 107, 138
Schinia brevis, 200
Schizogenius amphibius, 214

Scolinoneura, 129
Seifert, article by, 182
Selandriide, 127

Semiothisa oaxacana, sp.

nov., 146
Semyra, 237
coarctata, 237
Senoclia, 129
Sesia arizon#, sp. noy., 240
tacoma, sp. nov., 240
Setagrotis elata, sp.
nov., 106
Sibine, 233
stimulea, life-history, 155
Sigalcessa flaveola, sp.
nov., 49
Sisyrosea, genus of, 238
textula, larva of, 157
Siphonella inquilina, sp.
nov., 48
Slosson, article by, 247
Spaziophora, 161
Sphindus americanus, 93
crassulus, sp. noy., 93
trinifer, sp. nov., 93
Sphingide, 12
Staphylinus cinnamop-
tora, 314
Stenaclidia cindica, sp.
nov., 148
Stibadium corazona, sp.
noy., 144
jalada, sp. nov., 144
Tabanus atratus, 50
Tachardia mexicana, 173
nigra, sp. nov., 172
Talmia, 236
Tarache axendra, sp.
nov., 117
duenna, sp. nov., 118
jaliscana, sp. nov., 118
mizteca, sp. nov., 118
pyralidia, sp. nov., I17
Telicota dara, 58
Tenebrioides laticollis, 215
Tenella, 127

ERRATA.

162} Tephrina griseata,

sp.
nov., 149
quadarana, sp. nov., 149
submarcata, sp. nov., 149
Termes flavipes, 206
Tetragoneuria cynosura, 197
Theridion subterranea, 205
Thosea, 238
Tomestethus, 128
Tortricidia pallida, life-
history of, 151

testacea, life-history of, 155.

Townsend, articles by,
50, 165

Trachea paranica, sp.
nov., 114
Trabala truncata, 239
Tramea carolina, 197
lacerata, 197

Trichodesma obliqua, sp.
nov., 140

Trichopteryx haldemanii, 222

Trichromia, synopsis of, 37

neretina, sp. nov., 37
Tsanthrene pentagona,
sp. nov., 139
Typhlopsylla assimilis, 55
bidentatiformis, 55
charlottensis, sp. nov., 56
nudata, sp. nov., 56
pectiniceps, 55
Uropoda depressa, 205
Vipsania anticlea, 236
Vespa crabra, nest of, 199
Vitrea electrina, 215
Volucella tamaulipana,
sp. nov.. 51
Webster, article by, 27
Xenopates, 127
Xanthoptera auruda, sp.
nov., 118
Xestocis, gen. nov., 85
biarmata, 86
insolens, sp. nov., 86
levettei, sp. nov., 85
miles, sp. nov., 85
opalescens, sp. nov., 86
Zadion albonotatum, 52
Zarca, 129
Zeuzera asylas, 60
canadensis, 59
Zoniloides miniusculus, 214

Page 45, for Eurinzexilis, sp. nov., read Eurina exilis, sp. nov.
Page 194, line 9, for immediate read immaculate,

Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. VI, Pl. I.

Life-Histories of Packardia geminata and elegans.

— i

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Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Val VIS Lila LY,

Drasteria erechtea.

Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. VI, PIV.

ie

Sa ee

Drasteria erechtea.

Journ. VN. Y. Ent. Soc. Win, WIL SEY, WHE

ie

“a0

i

ees

Life-History of Heterogenea flexuosa.

Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vo Vis EL VILL,

Genitalia of Noctuide.

Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.

Life-History of Tortricidia

Vol Vi EL VILE

testacea.

Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vole VEE ELE Xe

Nest of Vespa crabro.

XG cle A ‘0S ‘ua (x ‘AT “uAnof

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Prema te es

Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Vol. Vix Pl. XT,

wis 9

Life-History of Heterogenea shurtleffii.

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Coccide collected in Mexico, by Messrs. Townsend and Koebele in 1897. By_C. f

H. T, Townsenp and T. D. A. CocKERELL, ake ea ee 2 ae SG
Some Mexican Phalangida. By NATHAN BANKS,. .. 2... 1. we. pean tl
Life-History of Feralia jocosa. By OTTO SEIFERT, . .. 2. . . 182—

A New Dipterous Genus belonging to the Therevide. By D. W. icone 187 -—~ :

Life-History of the Two forms of Cerura nivea, By RICHARD E. KuNnzE, ASB) Wee

Preliminary List of the Dragonflies of Staten Island, with notes and Defes of

Capture. By WM. T. Davis,. . 5... Size sae 195°
Note on the nest of Vespa Crabro. By Wm. BEUTENMULLER, ye See peice (LE tae

Proceedings of the New York Entomological Society, .... . OAS Scag RODE

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DECEMBER, 1898.

Edited by Wirt1am Brurenmutuer.

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