JOURNAL OF THE F.M.S. MUSEUMS, /1/ieL/tiO S Ui-t^^^V^^ 7HoS<2Lc)r7?5 H( JOURNAL OF THE Federated Malay States Museums. Vol. X DECEMBER, 1919 to DECEMBER, 1922. Printed for the F.M.S. MUSEUMS BY KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED, (Incorporated in Hongkong) Singapore. 1922. >?V^ ^ CONTENTS," VOL. X. PART I.— JULY, 1920. PAGE I. On Sea-snakes from the coasts of the Malay Peninsula, Siam and Cochin-China. , Malcolm A. Smith . . . • • • 1 PART II.— DECEMBER, 1920. II. On a collection of Plants from Peninsular Siam. H. N. Ridley .. • . . . 65 III. Two new Siamese Plants. H. N. Ridley . . 127 IV. New and rare Malayan Plants. H. N. Ridley 128 PART III.— JUNE, 1921. V. Notes on Malaysian Butterflies (Part I) Danainae. J. C. Moulton . . . . 157 VI. The Apple-Snails of the Malay Peninsula. N. Annandale . . . . • • 193 VII. Two new Batrachians and a new Snake from Borneo and the Malay Peninsula. Malcolm A. Smith .. .. .. ..197 VIII. Some Water-snakes new to, or rare in, the Malay Peninsula. C. Boden Kloss . . 201 IX. Nine new Oriental Birds. H. C. Robinson and C. Boden Kloss .. .. ..203 X. New and known Oriental Birds. C. Boden Kloss .. .. .. ..207 XI. Notes on some Oriental Birds. C. Boden Kloss .. .. .. ..214 XIL Seven new Malaysian Mammals. C. Boden Kloss .. .. .. ..229 XIII. Notes on some Mammals from Sumatra. E. Jacobson . . . . . . . . 235 XIV. Notes on the probable climate of a Mountain Station in the Malay States. C. E. P. Brooke . . . . 241 Contents. PART IV.— DECEMBER, 1922. PAGE XV. The Flora of Klang Gates, Selangor. H. N. Ridley .. .. .. ..247 XVI. Birds from the One Fathom Bank Light- house, Straits of Malacca. H. C. Robinson and C. Boden Kloss . . . . . . 253 XVII. A list of Birds collected on Pulau Rumpia, Sembilan Islands. H. C. Robinson and C. Boden Kloss . . . . . . 255 XVIII. List of Birds collected on Pulau Jarak, Straits of Malacca. H. C. Robinson and C. Boden Kloss .. .. .. ..259 XIX. Three new Oriental Birds. H. C. Robinson and C. Boden Kloss . . . . . . 261 XX. On a collection of Reptiles and Batrachians from the Mountains of Pahang, Malay Peninsula. Malcolm A. Smith . . . . 263 XXI. A Butterfly new to the Malay Peninsula. H. M. Pendlebury . . . . . . 283 LIST OF PLATES.— VOL. X. PART I. I. Sea-snakes : Hydrophis lamberti, H. klossi and H. consobrinus. PART III. II. Batrachians : Rana pullus {= R. tasanae nom. nov.) and Nectophryne picturata. III. Spotted Flying-squirrel of Sumatra : Petaurista punctata sumatrana. PART I. Map to illustrate the paper on Sea-snakes from the coasts of the Malay Peninsula, Siam and Cochin-China. I. ON SEA SNAKES FROM THE COASTS OF THE MALAY PENINSULA, SIAM AND COCHIN-CHINA. By Malcolm A. Smith, F.Z.S. Plate I and Map. INDEX. Hvdrus platurus pp. 4,35 Hvdrophis consobrinus pp. 20, 49 Hvdrophis laniberti pp. 6, 36 H. fasciatus fasciatus pp. 24, 52 H." godeflrovi pp. 7, 36 H. fasciatus atriceps pp. 25, 53 H. cvanocinctus pp. 8,37 H. gracilis pp. 26, 55 H. inelanosoma pp. 10, 39 H. viperina pp. 27, 56 H. brui^inansii pp. 12, 40 H. jerdonii pp. 28, 51 H. torquatus torquatus pp. 13, 41 Tbalassophis anomalus pp. 29, 58 H. torquatus aagaardi pp. 14, 42 T. annandalei pp. 29, 59 li. torciuatus siamensis pp. 15, 43 Enhydrina valakadyn pp. 30, 60 n. caerulescens caerulescens pp. 17, 45 Enhydris hardwickii pp. 32, 61 H. caerulescens .thai pp. 17, 47 Aipysurus eydouxii pp. 32, 63 IT. klossi pp. 19, 48 ^ INTRODUCTION. T This paper is based upon collections made during the past seven years. The total number of specimens examined amounts to nearly 900. In addition to those obtained in or near the Gull" of Siam, I have been permitted Jlo study, through the coiu'tesy of the Director of the F.M.S. Museums, several fine collections made in the Straits of Malacca, chietly olf the coast of Perak. I have thus been able to compare large series of several different species from two entirely different localities, and the results have been of great interest. Most of the specimens have been obtained by native coUecfors, working in conjunction with the fisher people. Nearly all have been caught at river mouths, where the water is slightly brackish, either by visiting the fishing stakes set a short distance out to sea, at the time of the daily haul, or by obtaining them from the nets or baskets placed within the river mouth. The collections from Pulau Angsa, oft' the coast of Selangor, from Bangnara, Patani, from Hua Hin, and a small one made at the head of the Gulf of Siam are exceptions to this. They were made in purely salt water, the snakes being caught while trawling, or in an ordinary hand net as they lay on the surface of the water. Other means than the above of obtaining sea snakes are less productive. Some species are attracted by a light at night, and can be speared or netted. Enhydris hardwickii I have often known caught on a hook and line ; and a certain number are to be found left on the beach by the receding tide. 2 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, Sea snakes can be conveyed long distances alive if attention is paid to their method of transport. They are best kept in a jar or basket and, if not overcrowded and placed in a cool spot with enough water to keep them moist, they will lie almost motionless and live for a week or more. In water they are continually on the move, jostling and disturbing one another. The advantage of obtaining fresh specimens, and of being able to prepare them one's self is considerable, and adds greatly to their value for study purposes. Out of their native habitat sea snakes are helpless and usually extremely sluggish and unaggressive. Although I have examined many hundreds of them alive, I have never seen one make any attempt to bite except under great provocation. The fishermen in the Gulf, although well aware of the dangerous nature of their bite, have little dread of them, and those that happen to get into their boats with the fish, are picked up by the tail and flung back into the water. Judging by the numbers of sea snakes that can be seen in the Gulf of Siam and Straits of Malacca when travelling by steamer along the ordinary trade route, it isSpossible that many new and interesting forms will be found -by deep sea collecting. In certain localities, when the sea is calm, they may often be seen in hundreds, chiefly in the early morning and late afternoon, as they lie on the surface of the water, apparently to bask in the sun. As soon as they feel the wash of the steamer, they dive almost vertically downwards and disappear. At the head of the Gulf where the coast is well sheltered, sea snakes abound ; farther down the Peninsula, where it is exposed to the full force of the N. E. monsoon, they appear to be less numerous. Two sheltered spots are an exception to this, namely, the mouth of the Inland Sea, Singgora, and the Bay of Patani. By systematically collecting at every available spot, it has been possible in course of time to search the whole of the Gulf very thoroughly. The result of this has been to bring out one noteworthy fact, namely, the curiously local distribution of many of the species. Certain forms will be more or less abundant along a small stretch of coast, at one or more river mouths, and almost or entirely absent in other parts of the Gulf. The Perak coast collections shew this same peculiarity, but as they have been made oyer a much smaller coast hne, it is not so marked. It is difficult to assign a reason for this phenomenon. The natural conditions at the mouths of these rivers, generally mud-flats, are apparently identical, so that it would not in any way appear to be governed by the food requirements of these species. It may be that they are estuarinc in their habits, and that when they get carried out to sea, as must frequently happen, they perish, either from want of suitable nourishment, or by being devoured by fish or other enemies. 1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 3 Some good collections made well away from the coast would be of value in helping to elucidate this interesting problem. This eccentricity of distribution, as well as minor varia- tions in scalation and colour which I have found confined to certain localities only, confirms the view that I have held for some time, namely, that although the range of a species may be very great, that of the individuals comprising it is inclined to be extremely local. It follows from this that we may expect to find among sea snakes a considerable number of geographical forms. No attempt has yet been made to define races for any of the species, for the reason that few herpetologists have had sufficient material to work upon. Yet it is clear, when a good series can be obtained from one locality, and compared with a series from another, sufficiently remote, that differences can be found. In many cases the difference is not great, and is confined merely to slight variation in the number of scales round the neck and body. A few shew more distinct changes, not only in the number of scale rows but in the relationship of the head shields to one ani^her. Owing to the wide variation which the indivicl'uals of a species may exhibit in any one locality, large series are naturally required before the range of variation of any particular race can be defined. It is imperative also, if satisfactory results are to be obtained, that the same methods of examination should be used. For, according to the way in which the scale rows and ventral shields are counted, so will the results differ. In counting the body scales I have endeavoured to find the minimum and the maximum number of rows. This necessitates several counts at each spot. The minimum is upon the neck, usually from two to three, but sometimes as much as from four to five, heads-lengths behind the head. The maximum is at mid-body or posterior to it. In certain forms, such as Enliydris, Thalassophis, Hydras, the maximum is usually attained by mid-body, but in most of them, and particularly in (he small headed forms, it is not reached until well pasi mid-body. The ventrals are counted from the first biluberculated shield that can be discovered upon the neck, and all missing ones are allowed for as if they were present. The range in the number of ventral shields varies considerably. It is greatest in that group of species which are at present defined under " head very small, body very long and slender anteriorly." It will be seen however, upon inspection of the tables given, that while the range of the majority in a series is comparatively limited, a few indivi- duals at cither end string it out and add greatly to its number. It is disturbing, after having examined a large series, and obtained what appears to be the range of varia- tion of these shields, to find another example which upsets one's figures to the extent of twenty, thirty, or even more. Some specimens in my collection differ in this respect so 4 Journal of the FM.S. Museums. [Vol. X, markedly from what appears to be the normal, that I have refrained for the present from making any diagnosis of them! A good illustration of this anomaly will be found under Hydrophis viperina, a snake possessing so many unique features that there can be no doubt of its identity. The measurements of length given are in many cases approximate only. It is impossible with a specimen coiled up and hardened by alcohol to be exact. Where total lengths are concerned a slight discrepancy is of little impor- tance, but in connection with the sexual variation in the length of the tail, it is of considerable value. A full list of all the specimens examined has not been given in every case. In dealing with large numbers of a common form this has seemed imnecessary. In other instances the specimens had been given away to various Museums before a register of them was undertaken. The following places are mentioned as having been collected in : — In the Gulf of Siam. Meklong or Meklawng, Tachin, Bangpakong, Chantabun, Ban Yao, — ^fishing villages at the movi^^ of the rivers of those names at the head of the Gulf. A reference such as Chantabun implies the mouth of the Chantabun river, not Chantabun town. Koh Kong, a small island ofl' the coast of Cambodia, just beyond Siamese territory. Hua Hin, a fishing village on the west side of the Gulf, 80 km. south of the mouth of the Meklawng river, the nearest fresh water to this village being at Pran, 20 km. south. Chumpon, Langsuan, Bandon, Singgora, on the east coast of the peninsular portion of Siam. Bangnara in Patani, and Trengganu, on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula. In the Straits of Malacca. Kuala Kurau, Kuala Larut, Londang, on the coast of Perak. Bagan Datoh, in the estuary of the Perak river. Pulau Angsa, 8 km. otf the coast of Selangor, a purely salt water islet. Bernam River, Selangor. Trang, 120 km. south of the island of Puket (Junk Seylon) . In Cochin China. Cap St. Jacques, at the mouth of the Saigon river. Preliminary diagnoses of Hydrophis lamherti, H. siamensis, H. consobrinus and H. rostralis appeared in the Journal of the Natural History Society of Siam, ii, p. 340 (1917) . Further study of these forms in the light of addi- tional specimens obtained since that date, have obliged me to modify considerably the remarks I made at that time. The 1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 5 types of all the species here described will be presented to the British Museum of Natural History, together with a selection from the type series. In the preparation of this paper I have, above all, to thank Mr. G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., for the generous help by correspondence which he has so freely given me at all times. I have to thank also Mr. H. C. Robinson, Director of F.M.S. Museums, and Mr. C. Boden Kloss, for the valuable collections made under their direction, and sent to me from time to time. I am indebted also to Dr. Nelson Annandale of the Indian Mjseum, to Messrs. N. B. Kinnear and W. S. Millard of the Bombay Natural History Society, and Dr. Hanitsch of the Rattles Museum. Singapore, for the loan of specimens in their charge on various occasions. Mr. C. L. Groundwater I have to thank for his careful drawings of the heads of snakes, and Mr. J. R. Bell for the map. Hydrus platurus (Linn.). ^ Boulenger, Cat. Sn. B. M., II, p. 267 (1896) ; idem, Fauna Malay Pen., Kept, and Batr. p. 181 (1912) ; Stejneger, Herpet. Japan, p. 439 (1907) ; Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, II (8), p. 248 (1909) ; idem, Journ. Bombay N.H.S., XXVI, p. 808 (1919) ; Barbour, Mem. Mus. Gomp. Zool. Harvard, XLIV, p. 129 (Nov. 1912) ; N. de Rooij, Rept. Ind. Aust. Archipel., II, p. 224 (1917). Pelamudriis platurus, Stej., Proc. U. S. N. Mus., 38, p. Ill, (May, 1910). Gulf of Siani, 20 exs. ; Straits of Malacca, 9 exs. This snake appears to be a strictly marine species. All the specimens referred to above were taken in purely salt water. The Gulf series was caught with a dip net while lying on the surface of the water, and was taken one morning while oH" the coast between Hua Hin and Koh Lak. Altogether some 50 individuals were seen. With the exception of a few si)ecimens of the common Enhydris hardwickii, they were the only snakes noticed. Although I spent the succeedhig week in cruising down the same coast, going as far South as Lat. 9" (Bandon) for the express purpose of collecting sea snakes, I did not meet afterwards w^ith more than half a dozen snakes of any kind. The weather conditions were the same throughout. Colouration. — (Gulf series). Black above, yellow to dark brow^n on the sides and below, the two colours meeting in a clear line of demarcation. Tail with black dorsal and ventral bars ; sometimes with a few spots as well. Upper lip the same colour as the sides of the body. Some of the darker examples have a yellow stripe separating the black of the back from the brown of the under parts. The amount of black upon the back is variable in width, occupying from 11 to 18 scales, but in no instance is it narrow enough to deserve the name of vertebral band. All of this series belongs to Boulenger's vars. D and E, and they are merely variations of the same 6 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, colour form (bicolor), the yellow merging by every degree of intensity into brown. (Straits of Malacca series). Two out of the nine examples obtained (Nos. 3903, 3915) are coloured as above, but the remaining seven are quite different. They have a narrowish black dorsal band occupying about ten scales, while the rest of the body is yellow, thickly spotted with black. In the fore-part of the body the upper spots have coalesced to form a narrow stripe, so that there is alternately a dorsal band, a narrow yellow stripe, and then a black one. The dorsal band in the hinder part of the body is sinuous in out-line or is broken into large spots. Tail thickly spotted, with the central or ventral part entirely black. In some examples the whole head is dark brown or black. I regard these as Boulenger's form B (Jan's maculata) . They shew no tendency whatever to intergrade with the previous form. In addition to the difference in colour, the Straits series shews a higher average number of scale rows round the neck and body, than those from the Gulf. The variatiqc is as follows : — Gulf of Siam. 39 to 50 round the neck ; 48 to 60 round the body. Straits of Malacca. 44 to 55 round the neck ; 52 to 68 round the body. The question of racial distinction in this widely distributed snake is a complex one. Boulenger describes seven colour varieties, but does not attempt to connect them in any way with geographical areas. Barbour, with the additional material available in the Harvard College Museum says "nine easily distinguishable color phases may be recognized." Six of these, he adds, occur in and about the Bay of Panama. I do not tliink he has sufficiently proved that his Hydrus platurus ornatus is entitled to subspecific rank. Its habitat he defines as the East Indian Archipelago, and his own specimen (No. 938) came from Singapore. But, as shewn by my two series, we may expect to find in the same locality at least three other colour forms, namely, Boulenger's B. D. and E. Hydrophis lamberti Smith. Journ. N. H. S. Siam, ii, p. 340 (1917). Description of the type. — Head rather large, neck thick, body moderately elongate. Eye a little larger than its distance from the niouth ; rostral considerably broader than deep, the portion visible above equal to one-third the length of the internasal suture ; frontal once and a half as long as broad, much shorter than its distance from the 1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 7 rostral ; one prae- and two postoculars ; two superposed anterior temporals ; eight supralabials, the 2nd in contact with the praefrontal, 3rd and 4th touching the eye ; three or four infralabials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; no distinct posterior pair. 45 scales round the neck, 55 round the thickest part of the body, * those anterior feebly imbricate, elongate, with truncated apex, and feebly keeled, those posterior, hexagonal and subimbricate, with a short central keel ; ventrals distinct throughout, 281, bicarinate ; subcaudals, 43. Pale yellowish-grey above, whitish below, with 30 dark dorsal rhombs on the body, tapering to a point on the sides ; tail with 4 bars and a dark tip. Head above pale olivaceous. Dimensions.—Total length, 860 ; tail, 80, depth of neck, 18 ; of body, 42 mm. Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 10 ; palatine, 10 ; pterygoid, 23 or 24 ; mandibular, 22, (1 specimen examined) . Type. — Female, author's number, 1112. Collected at 4J\e mouth of the Meklawng river. Inner Gulf of Siam, in Sept., 1916. Variation. — By fragmentation of the upper extremity of the 3rd supralabial on one side, it is prevented from touching the eye. There are no small scales interposed between the infralabials. A second specimen of this snake. No. 4010, a juvenile, total length 335 mm., differs from the type in the following particulars : — Portion of rostral visible above equal to nearly half the length of the internasal suture ; 7 upper labials ; posterior chin-shields small, separated by four scales ; 302 ventrals ; 38 dark dorsal rhombs. It was collected at Hua Hin, near the type locality by Mr. S. G. Lambert, after whom I have much pleasure in naming it. This snake is closely allied to H. ornatus (Gray) from which it differs chiefly in the greater number of scale rows round the neck and body. Hydrophis godeffroyi Peters. Hydrophis godeffroiji, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac, 1872, p. 856, p. 1, fig. 3. Distira godeffroyi, Boulenger, Gat. Sn. B. M., Ill, p. 291 (1896). Disteira godeffroyi, Stejneger, Herpet. Japan, p. 430 (1907). Distira ornata, Wall, Mem. As. Soc. Bengal, II, (8), p. 234 (1909). Cap St. Jacques, 2 exs. I have referred these specimens to H. godeffroyi as they agree very well, both with Boulenger's description of this * 35 and 45 scale rows, as given in my preliminary diagnosis, is an error, and is lierewith corrected. 8 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, species in the Catalogue, and with Stejneger's description of his type from Ishigaki Shima.* Wall has placed godeffroyi under ornatus, and in this he may be right. The only reliable character separating these two species appears to be the number of scales round the neck and body, godeffroyi having fewer. On the other hand, the only reliable character upon which I can separate my lamberti from ornatus is also upon the number of scale rows, lamberti having more. It is possible that ornatus is a very variable species, but it is hardly likely that the range would be so great in one locahty. I have never yet seen any specimens of ornatus from the Gulf, although they have been recorded, but until I can fdl in the large gap which separates my specimens of lamberti from godeffroyi, I leave all three as they stand. The accompanying table will shew the ditferences between them. Variation. — The internasal suture is three times as long as the interpraefrontal in one of my specimens, only once and a half times as long in the other. Three postocu- lars on one side, two on the other, in each example. Two superposed anterior temporals, the lower one again broken into two by a vertical suture. Seven supralabials in one*, eight in the other, the third and fourth touching the eye. Chin-shields subecpial, the posterior pair, and also partly the anterior pair, separated by scales. Four infralabials in contact with the chin-shields. Boulenger states that the scales on the posterior part of the body are juxtaposed. I should term mine feebly imbricate ; they arc certainly not juxtaposed as the word is meant when applied to such species as H. gracilis or Enhydris hardwickii. Colour. — Buffj^-white, with 58 and 68 darkish grey dorsal bars upon the body and tail. Head greyish-olive above, white below. Dentition.— Posterior maxillary, 12 or 13 ; palatine, 8 ; pterygoid, 25 to 27 ; mandibular, 20, (2 specimens examined) . Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin. Hijdrophis cifanocinctus, Bouleng., Cat. Sn., B. M., Ill, p. 294 (1896)" ; idem. Fauna Malay Pen., Kept, and Batr., p. 185 (1912) ; Wall, Journ. Bombay N. H. S., XXIII, p. 375 (1914), and XXVI, p. 433 (1919) ; N. de Rooij, Kept. Ind. Aust. Archipel., II, p. 237 (1917). Disteira cijanocincta, Stej. Herpet. .Japan, p. 428 (1907). Distira cuanocinta, Wall, (part.), Mem. Asiat. Soc, Bengal, II, (8) p. 217 (1&09). 40 specimens. Straits of Malacca, 11 ^ , 6 $ ; Gulf of Siam, 6 s ,7 9 ; Cap St. Jacques, Cochin China, 6 $ ,4 9 . * I mention type because the tabulated list of the other three specimens given is somewhat confusing. The type has 34 scales round the neck and 43 round the body, an increase of 9. But the next two examples have an increase of only 5 and 1 respectively, while the last has none at all, the count for this individual being 33 for both neck and body. It looks like a misprint, but I have no means of knowing. 1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 9 I have recently examined the type of H. tuberculata Anders., in the Indian Museum, and am in agreement with Wall (Monograph, p. 220) that it should be placed under cyanocincfus. It has 31 and 41 scale rows and 312 ventrals. My largest specimen, a female from the mouth of the Tachin river, is considerably bigger than any previously recorded. It measures 1885 mm. in total length, tail 135. Considering that the type H. aspera Gimther, is said to have come from Singapore, a noteworthy feature about most of the specimens is the absence of strong keeling to the scales. The majority are quite smooth in the anterior portion of the body, faintly keeled on the dorsal rows in the posterior part. One example only, a well grown male, is very strongly keeled ; on the other hand, another male, half grown, is entirely smooth throughout. The eye is variable in size but in all the adults is less than its distance to the mouth. In two examples, Nos. 1315, 1318, it is extremely small. The anterior temporal shields shew considerable variation. Normally there are two, placed one above the othei", the suture between them being horizontal. But the suture may be obliquely placed, or even almost vertical, so that the two shields, instead of being superposed, are placed one behind the other. Cuneiform scales between the infralabials are present in all, usually a series after the second. In the number of scales round the neck and body, the specimens from the Straits of Malacca shew a slightly liigher variation than those from the Gulf of Siam. How far they differ, if at all, from the Indian form (type locality Bengal), can only be determined when more exact data from that region are available. The variation (including 10 embryos), is as follows : — 29 to 35, usually 31 to 33, round the neck. 39 to 47, * usually 41 to 43, round the body. Ventrals 292 to 377. Excluding the embryos, the frontal shield is shorter than its distance to the rostral in 3 examples, equal to its distance in 10, greater than in 4. The posterior chin shields are in contact with each other in 4 examples, partly separated in 12, completely separated in 1. Compared with these specimens, the series from the coasts of Siam and Cochin China shews a slight reduction in the number of scale rows, although in other characters, except possibly in the size of the frontal, it presents no differences. It is as follows : — ' Wall records a specimen with 49 scales at the thickest part of the body, but does not say from where it has come. Journ. N. H. S. Bombay, XXVI, p. 436 (1919). 10 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, 28 to 33, usually 29 to 31, scales round the neck. 37 to 43, usually 39 to 43, round the body. Ventrals, 321 to 389. The frontal shield is as long as its distance to the rostral in 11 examples, longer than in 12, in 9 of these being as long as its distance to the end of the snout. The posterior chin shields are in contact with each other in 12 examples, partly separated in 11. Colour. — All the young ones taken from the mother referred to below, belong to Boulenger's Var. A of the Catalogue. They are light olivaceous yellow, with from 65 to 80 blackish annuli, broadest on the back and joined together by a strong black stripe running along the beUy. Head black, with or without a curved yellow band across the snout behind the nostril, and continued back along the sides of the head. Posterior half of tail, black. A comparison of these juveniles with the other more grown individuals in the series, shows that the ventral part of the stripe and ventral band gradually disappear with age. In some of the younger specimens, one-quarter and one-third grown, these markings can still be traced, but in the adults they are entirely lost. • All of these are best placed under C and D, but between the two no dividing line can be drawn. From the handsome individuals with bold, black or blue-black dorsal bars, to those in which the bars are so obscurely marked as to be hardly recognizable, every gradation can be seen. Head olivaceous or yellowish, sometimes mottled with blackish. The adult form with complete jet black annuli and ventral stripe which is to be found along the Coasts of India, and which appears to turn up again in the seas around Formosa I have never seen in this region. Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 6 or 7 ; palatine, 7 or 8 ; pterygoid, 15 to 19 ; mandibular, 15 or 16, (7 specimens examined) . Breeding. — One pregnant female with 10 fully deve- loped 5'oung was caught in May off the Coast of Perak. Mother. — Total length 1690 mm. ; 31 scales round the neck, 42 round the body, ventrals 337. Youn^.— Total length, 360 to 380 mm. ; 29 to 31 scales round the neck, 39 to 41 round the body. The ventrals could not be counted satisfactorily. Two other gravid females with their embryos still in an early stage of development were obtained in January and May in the Gulf of Siam. Their broods were 5 and 11 respectively. kiiiifcjHydrophis melanosoma Giinther. Hijdrophis melanosoma, Giinther, Rept. Brit. Ind., p. 367, pi. XXV (1864). Distira melanosoma, Blgr., Cat. Sn. B. M., Ill, p. 291 (1896). Distira wravi, Blgr., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist,, (7) V, p 307, (1900). 1920.] Dr. Maixolm Smith : Sea Snakes. ii Distira spiralis (part), Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, II (8), p. 212 (1909). Hydrophis wrayi, Blgr., Fauna Malay Pen., Kept, and Batr., p. 185 (1912). 15 exs., Kuala Kurau, Coast of Perak. All the differences between H. wrayi Blgr., and H. melanosoma Giinth., being disposed of by the above series, Mr. Boulenger is in agreement with me that his species should become a synonym of Giinther's. The type of H. wrayi is from the coast of Perak. The type locality of H. melanosoma is unknown. Both forms were described from single examples. On the whole my series is a very uniform lot, and shews remarkably little variation. The eye in the adult is always shorter than its distance to the mouth ; the frontal is as long as its distance to the rostral in two examples, shorter than in thirteen ; four infralabials are in contact with the chin-shields, which are subequal in size ; the posterior pair are in contact in one example, partly separated in eight, completely separated in six. Seven supralabials and a single anterior temporal occur in every example. Boulenger has described the body scales of his specimen as " feebly imbricate," while Gunther uses " distinctly imbricate " for his. I should use the latter expression for my specimens. Those on the neck and anterior part of the body are longer than broad, with obtusely pointed extremi- ties, those on the posterior part are more rounded, and as broad as or broader than, long. The strength of the keeling is variable and differs with age. Ventrals distinct throughout, bicarinate. Fragmentation of the fourth and fifth supralabials occurs in two examples. In one the frontals and praefrontals are fused, and in another the sixth and seventh supralabials are fused on one side. In no instance do the praefrontals fail to touch the supralabials. A small cuneiform scale is usually present after the second and third infralabials. Colour. — Greenish yellow, the dorsal scales with black margins, and with 50 to 70 broad black bands, usually as broad above as below, and about twice as broad as their interspaces. Some of them are incomplete ventrally. Head black, uniform or with a yellowish mottling which is chiefly confined to the snout. In two examples, Nos. 1121 and 1122, the bands narrow ventrally, so that upon the belly they are about as broad as their interspaces. Judging from my specimens, the coloura- tion of this snake does not appear to undergo much alteration with age. Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 5 or 6 ; palatine, 7 ; pterygoid, 11 or 12 ; mandibular, 14 (2 specimens examined) . Wall, in his Monograph, places both melanosoma and wrayi under spiralis (brugmansi), and writing again quite recently (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, XXVI, p. 431, May, 12 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, 1919), is still of the same opinion. With a different scale formula however, more strongly imbricate body scales, and distinctive colouration (practically a brugmansi reversed), there seems every reason to keep these species separate. I do not understand his remark upon the following page (footnote, Journ. p. 433) , where he also contends that melanosoma may have to be placed under cyanocinctus. Hydrophis brugmansii Boie. Hvdropliis brugmansii, Bouleng., Cat. Sn. B. M., P. 292 (1896) ; idem. Faun. Malay Pen., Rept. and Batr., p. 184 (1912) ; Wall, Journ. Bombay N. H. S., XXIII, p. 375 (1914) ; N. de Rooi], Rept. Ind. Aust. Archipel., II, p. 233 (1917). Distira spiralis, Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, II, (8) p. 208 (1909). Hydrophis spiralis. Wall, Journ. Bombay N.H.S., XXVI, p. 430 (1919). The natural habitat of this species appears to be the coasts of India, whence individuals occasionally reach the shores of the Malay Peninsula. Cantor obtained a specimen at Penang and I have examined two more from the coast of Perak. They agree entirely with Boulenger's description. The scales round the body are smooth anteriorly, and have a feeble keel posteriorly. The ventrals are smooth through- out. One specimen (No. 1202) has no cunieform scales between the infralabials, an unusual condition in this species. Colour. — Greenish-yellow above, the dorsal scales with black margins, yellowish or whitish below. 44 and 45 narrow black bands upon the body, the bands slightly enlarged dorsally and ventrally in one, very indistinct across the belly in the other. Head yellowish, posterior half of tail black. Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 7 ; palatine, 7 ; pterygoid, 13 ; mandibular, 16 (1 specimen examined). Under brugmansi (spiralis). Wall has included some eight or nine other forms, which as far as I am aware are still considered distinct by other herpetologists. Only two of them are concerned with this paper, namely melanosoma and wrayi, and these I have dealt with in discussing the former. Hydrophis torquatus Giinther. Under torauatus I now include three forms which I have previously considered distinct. No other species of sea snake that I have j'^et examined shews such distinct changes, both in scalation and in colouration, within so small an area. That variation should occur between series found upon the opposing sides of the Peninsula, was to be expected, but that two distinct forms should occur in the Gulf of Siam, with only 350 miles of open sea between them, was surprising. With a large series of each form however. 1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 13 available for examination, I find that they intergrade so completely with each other, that it seems impossible to distinguish between them. The three forms are : — HyDUOPHIS TORQUATLS TORQUATl S. 33 — 37 scales round the neck ; 43 — 49 round the body. Ventrals 242—306. Head in the adult pale grey, with a considerable suffusion of yellow on the top. Habitat. Coast of Perak and Selangor. Hydrophls torquatus aagaardl 32 — 37 scales round the neck ; 39 — 47 round the body. Ventrals 276—325. Head in the adult dark olive to blackish, with a curved yellow mark across the snout and along the sides. Habitat. Coast of Patani, Gulf of Siam. Hydrophls torquatus siamensis. 29 — 35 scales round the neck ; 35 — 42 round the body. Ventrals 271—343. Colouration as in aagaardi. Habitat. Inner Gulf of Siam. Hydrophis torquatus torquatus. Hydrophis torquatus, Giiatlier, Rept. Brit. Ind., p. 369, pi. XXV, fig. H, (1864) ; Boulenger, Fauna Malay Pen., Rept. and Batr., p. 190 (1912) ; N. de Rooij, Rept. Ind. Aust. Archipel., II, p. 231 (1917). Distira torquata, Wall (part.), Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, II, (8), p. 229 (1909). Coast of Perak, 39 exs. ; Bernam River, Selangor, 2 exs. Gunther's types came from Penang, so that my Perak coast specimens are, for all practical purposes, topotypes. On the whole they are a very uniform lot, and shew more constancy in scalation than the other two forms found in the Gulf. Variation. — The frontal shield, except in one instance, is always shorter than its distance to the rostral. The supralabials normally are seven, the first four being usually complete, the fifth divided, and the last two (rarely are there three), very small. Chin-shields well developed, the Eosterior pair in contact with each other or partly separated y a scale. Four infralabials in contact with the chin- shields ; cuneiform scales invariably present between the infralabials, usually a series after the second. 33 — 37 scales round the neck, 43 — 49 round the body, those anterior elongate, with truncate or bluntly pointed apex, those posterior more or less hexagonal, imbricate or subimbricate throughout, with a central tubercle or short keel. Ventrals distinct throughout, 242 — 306. Average 277. The number next to 242 is 260. In adult specimens the depth of the body posteriorly is from 2 to 2% times that of the neck. 14 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, Co/our.— This varies considerably with age. The young are whitish, with from 46 to 63 well defmed black bands, which are often incomplete ventrally. Head black, with a whitish or yellowish mark across the snout and along the sides. Adults are pale grey above, yellowish white below, with darker grey bands, less clearly defined, and usually incomplete ventrally in the posterior part of the body. In some aged individuals the bands have almost entirely dis- appeared, leaving the back more or less uniform grey. Head grey, with the yellow marks more extensive and less defined, this latter colour sometimes covering the whole of the top of the head except a small patch on the crown. Length. — One example measures 835 mm. in total length, but the majority of the specimens are under 700 mm. Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 8 to 10, palatine, 7 — 8 ; pterygoid, 19 to 22 ; mandibular, 16 — 18 (14 speci- mens examined) . Wall, in his Monograph, has included under torquatus another snake which Boulenger now recognises as diadema, (the obscurus of the Catalogue, p. 284) . His argument for combining these two species does not convince me, and the points of difference upon which he states Boulenger has separated them, do not appear to me to be the correct ones. The difference in the number of scales round the neck and body, and the marked difference in the number of ventrals, have been overlooked by him entirely. That these two species cannot be identical is well shewn by my series, which, as already stated, is topotypical. In the number of scales round the neck and body, and in the number of ventrals, they agree very closely with Giinther's description. Hydrophis torquatus aagaardi, subsp. nov. Similar to H. t. torquatus, but with average fewer number of scale rows round the body, greater average number of ventrals, larger frontal, and darker colouration. Type. — Adult male, author's number, 1169, collected July 1917, off the coast of Bangnara, Patani, Gulf of Siam, by Mr. C. J. Aagaard. Number of specimens examined, 44, all from the type locality. Variation. — The frontal shield in this form is very variable both in size and shape. In 26 examples it is as long as its distance to the rostral, in 7 examples it is shorter than, and in 9 it is longer than, its distance from that shield. In No. 1267 it is considerably shorter than its distance to the rostral, in No. 1273 it is as long as its distance to the end of the snout, yet there can be no doubt that these two represent the same species. Two postoculars occur in one example. As with the typical form, the temporal shield is verj' constant, a single scale being present in every instance. The supralabials however are more subject to division in aagaardi, and fragmentation may occur in any of them after the second. 1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 15 32—37, usually 33—35, scales round the neck, 39 — 47, usually 42 — 45, round the body. Ventrals 276 — 325. Average 297. Colour. — Greyish or greenish-grey above, yellowish white below, with from 55 — 68 dark grey or blackish annuli, which may be incomplete \entrally. Head black to dark olive, with a yellow band across the snout and continued back along the sides of the head. Sometimes a few yellow spots un the frontal and parietal shields. With age all the markings lose definition, but both this form and the succeeding one are more prone to keep their markings in adult life than the typical form. H. t. aaqaardi represents a race intermediate between H. t. iypica and H. t. siamensis, resembling more the for- mer in scalation and the latter in colour. But for the discovery of this form, I should still have regarded H. t. .siamensis as a species distinct from H. t. typica. AH the specimens were taken in deep clear sea water, being caught in trawling nets, some as far as 20 miles from the coast. I have much pleasure in naming this subspecies after Mr. C. J. Aagaard, of the Bangnara Rubber Estate, Patani, to whom I am indebted for so fine a series. Two other specimens, Nos. 1276, 1175, taken off the same coast and in company with typical specimens of H. t. aagaardi, must be mentioned here. They have 34 and 37 scales round the neck, and 43 and 51 round the body respectively. Ventrals 302 and 292. Both are females and both have two superposed temporal shields on both sides. In other respects they agree entirely with H. t. aagaardi. No. 1276, with 43 scale rows I should have referred without much hesitation to this form, for the same variation in the temporal shields is to be found in its northern ally H. t. siamensis. No. 1175, with 51 scale rows — no, less than 4 in excess of what is to be found in any other specimen of my series — is not so easily disposed of. For the present I regard them both as aberrant examples of H. t. aagaardi. Hydrophis torquatus siamensis Smith. Hijdrophis tiiberciilatus, Smith, Journ. N. H. S. Slam, I, pp. 214, 247 (191.")). Hydrophis siamensis, Smith, J. N. H. S. Slam, II, p. 341 (1917) ; idem, Journ. Bombay N. H. S., XXVI, p. 682 (1919). Similar to H. t. torquatus, but with fewer scale rows round the neck and body, greater average number of ventrals, larger average frontal and darker colour ; also in a tendency of the temporal shield to subdivision. Type. — Adult male, author's number 1151, collected at Ban Yao, Inner Gulf of Siamv Sept., 1917. Number of specimens examined, 84. Variation. — The frontal shield is as long as its distance to the rostral in about 50% of the specimens ; in the remainder it is shorter, with two exceptions, in which it is nearly as long as its distance to the end of the snout. The 1 6 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, temporal shield is not so constant as in the other two forms, in some examples having undergone fragmentation into 2, 3 or 4 pieces. It is noteworthy however, that this irre- gularity is almost entirely confined to the individuals of one locality. Of my 84 specimens, division of this shield on one or both sides occurs in 16, of which 14 are from the mouth of the Chantabun river. In 7 embryos extracted from their mother, a single shield is present in 5, while in the remaining 2 it is divided The mother has one shield on one side, two on the other. The supralabial shields are subject to the same irre- gularity as in aagaardi. 29 — 34, usually 31 — 33, scales round the neck, 35 — 42, usually 37—39, round the body. Ventrals 271 — 343. Average 300. (Chantabun, E. coast series, 296 ; Meklong, W. coast series, 306). In the actual increase in the number of scale rows round the body, as compared with that round the neck, this form differs from both the preceding ones. In siamensis the body count is from 5 — 9, usually 6 — 8, more than the neck, whereas in the other two it is from 6 — 11, usually 8—10. Colour. — As in aagaardi, except that the yellow upon the head is inclined to be more diffuse. In a few examples it is in excess of the ground colour. Most of the specimens are completely banded. Two individuals, Nos. 1279, 1298, have the head and back almost entirely uniform darkish grey ; other examples are characterized by a broad irregular ventral band, either broken or continuous. Distribution. — From Meklong on the Western side of the Gulf to Koh Chang on the East. It is particularly abundant at the mouths of the Meklong and Chantabun rivers. Dimensions.— Xs will be seen from a study of the annexed tables, the two forms in the Gulf appear to grow to a larger size than that found in the typical locality. Specimens of this snake which I sent to the Museum of the Bombay Natural History Society, have been diagnosed by Col. Wall as Hydrophis cyanocinctus. My reasons for dissenting from his opinion have already been given in the Journal of that Society (l.c.s.), and his reply to my criti- cisms later (p. 864) do not in any way influence my previous conclusions. The tables of FI. t. siamensis and H. cyanocinctus which I have given here should be sufficient to shew that the variation in the number of scale rows in these two forms is not the same. Nor can his other remarks Avith regard to scalation, size and colouration, in view of the large series now available for examination, be maintained. As I iiave already remarked, the two snakes when compared side by side — however much they may be alike on paper— are to me so different, that 1 am surprised that Col. Wall should ever have thought them identical. 1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 17 Breeding. — ^Young are born in February and March. Two females are of interest, as shewing the diflference in the size of the embryos due to nutrition. Tlie parents are of equal length 925 mm. — but while one contained a brood of 8, the other had only 3. Both broods 'are apparently fully developed. The average length of the family of 8 is 285 mm., that of the other 325. To this race I refer the specimen recorded by Flower from the Gulf of Siam (P.Z.S., 1899, p. 687, No. 190) as Hijdvophis ohscarus (now diadema) . I count it to have 32 and 38 scale rows, with 302 ventrals and 10 posterior maxillary teeth. It is I believe the only record of diadema from the Gulf. Hydrophis caerulescens (Shaw). Hydrophis caerulescens, Bouleng., Cat. Sn. B. M., p. 275 (1896) ; idem, Fauna Malay Pen., Kept, and Batr., p. 187 (1912) ; Wall, Journ. N. H. S. Bombay, xxiii, pp. 373/374 (1914). Distira caerulescens, Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, ii, (8), p. 231 (1909). This snake has a wide distribution, and from Bombay to C.ochin China appears to be found almost everywhere along the Asiatic coast. Curiously enough it has not yet been recorded from the Malay Archipelago, With its large number of strongly keeled scales round the neck and body, it is well differentiated from most othervS, and has not been subject to much confusion in the past. Boulenger's conception of this species, as regards the number of scales round the neck and body, is without doubt too restricted. Wall, working on more material, found the variation to be considerably greater. He was dealing however, chiefly with Indian specimens. With the large series before me now (98 examples), from the coasts of Siam and the Malay Peninsula, the range can be still further increased. Between the most extreme forms, such as one from Orissa (No. 14493, Indian Museum), with 43 scales round the neck, and 51 round the body, and another of mine (No. 1352) from the Gulf of Siam, with 31 round the neck and 38 round the body, the difference is so great that they might be considered distinct, were it not that the gradation between them can be easily traced. I have only been able to examine a small series from the Indian coasts, and between them and examples from the Straits of Malacca I can find no marked difference. Those from the Indian coasts have a slightly higher average num- ber of scale rows, and a larger series might shew this character to be constant, the maximum average number of scale rows obtaining in that region. W^all also has pointed out that this sea snake possesses a character which is almost pecuHarly its own, namely, that the parietal shield nearly always fails to touch the postocular. His observa- tion, derived chiefly from Indian specimens, applies equally well to my series from the Straits of Malacca^ As shewn later, this character is absent in H. caerulescens thai. I have found it present also, as an abnormality, in H. klossi and H. consobrinus. i8 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, I therefore group all these together under forma caerulescens (type locality, Vizagapatam) . Hydrophis caerulescens caerulescens. 33 to 43 scales round the neck, 42 to 53 ^ round the body ; ventrals, 253 to 337 ; parietals usually not in contact with the postocular. Colour. — Greyish above, yellowish-white below, with from 40 to 60 dark bands which may be incomplete ven- trally. The young have the bands very clearly defined, but with age the markings lose definition, and in some adults are scarcely recognizable, the back being almost uniform grey. Head blackish in the young, darkish grey in the adult, sometimes with a light streak behind the eye -. Habitat. — Shores of India and Burma and west coast of the Malay Peninsula, Number of specimens examined, 65. Coast of India, 9 ; Mergui Archipelago, 2 ; Straits of Malacca, 54. The actual variation between my series from the Indian coast and the Straits of Malacca is as follows :— India. 35 to 43 scales round the neck, 45 to 51 round the body ; ventrals, 269 to 332. Straits of Malacca. 33 to 42 (usually 37 to 39) scales round the neck ; 45 to 51 (usually 45 to 48) round the body ; ventrals, 253 to 319 (average, 290). Variation. — The frontal shield in 11 examples is as long- as its distance from the rostral. In 3 examples the posterior chin-shields are absent. The parietal shield touches the postocular on both sides in 3 examples only, and on 1 side in 7 more. Specimens from the Gulf of Siam I distinguish as Hydrophis caerulescens thai ', subsp. nov. Dift'ers from the tj'^pical form in having fewer scale rows round the neck and body, and in the parietals usually being in contact with the postocular. 31 to 38 (usually 33 to 36) scales round the neck, 38 to 49 (usually 41 to 45) round the body ; ventrals, 262 to 334. Colour. — The dark bands upon the body, although not so conspicuous in adults as in juveniles, do not shew that tendency to become entirely lost with advancing age as in the preceding form. Habitat. — Coasts of Siam and Cochin China. Number of specimens examined, 42 (Gulf of Siam, 40, Cap St. Jacques, 2) . Type. — Adult male, author's number, 1353, collected at Hua Hin, Gulf of Siam, in June 1917. ^53 is recorded by Wall (Monograph). ^The presence of this streak is not mentioned by any author, although Giinther very clearly figures it. It occurs in about 30% of my specimens. 'Thai = Siamese, pronounced tai, 1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 19 Variation. — The frontal in 15 examples is as long as its distance from the rostral ; in one it is longer than its distance ; in no examples are the chin shields absent ; in two instances the posterior pair are in contact with each other ; the parietal shield fails to touch the postocular in two examples only on both sides, and in one example more on one side. Average ventral count, 291. Dentition. — H. caerulescena has an unusually large number of teeth in the maxillary bone behind the poison fangs. I find the dentition as follows : — Posterior maxil- lary, 13 to 16 ; palatine, 7 or 8 ; pterygoid, 21 to 23 ; mandibular, 21 to 25 (7 specimens examined) . Hydrophis klossi Boulenger. Hiidrophis klossi, Boulenger, Fauna Malay Pen., Rept. and Batr,,p. 190 (1912) ; Smith, Journ. Bombay N. H. S., xxiii, p. 787 (1915). 35 exs., Straits of Malacca, 13 $ , 5 9 ; Gulf of Siam, 10 $,7 9. Boulenger's description was drawn up from a single specimen, but with the large amount of material now available this can be considerably augmented, and it will be simpler to redescribe the species than to add a number of points to his original remarks. Description. — Head small, body long and slender anteriorly, the posterior depth in the adult being from 2^/^ to 3 times that of the neck. Snout distinctly projecting beyond the lower jaw ; eye equal to or slightly less than its distance from the mouth. Rostral as broad as deep, or broader than deep, the portion visible above equal to from 1|3 to 213 the internasal suture ; frontal small, longer than broad, usually shorter than its distance from the rostral ; one prae- and one postocular ; one large anterior temporal ; usually five supralabials, 3rd and 4th touching the eye, sometimes a small sixth ; two pairs of cliin-shields, subequal in size, the posterior pair partly or completely separated ; four infralabials in contact with the chin-shields. 23 to 27 scales round the neck, 31 to 39 round the body, imbricate throughout, the anterior ones elongate with bluntly pointed extremities, smooth or faintly keeled, the posterior ones broader with more rounded extremities and more strongly keeled. Ventrals distinct throughout, 360 to 402. Greyish or greenish above, yellowish or whitish below, with from 50 to 75 dark bands. In the fore part of the body these are as broad above as below and slightly broader than their interspaces, behind usually twice as broad above as below. In some the bands are incomplete ventrally, and in some they are linked up by a black line running along the ventral shields ; or the lower part of the neck may be entirely black. Head blackish to olivaceous, lighter on the snout, sometimes with an indistinct horse-shoe shaped mark, its front across the praefrontals and the ends upon the temporal shields. The young at birth are white, with 20 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, clearly defined black bands. Head entirely black, or with a yellow spot behind each nostril, or with the horse-shoe mark ; with age the bands become less distinct but are always clearly recognizable. Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 5 or 6 ; palatine, 7 ; pterygoid, 9 or 10 ; mandibular, 13 or 14 (4 specimens examined) . Variation. — The frontal shield is very variable as regards size, but except in one example is always shorter than its distance from the rostral ; in one example only it is nearly as small as in the type. One example has the 4th supralabial touching the eye on one side, and the 3rd, 4th and 5th on the other. Fragmentation of the upper labials, and cuneiform scales among the lower are rare, the former condition occurs in two examples, the latter in one. //. klossi with its uniform rows of imbricate scales, appears to be closely allied to H. nigrocinctus Daudin, from the Indian seas, and H. melanoceplialus Gray from the Riu Kiu Islands. In the number of scales round the body these three forms are much alike, but klossi has more ventrals, a smaller frontal and fewer supralabials. Nigrocinctus also has two anterior temporals. As will be seen by inspection of the accompanying tables, the Siamese form has a slightly higher average number of scale rows than the Malaccan form. The varia- tion is as follows : — Straits of Malacca, forma typica. 23 — 25 scales round the neck ; 31 — 35 round the body. Ventrals, 361—386 (av. 372). Gulf of Siam. 23 — 27 scales round the neck ; 33 — 39 round the body. Ventrals, 360—386 (av. 372) . Breeding. — In the Gulf this occurs in March, from 2 to 5 young being produced. Females taken off" the coast of Perak in September, shewed the embryos well advanced in development. Hydrophis consobrinus Smith. Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, II, p. 341 (1917). Diagnosis. — Posterior maxillary teeth, 5. Head very small, body very long and slender anteriorly ; 25 to 31 scales round the neck, 36 to 45 round the body ; ventrals, 328 to 401. A single anterior temporal. Head Avith a curved yellow mark above. Description. — Head very small, body very long and slender anteriorly, its greatest depth in the adult being from two and a half to three times that of the neck. Eye slightly greater than its distance from the mouth ; rostral broader than deep, visible above ; frontal once and one third to once and a half times longer than broad, as long as or slightly shorter tlian its distance to the rostral ; one 1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 21 prae- and one, rarely two, postoculars ; a single large anterior temporal succeeded by another not so large, and with 4 to 7, usually 5 or 6, small scales in a series between them and behind the parietals. Six supralabials, 2nd largest and in contact with the praefrontal, 3rd and 4th touching the eye, 6th very small. Chin-shields well deve- loped, subequal, the posterior pair in contact or partly separated. Four infralabials in contact with the chin- shields. 25 to 31 scales round the neck, 36 to 45 round the thickest part of the body, those on the neck imbricate, elongate, with truncated apex, those posterior hexagonal, subimbricate, with a small tubercle or short keel. Ventrals distinct throughout, bicarinate, 328 to 401. Colour. — Greyish above, yellowish or whitish below, with dark grey bars or bands, 60 to 80 in number. In the fore-part of the body these bands are as broad above as below, and broader than their interspaces ; behind broadest on the back, narrowing on the sides, and usually incomplete across the belly. Head blackish or greyish, with a curved yellow mark, its front on the nostrils, and reaching back along the sides of the head. Often a connecting bar across the frontal and another across the parietal shields. With age these markings lose definition. Variation. — The frontal shield touches the nasals in one example ; the anterior temporal by fusion with the 6th supralabial sometimes reaches the border of the mouth ; fission of the 2nd supralabial in one example produces a pseudo-loreal (No. 2216) ; marginal fragmentation of the supralabials is not present in any example ; usually there is a single cuneiform scale after the third infralabial. Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 5 ; palatine, 7 ; pterygoid, 15 or 16 ; mandibular, 13 or 14 (3 specimens examined) . Type. — Adult male, author's number, 1132 ; collected at the mouth of the Bangpakong river, Inner Gulf of Siam, in February, 1917. Habitat. — Coasts of the Malay Peninsula, Siam and Cochin China. Remarks. — H. consobrinus appears to be most nearly related to H. brookii Giinther, and H. floweri Boulenger, two species described from the north coast of Borneo ; and it is not unlikely that it will ultimately have to be united with one or other of them. Neither, however, accord entirely >vith the scalation presented by my large series of consobrinus, and until more is known about the variation existing in these two forms, I leave mine distinct. With the true status of this snake therefore still uncer- tain, I refrain from describing geographical races, although the form found in the Straits of Malacca is quite distinct from that found in the Gulf. The case is further com- plicated by the three examples from Cap St. Jacques, which 22 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, also differ from the Gulf series, but shew a tendency to revert back towards the Malaccan form. The variation is as follows : — Gulf of Siam. 25 to 27 scales round the neck. 37 to 41 round the body. Ventrals, 358 to 401. Av. 377. Number of specimens examined, 18. The frontal is as long as its distance from the rostral in 17, shorter than in one. Straits of Malacca. 27, usually 29 to 31, scales round the neck. 39 to 45, usually 41 to 43, round the body. Ventrals 328 to 396. Av. 367. Number of specimens examined, 50. The frontal shield is as long as its distance from the rostral in 33 examples, shorter than in the remainder. Cap St. Jacques. 29 to 30 scales round the neck. 41 to 43 round the body. Ventrals, 387 to 400. The frontal shield is longer than its distance to the rostral in one example, equal to in two. With the typical form of fasciatus as I now conceive it, this species should not be confused, but from atriceps, with its lower scale formula, separation may at times be difficult. The yellow head markings of consobrinus are, however, very consistent, and in fresh specimens an almost infallible guide. A small but very useful differential character in scalation between them is also to be found in the scales behind the parietal shields. In atriceps there are usually three small scales lying in a series between the large posterior temporal shields and behind the parietals. Rarely there are four or two. Consobrinus on the other hand has usually five or six in the series, sometimes four, rarely seven, their number depending upon the size of the posterior temporal shields. As in atriceps, the posterior temporal shield of consobrinus may be divided by a vertical suture into two. H. klossi, which in the Gulf has often the same number of scale rows on the body as consobrinus, can be distin- guished by its distinctly imbricate scales, fewer supralabials and proportionately larger head of olivaceous colour. Breeding. — A gravid female taken off the coast of Perak in December contained 7 embryos in an early stage of development. Another taken in February contained 5 fully developed young, varying from 330 to 340 mm. in length. The mother measured 880 mm., tail 70. Hydrophis fasciatus (Schneider). Aturia lindsayi, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 61 (1842). 1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 23 Hijdrophis fasciatiis, Boulcnger, Cat. Sn. B. M., Ill, p. 281 (1896) ; idem, Fauna Malay Pen., Kept, and Batr., p. 189 (1912) ; N. de Rooij, Kept. Ind. Aust. Archipel., II, p. 230 (1917). Hijdrophis lepiodira, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. B. M., p. 285. Hijdrophis rhombifer, Boulenger, Fauna Malay Pen., p. 188. Distira fasciata (part.), Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, II (8), p. 205 (1909). Hydro phis fasciatiis as it is known at present, is said to be distributed from the coasts of India to China and New Guinea. The evidence for its existence in the Far East is somewhat obscure, and it will be as well to discuss the specimens which have contributed to the statement before proceeding further. Hijdrophis lindsayi (Gray) . The type and only known specimen is in the British Museum. It has 31 and 48 scales round the neck and body respectively, and 452 ventrals\ Its habitat, China, is vague, and Mr. Boulenger tells me he does not attach much importance to it. H. fasciatus has been recorded by Boettger from Manila, and also from Miyakoshima, Riu Kiu (Loo Choo) Ids. The former specimen has been placed by Van Denburgh and Thompson under their Disteira cincinnatii- but, as I shall presently endeavour to shew, their snake agrees so closely with the form of fasciatiis which is found in the Gulf of Siam, that I think they should be lUTitcd. Stejneger has referred the Japanese example to Disteira mehiiwcephala,' but presumably has not examined it. He is probably right in doing so, l3ut its scale formula is so near to that given by Van Denburgh and Thompson for some of their Manila specimens, that in the light of present knowledge it might be as well to reserve opinion. Stejneger's suggestion that nielanocephala may ulti- mately prove to be only a race of fasciatus (p. 421), is not in my opinion borne out by the example he has kindly sent me. With its imbricate scales, those on the posterior part of the body having more rounded edges rather than the regular hexagons of fasciatus, with its 7 or 8 supra- labials, and 7 posterior maxillary teeth, I believe it to be quite distinct. Fasciatus has only 5 teeth beliind the poison fangs, and this number appears to be constant. Hydrophis atriceps Giinther. The type is from the Gulf of Siam, and it has 28 and 44 scales round the neck and body respectively, and 3()4 ventrals. Such a scale com- bination is very typical of the form which is found in the Gulf, and diti'ers distinctly from the one which inhabits the Straits of Malacca, and apparently also the entire Sea of Bengal. The dit^erence is so marked that it is entitled to subspecific distinction, and in choosing a name for it one cannot do better than revive Giinther's. ' For the scale formulae of H. lindsayi, H. atriceps, and Cantor's specimen of H. fasciatus from Penang, I am indebted to Mr. Boulenger. 'Proc. California Acad, Science, (4), III, p. 47, Dec. 1908. ' Herpetology of Japan, p. 422, 24 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, I recognize two forms which I define as follows : — Hydrophis fasciatus fasciatus. 27 to 33 scales round the neck. 47 to 58 round the body. Ventrals 400 to 504 (531, Wall). Av. 455. Habitat. Coasts of India and Burma to the Malay Archipelago. Hydrophis fasciatus atriceps. 25 to 30, usually 27 to 29, scales round the neck. 40 to 49, usually 43 to 45, round the body. Ventrals 327 to 452. Av. 366. Habitat. Gulf of Siam and South China Sea to Malay Archipelago. Both forms appear to extend their distribution into the seas of the Indo-Australian Archipelago, but the particular range of each one has yet to be determined. Hydrophis fasciatus fasciatus. The type specimens are in the Berlin Museum. Their habitat is unknown. Dr. Nelly de Rooy has kindly made enquiries for me and she is informed that they have 29 and 30 scales round the neck, 52 and 53 round the body, and 457 ventrals. This description accords with the form found west of the Malay Peninsula, and shoukl therefore be designated the typical one. The figures I have given above for this form, are based chiefly upon my series from the Straits of Malacca, but all the specimens that I have examined from the Indian coast also agree with them. Wall records examples from India with a lower body count, but as he enumerates at mid-body, another 3 or 4 may be added to his figures to arrive at the' maximum number. Boettger records two specimens from Madras with 52 and 56 respectively. This range of variation will also include H. rhombifer BIgr., (56 scales round the body, type locahty coast of Perak), and //. leptodira Blgr. (58 scales round the body, type locality Mouth of the Ganges* ?), and that his two forms should now become synonyms of fasciatus, Mr. Boulenger is agreed. Wall, in his Monograph, came to this same conclusion, but in his conception of the species has included H. hrookii Giinther, a snake which I believe to be quite distinct. Further collections from the coast of India may possi- bly inodify the definition of this form as given above, but it will not alter the separation of the Malaccan race as distinct from that found in the Gulf of Siam. Variation. — The following remarks concern my series from the Straits of Malacca. The rostral is as high as broad in one example ; the frontal is shorter than its dis- tance to the rostral in two examples ; two postoculars occur in two examples ; the praefrontal shields fail to touch the supralabials on both sides in three examples, and on one *Tlie record is Cantor's and possibly in error. 1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 25 side in two more ; the posterior temporal is as large as the anterior or larger ; a cuneiform scale is present in all after the third infralabial. Colour. — None of my series (except one juvenile) is completely banded. Above they are pale grey, with from 60 to 80 dark grey dorsal rhombs, which in some of them are continued round the body as pale bands, but in the fore part of the body only. The transition from the dark dorsal rhomb to the paler ventral band occurs with a fairly clear line of demarcation. Below creamy white ; head, neck below, and anterior part of belly, black. One specimen. No. 1150, is very pale, being almost white in the posterior part of the body, with the dorsal marks only just visible. To H. fasciatiis typica I refer the H. gracilis recorded by Hanitsch (Kept. Raffles Mus., 1897, p. 101) . For its scale formula see the table. Hydrophis fasciatus atriceps. Hadrophis atriceps, Giinther, Rept. Brit. Ind., p. 371, pi. xxv, fig. 1 (1864). Disteira cincinnatii. Van Denburgh and Thompson, Proc. California Acad. Science, (4), 111, p. 41, Dec. 1908. The scalation and distribution of this form have already been dealt with. Number of specimens examined, 60 ; Gulf of Siam, 58 ; Cap St. Jacques, 2. The sudden and marked diminution in the number of scale rows and ventrals, as well as the alteration in colour, which characterizes nearly all my specimens from the Gulf ot Siam as compared with those from the Straits, induced me for a long time to believe that they were distinct. I cannot however find any certain grounds upon which they can be separated. Between an example from Pulau Angsa, with 57 scales round the body, 504 ventrals, and the back with dark rhomboidal marks, and another from Ban Yao with 41 scales round the body, 327 ventrals, and the body marked with complete bands, there is every degree of gradation. Variation. — As one would expect, with fewer scales round the body in proportion to those upon the neck, this form is relatively stouter anteriorly than the Malaccan one. The rostral shield may be as broad as high ; the frontal shield in six examples is longer than its distance to the rostral, in two of these being in contact with the nasals. In No. 1261 the frontal is very small, much shorter than its distance to the rostral. The anterior temporal in one instance (No. 1252) is divided on one side to form two superposed shields ; the posterior temporal shield is seldom as large as the anterior, and is often divided in two by a vertical suture. Normally the supralabials are undivided, but in one instance there is fragmentation of the fifth. In five examples the temporal shield reaches the border of the mouth to the exclusion of the sixth and seventh labials. A 26 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, single cuneiform shield is invariably present after the third infralabial. 25 scales round the neck occurs twice in the series, 30 twice ; 40 scales round the body occurs once, 49 five times. Ventral variation. Males, 327—396 ; females, 338—452. The ventral count of 452 (No. 2876) appears to be quite abnormal, the numbers next to it in succession being 434, 420, 416, 413. H. lindsayi agrees closely with this example. Colour. — Greyish above, greenish- or yellowish-white below, with from 50 to 75 blackish annuli or dorsal bars. Head and anterior part of body below entirely black at all ages ; sometimes a yellow spot behind the nostril or the eye. In No. 2873 these spots have coalesced to form a complete yellow horse shoe. All the specimens from Ban Yao and Chantabun are completely banded, the band being paler above than below but without any clear line of demar- cation ; those from Cap St. Jacques and the western side of the Gulf are, with one exception, coloured as the Malaccan specimens. Two specimens from Bangpakong form a connecting link between these two forms. No. 1309 has dorsal and ventral bars, the two meeting in a point on the side of the body. Distribution. — Nearly all my specimens are from the mouths of two rivers, Chantabun and Ban Yao. At the latter spot it is the predominant form, nearly all the sea snakes coming from that locality belonging to this species. Breeding. — In the Gulf young are born in February and March, from 4 to 8 being produced. Their markings are practically black and white. Dentition. — The teeth of H. fasciatus are as follows : — posterior maxillary, 5 ; palatine, 6 or 7 ; pterygoid, 12 to 16 ; mandibular, 14 or 15 (8 specimens examined). I have not examined any specimens of Disteira cincin- natii Van Denburgh and Thompson, from Manila, but as already stated their description agrees so closely with that of my specimens from the Gulf, that I cannot but think they should be united. The slightly lower number of scale rows (38, 39) round the body, as shewn in three specimens of their series, would be accounted for by local variation, or perhaps the difference in our methods of counting. Hydrophis gracilis (Shaw). Hydrophis gracilis, Boiilenger, Cat. Sn. B. M., Ill, p. 280 (1896)" ; idem, Fauna Malay Pen. Kept, and Batr., p. 191 (1912) ; N. de Rooij, Kept. Ind. Aust. Archipel., II, p. 228 (1917) ; Wall, Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. XXV, p. 602 (1918). Disteira gracilis, Stejneger, Herpet. Japan, p. 427 (1907). Distira gracilis. Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, II (8), p. 198 (1909). Hydrophis rostralis, Smith, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam, II, p. 340 (1917). Straits of Malacca, 9 exs ; Gulf of Siam, 1 ex. I believe now that my H. rostralis is only a gracilis after all. I was mislead in the first instance by the large number of body scales (35 to 41) which I found in my series, the 1920.] Dr. Maixolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 27 accredited count for gracilis being 29 to 33. Since then I have obtained a specimen having 33, and Wall has also published an account of a large series of gracilis obtained on the Indian coast (Journ. Bombay, Nat. Hist. Soc. 1. c. s.). His maximum is only 33, but his count is made at. mid-body, and I find on counting my own specimens at that point, an allowance of from 2 to 4 scales may be made for the difference in position. This brings them much nearer to my own specimens, and as there appears to be no other character by which they can be separated, I unite them. Wall's series is a fine one of 36 examples, and should be fairly representative of the locality (Madras). After allowing for all discrepancies in our method of counting, however, there still remains a con- siderable difference between his series and mine with regard to the number of scales round the neck and body. I tenta- tively define the two forms as follows : — Madras Coast. 17 — 19 round the neck ; 29 — 37 round the body. Ven- trals, 215—297. Av. 251. Malay Peninsula and Gulf of Siam. 19 — 23 round the neck ; 33 — 41 round the body. Ven- trals, 250— 302. Av. 279. Two races appear to be clearly indicated, but with the type locaUty of this snake unknown, it would be as well to know something about the forms found elsewhere before proceeding to name them. Variation. — The variation in my specimens is as follows : — Eye equal to or slightly less than its distance from tlie mouth ; rostral as broad as high or a Uttle broader than high, the portion visible above equal to three-quarters or the entire length of the internasal suture ; frontal usually shorter than its distance to the rostral ; five or six suprala- bials, in one example only the fourth shield touching the eye. Fragmentation of the supralabials does not occur in any example, nor are there any small scales interposed between the infralabials. Colour, (in alcohol). Pale bluish-grey on the upper half of the body, yellowish or whitish on the lower, the young with indistinct darkish dorsal bars or complete bands. Head grey, yellowing with age. No. 1105 has 55 bands upon the body, about as broad as their interspaces on the sides of the body, slightly dilated dorsally and ventrally ; on the posterior part of the body they are very indistinct. Tail grey, blackish at the tip. Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 5 ; palatine, 8 ; ptery- goid, 10 — 12 ; mandibular, 13 (3 specimens examined). The type of my original H. rostralis is No. 1102, in the Selangor Museum, Kuala Lumpor. Hydrophis viperina (Schmidt). Distira viperina, Bouleng., Cat. Sn. B. M., Ill, p. 298 (1896) ; Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, II (8), p. 239 (1909). 28 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, Hudrophis viperinus, N. de Rooij, Kept. Ind. Aust. Archipet. il, p. ^31 C1917). Gulf of Siam, 17 exs. Cap St. Jacques, Cochin China, 2 exs. One of the specimens was seen to fall from the claws of a fishing eagle, and was picked up still alive and quite undamaged at some distance inland. This incident possibly explains the records of sea snakes which have been occa- sionally discovered at a considerable distance from their natural habitat.* For a small series, mine shew a wide range in the number of scale rows. They vary from 27 to 34 at the neck and from 37 to 50 round the body. Ventrals 181 to 264. A reference to the table will show that the extremely low ventral count of 181 is confined to a single individual. No. 2716. But for this specimen the variation in the number of these shields would be 232—264, a range which is almost exactly in accordance with what has been already given by Boulenger and Wall. It is an excellent example of the abnormality in ventral shields to which I have refer- red in the preliminary remarks. As shewn by the table, the two specimens from Cochin China have a higher body count than any found in the Gulf. Colouration. — Grey above, white below, with from 28 to 34 dark grey dorsal rhombs which are usually confluent vertebrally. My one juvenile is beautifully and con- spicuously marked, but with age the pattern becomes obscured, and in some individuals has entirely disappeared, leaving the back of a uniform grey colour, which is separated from the white of the belly by a clear line of demarcation. Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 5 ; palatine, 7 or 8 ; pterygoid, 14 to 17 ; mandibular, 17 (4 specimens examined) . Hydrophis jerdonii (Gray); Hydrophis jerdonii, Giinther, Rept. Brit. Ind., p. 362 (1864) ; Bouleng., Cat. Sn. B. M., Ill, p. 299 (1896) ; idem, Fauna Malay Pen., Rept. and Batr., p. 186 (1912) ; N. de Rooij, Rept. Ind. Aust. Archipel., II, p. 232 (1917). Distira jerdonii. Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, II (8), p. 241 (1909). Singgora, 3 exs. Variation. — The anterior temporal reaches the labial margin on both sides in one example, and on one side in another. Chin-shields well developed (as figured by Giinther, pi. XXV, fig. B), in all three examples. Wall * That numbers of sea snakes fall victim to birds of prey, was once demonstrated to me on visiting a large flat-topped buoy lying some miles out to sea in the Bight of Bandon. The top of this structure was covered with the dried bodies of snakes — chiefly Enhijdris hnrcfyvickii — the birds having brought their victims there, and i'.fter devourin,' the internal organs, left the remainder to be disposed of by the elements. 1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 29 states that in 17 individuals examined by him, three infrala- bials only were in contact with the chin-shields. All my specimens have four, the first three in contact with the anterior pair. Colour. — ^The adult is light greyish above, yellowish- white below, with 50 broad black dorsal bars which are in- distinctly carried round the body as narrow bands. The young have the back pale olivaceous, and the bands (40 and 48) more distinct below. Head pale olive with a dark mark on the snout. Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 8 — 9 ; palatine, 9 ; pterygoid, 14 — 15 ; mandibular, 19 — 20 (2 specimens examined) . Thalassophis anomalus Schmidt. Thalassophis anomalus, Schmidt, Abb. Naturw. Hamb., II, 1852, p. 81, pi. 4 ; Bouleng., Cat. Sn. B. M., Ill, p. 269 (1896) ; Smith, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Slam, II, p. 176, pi. (1916) ; Ouwens, De voor- naamste giftslangen van nederlandsch oost-indie (1916)) ; N. de Rooij, Kept. Ind. Aust. Archlpel., II, p. 223 (1917). I have now examined 17 examples of this snake, all obtained from various localities at the head of the Gulf. The following points may be added to my recent description. The eye may be slightly greater than its distance from the mouth. 27 to 30 scales round the neck, 31 to 35, usually 33, round the body. Ventrals 218 to 256. The young may have a pale band across the snout and extending along either side of the head to join the white of the under surface. Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 5 ; palatine, 7 ; ptery- goid, 20 to 22 ; mandibular, 18 or 19 (2 specimens examined) . Ouwen's coloured illustration of this species is not very representative of my specimens. The body is too elongate and the bars are much too dark. Thalassophis annandalei (Laidlaw). Distira annandalei, Laidlaw, P. Z. S., 1901, ii, p. 579, pi. xxxv, fig. 1. Thalassophis annandalii, Boulenger, Fascic. Malay, Zool. i, p. 16 (1903) ; idem, Fauna Malay Pen., p. 195 (1912) ; Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, ii, (8), p. 245 (1909) ; N. de Rooij, Kept. Ind. Aust. Archipel., II, p. 223 (1917). Cap St. Jacques, Cochin China, 7 exs. ; Singgora, 1 ex. In cranial and in external characters this species differs so much from the genotype, T. anomalus, that the mere presence of a pair of internasals seems insufficient reason for placing them together. As a matter of fact, in one of my specimens these shields are almost entire, as is usual with Hydrophis, while in the others they are variously divided, and it would seem more correct to consider them as subject to irregular fragmentation, as has already been done with the other head shields. 30 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, When the anatomy of the Hydrophids comes to be better known, a considerable regrouping of many of the species will surely be necessary. T. annandalei should then, I think, be placed by itself ; until this is done it may as well remain where it is. The variation in my series is as follows : — Nasal shields usually divided, either longitudinally or transversely, into 4, 6, or 8 pieces ; praefrontals usually divided into 3, 4 or 5 pieces ; frontal and supraoculars entire ; parietals separated from each other, and sometimes from the frontal, by small scales ; supralabials irregularly divided, sometimes entire ; anterior chin-shields well developed in 1 example (No. 3888) , absent in all the others. 62 to 73 scales round the neck, 74 to 91 round the body, ventrals 320 to 368. Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 6 ; palatine, 8 ; ptery- goid, 20 ; mandibular, 16 (1 specimen examined). The type locality of this snake is Patani, and the specimens from there are said to have from 90 to 100 scales round the body. As will be seen by the annexed table, none of my series has so large a number. Enhydrina valakadyn (Boie). Enhydrina valakadien, Bouleng., Cat. Sn. B. M., p. 302 (1896) ; idem. Fauna Malay Pen., Rept. and Batr., p. 193 (1912). Enhydrina valakadyn, Stejneyer, Herpet. Japan, p. 437 (1907) ; Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, II (8), p. 191 (1909) ; N. de Rooij, Rept. Ind. Aust. Archipel., II, p. 221 (1917) ; idem, J. Bombay N. H. S., XXVI, p. 803 (1919). Enhydrina valakadyn is one of the most widely dis- tributed, and without doubt the most common, of all the sea snakes. It has also been accorded a greater range of variation in the number of its scale rows (40 to 60 round the neck, 50 to 70 round the body) , than any other known species. This is true, but only when the species is considered as a whole, and without regard to the region whence the individuals have come. The very large series that I have been able to examine from the Malayan region shews that the variation in any one locality is considerably less — about 12 to 14 — or, if the sexes are considered apart, seldom more than ten. The number of specimens that I have seen from the Indian coasts is not great, but in so far as they go they agree entirely with the Malayan examples in this respect. I gather also from these Indian specimens, that the maximum average number of scale rows obtains in that region ; and I find too that in the disposition of certain head shields they differ from the Malayan form. Tentatively, therefore, I recognize two forms, wliich are as follows : — An Indian form. Forma valakadyn (type locality, Tranquebar). 45 to 60 scales round the neck, 55 to 70 round the body ; ventrals, 1920.] Dr. Maixolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 31 240 to 320 ; praef rentals usually in contact with the supra- labials, 3rd and 4th labials usually touching the eye. Habitat. Arabian Sea and coasts of the Indian Penin- sula. A Malayan form. 40 to 55 scales round the neck, 49 to 66 round the body ; ventrals 239 to 292 ; praefrontals usually not in contact with the supralabials (80%), fourth labial only touching the eye (60f^c). Habitat. Coasts of the Malay Peninsula, Siam and Cochin China. With this latter form I am able to deal ver\' fuUy. Altogether I have examined about 140 examples ; 60 of these are from the Straits of Malacca, and the remainder from the seas East of the Peninsula. It is possible, if one cares to go more closely into detail, to separate this form again, the dividing line between them being the Peninsula. As, however, they differ only In a slight variation in the number of body scales without alteration in the head shields, it is preferable to consider them together. The actual variation is as follows : — Straffs of Malacca. 43 — 55 round the neck, 52 — 66 round the body. Ven- trals, 239—278. Gulf of Sum. 40 — 52 round the neck, 49 — 62 round the body. Ven- trals, 239—292. In the whole series the praefrontals fail to touch the supralabials in 112 examples. In nearly every instance this occurs on both sides. In the same series the 4th labial only touches the eye in 85. Females on the average have from 3 to 4 more scale rows round the nedc and body than males. I find the sexual variation as follows : — Straits of Malacca. — Males, 13 — 18 (av. 45) round the neck, 52—60 (av. 55) round the body, ventrals, 239 — 270. Females, 45 — 55 (av. 49) round thQ neck, 54 — 63 (av. 59) round the body, ventrals, 248 — 278. Gulf of Siam. — ^Males, 40 — 48 (av, 43) round the nedt, 49—59 (av. 53) round the bodv, ventrals, 243—292 (av. 264). Females, 42—52 (av. 46) round the neck, 51—62 (av. 56) round the body, ventrals, 239—287 (av. 260). Abnormalities in this form are not uncommon, and such faults in development as partially divided frontals, fusion of the frontals with praefrontals, of oculars with labials, and oculars with each other, occur frequently. Fragmenlation of the parietals to f0rm a small interparietal occurs in about 50<^r. 32 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, Colour. — The colour of specimens from this region presents nothing that has not ah-eady been described. Four individuals, however, deserve comment. No. 2045, although adult, is still marked with narrow jet black dorsal bars in the posterior three-quarters of the body. Nos. 2047, 2048, 3856 have a broad black irregular band along either side of the body, a narrow ventral band, and irregular black dorsal spots. All three are from the same locality. Distribution. — On both coasts of the Malay Peninsula this form is extremely common. At the head of the Gulf it is somewhat less numerous ; along the East coast of the Gulf it is comparatively rare, and beyond Cap St. Jacques it has not yet been recorded. Breeding. — Young are born in the Gulf in March and April. Until recently I had never seen more than 5 embryos to any female. Last year, however, I obtained one with 18, five in one oviduct and thirteen in the other. Dentition. — Posterior maxillary, 3 ; palatine, 6 — 7 ; pterygoid, 14 — 17 ; mandibular, 15 — 16 (9 specimens examined) . Enhydris hardwickii (Gray) . Enhudris hardwickii, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. B. M., Ill, p. 301 (1896) ; idem, Fauna Malay Pen., Kept, and Batr., p. 193 (1912) ; Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, II (8), p. 247 (1909) ; Smith, Journ. Bombay N. H. S., XXIII, p. 787 (1915) ; Ouwens, De voornaamste giftslangen van Nederlandsch oost-indie, pi. Ill (1916). Lapemis hardwickii, Stejneger, Herpet. Japan, pp. 401 and 435 (1907). This is a common species in the Gulf of Siam and along the coast of the Malay Peninsula, and I have been able to examine a large series. I have specimens also from Cap St. Jacques, Cochin China, and no doubt it extends north- wards up the coast of Annam, as it is said to be common along the Western shores of Luzon. Males appear to be far more numerous than females, the proportion in my series being three to one. In the number of scales round the body, the range given by Boulenger is certainly too limited, particularly in the number round the middle of the body. My specimens shew a much greater variation, and in this respect are more in accordance with the figures given by Wall. The species is so distinct that it cannot be confused with any other form. Sexual variation is well marked, the males having the lower count both in body scales and ventrals. Specimens from the West Coast of the Malay Peninsula do not appear to differ, either in scalation or in colouration from those found in Siamese waters. The following table is drawn up from about 230 ex- amples : — • Males. Round the neck :--23 to 29, usually 25 to 27." Round the body :— 25 to 35, usually 27 to 33. Ventrals :— 114 to 152. 1120.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : S^fl Sna/res. 33 Females. Round the neck :— 27 to 35 (usually 29 to 33) . Round the body :— 33 to 41 (usually 35 to 37) . Ventrals :— 141 to 230.^ That marked sexual variation existed in this species was observed long ago by Boettger in working on Philippine specimens, (Zool. Anz./p. 395, 1888), but his observations seem to have been overlooked by most authors in writing since. Boettger's remarks apply chiefly to the ventral shields, and the figures he gives (I quote 3tejneger, p. 401) are 135 — 168 for males, 186 — 237 for females. I cannot but think that had he worked on a larger series — he had only 31 specimens — the difference which he found between the sexes would have been less marked. Apart from this, his figures, both in range and average, are considerably higher than what is recorded by any other author for this species. It looks indeed as if the Phillipine form differed from the others, although it is possibly due to the different method employed in counting these scales.^ Colour. — Greenish or yellowish olive above, whitish below, with from 35 to 50 dark grey or olive dorsal bars, tapering to a point on the sides. Variations to this are frequent. The dorsal bars may be continued round tlie body as complete bands, a form seen most frequently in juveniles. A narrow black ventral stripe is sometimes present, or less frequently, a broad irregular ventral band. Coalescence of the dorsal bars occurs in adults, and in some the entire back is of one uniform colour. One speci- men (No. 2460) is uniform slate grey throughout. Young ones have the head black, with or without yellow markings across the snout and along the sides of the head. Specimens from Koh Kong are, as a series, greyer and darker than those from the head of the Gulf, and are more prone to have ventral stripes and bars. Ouwen's coloured figure is an excellent representation of many examples found at the head of the Gulf. Variation. — Fission of the second supralabial to form a pseudo-loreal is not uncommon. 41 scales round the body occurs in 2 examples only, and in one of these (No. 3883), the ventral count is 230, the next number in sequence to it being 203 (No. 1391). ' Ventral counts are very tedious, and the figures given here are drawn mainly from specimens obtained in the Gulf of Siam. "The ventral shields of Enhijdris are very irregular in their disposition, sometimes being broken up, with odd scales interposed here and there, sometimes missing altogether. The method I have used has been to control the count by means of the adjacent row of body scales, which, being uniform in their sequence, indicate what the correct ventral count should be. • 34 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, The ventral spines of the males appear to be longer and larger in individuals from the head of the Gulf, than in those from any other locality 1 have examined. Possibly, being a sexual character, they increase in size in the breed- ing season. Dentition.— Posterior maxillary, 4 to 6* ; palatine, 6 or 7 ; pterygoid, 17 to 20 ; mandibular, 14 or 15 (9 specimens examined) . Breeding. — In the Gulf young are born in April and May, from 2 to 5 being produced. In length they vary from 250 to 300 mm. Aipysurus eydouxii (Gray). Aipiisnriis eudoiixii, Boulenger, Fauna Malay Pen., Rept. and Batr., p." 195 (1912) ; Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, ii (8), p. 189 (1909) N. de Rooij, Rept. Ind. Aust. Anhipol. TT. i). 219 (1917). Gulf of Siam, 11 exs. In three examples the praefrontal is divided ; in one the 3rd and 4th supralabials touch the eye on both sides. The ventral keel is variable ; in four examples it is poorly developed ; in three others each keel in the fore-part of the body bears a strong spinose tubercle, and there is a series of small tubercles along the adjacent row of body scales for nearly the same distance. One specimen was caught some 20 feet above high water mark, and in life had a rich slate-blue irridescence. Colour. — Yellowish, with from 44 to 55 dark olive dorsal bars, which taper to a point on the sides and are usually confluent vertebrally. Head dark olive ; entirely black in the young. * Boulenger in his description of this genus, gives the number of teeth behind the poison fangs as from 2 to 4. I cannot find any of my specimens with less than 4, 1920. Dr. Malcolm Smith : -Sea Snaket 35 T^ 1-H 1-M O O Od 3 "s 1-5 I-? B S »-5 OOlrt ■rHT-( 01 o Si w u M cu b O H en 3 s.^ o ^ CC1< CO •"^ CO CC PO 00 S = c -: ^ j>o ^ 5cO tco scv^acoir: ■xas CHO+'0CH-*0CHC>+*OCH-'00+CH0+0+0+'0'X)CH0+ CHCH0+O+O+'O'^3*0'^ cs K o T-(OJ00050THCMeO'*i^cot^ooosOi-iraco-«*'io •i-^!Dooaoaoococ30ooaC3Cooooooocooooocoo» ■t-toocncrjooeoooeocojocioeooocoeoeocioeoevjeo ea X3-S ac O'cS csi- <5 Qoc a ' ' " fi ac " C8 03 c accs S rt — 0^ pa!^ OOOOi-I'-hOOO> fCMeOMOOCOSOOO-^ 36 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, a Q Z < o O "OH oT ■♦-» z o h < '2 > ►J (A . ID C rt .a u C oo i.O 00 «c CO tn 1 u 1 1 i -* lO i-O lO 00 CO cj U) u O Q ji ;2 C8 <u CO K* ^— ( H 1— ( 1 ^ 1—1 1 t4 1 tH i (^ T-l 1 TH CU i -^ o OI u- Oi o o (M CO CO 1 OJ 1 j > r^ o ^— i M oc (M C>1 C^l CO o Body ■^ 'l 1^ 00 1 o m CO •^ M -£ CO O 1 no ■ 2; oi 1-H -^ CM eo ; "5: , O ■^ i^ !C &, 5 ' l^i o .s a: a: a: o (D O Ul ■ 1-1 O s CO o h oo (5 05 Q »-i 1 o o _a> "o' Xi U S 00 s <■ ^ ^ •siBpnB3 CO ■<9< s[Ba;ua^\ iM CM CM C^J !>^ •a o OS 00 cales k. B CO CO [/) o «j CO T-< Z oo CO c8 o lO xi H l> lO c 4) "5 o H i.O s o ■^ •xas »o 'o >% • Ui •-^ <u rt i s 9 i o hJ ' CO ' u '. "' " j- ■rt< lO CO CO o ca C^l 2 < 1 1 T-l 1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 37 m O O o >s O CO • r-t o u w s u w a. 2 S 2 2 S ^ '^- I--00 09 0 0)0% « « S •s{BpnE3 ■S[BJni3A ^ 2:f a; £ X) >■. C BO '"'x: C. A mith H. L adwi mith r ^ !^ t- . u . u t. . s^ sss^s ■ tn c»no 00 oo 00 . Tl< ■^ ■^ -^ Tf CO oooooico-^eoOT-iOTfTHi-io <M O 00 1^ to l^ «0 C^ lO ^ i?5 lO Tj< OC^CSOOM^-HOrHOO ■^■»S<Mt-hC0C^00O5M'^t-i i>>i^»oeoif5if5in«o«0(Moo >, -ts o X w- o _li I/) lU "Z. (i J3 H *-< •xas r; •r-iO»COeOCv|OSO>OSCMC'10SrHO> .cs •»ti CO -^ "^ Tj< CO eo cs ■* -f dO -^ CO oo O* C0O0S^000»050ST-'a505'-<» ooooiMoorqwnMcoc^weocM i^ ^ uOOiftkrtOiOiOOOOOOO O M CO M Cq t^O 0> OS OS tH O CO m CI tn '-0 o »o u^ o o o o o o oo-rociooiooo'TcOT.Hirjc^i (rq-*osooir5ooooTt>'5<SM'^i>' *00+O+CH-CH- ^D'00+O+'X>CH•CH■ 2 : — — ■~ OSOSOS0000t-host-iOSI^O» ■~- CO 00 CO ^ CO '^ eo '^ CO CO po o OSOO'^Hi-COO'-HOS'^tHOS'.— I r^cvicooofacocvjcoeocMoo ooi^oeot>.t-«.t>.t^t^iOirt o o lo o o o m o o o o M OS C<J iM O CO TH l^ ifS CO -ti 00scq-*ao05oaooocoo *0CHCH-O4-*0CH-O+*0*0'X)*0 c o a _ o C30 .a ffi a ^^S offi Oft b o SfilD C Oi-I CM CO ■* m <0 r^ 00 OS 00 ri ^-Ht-i •,— i,^,— (,— It— I,— c— irH|>.i^ coco coeococooocococoi-«.oo rHrl i-H rl T-( ^ T-l i-H iH rl rH CO r^ooosorHfqco-^iosot^ ^^^:^^^^^cococococococoeo cococococococococoeoeo 38 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, o 03 f3 o d o o d o VI .rH O O C/5 z u CO b O h •Sl^jptlBO siBjjugy^ •xos t-,^«5l> oo od th' ■^tH •r-t V^ 05S-'3*0» OS 05 TH ^ tH TH , ^-H TH ^ ^ « 1-5 C 3 •-9 M5 3 s ■ C/3 T^ 1^ OC 1^ tH 00 SM O If5 «CO O C^ «D C^l C^ Ol CO CC CVI 1^ CO lO lO 1^ CM iC'Ca tH O O 0> CO ■rH MeOCCMOCCOfCMMeOMMtOfCCvlCOCO c ^ Cq Wrf 00 CM M M.iO r-tl^eiOi-iOJeOOSOOi-H •«^ ^^ '^ ^* ^^ ^i* Tt< ^* ^^ ''^ ^^ ^* ^^ ^^ CO *^ ^^ <OrHincOOO>COCOCMiirSCOrHCOcOT-<fOO MCOCCCOOOCMMCOCOCOMOOP^COCOCOCO CM«0!0Or>JCMTH™ s«0«*- >•, SCi ^CH'iD'^0'^'OCH-'X)0+0+0+'^?*OCH-'X)'XD'ri 3 O 3 3 fad ju:^ B "3 3 rHO«ci^aoo5oeo-*irecoi^ooo50rHCM C^l C^I ?^1 «0 i2 CO I^ l->> t^ r~> ■rH — < th ■rH cvj CM CM ooooeoscocaooci-^i^i^05S50i050505aj rHTHrHCMCMCMSMCMCMCMOSCOCOCOCOeOOO 1920. Dr. Malcolm Smith : Seainakes 39 u 1 ri Q j u O a <A O m o a 03 i-H ■s [cpnco 1 (D B 09 •I-H s l-BJiua\ I ^ o ^ 'Z) 'd 7) >> "' ^ W etf u o X y. ■■^^ 7; _ Z rt w U3 H S J a, r-* in . 1 X ■x.ic; '^ H Crt hJ /; 6C S 5 b O-^OOOOOOOJOSOOOOOOOOOSOSOO oooooocMeviMWc^eo ec cq M «o m w c«» oo tn tn c o o If? taco o lO »fl to C o o lO aco oif5,_;omir>_:oo ^ 'X5 ^D 0+ 'XD ^D '^3 'X) ^ 'ND 'X) 'O CH CH- *0 ^D CH- cgC^ O 1-H CNl M -^ lO ?0 1^ 00 0> O ■^ C^l CO »* sMC^C^lCvlCJC^JCMrqCMCNIOCeOOCOOOC -H'T^T- It— I^H^HT-l'^'^l-ir^r^t^l^t^ 40 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. Vol.. X. a OS B w O O Z w u u a, J) o h t/5 ■SJBJ}U3;Y >> TD O IT. CQ rt o .:« (A) y V 1^ (4 J3 H c <u •— • hJ nJ O H •xas M 3 S • 'Xi . 1^ fa ?>! cq ■* ■«t r-i ■"9'" ' w n eo CC 00 oc CO 0^ »H TH 00 (« »o lO t^ OS m lO o ■rf o CM TH TH o^ CH 3 CO t> 3 fciJ C8 SJ 3 W (M t^ O 00 (M l^ !M 1920.] Dh. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 4i 03 !3 -M 06 o Ul 03 o -♦J • r-> O o 2 W s u w o h 05 3 a; ■si'BpnB3 siBjjuaA • Tf ■^ OO ■'}" >% OJ 'Si (U o C/5 j^ « 2 ^^ ^^ ^•t* ^* ^* ^* '^ '^ ^t* ^^ ^^ ^* ^* ^* ^* ^^ ^* ^^ ^* ^^ ^f OOCOCOOOCC COO^CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO coco CO CO CO ifl ift i.o o lO o lO o o o lO o o -J m lO o If? uo .^ 'iDO+^D'^(>f'\3^DOfO+^3CHO+CH-CH-0+'X)C>+'0'X50+CH- 60 G a o fcs; fO-^t^THTH-OOl>01iO«C0005tf5-rf<C01^00iOC^10 T-lT-HTHCVJOOOOOSrHl— (1— iT-iir5Lf5>-f3if3iOiO'-<C^J •I-(1H1-HTH■>!trtl■^■^■^T-(THr-lT-l^^^C^^COCOCOCOTH•r-l * 42 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, u 08 06 XiD o3 (A xn 5S •*» OS o •♦J • rH o o siBpn^o •siBa}u9A OOSOOOOOOCOOOOO<OOCM00505|>.OOl'^t^OOTHOOC^iOCVJOOOS0500 OOiWWCOCV|MMi005CCCClOlrtOCOOOOO<MM<0<MCDt^lL«ir5M-«J<Tj<|>.iO»jr?lrtTH ^^ ^* ^* "^ tJ* ■^^ ^* ^^ CO "^^ "^^ "^^ ^* ^^ ^^ ^* ^t* ^* ^^ ^^ ^'^ ^^ ^^ ^^ "'^ '^ ^* *^* ^^ ^^ ^^ *^* ^* ^^ 2 w s o (I) cu C/) fa o H oufsooooiOirsioo oo_j 05 00 00 OC »0 IfS >0 lQ «o «0 OlO " OqW . os^oo'=''_ti •X9S '^3CH'^D*O(>fCH-^3(>f'\D(>+0+CH-(>f'X3(>f'X)'TD'TD^D(>(-'X3'^ a cd OiOTHr'ioo-^eoo-^oot^oas-^io«oi:^ooo>OT-<(M'»*LOCMeo'^ic;oi>ooosLr50 Ol>.l>'I^r--l^Or--l^l>-«DO^fOfOfOO'500CO'^-^'«ti'5f<-^C^I>'t^l>"I>'l>-l>"l>"050i T-l'r-iT-HT-i'rHiMCQCqT-KrjC'U-^CMt^t^l^t^t-^l^C^l^t^t^I-^OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOas THTHT-HT-tT-HTHTHT-l'r-lT--ITH,--lT-lT-lTH^T-lT-<7-HT-lT--(1-l'I-(T-HrHTH-r-lT-(T-lT-lrHT-l!riM 1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 43 I>I>-1>«I>. 2g tH tH tH tH C^ O^ O^ O rH T-lT^r-i ■rH - 5 = X3 " July, Sept. Aug., Sept. 1-5 <5 THTHt^ 05 05t;J i-stZlS 02 •a 02 0 a* u o CO •r-l P^ O » o Z w U (I) Oh CO u •siEpnB3 •s[BJin9A •X9C5 a on •lO •ooaOTfio • i>i cvi o Tf 1^ 1* • •<!)< •TfTtiu^iO • ■^ Tt< -^ Tf ^ •«!}< 0*0'^0 00 00 05 0J05l>'OSO>OOOSOOOOTHOOOSOOOiMaOO'rH O i^ lTS >jf5 O O lO lO O iC O lO o J &i.W LL.* U.) ^.^ ^ ^^ IL.) LI.) lA.i s^' UJ LL.; ^'^<l.^^ i^'-m^^m^ O lO O LO O O O ^'^(y^^(:>^^o^o+^^CH^o+'^o+CH-^^^^^o+o^^o+o+cncH o c OS xi tic — c 05 O >^r^ ■oc 5ca - G £f o c ^ — cs OJ tii« SMr^eo~^if:cc-t"ior^occri03ii--i-0-*T-i«oa5CM'^r^05t-^TH0505«o 44 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, ca d s M PS ce 53 o 03 • fH ,d o o w o a C/3 00 OS Xi fa C/5 SIBpnBQ sjBJ^uaA IrtOOOlOTH^OOOtOOSOCinC^lOiOOO T-HOOOT-<cr5050so>o>05MT-ioo5W t^ooiCrHr<«o>i>r»T-Hioosoi>t^05 •xas 6 . . lO O COiCO T-i CO 2050«0 ?o oo Hcooooo 0+'X)'X)0+'0'X)^O+0h-'^3CH'^D0+'X30+ 3 t^t^THCOCMOOOOCOt^-^OeClOrHO OOiMOCOOOCCC350S005000eOOO> !M --r C^l 00 <M -<# C>1 C^^ 00 (M CO CV> '^ CC (M 1920. Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 45 CO <D O tn <a r— I pi u <o C3 o m CD O <x> r— ( u Q> o3 o m ft o >i m 2-, U w C/) 3 ^•3 ^y: r>^ 00 ■r-l 1-^ 05 C5 •» rs 6C X! 3 (U < fc 3 ^ sj-KpnBQ siBJUiaA ^ ^3 O « n! ^ CO 4) A C3 xi H ■*^ lOOJlOCMOOSMC^COM •iCiM ^ i^^ooososOT-it^oosoost^oaooj '^ w, r^ oo TC ''f -^ i>i cj lO !>■ to i> Tf ec M i>i ^ -q< TJ. T}< Tj< -^ Tj* -^f^ "* -^ Tj< -"S" Tf -* rt ^ oooot-^ooct^if;«oosirsi>i«5i>-^t> ■X8S cc S '^ lO 'X> '^O 'O 0+ ^D *0 'tJCH 'X) CH CH- *0 'X) ^D ^D 'X3 'p 0+ 0+ ^ 'Xi 'X) 'to o+ >» u C8 rt « 1 == O r !^ u -a CQ ^S CL, 050-*J>]00^ th OClO ococ 07 05'* OC-Tt-ti 1-1 •^ «c ?o t^ r^ -«T f i^ i^ t^ — ^ t^ 1^ 1^ p. T3 ^ c o T, I ,46 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, <u (t. Q M s o a o r* <u o o CQ {=! o o 01 0) a •s ItptlBO ^ o o8 o •s [HJUI3A CO rt 0) >, o X) 02 o PQ PJ o ^ !h C/3 V 0) z d o „• 03 rt •d j3 H rd Ui C — 2 ^ o H » •xos b o en Z w s o >> u Cu ^ (/) o 6 Z 9 S fe 3 "^ • '^ ^^ ^* ^* -Tt OOOtHOOOOI^tHOOOSOOOOO ~ CM CO dO CM IM OJ CO (M Ca 00 M C^l o •^«oiiO;ooo>nooeOLoeoif5 "2 OOOOOOOOOOiOtHiOOOI^iO ,> CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ■>* CO CO CO CO 'X) 'X) 'SD 'T) 'XD ^ 'X) CH- CH OH- ^ 'O 00 c c o 2 IS lO t^ «0 OO CO 50 1> OOOiOSOO t^COCOCO-*t^t^ O5O5CM05 CO T-l rH tH rH CO CO eOCOt^TH 1920. Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 47 ^^^ 1— 1 lOt^^ SOS T^THOi T^ O OS tH •^^ Ti-HtH ii r lU r c c a X3 d 05 s a> '-s'-s ■-s b 00 00 oo y-t T-H OS OS OS ■I-lTH __ _^ .. .< ..''^ *j r <u aS^ c 5r« 3 1-1 03 O o n o CQ •i-i rd O » o z M U en o m >-» -J U •s[Bpn'E3 •s[BaiuayV 55 •xag K-3 S fl s COlAOO • ■<*< ■ 1-1 -^ »0 OS O OS c^ • ^ '^ ■^ ■^ Lf5 CJ "* •eviOOOOt-OO^^r-lO OOOirj0002''OS^^"^C^'«*0<C^"^»jf5CiO'^00-^«OOOOC^iOlOf^ eOOOI'-OOoOOOOOOO^OOOOSt^OSCOSOOOi-iOSOOOOOiM osecTHiMcoi5-^mrjTfsos^T-imeoeo-*ooc^T^ioioor5^i-iM<Moo MiO-!}«iO«OCO«Ot>'C^1iO«OWirtiftOeO«OT-l»f5"^«Ot-»miO«000«000 eoeoecMMWMcrsjocoeoeocoeocoeooocoooocooeoeOMeccocooo lomoooo. «0 IM OO 00 «3 tH ^ pClO-^ «0 !>• «0 CO O CO " >-.COl^ ">» S?*i i^«<ci«5 ^0*^'^C>*'^0+0*'^O^^^^O+^'^^^^^0^0*0*'^0+^*Xi'^ c c o o _ « o d c 2 c 5 0-^ 3 « as « -i 33 3 C5^ « 00 CS o c ca _ o >^.St4 , : :; :;C/3 d'o-S Q. n « o CQHfci u Mi-ioc^ooir5T}<?ooTHOoi^Oi-imoooscNicoi>it-«iOoosoTHiir5cot^ lOiO<050iOLOiOlrt'r»<rfM-^ti«0-^'*i'^iOOOOSti-^'^LOin«OCDCO cQfocv:ieoeocosocccoeoeoa:fOooeococv5coiocDt-^t^t^i^i>-cofOco T-^T-<T-lrHT-lT-lT-I^THTHT-^THT-HT-lrHTHT-lT-I^O^(^^C^^^^^C^^C^^^-l^rH 48 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, m CO o 01 • I-l o Ti » o z o w c/} o h OS 05 >5 CO CO ^^^ • 00 i-H r-l T-i 1— ( l-^ T-< o) a>OiOiTH0) odosoj « oi a U sj'EpnBO •SIT3J1U3A 3 •T-<«D . T}<OOSOSI>-vOI:^OiLnO«OOCMt->-COrHa5 t* :Ci0CCD«Ot^«D«O00t^«O0000l-^«d~-i5C«O 3 eo eo CO 00 CO M ec CO CO 00 00 CO 00 CO po CO 00 >. -a 0 0) PQ rt 0 .ik C/) 0 2 •X9S COiOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOuOtHCOCOCOiOCO cofococoeococococococococococococo ■00^-Tt<-*COC^]0000«O ioco«ooosf>.icMcoTtie<iocNit^o O>osr^;oooo5i^050500ooo50 cococococoeocococoeo-^TtifO'^ ',~ irti>f*mcoi(0i0uocooouot-^05i:^ '-0 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 00 CO CO CO CO > ,^ irti«oo»ft»oooeoioi«ooi«oomooirtoooo ^ Cq CM C<1 C^J C<l C*^ IM OJ C^ CM CO C^ C^J C<I(M Cvj CM e Co ^00 000 o 00 0>T-I03 -^l^ 05 OSOO ^- vk^ uouoi>uocoirtiLCmcoiocouoiioiiO ^ CM CQ c>5 c*j CM CNj cv| e^^ c^^ CN|(M CM ca cq G >C>00 OoOOOOiOiO OOtHOO OOOOOlOSl^COlOl^ 000 oooeo '-H CO OJ 00 ^ -«0 O 0^tHC50^CO'*OCMI^I>CM-h 00" T-<0 O=CoOO«OOi-irH00t^l-.C5 CHCH'XD^'SDCH-0+'Xi^D'X)'X)'X5*X)'Xi'XiCH-0+ 0+0+0+ 'X5C>+'X>0+0+CH-0+CHCH-0+'X5 =3 3 c ;; 03 c o C3 3 -3 :C3'« •^ 3 Sao 3 ^=« C3 C8.5 LOCMcceor-oo-*iOcsii:ot^ooo^THCNj-^*<o O OOOOCOOOOOOOcCOOOOOOOOOOtH 00 ■rH 05 ■rH 05 T-( T-H OS 05 !>■ 05 05 05 05 i—( i-H -rH 05 t-< T-C CM T-< CM 1-1 tH CSI CM tH C»q| CM CM CM tH tH 1-H CM 1-1 :0C5OTHCVlC0tD->*CM 0C00O5O5O5O5OSI>.t> tH'tH'tHtHtHt-i^OOOOO T-lTHrlTlTHT-ICMCMeO 1920. Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 49 CQ 0 o o o m a o c 'ai U u; a. cr. 6 rt t u O o (b O u •yiBpnB3 s[Bi}uaA ■^^ o Q C/} ^ o 0) z , re &c « ■ f_) rt O t-H •xaS rt o o 6 l< r^ 1 00 < 3 y5 " "^ " "'•-'> - - " " " - ^ U^ . . .^ ■Oi •00 • • • • ■-}< . . . • «ot^icor^'t'-^c^'»'Oc^roo3C4o:^iooMo«oosoocj5ioooo j^ ooMecMcocoooeceocoooccooeoeooooococopocooooocofCcooo ^ ^-iOOOSOOC30i-iC5C;Ci^^'-lOi-iT^CJO»0>'^005000C050>0>0 42 POooiMMC^ic^ooiMPtr^Meosoooooc^iMCvjffOeoc^icvicjeMoisvjas 00(30 <O00 OC ''oo Coo 53 C3 C5 '=^« .:ico 2«oo .coios^os^ 00 "«*- ~00 "0OO5«« C0Ol-< "00 f" 43 x:-" ^D'^*0'^^D(>(>+*00+0+*00+0+0+'X)*0*0'o'X)*OCh'0*00+'X)'O^D 3 3 us 3 ooTHi>eo-.tiiOc^i<Mi^e«:iooc0500-^ooiX)ioo»05eot^050ooo»»rt i^'»f^Tf<t<'fm-^t^Tf«i<i^-foc«oc»tiT-i«0'^{ot^i-H-«*<-^fo«ot^ MT-^MMCOCOOO'r-ieOT--iOOOOOOfOT-i'r-<(Nr-iT-(T-ifOr>ICOT-iCOCOM 50 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, •siBpnBO ■si^a^uaA •X9S . ' ' * * " *■ ^ r oi s* c Q< 9. C 0 CO (U < »-5 C/2 Q>^ fa •OrHOOeOOOOirtOCJi-iM >i •a o <u CQ rt • o ^ CD o ^ ^ 00 i^' JOO ii tS (M OO 00 00 00 kO lO M ^ *^ 050S ^00 " " 3 *- CO E 2 3 CO o C J fe^ . . . . .-3 ."< . a " " " - "es C8 Bf 3 "cS CO ca f^^iS 3 !3 3 t- s tiJ UJ • ^ HO. ^-1 t>. OS a» Xi >-. (U CO fa s e 00;DOOOCC^OS->*(MCOOOOOOe^I>.M '<j<ioeocoi^co«Oioi^iO'^cocooo«D«ot^ eococceocoeoMfCcoMeocoooccecMM rirHOMCOCOMTHrirHOJMirtCSievSOOOO >0 »0 If} lO »0 lO tH -^ iC wo CO OS OO i^ t^ OS 00 CO CQ CO CO CO CO ^ o CH ^C>+'^'X)0+0+ *0'^DO+^'X) 0+^*0 'XJCH- lOOiOO > ot^ooco-^ 'X)'X)'^^0+ CH- OC a o CO p. tac s CO OCOTHC^li-H->i*"t-(CMCO'^OSO'^OiOOi-H cMiOTriTf<ioi^ososososooos-^co-^t^i^ c^ OS OS OS OS OS i^ i^ i^ 1^ i^ r^ -^ cq T-i OS OS ^OOCOCOCOCOC^CqC^JCMCNJC^T^^T-iCOCO CM -^ CO 00 »iO ;0 CO CO CO O CO T-< •rH -^ T-H CN| -H CM 1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. oa 0 • 1-4 U ,Q O CQ PI o o 08 o 'd « o z a u u (/) o H U •siBpnB3 siTiJiuaA >i •o o CQ a o .M CA) O « Z •X3<5 0CC5 0S05 1^ c D o o r^ r^ o i-^ i^ CO i^ lO i^ r^ o oo ooooo CO CO ^ r- 1-^ t^ »o i^ t-"- «ci t~-i i"-" i^ i^ «o »^ ososo T-l I = : a "* "* . ^ ifS ^ S ^o 'x) 'x) 0+ 'o 'X) ^^ 'X) ^5 0+ '^ 'X) 'td'Soch tlO c o ^■^ = 'o§, c CQ 03 P5c/5 f- 00 O t^ 35 t^ 30 S f^ .-* O 50 eNicv|.^^rgoooo2S2S2S2£22 ^ CJ iM'FHfO CO CO CO 52 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, o CQ 53 O 09 cS (m CO • rH rQ o » O en Z M S o u CD o H xn ■sji^pniij S|BJJU3A •X3S T-l 05 00 OS ^ »v •, ^ •» ^ V 1 a c (U 3 C/2 •-J .d Han men -c;'t;o x t, O 4, ^ *:S" <-, c/j pe of graci ntor's ^' >.. a Ut H^iu O«0t^M • • ,• • -00 • .(O • • - m-^-^ifl • • • . .x* . 'in • • ' m ^ If? o ■<!»< o o ! C«00C'1<O1<(M00O •^ aO l^ 1^ ITS I^ «D 9C 1 ^COS^IOOOrHCMt^eO ^ •^•^■^■^■^•^■»J"'^'*'<J"iO'^'J<Tt<-^'1' s^ eo-HOcmirsmi^osOT- it-1-c^ioocoo lO lT? if5 If? iQ in L.T9< iC m »0 lO lO lO »f5 '^ ^ ^H ,^ 1-H T^ Crj TH CO tH OS -^ CO ^-t OS '-I TH tH 1 .■^ cocoeococyjeccooocicooocOMoocooo 1 <:: V CO oooo • • • -lOOOOl^ • • i^ in «s 00 «^* • • • •i;Di«l^0O'^ • • ooooo . .. . . lO lO O lO o o . mmcoooo rx 00 (M t-'i CJ 00 . ooooocooos OS CD l^ OO CO ■<* 'T)CH-cH-'x)'x) ; ; : io+o+'T)^ ; ; : S C8 «^ s '-' es tic 3 « «! 5 5 ffl 3 (X o-a-s--cu t^ooosocot^ocosoooocos-* ■<*< Tf tt kO '^ m m m cc oo w o OS 1-Hi— ii-Ii-h0C3C0C000C1^0S0SO i-lTHT-(i-lCVI(MCN|CMCq<MCOeO'S< 1920. Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 53 m a> o CO ■ 1-4 o Ifl O 2 M S u Cm cn O h en <u rt i Q ! u o o 4) o ■o •S[T3pni33 •siieJjusA >. •a o pa 'ii O .U C« u v 1 z ; rt J H ■*-• B ^^ V rt hJ /O H •X9S >> OS o o J i 6 5 • •2 ^ 00 OS ^ -3' < u 4* ^ ^ ^ ifSrt" •'tiOiO't'^ ift •TpiftiniO • O ■^ ■^ »0 Tf 'C >0 iC -^ tfS O •^ 00 cot^'^«oo»t^'*ec'^'^oo»'«*<ooocoo»'^oeoo-«!rio«ooacoo . CO CC « CO M CO CO Tf M CC CO eC 00 CC Tf 00 ■TJ« CO 00 «^ M CO 00 00 CO 00 T}< .5 """ ^ ' ' ' ' " " J^ l-^ml'-iCO«0(^^1^^0l^ooOlO•^»iO«;oO'>*l-l•^<;oc^^^'*tlC^^ ^* ^^ ^^ ^J* "^ ^y ^J* ^t* ^* ^* ^t* ^^ Tj* ^9* ^^ '^ ^^ ''^ ^^ ^* '^i^ "^^ "^ ^^ ^' '^ "^t* *>> 1^^ «ot^i-»oooo«0 50t^oet-«.ost^oot>»t^i>iO»i>.r-r-.o»i^KOoor>-osi>i G ■- t^ 00 l"^ t->- l^ 00 OOOi.Oi:^ oooo 000iA_:00 £uO.^O-^iOOiAOm S OU0OU0.^O S r^ooosoo«ooocSiO~a5~coososoct^s c;ocoi05"oS '^D^DCH-*0*0*iO't30+CH-^0+'0'OCH-CH<>fCH-^*0'X)'0*0*00+'t)'^DO+ o « CQ 050^(Mco-^iooi^ooo^!Mioco-<*<m«ot^Oii-icai^ooo50!0 eo-^-^-^-r-^'^'^'^'j'inifOirai-^iOi-omioiiOuoooooio'OioaiCs cqc^^c^^c^^c^^^^lc^^c^^^^CMc^^c^^c^^i^^c^^^^^c^^c^lc^c^^llO»c«o«oa:>C505 54 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, 03 O O 01 o VI eg » o z w u w Oh O h U •sjtpnB3 •siBj^uaA •xos 00 00 1^ l^ QO 1— I TH tH Tl tH ^T-l 1— I T-t T-( T-l ^5 00 S" ^ ""S" ■<# -^ ^ t~- «0 TH ^ 0» O CO '^c 'X)CH-CH-'X)'X)'0CH-CH-O+0+*0CH- •r-(1-(T-<T-(C>JCMC<JC<lTHT-(1-lTl rH • • •CMlO«00U500«OTt ift . . • lO ;0 CO -^ iO irt -^ irt "^ ^- ~ oooo .oeooocv]«oooi^coo =; -^ifs . CO OS oo ifs 00 OS oo 00 ca ■^ eooo oococO'<*iccecooco-<ti ^^ ^!^ ^^ '•^ ^^ ^* ■^ ^* "^ "^ ^* ^* ■ ~ CO 05 OS CO OS l^ OS lO OS OJ t^ l^ CO CVI W M CM CM M (M (M CM (M C^ C< •<**co eo-Tf ■"^ OS*S OSQO CM CM O ^DCH tJC cr o . .ft h Kong klong chin a Hin ndon c« »-s ^ « £3 n ^ C5 OO cB 13 03 C3 u « fc*iSHKa2 CJ CO r^ 00 OS eo 1 -O CO -^ O T-l OS OS CM CO CO CO CO CO t- 1 ^t^THCOCD-^O COCO CMCaCMl>-000000l^CMCMCMeO CM CM 1920. Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes 55 o XiD 03 ■ r-l cm o u o CU CO l> SO 00 oi ^ ^^ tH 1-H 1-H 1-1 rt o* Oi OS OS OS th TH 1-H 1-H 1-H 1 00 5i a —> C July, !-• i o u ^ 1 3 5 o c?? s < fe S lBpnT:3 CO CO 00 CO oo CO «o CO CO CO I^ «o c^ o C^l C<1 CM o OS CM s [uajuaA OS CM ao o CO to C<1 in CM (N 00 CM 35 l?5 CO CO CO CO 1-H o CO CO CO CO CO t/i ;E u ^ C/) o Ti o 1-H i-< T-l CO OS o tH OS d ^ (M IM (M CM CM n C^I CM 1-H ~ d if5 lO O o lO lO o o o 'rt 05 oc o t^ 00 oc oc l^ CO /^ H fet- c <u "5 lO m ifi >f5 o Irt o o O o J C^l o Oi •«»<. »H «o 1-H !5 OS \n o o o> l^ «£> 00 OS OS 00 ac i^ •xas 0+ 0+ 'X) CH- ^ 0+ ^D 0+ o+ 'T) >-. • • • * • * ^ ^ ctf o o 3 es t4 J J- 3 « C rt h o CS •* •" •* •* « *^ ** s ac '« 13 S3 3 s 3 tii 1^ Oh C^ CM CO TP m «£> ;^ so in ^ oo O o O o ■rl- CO oo 00 1-H r-« ^ 1-H 1— 1 TH T-l c^ 1^ OS 00 A 1—1 1—1 y-i CM CM CO 00 56 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, CO p, o U o (/) s u w CD b o H i<i>: t-^ 00 00* CJ OJOC* ■•-^1-1 T-H T-i y-i 1-H o ^ o OCi OS 0S05 1-1 TH 1— 1 r^ TH Dec, May, July, July, June, June, Oi TJ +* h fc-^ 5^ ^X5 • -^ o 5 £ CO *J Ha ^^H^ . . .^^ .r^!^ . CQ.^c«< ^< ^•< SJ^ptlBO SI13J)U3^ rt o ^ Cfi o (U ^ rt H xag uc/j; C/:3r-; ■^t^0Sf0<CCM-*'iniM»-<O000CO>''OO~'ti lOt^C0e000e0T-<«0'r-([>ilf5l0Tf<i0'^imOO0» OOOOS'tHt-hi— (C5THl^i->.T^f0O5COO>T-ii-H'^eO Me»?(Mooc»^coc^coc^iMeosocMccc^ccooeOM l^?0 5C 'S-n'iOiM C8«fc, 1:00c >i-^ 'X) CH 'HD 'Hd '^D 'X) 'XD '^3 CH '^D "^ CM- '^S 'X) CH CH- 0+ 0+ 'X) -5 re o 3 re o re u o c 'iri "2 a ^ re 00 00 1^ i^ i^ 1^ t^ CO TH T-c ico 50 ^ CO to 00 1^ t^ 00 CO 00 CO CO CO CO 1^ i-^ i"^ 00 00 00 oc 00 00 00 CO CO •rtT-<T-<T-(^T-l-rHT-(CMC^COCOCOCOCOCOCO 1-1 >H 1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 57 o 'd u <D •I— > m •1-1 P. o b O en z u u u b O hJ -' <u 00* oi OS s OS tH >^ 3 1-4 o u JU U 5 o e C 5 CO C < fc s SIlSptlBQ CO 00 CO o oo ■^ CO si^jjua^X CO CM CO CM _■ t3 •l-H 1— I y-t O C^l IM CM rt ' • U 1 ^ ^ iK t^ I> t>. V Z TH T-< TH ^ t^ o o '(i '<*< •«!r o ^ ■ H TH Sd ■rf 8 o § o H ■<j' CO OS •X9S o+ 0+ 'X) >. • • • rS U O hJ - 2 o IM) ac ^ •» a ■c?5 T-H CM o o o l^ d oo 00 00 z CO CO CO ■8 58 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, 03 B o 03 A P4 O 03 DO 08 I— H d Eh b O en Z u S o o h tn «5 CO 1-1 OS o o V^ r^ to r^ CO t^ «o CO 1—1 OS tH T^ f-i •1-1 1— ( 1-4 1-1 1— < TH T* Oi OS OS OS OS OS OS OS C3S OS T— rt ^ T^ T-H rH r-l 1-H 1-H r^ TH ^ a ,13 ^ "^ ^ s J3 s o ft &0 <3 ft O) (/3 -s 3 - ft 5 CS o ^ iHect^ ji C 5 a J3 1 o 1 K c/3 00 r :; H i:u :^ Ok ; s s 5 r 5 < 03 < ft cs < S s U S U % o M o 00 CM i« CM i> ,0 •SlBptTBO ■»J« ■^ '^ CO ■^f » ■^ CO "«*< ■ OS «D ca OS OO IM C« 00 ■<t< iM siTsaiuaA CM CM C<l 1< ^ CM CO CM ^ >-, Xl CO CO CO CO 1-1 CO in ■'*< \n CO CO 00 00 lA o « CO 00 CO 00 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 00 00 V) 0) a "d • u ^ C/) o o OS o OS I^ OS OS 00 0 OS 00 OS 0 0 0) CO C^J CO CM CM CM CM CM CO CM CM CM 00 00 ^ o ^ ifi o 0 m uo 0 \n >o £ OS 00 ■<9< 00 r-. 00 00 00 !>• C , ~ , i) ^3 73 J 'rt o o lO cc -6 O -d 0 no cs m lO ^5 uo lO T- 1 lO r-. 10 00 in l^ CO 00 O t^ 00 !>■ ac 73 CO cs t-. I^ bb i> t>- r^ t>» H >. >> •X9S »o ^ Of 'o 'X) 0+ ^O 0+ CH 't) ^) 0+ >, ' ^ ^ ' 15 ^ o c a d c 3 o U3 c o 3 0 cs 3 .a 0 3 CS ^ ^ s CO ♦J cs ^ cs ft CS ^ ^ ^ G C c BC c CS cs c eo c cs C cs A 9 cs ,£3 cs ;c3 CS 43 a ffi 03 CJ n CJ oa U CM CO «o uo ■<* r- 0 OS 00 T-l tH CO 00 oo 00 oo QC oc OS 00 00 lO r^ CO CO CO 00 CO CO oo 00 CO 00 00 00 oc 6 TH tH r-t 1-4 1—1 1-H CM CM CM ? - 1920. Dr. Malcolm Smith : -Sea Snakes^ 59 d 08 a Pi c^ CO • l-H Cti O CO CO oe r-H Eh u. o z u s o (X] (/) O h 00 OS T-« T-t 6 OS OS H 1^ J * J. t J ,. ; TH Q <u >> 3 3 •-9 i-» 1^ 0 0 — 0 A u 1 00 7. r £ S > : :; <i ^ 0 0 0 0 0 CO to s[BpnB3 § IT- f-i r-i t^ i> <o 0 W ;o \Ci Ci 00 00 00 •siBJiiiaA CO CO '* « CO CO CO «o CO CO >> •a (M Oi 00 (M CO y-K '* w 0 00 00 I> 00 00 OS l^ 00 PQ "(3 0 C/5 u 00 OQ r- \ri CO CO w 00 a; «o t-«- «o «o I> t>i «o (O Y. 0 0 10 1.0 0 ■£ » 00 OS OS lO c 01 15 0 \ri Irt -d i2 u to 0 \n ■^ a» 00 S; 00 0 •^ «o 0 cs i> <M CO H ^ X9c; 0+ 0+ 'X) 'XD CH- ^3 '^ ^3 >, M * • • • • ^ V i:Z 3 Loca 0 CO a U ' t I ► I s 03 0 c . • ■^ m 0 !>• 00 OS 0 00 0 05 OS OS OS OS 0 00 00 CO 6 1-1 th 4 ^ 6o Journal of the F.M.S. Museiims, [Vol. X, tH 05 tH 1-h t^ ~: ^^ .rH 1-5 H-5 1-5 O 1-5 C 00 00 o» 0S05 05TH THOS oo SOI c CS a o3 1— I > 1=1 o W s w o c siBpn^Q si^ajuaA • CO 00 T-l 00 Tj* « CVl Tf «i oo O CC 00 t>- • ' lO ^ "^ "^ ^ "^ ■^ ^ "^ CO "^ "^ CO CO «OCM50C^l^-«*rQfOC^CSlTj<ra-^CV]OClOI:^0-^«OOOC^100THiClOC^05 I>'OSCOl-^OOCOI>'-^I^O-^«0«00000«OI>i«C«OI>«-«S*«COC-«rr«OOCO«OCO M C^ CM CM Cq eg M M W C<l ff^ M PJ ffSI M W ra W CM CQ e*J C^l C^J CJ M CM C^ CM CM m a o M c/) o 2 c3 J3 H oooccocMooo'^i>-i>'i--eO'^'*'rHcocoos'— ■>-ioo5eoir5CM'^05i>"i>'iO"^i>«oo>eoo ifsirtiomio«oiOiotfsoioiOuoioifiinif5mLQ«oioioinioio-^>^ioiomia;ci^ii:^5C !Xi ■t>-ooo«coo • TJ* ITS -^ -^ -^ !>■ O t^ CO T-i Tf CM CM CM CM CM CM «0«OeOCMOOcM^OOOOlOCOCM40cOCOeOr-i«OCMO»<35CMeMCMiOOl>00-^ 6 « H •xag o E o E i-o _• roo e-^ c>^^ CM Coo CCM «J TH"" •"" •rH ; tic I s«0 OCos CH-'XiO+'X30+0+'XD^'^DCH-(>fO+0+'^D'0'iDO+^'00+CH-'^'T^ s oa r- 5 ^'5 C C c w CS Q -C (U^ ec u O CM 00 O »0 I^ Oi T-H Tt LO O 30 rt« f -Tf >?'-;• -f I ?^ cc «c o ■-*< cmcmcmcm?5c5c^icmScmcm p. Ti nco ooo CMC^ICM CO u: 4? C C t-< -- u< ^ re a» o) O 0) 3 «o CMeo-*tncc!>i) iC iClO iC IlO !>• t-- 00 cooot--i— CO CM CM CM CM CM CM 1920.] Dr. Malcolm Smith : Sea Snakes. 6i o • 1-4 I u o3 .si o U S O W Or c/) b O ^-1 «Ol- CJ> . l-lT-< THt^ 05O5 1-H T-(1-H .kOs- 45-^ k" 4> o X'C u C8 13 S t^ iS r^ -t- (^* so 1-" l^ I— -T /Vl ■'^ flj k" ^ r '■ " • S';^ 0; o o S o o Q T3 CO t« iM u ^ «£ 0^ — sec c S " . • o . u 'or: •siBpnBO sfeJUiaA •^ «0 1> CO «0 ■* CO OS 1-^ M -tOOM • CC -^ t^ 00 ■rfi CM CM CO CO CO 00 CO CO 00 CM CO M • CO CO CO • CO CO CO CO CO CO CO eo»o«D05"^ococcO'ti^ oeoeo-^coi^oci^'rHOO CMrHTH^i-iT-iT-lT-iTi-r-i s^ -a o en C3 OJ ni o -a; ;/) OJ Z _. c5 -C H ■*-* t/) co^MCOcocococococMCMeoc^^eoIMCMcoeococMC<^cocococoeocooocM ^ ^ THeoo5;oi^'^eoi-ico'f5f-i'^t^t^i>i0005'^-^t>i^cMcoojT-(c^«ot^ :^ COCMWCMCMCOOOCOCMCMcOSMCMCMCMCMC^ISOMCMlMeOCOCMfOC^CMCM ^ OOift «0 >j irtOO " ^jfjCSo^CO" UO Win •xas P C>+'^D^*0'HD(>+0+CH-'X)^30+*0'Ho^'X>*XDO+CH'^^D^C>+0+0+CH*0'X>^ C3 O C5 . W3 C .^ 3 c B C Mac J= c j2 5:d o o 0) cqe r- UiH "O ac B O o i-HCvlCOOt^OOOlOT-^uOt^O-MCMCO^uOCOCSOSO 050iC5 05C50iOiOOC050CC;OCCCOCOOiOOOOS eocococoeococo-rr'T'^-^'^-^'^'^-^-^-^cototC) l-lTHT-lTHTHTHT-lTlT-tTHT-lCMCMCVlCMCMCMCMCMCMCM 62 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, o o u a xn u o en u u Ok c/) o H to u g; q C o o (U o U •siBpnB3 *s [BJiuaA >^ X) o 0) PQ rt u !/) o (U • 'c3 J3 H be c ,«^ <L> h-1 o H •xos >» CS o o hJ Q l< 5 OS tH 9i a T-t at 9 fa 00 CM "« t^o>«oooo«ooooo OjCOOOt-HtHOOCOOO ^ M CM CM C^l CO 00 rs CM ^-^— — ^ — O 00050S05Tt<CMt^05l>UOOO COCM00iMC0ff*000CM000OCM osoiOirt^oseioicosCMift CMCMOOCMCOCMOOCMCMOOCM CO o lOOOOO 0+ 0+ 'X) 'X) 0+ 0+ 'Xi 0+ OiOO S -4 "OO 0+'X>0+'iOO+CHCH*t)0+CH-^ OOOOiO'O cs «0 0 05 05iO C5 bn ^ ^ ^ ^ 'X) *X) 'XD lac <1 2;O5'r-ICM00lO^Ci ■^■rtooocccoooooo t-It-<COO0O0CO0O00 OOiO«Ct^OiTHCO'*iOOt--i ;>jcvir^i!MCMcocooocococo C5 o 05 ci o o^ OS OS OS OS OS oococofoeoooeoeoeococo C oooo CM CM CM CM 1920. Dr. Mai.colm Smith : Sea Snakes. 63 «o 00 TH •1-^ OS 05 y-l tH ^ ., 0 XI V V Q b «) i> 5; o» 1-H th j:;j TH Od OS OS •-3 Q S fa X 0 O O n in >i Oh z s u u CO O Xi P. ■Ji a C3 2 S u C/3 •-» ►-* < (/3 CJ S ^[Kpnr;3 •sjBJjuaA ■«j<'rtC^I'r^i-iOS^-iT-liOCJirt rHirtOt^r^OSOSSOOSiMO ??; •\ag r-r^t^t^r^t^c^r-ir^t^t^ t^t-^ir^t^t^r-r^r-ir-or". l^ O OS 0 00 0 CO 10 O lA cQ o o o — : •<9« •'-I . eo eo M ^ o csi ti "V «o 'O « 0+0+'^D*t5'X)'X)'X»CH0+CH-C>+ a: 00 B o M a P. QC C PQ 00 tH CM OS «0 t^ l-". CO cs CO CO eo 00 oc Qo 00 ao <M Cvl CM CM cvi Journ. F. M. S. Mus. Vol. X Plate I A. Hydpophis lamberti. From the type. B B B. Hydrophis klossi. No. 1189. C. Hydrophis eonsobrinus. From the type. C. L. Grounduater del. II. ON A COLLECTION OF PLANTS FROM PENINSULAR SIAM. By H. N. Ridley, C.M.G., F.R.S. The plants dealt with in this paper were collected by the Federated Malay States Museums during a general biological expedition, extending from January to March 1919, to the Islands and West Coast of Peninsular Siam between Lat. 7 and Lat. UN. Hitherto very little collecting has been done in this area though Mr. C. Curtis collected at one time in Puket, Trang and Pangnga while Renong has long been a favourite centre for orchid collectors. North of this region lie the Mergui Archipelago and Tenasserim, the floras of which were extensively collected by Griffith and Heifer.^ The typical lowland Malayan flora, that of the dense wet forests of the Malay Peninsula, disappears rapidly as we reach the dryer regions of Kedah, Setul and Perlis, where it is replaced largely by South Burmese and Siamese plants ; as we go still further north Malayan plants become again fewer but it is clear that many have contrived to push their way through the dryer regions into the northern parts of Peninsular Siam and into Tenasserim. Two instances in the present collection are Pentaphragma begoniaefolia and Cyrtandra bicolor, both of wmch find their furthest limit here. Well represented in southern Malaya the species of these two genera become more scanty the further north we go until they disappear in this region. The coUection is remarkably strong in Acanthaceae with one new genus, and a number of new species. Acanthaceae are comparatively rare in the southern Malay Peninsula becoming more abundant in the dryer northern region. The occurrence so far north of Thottea (Aristolochiaceae) and of the common southern Bromheadia palustris (Orchidaceae) in Takuapa, its most northern limit, are important extensions of range. Among the most interesting novelties are the fine Capparis Klossii ; Eloeocarpus tectonaefolius, only allied to a Javanese species ; the stiff -leaved Canthium trachy- style ; Vallaris macrantha, with unusually large leaves and flowers for the genus ; the new genus of Acanthaceae, Antheliacanthiis, remarkable for its small almost regular corolla ; Xyris tuberosa, with its remarkable rhizome of globose joints ; and Carex mapanifolia, with its dense spikes and broad leaves, allied to C. Helferi of Tenasserim and C. scaposa of China and Cochin-China. I Dr. A, Keith collected in Bangtaphan, South-western Siam (between the latitudes of Renong and Mergui) in 1890-1, and his specimens form part of the material on which are based Mr. Ridley's botanical papers in the "Journal of the Straits Branch Royal Asiatic Society," No. 59, July 1911, pp, 15-234 [C.B.K]. 66 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, SOME ACCOUNT OF THE JOURNEY ON WHICH THE PLANTS WERE COLLECTED. By C. BoDEN Kloss. All the islands mentioned below are near that part of the west coast of the Malay Peninsula which is here called Peninsular Siam, i.e., that portion south of the pass across the Isthmus of Kra between the head of the Pakchan Estuary and Chumporn Town and north of the borders of the Malay States of Perils, Kedah, Perak and Kelantan. We^ arrived at Pulau^ Mohea from Penang on February 1st, 1919, and left on the 3rd. The north and south islands are each about a square mile in area and between 500 and 800 feet high and are separated from each other by a narrow channel. They lie in about 7° 13' N, some 18 miles west of the coastal island of Telibon which protects tlie mouth of the Trang River. From its south-east point west-about to its northern end the south island is steep-to, its western side consisting mainly of high precipitous cliffs : to the east and south it slopes fairly gently and along these shores are several sand beaches with broad reefs in front. The northern island is lower and apparently consists of three hills sloping to the S.E. and joined by sandy necks : all along its south and south-east sides is a sand beach and reefs : the west and north sides are high and steep and there are a couple of rocky coves. The islands were exceedingly dry and there were no flowers but some fairly big timber, wild bananas, Licualas ( ?) and Caryota palms. They are largely forested on their eastern sides. The only water found was in two little soaks on the south island : the western seemed stagnant, the northern was running in the sand. The sea round the islands is beauti- fully clear and fish were numerous : there is a fine coral reef in the channel. There are no inhabitants but the islands are visited occasionally. We lay at anchor off the south-east entrance of the channel in 8 fathoms. Vessels should approach no nearer for even in 4 and 5 fathoms there are coral heads which show above water at low tide. A passage through the Strait could be made with care by keeping nearest the south side. North of Pulau Mohea are some islets — the Pilgrims and Koh Ma. The former are of limestone ; the largest, shaped like a boot, has some grass and shrubs. Koh Ma is apparently of sandstone and is largely covered with vegeta- tion. 2 Mr. H. C. Robinson, Director of Museums and Fisheries. F.M.S. , and myself with a party of collectors in the Fisheries launch " Shark." 3 Pulau (Malay) = Koh (Siamese) = Island. 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 67 We passed these on February 3rd on our way north to Koh Pipidon situated in lat. 7° 46' N and about 13 miles from the mainland and 20 miles from Junk Seylon to the west. It is the largest of the Vogels, high and wooded, about 4 miles long and two broad. There is a deep bay on the northern side and another, nearly land-locked, in the north-west coast (not shown on the charts). Tliese are separated from each other by a narrow nock of land which connects together the two main portions of the island lying east and west. South of Pipidon is Koh Pipithall, a long narrow, nortli and south ridge of limestone with, apparently, a deep fiord near its middle. Many of its summits arc rounded but its sides are precipitous and the north extremity is absolutely perpendicular. We anchored in the nortli-west end of the south bay of Koh Pipidon (also known as Pulau Bri-bri) in 8 fathoms. The western part of the island is a long ridge of limestone — like Pipithall, very finely coloured white, grey, red, brown, but more clothed with vegetation ; the eastern portion is of other formation with more gentle and forested slopes. The two are joined by a neck of low sandy land north of which is the newly-noted bay now in process of being filled up with sand. A steep limestone mass rises to the north of its entrance while there is a small mangrove swamp inland at its south-western head. On the east side of the bay the forest is very thin and patchy. In south bay beneath the limestone cliffs which form its western side is a flat reef of sand and coral, dry at low tide, which rises fairly steeply : the head of the bay is clean white sand, fairly deep ana shelving and on the eastern side a steep- to reef juts out parallel to the limestone cliffs for some distance : anchorage is between these two. The beach which runs all the way along the south side is of fine sand, interrupted in two or three places by out- crops of rock. East of the first of these lie a few huts which form a temporary settlement of Sam-Sams who visit the island for fishing : 2-300 yds. behind the hamlet is small well of bad water ; this was the only water we found on the Island. In the forest covering the flat neck were numerous giant CoUocasias 12—14 ft. high with stems a foot through ; the roots are used as food. The mangrove swamp which is the last indication of part separation of the east and west higher lands is filling up like the north bay where there is now anchorage for small craft only under its north-east point. The wliole island was very dry and except for a little Hlacnflower woody plant {Pseaderanthemiim creniilatnm) , the only blossoms seen were in the beach vegetation. Gycads, Licualas and other palms are common. 68 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, With easterly winds there was a good deal of swell in the south bay but the water was always beautifully clear — shiny pale green over sand and reefs, darker green in greater depths. On the 6th we proceeded to Puket in Junk Seylon Island and were detained there until the 10th awaiting arrival of a fresh supply of coal from Penang, but the hospitality of Mr. J. F. Johiis, H.B.M. Vice-Consul, rendered our stay very pleasant. On the 10th we left Puket for Pangnga at the head of the Gulf of Junk Seylon. The wind was fresh but sea quite smooth as we steamed north along Palau Panjang a large island in the middle of the Gulf. Tharua on Junk Seylon, which we soon passed, was once a Portuguese settle- ment. In this part of the gulf' there are only two limestone islets, Pipi and Sot, but nearer the head limestone becomes dominant and is wonderfully picturesque northwards of Koh Chanak. It occurs as islets of all shapes and } izes — icebergs, towers, spires, clift's, serrated ridges, roundec hum- mocks and overhanging knobs — partially covered with greenery but showing surfaces of white, grey, buflf, red, brown purple and slate, while the sea at its bases lies stiU and deep, dark from shade and reflections. At the head of the Gulf are wide shallows whence rise Koh Mak, a low island which is a guiding mark for the mouth of the Pangnga River and, further north-east, two limestone blocks between which lies the course to Paklao. We kept on northwards passing twenty yards west of the little Pulau Chetek and, stopping for a minute or two at 2.20 p.m. off the village at the seaward end of Pulau Pungi to engage boats for the journey up river to Pangnga Town, entered the river between tall limestone peaks and anchored at 3.40 p.m. off the customs house. Hereabouts the river runs tlirough mangroves and there are numerous waterways but many great limestone masses tower above the swampy level and relieve and beautify the scene. On the 11th we left for the town in a dugout, some of which are here very large indeed. It took about an hour and a half to reach the landing place, passing all the while through mangroves above which rose limestone hills like icebergs from a sea. One of these, a mile or more north of the custom house, bears a likeness to an elephant and is called Koh or Kao Chang — I don't know which : the one means " island " and the other " hill " and both would apply. At the landing steps, where lay several small cargo boats, there is a double row of small shops, mostly Chinese, and the road, rough but partly metalled, runs inland half a mile till it meets another crossing at right angles ; the left branch going to Kasom, the right to Pangnga : at the junc- tion is the Governor's house of white-washed stucco. An attempt has been made at an avenue. The road runs first 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 69 through rice fields with ckimps and hnes of Borassus pahns and then turning towards the left traverses undulating coun- try for a couple of miles before reaching the town, passing various houses and huts with, on the right, a good police barracks in a line grassed enclosui'e and a gaol and, on the left, a post and telegraph office. The present town is almost entirely of wood and palm thatch for the old town beyond it and nearer the river was burnt down about a year ago and the substantial brick walls and cement floors are all that remain — no attempt apparent- ly having been made at rebuilding. Beyond the old site lies the river — a clear shallow stream in a very broad sandy bed probably full of water in the summer season. The further side is fringed with a tall feather-like bamboo concealing houses and gardens and beyond rises a lofty precipitous range of limestone which is less regularly duplicated on a smaller scale on the near side of the stream. Between these two the main road runs on through fruit orchards and rice fields (divided into un- usually small units) to Takuapa. Where the town street, which is only a branch, joins it stands a wat or monastery in charming grounds. The shrine is a very plain building with an iron roof and contained three well gilt images : to the large central one a white elephant is offering a bottle of beer lifted high in its trunk. The Abbott's house is a pleasant attap building and there is also a good wooden bungalow and a large un- walled shed, while scattered about in the shade are sitting- platforms. Shady trees, red acalyphas, slender areca palms and grass lawns make a pretty foreground to the limestone cliffs which shelter the spot. The Abbott came to talk with us and sent us glasses of tea : there are too few Siamese in the town (the population of which is largely Chinese) to supply sufficient novices to keep the wat in proper condi- tion : many sick people were refuging with him (influenza) . Though perhaps I expected rather more after reading Warington Smyth's description* this is certainly a most charming place, especially the pretty and restful wat. One perhaps looked to find the cliff's rather more dominant ; but though they are very beautiful and striking they do not overshadow the town. Fish, vegetables and fruit were for sale and one or two Indian cloth-merchants had shops : there is now no rest- Iiouse. On tlie road ply two-seated gharries drawn by sturdy little Bandon ponies in excellent condition wearing well-padded collars and saddles. We got back to the launch at 2.30 p.m., coming down at dead low tide with many sand and mud banks exposed along the edge of the mangroves : in the fairway there are rocks and heavy snags at one or two places so if small 4 Vide Five Years in Siam, Vol. II, p. 15 (1898) In this book the author recounts his experiences while travelling between Trang and Chump- orn — the area dealt with in this note (Vol. I, p, 314 — II, p. 33). 70 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums [Vol. X, vessels attempted to proceed above the Chapsi (or customs house) they sliould do so with great care and local pilotage. At the landing place is a small wharf and a stockyard : at the customs house is also a small wharf and a dozen houses. Plenty of water was to be had nearby from wells. We left at sunrise, the early rays tinging with beautiful colours the limestone hills to westwards some of which come sheer down into the river. Coming out of the river mouth Pulau Fungi, seen end on, looked like a huge thumb sticking out of the water. Behind it is a fiord-like channel between limestone chff s which leads to Kasom but the usual way is more to the westward along the mangroves as runs the route to Pangnga to the east. As we turned west into Pakra or Pak Phra Strait between Junk Seylon and the mainland we got our last view of the weird shapes of Koh Chanuk and the adjacent islets. Some of them have been embraced by low expansions of land and are now part of the Peninsula. The softer hilly scenery of the Strait is pretty — forest, green and yeUow grass and brown burnt patches. Most of tlie bays along the shores are shallow and in some of them are stretches of large trees growing in the sea {? Sonneratea sp.). There are many fish traps with their attendant wings of stakes. At the point where the road and telegraph line from Puket reach the shore there are some houses and a large sala (rest house) : also here and there along the shores of the strait are solitary, or little collections of, houses : there are a few coco-palms. A mile or two from the western mouth of the straits we stopped to get a pilot off a pretty little peninsula with a police station and some shops beneath tall Casuarinas and Barringtonia trees and a fleet of boats anchored behind it. We might have done without the pilot as the shoals at the mouth could be distinguished though the tide was high : the northern bar was indicated by the breakers and the southern, which is outside and overlaps, it, was to be located by its colour. The shores of the exit are low and sandy and lined with Casuarinas and thereafter, until the hills forming the entrance to Klong Bagatae or Tung Pran in Takuatung were reached, we steamed in beautiful calm blue water along a practically unbroken sand beach fringed with Casuarinas and backed with forest ; at intervals passing houses or hamlets with boats drawn up before them on the shore. Lem^ Thom Tjob (Lat. 8° 33' N.) the western extremity of the long point sheltering Klong Bagatae, is 500 ft. high and covered with wind-swept forest : a reef extends outwards from the lower northern point. On the opposite side of the Klong (river), Lem Lajan to the eastward is hilly with many rocks at its foot but thence sand and Casuarinas run southward to Ban'' Tapmo. We steamed in beyond the last to look for a good collecting shore but everj^vhere 5 Cape. 6 Village. 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 71 higher up the inlet were mangroves and sand or mud exposed i^oals apparently blocking up much of the shallow head : so we turned back and anchored in 5 fathoms a mile and a half within the western cape near a little beach and some coco-palms. We had a few visitors — Malay- speaking Sam Sams. In the afternoon I walked to Lem Lajan which is on the boundary between Takuatung, in which we were, and Takuapa to the north. It lies about Sy^ miles north of Ban Tapmo over firm sand or short dry gi'ass among the Casuarinas. The forest behind shaded rather thorny under- growth : many of the trees bore orchids but their flowering season was over except for one pale crimson species. Adjoining the hilly country south of Lem Lajan is a big sandy lagoon backed by mangroves and the tide was pouring into this along a channel through the beach : a reef with rocks borders the shore. The western point is a low hill covered with open forest : flowers were few, the most conspicuous being a pale pinkish-white one spotted with crimson, borne by a plant 2-4 ft. high (Cystacanthiis pnlcherrimas). Fan palms and Licualas were common and several species of orchids were numerous above the shore rocks, but all flowerless. A swampy depression almost cuts off the point and seawards there is a curious mud and sand lagoon surrounded by mangroves and littoral vegetation. Eastwards on the main- land hills rise to about 3,000 ft. and these come down to the sea at Lem Lajan and northwards. Traps with lines of stakes (Malay blat and kelong) seem to be the only form of fishing practiced. The people of the village, which is an extensive one, kept to themselves. We left early in the morning of the 16th February. There was little to be distinguished for some time as we stood well off to clear the reefs. Approaching the secondary or middle entrance to Takuapa Inlet, Pak Kruen, its southern side was seen to be slightly hilly and in part grass grown. Inland, more or less easterly, a fine conical hill or small mountain stood out well. The island north of Pak Kruen, Koh Pra Tung, is quite low and flat with Casuarinas along its seaward beach. Koh Gab, the northern- most of the islands forming Takuapa Inlet is separated from the last by a very narrow entrance where the water showed pale green and is high and hilly with long beaches divided from each other by combs of rock : the shore is backed by Casuarinas and in a few places are houses or little hamlets : the northern point, Takuapa, or Kopah, Head (Lat. 9° 16' N.) is rocky and bordered by a reef. On the mainland opposite are small forested knolls coming down to the sea and then a long low stretch with Casuarinas and a few houses : south of this is a wide inlet and south again the whole Strait seems edged with mangroves. There are many hills and ranges inland, some of those visible being perhaps 3 to 4,000 ft. high, as is one near the sea with a good many sloping rock faces on its south-west side. Within the north 72 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. 1 Vol. X, point of Koh Gah is a fine sand beach with some flat grass land and Casuarinas behind, a mangrove swamp and some dense scrub. A mile or two farther south, concealed by mangroves, lay a small Chinese village in a bight between hills whence comes an excellent stream of good water in a rocky bed. The hills above are covered with penetrable forest in which meander paths connecting oil trees which after tapping are caulked with bundles of soft bark jammed into the holes. Here in the hills are some very pretty rocky water-holes in the bed of the stream : very few plants were in flower. Near the mouth of the stream were two or three houses belonging to Chinamen who have married Siamese women : they have good vegetable gardens, areca palms and pepper plots. On the 17th we moved up channel and anchored off* the northernmost little hillock on Koh Pra Tung, passing on the way the small exit which seemed quite clear and without breakers though there were rollers across the mouth. There is a large space in the interior covered with Melaleuca trees. On the mainland opposite much the same feature occurred — a large plain about 10 ft. above high-water level of dry white sand over which grew grass and scattered shrubs, very thick at their bases which were clothed with much moss and immense numbers of orchids. This sand was pure white and crunched exactly like frozen snow when walked on : it looked like snow too. Here occurred Bromheadia palustris while several of the bushes bore pretty pale green or white flowers {Holarpena pauciflora, Eugenia zeijlanica, etc.). Elephants were said to be common inland near the moun- tains. On the 18th we reached Koh Jam Yai (Big Jam Island) at 1 p.m. and after passing along a rocky shore in depths of 3 fathoms anchored in a shallow bay on the south-east side, south of the summit (700 ft.), where there is a neck of low land behind a considerable reef. Along the north-eastern part of the island runs an almost continuous beach and the land is low, dipping from the central hill which shows faces of rock. Koh Jam Yai (Lat. 9° 30' N.) is about 3 miles long and one wide and about 5 miles from the mainland. On the 19th I rowed across depths of 3 — 5 fathoms ;to the west side of Koh Jam Noi (Little Jam Id.) : here are no beaches but patches of sand above rocks : the sides were steep with much large bamboo above them. The Sugar Loaves to the north are pretty little hilly islets with sand spits and Casuarinas : we found depths of 4 — 7 fathoms between them. On Feb. 19th we reached Delisle Island, about 5 miles long by 2 wide. There are two attractive bays on the west side, in the southern a few houses, but the coast is a foul one with many rocks off'-shore : a hill forming the western point of the island separates the bays. Rounding the north point we found sand beaches running for a mile or so towards the eastern point and anchored in 3 fathoms otf the first (Lat. 9° 45' N.) . A broad flat reef and sandbank bare at low springs made landing difiicult 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 73 but fiu'ther down, beyond outcrops of rock, the southern beach seemed cleaner and steeper. The land m our neigh- bourhood was partly swampy with many rattans and palms, partly dry and sandy. The forest was not lofty. We found no water but it was to be obtained on a point, or island, to the east. The eastern shore of Delisle Id. is low but a hill rises near the south. On the mainland opposite were high hills many of them looking rather bare and these with the smooth green sea and the neighbouring islets made a pretty scene. We left at 11 a.m. on the 20th Feb. and steering round the west side of Saddle island, where there are attractive Casuarina-bordered beaches contrasting with the mangrove- fringed northern shore; passed south of the Lighthouse and east of everything else up to Koh Phi (the lighthouse island) outside Renong River where we anchored. On the south side of the mouth is a village at the foot of a small hill and a little farther on the opposite bank is the Customs station with a well built sea-wall and jetty beneath another little hill. At low tide the sand and mud banks at the river- mouth almost close the entrance. Inland up-stream are mangroves and beyond them a frontal range largely treeless and brown but assuming beautiful tones in the afternoon light : behind all are the peaks of the main range covered with forests. On the 23rd we paid a visit to Renong town, going up- stream at low tide. Except that it passed two or three little hillocks the river winds among mangroves and much mud and sand were exposed. After a couple of miles we passed a landing place and row of buildings on our right where a number of boats and lighters lay high and dry : soon after we repeatedly found shallow water and had to wait for the rising tide and after about two miles more the stream, branching, became too shallow for our boat so we returned to the landing place, meeting on the way down canoes going up laden with firewood. On shore we got a 2-pony victoria and travelling along a fair road, south of which is a wide plain being worked for tin with dredgers, passed numerous Siamese and Chinese shops and stalls and in about two miles reached the beginning of the town proper. Here were better-class shops, some of brick and stucco, cinemas, post and telegraph office and a good neat gendarmerie barracks. We first called at a substantial brick courthouse on an espla- nade with a pavilion and football ground and then v/ent up a low hill to the governor's office, a good and large brick building where we saw an English-speaking official — the governor being absent. Langsuan on the east coast, we learnt, could be reached from here in three days on foot along a track of sorts. Renong town lies long and straggling between the government quarter and the landing stage and is of the usual nondescript peninsular type, largely Chinese, with no particular features ; the most notable being the house of the old Rajah who governed here before the Civil Service System was introduced : it stood in a large tree- 74 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, planted space surrounded by walls twenty or more feet high with a large summer-house over the gate : the roads were pretty good and there were some fair residences : in the Chinese stores plenty of tinned provisions were to be had but there was little fruit. The place was dry and dusty, larger than Pangnga but not nearly so picturesque. A few Europeans of the tin dredging company live and have their repairing shops here and a good deal of Malay is understood. On the 23rd we crossed the Pakchan estuary to Victoria Point in Burma and anchored off the jetty (Lat. 10° N.). The settlement seems to have grown a little since I was there twenty years ago. Though with its paths, tree-dotted grassy slopes and red-roofed houses it looks attractive from a distance it does not improve with acquaintance — the bazaar is small and squalid with little stock, the paths are of clay and very rough and in the rainy season must be very muddy, and the grass is lallang. But from the Wireless Station on the ridge the view over sea, islands and main- land to the mountains is wonderful. A road to Maliwun is metalled for the first eight miles, beyond it has been aban- doned and the bridges are down; but it can still be traversed by motor-cycle in the dry season. The place was in charge of a sub-divisional officer and a European Inspector of Police : there were besides a Eurasian preventive officer, an Asiatic doctor in charge of a small hospital, and the staff of the wireless installation. No supplies were to be had but water from wells was good. The surroundings are beautiful : but as a settlement Victoria Point does not com- pare well even with such a Malayan Sleepy Hollow as Lumut in the Bindings. On the 24th we took in firewood and a pilot at Renong river and left at 11 a.m. The Pakchan is a fine broad estuary in the lower part, though interrupted by several islands and almost entirely fringed with mangroves : inland the hills rise to some height in places (1,000 — 2,000 ft.) but they are set far back from the shore and are not impressive: Waring- ton Smyth's reference to its appearance as resembling a northern fiord and having an air of magnitude does not seem justified.'^ There are hardly any signs of population in the lower part except a few scattered houses and hamlets and a fish- trap here and there : also there are practically no clearings. We had no difficulty in proceeding as far as Well Hill (23 miles) but there we got onto our first shoal and after- wards we had to sound a good deal — for the pilot proved use- less— to find sufficient water for the launch which draws 6-7 ft. Above Well Hill there are more signs of hal itation on both Burmese and Siamese banks : mangroves give place to Nipa palms while a belt of flat coinitry begins to border the estuary which now becomes more river-like. We anchored at the landing place of Namchut or Kraburi, 7 Op cit. II, p. 31. 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 75 the principal village of the old state of Kra, now merged in Renong : a couple of miles ahead on the Burmese side we could see the police station and dak bungalow of Marang on a low bare hill. From the landing stage backed by a few shops a well- kept bridle path ran through rice-fields, which commenced right behind the Nipas, to the Muang or town of Namchut. Less than a mile inland are the office and house of the Ampurr*^ a neat police station and some shops and houses whence the track and telegraph wire continue northwards to Chumpom and southwards to Renong. Beyond the village is a wat with several wooden bungalows and a large iron-roofed sala, or resting-place, and on a slight hill above it a temple with thirteen images of Buddlia. There is a pretty view from the temple showing the dried-up rice fields, clumps of fruit trees, bamboo, secondary growth and distant hills and forest : and the regular and dense belts of Nipa palms along the river look like raised embank- ments. We woke next morning to find everything drenched with moisture and shrouded in a dense mist which did not disperse until 8 o'clock. On the 25th we left the launch at 1.30 p.m. oJ^i a rising tide and rowed up stream sounding as we went. Screens of Nipa hid the country inland : at about 2^2 miles we jDassed Marang dak bungalow on its bare hill and about 2 miles farther up came to the first clear view on the west side — steep banks of earth with the ground running back sharply and level, covered with rice or grass. Above Marang houses become more numerous but many of them are hidden by the Nipas. At about live miles we came to Mamoh on the Siamese bank and from thereon the view became more open over rice fields with houses, low characteristic barns, clumps of trees, palms, bamboos and partially forested low hills. At about 7% miles we reached a substantial landing stage and found a bungalow a hundred yards inshore and also the termination of a good broad earth road coming in from the N.E. This place was Tapli : a village lay half a mile farther up stream and after interviewing the Phu-yai-ban (headman) we set off on our return journey, arriving at the launch at 8 p.m. On Feb. 26th we took the launch up river at low tide touching once on a rock in mid-stream: anchored at Mamoh after haJf an hour's journey. From here a track runs to Tapli in about 40 minutes through small forest, scrub, fenced-in houses and gai'dens. On both sides of the river this district is fairly populated and must produce a good deal of rice : it owns elephants and many buffaloes. A track southwards runs through ricefields and land enclosed by bamboo fences, barbed wire and euphorbia hedges. There is a modest wat on a small hill. The coun- try, all under rice where irrigable, was now covered with brown and tawny stubble pleasantly contrasting with the a District Officer. 76 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, palms, fruit trees, bamboos and patches of scrub and jungle dotted about : in the distance were hills partly forest, partly scrub-covered. Numerous and large herds of buffaloes made rambling about nervous work for a solitary white man. Mamoh contains several Chinese shops. Between 3 and 8 a.m. in the morning a dense shroud of mist always lay over the country. On Mai'ch 1st we sent our men and baggage up to Tapli in a small cargo boat. The Lord Lieutenant of the Monthon (Puket) was expected and Mamoh had been making a land- ing-place for his use : unfortunately it did not extend out to low tide level but ended in mud two feet deep. The Lord- Lieutenant did not go ashore at Mamoh. The journey from Mamoh to Tapli takes longer by water than by land, but at high tide it is a pretty one as the ricefields come right to the edges of the banks in places. Tapli is the name of the landing place : the village beyond is called Ban Wang Tapoh'-'. A fair-sized bridge was being built over the stream along which it lies. (Klong Wang). The view from Tapli was very fine — westward across the river lay ricefields with a few scattered houses and fruit trees with low hills beyond : northwards the river winds among flat ricefields coming from low hills many miles away with beyond them a mountain range of about 2,000 ft. running S.E. & N.W. Clumps of trees palms and bamboos diversified the rice lands and in the evening with the low light shining on the river and the hills a glorious deep grey- blue or purple the vista was exquisite. The hills beyond the bungalow were covered with trees and much bamboo and the undergrowth was very light. Every morning the heavy white mist lay over the river valley : the daily rise and fall of the stream was still con- siderable (8-10 ft.). Having at length hired eleven elephants for our equip- ment (the local animals carry a ridiculously small load) I left TapU on foot at 10.20 a.m. on March 10th affer seeing the first lot of our baggage well away. For the first five kilometres to Eakchan village the trans-peninsular road-to- be ran north through scrub and ricefields fallow under grass. At the village which is the last for many miles was a police station and a long bridge over a broad stream between high banks — the Klong In Song which the road follows, a tribu- tary of the Pakchan rising in the Central range not far from the sources of the Klong Tasan, on the eastern side of the divide, which runs to the Gulf of Siam south of Chumpom. Thence the road with the telegraph line passes through uninteresting scrub, first eastwards, then south and again east until it reaches the main range which is covered with evergreen forest. The boundary between Renong and Chumporn is 18 kilometres from Wang Tapoh : the pass by which the road proceeds is low — only about two hundred 9 Ban or Bang = House or Village. 1920J Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 77 and fifty ft. — and Tasan our next stopping place, lies at the eastern foot of the lulls 2^/4 kilometres farther on. Tasan is not a village but only the station of the engineer of the Railway Department who is in charge of road con- struction. The latter is at present of earth only and is impassible in the wet season : the bridges are all of rough wood and there is a considerable amount of cutting and embankment : after the first two hours from Tapli there is a good deal of water (the Klong In Song) along or across the track. Tasan lies in a basin into which the elephant track, following quite a different route from the road, enters from the south-west. The house of the Engineer, Signor Giacone; his office, clerks quarters, coolie lines and a vegetable garden on the flat, make up the settlement. The elephants took about 6 hours on the journey, I and my boy 3% hours. We temporarily unloaded into an old shed and I spent the night with the very hospitable engineer. Next day I set up the tents and made camp beneath some trees near the station between the Klong Tasan and a little tributary of good water and we moved the luggage into it. Deer flies were troublesome and in the evening a huge species of mosquito was active. Seven elephants were sent back for the remain- ing baggage for which shelters were ready and which arrived next day with Robinson. The engineer and his household were all ill with fever from which he had already lost tlu'ee servants. Tigers also were bad and had recently taken from a stable within 30 yards of the house a pony and a cow. As a collecting locality, however, the place looked promising though the walk from Tapli was very uninteresting while the hard open road and hot sun had been rather trying. At Tasan we had excellent di*y weather but hot to us — the shade temperature one afternoon being 95°, though generally it was about 92° : at daybreak it was about 68 ° ; but once when it fell to 65° the night seemed very cold. In the neighbourhood the country is undulating and nowhere steep : walking in the valleys is easy. There was a great deal of bamboo in the forest which, fairly dense on the flat, was sufficiently open to allow moving about with ease on the hill tops ; much of this bamboo was fruiting. There was no great abundance of plants in flower nor were there many orchids : blossom was commonest on bushes and climbers and on a few inconspicuous little plants. Clear-water streams were numerous across the tracks and in damp spots leeches were troublesome while bush-ticks abounded eveiywhere. The camp was a pleasant one owing to its dryness and the absence of mosquitoes ; but several of our men had short attacks of fever. Elephants frequent- ly passed through Tasan and a few Siamese went to and fro, but there was no cart traffic. Twelve elephants having arrived from Chumporn, on the 28th March we saw a start made with loading-up and 78 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, ourselves set off at 7.30 a.m. The road led through forest (Tamaila 9 kms.) and crossed a number of streams and dry gullies : at 20 kms. it passed near the end of a long lime- stone hill — the first met with, though later other isolated ones cropped up in the plains. Beyond this one got out of the hills, and bamboo and other scrubs became more fre- quent on the flat. At 11.07 a.m. came Sep Yuan (24 kms.) where stood a road-overseer's house on the north bank of the Klong (River) Tasan wliich flows into Chumporn Bay though the town itself is on another river, the Klong Kapao, which has a common estuary with the Tasan. Beyond Sep Yuan the road is older, broader and very largely overgrown with short grass — very dry and sUppery. Houses, fruit trees,- grass land and rice fields border it now all the way to Chumporn : the " ton-ta " palm (Borassus) was numerous in the paddy lands ; coco and areca palms and bamboo lined the road. The houses were of negative character without distinctive features. Soon after midday I had had enough : it was now very hot in the sunlit road (95° in the shade) though the earlier hours had happily been cloudy : the railway bridge over the Klong Kapao was a welcome sight and ten minutes later I reached the Chumporn Resthouse (35 kms. = 22 miles) at 1.50 p.m. Robinson arrived at 4 p.m. The walk along the hard hot road gave both of us very sore feet. Of Chumporn town not much need be said : it is one of the places where railway travellers to and from Bangkok have to spend a night (Lat. 10° 30' N.). It consists in the main of one long street of shops con- taining tin and iron ware, cotton goods, lamps, food ; a gaol with a galvanised iron stockade, a new government office — a long wooden building on piles facing the less ambitious old one, post and telegraph office and official's houses. A holiday of 19 days, general at this period of the hot dry season, was taking its course. On the 30th, thanks to the kindness of the Governor, we made a trip down river in a motorboat starting from the boat-house of the royal rest-house. The river is pretty, its clear deep green water running between high steep banks backed by bamboos, palms and fruit trees with houses at intervals. Nearer the sea the shores fall away and Nipa palms and mangroves take the place of other trees. In an hour and a half we reached a large fishing village at the mouth ; a slack period was on and preparations were being made for the fishing season : boats were being re- paired, screens made, nets mended. In the busy se^:Son the .population is probably a couple of thousand — mostly Chinese. The boats, viking-like craft, have a high straight stem, two rudders, raking stern and one very raking mast. There is a bazaar, a good customs house, small police- station and a lighthouse on an island. The shores of the estuary are generally low. 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 79 On the 31st March, all our baggage having arrived, we went by train northwards to Koh Lak, or Prachuap Kirikan, in S.W. Siam and in that state we collected for three weeks but the country was so dry and flowerless that no botanical material was obtained. I had the assistance of a native collector at Mamoh, Tapli and Tasan and his statements as to the size and nature of the plant from which he obtained his specimens may occasionally be unreliable : colours, however, being noted from the fresh specimens are correct. This account is very superficial : it is written merely to give an idea of the localities visited and worked and does not attempt to deal with the flora or fauna of those places. The latter will be recorded in other papers : in this 380 plants are dealt with, of which 59 species or varieties are described as new. Apparently what Mr. Ridley means in this report by " Malay Peninsula " is not the whole of the Malay Penin- sula, which extends northwards as far as the head of the Gulf of Siam (Lat. 13° 30' N.) ; but only the southern portion below Lat. 7° N., i.e., practically the Malay States : but exclusive of the Malay district of Perils and inclusive of the Siamese State of " Patani." The northern limit of the true Malaysian flora, which covers the southern half of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and — to a less extent — Java, and of which the con- tinental section may be called Malayan, seems to be a line joining the towns of Alor Star (in Kedah) and Singgora (at the entrance to the Inland Sea) . Botanical features confirm what geological investiga- tions indicate — that this boundary was the coast line of what was once an island but what has since become the southern half of the Malay Peninsula. ^'^ I would call this Alor Star — Singgora hue a major transverse break in the Malay Peninsula and am inchned to think that there is another between Bandon and Pangnga, and perhaps Bandon and Trang. The pass across the Isthmus of Kra, between Pakchan and Chumporn, to which so much attention has been given, is a mere dip in the mountain range there and seems to be structurally and biologically of very little importance. Mr. Ridley elsewhere calls the flora of Peninsular Siam the " Tenasserim Flora " and the choice of the name seems a reasonable one ; for though the area in which it occurs is politically Siam yet the plants of a great part of that State are much the same as those of Tenasserim and the flora of the latter region was by a long period the first to be investi- gated and known. 10 Scrivenor, Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. No. 59, July igii, "The Geological Structure of the Malay Peninsula," pp. 1-13 (vide pp. 2,8,9.). Kidley, torn, cit., "The Flora of Lower Siam," pp. 15-26 (vide pp. 15, 16,); id.ib., " A Botanical Expedrtion to Lower Siam, " pp 37-60 (vide pp. 27, 29, 30, 55, 56, 59, 60). 80 Journal of the F.M.S. Mnseuma. [Vol. X, Between the Malayan and Tenasserimese floras there must be a transition zone, or area where the two floras overlap and intermingle, though the zone is probably not so broad as the zoological one between Indo-Chinese and Malaysian animals since the latter are more adventurous than plants. When travelling between Penang and Bangkok by rail- way I have been struck more than once by the apparant (for I am no botanist) marked difference in the vegetation north and south of the Bandon River ; and it may be that as the Malayan flora extends practically without adulteration north to about Singgora so does the pure Tenasserimese flora stretch southwards to Junk Seylon : and that the area between the Bandon and Singgora breaks constitutes a true intermediate region which has derived its vegetation from both north and south ; though probably for climatic reasons, and possibly because of a less effective break near Bandon, northern plants are more numerous in it. Perhaps we have, therefore, three floras : — a Tenas- serimese, a Malayo-Tenasserimese and a Malayan one : but they all occur in the Malay Peninsula. Not only is there a north and* south difference but there is also one of east and west : this may be superficial and unimportant and due to the presence or absence of certain forms of vegetation rather than to different floras ; but anyone who has travelled or sailed along both shores of the northern part of the Peninsula from Mergui to Penang and from Bangkok to Singgora cannot fail to be struck by the contrast between the more forested west and the more grassy and scrub-covered east. Though perhaps arising from nature of the land surface these differences should be kept in mind while analysing the flora as long as collections are few and sporadic. DILLENIACEAE. 1. Delima sarmentosa, L. Koh Jam Yai : Tree ; flowers white ; 6628. Distrib. India, Malaya. This plant is a scandent shrub. 2. DiUenia aurea, Sm. Tapli : Petals bright lemon-yellow, centre apricot- yellow ; tree ; 6731. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula. ANONACEAE. 3. Desmos chinensis, Lour. Tapli : Fruit green, tipped paler ; small tree, 8 ft. ; 6794. Distrib. Cochin-China, Malay Peninsula. 4. Melodorum rubiginosum. Hook. fil. Tapli : Mixed with Desmos discolor ; 6794. 5. Orophea cuneiformis, King Tasan : Green, base of petals pink ; 7002. Distrib. Malay Peninsula. 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 81 6. Miliusa filipes, sp. nov. Branchlets pubescent. Leaves thin, elliptic, bluntly cuspidate, base narrowed, blunt, slightly unequal ; nerves about 10 pairs inarching '2 in. from the edge, elevate be- neath with few transverse and reticulate nervules, glabrous or sparsely hairy with rather long hairs on petiole and mid- rib, 5 • 25 in. long, 1 • 5 in. wide, petiole very short. Flowers solitary, axillary, on filiform peduncles -75 in. long. Petals ovate, blunt, -4 in. long, -2 in. wide, finely dotted. Tasan ; Greenish-yellow, red at base ; 6968. Allied to M. longipes. King, of the Malay Peninsula but not glabrous, with very short petioles and larger flower. 7. Goniothalamus undulatus, sp. nov. Pubescent shrub 5 ft. tall. Leaves thin, oblong, shortly blunt, cuspidate, base cuneate, edge undulate, glabrous ex- cept the pubescent midrib beneath ; nerves slender, 11 pairs, inarching far from midi'ib, 7 in. long, 2-75 in. wide ; petiole •4 in. long, pubescent. Flowers (all detached) apparently solitary, pedicel • 1 in. long. Sepals ovate broad, ribbed, • 25 in. long, red, hairy ; outer petals thick, coriaceous, ovate^ lanceolate -75 to 1 in. long, red hairy ; inner petals half as long, broad, triangular hairy. Tasan : Pale green ; 5 ft. ; 6836. Undoubtedly near G. tamirensis, Pierre of Cochin-China, but much less hairy all over and flowers much larger. . SCHIZANDRACEAE 8. Kadsura Roxburghiana, Arn. Tasan : Fruit green to scarlet ; 7051. Distrib. India. CAPPARIDACEAE. 9. Capparis Klossii, sp. nov. Climber. Branches puberulous, armed with short, recurved thorns in pairs. Leaves large, thin, coriaceous, glabrous above ; midrib and nerves 7 pairs elevate beneath, pubescent •, nerves inaiching within the margin, transverse, nervules few, 9 ins. long, 5 in. wide ; petiole thick -5 in. long with 2 thorns at base. Raceme terminal, 8 in. long. Flowers numerous, pedicel 1 in. long or less. Bracts lanceolate; spathulate, petioled -5 in. long, -08 in. wide, petiole as long as blade between a pair of deflexed hooks. Sepals rounded coriaceous, -4 in. long. Petals oblong, ovate, clawed, '5 in. long, white. Stamens very numerous 1-25 in. long. Gynophore slender, 2 in. long, ovary ovoid with a short stigmatic point, -1 in. long. Tasan : petals white ; climber ; 6845. This striking Capparis has the largest leaves of any I know from Asia. It is most closely allied to C. trinervia, also from this region, but the flowers are not ferruginous and the leaves larger and not clearly 3-nerved as in that species. j 82 Journal of the F.MS. Museums. [Vol. X, 10. Capparis micracantha, DC. Tapli : White, 2 petals partly yellow or reddish-brown ; 6763 : White, bases of petals yellowish brown ; 2 ft. high ; 6737. Pulau Mohea : White, lip crimson ; straggling shrub ; 6527. Distrib. Siam, South to Kedah 11. Cralaeva macrocarpa, Kurz. Tasan : Stamens purple, petals pale yellow-white ; 6932 : White, stems of petals green ; stamens dull crimson ; tree. Distrib. Malay Peninsula. VIOLACEAE. 12. Alsodeia Kunstleriana, var. latifolia, var. nou. Leaves broad, elliptic, 7 in. long, 3 in. wide, Tasan ; Greenish yellow ; 3 ft. ; 7028. I take this to be a form of A. Kunsteriana, King, of the Malay Peninsula but the type form of this has quite narrow lanceolate leaves. 13. Alsodeia mollis, Hook. fil. Nam Chut : Flowers white, stamens yellow : 6696. Tapli ; white ; 6788. Distrib. Tenasserim. 14. Alsodeia racemosa. Hook. fil. Tapli : White ; tree ; 6750. This is based upon a specimen labelled ** species violaceae, Nov. 1835 " from Griffith's collections in Hooker's herbarium and attributed to Assam where Griffith was collecting at that date, but there is another specimen from Mergui, Griffith, in Wight's collection. It is clear that there is a mistake in the first labelling. The plant is unlike any other species in having racemes of flowers and producing these when the leaves are fallen, at least usually. There are no leaves on the Tapli plant. POLYGALACEAE. 15. Xanthophyllum Affine, Korth. Taph : Fruit green ; tree ; 6729. Distrib. India, Malaya. 16. Xanthophyllum Kin^i, Chodat. Taph ; Shrub ; 6776. Distrib. Malay Peninsula. Both these specimens in fruit only, but I think rightly identified. GUTTIFERAE. 17. Garcinia sp. Tree. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, long, narrowed to base, drying grey, rather thinly coriaceous, midrib pro- minent ; nerves slender, 6 in. long, 2 in. wide, petiole • 3 in. long, thick angled. Flowers solitaay below leaves, sub- sessile. Sepals ovate, round, -25 in. long. Petals rather longer, round. Fruit ovoid, globose, red, -4 in. tlirough. Stigma of about 20 pustules. Tapli : Fruit dull crimson ; tree ; 6875. 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 83 TERNSTROEMIACEAE. 18. Ternstroemia penangiana Wall. Tasan : White : tree ; 6970. Distrib. Malay Penin- sula. 19. Schima Noronhae, Reinw. Mainland shores of Takuapa : Yellow to deep orange ; 5 to 8 ft. high ; 6617. Distrib. India and Malaya. I never saw it with yellow flowers, and it is generally at least more than 8 ft. tall.* DIPTEROCARPACEAE. 20. Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Gaertn. Tasan : Base white to sahnon, tips yellow ; large tree ; 6858 : Base white, tips crimson ; tree ; 6925. Distrib. Burma to north of Malay Peninsula. Fallen corollas only sent. (Malay Name " Krueng.") 21. Vatica faginea, Dyer. Koh Jam Yai off Takuapa : Tree ; buds lilac-green, fruits red ; 6629. Distrib. Tenasserim, Siam. 22. Pachynocarpus Wallichii, King. Tapli : Yellow ; tree ; 6748. Distrib. Malay Penin- sula. This is a big leaved and big flowered form ; some of the leaves measure 12 ins. long and 5 ins. wide. ANCISTROCLADACEAE. 23. Ancistrocladus Griffiihii, Planch. Koh Goh : Flowers pale green ; woody climber. Distrib. Mergui. MALVACEAE. 24. Hibiscus tiliaceus, L. Klong Bagatae : Flowers red to reddish-yellow ; throat deep crimson ; large bush, 20 ft. high ; 6566. Koh Pipidon ; 6544. 25. Hibiscus macrophyllus, Roxb. Tapli : Tree ; hard fruit, silky golden ; 6767. Distrib. India to Malay Peninsula. 26. Thespesla populnea, Carr. Koh Pipidon : Flowers yellow to red ; tree ; 6543 and 6550. Distrib. Tropical Asia and Africa. 27. Sida rhombifolia, L. TapU : Yellow ; 2 ft. high ; 6811. Distrib. Tropics. 28. Urena lobata, L. Tasan : Deep pink, throat crimson ; 6878. Distrib. Tropic*. • Possibly some confusion of labels had occurred when the specimens were unpacked. — G.B.K. 84 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, STERCULIACEAE. 29. Sterculia laevis, Wall. Tasan : Green ; 6905. Distrih. Malay Peninsula. 30. Sterculia rubiginosa var. ensifolia. Mast. Nam Chut : Flowers red to yellowish ; 6692. Renong River mouth ; inflorescence pink ; 6649. Distrih. Malay Peninsula. 31. Helicteres hirsuta. Lour. Tasan : Carmine pink ; 4 f t. ; 6890 : Pink to crimson, base of upper petals yellowish ; 4 ft. ; 6948. Distrih. Siam, North of Malay Peninsula. TILIACEAE. 32. Elaeocarpus tectonaefolius, sp. nov. Tree : Branches velvety ; Leaves broadly ovate, base cordate, tip rounded, thin-textiu*ed above, except the velvety midrib and nerves beneath, nerves 10 pairs and prominent reticulations hairy, 12 in. long, 8 in. wide ; petiole tomentose, 4' 5 in. long, deeply grooved above with short, simple or branched processes on the side of the groove. Stipules broadly rounded, oblong, strongly nerved, • 5 in. wide, • 4 in. long, top rounded truncate. Racemes axillary, 4 in. long, tomentose. Flowers rather distant, pedicels, -5 in. long. Sepals lanceolate-acuminate, • 15 in. long, pubescent. Petals little longer, oblong obcuneate, apex fimbriate, hairy. Stamens ; filaments linear, narrow with a tuft of hairs at the top. Ovary pubescent, ellipsoid, cone-shaped, 3-celled, • 1 in. ; style pubescent, longer. Disc undulate lobed, pro- minent, velvety. TapU : Tree ; 6761. This remarkable plant is only related to Blume's Elaeocarpus macrophyllus of Java, resembUng it in the large thin leaves and the large stipules. It is quite distinct in the velvety covering, cordate leaves and anthers crowned with short hairs. RUTACEAE. 33. Evodia viticina, Wall. Cat. 1219. Koh Pipidon : Flowers white, stamens yellow, sepals and bracts pale yellowish green ; 6558. This is only known from the Tenasserim district. The foUage in these speci- mens is stiff er and more polished than in the type. 34. Acronychia Porteri, Hook. fil. Tasan : Pale green, centre yeUow ; tree ; 7009. Distrih. Malay Peninsula. 35. Micromelum pubescens, Bl. Mamoh : Fruit green ; tree ; 6708. Distrih. Indo- Malaya. 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 85 36. Clausena excavata, Burm. Tapli : Small tree ; flowers greenish, stamens yellow ; 6818. Distrih. India, Malaya. 37. Clausena hirta, sp. nov. Shrub : 3 ft. tall, entirely shortly densely hairy. Leaves 22 in. long, leaflets 9 or 10, lowest pair round, ovate, crenu- late, 3 in. long, 2 in. wide, upper ones oblique, elliptic, blunt, cuspidate, base cuneate inaequilateral ; nerves 7 or 8 pairs inarching within the edge, 7 in. long, 3 in. wide. All thinly herbaceous, glabrous above and hairy on the nerves beneath, thickly covered with translucent glands and dotted over with larger sparser dark brown ones ; petiolules • 05 in. long, hairy. Panicle hairy 8 in. long with branches 1 • 5 in. long at base and shorter upwards bearing short, few-flowered cymes, 8 or fewer on each. Flowers very shortly pedicelled. Calyx and lobes short, 5. Petals imbricate in a globose mass, • 1 in. long, oblong. Stamens 8, filaments short, thick, narrowed at base. Anther larger, thick. Ovary 5-lobed. Style short and thick. Fruit suh-globose, • 1 in. long when di-y, closely set with large punctate glands. Tasan : Petals pale green, stamens yellow ; 3 ft. ; 7035. Allied to C. heptaphylla, W. & A., but densely hairy. OCHNACEAE. 38. Ochna grandis, Ridl. Delisle Island. off Takuapa : Scandent bush 25 ft. high ; yellow, stamens brown ; 6640. Distrih. Perils. I am not certain whether Pierre's O. Harmandi is not the same species and perhaps both are to be referred to O. Wallichii, Planchon. CHAILLETIACEAE. 39. Chailletia longipetala, Turcz. Taph : White ; small tree ; 6782 : Petals lilac at tip ; climber ; 6801 ( ?) . Distrib. Tenasserim. OLACINEAE. 40. Erythropalum scandens, Bl. Nam Chut : Flowers yellow ; chmber ; 6681. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula. CELASTRINEAE. 41. Euonymus javanicus, Bl. Tapli : Tree ; petals green, purphsh brown at base ; 6972. Distrib. Malay Peninsula and Islands. 42. Microtropis discolor, WaU. Tasan : White ; 2 ft. high ; 6985: White ; 6 ft. liigh ; 6999 and 6838. 86 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, 43. Hippocratea ferruginea, King, {Salacia Griffithii, Laws) . Nam Chut : Flowers white, stamens tipped yellow. Distrih. Trang, Peninsular Siam. 44. Salacia flavescens, Korth. Delisle Island off Takuapa : Yellow to salihon-red ; 6939. Tapli : Wliite, stamens yellow ; 6774 (var. ovalis) . Distrih. Tenasserim and Malay Peninsula. 45. Salacia grandiflora, Kurz. Nam Chut : Flowers white ; bush ; 6666 : Fruit scarlet ; 6691. 46. Salacia latifolia, Wall. Koh Pipidon : Flowers dull greenish-yellow, centres dark greenish brown ; 6554. Distrih. Malay Peninsula. 47. Salacia viminea. Wall. Koh Gah : Flowers greenish yellow ; bush, 6 ft. ; 6601. Distrih. Malay Peninsula. 48. Salacia verrucosa, Wight. Nam Chut : Greenish yeUow ; shrub ; 6706. Tasan : Yellowish green ; climber ; 6947. The latter with rather thinner and smaller leaves. Distrih. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula and Islands. 49. Salacia garcinioides sp. nov. Shrubby, branches, rather slender. Leaves alternate or sub-opposite, elliptic, blunt, cuspidate, coriaceous ; nerves inconspicuous, 7 pairs, 4 in. long, 1 • 75 in.' wide, petiole • 25 in. long ; young leaves thinner and more fleshy, drying orange. Flowers small in axillary fascicles of 13 or 14 on small tubercles with minute persistent ovate bracts. Pedicels slender '5 in. long. Sepals very short, rounded, ovate. Petals 5, oblong, fleshy, keeled on the back. Stamens 3, sunk in the disc. Style very short, hardly pro- jecting. Tasan : Yellowish green ; climber ; 6875 (?). The specimens have much the appearance of a Garci- nia. The httle yellowish flowers in fascicles are not very like any other species. RHAMNEAE. 50. Zizyphus oenoplia, Mill. var. ornata, var. nov. Climber ; branches and nerves beneath, leaves densely bright red, tomentose. Mamoh : climber ; yellowish green ; 6917. Distrih. India, Malay Peninsula to the Islands. The pretty form described above was collected in Tenasserim by Heifer. 51. Colubrina asiatica, Brngn. Koh Pipidon : Fruit brown ; tree ; 6551. AMPELIDEAE. 52. Vitis Hookeri, Laws. Tasan : Firuit brown ; climber ; 7022 : Greenish yellow ; 7042. Distrih. India. 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 87 53. Vitis Robinsonii, sp. nov. Stems slender, herbaceous, 4-angled below, young parts hairy, red. Leaves herbaceous, simple, glabrous when adult, oblong-lanceolate, base broad rounded or cordate with round lobes, edge closely toothed, apex acuminate ; nerves elevate, keeled and sinuate on the back, 8 pairs, 2-3 in. long, •75-1*25 in. wide ; petiole '2 in. long ; stipules oblong, tip broadly rounded, • 1 in. long. Tendrils rather long, simple ; corymbs -3 in. wide, subsessile, many flowered, dense, pubescent. Flowers yellow. Pedicels -15 in. long or much shorter. Calyis: cupular with an undulate 4-lobed edge. Petals oblong, blunt, -05 in., yellow tipped red, 4. Style rather long. Tasan : Yellow, petals tipped red externally ; stems and qalyx red ; leaves veined red ; climber ; 6942. This pretty vine is allied to V. discolor, Dalz. but is pubescent with winged nerves on the leaf backs, closely toothed leaves and sub-sessile inflorescence. SAPINDACEAE. 54. Erioglossum edule, Bl. Taph : White ; 6787. Distrib. Indo-Malaya. STAPHYLEACEAE. 55. Turpinia martabanica, Wall. (Label lost). Distrib. Burma. ANACARDIACEAE. 56. Anacardium occidentale, L. Koh Gah : Bushy tree ; flowers white to pink ; 6600 and 6602. Distrib. Tropics generally. Native of South America. 57. Buchanania acuminata,. Turcz. Klong Bagatae : Flowers white, fruits brownish-red ; large bush ; 6567. Distrib. Tenasserim, Malay Penmsula. 58. Gluta Tavoyana, Hook. fil. Nam Chut : Flower yellowish ; calyx crimson ; fruit purple-green ; shrub, 4 ft. ; 6690. Distrib. Tenasserim. This is certainly near G. elegans of Penang but the flowers are smaller. The fruit is obliquely round-elliptic, flattened, 1-5 in. long, 1-25 in. wide and about -25 in. through. 59. Gluta coarctata, Hook. fil. Taph : White tinged with pink at the top, 6809. Tree 40 ft. Distrib. Malay Peninsula. MELIACEAE. 60. Sandoricum nervosum, Bl. Mamoh : Green ; tree ; 6701. 61. Aglaia odoratissima, Bl. Tasan : Yellow ; large tree ; 6898. Distrib. Malay Peninsula. 88 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, 62. Aglaia ienuicaulis, Hiem. Tasan : Fruit yellowish brown ; 6979. Distrib. Malay Peninsula. 63. Amoora racemosa, sp. nov. Tree 30 ft. taU. Leaves 12 in. long, leaflets 7, elliptic obovate, shortly blunt, acuminate, thinly coriaceous, glabrous ; nerves 9 pairs, rather slender, elevate beneath, 7-5 in. long, 3*5 in. wide, petiolule -2 in. long, swollen at base. Racemes 2-3 together, very slender up to a foot long, glabrous with flowers • 15 in. apart, scattered. Pedi- cels • 1 in. long. Flowers globose, white. Sepals 5, round free, ciliate, pubescent on the edge. Corolla • 1 in. long ; lobes imbricate 4, two outer ones coriaceous. Staminal tube round, lobes rounded, anthers on the inner face below the lobes 8, oblong. Ovary small, hairy ; style stout, rather long. Stigma orbicular, flat. Tasan ; calyx green ; centre white ; 7039. This species. approaches the Aphanamixis section in its slender inflorescence of scattered flowers, but the flowers are much smaller and pedicelled, the stamens only 8. CONNARACEAE. 64. Rourea intermedia, sp. nov. Leaves 4 in. long, rachis slender, puberulous, leaflets over 20, coriaceous pubescent beneath, above shining, oblong, shortly blunt acuminate, base rounded ; nerves about 8 pairs, obscure, reticulations and nervules as conspicuous on both sides, 1 — 1*5 in. long, -5 in. wide ; petiolule minute. Flowers not seen. Fruit-spikes 3 in. long, pubescent. Calyx in fruit • 12 in. long, lobes round. Carpels '5 in. long, upper part recurved, blunt, glabrous. Seed ellipsoid quite covered by aril. (Label missing). This species allied to R. parallela has the leaflets narrowed to a blunt point. They are very variable is size and shape, some being almost ovate. 65. Connarus paniculatus, Roxb. Nam Chut : Flowers white, stamens tipped yellow ; 6683. Distrib. India to Tenasserim. 66. Connarus semidecandrus. Jack. Tapli : Fruit green ; bush ; 6775. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula. 67. Ellipanthus Helferi, Hook. fil. Tasan : 3 ft. high ; fruit yellow. This species was only known from some flowering specimens collected in Tenas- serim or Andamans (locality doubtful) by Heifer. The plant sent by Mr. Kloss is in fruit. The foliage and pubescent branches resemble Heifer's plant and I assume it to be the same, though with a little doubt as I have no flowers of this nor fruit of Heifer's plant. The fruit is in a stout raceme 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 89 of 14 capsules, 1 in. long with a stalk • 25 in. long, all closely velvety, the body of the capsule • 5 in. tlirough, terminating in a short curved and hooked beak. LEGUMINOSAE. 68. Crotalaria saltiana, Andr. TapH : Yellow ; 6793. Distrih. Tropical Asia. 69. Vigna retusa, Walp. Klong Bagatae, sea beach : Yellow ; 6584 Distrih. Indo-Malaya. 70. Flemingia congesta, Roxb. Tasan : Green, striped dull crimson, lateral petals car- mine ; 4 f t. ; 6885. Distrih. Indo-Malaya. 71. Adinobotrys atropurpureus, Dunn. Tapli : Dull crimson, hood green in centre near the base ; tree ; 6790. Distrih. Malay Peninsula. 72. Pongamia glabra, Vent. Koh Pipidon : Lilac, sepals brownish-crimson ; fruit dull green ; tree ; 6552 and 6553. Delisle Island off' Renong ; Mauve white ; fruit greenish brown ; tree ; 6641. The fruit in this specimen is abnormal, apparently attacked by some insect and forming a globose woody 2-celled ball. Distrih. Sea coasts, India and Malaya. 73. Derris uliginosa, Bcnth. Nam Chut : Pinkish-white ; shrub ; 4 ft, ; 6694. Distrih. Indo-Malaya, Polynesia. 74. Derris elliptica, Bentli. Tapli : White at tip, crimson at base ; bush. Perhaps wild here but often cultivated. " Tuba." 75. Derris amoena, Benth. Delisle Island oft' Takuapa ; lake to pink ; climber ; 6642 : Crimson to white ; stem twisted 30-40 yai'ds long ; 6648. Distrih. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. 76. Derris sp, Tasan : climber ; 6846. A very pubescent species but specimens too young. 77. Sophora tomentosa, L. Koh Pipidon : tree ; leaves grey, green on reverse ; 6548. Distrih. Tropics generally. 78. Bauhinia bracteata, Graham. Tapli : Greenish yellow ; climber ; 6795. Nam Chut : Yellowish white with crimson veins ; 6661. Distrih. Siam to North Malay Peninsula. 79. Cassia fistula, L. Mamoh : Lemon yellow, stalks of stamens green ; 6713. Wild in India, often planted elsewhere. 4 90 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, 80. Albizzia myriophylla, Benth. Koh Gah : Bush or climber ; inllorescence yellowish brown ; 6609. RHIZOPHOREAE. 81. Ceriops Roxburghiana, Arn. Koh Gah : A bushy tree in mangroves ; green, stamens brownish pink ; 6599. Distrib. E. Africa, India, Malaya, Australia. 82. Carallia lucida, Kurz. Nam Chut : Flowers green, stamens brown ; tree ; 6682. Distrib. Malay Peninsula. COMBRETACEAE. 83. Combretum Klossii, sp. nov. Tree : Branches slender, tomentose. Leaves elliptic, subacute or blunt, shinmg, pubescent, hairy on the nerves beneath 3 in. long, 1 • 25 in. wide ; nerves 7 pairs, slender, petiole • 25 in. Flowermg branches slender, pubescent hairy, in large terminal panicles with leaf-like bracts at base of branches. Cymes scattered remote with a pair of leaf-Uke branches, • 25 in. long, at base narrow, linear. Flowers • 05 in. wide, white, hairy outside. Ovary sessile, short, hairy. Sepals smaU lanceolate. Petals lanceolate acute, little longer. Stamens as long. Disc glabrous, lobed. Koh Pipidon : Flowers white ; ti'ee ; 6556. Allied to C. decandrum, Roxb., but with much more slender sprays of flowers, the flowers being distant and not congested with large floral bracts as in that species. 84. Combretum extensum, Roxb. Pulau Mohea : Petals white, head of stamens brown ; general colour of flower pale greenish yellow ; woody climber ; 6533 and 6528. Distrib. India to Malay Peninsula. 85. Calycopteris floribunda, Lam. Koh Pipidon : Tree ; fruit green ; 6553. Distrib. India and North Malay Peninsula. 86. Quisqualis densiflora, Wall. Tasan : Flowers red or white ; climber ; 6891. Distrib. Moulmein, Malay Peninsula. 87. Lumnitzera coccmea, W. & A. Koh Gah : Tree 30 ft. ; red ; 6587. MYRTACEAE. 88. Eugenia formosa. Wall. Tasan : White ; tree ; 6843. Taph : Pink ; tree ; 6800. Distrib. India to Tcnasserim. 89. Eugenia rubida, sp. nov. Tree : Branchlets above with red flaky bark, slender. Leaves rather thin, coriaceous, oblong lanceolate, base 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 91 narrowed blunt, tip shortly blunt, acuminate ; nerves 10 pairs with occasional nearly as prominent intermediate ones, inarching • 1 in. from the edge, 5 in. long, 1 • 75 in. wide ; midrib prominent, petiole -25 in. long, rather thick. Flowers 3 to 4 terminal ; pedicels thick • 1 in. long. Calyx funnel-shaped, -4 in. long, lobes -25 in. long, persistent. Petals broad, sub-orbicular, -6 in. long. Stamens very numerous, -5 in. long. Fruit globose, narrowed just below calyx lobes, closely finely ribbed from base, • 75 in. through. Tasan : crimson, tipped buff ; tree ; 6906. Tapli : Calyx pink ; stamens tipped huffy ; 6766. 90. Eugenia acuminatissima, Kurz. Tasan : Fruit green ; large tree ; 6900. Distrib. South to Malay Peninsula. 91. Eugenia leptantha, Wight. Tapli : Fruit green ; 6740. Distrib. Malay Peninsula. 92. Eugenia zeylanica, Wight. Delisle Island off Takuapa : Flowers greenish white ; fruits white ; tree ; 6643. Takuapa Mainland : Flowers greenish white ; 6614. Koh Gab : Flowers greenish white ; tree ; 6588 and 6589. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula and Islands. All the specimens quoted above are remarkable for their persistent bracts, sub-spa thulate at the base of the cymes and to each flower. The flowers arc in a very young state, and in the fruiting specimen the bracts are all fallen. 93. Eugenia punctifolia, sp. nov. Tree. Leaves thin, sub-coriaceous, elliptic, narrowed gradually to the base, shortly acutely acuminate ; nerves horizontal above, 22 pairs, rather fine with the secondary nervules nearly as prominent, meeting in a nearly straight intramarginal vein close to the edge ; on the underside are scattered pustules on the reticulations, 4-5 in. long, 2 in. wide, upper side dotted with translucent glands, petiole • 25 in. long. Cymes in uppermost axils, peduncle 1 in. long, branches '75 in. long. Flowers crowded at summit. Calyx obconic .1 in. long, margin undulate. Petals free, obovate, round, small. Stamens short, hardly '1 in. long. Fruit oblong, globose • 12 in. long, sessile with hardly any trace of calyx-lobes. Tapli : White ; tree ; 6799. Mamoh : Greenish white ; tree ; 6704. In some respects this is allied to E. oblongifolia, but the petals are free and not calyptrate. 94. Barringtonia acutangula, Gaertn. Nam Chut : Caimine, calyx green ; tree 8 ft. ; 6670. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula. 95. Careya arborea, Roxb. Tasan : Dull greenish-brown, beard blackish ; 6832. Distrib, India to North Malay Peninsula. 92 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums, [Vol. X, MELASTOMACEAE. 96. Melastoma normale, Don. Nam Chut ; 6665. Distrib. India and Malaya. 97. Otanthera bracteata, Korth. Tasan : Magenta ; 7050. Distrib. Mergui and Malay Islands. 98. Sonerila ciliata, sp. nov. Stem woody, angled, and winged, red, scurfy pubescent, 12 in. tall. Leaves membranous, obliquely elliptic lanceo- late, base narrowed, edge serrulate, spinulosc ; nerves 3 pairs, upper leaves spotted with large white spots with a central dark-coloured pustule, 3-4 in. long, 1 • 75 in. wide ; petiole • 25 in. long. Young leaves in bud purple, glandular hairy. Flowers not seen. Capsules quite smooth, -25 in. long, pedicel • 1 in., valves 4, incurved, secund on a peduncle •5 in. long. Tasan : Leaves spotted white ; reverse dull crimson ; 6982. I do not know any species really like this, the woody angled and winged stem, and quite smooth rounded capsules are very distinct. The leaves are not always spotted and are sub-equal and similar. 99. Memecylon coeruleum, Jack. Pulau Mohea otf Trang : Fruit greenish-pink ; 6536. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula. 100. Memecylon grande var. Merguica, Clarke. Tapli : Fruit red ; tree ; 6757. Distrib. Tenasserim. 101. Memecylon edule, Roxb. Tasan : White ; 10 ft. ; 6892 : White, stamens violet tipped yellow ; 7047. Distrib. Indo-Malaya. 102. Memecylon garcinioides, Bl. Tasan : Blue, dark and hght ; stamens tipped yellow ; 6844. Distrib. Malay Peninsula and Islands. 103. Memecylon corticosum, sp. nov. Branches terete with 4 thin corky wings. Leaves lanceolate, base round, tip long, acuminate, drying pale green ; nerves about 20 pairs, sunk above, prominent but slender beneath, secondary nerves and reticulations visible, 7 in. long, 2 in. wide, petiole hardly • 08 in. long. Flowers small in short fascicled axillary cymes, peduncle • 1 in. long, Sedicel as long. Calyx campanulate, • 1 in., truncate. Disc at rayed. Flowers smaller than in M. heteropleurum. Tasan : Dark crimson ; 7027. Most nearly allied to M. heteropleurum^ but I think it can hardly be a form of that. ONAGRACEAE. 104. Jussieua exaltata, Roxb. Tasan : Lemon-yellow ; 1 foot. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula. 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 93 CUCURBITACEAE. 105. Gynostemma crenulatum, sp. nov. Climber, very slender. Stems glabrous, angled and grooved. Tendrils simple, slender. Leaves trifoliate, cen- tral leaflets largest, sub-coriaceous, glabrous, elliptic, ovate, blunt edge crenulate with a short spine in each notch ; nerves 5 pairs, elevate beneath, 2-2-5 in. long, 1-5 in. wide; petiolule -1 in., petiole 1 in. long. Panicles lax, spreading, hairy, about 7 in. long. Flowers (onh-^ males seen) minute, {)edicels very short. Sepals lanceolate, narrow. Petals anceolate-acute, rather deeply cut (not elongate cuspidate). Anthers 5, Tasan : Green ; climber ; 6901. This species is distinct from G. pedata, Bl. in the stiff er leaflets, not serrate but with a few long crenulations, in the notch of each a short spinelet. The flowers differ also in the short lanceolate corolla-lobes with only a short point. ARALIACEAE. 106. Heptapleurum venulosum. Seem. Koh Jam Yai off Takuapa : Tree ; inflorescence greenish-white ; 6631. Distrih. India, Malay Peninsula. RUBIACEAE. 107. Uncaria attenuata, Korth. Tasan : White ; stamens tipped brown ; climber ; 7023. Distrih. Tenasserim, South to Singapore, Sumatra. 108. Hedyotis capitellata, Wall. Nam Chut : White ; creeper ; 6663. Tasan : Yellowish- white ; climber ; 6893. Distrih. Tenasserim, Malay Penin- sula, Malay Islands, Yunnan. 109. Ophiorrhiza hispidula, Wall. Cat. 6234. Tasan : Crimson ; 6949 : White ; 4 ft. ; 6896 : Tips white, base dark pink ; 6963. Distrih. Tenasserim, Java. 110. Mussaenda variolosa, Wall. Nam Chut : Flowers orange, bracts pale yellow ; 6650. Distrih. Lower Burmah to Tenasserim. 111. Greenia Jackii, W. A A. Koh Jam Yai off Takuapa : Tree ; inflorescence pink to brownish green ; 6630. Distrih. Tenasserim, Malay Penin- sula. 112. Myrioneuron capitata, sp. nov. Woody unbranchcd shrublet 2 ft. tall. Leaves her- baceous, elliptic oblanceolate, glabrous, narrowed to petiole ; nerves 21 to 22 pairs, parallel ascending and connate in an intramarginal nerve, midrib rather stout, 11 in. long, 2-75 in. wide, petiole 1 • 75 in. long. Stipules narrow, lanceolate, long acuminate, -75 in. long. Head dense compact -5 in. through, terminal on a peduncle 1 in. long. Bracts lanceo- late-acuminate as long as the flowers, outer bracts round, broad, -2 in. long. Sepals lanceolate-acuminate. Petals 94 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, linear, lanceolate-acuminate shorter. Stamens very small with slender filaments. Style rather stout, deeply bifid into 2 linear blunt lobes from a large fleshy disc. Tasan : White ; 2 feet. Differs in its small compact head and glabrous corolla from the other Indian species. 113. Diplospora stylosa, sp. nov. Shrub 6 ft. tall ; branches slender, pale glabrous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, sub-herbaceous, lanceolate-acumi- nate, cuspidate at both ends, nerves 6 pairs fine, elevate beneath, 5-5 in. long, 1-5 in. wide, petiole -25 in. long. Stipules subulate from a broad triangular base, • 1 in. long. Flowers small, few on a short axillary raceme, • 1 in. long, glutinous, shining. Calyx campanulate, narrowed below the limb with 4 acute triangular teeth. Corolla yellowish, tubular • 1 in. long, lobes oblong ovate, acute, nearly as long as the tube, mouth of tube hairy within. Stamens shortly exsert from tube. Style long exsert ; stigma deeply bifid into 2 broad lanceolate lobes nearly as long as corolla lobes, long exsert. Fruit ellipsoid narowed at base and top and crowned with calyx. Tasan : Yellowish-white ; 6 ft. tall ; 6834. Near D. Kurzii but with fewer flowers and diff"erent venation. 114. Randia fasciculata, Lam. Tasan : bush ; white ; 6982. Koh Jam Yai off" Takuapa ; White ; 6625. Distrib. South to Malay Peninsula. 115. Randia parvula, sp. nov. Shrub 5 to 8 feet tall ; bark pale, spines • 4 in. long, ra- ther stout.. Leaves coriaceous, ovate to elliptic lanceolate • 5 in. long, 2 • 5 in. long, • 75 in. wide or less, one or two pairs on the short 1-1-5 in. branches, petiole very short ; stipules •1 in. long, broad at base with a subulate point, pubescent when young. Flowers 2 on a very short axillary or ter- minal peduncle with several imbricate, ovate acuminate bracts. Pedicel -1 in. long, glabrous. Calyx '25 in. long, campanulate, hairy with 5 long setaceous points. Corolla tube slender, • 5 in. long, curved, lobes oblong acute, • 25 in. long. Stamens ; anthers acuminate, exsert. Stigma club- bed. Fruit globose, -25 in. through, pubescent, crowned with the persistent calyx-tube. Koh Gah : Thorny bush 5 to 8 feet ; white ; scented ; 6608. Allied to jR. fasciculata but leaves and flowers much smaller, leaves more coriaceous. 116. Randia densiflora, Benth. Tasan : Pale greenish-yellow, almost white ; 15 ft. ; 6867 : yellowish ; tree ; 6934. Distrib. Assam to Singapore and Travancore, Malay Islands, S. China. 117. Randia Klossi, sp. nov. Climber, glabrous with pairs of axillary spines, '3 in. long, slightly curved. Leaves thinly coriaceous, elhptic, base rounded or very shortly narrowed, tip rather abruptly acute, 5 in. long, 2 in. wide ; nerves 5 pairs usually faint ; petiole • 3 in. long. Stipules broad, ovate, triangular, keeled 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 95 with a strong point. Cymes of 3 or 4 flowers in the axils ; peduncle short, thick ; bracts ovate ; pedicel short and thick. Calyx tubular, funnel-shaped, -25 in. long with very short sub-ovate lobes. Corolla-tube 1*5 in. long, slender, cylin- dric, lobes linear oblong -5 in. long by '15 in. wide, pubes- cent on the upper face just above the mouth. Stamens in- cluded except the extreme tips. Style little longer thten the corolla-tube, clubbed at tip, Tasan : Pale yellowish white to yellow ; strong scent ; climber ; 6872. Allied to R. frag- rantissimay Ridl. and R. Clarkeiy but the leaves are hardly coriaceous. 118. Gardenia tubifera, Wall. Tapli : fruit green ; 6749. Distrib. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. 119. Guettarda speciosa, L. Koh Pipidon : Flowers white ; tree ; 6557. Distrib. Sea shores of Trop. Asia. 120. Canthium trachystyle, sp. nov. Glabrous shrub. Leaves coriaceous in distant pairs, lanceolate, base round, tip acuminate ; nerves 4 pairs deeply sunk above prominent beneath, 3 in. long, 1-25 in. wide, petiole -2 in. long. Stipules short, subulate. Racemes axillary and terminal very short, • 1 in. with numerous small ovate hairy bracts. Pedicels slender, '15 in. long. Calyx campanulate with short indistinct teeth. Corolla tube very short • 15 in. and broad, lobes 5, twice as long, linear-oblong, sub-acute, mouth with a ring of prominent hairs. Style much exsert, in the middle a dense mass of hairs. Stigma large, oblong deeply cut into 2 points. Ovary 2-celled, one ovule in each cell. Tapli : Bush ; 6760. Very unlike any species known to me in its stifl' leaves and long hairy style. 121. Ixora merguensis. Hook. fil. Tapli : Flowers white ; 6772. Distrib. Mergui. 122. Ixora spectabilis, Wall. Nam Chut : Inflorescence yellow ; shrub ; 6668. Klong Bagatae : Calyx pink ; fruit white ; 10-12 ft. ; 6562. Distrib. Burma, Tenasserim. 123. Ixora diversifolia, Wall. Cat. Klong Bagatae : Flowers white ; carmine at base ; 10 ft. tall ; 6580. Probably only a form of /. pendulay Jack Distrib. Martaban, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. 124. Ixora stricta, Roxb. (/. amoena, Wall.). Takuapa Inlet, Mainland : Yellow to deep orange ; 5 to 8 ft. ; 6617 ; small and close-leaved form. Delisle Island, off Takuapa : Yellow to salmon red ; 6639. Pulau Mohea off Trang : Salmon, throat pink ; 6 to 8 ft. ; 6529 ; big leaved form, leaves 7 by 3 in. Klong Bagatae : Salmon to yellow ; 6 to 10 ft. ; 6571. Tasan : Salmon to yellow ; 9 ft. ; 6992. A form with narrow lanceolate leaves, 6 m. long by 1 '25 in. 96 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, wide, resembling a form of /. Lobbii ; but the flowers of /. amoena. Koh Jam Yai off" Takuapa ; Apricot yellow to red ; 6-10 ft. ; 6627. /. stricta is a common, conspicuous and very variable plant. It occurs from India, South all over the Malay Peninsula. 125. Ixora congesta, Roxb. Tapli : 6 f t. ; Flowers red, salmon scarlet to apricot yellow ; 6821. Nam Chut : Red ; 6670. Distrih. Tenas- serim, Malay Peninsula. 126. Ixora nigricans, Br. Tapli : bush, 5 ft. Distrih. India, Malay Peninsula. 127. Ixora opaca, Br. Nam Chut : Flowers pinkish-white. Distrih. Martaban, Siam, Penang. 128. Coffea merguensis, sp. nov. Bush with slender twigs. Leaves at end of twigs few, lanceolate, narrowed to both ends, acuminate blunt, thin coriaceous ; nerves 5 to 6 pairs, 2 in. long, • 75 in. wide, petiole • 15 in. stipules short, forming a tube, blunt. Flowers few in the terminal axils. Bract lanceolate, longer than the calyx. Calyx very short campanulate with 5 minute teeth. Corolla white, tube slender, nearly -5 in. long, glabrous inside, lobes lanceolate acute, nearly as long as tube. Stamens ; anthers very long, linear, half exsert. Tapli : White ; bush ; 6806. Distrih. Tenasserim (Heifer) ; Mergui (Griffith). This plant was confused by Hooker with C. fragrans, Wallich, a very distinct plant from Sylhet with much larger leaves and flowers : it is nearer C travancorica, W. & A., which occurs in South India. 129. Morinda citrifolia, L. Pulau Mohea off Trang : Flowers white ; 6538. Wild and cultivated all over Eastern Asia. 130. Morinda elliptica, Ridl. Nam Chut : White ; 6671. Pulau Mohea off Trang : Flowers white ; tree, 30 to 40 ft. ; 6530. 131. Rennellia speciosa, Hook. fil. TapU : Pale lilac, yellowish at centre ; 5 ft. tall ; 6770. Nam Chut : Pale violet to violet ; shrub ; 6660 and 6662. Tasan : Pale violet ; 15 ft. Distrih. Malay Peninsula. 132. Prismatomeris malayana, Ridl. Delisle Island off Takuapa : White ; scented ; 12 ft. ; 6647. Distrih. Malay Peninsula. 133. Prismatomeris Griffithii, sp. nov. Tree : Branches slender, pale. Leaves sub-coriaceous thin elliptic, shortly blunt acuminate, under side of leaf pale yellowish when dry ; nerves 6 pairs, pale, distinct, 3*5 in. long, 1*75 in. wide, petiole -1 in. Stipules very inconspic- uous caducous. Flowers in falsely terminal cymes of 3, peduncles very short, '05 in. Calyx campanulate, funnel- 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 97 shaped • 1 in. long with 5 minute teeth. Corolla tube • 5 in. long, glabrous within lobes linear undulate, a strong rib outside and 2 inside, -5 in. long. Stamens 5 in a slightly dilate portion of tube below the mouth linear, apiculate. Style long exsert half as long as corolla-lobes. Fruit unripe, globose, narrowed to the persistent calyx. Tasan : White ; tree ; 6940. Mergui (Griffith) . This together with P. malayana as well as probably several other species was con- fused by Hooker in the Flora of British India with the very distinct P. alhidiflora, Thw., of Ceylon. P. Griffithii differs from the Malay Peninsula, P. malayana, in the very short petiole and pedicels, and much longer calyx. 134. Psychotria sarmentosa, Bl. Tasan : Greenish white ; cBmber ; 6977. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula. 135. Psychotria Jackii, Hook. fil. Tasan : White ; 2 f t. ; 6871. Distrib. Malay Peninsula. 136. Psychotria auriculata, sp. nov. Shrub 6 to 8 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves oblanceolate, shortly blunt, acuminate sessile, narrowed to a blunt auricled base ; nerves 10 pairs, elevate, secondary nerves finer, conspicuous, drying grey green, 8 in. long, 2*75 in. wide. Stipules short, coriaceous, ovate-acuminate with a short strong pomt. Cyme -5 in. long, dense, terminal '5 in. long with a short thick peduncle. Flowers numerous, greenish-white. Calyx short cylindric campanulate with 5 minute teeth. Corolla • 15 m. long, tube short stout, lobes as long, oblong blunt, 5, mouth hairy. Stamens from mouth of tube filaments slender, rather long. Anthers short oblong. Tasan : Greenish-white ; 6 ft. tall ; 6853 : white ; 8 ft. ; 6945. Tliis belongs to the stiff-leaved pale group Griffithiiy etc., but has sessUe auricled leaves. 137. Psychotria ? lasiocephala, sp. nov. Hauy, woody shrub. Leaves thin, coriacfeous elhptic lanceolate, grey, glabrous above, closely velvety hairy beneath ; nerves 12 pairs, 6 in. long, 1-75 in. wide ; petiole •5 in. long. Stipules. large, triangular, subulate connate -5 ia; long. Flowers in dense globose terminal heads. Bracts lanceolate. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, large, densely covered and fringed with long purple hairs. CoroUa very short, glabrous, lobes oblong. Stamens 5. Style very short, entire. Tapli : Inflorescence green ; shrub. The flowers are all very young, so it is difficult to be sure it is a Psychotria. 138. Chasalia curviflora, Thw. Tasan : Yellow, outer side yellowish white tipped with pink ; bush ; 6923. Distrib. India and Malaya. 139. Lasianthus flavescens, King. Tasan : Wliite ; 8 ft. ; 6945 ; 4 f t. ; 6973. Distrib. Malay Peninsula. 5 98 Journal of tki F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, 140. Lasianthus ellipticus. Wight. Tasan : Fruit whitish to blue at base ; 7007. Distrib. Malay Peninsula. 141. Lasianthus (Litosanines) glaberrima, sp. nov. Glabrous shrub, 5 ft. IkII. Leaves sub-coriaceous, thin drying grey, elliptic, rathev long acuminate, base round ; nerves fine, 7 pairs, sub- sessile, 6 in. long, 2 in. wide. Stipules breaking up into fibres. Peduncles axillary slender, 1-5 in. long. Flowers crowded at tip on a short peduncle, •1 in. long. Calyx-lobes linear rather long. Corolla in bud • 2 in. long. Fruit ellipsoid, narrowed at base and top, of 4 large pyrenes distinctly lobed when dry, -25 in. long. Tasan : Fruit mauve ; 7033. The specmiens rather too far over, there is only one bud and a single detached fruit. The corolla looks rather long tubed for this genus, but I cannot make it out to be anything else. COMPOSITAE. 142. Adenostemma viscosum, Forst. Tasan : Wliite ; 1 foot. Distrib. Tropics. 143. Elephantopus scaber, L. Mamoh, Pakchan River : 6703. Distrib. S. American weed all over tropical Asia. 144. Blumea myriocephalR, DC. Tasan : Yellow ; 7044. Distrib. India. 145. Blumea membranac&i, DC. Koh Gah : YeUow ; 6598. Distrib. India, Malaya. 146. Pluchea indica. Less. Nam Chut : Pale lilac ; bush ; 6659. Koh Pipidon ; 6559 ? Distrib. Sunderbmis, Malay Peninsula and Islands, China. 147. Wedelia biflora, DC. Pulau Mohea off Trang : Seashore ; flower yellow; 6587 ; Koh Pipidon : 3 ft. higli ; 6545. Distrib. Tropics of Asia. CAMPANULACEAE. 148. Pentaphragma begoniaefolia, Wall. Tasan : White ; 6994. Distrib. Mergui, Penang. MYRSINACEAE. 149. Maesa ramentacea, Wall. Tapli : Fruit green, tipped paler ; small tree, 8 ft. ; 6804. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula. 150. Maesa integrifolia, sp. nov. Shrub 1 foot tall, glabrous. Leaves thin coriaceous, oblong acuminate, base rounded, tip acute, edge entire ; nerves 7 pairs elevate ben* ath, 8 in. long, 2 - 25 in. wide ; 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 99 petiole -25 in. long. Racemes fascicled, slender, -5 in. to 1-5 in. long. Bracts lanceolate-acuminate half as long as the pedicel which is slender -8 in. long. Sepals very small, round, entire not glandular nor toothed. Corolla-tube as long as sepals, globose at base and narrowed abruptly below the limb, lobes 5, round, imbricate. Stamens 5, anthers sub-sessile on the mouth of the tube, style cylindric as long as tube. Ovary flattened at toD. Fruit ovoid globose, -1 in. long, crowned at the top with the conspicuous ovate-acute sepals. Tasan : White, tipped pink ; 1 foot ; 6720. Very distinct in the entire leaves, only the younger ones having a faint trace of serration, short slender raceme and flask-shaped corolla. 151. Maesa indica, DC. Tapli : White ; bush ; 6738. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula. 152. Maesa paniculata, DC. Tasan : White ; climber ; 6842. Distrib. Tenasserim. 153. Labisia pothoina, Lindl. Tasan : White ; 6835. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula. 154. Ardisia complanata, Wall Mamoh : Flowers whitish, sepals crimson ; tree ; 20 ft. ; 6715. Distrib. India, Malaya. 155. Ardisia Amherstiana, Mez. var. lanceolata, var nov. Tapli : Mauve pink ; small tree, 20 ft. ; 6785. The leaves of this plant are much more narrow lanceolate acumi- nate to both ends than they are in the typical forms, but it does not appear to be a common plant and has seldom been collected. Distrib. Tenasserim. 156. Ardisia crenata, Roxb. Klong Bagatae : Fruit crim son ; 4 f t. ; 6574. Distrib. Common in open country, India China, Malaya. 157. Ardisia villosa, Roxb. TapU : White, centre buff ; 4 ft. high ; 6747. Tasan : rose pink, centre of flower dull yellowish ; 7013. Distrib. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. 158. Ardisia bractescens, sp. nov. Unbranched or little branched shrub, 1 foot tall ; stem woody -12 in. through. Leaves at top only. Leaves her- baceous, broad, lanceolate-acuiainate, base cuneate, edge crenate gland-dotted sparsely on both sides, glabrous, 6-5 in. long, 2-25 in. wide, petiole • 1 j in. long, Panicle axillary 1 in. long, few flowered ; peduncles and pedicels dotted with minute black hairs. Pedicel • 3 m. long. Bracts at base of pedicels 2, oblong in pairs, gland dotted • 1 in. long. Sepals lanceolate acuminate as long as petals or longer -18 in. long, dotted with black glands and :short black hairs. Petals ovate-lanceolate acuminate, glf.ndular. Stamens shorter. 100 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, elongate, triangular, back rounded with a row of black dots down the back. Style shorter than the stamens, blunt. Tasan : Rose pink ; 6883. This species is remarkable for its rather large distinct bracts and short petals. 159. Ardisia (§ Pimelandra) congesta, sp. nov. Small tree 4 to 15 to 20 ft. tall, glabrous. Leaves thin, coriaceous, elongate, elhptic, shortly acuminate, blunt, base narrowed blunt ; nerves 20 pairs, slender elevate beneath, 9 in. long, 2-25 in, wide ; petiole -25 in. long. Flowers in dense axillary fascicles, shorter than petiole, glabrous. Pedicels -05 in. long. Sepals narrow, oblong blunt, densely glandular. Corolla -25 in. across. Petals lanceolate acuminate, blunt, glandular. Stamens lanceolate acuminate, glandular. Style long and slender shorter than stamens. All glabrous. Tasan : dull crimson ; 15 to 20 ft. ; 6993 : crimson ; 4 ft, ; 6879. Distinguished from Ardisia pachyr sandra, {Pimelandra Wallichii) and Teysmanniana by being quite glabrous, the flowers much smaller on very much shorter pedicels with longer narrower petals. EBENACEAE. 160. Diospyros siamensis, Hochr. Koh Jam Yai off Takuapa : Tree ; flowers apricot yel- low ; fruit large, egg-shaped, green with- reddish fur ; 6632. Distrih. Siam South to Kedah. 161. Diospyros flavicans, Hiern. Tasan : Yellow ; tree 20 ft. ; 6874. Distrih. Tenasserim to Malay Peninsula. 162. Maba merguensis, Hiern. Koh Jam Yai off Takuapa : Tree ; white ; 20 ft. Distrih. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula and Islands. OLEACEAE. 163. Jasminum syringaefolium, Wall. Klong Bagatae : White ; bush ; 6573 and 6572. Distrih. Assam, Tenasserim. 164. Jasminum decussatum, Wall. Nam Chut, Pakchan Estuary : Flowers white ; 6652. Distrih. Tenasserim to Kedah. 165. Jasminumi puberulum, n. sp. Branches puberulous. Leaves thinly coriaceous ovate acuminate base round, glabrous shining when adult ; nerves 4 pairs inarching elevate beneath, sunk above, 4 in. long, 1*75 in. wide, petiole -25 in. Cymes puberulous, 1-5 in. long and wide. Calyx cup-shaped • 1 in. long, lobes as short, linear hairy. Corolla white, tube stout, -25 in. long, lobes 8, linear siU^-acute, as long as the tube. 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 101 Koh Jam Yai off Takuapa : White ; climbing bush ; 6(322. AUied to J. deciissatum but nearly glabrous and with shorter only puberulous hairy calyx-lobes, and petals dis- tinctly larger. APOCYNACEAE. 166. Rauwoliia perakensis, King. Tasan : Petals red, base of flower white ; 6912. Distrih. Malay Peninsula. 167. Alyxia lucida. Wall. Klong Bagatae : White climber ; 6575. Distrih. Malay Peninsula. 168. Vallaris macrantha, Ridl. n. sp. Woody shrub 15 ft. tall. Stem -5 in. through with pith. Leaves membranous orbicular with a short point, base round, minutely pustular above, pubescent beneath ; nerves 6 pairs, reticulations conspicuous, wide beneath, 5*5 in. long, 5 in. wide ; petiole 1 in. long. Compound cymes axillary lax, 6 in. long and wide, pubescent tomentose. Bracts caducous, oblong lanceolate, acute, '25 in. long. Pedicels -5 in. long, dilate upwards, slightly tomentose. Sepals 5, oblong, recurved or patent, -25 in. long, tomentose. Corolla pale yellowish green, tube broad, cylindric, -25 in. long, limb 1 m. across, base broadly obconic pubescent, outside and on the inner face of the 5 lobes oblong-lanceo- late, -2 in. long. Stamens on the mouth of the cylindric tube, base hairy, filaments glabrous. Anthers conic acumi- nate hastate, hairy at base and tip with rather long deflexed spurs at base. Style densely white hairy ; ovary bilobed globose, densely white tomentose, top rounded. Tapli : Pale yellowish green ; 15 ft. ; 6946. This remarkable plant is only allied to V. grandiflora, Hemsley of China, from which it differs conspicuously in its wide spreading axillary compound cymes, entirely whi- tish tomentose. 169. Cerbera odoUam, L. Koh Gab : White ; opening of tube only red ; 6604. Klong Bagatae : White, centre red, bush ; 20 ft. ; 6570. Distrib. East Asia. 170. Holarrhena pauciflora, Ridl. Mainland shores of Takuapa : Flowers white, a dull yellow stripe on outside of petals ; 6613. Distrib. Perils. 171. Holarrhena densiflora, Ridl. (Label missing) . Distrib. Perils. 172. Ervatamia subcapitata. Wall. Tasan : White ; climber ; 4 ft. tall ; 7021 and 6824. Distrib. Tavoy to Mergui. 102 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, 173. Strophanthus dichotomus, DC. Tapli : Petals white, tinged yellow and streaked crimson, tips deep crimson ; bush ; 6762. Tasan : Base yellow, dis- tally dark crimson ; 6924. Distrib. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula and Java. 174. Strophanthus Wallichii, DC. Nam Chut : Pale lilac spotted with deep crimson ; 2-3 ft. ; 6689. Distrib. India. 175. Strophanthus perakensis, Scortechini. Tasan : White ; tree. The leaves are rather thinner and the nerves more marked than in the rather poor type I have seen. Distrib. Perak. 176. Strophanthus Jackianus, Wall. Tapli : Crimson ; 6764 : Scarlet ; bush ; 6733. This is just the form of Wallicli's type with the broad leaves cover- ed with hair on pustules beneath. Distrib. Penang. 177. Aganosma marginata, Don. Koh Jam Yai off Takuapa : Wliite ; scandent shrub ; 6624. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula. 178. Anodendron paniculatum, DC. Taph : Yellow ; 4-6 ft. tall. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula and Islands. 179. Anodendron Candolleanum, Wt. Mamoh on the Pakchan river : Brown ; tree ; 6669. In fruit. Distrib. Malacca, Borneo. ASCLEPIADACEAE. 180. Hoya parasitica. Wall. Tasan : White, central star-shaped portion crimson ; 6909. Distrib. Assam to Malay Peninsula. 181. Dischidia hirsuta. Dene. Tasan : Crimson at base, pink distally ; 7037. Tapli : crimson ; creeper on trees ; 6797. Distrib. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Java. 182. Dischidia lancifolia, sp. nov. Stems long, slender, twining, glabrous. Leaves narrow lanceolate, sub-acute or blunt, narrowed to tip, fleshy ; nerves 3 pairs inarching, nearly invisible, 3 in. long, -6 in. wide ; petiole -05 in. Flowers very small in axillary fas- cicles with ovate bracts. Pedicels very short. Sepals ovate blunt. Corolla whitish yellow, -05 in. long ; tube globose, abruptly narrowed at top ; lobes lanceolate with long straight, erect hairs at base. Anther column short, broad, blunt. Corona scales anchor-shai>ed. PoUinia linear- oblong, disc very small, elliptic, dark red. Capsule e'ongate, narrow lanceolate, 1-5 in. long, valves -1 in. wide. Seed linear-oblong, plume-hairs • 5 in long. Mamoh : Petals white, calyx yellow ; climber ; 674. Tapli : Whitish yellow ; climber ; 6805. 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 103 Allied to D. Scortechinii, Gainble, and resembling it in its leaves but tlowers in a very short fascicle of bracts, sessile in the axils and hardly half the size. LOGANIACEAE. 183. Fagraea racemosa. Jack. Tasan : Fruit green ; tree ; 6998. Distrib. Malay Peninsula. GENTIANACEAE. 184. Limnanthemum cristatum, Griseb. Klong Bagatae : Flowers white ; creeping ground plant ; 6577. BORAGINEAE. 185. Cordia subcordata. Lam. Koh Pipidon : Flowers scarlet orange ; tree ; 6559. Distrib. Sea shores, Andamans, Malay Peninsula and Islands to Polynesia. 186. Coldenia procumbens, L. Tapli : White ; leaves grey green. Distrib. Sandy places. All tropics. 187. Tournefortia argentoa, Linn. fill. Koh Pipidon : White, throat green, stamens yellow ; 6546. Distrib. Mauritius, Ceylon, Nicobars, Butang Ids., Malay isles to Australia. 188. Rhabdia lycioides, Mart. Tasan : Deep pink ; growing in water ; 6880 : Purplish- red ; fruit dull crimson ; in river ; 6962. Distrib. India, Siam, Borneo, not in Malay Peninsula. CONVOLVULACEAE. 189. ? Argyreia splendens, Sweet. Koh Jam Yai : Climber ; fruit crimson ; 6626. Only a spray of fruits, so I am not sure of the species. 190. Lettsomia peguensis, Clarke. Tasan : Pink to white ; creeper ; 6991 and 7020. Distrib. Burma South to Malay Peninsula. 191. Ipomoea grandiflora, Lam. Tasan : Crimson ; 6949. Distrib. Indo-Malaya. The colour is usually given as white. 192. Ipomoea denticulata, Choisy. Mamoh : Crimson ; climber ; 6723. Distrib. Mergui, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Islands to Polynesia, Mas- carenes. 104 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, 193. Merremia umbellata, Hallier. Tasan : Apricot yeHow ; 6848. Distrib. Old World Tropics. SOLANACEAE. 194. Solanum torvum, Sw. Tasan : Bush, 7 to 8 ft. ; white. Distrib. Tropics. SCROPHULARINEAE. 195. Bonnaya reptans, Spreng. Tasan : Dark to light violet-blue ; reverse of leaves dull crimson ; 6965. Distrib. Indo-Malaya. 196. Scoparia dulcis, L. Tasan : Greenish white ; 7019. Distrib. Introduced from South America ; now a weed all oyer most of the tropics except Polynesia, a large part of India and Ceylon. LENTIBULARIACEAE. 197. Utricularia exoleta, Br. Klong Bagatae : Pale yellow ; 2-4 in. high ; 6576. Distrib. Malaya, Australia. GESNERACEAE. 198. Cyrtandra bicolor, Jack, var. septentrionalis, var. nov. Whole plant except inflorescence sub-glabrous ; nerves sparsely hairy ; petiole 8 in. long. Leaves thinner in texture. Tasan : Flower pale yellow ; 6978. The Cyrtandras abundant in Eastern Malaya, disappear towards the North of the Peninsula; the only one known North of the Malay Peninsula is a form of C. pilosa, Bl., which occurs in Tenasserim. This plant appears to be a variety of the common Southern C. bicolor. Jack (C pendula, Bl.) , its furthest Northern habitat. 199. Aesehynanthus marmorata, T. Moore. Mamoh : Leaves above pale and dark green ; below pale green and crimson ; midrib crimson ; 6722. Tapli ; 6740. BIGNONIACEAE. 200. Dolichandrone spathacea, L. Nam Chut : Flowers white ; fruit yellowish ; 6695. Distrib. Burma, Malay Peninsula and Islands. 201. Heterophragma adenophyllum, Seem. Taph : Large tree ; flowers white. Distrib. Assam, E. Bengal to Tenasserim and Kedah. 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 105 202. Radermachera amoena, Seem. Tapli : Buds pink ; flower opened, white ; 6773. Distrib. Moulmein, Malay Peninsula and Islands. 203. Pajanelia multijuga, Kurz. Tapli : Fruit green ; tree, 40 ft. ; 6780. Distrib. India, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. ACANTHACEAE. { 204. Thunbergia laurifolia, Lindl. Tasan : Lilac blue, throat yellowish striped with brown ; 6869. Nam Chut : Pale violet ; creeper. Distrib. Arracan to Malay Peninsula. 205. Ebermaiera merguensis, Anders. Tasan : White, deep crimson patch on one petal ; 6984 ; Pinkish white, crimson patch on lip ; 6974. Distrib. Mergui, Malay Peninsula. 206. Ebermaiera lasiobotrys, Nees. Tapli : crimson ; 6802. Tasan : Purplish crimson, tips of flower petals white and white spot on end of upper petal ; 6967 : Dull crimson, edge of lip white ; 6953. Distrib. Lower Burma, Malay Peninsula. 207. Ebermaiera angustifolia, Anders. Tasan : White, tipped pink ; 1 foot ; 6920. Distrib. Burma, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. The one specimen has an elongate stem with pairs of axillary branchlets bear- ing spikes which is not usual. 208. Ebermaiera viscida, sp. nov. Stems decumbent, 6 to 12 in. rather stout, viscid, tomen- tose. Leaves elliptic blunt, base narrowed, viscid pubescent on both sides but chiefly on the back ; nerves 6 pairs elevate beneath, 3 to 5 in. long, 1 in. wide in rather distant pairs. Petioles 1 in. long ; bracts broad, spathulate, green, glabrous caducous • 2 in. long. Calyx-lobes lanceolate-linear acumi- nate, narow viscid, • 2 in. long. Corolla • 5 in. long, base of tube narrow then abruptly dilate, cylindric, lobes small, white tipped with crimson. Fruit oblong blunt at both ends, grooved longitudinally, shorter than the sepals. Tasan : White tipped with crimson ; 6911. Allied to E. Griffithiana but the stem longer, leaves and stem viscid, hairy and flowers with purple petals. It evi- dently grows in sandy spots as much sand adheres to it. 209. Nelsonia campestris, Br. Tapli: Violet; 6752 and 6746. Tasan: Pale blue; 6830. 210. Strobilanthes lancifolius, Anders var. laxior. Sepals and bracts narrower more acute and spike more lar ; the tuft of flowers being • 25 to • 5 in. apart. Tasan : Purple, base of lip yellow ; 6859. Distrib, Tenasserim. 106 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums, [Vol. X, 211. Strobilanthes subcapitatus, Clarke. Tasan : Violet, whitish at base ; 7036. DistrW. Tenas- serim. I am not certain of this, the type specimens are larger and older and have no corollas and this specimen is small and younger. (Strobilanthes violacea, Ridl. Jom*n. Straits Branch Royal Asiat. Soc, No. 57, p. 80, 1911. This name is antici- pated by Beddome : I alter it to Strobilanthes phoenicea, Ridl.). 212. Strobilanthes violascens, sp. nov. Tall plant. Stem woody, young parts densely brown hairy. Leaves opposite herbaceous, glabrous with many raphides-bundles on upper surface, elliptic-lanceolate, sub- acute, base cuneate, edge serrulate ; nerves 12 pairs, slender, elevate beneath, 9 in. long, 4 in. wide ; petiole 3 in. long, hairy. Racemes axillary, 2*5 in. long (or more for they are young in specimen) . Bracts narrow lanceolate, cuspi- date '25 in. long. Sepals linear acuminate, hairy free to base, "25 in. long, narrow. Corolla 1*5 in. long, base -25 in. long, narrow, then campanulate, lobes rather short, rounded, pale violet and yellowish, glabrous. Stamens 4, quite glabrous, anthers oblong. Tasan : Pale violet and yellowish ; 6833. Allied to S. collinus of the Malay Peninsula but the stamens are quite glabrous. The stem above is knotted, swollen just above the nodes. 213. Acanthus ilicifollus, L. Nam Chut : Blue, petals whitish at base ; 6675. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula, chiefly in the North, Malay Islands and Australia. 214. CystacantHus pulcherrimus, Clarke. Klong Bagatae : Pale pinkish-white, spotted crimson inside, spotted brown on lowe^: side of throat ; 2 to 4 ft. high ; 6563. Nam Chut : Pale lilac, spotted deep crimson ; 2 to 3 ft. ; 6689. 215. Gymnostachyum trilobum, sp. nov. Stems slender, decumbent, creeping, 6 in. or more then ascending 3 in., internodes long. Leaves opposite her- baceous, ovate-lanceolate or sub-elliptic, blunt, paler beneath, glabrous ; nerves 4 to 5 pairs, 2 to 3 in. long, 1 • 5 in. wide ; petiole 1 in. long. Flowers in pairs on a spike 9 in. long or more. Bracts lanceolate acuminate, 1 in. Sepals free nearly to base, linear acuminate longer. Corolla tube • 1 in. long, upper lobe lanceolate, erect nearly as long, lower lip deeply 3 lobed, lobes linear obtuse, midlobe elUp- tic, broader, white or lilac white, lower hp spotted crimson at base. Stamens 2, linear-oblong, cells parallel, purple, shortly acuminate at base, filaments puberulous. TapU : Lilac white, Hp spotted crimson near base ; 6726. Tasan : White, spotted purple ; 6857. 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 107 Allied to G. diversifolium King, but the flowers much smaller than in most of this set and the lower Up unusually deeply tri-lobed. 216. Lepidagathis hyalina, Nees. Tasan : White, hood largely brown ; 6862 : Whitish, hood spotted brown, lip crimson ; 6861. Distrib. India, S. China, Malay Peninsula. 217. Lepidagathis chlorostachya, Nees. Tasan : Whitish ; 6889 : Yellowish white, hood pale brown ; 2 ft. ; 6917. Distrib. Mergui, Penang. 218. Lepidagathis parviflora, Bl. Nam Chut : White, hp spotted crimson. Distrib. Siam, Java. The specimen has more lanceolate and hairy leaves than in type. 219. Pseuderanthemum malaccense, Lindau. Tasan : Lilac ; 2 to 4 ft. ; 6837. Distrib. Malay Penin- sula. 220. Pseuderanthemum crenulatum, Nees. Tasan : Petals pink, white at centre ; 2 ft. ; 6921, (the big form) . Klong Bagatae : Pale violet ; 2 to 4 ft. ; 6581. Koh Pipidon : Lilac to mauve ; 1 to 1-5 ft. high ; 6541, (tlie form with broad elhptic leaves, 7 in. long, 3-5 in. wide, characteristic of this region to Perhs) . Tasan : white ; 6918, (the ordinary Malay Peninsula form). Distrib. Burma, Cambodia to Malay Peninsula. 221. Pseuderanthemum angustifolium, sp. nov. Stem erect, woody, 12 in. tall, little branched. Leaves few at the base of the racemes, linear lanceolate-acuminate, blunt coriaceous ; nerves 5 pairs, 2*75 in. long, -3 in. wide ; petiole very short. Racemes slender 6 to 13 in. long, base nude. Inflorescence 3 in. long, puberulous. Flowers sohtary -25 in. apart, white. Bracts lanceolate -1 in. Sepals very narrow, hnear-acuminate, • 12 in. long. Corolla- tube slender, cylindric • 75 in. long, pubescent ; lobes oblong, tip broad round '25 in. long. Stamens, tips only exsert. Style very slender, filiform *75 in. long, pubescent. Koh Pipidon : Flowers white ; 6557. Quite unlike any- thing I know in its few coriaceous narrow leaves and remote pubescent flowers. 222. Justicia purpurascens, sp. nov. Creeping and ascending herb. Stems ascending 6 to 7 in., hairy tomentose. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acumi- nate, base round, purple beneath ; nerves 6 pairs prominent beneath, hairy on both sides ; midrib and nerves beneath felted, 4 in. long, 2 in. wide, petiole 2 in. long, felted tomen- tose, spike terminal, '5 to -25 in. long ; peduncle '75 in. Bracts rhomboid ovate narrowed at both ends, hairy espe- cially on edges, • 25 in. long and a little narrower. Flower sessile. Sepals very narrow hnear filiform. Corolla tube 108 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, cylindric, '25 in. long, dilate near mouth and at base, glabrous outside, lobes short, lower lip pubescent above shortly lobed. Anthers hairy curved, purple with a white spur. Capsule fusiform, shorter than the bracts, acute hairy. Tasan : Yellowish-green, spotted crimson ; 6919 : Bracts pale green tipped with red, reverse of leaves crimson ; 6983. A very distinct species in its hairiness and the rhomboid bracts and small flower. 223. Justicia subcoriacea, sp. nov. Shrublet 2 to 2*5 ft. tall ; branches woody with pale bark quite glabrous. Leaves eUiptic narrowed and obUque at the base, tip blunt, rounded or shortly blunt acuminate, edge crenulate, coriaceous hght green when dry ; nerves 4 pau*s, sunk above, prominent beneath, 4 to 4-5 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide ; petiole • 5 in. long. Spike terminal, 3 in. long, peduncle -5 in. Bracts green, coriaceous, ovate acute, base broad, '4 in. long, -2 in. wide keeled and nerved. Calyx-lobes short, narrowly acuminate from a broader base. Corolla '75 in. long, tube straight cylindric, lobes as long, upper lobe lanceolate narrow, lower lobe obovate, wider, strongly nerved. Filament half as long as upper lobe ; anther-cells oblong, the lower one with a short white conical acute spur. Capsule 1 in. long, dilated upwards, acute. Seeds orbicular, thickly white-pustular. Koh Pipidon : White, striped deep crimson ; 2 to 2*5 ft. high ; 6542. Very distinct in its shrubby habit and glabrous coriaceous leaves. 224. Justicia Gendarusa, L. Mamoh : PurpUsh to pinkish white ; 1-2 ft. ; 6702. Distrib. Tropical Asia. 225. Justicia valida, Ridl. Tasan : Greenish-white ; 1 to 2 ft. ; 6899. Distrib, Kedah. The specimens have more slender racemes and are nearly glabrous, but I do not think it can be separated. 226. Justicia quadrifaria, Nees. Tasan : White ; one ft. ; 6840 : Pale greenish yellow ; 6 ft. ; 6826. TapU : Upper petal white spotted crimson ; lip green ; 6753. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula. The form is quite like that of the Malay Peninsula which Clarke identified as Neesiana but which I think is not typi- cal Neesiana. 227. Justicia ( § Henicophylla) viridiflora, sp. nov. Shrubby, 4 to 5 ft. tall, young parts i abescent. Leaves in very unequal pairs, larger one lanceolate-acuminate, base blunt slightly obUque ; nerves 5 pairs ascending, 6 in. long, 2 in. wide or less ; petiole • 1 in., small leaf ovate • 5 in, long, sub-sessile, • 3 nerved. Cymes axillary hairy, • 5 in. long of 3 to 4 branches. Bracts short, linear acuminate hairy. 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 109 Sepals lanceolate acuminate narrow hairy '12 in. CoroUa tube short and broad, little longer than the sepals ; upper lobe broad blunt short, lower broader, rounded shortly lobed, reticulate veined within hairy ; lower lip green, spotted crimson. Stamens 2, anther-cells unequal narrow elliptic, the lower one with rather a long white conic process. Ovary narrowed cylindric, elMpsoid with style glabrous. Capsule • 6 in. long, base narrow, seed bearing portion dilate indented between the seeds, tip acute, all hairy Seeds orbicular pustulate. 228. Leda roseo-punctata, sp. nov. Straggling glabrous herb about 2 ft. tall. Leaves ovate to eUiptic lanceolate sub-coriaceous ; nerves 5 pairs, base and tips narrowed, shortly acuminate, 4 in. long, 1-5 in. wide ; petiole • 25 in. long. Panicle lax and spreading of 3 or more slender glandular pubescent branches about 4 in. long, peduncle above the uppermost pair of leaves 5 in. long, uppermost pair of leaves orbicular acute, -5 in. long. Flowers in pairs, sub-sessile. Bracts small, ovate lanceo- late. Sepals lanceolate-acuminate, •! in. long. Corolla '3 in. long, glabrous tube sub-cylindric, limb slightly dilate, lower tip little longer, broader than upper, strongly reticu- late veined 3 lobed, midlobe broadest, white spotted crimson. Stamens 2, purple, cells of anther at unequal heights not tailed Tasan : White spotted crimson ; 6910. Allied to L. virgata {Dianthera virgata, Benth.) but differing in foliage as well as glandular pubescence from any other of the Indian species. The Indian species of Dianthera have been separated from the American ones under the name of Leda. ANTHELIACANTHUS, gen. nov. Shrubby herb. Leaves broad, lanceolate opposite. Spikes terminal, elongate. Flowers very small in distant pairs of fasicles sessile. Bracts linear acuminate. Calyx of 5 lanceolate-acuminate sepals connate at base. Corolla- tube hardly longer, base dilate above cylindric lobes sub- equal, very short, round. Stamens 2, anther-cells one slightly above the other not tailed. Ovary cylindric con- taining 2 ovules. Style simple, clubbed at tip. Capsule with a narrow base then dilate and indented between the 2 seeds, tip acute. 229. Antheliacanthus micranthus, sp. nov. Stem as thick as a crow quill, sub-glabrous. Leaves herbaceous ovate lanceolate acuminate, base long narrowed, nerves 10 pairs, slender, ascending, elevate beneath all glabrous, 6 in. long, 3 in. wide, petiole 1 in. long. Spikes 2, pubescent, 7 in. long. Flower fascicles -5 in. apart. Bracts linear-acuminate, '12 in. long. Sepals lanceolate, connate at base into a short cup, hairy, acute. CoroUa hardly longer, • 1 in. long, lilac, tube cylindric, slightly dilate at base then narrowed, lobes 5, round, pubescent all equal, very short. Stamens 2. Anther-cells pale, slightly un- 110 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, equally placed, glabrous. Pistil cylindric, top hairy 2 ovuled. Style simple, clubbed, purple. Capsule '4 in. long, hairy. Koh Gah : Flowers lilac ; 6594. 230. Sphinctacanthus tabacifolius sp. nov. Shi'ubby, 4 ft. tall. Leaves large herbaceous, glabrous elliptic acuminate cuspidate, base shortly narrowed ; nerves 6 pairs, transverse nervules few, reticulations large, 8*5 in. long, 4 in. wide ; petiole 2 in. long. Panicle terminal, dense, hairy, 5 in. long ; branches short ascending. Bracts lan- ceolate-Unear acuminate hairy, -1 in. long. Calyx-lobes lanceolate hairy deeply cut as long. Corolla -25 in. long, hairy, tube stout as long as limb, slightly narrowed below the limb, pubescent ; upper lobe narrow, bifid at lip, lower three-lobed with long narrow blunt lobes, palate veined hairy. Stamens 2, anther-cells ellipsoid, nearly completely parallel, very shortly pointed at base, not tailed ; filaments hairy at base. Pistil as long as sepals. Style long, slender, all hairy. Tasan : White ; 4 f t. : 6973. 231. Rungia parviflora var. pectinata. TapU : Blue, spotted darker blue ; 6732. Tasan : Pale blue, lip blotched darker blue ; 6863. Distrih. Indo-Malaya. 232. Peristrophe acuminata var. fragilis. Tasan : Pale violet, upper petal with a patch of white spotted deep crimson ; 6856. Taph : Pale hlac ; 6734. Distrih. Mergui, Rangoon, Malay Peninsula. In these speci- mens the flower is distinctly larger than in the typical form. VERBENACEAE. 233. Callicarpa arborea, Roxb. Koh Gah : Flower pale violet or deep Ulac ; 6592. Distrih. Malay Peninsula. 234. Callicarpa villosissima, sp. nov. Tree ; branches thickly yellow woolly tomentose with long plumed hairs. Young leaves densely tomentose ; adult leaves elliptic-acuminate, acute, base cuneate, entire above except scurfy midrib and side nerves, glabrous beneath densely tomentose with stellate and plumed hau's ; midrib densely covered with plumed hairs as are 13 pairs of nerves 10 in. long, 4.5 in. wide ; petiole stout, 1 • 5 in. long tomen- tose. Panicles 3 in. long and as wide, widely spreading densely tomentose. Flowers sessile or sub-sessile. Calyx short almost cup-shaped, very obscurely toothed. Corolla glabrous tube twice as long ; lobes oblong rounded. Stamens 4. Tasan : Tree ; deep lilac ; 6851. This might be considered a variety of C. arborea but the indumentum is totally different and the flowers have a shorter calyx. The panicles are wider than in most forms The distinctly plumed hairs are very curious. 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants, 111 235. Premna integrifolia, l^. Koh Pipidon : Flowers white ; tree. Distrib. Ceylon, Malay Peninsula. 236. Vitex pubescens, Vahl. Koh Gah : White to pale violet ; tree. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula and Islands. 237. Clerodendron infortunatum, Gaertn. Tapli : White ; 3-4 ft. ; 6784 ; Nam Chut : White, base of petal red ; calyx greenish red ; 6673. 238. Clerodendron neriifolium, Wallich Cat. 1789. Koh Pipidon : Flowers duU greenish yellow ; Stamens tipped red ; woody climber ; 6555. This is just the plant collected by Wallich on the shores of Tenasserim. It is given in the Flora of British India as occurring from Chitta- gong to Malacca. I have not seen anything like it in the Malay Peninsula, the species confused with it by Bentham and others being the fleshy-leaved white flowered bush C. inerme Gaertn., so abundant on our shores. The leaves are lanceolate and stiff not obovate and fleshy. The coroUa- tube is an inch long, in Wallich's specimen, -75 in. A drawing in Roxburgh's collection has white flowers and white stamens. Distrib. Tenasserim. 239. Congea tomentosa, Roxb. Mamoh on the Pakchan, Renong ; 6703. Distrib. Chittagong, Burma, Annam. 240. Sphenodesma microstylis, Clarke. Nam Chut: Pale green; climber; 6678. Distrib. Tavoy, Tenasserim to Perlis, 241. Sphenodesma pentandra, Jack. Mamoh : Green ; chmber ; 6707. Tasan : Climber ; bracts green ; 7038. Distrib. Assam, South to Malay Penin- sula. LABIATAE. 242. Dysophylla auricularia, Bl. Tasan : Pinkish white ; 6864. Distrib. Indo-Malaya. APETALAE. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. 243. ? Thottea tricornis, Maing. & Hook. fil. Tasan : Pinkish ; 2 ft. ; 6996. The flower has unfor- tunately perished but the foliage resembles this species. It is the first species of the genus collected in this region. PIPERACEAE. 244. Piper pupuloides, Roxb. Fl. Ind. I, 159. Tasan : Fruit yellowish buff ; 6907. This closely re- sembles a plant collected by Heifer in Tenasserim (No. 4411) and labelled var. angiisti folium at Kew. The leaves 112 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, are rather narrower than in typical specimens and ovate- Janceolate acuminate. Distrih. Himalayas to Tenasserim. 245. Piper (S. Chavica) Eraensis, sp. nov. Climber. Stem • 1 in. through, slightly woody ; young parts pubescent. Leaves herbaceous elliptic-oblong, base broad unaequilateral ; tips abruptly acuminate, point 1 in. long ; nerves pinnate, 5-6 pairs, ascending, curved ; nervules slender distant ; nerves and midrib slightly pubescent beneath, 8 in. long, 4 in. wide, petiole •! to -2 in. long. Spikes very slender, 10 in. long. Bracts orbicular peltate, stalk central. Tasan : Green climber ; 7045. Distrih. Isthmus of Kra. This somewhat resembles but is distinct in its numerous nerves. 246. Piper (S. Cubeba) polycarpa, sp. nov. Glabrous ; stem woody. Leaves sub-coriaceous, oblong- lanceolate acuminate, base narrowed slightly and unequally rounded at extreme base ; nerves pinnate, 10 pairs, slender distant inarching at tips, transverse nervules few and very inconspicuous, 6*5 in. long, 2 in. wide ; petiole -25 in. Male spikes not known. Fruiting spikes 4*5 in. long, peduncle •5 to '75 in. long. Fruit orange quite globose when ripe, • 12 in. through on sUghtly longer slender stalks. Tasan : Fruit orange ; 6888. I know nothing really like this Cubeb, the stiffness of the leaves suggests an affinity with P. ribesioideSt but the shape of them and the smaller fruit is very different. LAURINEAE. 247. Litsea panamonja. Ham. Tasan : Yellow (pale apricot) ; tree ; 7018. " Medang '* (Malay). Distrih. Tenasserim and Malay Peninsula. 248. Litsea aff. albicans, Kurz. Glabrous tree ; twigs slender. Leaves alternate, thin, coriaceous oblong or ovate-oblong, base round or narrowed, tip acute, drying pale green beneath glaucescent, nerves 6 to 7 pairs, slender elevate beneath, nervules irregular and few, reticulations small, all rather faint and obscure. Flowers not seen. Fruit 1 to 3 together on a short -25 in. axillary raceme. Cupule basin- shaped, '25 in. deep and '3 in. wide, thin on a short thick stalk. Drupe ellipsoid, sUghtly narrowed to the tip, -6 in. long, '25 in. through. Tasan : Green ; tree, moderate size ; 7052. " Medang." I cannot match this but have not seen flowers. 249. Phoebe Tavoyana, Hook. fil. Tapli : Pale yellowish green ; 15 ft. ; 6796. Distrih, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. 250. Cinnamomum nitidum, Bl. Hook. fil. F.B.L 130. Mamoh : Tree ; 6712. I take this to be the plant intended by Hooker, but the peduncle and branches are more distinctly hairy. It belongs to the very difficult set of C. iners of which all the species are very closely aUied. 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 113 MYRISTICACEAE. 251. Myristica longifolia. Wall. Cat. 6801. Mamoh on the Pakchan river, Renong : Brov^n ; tree ; 6699 ; Tasan : Red ; tree ; 6936. Distrib. India from Sikkim to Tenasserim. PROTEACEAE. 252. Helicia terminalis, Kurz. Tapli : Yellowish ; large tree ; 6815 Distrib. Ava. 253. Helicia excelsa, Bl. Mamoh : Large tree ; Greenish-brov/n ; style black ; 6719. Distrib. Khasiya, Tenasserim, Cambodia, Malay Peninsula. HERNANDIACEAE. 254. Illigera trifoliata, Dunn. Nam Chut : Climber ; fruit green, tipped and streaked red ; 6679. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula. 255. Hernandia peltata, Meissn. Koh Pipidon : Flowers white ; stamens yellow ; sepals and bracts pale dull yellowish green ; 65''»8. Distrib. Sea- shores, Africa, Madagascar, Ceylon, Andamans, Malay Peninsula and Islands, Polynesia. LORANTHACEAE. : 256. Loranthus pentandrus, L. Koh Pipidon : Flowers dull greenish yellow ; stamens tipped red ; woody climber ; 6555. Distrib. Indin, Malay Peninsula to Borneo, Sumatra and Java. 257. Loranthus vulpinus, sp. nov. Branches black ; young parts red, scurfy. Leaves opposite, stiffly coriaceous when young densely rcd-tomen- tose. Adult glabrous or with midrib pubescent lanceolate- acuminate, shortly base rounded ; midrib prominent on both sides ; nerves invisible or very faint, 3 pairs, 2*5 in. long, 1 in. wide ; petiole -15 in. Flowers axillary, raceme, •5 in. long, densely orange-tomentose. Bracts lanceolate- acuminate -4 in. long. Calyx tube short with very obscure teeth. Corolla 1 in. long curved, narrowed a little above the dilate base and then dilated, lobes 4 or 5, linear, all red- tomentose and hairy. Stamens 4-5 ; anthers linear, -3 in. long. Style slender, all glabrous. Koh Jam Yai off the coast of Takuapa : 6623. Alhed to L. casuarinae, Ridl. but the leaves smaller and much less hairy, and flowers much smaller. 258. Elytranthe globosa, Don. Tapli : Yellowish green blotched with red , 6808. Distrib. Malay Peninsula. 7 114 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, 259. Elytranthe albida, Bl. Mamoh : White, tips leaden ; stamens brown ; 6709. Distrib. Malay Peninsula. 260. Viscum monoicum, Roxb. Tapli : Fruit orange ; bi:sh ; 6779. Distrib. India, Ceylon, Burma to Trang, Peninsular Siam. EUPHOREIACEAE. 261. Bridelia stipularis, Bl Tasan : Climber ; fruit green to black ; 6847 Distrib. India, Malaya, Africa. 262. Phyllanthus emblica, L. Nam Chut : Flowers green ; tree ; 6681. Distrib. India. 263. Phyllanthus Klossii, sp. nov. P. baeobotrijoides. Hook, fil., F.B.I., V. p. 291 (in part). Branches strongl^^ 4-anglcd. Leaves thinly coriaceous, lanceolate acuminate, base rounded ; midrib on both sides scurfy, hairy ; nerves prominent beneath inarching 5 imirs, 5 in. long, 1 • 5 in. wide, slightly paler beheatli ; petiole under •05 in. Stipules narrow linear-acuminate. Racemes supra- axillary very slender, 6 in. long with distant, very short branches, -05 in, long, -5 in. apart of ,5 or 6 flowers, lower ones with short lanceolate leaf-like bracts, -1 in. long. Flowers • 1 in. wide, shortly pedicelled ; sepals ovate, fleshy with a low keel at base inside. Stamens in a cone, anthers lanceolate, connective not produced, apex blunt. Disc of 5, rather irregular oblong glands. Tasan : Whitish 3 ft. or more ; 6877. Tenasserim (Heifer). This species does not appear to be the Fame as Wallich's Nepal P. baeobotrijoides. The leaves are larger, the racemes much longer and more slender, the flowers in short racemes on the main rachis very far apart. The anthers of the male have no prolonged connective ; Hooker referred Heifer's Tenasserim plant to Wallich's sp( cies. 264. Phyllanthus frondosus, Bl. Tapli : Flowers green : shrub ; 6820. Distrib. Malay Peninsula. 265. Breynia angustifolia, Hook. fil. Tasan : Small tree ; greenish yellow ; 6961. Distrib. Pegu, Tenasserim to Perak. 266. Breynia reclinata, Hook. fill. Koh Gah : Fruit pale yellow ; bush ; 6 ft. Distrib. Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java. 267. Breynia microcalyx, sp. nov. Shrub ; glabrous. Leaves round ovate, thinly coria- ceous, drying pale green, base shortly narrowed, rounded, tip blunt ; nerves 4 pairs, slender, elevate beneath, 1-5 in. long, 1 in. wide ; petiole -05, slender. Male flowers minute turbinate fleshy, lobes round incurved. Stamens 3, much 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 115 shorter in a cone blunt. Female flowers a little larger, turbinate, stigmas sunk. Fruit globose, -12 in. long, crim- son. Calyx little enlarged, flat, small with 5 short acute lobes. Seed smooth semi-ovoid with a short point at tip. Koh Pipidon off Ghirbi : Shrub ; fruit crimson ; 6547. It is very unusual for a Breynia to dry green, the leaves of most kinds being fleshy. This one belongs to the set in which the calyx though enlarged, (for the female flowers are very small) is not enlarged into a conspicuous cup. 268. Aporosa Planchoniana, Baill. Nam Chut : Flowers yellow ; shrub ; 6668. Distrih. Tenasserim. 269. Aporosa Prainiana, Hook. fil. Tasan : Yellowish ; 18 ft. ; 6825. Distrih. Malay Penin- sula. 270. Aporosa aurea, Hook. fil. Tasan : Pale dull yellow ; 6938. Distrih. Chittagong, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. 271. Aporosa, sp. Branches velvety. Leaves rather ^hin, coriaceous, elliptic acuminate, base cuneatc above glabrous except midrib beneath hairy especially on nerves 6 in. long, 2 in. wide, petiole -75 in. long, velvety. Fruit ovoid, globose -6 in. long velvety. Tasan : Fruit green ; tree ; 7008. Insuffi- cient to describe as a new species but quite unlike anytliing I have seen. 272. Baccaurea sapida, Muell. Arg. Mamoh on Pakchan River, Renong ; Deep pink ; tree ; 6700. Distrih. India, Burniah. 273. Baccaurea parviflora, Muell. Arg. Taph : Dull carmine ; 15 ft. taU ; 6771. Distrih. Tenas- serim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra. 274. Antidesma velutinosum, Bl. Tasan : Yellow green ; Stamens tipped brownish ; 10 ft. ; 6897 : Greenish ; 3 ft. ; 6831. Distrih. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. It is generally bigger than these, which seen to be dwarf plants. 275. Antidesma velutinum, Tul. Tasan : Pale brownish yellow ; Stamens yellow ; 10 ft. ; 6941. Nam Chut ; 8 ft. high ; 6687. Distrih. Pegu and Burma to Tenasserim. 276. Galearia phlebocarpa, Br. Tapli : Inflorescence greenish, stalks white. Distrih. Malay Peninsula. 277. Trigonostemon longifolius, Baill. Klong Bagatae : Flowers blackish crimson ; stamens yellowish ; fruit green to brownish green ; 12 ft. ' 6565. Distrih. Tenasserim to Singapore. 116 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, 278. Croton Griffithii, Hook. fil. Nam Chut : White ; stamens greenish ; 6674. Distrib. Malay Peninsula. 279. Mallotus floribundus, Muell. Arg. Tasan : Whitish ; 10 ft. Distrib. Tenasserim, Cochin- china, Malay Peninsula and Islands, Samoa. 280. Mallotus sp. aff. M. floribundus. Nam Chut : Inflorescence yellow ; shrub ; 6667. Leaves ovate rather stiff, acute, white beneath. Female flowers. Ovary covered with long grey hairy processes ; style short ; arms longer. Perhaps only a variety of M. floribundus. 281. Chaetocarpus castanocarpus, Thw. Mamoh : Fruit yellowish-green ; large tree ; 6716. Tapli : Fruit green ; large tree ; 6819. Distrib. Ceylon, North of Malay Peninsula. 282. Homonoia riparia. Lour. Nam Chut : Crimson and yellow ; Calyx red ; 3 ft. high ; 6677. Tasan : Red, cenU-e brownish green ; 3-4 ft. ; River bank ; 6913. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula, Java. 283. Botryophora Kingii, Hook. fil. TapU : Fruit ( ? flowers) crimson ; large tree ; 6812. This remarkable plant was originally collected in Perak by Kunstler. His specimens much resemble this but the leaves are much longer. Female flowers and fruit unknown. URTICACEAE. 284. Trema amboinensis, Bl. Tapli : White ; veins on reverse of leaf pink ; 6810. Distrib. Malay Peninsula and Islands. 285. Ficus gibbosa, Bl. Tasan : Fruit orange ; tree, 10 ft. ; 7043. Distrib. Indo- Malaya. 286. Ficus chartacea, Wall. Tapli : Fruit green ; bush ; 6755. Distrib. Burma, Malaya. 287. HuUettia Griffithiana, King. Klong Bagatae : Inflorescence white ; 10 to 12 ft. ; 6564. Tasan : Pale greenish yellow ; 6 f t. ; 6826. Distrib. Mergui. 288. Laporiea stimulans, Miq. Tasan : Stems pale violet , capsules green ; tips whitish; 15 ft. Distrib. Malay Peninsula and Islands. 289. Pellionia javanica, Wedd., var. major. Tasan : Pinkish white ; 7030. Tapli : Petals white, calyx pink ; 6777 and 7055. Distrib. Tenasserim to Penang and South Malay Peninsula. This form has unusually long petioles 4 in. long and leaves 8 in. long and 4 in. wide, in fact is a much bigger plant altogether than usual but the species is very \ariaJble. 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 117 The name javanica was given by Weddell by an error. It was based on a specimen labelled " Java, Lobb " but Lobb got it in Penang, and so far as is known it does not occm' in Java. 290. Elatostemma lineolatum var. major. Tasan : Pale green ; 6976. Distrib. India, Malay Penin- sula ; but usually smaller. 291. Elatostemma acuminatum, Brongn. Tasan : Pale green ; 2 ft. ; 6915. Disfrih. India, Malay Peninsula, Java. 292. Boehmeria Klossii, sp. nov. Shrub ; much branched, branches slf nder, glabrous. Leaves alternate elliptic cuspidate, base narrows, blunt, herbaceous, edge serrate tri-norved beneath tessellate, 5 in. long, 2 in. wide ; petiole '75 in. long, slender ; stipules lanceolate acuminate. Males absent. Females in small heads • 1 in. through. Flowers free, shortly stallc^ed with a minute ovate bract at base. Perianth tubular elliptic, glabrous. Style simple, elongate. Achene smooth. Tasan : White ; 6 ft. ; 6903. AUied to B. malabarica^ Wedd. CUPULIFERAE. 293. Castanopsis tribuloides, DC. Tapli : Fruit green ; 6816. Distrib. India. The fruit resemble that of var. echidnocarpa but the leaves are larger and eUiptic. ORCHIDEAE. 294. Dendrobium tortile, Lindl. Tapli : White, tinged and washed with pale crimson ; lip pale yellow, crimson at base ; 6775. Distrib. Burma, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. 295. Dendrobium Pierardi, Roxb. Tasan : Very pale pink ; lip very pale green ; 6895. Distrib. Sikkim, Bengal, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. 296. Dendrobium Farmeri, Roxb. Nam Chut : Petals pinkish and yellowish white, basal part of lip orange ; 6688. Distrib. Himalaya, Assam, Burma. 297. Dendrobium (Aporum) anceps, Sw. Mamoli : Greenish-yellow, hp blotched crimson ; 6714. Tasan : Yellow to brown ; leaves green, edged crimson ; 6886. 298. Dendrobium (Pedilonum) secundum. Wall. Klong Bagatae. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula and Islands. 118 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, 299. Eria bractescens, Lindl. Tapli : Yellow, lip crimson except at tips ; 6803. Distrih. Mergui, Malay Peninsula. 300. Bromheadia palustris, Lindl. Mainland shores of Takuapa : Lip crimson and yeUow. Distrih. Malay Peninsula and Islands to Philippines. This seems to be its most northern locality. 301. Thecostele ZoUingeri, Rchb. Tasan : Greenish-yeUow, tips whitish, one or two crim- son stripes on petals ; hood blackish crimson ; lip white distally, yellowish at centre, wings crimson brown ; 7024. Distrih. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Borneo. 302. Vanda teres, Lindl. Mamoh, Pakchan: Three upper petals faintly tinged and more strongly streaked with purple ; two outer ones white, with a purple spur on the lower side ; lower petal (lip) light purple except interiorly where sides and lower part are yellow, spotted brown ; lingual portion purple ; 6718. Distrih. Assam, Burma. 303. Saccolabium ochraceum, Lindl. Tapli : Buff, spotted brown, distal half of lip white ; 6730. Distrih. Sikkim, Tenasserim, Ceylon, Malabar. 304. Saccolabium flavescens, sp. nov. Stem stout, 2 in. long. Leaves lorate falcate, bluntly unequally bi-lobed ; slightly narrowed to base ; midrib prominent, 7 in. long, 1-75 in. wide. Racemes from lower part rarely with a single short branch, 4 in. long. Flowers small, scattered. Bracts minute deflexed, lanceolate acumi- nate. Pedicel rather thick, -25 in. long. Upper sepal oblong, slightly dilate at tip rounded, lower ones oblong- oblanceolate. Petals shghtly smaller, oblanceolate, blunt. Lip side lobes short truncate, erect, midlobe broadly ovate, sub-reniform, spur broad scrotiform saccate not septate, a short broad conic callus in the mouth. Column short and broad, rosteUum short acuminate upcurved. Pollinia small, globose on a rather long strap-shaped pedicel and a round ovate opaque yellow disc. Klong Bagatae : Flowers pale greenish-yellow ; 6582. 305. Trichoglottis acutifolia, sp. nov. Stem slender elongate over 8 in. long. Leaves narrow lanceolate very unequally bilobed one sometimes -25 in. longer than the other, acute, 3* 5 in. long, • .5 in. wide, sheaths tubular dilate upwards '4 in. long. Flowers very small on a very short lateral raceme under • 1 in. long. Sepals, upper oblong blunt, spotted, lower ones ovate acute, petals nearly as long, narrower. Lip ; side lobes oblong truncate, squared midlobe large fleshy oblong ovate blunt pustular, spur very short, conic, a very small oblong truncate retuse lobe in the mouth. Column short broad, thick ; anther oblong broad, large. PoUinia large semi-ovoid, pedicel Unear, broader at tip ; disc oblong truncate. RosteUum lobes triangular linear acuminate at tip deflexed. 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 119 Klong Bagatae : Flower yellow, lip white ; 6561. Allied to T. lanceolaria, Bl. of Java, but the leaves are broader unequally bilobed. The sepals and petals are dis- tinctly spotted with brown or dull red. 306. Dendrocolla trichoglottis, Ridl. Tasan : Yellowish-white, top of hood yellow ; 6854. Distrib. Malay Peninsula. A plant labelled Sarcochilus hystrix, Rehb. Mergui (Griffith) in Herb, Lindley, seems to be this species. 307. Acriopsis indica, Wight. Tapli : Greenish, spotted brown ; lip white ; epiphyte ; 6768. Distrib. Tenasserim, Penang. 308. Podochilus lucescens, Bl. Tasan : Flowers white ; terminal ; 7006, 9049. Distrib. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Java. The specimens in their narrower leaves approach P. khasiyana. Hook. f. but the lip is broad ovate as in P. lucescens and nearly trilobed at base. 309. Galeola hydra, Rchb. fil. Tasan : Lemon yellow, interior petal blotched crimson brown on upper parts of inside ; 6841. Distrib. Sikkim, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java. 310. Didymoplexis, sp. Tasan : White ; No leaves ; 4 in. ; 6969. The single specimen of this little plant differs from D. pallens in its very slender stem and smaller flower, but the flower is so delicate that it is almost impossible to dissect it and I am unwilling to make a new species of it. ZINGIBERACEAE. 311. Globba pendula, Roxb. Tasan : Orange yellow with one dark brown spot ; 6882. Distrib. Tenasserim. 312. Costus speciosus var. argyrophyllus. Tasan ; White ; lip and hood blotched yellow ; calyx red ; 7001. Distrib. Tropical Asia. 313. Amomum argyrophyllum, sp. nov. Rhizome slender elongate, stem 3 ft. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, long, narrowed to petiole, drying pale silvery silky on the back, 14 in. long, 2-5 in. wide • petiole 4 in. long, sheaths 12 in., ligule short, oblong, rounded adnate to petiole. Capitulum conic, 2 in. long very shortly pedun- cled. Bracts coriaceous, glabrous oblong-lanceolate, blunt about 12, the largest 1-25 in. long, -75 in. wide, striate. Inner bracts lanceolate 1 in. long. Calyx 1-25 in. long, narrowly funnel-shaped with three short apiculate lobes. Corolla tube 2 in. long, slender at base, dilate upwards, lobes upper broad lanceolate, hooded, laterals lanceolate, 1 '25 in. long, -5 in. wide. Lip obovate, entire, 1 '5 in. long, 120 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, • 6 in, wide ; tip round, mouth of tube hairy. Stamen filament '25 in. long, anther oblong, crest very large, reni- form '5 in. across, top of anthers divaricate. Tasan: White; lip scarlet at base then yellow in middle; 6952 ; white, lip in part crimson at base, yellow towards tip ; 7004. Allied to A. dealhatum^ Roxb. {A. sericeum, Roxb.) but much smaller with narrower leaves. 814. Amomum molle, sp. nov. Whole plant 3 ft. tall. Rhizome '25 in. through. Leaves lanceolate caudate, 12 in. long, 2 in. wide, base shortly narrowed, glabrous above, softly hairy beneath, petiole • 25 in. long, soft hairy, sheath narrow, hairy. Spike sub-cylindric, 2 to 2-5 in. through, on a peduncle, 3 to 4 in. long covered with pubescent bracts, the uppermost 2 in. long, lanceolate. Bracts of head lanceolate sub-acute, coria- ceous striate pubescent, edge white, hairy, 1-5 in. long. Floral bracts tubular with 3 points pubescent, tip hairy. Calyx pubescent cylindric with 3 ovate lobes hairy at hp, • 6 in. long. Corolla tube 1 in. long, pubescent ; lobes linear oblong, pubescent blunt. Lip about as long, base oblong fleshy, middle depressed sub-saccate ; sides thin, strongly veined, centre and tip linear-oblong, fleshy. Anther oblong cells distinct fusiform narrowed to the ends ; crest linear oblong truncate, rather large with 2 short ears at the angles of the anther. Stigma broad. Tasan : Yellow ; lip spotted crimson along the middle hne ; 6955 : deep yellow spotted orange ; 69v*8. 315. Hornstedtia albomarginata, Ridl. Koh Gab : Ground flower ; carmine edged white ; 6597. Only a single head without leaves. I take it to be H. albomarginata of the Malay Peninsula. 316. Hornstedtia rubrolutea, sp. nov. Stem '5 in. through. Leaves glabrous, lanceolate- acuminate, cuspidate, 3 ft. long, 4 in. wide, petiole, 5 in. long, ligule oblong rounded, broad. Heads sub-cylindric, 3 in. long on a peduncle 1 in. long with rather distant bracts. Bracts ovate, thin, 1 in. long, -75 in. wide, edge white, hairy; upper ones narrower. Calyx narrow tubular, thin. Corolla tube 1*5 in. long, slender, lobes linear oblong very narrow, the side ones almost ovate oblong. Lip narrow, entire, dilate and rounded at tip, • 75 in. long, • 20 in. wide at tip. Anther short oblong. No crest. Tasan : Petals scarlet and yellow or scarlet and white ; 6972 : Crimson blotched yellow ; 6929. The flowers are small for this section of Hornstedtia and the bracts edged with white hair are peculiar. MARANTACEAE. 317. Phrynium capitatum, Roxb. Tasan : Pinkish white ; 6 f t. ; 6828. Distrib. India. 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 121 318. Donax grandis, Ridl. Koh Gah : White ; 6610. Distrib. Malay Peninsula and Islands. AMARYLLIDEAE. 319. Curculigo latifolia, Dryand. Tapli : Yellow ; 6754. A form with narrow lanceolate acuminate woolly leaves and small compact stalked woolly inflorescence. Distrib. Burma, Malay Peninsula and Islands. 320. Crinam asiaticum, L. Pulau Mohea ofif Trang : Flowers white ; stamens crimson ; 6529. Distrib. Seashores, India. Malaya. TACCACEAE. 321. Tacca palmatifida, Bak. Joum. Linn. Soc. xv. 100. Tasan : Fruit greenish red. Distrib. Celebes. The specimen being in fruit unfortunately adds little to our knowledge of this plant of which flowers are not known. It may perhaps be a lobed form of T. palmata. 322. Tacca cristata. Jack. Tasan : Dark greenish brown, beard blackish crimson ; 6822. Distrib. Malaya. LILIACEAE. 323. Dracaena siamensis, Ridl. ? Pulau Mohea off Trang : Fruit scarlet ; 6935. In fruit only. Distrib. Perlis. 324. Smilax leucophylla var. latifolia. Tapli : Fruit green ; cUmber ; 6751. Distrib. Tenas- serim (Heifer) ; Perak (Kunstler). A. de CandoUe quoted his Tenasserim plant as 5. Blumei, a totally different species. It is very distinct from the ordinary forms of Smilax leucophylla, and is probably specifically distinct, but at pre- sent we have only fruiting specimens. It is a stout woody climber with few scattered short thorns. Leaves coriaceous, ovate sub-apiculate base broad edge thickened, glaucous beneath, 8 in. long, 6 in. wide. Peduncle in fruit, 3 in. long ; pedicels 1 in. Fruit globose. 325. Peliosanthes hypogyna, sp. nou. Tufted plant with a mass of thick roots at base. Leaf, petiole 7 in. tall, angled, blade elliptic-lanceolate, 8 in. long, 2-75 in. wide ; nerves conspicuous about 10. Racemes 5 in. long. Flowers pale greenish white, solitary in the bracts, -2 in. wide. Bracts linear acuminate, lowest ones % in. long shortening upwards. Pedicel -1 in. long. Perianth lobes ovate-lanceolate, blunt. Staminal ring adnate almost entirely to the tube and to the ovary, slightly notched between the anthers. Ovary completely inferior. Style shorter than stamens. Seed globose, pear-shaped. 8 122 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, Tasan : Pale greenish white ; 7016. Pulau Mohea : Fruit waxy blue ; 6534. This belongs to the set with completely inferior ovary, the petals and sepals connate in a tube adnate to ovary and staminal ring. XYRIDEAE. 326. Xyris tuberosa, sp. nov. Rhizome 2 in. or more long with densely set globose pubescent (eventually glabrous) bulbs % in. through. Stem solitary 1 in. long, covered with sheaths. Leaves 2 linear acuminate 7 in. long, -l in. wide, flat not twisted. Culm 12 to 13 in. long, terets, rather slender. Capitulum globose, •25 in. long. Bracts orbicular, broad, centre elevated not keeled, edge broad, brown scarious and becoming lacerate. Mainland shores of Takuapa : 6615. This species is allied to X. anceps. Lam., but the singu- lar rhizome with its globose bulb-joints and few leaves dis- tinguishes it from any other species. The flowers are all over and gone in the specimens. COMMELINACEAE. 327. Pollia sorzogonensis, Endl. Tasan : White, 2-4 ft. ; 6966, 6894. Distrib, Indo- Malaya. 328. Commelina nudiflora, L. Tasan : Blue ; 6935. Distrib. Cosmopolitan. 329. Aneilema conspicuum, Kth. Tasan : Pale violet ; stamens yellow ; 6908. Deep lilac , stamens yellow ; 1 ft. ; 6827. Distrib. India, Malaya. 330. Floscopa scandens, Lour. Tapli : Pale lilac ; 6743. Tasan : Distrib. Indo-Malaya, Australia. FLAGELLARIACEAE. 331. Flagellaria indica, L. Koh Gab : Fruit brownish pink ; climber ; lower part woody ; 6603. Distrib. Tropical Asia, Seashores. PALMAE. 332. Areca pumila, Bl. Tasan : Pale yellow ; 6 ft. tall ; 6823. Distrib. Malay Peninsula and Islands, I take this to be A. pumila, Bl., but the specimen is incomplete and it might be A. triandra. 333. Pinanga canina, Becc. Tasan : Fruit crimson brown ; stems crimson ; 6873. Distrib. Province Wellesley, Borneo. 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 123 I take this to be Beccari's canina. There is a leaf ot it collected in Tenasserim by Heifer, labelled P. patnla, Bl. by Hooker, but I do not think it is that species. 334. Nenga macrocarpa, Becc. Koh Gah : Flowers greenish-white ; tree 30 ft. 6588. Distrih. Malay Peninsula. A fruiting specimen only. 335. Iguanura Wallichiana, Hook. fil. Tasan : Fruit red ; 6 to 7 ft., Stem slender ; 7010. Distrih. Malay Peninsula. 336. Licuala distans, sp. nov. Leaf petiole (upper part) slender, smooth, unarmed •25 in. through, blade 2-5 ft. long cut almost to the base into 26 narrow lanceolate lobes 2 in. across at the widest part, apex cut into about 6 acuminate acute lobes 4 in. long. Inflorescence glabrous, 4-5 ft. long sheaths 6, smooth, lowest 6 in. long with a low rib on one side, mouth brown lacerate into fibres. Spadix branches 2 from each sheath, slender, 6 to 9 in. long. " Flowers white." Flowers rf'mote, pedicels •1 in. long, slender. Bracts minute, lanceolate. Calyx tubular, narrowed at base dilate slightly upwards with three very short points • 12 in. Petals wide, spreading lanceolate acuminate, -12 in. long. Stamens 6, filaments lanceolate- acuminate, red when dry. Anthers linear, oblong yellow. Style slender, nearly as long as the stamens. Koh Jam Noi, near Koh Jam Yai off Takuapa : Flowers white ; 6638. This species approaches L. peltata of India from which it differs in its smaller pedicelled flowers and much cut up leaves. 337. Calamus myrianthus, Becc. Koh Pipidon near Ghirbi or Krabi : Flowers dull greenish yellow ; centres dark greenish brown ; 6554. Tapli ; 6814. Distrih. Tenasserim, Siam. 338. Daemonorops Lewisianus, GrifT. Tasan. Distrih. Penang. 339. Zaiacca Wallichiana, Mart. Tasan : Fruit brown ; 6944. Distrih. Malay Peninsula, Tenasserim. ARACEAE. 340. Alocasia denudata, Miq. Koh Gall : Base of inflorescence white, remainder pale buff ; stems mottled ; 6953. Distrih. Malay Peninsula, Borneo. The form is the very hastate one with long narrow lobes. 341. Aglaonema Helferi, Hook. fil. This is allied to A. ohlongifolium but smaller in all parts. The specimen is however, rather larger than the type. 124 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, 342. Anadendron montanam, Schott. A slender form with smaller ovate leaves. Tasan. Distrib. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. 343. Pothos scandens, L. Tasan : Fruit (probably heads) pale brown i mflores- cence yellow ; 7041. Yellowish white, growing on tree ; 7057. Distrib. Indo-Malaya. CYPERACEAE. 344. Eyilinga monocephala, Rottb. Tasan : Greenish white ; 6937. Cosmopolitan. 345. Cyperus haspan, L. Taph : mixed with Floscopa scandens^ 6743. Cosmo- politan. 346. Cyperus malaccensis. Lam. Nam Chut : Fruit brown, 5 ft. ; 6693. 347. Cyperus diffusus, Vahl. Delisle Island, off Takuapa. 348. Cyperus diffusus var. pubisquama, C. B. Clarke. Tapli : Brownish green ; 6756. Distrib. India, Malaya. 349. Mariscus microcephalus, Presl. Tasan : Fruit golden brown ; 6884. Distrib. Tropics. 350. Hypolytrum latifolium, Rich. Koh Pipidon : 6560. Klong Bagatae : Fruit brown var. penangense, C. B. CI. Delisle Island off Takuapa : 6646. Tasan : Brown ; sta- mens yellow ; 6997. The var. Penangense made a species by Clarke and based on a single specimen from Penan g, reap- pears again in this collection but without fruit again. It differs from H. latifolium in its much longer cyhndric fusiform flowering spikes. Elongate spikes occur occa- sionally in specimens of otherwise typical H. latifolium but in Penangense they are all like this. Until we get fruit it had better remain as a variety. 351. Mapania andamanica, Kurz. Tasan : Fruit brown ; 7011. Distrib. Andamans. 352. Scleria levis, Retz. Koh Gah : Fruit black or white ; inflorescence brown ; 6605. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula and Islands, China. 353. Carex indica, L. Taph : 6817. Distrib. Tropical Asia. 354. Carex mapanifolia, sp. nov. Tufted. Leaves thin, elongate lanceolate long narrowed to the base, 3 ft. long, 2 in. wide, acutely acuminate, edges scabrid enclosed at base in a tuft with brown lanceolate sheaths. Inflorescence 12 in. long central, peduncle 8 to 9 in. long covered with sheaths ; panicle dense, 3 to 1 in. long of dense sessile secondary panicles 1 in. long or less ; many flowered, white ; outer bracts of spikelet empty about 1% 1920] Ridley : Peninsular Siamese Plants. 125 linear ones acuminate. Upper spikelets male, lower with male and female flowers. Glumes in male linear lanceolate bifid or sub-caudate at lip. Anthers linear • 2 in. long with very slender filaments. Hermaphrodite spikelets smaller, lower flowers female, upper ones male. Utriclei very nar- row, thin sub-cylindric, deeply bifid, lobes acute. Ovary ellipsoid, narrowed at the base and jointed at the top with the style. Style pale, narrowed upwards. Stigmas 3, pur- ple, hairy. Tasan ; white ; 6881 : Base of flower brownish ; In- florescence whitish ; 7012. This remarkable species is allied to C. Helferi of Tenas- serim differing in its much denser spikes and broader leaves. The only other Carex of this set is C. scaposa of Cochin- China and China, and this remarkable broad-leaved group appears to be confined to this region. GRAMINEAE. 355. Cyrtoccum pilipes, Stapf. (Panicum pilipes, Nees.). Tapli : Fruit brown to yellow ; 6765. Distrib. Tropical Asia and Polynesia. 356. Thysanolaena acarifera, Nees. Koh Jam Yai oft' Takuapa : A dwarf form ; 6637. Distrib. Tropical Asia. 357. Neyraudia madagascariensis, Hook. fil. Tasan ; 6930. Klong Bagalae : 6585. Distrib. Tropics. Africa and Asia. 358. Oxytenanthera nigrociliata, Munro. Tasan ; 7054. Distrib. India, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java. GNETACEAE. 359. Gnetum Brunoniana, Griff. Tasan : Green, terminal spike whitish ; scandent bush, 9 ft. ; 7026 : Yellowish-white ; Bush ; 6870. Distrib. Tenas- serim, Malay Peninsula. 360. Gnetum scandens, Roxb. Tasan : Fruit ; green ; 6902. Distrib. India, Malaya. CYCADACEAE. 361. Cycas siamensis ? Koh Gah : Cone and leaf from one tree, young fruit from second tree, ripe fruit from third tree ; 6590. Only a young male cone received : I am not sure whether it is C. siamensis or C. Rumphii. FERNS. 362. Alsophila latebrosa, Hook. Tasan : A verv pubescent form ; 7017 : Glabrous form ; 6868. Distrib. Indo-Malaya. 126 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, 363. Trichomanes javanica, Bl. Tasan : 6950. Koh Gah : 6595. Distrib. Malay Penin- sula and Islands. 364. Pteris quadriaurita, Retz. Delisle Island off Takuapa : 6644. Tapli : 6727. Distrib. Tropics. 365. Microlepia Speluncae, L. Tapli : 6759 and 6739. Distrib. Tropics. 366. Lindsaya lanuginosa, Wall. Mainland shores of Takuapa inlet : 6619. Distrib. Burma, Malay Peninsula. 367. Asplenium nitidum, Sw. Klong Bagatae : 6569. Distrib. S. Africa, India, Malay Peninsula. 368. Asplenium unilaterale, Lam. Tasan : 7034. Distrib. Tropics of Old World. 369. Diplazium tomentosum, Hook. Tasan : 6959 and 6989. Distrib. Burma and Malay Peninsula. 370. Aspidium cicutarium, Sw. Tasan : 7031. Tapli : 6735. Distrib. Tropics. 371. Niphobolus adnascens, Sw. Koh Jam Noi near Koh Jam Yai off Takuapa : 6636. Distrib. Old World and Tropics. 372. Pleopeltis nigrescens, Bl. Tapli : 6785. Tasan : 7056. Distrib. Indo-Malaya. 373. Pleopeltis sinuosa. Wall. Koh Gah off Takuapa : 6586. Distrib. Malay Peninsula and Islands. 374. Taenitis blechnoides, Sw. Klong Bagatae : 6496. Distrib. Ceylon, Malay Penin- sula, Tenasserim. 375. Stenochlaena sorbifolia, L. Pulau Mohea off Trang : 6531. Distrib. Tropics. 376. Gymnopteris subrepanda. Hook. Tasan : 6995. Distrib. Malay Peninsula. 377. Polybotrya appendiculata var. Hamiltoniana, Wall. TapU : 6741. Koh Gah : 6496. Distrib. Assam, Tenas- serim, Malay Peninsula. 378. Schizaea dichotoma, Sw. Koh Prah Tong off Takuapa inlet. Distrib. Tropics. 379. Angiopteris evecta, Hoffm. Tasan : 6866. Distrib. Tropical Asia, Australia and Madagascar. 380. Lygodium polystachyum, Wall. Mamoli : 6710. Distrib. Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula. 1920] 127 in. TWO NEW SIAMESE PLANTS. By H. N. Ridley, C.M.G., F.R.S. I have found the following undescribed species in a small collection sent me by Dr. F. W. Foxworthy, Forest Research Officer, F.M.S. They were obtained by a collector of the Forest Department who accompanied the expedition of the F.M.S. Museums Department to the northern half of the Malay Peninsula in 1919 (antea pp. 65-126). ANONACEAE. 1. Miliusa concinna, sp. nov. Branches slender, bark dark brown lenticelled ; young parts pubescent. Leaves rather distant oblong oblanceolate, blunt or subacute, base narrowed unequally bluntly bilobed, membranous to subcoriaceous, thin, glabrous or when young pubescent on the midrib beneath ; nerves fine incon- spicuous, 8 pairs, 4 in. long, 1-5 in. wide ; petiole hairy or glabrous, -1 in. long. Flowers solitary or 2 on tubercles ; pedicel slender, hairy, -5 in. long. Sepals ovate -12 in. long, hairy,. Petals oblong, tip rounded, hairy on both sides, -25 in. long. Stamens about 7 whorls, 20 in all ; anthers short, narrow, connective broad, flat irregularly rounded. Pistils 20, densely woolly on the top. South-western Siam : Hat Sunuk near Koh Lak (Hamid No. 3820) ; Koh Lak (Hamid No. 3802). Native name Pom rimpah. The specimens under No. 3802 differ in being much more hairy, the branches being densely 50 ft. tomentose, and the leaves hairy on the back ; «while No. 3820 is almost completely glabrous, only the young parts being pubescent. DIPTEROCARPACEAE. 2. Pachyiioearpus grandiflorus, sp. nov. Leaves oblong thin but stiff coriaceous elliptic acutely short acuminate, base narrowed, blunt ; nerves 12 pairs prominent beneath, reticulations conspicuous beneath, 6 to 8 in. long, 2-5 to 4 in. wide ; petiole thick -5 in. long, pubescent. Panicle dense, terminal compact, 3 in. long, 4 in. wide, pubescent ; pedicel -1 in. long. Calyx pubescent mealy, • 1 in. long, lobes lanceolate acute, cleft nearly to the base. Petals -75 in. long, -25 in. wide, oblong spathulate tip broad rounded, glabrescent. Stamens 15 in 2 rows. Ovary cone-shaped free from sepals, puberulous. Style short, thick ribbed ; stigma rather large. Fruit (unripe) ovoid not corky. Calyx entirely covering the nut except the extreme tip, lobes thin, ovate rounded, whole fruit -75 in. long, lobes free part -1 in. long. Peninsular Siam, Klong Wang Tapoh in Renong. (Hamid No. 3787) . Native name Mai Sak. Perhaps nearest to P. Stapfianus but the leaves are thinner and have more nerves. It has larger flowers than any species I have ever seen. 128 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, IV. NEW AND RARE PLANTS FROM THE MALAY PENINSULA. By H. N. Ridley, C.M.G,, F.R.S. This paper includes a number of new species recently- received in various collections chiefly made by members of the Museums Department in the Federated Malay States and others from a collection made by myself in Kelantan in 1917 ; together with various emendations of species of earlier collections which in the course of my work on the Flora of the Malay Peninsula I have found it necessary to make. A small but valuable collection was made on the East Coast by Mr. I. H. N. Evans, Asst. Curator, Perak Museum, of which several new species are described, besides which he added to our flora Securidaca tavoyana, and Celastrus paniculata from Pahang. The latter is a verv widely dis- tributed plant, occurring in India and throughout the Malay archipelago, but curiously has been till now missing from the Malay Peninsula. A small collection made by a native employe of the F.M.S. Museums Department on Gunong Binlang on the Kedah-Perak boundary contained a number of valuable additions including a remarkable new Genus of Rhanmaceae, viz. : — Oreorhamnus. On the invitation of Mr. and Mrs. Graeme-Anderson I visited Kelantan in February 1917, and enjoyed their hospitality for some weeks at Chaning Estate on the Kelantan river above Kuala Lebir, and on my way back stopped with Mr. R. J. Farrer at Kota Bharu. The flora of Kelantan was very little known. I formerly received a number of specimens and live plants from Dr. Gimlette at Kuala Lebir, and had landed once in 1889 on the sea coast near the mouth of the Kelantan river for a few hours. Near the Chaning Rubber Estate were patches of forest untouched by man and here I found the flora typically Malayan, but vdth a good many new species. Here in a sandy spot in a forest I found a patch of Trichopus Zey-^ lanicus which I had met with many years ago at one spot in the Tahan woods in Pahang ; otherwise it is only known from Ceylon. A day or two at Kuala Lebir gave me a curious Rubiaceous shrub obviously of the same genus as a dwarf shrubby plant collected by me at Klang gates and which I had referred to Xanthophytum Bl. Further examination showed that it did not belong to Blume's genus and I have made a new genus Aleisanthia for the two species : it is allied to the genus Grania. Curiously I found a true Xanthophytum on the banks of the Pehi river opposite Chaning Estate, another generic addition to our flora. The country round Kota Bharu is mostly covered with rice fields and other cultivations. I noticed here plots of Coleus tuberosus, a plant seldom cultivates further south. I 1920] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants. 129 ascended the only large hill in the neighbourhood which was called simply Gunong and added a number of interest- ing plants from this rather dry rocky place. Near the village Tumpat was some open heath country, very sandy : The flora was more distinctly Siamese, and I found here the Anonaoeous shrub Rauwenhoffia, a typically Siamese and Cambodian plant. The sandy shores at the mouth of the Kelantan river were rather disappointing, the chief •plants there being Casuarina, Spinifex, Dodonaea, and the usual common sand-hill plants : but I found also a new species of Waltheria which was very interesting as the genus is mainly South American, and the only species in our area (and it is scarce) is W. americana, believed to have been accidentally introduced into Asia from South America. I was much indebted to Mr. and Mrs. Graeme-Anderson, to Mr. Farrer and to Dr. Geale of Kuala Lebir for their hospitality through which alone I was enabled to collect the plants of this Uttle known district. CAPPARIDACEAE. 1. Capparis pubiflora, var. perakensis. King. This plant is only known from specimens collected in Perak by Scortechini. I have recently found it again in the woods surrounding the Chaning Estate on the Kelantan river. It seems to me sufficiently distinct from C. piibiflora DC, a native of Timor and Celebes, of which, however, I have only seen rather poor specimens. The bracts in this species are broad, soft and woolly, and the flowers much more woolly than in our species which has also short subulate persistent bracts quite glabrous. The young shoots and just opened leaves are thickly pubescent, and the whole flower bud pubescent but not as densely as in the Timor plant. I think it advisable to keep it as a separate specites under the name of C. perakensis. 2. Capparis paniculata, sp. nov. A long, much branched but slender thorny climber with very short decm'ved thorns thickened at base and black at tip • 1 in. long. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong base blunt tip acute, nerves 5 pairs, 5-5 in .long, 2*5 in, wide, petiole •15 in. long. Flowers in a lax terminal panicle 6 in. long, peduncle -75 in. long, slender terminated by an umbel of about 6 flowers ; pedicels -5 in. long, slender. Flowers white -25 in. across. Sepals rounded, oblong, outer pair boat-shaped, coriaceous, inner pair larger with a broad thin margin. Petals oblong rounded connate at base. Stamens numerous little longer than the petals ; white. Anthers oblong, short. Gynophore little longer than tlie filaments, ovary conic. Kelantan in dense forest in the neighbourhood of Chan- ing Estate on the Kelantan River. Feb. 1917. Distrib. Borneo : Foot of Mt. Braang (Limestone), Sarawak (Haviland 766). 130 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums, [Vol. X, DIPTEROCARPACEAE. 3. Balanocarpus ovalifolius, sp. nov. Tree. Leaves thin coriaceous ovate, cuspidate, base round shortly acuminate, tip blunt, nerves line about nine pairs, often very inconspicuous, midrib elevate often on both sides reticulations minute but conspicuous 3 in. long, 1-5 in. wide, petiole slender -5 in. long. Panicles lax, glabrous, drying black, 2 in. long, rather few flowered. Flowers considerably larger than in. B. Curtisii. Sepals imbricate subcoriaceous, glabrous blunt. Petals twice as long 15 in. long, oblong, blunt mealy pubescent outside. Stamens 15, filaments short and rather broad ; anthers sub- globose, appendage hair-like, longer than the rest of the stamens. Ovary with stout cylindi-ic stylopediujn, glabrous. Penang : Ayer Hitam at 300 ft. (Haniff 3727, Curtis 426) . Malay name " Pinang Baik." This plant was originally tentatively assigned to B. laitfolius Brandis, a Bornean species, by Brandis ; but it differs entkely in the venation of the leaves which is exactly that of B. Curtisii. From that species it differs in the broad ovate leaves and larger flowers apd more oblong longer sq)als. STERCULIACEAE. 4. Waltheria arenaria, sp. nov. Prostrate, creeping shrubby plant 2 ft. long, twigs slender, tips tomentose. Leaves ovate elliptic, base broad, edge serrate tomentose, thickly beneath, thinly above when adult nerves thick elevate 3-4 pairs -5- -75 in. long, '25- -3 in. wide; petiole -25 in. long, stipules Linear. Heads of flower '3 in. wide, sessile, densely villous. Bracts linear villous. Calyx obconic strongly nerved, villous, lobes 5 subulate. Corolla -25 in. yellow, petals linear oblong spathulate long clawed. Stamens 5 with very short fila- ments connate at base. Style slender stigma penicillate, pericarp tomentose at top. Capsule smooth brown 1 seeded. Kelantan in sand on the sea shore beneath the Casuarinas at Kuala Kelantan. Abundant. An interesting find as W. indica L., the only other Asiatic species, is a tropical weed probably like most of the genus of American origin. It is an erect plant and is not common in the Malay Peninsula being only known from Malacca where Griffith collected it. RUTACEAE. 5. Glycosmis elata, sp. nov. Tall shrub 6-8 ft. high. Leaves 18 in. long of 4 leaflets irregularly spaced oblong elliptic 7 in. long, 2 in. wide, pale beneath ; 5-7 nerved, nerves strongly inarching, petio- lules "25 in. long. Flowers in short axiUary ]ianicles 3 in. 1920] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants. 131 long, rather numerous -1 in. long, white. Sepals small 5. Petals -1 in. long, oblong glabrous. Stamens 10 unequal outer 5 as long as petals, inner 5 shorter. Ovary flask- shaped, glabrous ; style rather stout. Fruit small, ovoid beaked, yellow spotted brown. Damp woods in Kelantan at Chaning and in the Glam wood near Kota Bahru. It seems most nearly allied to G. sapindoldef. Wall, of Penang Hill, differing in larger flowers, glabrous pistil and unequal stamens. The leaves are thickly black-dotted on the back. 6. Zanthoxylum hirtellum, sp. nov. Climber, armed with short decurved thorns, shortly rough-hairy. Leaves 6 in. long. Leaflets 7-9, coriaceous, elliptic, blunt cuspidate, edge crenulate or undulate, hairy beneath on a rather slender thorny rachis, midrib thorny, 2-5-3 in. long, 1*25-1 -5 in. wide; nerves about 8 pairs; petiolules -1 in. long or less. Panicles axillary 2-3 together, slender 2 in. long, few flowered. Flowers -1 in, wide. Fruit spikes 3 in. long, pubescent, with short branches. Coccus oval pubescent wrinkled -25 in. long. Seed slightly flattened smooth black shining nearly • 25 in , long. Singapore: Yo Chu Rang (Ridley 11291). Pahang : Temerloh (Ridley). Bindings : (Curtis), Lumut (Ridley 10281). This plant is covered with short rough hairs. It is near the Javanese Z. Horsfieldii^ Turcz. and Z. nitidiim of China and Cochin-Cliina, but those are glabrous. GERANIACEAE. 7. Connaropsis sericea, sp. nov. A tree. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong sharply acuminate base round, nerves 8 pairs, slender but prominent beneath subglaucous beneath, reticulations conspicuous 7-7-5 in. long, 3 in. wide ; petiole rather stout, -5 in. long. Panicles raceme-like from the upper axils 12 in. long, branches -25 in. long, puberulous. Sepals ovate, blunt silk tomentose. Petals oblong, clawed, upper part deep red, claw pale -1 in. long. Stamens shorter filaments very slender ; anthers ovate witli wide cells. Styles short, free. Pahang : Pianggu, Endau River (Evans) . Flowers red. Aug. 1917. A very distinct species with large leaves as big as those of C. macrophylla but much thinner and subglaucous beneath, the panicles long, slender puberulous with silky tomentose sepals. RHAMNACEAE. Genus OREORHAMNUS, gen. nov. A shrub or tree ? erect. Leaves alternate lanceolate dentate. Flowers small axillary hairy calyx campanulate lobes 5 triangular. Petals minute spathulate bilobed 132 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, enwrapping anthers stamens 5 opposite petals, filaments rising from a thin disc lining the calyx tube, ovary free 3 lobed, ovules 1 in each cell. Styles 3. Species one. 8. Oreorhamnus serrulatus, sp. nov. Shrub or tree, erect. Buds red hairy. Leaves alter- nate thinly coriaceous lanceolate narrowed to both ends, dentate serrulate glabrous, nerves 6 pairs with midrib elevate beneath, sunk above, reticulations very close on both sides very fine, 3 inches long, 1 in. wide, petiole -5 in. long pubescent when young. Flowers very smaU axillary on the young shoots, hairy pubescent shortly pedicelled. Calyx campanulate lobes 5 triangular acute hairy outside. Petals very small spathulate bilobed, lobes rounded, glabrous enclosing the anther. Stamens 5, opposite petals and enwrapped therein, filaments slender rising from a very thin disc lining the calyx tube. Anthers ellipsoid, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 3-lobed free to base, hairy : ovules 1 in each cell. Styles 3 short cylindric truncate. Fruit not seen. Kedah-Perak boundary : Gunong Bintang (Native Collector, F.M.S. Mus.). SAPINDACEAE. ;^ 9. Lepisanthes hirta, sp. nov. Simple tree-like shrub. Branches, underside of leaves, rachis, midrib above and inflorescence softly hairy. Leaf over 2 ft. long, leaflets 10, alternate but approximate elliptic lanceolate shortly acuminate ; nerves about 18 pairs, 12 in. long, 4 in. wide membranous, petiolule thick -15 in. long. Panicles axillary 4-5 in. long branches few distant, racemose. Flowers •! in. wide. Sepals, 5, orbicular, coriaceous, pubescent, edge ciliate. Petals 4, ovate round blunt nearly twice as long, glabrous, scales at base oblong, white, woolly. Stamens 8, short within the undulate disc, glabrous. Rudimentary pistil densely hairy. Kelantan : Chaning Forest. A remarkably hairy species, most of the genus being nearly glabrous except the inflorescence. A plant got on the Pehi River had much smaller oblong, blunt leaflets 5*5 in. long by 2 in. wide. LEGUMINOSAE. 10. Vigna hirtella, sp. nov. Stems slender, hairy. Leaves, petiole 2 in. long slender hairy ; leaflets ovate acuminate, the lower ones somewhat rhomboid, obscurely lobed, nerves fine, hairy beneath, 2 in. long 1-1 '5 in. wide, petiolule of mud-leaflet 5 in. long. Peduncle hairy, slender. Flowers few '5 in. long, yellow. Bracts at base Unear acuminate. Calyx campanulate with short broad equal teeth. Standard obovate, round, broad with 2 short points at base by claw, wings broadly round 1920] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants. 133 at tip, keel short, broad. Stamens slender. Style plumed on lower edge at tip. Ovary glabrous. Pod narrow liniear glabrous 2 in. long 1 in. wide. Kelantan : Bank of River Lebir near Chaning. Distrib. Timor Laut (Riedel in Herb. Kew) . One of the plants commonly confused with V. luteola, Benth., a South American plant. The fruit is described from the Timor Laut plant which is I think the same species, the pod however, is not ripe. 11. Crudia Evansii, sp. nov. Glimbhng plant, glabrous. Leaves 6 in. long Including petiole. Leaflets 3-4, thin, coriaceous elliptic shortly acumi- nate 6-nerved ; nervules nearly as conspicuous, reticulations distinct, 4 in. long, 2 in. wide, petiolules '2 in. long. Racemes dense, scurfy velvety red, 2 in. long, rachis thick. Flowers crowded, shortly pedicelled. Sepals ovate, blunt •1 in. long. Stamens 10, glabrous. Pistal conic, densely hairy. Pahang : Gunong Senyum (Evans) . " Climbing plant anthers yellow, petals inconspicuous. Sepals brownish." January 1917. MYRTACEAE. 12. Eugenia jasminifolia, sp. nov. Small tree. Leaves thin, coriaceous ovate, blunt caudate base cuneate nerves numerous parallel but invisible above and always so beneath, 1 in. long -25 in. wide ; petiole -1 in. long. Flowers small in sessile terminal and axillary clusters about 5. Bracts broad, oblong papery. Calyx oblong cylindric sUghtly narrowed at the base -12 in. long ; lobes rounded broad persistent. Petals free, rounded. Stamens very short. Negri Sembilan : Tampin Hill (nat. coll. F.M.S. Mus.). AlUed to E. tecta. King, in its small sessile heads but the leaves are quite different and the flowers very small. 13. Eugenia laxiuscula, sp. nov. Bark of twigs red. Leaves narrow, oblong, lanceolate acuminate base cuneate, nerves numerous subparallel faint 6-25 in. long, 1*9 in. wide petiole "25 in. long. Panicles wide, spreading, 6 in. long, 4 in. wide, lax. Calyx lobes distinct, short rounded semielliptic, tube goblet-shaped with a rather long pseudo-stalk -2 in. long. Corolla cauyptrate. Stamens very numerous • 4 in. long. Pulau Butang, Butang Ids, West of Langkawi Ids. (Curtis 975). King refers this number to E. inophylla, Roxb., from which it differs in its longer, narrower leaves with fewer nerves, its red bark wide panicle, longer calyx-tube and distinct lobes (quite absent in inophylla) and its stamens 134 • Journal of the F.M.S. Mnseumfs. rVoi.. X, twice as long. It has the habit of the Javanese laxiflora, BL, but the calyx tube of that is remarkably short and round. 14. Eugenia Evansii, sp. nov. Branchlets dark brown. Leaves thin, coriaceous, elliptic to oblong abruptly acuminate base very shortly cuneate, nerves very numerous faint horizontal, intra- marginal one close to edge 6 in. long 2-75 in wide ; petiole •2 in. long. Cymes terminal and in upper axils short, branches angled spreading ending in 3-5 sessile flowers, 1-5 in. long and wide. Flowers small. Calyx broad, goblet- shaped with a pseudostalk, lobes O. Petals calyptrate very small. Stamens fairly numerous very short, white, '1 in. long. Style as long. Pahang : Gunong Senyum (Evans) . One of the Syzygium section but unlike any known to me. 15. Eugenia Graeme- Andersoniae, sv. nov. Tree. W ith long pendent branches. Leaves thin, coriaceous, narrow lanceolate long acuminate both ends pendent ; very finely parallel-nerved, 4 in. long • 75 in. wide, petiole -15 in. long. Cymes axillary 1-2 in. an axil, 3 or 4-flowered 1 in. long or less. Peduncle and branches rather stout, angled. Bracts minute, triangular acuminate. Calyx obconic with very short points, -25 in. long. Petals free rounded, -15 in. long white. Stamens very numerous, fine with very small anthers, about • 5 in. long. Kelantan : Chaning. along the river bank. Abundant. A very handsome tree, remarkable for the flowers being in small cymes in the axils of almost every leaf. The leaves hang down, the flowers standing erect on the spread- ing and pendulous branches. I have much pleasure in associating this beautiful tree with Mrs. Graeme Anderson through whose hospitality at Chaning Estate I was enabled to make extensive collections in this hitherto botanically unexplored part of Kelantan. 16. Barringlonia pedicellata, sp. nov. Branches slender. Leaves membranous, broad, lanceo- late acuminate, narrowed to base ; denticulate, nerves slender 10 pairs, 6 in. long, 2 in. wide, petiole -2 in. long. Raceme terminal, slender 12 in. long. Flowers distant pedicels slender -4 in. long. Bracts oblong blunt -1 in. long. Calyx tube campanulate lobes ovate, blunt '12 in. long. Corolla -5 in. across ; lobes oblong Stamens twice as long. Style -4 in. long. Pahang : Labong, Endau River (Evans, Aug. 1917). Allied to B. spicata, Bl., but the flowers are borne on long slender pedicels as in B. fiisiformis. King ; the leaves are exactly those of B. spicata. Ripe fruit I have not seen but in the quite young state it appears to be winged. 1920] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants, 135 MELASTOMACEAE. 17. Sonerila barbata, sp. nov. Stem woody, erect, stout 14 in. tall, densely brown, hairy. Leaves obovate to oblanceolate membranous sub- acute, base blunt unequally bilobed glabrous, fi-nerved from base, transverse nerves subhorizontal, 6-8 in. long 2-75 to 3 in. wide ; petiole 1 in. long, thick, denselv brown., hairy. Cymes in upper axils 1 • 25-3 in. long ; peduncle slender, hairy. Flowers secund, about 15 mauve Capsule cam- panulate not angled, pustular 25 in. long ; pedicels densely hairy -12 in. long. Kelantan : Chaning Woods. The leaves are spotted with white. BEGONIACEAE. 18. Begonia barbellata, sp. nov. Whole plant 14 inches tall. Stem somewhat woody, glandular hairy. Leaves membranous obliquely lanceolate acuminate, irregularly crenate-serrate, base narrowed to a blunt tip, above glabrous except for a few scattered hair- like trichomes, beneath hairy on nerves and edge ; nerves slender 4 pairs, 5 in. long, 1-75 in. wide, petiole •1--25 in. long. Stipules lanceolate acuminate papery, hairy ; male flowers terminal and in upper axils. Peduncle slender rising from a tuft of lanceolate acuminate hairy bracts, hairy '5 in. long. Flowers 2 or 3 whiie, pedicel '4 in. long. Sepals oblong rounded, hairy on the back -25 in. long. Female flowers larger usually in lower axils. Capsule oblong slightly narrowed at the base with three equal wings •4 in. long -25 in. wide. Kelantan : Chaning Woods. Very local. This is certainly allied to B. pnbescens, Ridl. of Sarawak, but to nothing in the Malay Peninsula ; from that species it differs in its much taller size, rather larger flowers and entirely different fruit. CUCURBITACEAE 19. Hodgsonia capniocarpa, sp. nov. Big climber with strong tendrils. Leaves bright shining green, coriaceous 6 in. long 7 in, wide, palmate base cordate lobes, short, acute ; nerves beneath hairy reticulations fine conspicuous ; petiole 1 in. long, Male raceme woody, stout growing to 6 in. long. Bracts thick, ovate -1 in. Calyx- tube -5 in. long, thick, lobes very short, scurfy. Corolla tube 2 in. long, thick scurfy pubescent 2 in. across when open. Fruit 6 in. wide, depressed globose velvety-grey woody. Seeds 2 in, long imbedded in a firm oily pulp. Pahang river (Ridley). Malacca (Maingay). Penang (Phillips Porter, WaUich 6684). Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, This has been referred to Hodgsonia heteroclita. Hook, f. of India, from which it differs in its hairy underside of the coriaceous leaves, much smaller flower with a much thicker calyx tube and shorter lobes, and its fruit. H. heteroclita has a pointed red fruit, thin walled. That of this species is woody, velvety, grey and quite flat at the top and base. If dropped in water it can be taken out quite dry owing to its velvety coat. It is called Akar Kapaynng from the resemblance of the seed to that of Pangium. It is probable that it is the Trichosanthes Kadam Miquel of Sumatra, but his description is incomplete. PASSIFLORACEAE. ' ^ 20. Adenia grandifolia, sp. nov. Glabrous climber. Leaves membranous becoming thinly coriaceous broadly ovate elUptic acuminate, base cuneate decurrent shortly on the petiole with 2 large glands 4-6*5 in. long, 4-6-5 in. wide ; nerves prominent, one pair basal, one pair above nervules transverse ; petiole 1-1 • 5 in. long. Panicle short, branched 1 • 5 in. long, many flowered. Bracts lanceolate acuminate -15 in. long. Male flowers semifusiform flask-shaped -15 in. long. Calyx lobes recurved linear acuminate. Petals from mouth of tube as long linear acuminate recurved thinner. No corona. Stamens from base much shorter than the tube anthers, apiculate. Pahang : Kuala Tekam and Kota Tongkat. (Evans, July 1917). Sumatra ; Ayer Mancior near Padang (Beccari 743^. The much larger leaves and large flowers clustered on a short, stout panicle make this very different from the other species. ARALIACEAE. A troublesome genus to identify from herbarium specimens as they preserve badly and we frequently get only the upper part of the plant without the lower often pinnate leaves. 21. Arthrophyllum angustifolium, sp. nov. Small tree. Lower leaves pinnate over 2 ft. long ; leaflets 29, coriaceous linear lanceolate acuminate 6 in. long -5 in. wide nerves faint, sunk above ; petioles • 1 in. long, upper leaves simple broader and shorter, petiole slender, 1 in. long. Inflorescences axillary and terminal, Peduncles 1-5 in. long or less, secundary peduncles • 25 in. edicels -l in. long. Flowers very small. Caljrx very short undulate, buds short ovoid. Petals ovate valvate 4. Stamens 4. Perak : Gunong Kledang (Ridley 9683). Curious in its narrow leaflets and very small flowers. 1920] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants 137 22. Arthrophyllum congestum, sp. nov. Small tree. Leaves 10 in. or more with 11 leaflets, fleshy coriaceous oblong lanceolate acuminate base broad but shortly narrowed obliq[ue, nerves slender, 7 pairs, very faint, 4 in. long 1*25 wide, petiolules -15- -2 in. long. Upper leaflets simple, oblong very oblique at base, 2-5 in. long 1*25 in. wide, petiole slender -25 to -75 in. long. Inflorescence axillary and terminal, peduncles 1*5 in. long or less. Flowers crowded in a head, pedicels -1 in. long. Calyx very short edge undulate. Petals 4, ovoid in bud. Selangor : Klang Gates (Ridley 13421) : Dindings ; Lumut (Ridley 8374). 23. Schefflera lanceolata, Ridl. Heptapleurum avene. King, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal Ixvii, part ii, p. 47, not of Miquel. This plant seems to be quite distinct from Miquel*s species in its diff'erently shaped leaves and smaller flowers : King's description is taken from the Singapore plant. The leaves are mostly simple but when the plant grows suffi- ciently large, it bears at the top trifoliate leaves. 24. Schefflera capitellata, sp. nov. Epiphyte. The leaves 8-foliate, leaflets lanceolate acute narrowed to the base ; nerves fine coriaceous puberulous beneath 3-5 in. long, 1 in. wide, petioles 1 in. long petiole 7 in. long. Racemes scurfy tomentose 18 in. long pedun- cles -5 in. long, heads -4 in. through. Bracts minute and caducous (not seen) . Flowers pubescent 5-angled, truncate, quite sessile. Petals connate in a cap. Stamens 6, purple. Mountaih forests : — Perak : Bujong Malacca. Penang HiU at 2,500 ft. (Curtis). This plant has been confused with the much larger H. cephalotes, Clarke, which occurs on sea cliffs and banks, and has very much larger leaflets broadly oblong cuspidate and much larger panicles and the leaves are not sub- puberulous beneath. In a plant I got on Penang Hill the leaflets are oblanceolate, broadest at the top. A plant collected by Wray (1542) on Ulu Batang Padang at 4,900 ft., may be this but the specimen I have seen is too young and Wray describes it as a large tree. 25. Schefflera Klossii, sp. nov. A large climber. Branches pale shining, young parts white, scurfy. Leaves petiole stout 2*5 in. long ; leaflets 5, elliptic abruptly acutely acuminate, base narrowed stiffly coriaceous, midrib beneath prominent ; nerves 5 pairs elevate quite glabrous, 7 in. long, 3 in. wide, basal ones smaller with shorter petiolules, petiolule of terminal one 1 • 4 in. long. Basal bracts of inflorescence lanceolate acumi- nate coriaceous scurfy narrow 1*5 in. long. Panicles 5 scurfy 9 in. long. Umbels simple, numerous, peduncles '25 in. long. Flowers small, pedicels '05 in. about 10, scurfy. 138 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, Calyx obconic, scurfy, lobes very obscure. Corolla in bud ovoid blunt -05. Petals 5 ovate blunt veined. Stamens 5. Styles combined in a truncate cone, with ^ve minute stigmas. Perak : Changkat Mentri. Large climber, pink and white. Sept. 1918 (Kloss 6516.) AUied to .S'. Scortechinii, Ridl., but the leaflets are narrowed at the base, and there are no bracts to the umbels which are fewer flowered and with longer pedicels. RUBIACEAE. Genus ALEISANTHIA, gen. nov. Shrubs. Leaves thin, coriaceous, pale or white beneath. Stipules free large, lanceolate. Racemes sometimes 2-bran- ched in upper axils ; many flowered. Flowers small, yellow secund. Calyx subcylindric, limb campanulate, large with 5 short points. Corolla tube short, limb campanulate hairy in the mouth, lobes short 5-6. Stamens 5-6 included in the corolla, adnate to the limb. Style slender. Stigma cupulate globose. Capsule hairy, pericarp splitting into two woody carpels dehiscing on the inner face, seeds numerous minute angular reticulate. Species 2. A. rupestre, Xanthophytum rupestre, Ridl. Journ. Straits Branch Royal Asiat. Soc. No. 54, 1910, p. 44. Selangor. A. sylvatica (postea). Kelantan. This genus is allied to Greenia from which it diflfers in its axillary inflorescence, short cup-shaped corolla, clubbed style, and stamens adnate to upper part of corolla with very short filaments. 26. Aleisanthia sylvatica, sp. nov. Shrub, 15 ft. tall hairy. Leaves lanceolate cuspidate acuminate, long narrowed to base stiff, membranous above, glabrous beneath white hairy nerves 25 pairs fine nervules transverse parallel all a little elevated 7-5 in. long 2-25 in. wide, petiole winged to base. Stipules oblong lanceolate cuspidate and shortly keeled -4 in. long. Inflorescence axillary peduncle -5 in. long with two racemes of distant secund flowers 4 in. long. Bracts linear acuminate setaceous -1 in. long very narrow. Pedicels very short hardly any. Calyx tubes cylindric slightly narrowed at the base, densely hairy, limb campanulate glabrous, large with 5 short acute points. Corolla yellow -25 in. long, tube short cylindric, little longer than the calyx then dilated to a limb, broadly cup-shaped nearly -25 in. long, all hairy outside and in, lobes very short 5 or 6 ; mouth inside densely white woolly. Stamens 5 or 6 glabrous adnate to upper part of the tube and barely projecting at all ; filaments very short. Anthers much longer, oblong linear with a short rounded appendage at the top. Style glibrous, cylindric from a conic persistent base, narrowed to the tip little longer than the corolla. Stigma large, globose. Capsule fusiform densely hairy with persistent calyx and style base, sepai-ating 1920] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants. 139 into two woody fusiform carpels, which dehisce on the inner face. Seeds very numerous, small irregularly angled, reticulate, brown. On hills in forest at Kuala Lebir above the river, Kelantan, in flower and fruit Feb. 1917. 27. Xanthophytum capitatum, sp, nov. Stem about 12 in. slender, woody, hairy. Leaves alternate (the second being suppressed) thin ovate elhptic acuminate acute ; nerves about 18 pairs slender ascending, above sprinkled with long hairs, beneath more densely so especially on the nerves, 6*5 in. long, 3-25 in. wide, petiole slender • 5 in. long. Stipules oblong cuspidate • 25 in. long. Inflorescence a dense head • 3 in. through on a peduncle • 2 in. long all red-hairy. Bracts obcuneate toothed, bracteoles similar but smaller. Flowers pedicelled, small white. Pedicel slender, hairy as long as the calyx. Calyx tube globose, hairy, sepals triangular acuminate haii'y. Ovary with a circular white disc. Fruit very small, didymous of 2 easily separate semi-globose carpels. Pericarp crusta- ceous. Seeds very many, minute angled. Kelantan on the banks of the Pehi River opposite Chaning Estate Feb. 1917. This genus lias not been found in the Peninsula before. The species is remarkable for its having apparently alternate leaves, the second one of each pair being reduced to a small stipule-like organ, bearing an inflorescence in its axil, while another is produced in the axil of the developed leaf. The condensed head-like inflorescence is also unusual. 28. Argostemma stipulacea, sp. nov. Whole plant 9 in. to 12 in. ascending stem scurfy. Leaves membranous oblong oho vale narrowed lo the rounded iniequal base, tip round above, glabrous, dark green with grey centre beneath nerves 15 pairs and nervules scurfy, 5 in. long 2 in. wide ; petiole -25- -3 in. long, small leaf, linear oblong -5 in. long, • 12 in. wide. Stipules oblong with round tip -5 m. long -2 in. wide. Peduncle 1 in. long with an umbel of three branches • 5 in. long ; pedicels slender -1 in. long. Calyx small obconic. Corolla in bud lanceolate, -5 in. across when open, lobes narrow lanceolate acute. Kelantan : Kuala Lebir. Allied to A. rugosum, Ridl., but with shorter petioles blunt base to leaf and much smaller narrow-petalled flowers. 29. Argostemma hirsutum, sp. nov. Prostrate creeping herb, hairy all over. Leaves unequal large, large one ovate acute, base round nerves 10 pairs, fine, 2 in. long, 1 in. wide ; petiole • 1 in. small leaf ovate • 18 in. long, acute. Stipules similar. Flowers 1-2 on a very hairy terminal peduncle 1-2 in. long. Bracts whorled, lanceolate ovate, very hau-y pedicels • 25 in. long. Calyx campanulate, lobes lanceolate, acute. Corolla • 25 in. across lobes lanceo- late acute, hairy. 140 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, Kedah-Perak boundary . Gunong Bintang (nat. coll., F.M.S. Mus.). Allied to A. viscidum, Ridl., but with a long creeping stem and ovate leaves. A very hairy plant. 30. Ophiorrhiza remotiflora, sp. nov. A very thin fleshy herb about 6 in. tall, miite glabrous except the upper part and inflorescence tninly scurfy. Leaves ovate lanceolate acuminate acute base cuneate, nerves slender 12 pairs, 7 in. long, 3 in. wide or less ; petiole slender 1 in. long. Inflorescence 4 in. long with several branches, the lowest 3 in. long and secund, distant flowers ; pedicel 05 in. long. Calyx tubular with lobes linear acute -08 in. long. Corolla slender tubular • 25 in. long ; lobes short Janceolate. Stamens included. Capsule 25 in. wide slightly indented at tip. Pahang : Gunong Senyum and Kota Tonkat (Evans) . A remarkably thin fleshy plant with the flowers wide spaced. 31. Hedyotis pachycarpa, sp. nov. Stems stout, erect obscurely angled over 12 in. tall. Leaves lanceolate acuminate acute base, long narrowed, nerves elevate beneath ascending 8 pairs, 6*25 in. long 1*4 in. wide, petiole • 1 in. long. Stipules lanceolate oblong with several stiff" long bristles. Heads sessile dense axillary. Flowers shortly pedicelled. Calyx tube short lobes, long lanceolate edges ciliate acute. Corolla shorter or hardly longer white. Stamens as long ; anthers linear, oblong large. Capsule globose, small smooth very hard crusta- ceous ; pericarp thick. Seeds reniform 2-3, black. Kelantan : Glam Woods near Kota Bahru. Indo-China : Chiooskan (Pierre 2032). Near H. paradoxa, Kurz of the Andamans, but that has nerveless leaves. 32. Diplospora minutiflora, sp. nov. Tree. Leaves thin, glabrous elliptic subacute or bluntly acuminate base shortly narrowed ; nerves 7 pairs slightly elevate 4-6 in. long, 2 in. wide, petiole -2 in. long. Cymes axillary on a peduncle -1 in. long. Flowers green, very small .: pedicel • 1 in. long. Bracts numerous minute ovate. Calyx campanulate with 4 short teeth. Corolla • 1 in. long, tube very short, lobes oblong blunt valvate 4, mouth glabrous. Stamens 4, style very short, no disc. Ovary 2-celled ; ovules 2 in a cell. Kelantan : Chaning Woods. I have no doubt that this is a Diplospora though the thin leaves, minute style and absence of any hair in the corolla mouth are unusual characters. 33. Randia hirsuto, sp. nov. Straggling shrub. Erect, 10 ft. tall, branches, back of leaf, petiole and calyx densely tomentose. Leaves lanceolate 1902] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants. 141 rather thin acute base, narrowed but blunt ; nerves sunk above, elevate beneath, 4 in. long 1-25 in. wide ; petiole -25 in. Stipules linear setaceous hairy. Flowers terminal 1-3 together, white, on very short pedicels. Calyx ovoid, very hairy, -12 in. long. Sepals 5, linear acuminate -25 in. long. Corolla tube sparsely pubescent, 1 • 25 in. long, very narrow cyhndric, lobes narrow oblanceolate 1 in. long -15 in. wide narrowed to base, glabrous. Anthers exsert. Kelantan : Chaning Woods. I do not know anything at all like this. 34. Tarenna glabra, sp. nov. Shrub, 3-4 ft., tall, glabrous. Leaves membranous lanceolate acuminate, base narrowed cuneate nerves, about 11 pairs elevate beneath 7 in. long 3 in, wide ; petiole -S-l in. long. Stipules short broadly triangular cuspidate '25 in. long. Cyme -75 in. long, very shortly peduncled. Flowers subsessile greenish white. Calyx cup-shaped, lobes very short, ovate. Corolla -4 in. long, tube shorter than limb, lobes imbricate not twisted, linear oblong blunt, mouth of tube inside woolly. Anthers sessile linear with a short subulate point. Style rather stout, upper slightly dilate, hairy. Stigma clubbed. Ovary 2-celled, ovules 2 in a cell. Kelantan : Chaning Forests. Ibis plant has the appearance of T. stellalata but the corolla is blunt and quite glabrous. 35. Canthium depressinerve, sp. nov. Shrub with pubescent branches, axillary spines -25 in. long. Leaves coriaceous ovate acuminate, base rounded ; nerves 4 pairs elevate beneath, sunk above, glabrous above but minutely dotted, sparsely hairy beneath ; nerves thickly hairy 2-5 in. long, 1 in. wide, petiole 05 in. long. Stipules broad triangular with a subulate point. Flowers not seen, but apparently the cyme is small and not peduncled. Fruit obpyriform, very fleshy, • 5 in. long when dry, pedicel • 1 in. long. Pyrene very hard bony 1-seeded ribbed outside. Kelantan : Chaning. Undoubtedly near C. macrocarpum, Thw. of Ceylon but that has a pedicelled cyme. 36. Ixora Candida, sp. nov. Small shiub 4 ft. tall. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, both ends coriaceous, nerves fine elevate beneath 11 pairs, bluntly or acutely acuminate 3-4*5 in. long, '75-1 in. wide, petiole •l-'2 in. long. Stipules coriaceous lanceolate '2 in. subulate, corymbs 1'5 in. long lax puberulous, peduncle very short '5 in., slender. Flowers about 20, white. Calyx •05 in. with short acute teeth. Corolla tube -75 in. long, very slender almost filiform, lobes -2 in. linear narrow, in bud acuminate. Style filiform, long exsert. Lankawi islands : Dayong Bunting (Robinson 6219). Terutau Id. at Telok Wau (Robinson). 142 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, This pretty little species is remarkable for its very nar- row coriaceous leaves which do not dry black as is almost in- variable in white-tlowered species, and in small lax corymb of very slender white flowers with narrow petals. It is perhaps nearest to /. plumea, Ridl. 37. Ixora pumila, sp. nov. Dwarf plant about 12 in. tall ; stem pubescent. Leaves obovate to oblanceolate, tip blunt or subacute, base usually narrowed, blunt, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, 7 in. long, 3 in. wide, nerves 15 pairs. Stipules ovate blunt with a stout subulate process running from the back 13 in. long. Corymb 3 in. wide on a pubes- cent peduncle 3*5 in. long. Bracts narrow, linear acumi- nate. Calyx lobes linear acuminate -12 in. long, much longer than the ovary, pubescent. Corolla tube slender 1 in. long, glabrous, lobes oblong, all white, limb -15 in. wide. Stamens exsert, brown. Pahang : Gunong Senyum (Evans). Allied to /. clerodendron, Ridl., but a dwarf plant with very narrow linear sepals. 38. Timonius peduncularis, Wall., sub Guettarda pednn- cularis. Cat. 6220. This is the plant included under the name of T. jambosella, Thw. o^ Ceylon by Hooker and King. It is very distinct in its larger leaves hardly hairy on the midrib and smaller, less hairy flowers. There are at least 2 species of this genus in Ceylon included under T. jambosella. 39. Prismatomeris Malayana, sp. nov. P. albidiflora. King and Gamble Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal Ixxiii, 3 (1904), p. 90 : not of Thwaites. The type of P. albidiflora to which this is referred by King and Hooker is a totally different plant with a much larger shorter corolla and large calyx. It is peculiar to Ceylon, The Indian species also referred here seems to me to be a difi'erent plant. There is a specimen from Ceylon in Herb. Kew which somewhat resembles P. malayana but the flowers are larger : it is not P. albidiflora, Thw. P. malayana occurs in Cambodia, Borneo and Sumatra and all over the Malay Peninsula. 40- Psychotria vulpina, sp. nov. Shrubby stems red hairy. Leaves membranous, elliptic lanceolate acuminate, base narrowed, nerves 12 pairs ascend- ing glabrous above densely hairy on the nerves and less so on the surface, 5 in. long, 1 • 75 in. wide, petiole thickly hairy •25 in. long. Stipules oblong, acuminate hairy outside to base • 75 in. long, • 25 in. wide. Flowers not seen. Peduncle in fruit 3 in. long, slender hairy, branches 1 in. long with 2 or 3 secondary branches. Fruits elliptic, glabrous shortly stalked about 12 in. long. Seed 5, ridged outside, flat inside. 1920] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants. 143 Kelantan : Kuala Lebir. This might be P. multicapitata. King which I have not seen except that stipules are very much larger and the fruits very much smaller. Amaracarpus, Bl. This is a genus of bushes rarely trees, generally foetid as in Saprosma and Mephitidia with small leaves rather crowded, small tubular flowers axillary or terminal, one or 2 together. Fruit generally blue, pulpy one or two seeded, crowned by the enlarged calyx lobes. Some of the species have been put into Saprosma, and I think Neoschimpera, Ilemsl., a Seychelles plant is the same genus. The species known to me are Amaracarpus pubescens Bi., Java : A. misrophijllus Miq., Celebes: A. saxicola Saprosma saxicola, Ridl. (Journ. Straits Branch Royal Asiat. Soc. No. 61, 1912, p. 22), in limestone rocks at Kamuning, Perak : A. nativitatis Bak. fil., Christmas island. 41. Amaracarpus caudatus, sp. nov. Small glabrous foetid tree. Leaves ovate lanceolate caudate mucronulate, base shortly cuneate and obscurely unequal thin coriaceous, nerves fine 6-8 pairs, inarching, nervules and reticulations nearly as prominent '2 in. long, •5- -75 in. wide, petiole 05 in. long Stipules very small with 1 point. Flowers in axillary pairs sessile. Calyx small short, teeth acute 4 in. long. Corolla white cylindric tubular -25 in. long, lobes short blunt, 4. Stamen 4. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit blue 1-2 seeded -25 in. long. Seeds plano- convex. Perak ; Birch's Hill, Taiping Hills (Wray 670) . A small tree with foetid smell like carbon bisulphide. Flowers white. Fruit blue. August 1885. 42. Lasianthus Kurzii, Hook. fil. This was based on a plant collected by Wallich in Burmah, No. 8310, 8311, of his collections. No. 8311 was written up by him Penang ? and on the strength of this has got into our Flora : I have not seen any specimen from the Malay Peninsula. Allied to it, however, is a species described by King and Gamble in the " Materials " for a flora of the Malay Peninsula as Kurzii but they seem doubt- ful about it. It is a native of Singapore : Garden jungle (Ridley 140) and Pasir Panjang. It seems to me abundantly distinct in its much more hairy habit, the branches are appressed yellow-hairy, the inflorescence and leaves also very hairy. The Burmese plant though not glabrous has none of this long yellow appressed hair, and the leaves appear to have been thinner in texture. 43. For the Singapore plant as described by King and Gamble (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, Ixxiii, 2 (1904), p. 119) I pro])ose the name of Lasianliius chryseus, Ridl. Allied to this plant is another I recently found at Tebong in Malacca, which differs in the more acuminate thin leaves, 144 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, the midrib of which above is hairy and the much longer petiole. It also possesses distinct stipule-like bracts. 44. Lasianthus mollis, sp. nov. Shrub with slender branches densely covered with appressed yellow hairs. Leaves membranous lanceolate acuminate, base narrowed acuminate above glabrous except the midrib covered with yellow hair beneath the nerves 6-7 pairs and nervules yellow, hairy 3*5 in. long, 1*25 in. wide, petioles slender • 25 in. long, hairy. Stipules triangular lanceolate acuminate. Cymes sessile few flowered, much shorter than the petiole. Bracts lanceolate acuminate, hairy. Flowers sessile 2-3 in. a cyme white. Calyx lobes short lanceolate, hairy. Corolla much longer -15 in. long, glabrous, tube cylindric dilate at top, lobes 4, recurved ovate blunt, much shorter. Stamens exsert 4. Malacca : Tebong (in Woods), Jan. 1917. 45. Lasianthus velutinus, sp. nov. Shrub 3 ft. tall, densely covered with soft yellowish spreading hairs, except the upper side of the leaves. Leaves obovate to elliptic, shortly acuminate, base narrowed cuneate nerves elevate beneath 8 pairs, strongly hairy 4-6*5 in. long, 2-2*75 in. wide, petiole 15 in. long. Stipules ovate. Cymes acuminate hairy sessile as long as petiole densely hairy. Bracts lanceolate persistent '15 in. long. Calyx short, sessile, lobes lanceolate acuminate, hairy. Corolla not seen. Fruit when dry * 2 in. long obovoid hairy, crowned by the hairy sepals. Kelantan : Chaning Woods. This is near L. chryseus Ridl. and L. politus Ridl. but the leaves are more obovate and thin. COMPOSITAE. 46. Vernonia rupicola, sp. nov. Herb, base of stem woody glabrous except the young shoots which are mealy tomentose. Leaves membranous lanceolate obscurely bluntly serrate or nearly entire mostly at base of stem subacute long narrowed to the winged petiole 5 in. long, 2 in. wide or less. Cymes of heads axillary 2-3 heads together or terminal, peduncles 1*25 in. long. Heads in fruit -25 in. wide *5 in. long. Bracts lanceolate mucronate chaffy with numerous ones much smaller at base. Pappus white -2 in. long, achenes narrow, ribbed hairy, oblong. On rocks at Pulau Butang, Butang Ids. near Langkawi Ids. (Ridley No. 15 683). Unfortunately this plant was almost dried up and quite out of flower. Vernonia arborea. King includes 2 species neither being the original south Indian species of Buchanan Hamilton ; one is V. javanicoy DC, the other a taller glabrous tree is the Conyza acuminata, Wallich. which I call now V. Wallichii (postea). 1920] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants. 145 47. Vernonia javanica, DC, Prodr. V. 21, is a low rather stout branching tree iaranches tomentose. The leaves elliptic base round tomen- tose beneath 3-4 in. long, 1 • 75 to 2 in. wide, petiole • 25 in. long tomentose. Panicle 6 in. long and wide tomentose. Bracts ciliate. Occurs in open country in Singapore, Malacca, Pahang, Selangor, the Bindings and Penang. Also in Java and Borneo. 48. Vernonia Wallichii, sp. nou. An erect more slender tall tree 60 ft. tall. Leaves thinner elliptic acuminate base narrowed quite glabrous • 3 to 6 in. long, 1-5 to 3 in. wide, petiole slender '5 in. long glabrous. Panicle 7 in. long and wide tomentose. Bracts not ciliate. Common in forests all over the Peninsula. Also in Siam and Borneo. ERICACEAE. 49. Diplycosia microphylla, Becc. The Vaccinium microphyllum. King and Gamble is a very distinct little plant occurring on Mount Ophir and Kedah Peak in the Peninsula and Matang in Borneo. The plants referred to it by King and Gamble from Perak are quite distinct, but the specimens I have seen are poor. 50. Diplycosia elliptica, sp. nov. Epiphyte, 5-8 ft. long, branches pubescent, not bristly. Leaves entire, elliptic rounded at both ends, with no or very few bristles at the tip on the edge ; nerves one pair at base running nearly the whole length of the leaf, sunk above invisible beneath -5- '75 in long, '2- -5 in. wide; petiole very short. Pedicel of solitary axillary flower -05 in. long. Calyx lobes ovate acute. Corolla campanulate, white or pale green. Perak : Larut Hills at 3,000 to 4,000 ft. (Kunstler 6390), Gunong Batu Putih at 3,400 ft. (Wray 470). D. microphylla has much closer set smaller serrate leaves with bristles on the serrations and the stem bristly. The calyx lobes are much less deeply cut. 51. Diplycosia cordifolia, sp. nov. Branches slender, 4 angled red, tomentose. Leaves entire ovate cordate minutely, base broad round edge sparse- ly bristly nerves 2, sunk above • 5 in. long • 4 in. wide, petiole very short. Peduncle decurved -l in. long. The flowers are all fallen in my specimen. Pahang : Wray's Camp, Gunong Tahan, 3,300 ft. 146 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, 52. Diplycosia erythrina, King and Gamble is Vaccinium erythrimim. Hook, fil., Bot. Mag. t. 5688. It is not a Diplycosia but a Vaccinium closely allied ir not identical with V. Waringiaefolium of Sumatra and Java. Wray's Perak specimen at Kew is very incomplete. *' Gunong Bubu. Stunted tree, fruit claret-coloured 3816." It is possible it may be Vaccinium erythrinum which does have a few solitary axillary flowers as this does, besides the long showy terminal racemes, which are missing in Wray's specimen, I am however, not at all certain of its identity. APOCYNACEAE. 53. Melodinus cymosus, sp. nov. Leaves thin, coriaceous chartaceous, elliptic abruptly blunt cuspidate base, shortly cuneate, nerves about 40 pairs, very slender parallel, secondary nerves as prominent as main nerves 4-25 in. long, 2 in. wide, petiole -6 in. long. Cymes lax, few flowered, spreading, peduncle -5 in. long, cyme '75 in. long. Bracts minute lanceolate acute, pedicels •12 in. long. Flowers -25 in. long, dull yellow. Calyx- lobes 5 rounded. Corolla tube dilate at base, narrowed upwards lobes ovate 5, entire. Scales oblong forked. Anthers small elliptic with a short apiculus. Style short and stout. Malacca. Selangor forest (Burkill 789) " Flowers dull yellow, face in a variety of ways, found open at midday, April 7, 1915. Distinct in its lax subterminal cymes. The flowers were in a poor condition, every one I examined having been infested by a dipterous larva, but I cannot find anything like it. ASCLEPIADACEAE. 54. Dischidia viridiflora, sp. nov. Long slender creeping glabrous plant rooting at distant points. Leaves fleshy lanceolate acuminate blunt base narrow, nerves invisible, -75 in. long, '25 in. wide, petiole •1 in. long. Peduncle -15 in. long, raceme •! in. long. Flower -15 in. long, pedicel very short. Sepals very short lanceolate linear blunt. Corolla flask-shaped, base wide gradually narrowed to the tip, green turning pink, glabrous within, lobes short, subacute. Corona 0. Staminal column stout, wings rather large coriaceous yellowish. Kelantan : Chaning. As in D. parviflora, Ridl., I am quite unable to see any trace of the corona. 55. Dischidia ericaeflora, sp. nov. Long climber with internodes over 4 in. long. Leaves fleshy lanceolate or ovate lanceolate acuminate blunt, base round nerves faint 2 pairs from the base, I 1920] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants. 147 2 25 in. long 1 in. wide at base. Racemes 2 divaricate from the top of a peduncle '25 in. long, and elongated to •5 in. Bracts round very numerous papery. Flowers apparently white, subglobose campanulate -15 in. long, pedicel shorter. Calyx lobes ovate blunt. Corolla conic, swollen at base, globose, narrowed upwards, lobes ovate acute deep cleft glabrous within. Corolla scales with a rather long slender pedicel, the top subovate with two long narrow curved arms nearly as long as the pedicel. Stamina! column short, blunt conic, anther wings fleshy rather narrow, pollinia oblong, ellipsoid, carrier minute. Kedah-Perak Boundary : Gunong Bintang (nat. coll. F.M.S. Mus.). MYRSINEAE. 56. Maesa ovocarpa, sp. nov. A large shrub, glabrous. Leaves ovate blunt or sharply acuminate edge dentate thin textured, nerves 8 pairs beneath pale 6 in. long, 4 in. wide, petiole 1 in. long. In- florescence of several slender racemes 1-5 in. long on a very short peduncle. Flowers rather distant, pedicel short. Sepals 4, ovate denticulate, not striate or glandular. Fruit ovoid stalked, narrowed to base • 2 in. long, crowned by the enlarged sepals. Kelantan : Chaning. Allied to M. striata, but with very different fruits. 57. Maesa arborea, sp. nov. Small tree. Leaves coriaceous smooth, ovate acumi- nate, base round edge obscurely undulate, nerves 10 pairs slightly elevate 4-7 in. long, 2-3 in. wide, petiole -5 in. Panicles thyrsoid 3-4 in. long, branches -5 in. long, densely floriferous. Flowers white, very shortly pedicelled, pedicels much shorter than caljrx, numerous crowded. Sepals 5, denticulate striate ovate. Petals 5 round. Stamens adnate to corolla base. Style short and stout. Kelantan : Woods on the Pehi River, Chaning. 58. Maesa striata var. dissitiflora, var. nov. Shrub. Leaves thin, membranous elliptic acuminate, base narrowed, blunt edges undulate to bluntly serrate, nerves slender -5 in. long. Inflorescence of 2 or 3, very slender, fascicled racemes 2 in. long with remote flowers on slender pedicels • 1 in. long, much longer than the calyx. Sepals 5, lanceolate, acute, 3 ribbed, not toothed. Petals oblong, rounded. Stamens adnate near the base. Kelantan : Kuala Lebir. OLEACEAE. 59. Jasminum arenarium^ sp. .lov. Slender climber with pubescent branches Leaves lanceolate acuminate, base round, velvety beneath when 148 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, j'oung, glabrous when adult, membranous, nerves 4-5 pairs, slender, 3 in. long, 1'25 in. wide. Cymes on branch ends of 5 flowers subtended by 2 small leaves. Calyx cup-shaped hairy, lobes subulate, longer than the tube, appressed hairy, • 25 in. long. Corolla glabrous, tube 1 in. long, lobes • 4 in. long, ovate, oblong, acute 8. Kelantan : Kota Bharu. Feb. 1917. This is allied to J. syringaefolium, Wall, of Tenasserim but the flowers are much larger. 60. Jasminum Evansii, sp. nav. Chmber with slender tomentose , branches. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, base round, sparsely dotted with hairs above, midrib sunk, pubescent beneath more thickly hairy, midrib tomentose 2-25 in. long, 1 in. wide ; nerves 4 pairs, petiole -2 in. long, tomentose. Cymes on short lateral branches '5 in. long. Bracts small, linear. Pedicels 1 m. long. Calyx cup-shaped with subulate points as long as tube '12 in. long, pubescent. Corolla glabrous, tube slender •8 in. long ; lobes 8, rather narrow, linear, oblong, acute •35 in. long. Fruit '4 in. long, didymous, elhpsoid. Pahang : Gunong Senyum (Evans). Nearest to J. HorsfieldiU Miq. of Banka Id., but the leaves thinner, less densely hairy and with more nerves. 61. Olea penangiana, sp. nov. Small tree. Young branches pubesceht. Leaves entire, coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong lanceolate acuminate, base shortly cuneate ; nerves 8-10 pairs, obscure, midrib pro- minent 3 '5-4 -5 in. long, 1-2 in. wide. Cymes in spread- ing axillary and terminal panicles 6 in. long, umbellate. Bracts leafy, oblong up to 1*5 in. long. Calyx pubescent, lobes 4, round. Corolla campanulate '15 in. long, lobes round. Penang : Penara Bukit and Telok Bahang (Curtis) . This plant has been referred by King to Wallich*s O. dentata an Amherst plant with spiny-toothed leaves and much more conspicuous nerves. It is nearer O. maritima but the leaves are larger and diff"erent in shape and the flowers conspicuously larger. GESNERIACEAE. 62. Boea minutiflora, sp. nov. Stem rather stout, 4 in. long, densely clothed with long soft, white hairs above. Leaves thin, membranous, ovate or ovate lanceolate, blunt acuminate, base decurrent on petiole, edge coarsely serrate, sparsely hairy with long soft hairs on both sides, densely hairy on nerves beneath and edge 5 in. long, 4 in. wide or less, petiole 1 • 5 in. long, densely soft, white, hairy. Panicles 2-3 in. wide, very lax on a peduncle 3 in. long, hairy, branches very slender, numerous. Pedicels longer than the flowers. Calyx lobes linear, lanceo- late as long as corolla tube. Corolla white 08 in. long, 1920] Ridley : New &Rare Malayan Plants. 149 2 lipped, lower lip loiiger than recurved uppr r one, lobes broad, round. Stamens 2 anthers ellipsoid, large. Style longer than corolla. Ovary ovoid. Capsule 15 in. long, acute, spirally twisted. Pahang : Gunong Senyum (Evans) . This soft, woolly plant has I think, the smallest flowers of any in the Order. It is nearest perhaps to B. paruiflora^ Ridl. 63. Chirita parvula, sp. nov. Slender dwarf herb, 6 in. tall, sparsely hairy. Leaves thin membranous, ovate, lanceolate entire, acute base decurrent, shortly hairy all over, 3 in. long, 1*5 in. wide, petiole 1 in. long. Flowers solitary or paired axillary, pedicels hairy 1 in. long. Calyx '4 in. long, lobes narrow, lanceolate acuminate, hairy. Corolla light -vdolet, tube cylindric -5 in. long dilate above limb -4 in. wide unequally bilobed. Capsule very narrow, cylindric acuminate 1-5 in. long. Pahang : Kota Tongkat, 10th mile Benta-Kuantan road (Evans) . Closely allied to C. viola, Ridl., but differing in its hairiness and the long-tubed corolla and the much longer hairy calyx. SCROPHULARIACEAE. 64. Torenia bimaculata, sp. nov. Branched herb 12 in. tall ; stems 4-angled, glabrous except the hairy young parts. Leaves ovate, acute, base decurrent on petiole often oblique seri'ate, nT-rves 6 pairs, elevate and almost winged beneath, 1 in. long -5 in. wide ; petiole -25 in. long. Flowers 1-5-in a terminal umbel with narrow linear acuminate bracts • 25 in. long ; pedicels • 5 in. long. Calyx ellipsoid decurrent on pedicel distinctly winged, lobes acuminate subulate -5 in. long, -25 in. wide, hairy on the edges at tip. Corolla-tube slender, as long as calyx ; limb about -25 in. across, bilabiate pale blue with a dark purple spot on each side of flower lip, mouth of tube yellow inside. Calyx in fruit wider. Kelantan : Chaning on river banks, Feb. 1917. A very similar plant to this I found at Angkor Wat in Cambodia, but the leaves in that are rounded at base and the calyx more narrowly winged. I cannot match either with any of Bonati's descriptions in Bull. Soc. France Iv. p. 512. T. bimaculata in colouring resembles the well-known garden plant T. Foiirnieri of Siam but is much more branched and the flowers are smaller. ACANTHACEAE. 65. Leda rubrolutea, sp. nov. A creeping, ascending slender herb about 6 in. tall, pubescent. Leaves few in distant equal pairs, elliptic 150 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, lanceolate or lanceolate acuminate, blunt ; base narrowed, herbaceous, scurfy pubescent beneath, with many small raphides '2-3 in. long, '6-1 in. wide ; petiole slender -2 in. long. Raceme terminal, 4 in. long of about 10 rather distant sessile solitary or paired flowers. Bracts minute lanceolate. Sepals linear acuminate, glabrous. Corolla -25 in. long, glabrous, lips equilong, lower broader with short lobes ; upper lobe and tube brown-red with two pale stripes, lower lobe yellow. Stamens 2, filament glabrous. Anther cells ellipsoid, muticous unequally placed. Capsule with long narrow base and top clubbed acute, -5 in. long containing 2 seeds. Kelantan : Chaning Woods. 66. Justicia ovalis, sp. nov. Herb puberulous with a line of hairs running along the stem, stem 18 in. tall. Leaves in distant pairs ovate acumi- nate, subcuspidate, blunt, base narrowed ; nerves 6-7 pairs, 4*5-5 in. long, 2-3 in. wide, petiole slender -5 in. long. Raceme terminal, slender, puberulous peduncle 6 in. long. Flowers few. Sepals lanceolate setaceous '1 in. long. Corolla '3 in. long puberulous, rather stout. Upper lip short, oblong, blunt, lower with 2 fleshy ridges and veined transversely between, lobes short, oblong, central one ovate. Stamens 2, shorter than corolla. Anther cells not parallel elliptic, one with a short blunt white process at base. Pulau Tiuman : Joara Bay (Burkill 970) . Burkill refers this to Leda ohouata and it has a Leda- like habit, but the leaves are not succulent as in that species and the anther and lip are those of Justicia. VERBENACEAE. * 67. Callicarpa furfuracea, sp. nov. Branches brown, scurfy. Leaves membranous oblong, acuminate, dentate in upper part ; base truncate ; nerves 7 pairs with reticulations conspicuous beneath, above smooth nerves sunk, midrib scurfy, beneath pale, whitish nerves, nervules and reticulations brown scurfy 5 in. long, 2*75 in. wide, petiole '5 in. long. Cymes paniculate terminal 1 in. or more long, many flowered, brown scurfy. Pedicels • 05 in. long with calyx and corolla white tomentose. Calyx cup- shaped, entire. Corolla -l in. long, regular lobes 4, short ovate, blunt. Stamens 4, filaments from corolla base slender, anthers large oblong just exsert. Pahang : Gunong Senyum (Evans). This is of the section of C. arborea, but distinguished by its brown fur and leaves white beneath with brown, scurfy reticulations. Avicennia. The Asiatic Avicennias have been very much confused. Indeed in most works, they are reduced to 2 species only, 1920] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants. 151 A. officinalis, and ^4. alba. In the field however, it is clear that there are more than these 2 species. 68. Avicennia officinalis, L. Is a common species with obovatc round tipped leaves, very nearly glabrous, and A. alba has lanceolate p>ointed leaves which dry black and are white beneath. Griffith des- cribed in Notul. iv, p. 189, a distinct plant A. intermedia which appears (as Griffith suggests) to be a hybrid between these two species. It has obovate to lanceolate leaves, blunt, pale puberulous beneath. Fruit rather small, cordate ovoid, glaucous. It occurs at Malacca, Pulau Jawa (Griffith). Selangor, Klang (Watson). Dindings, Pangkor (Scorte- chini) . 69. Avicennia sphaerocarpa, Stapf (ined) . Is a small tree. Leaves elliptic narrowed to the tip or round, the base narrowed, whitish beneath, 3 in. long, 1-5 in. wide, petiole winged above '25 in. long. Inflorescence axillary of 2-3 or more flowers, terminal on peduncles • 30- •75 in. long, pubescent. Calyx lobes oblong ciliate, silky • 15 in. long. Corolla I have not seen. Fruit ovoid, round subglobose, not beaked • 75 in. long. This so far as I know only occurs in the Malay Penin- sula in Penang where Curtis collected it at Sungai Penang ; but it also occurs in Siam, the Philippines and China. It is a very distinct plant in the small round not beaked fruit and smaller leaves. 70. Avicennia lanata, sp. nov. Is a new and distinct species, to which my attention was called by Mr. J. G. Watson, who has been studying the species of Avicennia in the Malay Peninsula and made careful notes of the differences in the species. To a certain extent it has the habit of A. officinalis, but branches and leaves beneath are distinctly yellow tomentose. I take the description below mainly from his notes. A large tree. Leaves obovate blunt closely yellow tomentose beneath, glabrous, shining above, ners'es 4 pairs, 3 in. long 1 • 25 in. wide ; petiole wrinkled, pubescent • 5 in. long. Flowers in cymose heads, in threes in a compound cyme, axillary peduncle "5- -75 in. long, yellowish, tomen- tose. Bracts densely tomentose. Calyx-lobes tomentose outside. Corolla glabrous inside, densely hairy outside. Anthers dorsifixed elliptic filaments about the same length. Ovary light green, glabrous but surrounded at the base by dense tomentum. Style bifid, very short, brown, lobes erect. Fruit ovoid not beaked • 5 in. long tomentose. Singapore : River Valley Road (BurkiD and Watson No. 3793, 3797). Pahang, Kuantan : (Watson 2767). Mr. Watson notes that while Singapore specimens attain a height of 80 ft., trees from the coast of Pahang are small and stunted and there he has never met an example jl52 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, more than 20 ft. high. The species does not seem to occur m Selangor. I would add that the cymes are 2-2*5 in. long. The corolla lobes strongly decurved and the whole flower very fragrant. In A. officinalis the calyx lobes are spreading but not recurved, the filaments much longer than the anthers and the style long and slender. The flowers have an un- nleasant smell. LAURACEAE. 71. Litsea glabrifolia, sp. nov. A glabrous tree. Leaves alternate, thinly coriaceous glaucescent beneath, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, shortly narrowed at the broad base, and blunt at tip, nerves 10 pairs, elevate beneath, 7-8 in. long, 3 in. wide, petiole -5 in. long. Umbellules in short stout racemes, -1 in.- -2 in. long, axillary. Peduncles silky -2 in. long. Involucre of 4 round boat-shaped bracts, silky • 15 in. long. Flowers about 7, pedicelled .-25 in. long and as wide, silky, lobes linear, oblong as long as the pedicels. Stamens 12, filaments long, slender, hairy, innermost three with oblong stipitate glands. Pistillode cylindric with a 2 or 3-lobed recurved stigma. Pahang : Gunong Senyum (Evans). This has somewhat the habit of L. polyantha but the leaves are rather thinner and quite glabrous, the umbels much larger and there is a distinct pistillode. I have only seen the male plant. 72. Litsea acrantha, sp. nov. Branches and petioles shortly rough, setose hairy. Leaves alternate coriaceous, lanceolate acuminate, base narrow, glabrous except the midrib and nerves beneath covered with pale appressed bristles, nerves 7 pairs elevate beneath ; nervules horizontal parallel, general surface areolate 3-3-5 in. long, 1-5 in. wide ; petiole "25 in. long. Umbels one or more pseudolerminal sessile on a peduncle, silky -25 in. long, -3 in. across when expanded. Involucral bracts 4, ovate, silky, rather thin. Flowers about 4, pedicels silky, lobes 3, ovate round spathulate, 3 inner linear oblong, silky. Stamens 7, filaments slender, glabrous with no glands. Anther oblong 4-celled. Pistillode small conic. Style long but shorter than the perianth with three recurved stigmas. Kedah-Perak boundary: Gunong Bintang (nat. coll. F.M.S. Mus.). This has somewhat the appearance of an Actinodaphne^ but the leaves are not whorled, the stamens in two flowers examined were 7 in number. It is quite unlike any Litsea known to me in the falsely terminal flowers. 1920] Ridley : New Sz Rare Malayan Plants. 153 ORCHiDEAE. 73. Ascochilus capricornis, sp. nov. Stems tufted, branched 4 in. tall. Leaves rigid terete grooved above recurred, blunt, 1 in. long, sheaths '2 in. long strongly ribbed and cancellate with transverse bars. Racemes 2-2-5 in. long, lax. Bracts ovate sheathing persistent. Pedicels -25 in. long. Flowers -25 in. wide. Sepals oblong, rounded, upper one magenta, laterals falcate, broad brownish green mottled red. Petals oblong, blunt as long as upper sepal. Lip shortly clawed side lobes erect triangular, midlobe porrect much longer triangular lanceo- late acuminate, spur scrotiform, an oblong blunt fleshy callus from the back over the mouth of the spur. Column tall, winged above. Pahang r'Gunong Senyum (Evans). This remarkable species has stiff curved terete leaves like the horn of an Ibex, and for the genus rather large flowers. 74. Taeniophyllum culiciferum, sp. nov. Stem '5 in. long, roots numerous very slender, 9 in. or less. Peduncle filiform 1 in. long, raceme • 12-* 15 in. long, bracts distichous, very small about 15. Pedicel filiform '15 in. long. Flowers '12 in. long, pale yellow- Sepals and petals sub-similar, lanceolate linear acuminate acute, lip lanceolate acuminate nearly as long and broader, spur flask-shaped, narrowed at base, then ellipsoid, blunt nearly as long as the pedicel. Fruit cylindric • 5 in. long. Pahang : Rumpin river mouth (Evans) . Kelantan : Chaning Woods (Ridley) . Resembing T. mac/orrhizum, Ridl. in habit, but with very much smaller flowers with narrow petals, sepals and lip. ZINGIBERACEAE. 75. Amomum xanthoglossum, sp. nov. Stem tall, rather Blender, glabrous. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, cuspidate, narrowed to base, glabrous 15 in. long, 3 in. wide, petiole slender -5 in. long : ligule shorter round at tip entire. Spike obconic shortly peduncled, 3 in. long, glabrous. Bracts smooth, chartaceous oblong, tip round, upper ones with a short mucro, lower ones 1 in. long -6 in. wide. Calyx tubular, truncate, glabrous -5 in. long. Corolla tube cylindric silky hairy 1 in. long, lobes oblong white. Lip broad obovate, clawed, 1 in. wide, edge rnlire yellow inside, veined red at base. Stamens 1 in. long, no crest, but arms elongate, curved, -2 in. long, linear. Kelantan : Chaning Woods. 76. Amomum aurantiacum, sp. nov. Stem stout, tall, glabrous. Leaves oblong acuminate shortly narrowed at base, subcoriaceous 13 in. long, 3 in. 154 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X^ wide, petiole short and thick, ligiile oblong truncate, longer. Spike ovoid, 1-5 in. long, peduncle stout 2 in. long covered with ovate blunt rounded pubescent bracts finely ribbed, ciliate on edge, uppermost '75 in. long '5 in. wide. Flowers large, orange, lip centre red. Calyx spathaceous glabrous except pubescent tips of lobes bilobed lobes ovate, 1 in. long. Corolla tube as long, lobes linear oblong, rounded 1 • 25 in. long. Lip obovate broad, rounded 1 in. long and nearly as broad. Stamen shorter, with a short rounded crest and two broad, oblong curved truncate arms, 8-nerved. Style hairy. Kelantan : Glam Wood at Kota Bahru. 77. Amomum cephalotes, sp. nov. Stems slender, glabrous. Leaves narrow', linear long acuminate narrowed to base, glabrous, 12 in. long -8 in. wide ; petiole hardly any, ligule '25 in. oblong entire. Capitula subglobose 1*5 long, on a peduncle 5 in. long, covered with lanceolate bracts, glabrous • 1 in. or less, finally breaking up into fibres. Outer bracts lanceolate pubescent, ])ale ribbed 1 in. long. Flowers pedicelled with a rather stout, velvety pedicel • 25 in. long. Calyx spathaceous with 3 acute hairy points. Corolla tube -1 in. long lobes linear oblong, blunt -5 in. long glabrous lip obovate as long and about -3 in. wide, with 2 central keels. Stamen filament very short, anther broad oblong, top retuse, no crests pubescent. Pahang : Gunong Senyum (Evans). Flowers cream with yellow midrib and tips slightly streaked with brown. 78. Alpinia pahangensis, sp. nov. Stem moderately stout. Leaves linear oblong with a setaceous point -6 in. long, base acuminate, softly hairy on both sides 2 ft. long, 3-5 in. wide, petiole -5 in. long ; ligule ovate blunt hairy -3 in. long, sheath finely ribbed, hairy. Racemes stout 8 in. long, velvcity hairy. Bracts at base 2, lanceolate acuminate with a long setaceous point, pale papery pubescent, edge at tip hairy, the lowest 4-25 in. long, 1 in. wide. Flowers numerous, distant, pedicels densely velvety hairy -2 in. long. Bracts (floral) sheathing flowers -5 in. long, pale, hairy at base and on edge at tip. Calyx spathaceous tubular glabrous -4 in. long, truncate or obscurely 3-lobed, cleft on one side. Corolla tube as long, lobes linear lanceolate, hairy acute -6 in. long. Lip 1 in. long, 3 lobed apparently red, side lobes broad truncate, midlobe longer, oblong entire, 2 short ears at base, all glabrous. Stamen • 75 in. long, no crest, ovary silky. Pahang : Pekan (Evans). Allied to A. hracteata, Roxb., but the flowers are smaller, and the calyx is not campanulate and deeply cleft on one side but cylindric. 1920] Ridley : New & Rare Malayan Plants. 155 LILIACEAE. 79. Peliosanthes monticola, sp. nov. A small plant with apparently a rather long woody rhizome silvery, papery sheaths at the base. Leaves lanceo- late acuminate at both ends 5 in. long, 1-5 in. wide, nerves 7. Raceme 2 in. long on a 1 in. peduncle. Rracts at base broad lanceolate -25 in. long, -1 in. wide, upper ones narrow lanceolate linear. Flowers solitary in bracts. Perianth •3 in. wide, lobes oblong, blunt at tip. Stamens forming a complete ring free froin the perianth nearly to base. Ovary free from stamen-ring, superior, style thick, cylindric. Perak : Gunong Kerbau 5,000 ft. (nat. coll. F.M.S. Mus.). This is perhaps most nearly allied to P. lurida but is altogether smaller. The lower peduncular bracts are re- markably broad, and the perianth is free from the stamens and ovary and so is inferior. 80. Dracaena cuspidata, sp. nov. Dwarf plant. Stems stout. Leaves oblong abruptly cuspidate with setaceous tip, base narrowed to sheath, 9 in. long 2-25 in. wide, cusp -5 in., sheath broad 1 in. long. Panicle racemiform, fairly stout 5 in. long, flowers in threes, pedicels •! in. Perianth very slender 1 in. long, clubbed when in bud lobes very narrow, linear free two-third of length, filaments longer ; anthers short, oblong. Kelantan : Chaning Woods (Ridley) . ERIOCAULACEAE. 81. Eriocaulon disepalum, sp. nov. Dwarf plant 4-6 in. tall. Leaves linear acuminate 2-5 in. long • 15 in. wide. Scapes 5 in. slender numerous ribbed heads -2 in. wide, glabrous. Involucral bracts white spathulate round with a few minute teeth at tip, shorter than head. Floral bracts spathulate with broader round top, slightly fuscous. Male flowers ; sepals 2, short spathulate. Corolla tube longer, lobes minute. Anthers black, 6. Female flowers sepals 3, linear, narrow, petals none, ovary yellow trilobed, style long, slend^^r, stigmas 2, seed yellow, ellipsoid vertically ribbed. Kelantan : Ricefields at Tumput, Kota Bahru. Allied to E. Sieboldianiim, Sieb. but differing in the free sepals, very short corolla lobes in the male flower and broader leaves. 82. Eriocaulon glabriflorum, sp. nov. Dwarf plant with the habit of E. truncatum but leaves and stems narrower. Leaves narrow, linear acuminate •5-1 in. long -OS-'l in. wide. Scapes very slender 3-4 in. tall. Heads scmiorbicular -1 in. wide, white glabrous. Involucral bracts oblong subobtuse shorter than the head. Inner bracts spatliulate, yellowish white tipped fuscoua. 156 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X. Male flowers, sepals 2, spathulate acute, glabrous, narrow, tipped fuscous, longer than the corolla tube, lobes 3, short, equal. Female flowers, sepals 2, linear, spathulate. Petals 3, similar. Pistil yellowish, styles little shorter than the sepals. Damp sand and on rocks. Langkawi Ids : Burau, Telaga Tujoh (Ridley 15671 and 8144) ; Burau (Robinson 6239) . Terutau Id : Telok Wau (Robinson). Singgora (Annandale). This little plant belongs to the same set as E. trunca- turn. Ham., but is always much more slender with narrower leaves and smaller heads. It differs also in its perfectly glabrous perianth of which the segments also are much narrower. GRAMINEAE. 83. Dimeria glabra, sp. nov. Tufted grass quite glabrous. Leaves narrow linear acuminate 4 in. long • 05 in. wide, ligule very short. Culms slender 8-12 in. tall. Spikes 2-3, slender 2*5 in. long, at first red then paler, rachis minutely scabrid flexuous. Callus glabrous. Spikelets sessile -1 in. long, glabrous. Glume I. narrow linear, II. oblong keeled, keel red edge broad translucent, white. III. shorter, oblong. Awn none. Singapore : Holland Road, edge of a swampy hollow (Burkili 4674). Allied to D. alata, Hook. fil. of Ceylon and much re- sembling it, but completely glabrous, and the rachis flatter and more flexuous. FILICES. 84. Lastroea (Dryopteris) Robinsonii, sp, nov. Stem erect 1-5 in. tall with long roots. Stepes tufted the bases covered with linear acuminate chestnut colored scales, above nerde glender dark purple and brown scurfy. Fronds lanceolate 6-7 in. long pinnate ; pinnae linear-oblong 1*5 in. long -2 in. wide coriaceous, lower ones shorter deflexed, more than 40, rachis densely brown-tomentose, rachilla and midribs above densely hairy beneath scurfy, pinnae cut into ovate lanceolate blunt lobes neaily to the rachilla about 20, nerves few pinnate. Sori 1 to 4 on a lobe on the tips of the nerves near the edge, round. Indusium reniform glabrous. Perak : Gunong Kerbau at 4,200 ft. (nat. cofl. F.M.S. Mus.) . This elegant little fern is allied to L. calcarata and especially to the form ciliata but differs in the indumentum, the shortly cut lobes and the distinctly coriaceous texture of the pinnae. The whole frond is much more narrow than in any form of L. calcarata. V. NOTES ON MALAYSIAN BUTTERFLIES (PART I). By Major J. C. Moulton, o.b.e,, t.d., m.a., b.sc, Director, Raffles Museum and Library, Singapcre. Since the publication ni 1882-80 of Distant's fine work, "Rhopalocera Malayana,'' very little has been published on the Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula. Neighbouring Malayan countries have received a certain amount of atten- tion ; thus de Niceville listed the Butterflies of Sumatra in 1895 ; Piepers, Snellen and Fruhstorfer have recently brought out four volumes on the Rhopalocera of Java ; Shelford (1901-06) and the present writer (1911-15) have dealt with most of the Butterflies of Borneo. Godfrey (1916) has listed those of Siam, which includes a small portion of the true Malaysian subregion. During the last ten years an important contribution to the literature on Eastern Rhopalocera has been brought out by Dr. Adalbert Seitz in his great work "The Macro- lepidoptera of the World," of which Vol. IX is devoted to the Rhopalocera of the Indo-Australian region. Up to the present the Papilionidae and Nymphalidae have been completed ; the Lycaenidae are being dealt with ; but the parts on the Hesperidae have yet to appear. There is an English edition of this work ; the ver>' numerous and wholly admirable plates add considerably to its value. It is also up-to-date in its adoption of the trinomial system of nomenclature. Until a new edition of Distant's " Rhopalocera Malayana " is published, Seitz's *' Macrolepidoptera of the World " must be regarded as indispensable to any student of Malaysian Butterflies, with whom in any case both works will long remain in use. I have on this account given references under each species to these two works ; all other references have been relegated to foot-notes. It is thought, therefore, that any notes which will supple- ment or correct the information given in Seitz's " Macro- lepidoptera of the World" arc perhaps worth publication from time to time as they accumulate. The following notes are chiefly based on the collections in the Federated Malay States Museums, part of which I have had the privilege of examining and identifying recently. Although as 1 understand it, no exclusive attention has hitherto been paid by the F.M.S. Museums to the formation of any exten- sive collection of Malaysian butterflies, the collections so far submitted to me prove of no little interest. The Director of Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur, forwarded a collection of Malay Peninsula Danaines for identification. Additional localities from this collection have been incor- porated in these notes. 158 Journal of the F,M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, The Director of the Zoological Museum, Buitenzorg, has been kind enough to send me for identification a small, but interesting, collection of Danaines from Java and neighbouring islands. Two new subspecies from the islands of Krakalau and Verlaten arc described from this nialerial. My thanks are also due to the Acting Curator of the Sarawak Museum for the loan of Bomean specimens from that Museum and to Mr. E. J. Godfrey for Siamese speci- mens for comparison. The collections in the Raffles Museum, Singapore, have also provided material for addi- tional notes. The " Malaysian " buttertlies considered in these and subsequent notes are confined to a " true Malaysian " sub- region ^ which, for Museum i)urposes, I regard as those countries lying between Lat. 10° N. and 10° S. and Long. 95"^ and 120° E., i.e., tlie Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra and Java and adjacent islands. An exception is made in the case of a few bulterllies Ironi S.W. Siani (Tasan, Lat. 10° 30' N., and Hat Sanuk, Lat. 12^ N.), which are included in the F.M.S. Museums collection. They are of interest in that some species are insepai'able from Malayan forms, while others obviously belong to the Siamese-Tenasserim fauna. The following new forms and new combinations are introduced in this paper : — 8a. Danaida juventa Cv. krakaiaiiae subsp. nov. 23. Danaida plexippus I^. plexippus L. connectens f. nov. 24a. Danaida melanippus Cr. insularis subsp. nov. 27o. Euploea crameri Lac. snelleni subsp. nov. 34. Euploea core Cr. distanti Moore, comb. nov. 37a. Euploea alcathoe Godt. iiwnticola subsp. nov. 40. Euploea dufresne Godt. hurrisi Feld. comb. nov. 40. Euploea dufresne Godt. milhrenes Fruhst. comb. nov. 40. Euploea dufresne Godt. coiwallaria Thicjue, comb, nov. 40. Euploea dufresne Godt. nica Fruhst. comb. nov. 40. Euploea dufresne Godt. tyrianlhina Moore, comb. nov. 40. Euploea dufresne Godt. lacordairei Moore, comb. nov. 40. Euploea dufresne Godt. baweanica Fruhst., comb. nov. ^\ true Malaysian subregion, as opposed to a wider area in which a non-Malaysian element is evident although not necessarily predominant, e.g. an area including Celebes, Palawan and Slam, to ail of which countries many " true " Malaysian species extend. The boundaries for this true Malaysian subregion must neces- sarily be arbitrary to some extent. For Museum purposes I have extended the northern boundary to Lai. 10° N., although, as Mr. Boden Kloss points out, the fauna of the Malay Peninsula between 7° and 10° N. is as much Indo-Chinese in character as Malayan. BoDEX Kloss, 1918, p. 245, writes : " Malaysian — Pertaining to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and Java. Malayan — Pertaining to the Malay Peninsula, Cf. Sumatran, etc" See also BouEN Kloss, 1920, pp. 79, 80. 1921] MouLTON : Malaipian Butterflies. 159 The nomenclature adopted is that used m Seitz's " Macrolepidoptera of the World," unless otherwise stated. The method of printing the subspcctfic name in less pro- minent type than the generic and specific names was adopted in mv " Hand List of the Birds of Borneo " ' and my paper on the " Tlie Butterflies of Borneo.- The reten- tion of the author's name for a species even when followed by a subspecitic name was also adopted in those papers. Both courses appear to me to be an improvement on the usually accepted method of writing trinomials, and have since received the official approval of the British Association Committee on Zoological Nomenclature. All the species of Danainae now known from Malaysia are listed in this paper and numbered consecutively from 1 to 52. Under each species all the Malaysian subspecies are listed but not numbered. A list of the literature quoted is placed at the end of this paper. The footnotes refer thereto. Fam. NYMPHALIDAE. Subfam. DANAINAE. Genus Hestia, Hiibn. The foiu- Malaysian species of this genus fall into two groups or subgenera : - «. Wings eloif^J'tt' i»n<l weak ; hind wing with three irregular dark spots (the outer one small) in space between costal nervure and lirst iiut)costal nervule Hestia. a'. Wings rounded and stronger ; hind wing with only two irregular spots in costal interspace Nectaria. le structural differences between these two " groups " as given l)y Frulislorfer do not ap|)ear to be sulticiently marked or constant to be of much assistance. The second subcostal nervule of the fore wing arises as a rule very slightly nearer to the apex of the ceU in Hestia males than in Nectaria, but in Hestia females there are some in which the origin of this nervule is just as far from the apex of the cell as in the Nectaria species. The second character given by Fruhstorfer, viz. length of lower discocellular in the hind wing, is also variable and not markedly distinct in the two subgenera. The sui)erficial characters given in the above key, however, wUI serve to distinguish the two subgenei-a^ quite clearly. %. ' MouLTox, 1914, pp. 127-8, 131 et seq. 'MouLTON, 191.'), pp. 198, 200 et seq. ' FRUnsr()UKi:R, 1910, p, 218. M follow Bingham in using the term "subgenus" for sub- divisions of a genus, rather than de Niceville who used the term *' group." Fruhstorfer uses both terms, the latter ranking as of less importance than the former. The distinction between (lillerences of " subgeneric " and (lillerences of " group " impor- tance nmst necessarily be a mailer of personal opinion, probably I)roductive of more confusion and discord than clearness. In this paper, therefore, genera, when divided at all, are split into sub- genera only. 160 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, Subgenus Hestia, Hiibn. 1. Hestia lynceus Drury reinwardti Moore. Jlestia lynceus reinwardti Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 220. Hestia lynceus Distant 1882~8C, pp. 0 and t05, Tab. T, fig. 2. Loc. Perak : Kampar ; Selangor : Ulu Langat, Bukit Kutu and Ayer Itam ; Negri Sembilan : Bukit Tangga ; Pahang : Kuala Tahan ; Tioman Island (F.M S. Mus.) Selangor : Klang (F.M.S. Agric. Dept.). Perak ; Selangor ; Negri Sembilan : Gunong Angsi ; Singapore (Raffles Mus.) Distrih. Confined to Malaysia, where the following subspecies are recognized : — H. I. lynceus Drury Sumatra. H. L reinwardti Moore Malay Peninsula. H. I niasica F'ruhst. Nias 1. H. I fumata Fruhst. Borneo. H. I. stolli Moore Java. H. I. thalassica Fruhst. Natuna Ls. 2. Hestia logani Moore logani Moore. Hestia logani logani Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 220. Hestia logani as a synonym of Hestia lyneeus Distant 1886, p. 405. Loc. Perak : Gunong Kledang, alt. 2640 ft., November 1916 (Raffles Mus.). Distrib. Confined to Malaysia\ with the following subspecies distinguished : — H. I. logani Moore Malay Peninsula. H. I. dhiriji Moore Sumatra. H. 1. donovani Moore Singapore. H. I diana Fruhst. Batu Is. H. I. virgo Fruhst. Borneo. H. I. alceste Fruhst, Natuna Is. H. l. mevaria Fruhst. Java. Fruhstorfer distinguishes these two species thus : lynceus, noticeable for the dense blackish dusting on the upper side of both wings, while in logani the ground-colour is lighter and the blackish dusting on the upper side is reduced. Admittedly these Hesiias are ver>' variable ; so much so that other writers have regarded lynceus and logani as but one variable species. Breeding experiments will alone decide the point, although Fruhstorfer regards certain differences in the genitalia as " of such decisive significance that the specific rank of logani cannot be ques- tioned " {I.e.). Piepers 2 doubts the value of these differ- ences in genitalia. ' Frulistorfer recognizes another subspecies, H. I. hypata Fruhst. from the Sulu Islands to the North of Borneo, i.e., just outside the limits of the Malaysian subregion. 'PiEPERS, 1913, p. 21, writes : "Dr. Henri de Graaf a specialist in this kind of researches, has investigated microscopically 2.^ specimens from my collection, both light and dark coloured, and he did not find a single one amongst them whose genitalia agreed with the figure given of those of stolli, on the contrary they all agreed with those given of logani, and although considerable individual differences were observed in this respect it was only as regards the form of the valvae and valvulae and not to such an extent in connection with the structure of the principal organs that the existence of more than out species could be inferred from it." 1921 j Moui.TON : Malaysian Butterflies. 161 Of the Malay Peninsula specimens examined, all appear referable to lynceus with the exception of one maie in the Rallies Museum which I have placed with some doubt under logani. Subgenus Nectabia, Dalm. a. Hind-marginal row of aHernately large and small black spots on both wings linteata. n\ Hind-marginal black border enclosing hind-marginal row of white spots chersonesia. 8. Hestia hypermnestra Wcstw. linteata Bull. liextia lynceua reinwardtl Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 220. Hestia lyncena Distant 1882— 8B, pp. 6 and 405. Tab. I. flg. 2. Hestia hypermnestra linteata Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 221. Hestia linteata Distant 1882, p. 7, Tab. 1, flg. 1. Loc. Negri Sembilan : Bukit Tangga (F.M.S. Mus.). Pahang : Kuala Krau (F.M.S. Agric. Dept.). Negri Sem- bilan : Jelebu (Raffles Mus.). Distrib. Confined to Malaysia except for a slight exten- sion northward above Lat. 10° N. into South Tenasserini. H. h. hijijt-rmnestra Wcstw. Borneo and Xatuna Is. H. h. arbela Fruhst. North Borneo (Mt. Kinabalu). H. h. herd Fruhst. Sumatra. H. li. linteata Butl. Malav Peninsula. //. h. helia Westw. .lava (West).' Evidently a rare species. The F.M.S. Museums speci- men agrees very well with Distant's figure in " Rhopalocera Malayana." 4. Hestia leuconoe Eschsch. chersonesia Fruhst. Hestia leuconoe chersonesia Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 222. Hestia Ifuronoc nigrittnu Fruhstorfer T.)10, p. 222. Hestia leuconoe natunensis Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 222. ^tsliu leuconoe javana Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 222. Hestia leuconoe Distant 188(). p. 406, Tab. XXXIX, flg. 3. Loc. Negri Sembilan : Jelebu ; Johore, Jalan Dato ; Singapore (Raffles Mus.). Singapore (Distant), Distrib. Loo C.hoo Islands, Formosa and Philippines to Malaysia. i '. /. chersonesia Fruhst. Malay Peninsula to Borneo, .lava and Natiina Is. H. t. vedana Fruhst. Batu Is. //. /. enganoensis Doh. iuigano I. Although Fruhstorfer gives Ihe " Malay Peninsula " as part of the distribution of chersonesia, I suspect that it is confined to the southern half of the Peninsula : perhaps not occurring north of Negri Sembilan. Godfrey ^ des- cribes a very distinct subspecies siainensis from Nong Khor and Hup Bon in Siam (Lat. 13 N.). Probably the original continental range of leuconoe has long been interrupted and the species has died out for some reason or other in the north of the Malay Peninsula leaving a gap between the range of (and at the same lime giving rise to) the present-day subspecies siamensis and chersonesia. ' Fj!i iisTouFKH (1910) destrJbcs another subspecies vollenhoveni " with the somewhat uncertain locaUtv 'Java,' known from a figure ol Siu'lleii van Vollenhoven's." PiFiy:i'.s (1913) docs not mention it. bODFUKY, 1916, p. 117. 162 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, It has been shewn' tlial the subspecies nigriana, chersonesia and natiinensis, recognized by Fruhstorfer, are not separable. Piepers' slates that jauana is referable to mitunensis. I therefore use Fruhstorfer's name cher- sonesia to cover all these forms from the Malay Peninsula, Lingga Archipelago, Banka, Borneo, Natuna Islands, Java and the Kangean Islands (East of Java) . It is evidently a variable species, but unfortunately rare in collections. Godfrey's siamensis is remarkable for the absence of a spot immediately below the cell in the fore wing between the first and second median nervules, which is always present in chersones-'a. The double cell-spot in the hind wing of siamensis is very much smaller than that of chersonesia. Genus Ideohsis, Ilorsf. The only species of this genus found in the Malay Peninsula is common and well-distributed. The general pattern of large black spots and blackened veins on vitreous smoky-white ground-colour makes it easily recognizable, although if it were not for its smaller and stronger wings, it might be taken for a Hestia. Ideopsis has been, until recently, regarded as an inter- mediate between Hestia and Danaida. Fruhstorfer, how- ever, compares it to the Hadena-gvowj) of Danaida, and suggests tliat the larva and pupa, when discovered, will resemble those of Radena rather tlian those of Hestia. It is remarkable that the life-history ^1 so common a species should still remam unknown, 5. Ideopsis daos Boisd. perakana Fruhst. hleoiisis daos perakana Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 216, flg. 70a. lieiiitsis daos Distant JS82-8(i. pp. 8 & .07, Tab. I, figs. 3 & 4. An examination of some 200 specimens from the F.M.S. Museums, the F.M.S. Agricultural Department and the Rallies Museum, Singapore, shows that this species is widely distributed throughout the Malay Peninsula, ranging from low country to 3,000 ft. and probably higher. Probably on the wing all the year round, as specimens in the above collections have been caught in every month of the year except January, February and October The species is variable in the size of the wing and in the size of the black spots. Males and females are equally abundant. A single female in the F.M.S. Museums froux Tioman Island (oil tlie East (Loasl of Pahang and Johore) differs from the mainland form in the much shorter fore wing 'MouLTox, 1915, p. 2(H. M'lEi'KKS, 1913, p. 22. 1921] MouLTON : Malaysian Butterflies. 163 and more smoky colouring above and below ; in this last respect it approaches mainland males. Further examples are wanted from this island before the question of possible subspecilic distinction for this forni can be settled. Distrib. Neomalaya and Palawan. The Malaysian subspecies are : — /. d. daos Boisd. /. d. perakana Fruhst. /. d. natunensis Fruhst. /. d. lingana Fruhst. /. d. sonia Fruhst. /. d. eudora Gray /. d. costalis Moore /. d. batuiia F'ruhst. /. d. nigrocostalis Hag. Borneo. Mentawt'i Is. Malay Peninsula, r.ingga Archipelago. Xatiina Is. North Sumatra. West Sumatra. Nias 1. Batu Is. I One other very distinct form occurs in Malaysia : — 6. Jdeopsis gaura Horsf . Idcojt.sis gaiirti I'nihstni-l'ci- I'.tltl, p. 2\(\. Distrib. Java. It is perhaps doubtful policy to give it specific dis- tinction, as it is obviously the Javan representative of daos. Unfortunately gaura is the older name, so that ii we are to recognize but one species in Malaysia, it will bear that name, while Boisduval's long-accepted name daos will only cover the Bornean subspecies. On the other hand tiie separation of the Javan form as a separate species serves a good purpose in emphasizing the marked dill'erence between Ihe fauna of Java and that of the three neighbouring countries (Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra) which I have designated Neomalaya.^ Genus DANAmA, Lair. The species found in the Malay Peninsula fall into the following subgenera : — a. Males without scent patch on hind wing Radena. a\ Males with scent patch on hind wing. b. Two patches at anal angle, on tirst median nervule and sub-median nervure. c. Sub-median nervure noticeably dilated below Chittira. c\ Sub-median nervure not noticeably dilated. d. Base of liind wing not yellow Paralitica. cT. Base of hind wing canary yellow Ravadeba. b\ One patch only, on under side between first median nervule and sub-median nervure. c. Patch protruding as a prominent flap Tirumala. c\ Patch smaller and less prominent. d. Patch toucliing vein . Anosia. d\ Patch not touching vein. e. Middle discoceliular of hind wing strongly angled m male Lininas. e\ Middle discoceliular slightly incurved in male Danaida. ' MouLTON, 1915, p. 198. 164 Journal of the F.M.S. Museums. [Vol. X, Subgenus Radena, Moore. a. Discal region of hind wing predominantly fuscous, marked with hyaline streaks vulgaris. a\ Discal region of hind wing predominantly pale green hvaline, marked with fuscous lines «''«^- 7. Danaida similis Linn, vulgaris Butl. Danaida similis vulgaris Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 211. Danaida aimilis interposita Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 211. Danaida similis macrina Fruhstorfer 1910, p. 211. Radena vulgaris Distant 1882, p. 10, Tab. 1, fig, 8. A common butterfly ranging throughout the Malay Penmsula from Hat Sanuk, S.W. Siam (Lat. 12 N.), south to Singapore, Borneo and Sumatra. Two of the three specimens in the F.M.S. Museums series from S.W. Siam are certainly not separable from vulgaris. The third is referable to the Siamese subspecies persirnilis Moore, wet-season form. Large examples of this are regarded by Fruhstorfer as an aberration named avenlina Cramer, which is characterized by the post-cellular spots of the fore wing being rounded instead of acutely wedge-shaped. The Siamese persirnilis is similarly dis- tinguished from vulgaris, but it is a smaller insect than the aventina figured by Fruhstorf-er.^ In the dry-season form the post-cellular spots are reduced in both wings. A specimen from Trengganu in the F.M.S. Museums is an interesting intermediate between wet-season persirnilis and aventina. The hyaline areas are rather larger and more noticeably pale green than in typical vulgaris. In size it is larger than persirnilis, but not quite so large as aventina. The application of this latter name to the wet-season form of both persirnilis and vulgaris is, I think, permissible, although the dry-season fornis of both are readily separated. Fruhstorfer records a large wet-season form hyria in Annam and Tonkin, drft'ering from aventina in having the hyaline areas whitish instead of green. The wet-season form aventina thus ranges southwards through Siam and is known at present from Hat Sanuk (Lat. 12° N.), Tasan (Lat. 10° 30' N.) and Trengganu (Lat. 5° 30' N). Frulistorfer's subspecies interposita" for the Bornean forms and macrina ^ for the Sumatran forms have already been sunk as synonyms of vulgaris. The remaining Malaysian forms are hsted below. Distrib. Loo (^hoo Islands to Palawan, Sumbawa and Flores, and west through South China and Malaysia to India and Ceylon. D. s. vulgaris Butl. Malay Peninsula, Boi'neo, Natima Is. and Sumatra. D. s. vulgaroides Fruhst. Java. D. s. megaroides Fruhst. Mas I. D. s. macra Doh. Engano I. D. s. ditiones Fruhst. Batu Is. ' Fruhstorfer, 1910, fig. 78 C. ' MouLTON, 1915, p. 201. 'Rothschild, 1920, p. 148. 1921] MouLTON : Malaysian Butterflies. 165 The Javan form vulgaroides is very doubtfully separa- ble. Those submitted to me by the Buitenzorg Museum difter from Malay Peninsula forms in having the hyaline cell streak slightly reduced. In this point, however, they agree well with Bomean specimens. 8. Danaida juventa Cr. sitali Fruhst. Danaida Juventa sttah Fruhstorfer 1910. p. 213. Radena Juventa Distant 1886, p. 407, Tab. XXXIX, fig. 4. Loc. Trengganu 5 ^ ^ ; Pahang and Johore : Rumpin and Endau 4$ 5 , 1 $ ; Tioman Island 2$ S, 1 9 (F.M.S. Miis.). Auamba Islands: Pulo Siaiitan l5, l9; Pulo Aor 2$ 9 ; Tioman Island 1 $ (Raffles Mus.). Distrih. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. The sid)species recog- nized in the Malaysian subregion are : — D. /. juventa Cr. Java and Bali. D. j. mincia Fruhst. Bawean I. D. y. longa Doh. Engano I. D. j. krakatauae Moulton Krakatau I. and Verlaten I. D. ). robinsoni Boths. Sumatra. D. /. sitah Fruhst. Anamba Is., Natuna Is. and Malay Peninsula. D. j. kinitis Fruhst. North Borneo. The above record from Trengganu (Lat. 6° N.) repre- sents the northern Umit to the range of this species. It is not recorded from Siam. Fruhstorfer suggests that reports of the occurrence of juventa in Malacca and Perak are possibly due to recent migration, as the species is typically insular. The occur- rence of specimens on the east coast of the Peninsula in no way diltcring from Tioman Island or example" from the