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THE-KOYAtOW^AN INSTITUTE.
JOURNAL
OF THE
Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
VOL. XIX.
1896 — 190
,,,, — /9^G
JS136D6
PUBLISHF,D BY THE SOCIETY. OFFICE, 312 BROADW.\Y. CINCINX.ATI, OHIO.
printed by'
The Ebbert & Rich.ardson Co
Cincinnati.
Officers of the Society, 1897=1901.
President:
Charles Dirv, 1S97-1898. O. D. Norton, M. I)., 1S98-1899.
M. H. Fletchkr, M. D., 1899-1901.
First Vice-President:
E. M. RicKETTs, M. I)., 1897-189S. M. H. Fletcher, M. D., 1898-1899.
I). I,. James, 1899-1901.
Second Vice-President:
John M. Kay, 1897-1S98. B. M. Ricketts, M. D., 1898-1899.
T. H. Kellev, Esq., 1899-1901.
Secretary:
R. Ellsworth Call, Ph. D., 1S97-1S98. Arch. I.Carson, M.D., 1898-1901.
Treasurer:
T. R. Collier, 1897-1901.
Members at Large of the Executive Board:
F. W. Langdon, M. D., 1897-1901. H. J. Miles, 1898-1899.
D. L.James, 1897-1899. Wm. H. Fisher, Esq., 1899-1901.
T. H. Kelley, Esq., 1897-1899. Charles Dury, 1899-1901.
M. H. Fletcher, M. D., 1.S97-1898. A. J. Woodward, M. D., 1899-1901.
Staff of Museum and Library.
Director, Josua Lindahl, Ph. D., Off. d'Ac.
Librarian,. . J. M. Nickles, M.S.
Curator of the Ilerbariuiu, Proe. \Valtf:r H. Aiken.
Photographic Section.
Curator of the Laboratory, A. Denniston Smith.
Publishing Committee.
R. Ellsworth Call, Ph. D., Editor of the Journal, 1896-1897. Josua Lindahl, Editor of the Journal, 1898-1901.
Charles Durv, C. L. Edwards, Ph. D.,
D. L. James, C. G. Lloyd.
Table of Contents.
VOLUME XIX.
Page. Ofl&cers of the Society, 1S97-1901 ii
Contents of Volume XIX iii-iv
Scientific Articles 1-2,4
Article I. — The Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. Fourth
Paper. By Prof. A. P. Morgan. (PI. I-III) 1-44
Article II.— Ou the Correct Position of the Aperture in Flanorbis.
By Fr.\nk C. B.-iKER, B. S. (Two figures in the text) 45-48
Article III. Diemyctylus viridescens var.vittatus, a new variety of
the Red-Spotted Triton. By Prof. H. Garman. (Three figures
in the text) 49-51
Article IV. — Some Notes on the Mammals of Mammoth Cave,
Kentucky. By Samuel N. Rhoads 53-6i
Article V.— An Odonate Nymph from a Thermal Spring. By D. S.
KelIvICOTT. (Two figures in the text) 63-65
Article VI.— Catalogue of the Odonata of Ohio. Part III. By D.
S. Kellicott 66-71
Article VII. On the Pulsations of the Molluscan Heart. By Frank
C. Baker, B. S 73-7^
Article VIIL— Note on the Flora of Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. By
R. Ellsworth Call, Ph. D 79-80
Article IX.— Notes on Raduloe. By Frank C. Baker. (PI. IV-V). 81-92 Article X.— A Brief Description of the Section of Devonian Rocks
exposed in the vicinity of Rock Island, Ills., with a Statement
of the Nature of its Fish Remains. By J. A. Udden, Ph. D. . 93-95 Article XI. — Description of a Devonian Ichthyodorulite, Heter-
acanthiis iiddeni, n. sp., from Buffalo, Iowa. By Josu.a.
LiNDAHL, Ph. D. (P1. VI) 95-98
Article XII.— Manual of the Paleontology of the Cincinnati Group.
By Joseph F. James, M. D. Part VIII 99-118
Article XIII.— A Study of the Copepoda, found in the vicinity of
Lincoln, Neb. By A. D. Brewer, A. M. (PL VII) 1 19-138
Arricle XIV.— Coleopterological Notes — Faunal changes in the
vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio. By Charles Dury i39-i4'
Article XV.— Zoological Miscellany— Notes by Charles Dury. . . 142-145
Notes by Josua Lindahl.. 146
iv Cincinnati Society of A\rtiiia/ History.
Page. Article XVI. — The jNIyxoinycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. I'ifth
Tajier. By A. P. Morg.an 147-166
Article XVII. — Random Note.s on Natural History. By CiiARl.KS
DURV 167-175
Article XVIII. — Notes on a Collection of Pleistocene bhells from
Milwaukee, Wisconsin. By Frank C. Baker i75-i77
Article XIX —New American Paleozoic Ostracoda. By \\. O.
ri.RICH. (PI. VIII) 179-186
Article XX. — The Genus Scaplioidciis. By Prof. Hicrbkrt
OSBORN. (PI. IX and X) 187-209
Article XXI. — The Bacterial Flora of the Seiui-Desert Region of
New Mexico, with especial reference to the Bacteria of the
Air. By Prof. John Weinzirl. (Four figures in the text).. .211-242 .\rticle XXII. — A New Calandrid, Typhloglyrnvia puteotatuni. By
Charles Dury. (One figure in the text) 243-244
Index 245-252
THE JOURNAL
- OF THE -
Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
Vol XIX. Cincinnati, Ohio, August, 1896. No. i.
ARTICLE I.— THE MYXOMYCETES OF THE MIAMI VALLEY, OHIO.
By a. p. Morgan.
Fourth Paper.
(Read May 6, 1896.)
Order VIII. PHYSARACE^.
Sporangia simple and stipitate or sessile, some- times plasmodiocarp, rarely combined into an aetha- lium; the wall a thin membrane, usually with an outer layer of minute roundish granules of lime. Stipe present or often wanting, seldom prolonged "within the sporangium as a columella. Capillitium consisting of slender tubules, which branch repeat- edly in every direction and anastomose to form an intricate network, the extremities attached on all sides to the wall of the sporangium ; the tubules more or less expanded at the angles of the network and inclosing minute roundish granules of lime, these granules either aggregated into nodules with intervening empty spaces or more rarel}^ distributed throughout their entire length. Spores globose, very rarely ellipsoidal, violaceous.
This order is at once distinguished from the Didyniiacese by the presence of the granules of lime in the capillitium.
Printed August 23, 1896. I
2 Cincitniati Society of Natural History.
Tahle of Genera of PHvsARACEi^.
I. Tubules of the capillitiuni having the granules of lime in them aggregated into roundish or angular nodules, with intervening empty spaces.
A. Outer surface of the sporaui^ium destitute of lime.
1. Angioridium. Plasmodiocarp laterally compressed, splitting regularly into two valves.
2. CiENKOWSKiA. Plasmodiocarp terete, elongated, irregu- larly dehiscent.
3. Leocarpus. Sporangia subglobose or obovoid, stipitate or sessile.
B. Outer surface of the sporatigium invested with granules
of lime.
a. Stipe prolonged zvithin the sporangium as a columella.
4. PhvsarelIvA. Sporangium oblong, stipitate, the apex re-entrant.
5. Cytidium. Sporangium globose, stipitate, the apex convex.
b. Stipe never eiitering the sporangium.
6. Craterium. Sporangium obovoid to cj'lindric, stipitate.
7. Physarum. Sporangium globose, depressed globose or irregular, stipitate or sessile.
8. FuLiGO. Aethalium a compound plasmodiocarp.
II. Tubules of the capillitium with the granules of lime in them distributed throughout their entire length.
9. Badhamia. Stipe not prolonged within the sporangium as a columella.
10. ScYPHiUM. Stipe entering the sporangium and pro- longed within it as a columella.
2
The Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 3
I. ANGIORIDIUM Grev. Plasmodiocarp laterally com- pressed, more or less elongated and flexuous, attached by the lower margin to the substratum, and, at maturity, regularly dehiscent along the upper margin by a longitudinal fissure ; the wall a firm membrane, with the granules of lime forming a reticulate layer on the inner surface. Capillitium a loo;>e, irregular net-work of tubules, extending from side to side, and containing large, irregular nodules of lime. Spores globose, violaceous.
A genus readily distinguished by its laterally compressed plasmodiocarp, splitting lengthwise by a regular fissure. The wall is a single membrane, and there is but a single reticulate layer of lime upon it, which is plainly on the inner surface.
I. Angioridium sinuosum Bull. Plasmodiocarp laterally compressed and very much flattened, more or less elongated and flexuous, sometimes confluent and branched or reticulate, without any hypothallus ; the wall a more or less thickened and brownish membrane, the inner surface coated with a dense reticulately thickened white layer of lime, and often studded with the white nodules. Capillitium of hyaline tubules, forming a loose irregular net-work, with numerous broad vesicular expansions filled with lime; the nodules white, very large, irregularly lobed, and branched. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old leaves, sticks, mosses, etc. Plasmodiocarp commonly about i mm. in height and 1-5 mm. in length, but the size is variable. The color appears to depend upon the thickening of the membrane ; when it is thin and pellucid, the color is white or cinereous from the inner layer of lime and the contained spores; with a more thickened membrane, the color becomes ochraceous or brownish. Physariim bivalve Pers. Physariim sinuosum of Rostafinski's mono- graph.
II. CiENKOWSKiA Rost. Plasmodiocarp terete, elongated, flexuous, creeping, and reticulate, irregularl}- dehiscent ; the wall a more or less thickened membrane, externally naked, with the granules of lime on the inner surface. Capillitium
3
4 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
of slender tubules, combined into an irregular network, attached on all sides to the wall of the sporangium, and bear- ing everywhere short pointed or uncinate free branchlets ; the lime in thin transverse plates and irregular nodules. Spores globose, violaceous.
The peculiar characteristic of this genus is the short free hooked and pointed branchlets of the capillitium.
I. CiENKOWSKiA RETICULATA A. & S. Plasmodiocarp more or less elongated, curved and flexuous, simple or branched, sometimes confluent and reticulate, breaking away first along the upper surface, leaving an irregular margin. The wall a firm yellow membrane, with thinner hyaline areas and with thicker yellow-brown or red-brown spots ; the outer surface without any lime, smooth, and shining; the inner surface with a dense layer of yellow granules raised at intervals into transverse ridges, these are connected with broad thin flat plates of lime which traverse the capillitium, forming imperfect septa to the sporangium. Capillitium con- sisting of slender yellow tubules, forming a network of irregular meshes, with slight expansions at the angles and bearing along the sides short pointed or uncinate free branch- lets ; the tubules containing a few scattered j'ellow nodules of lime various in size and shape. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood, bark, leaves, etc. Plasmodiocarp in veins .3-. 5 mm. in thickness, sometimes forming a net-work a centimeter or more in extent. This curious Myxomyces seems very rare in America. I have met with it but once. The specimen in the herbarium of Schweinitz, marked Phvsaruni rcticulatum, is not this species, though it answers well enough to the original description.
III. Leocarpus Link. Sporangia subglobose or obovoid, stipitate or sessile; the wall a more or less thickened mem- brane, the external surface destitute of lime, polished and shining, irregularly- dehiscent. Stipe short, poorly developed or sometimes wanting. Capillitium of slender tubules, form- ing an irregular net-work more or less expanded at the angles ;
4
The Myxoviycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 5
the tubules enlarging at intervals into vesicles, which usually contain nodules of lime. Spores globose, violaceous.
A genus characterized by the form of the sporangia and the smooth and glossy surface of the wall.
1. Leocarpus psittacinus Ditm. Sporangium small glo- bose or somewhat depressed, stipitate or subsessile ; the wall a thin membrane, rugulose and iridescent, with thicker red or yellow spots and patches, destitute of lime. Stipe weak, erect or inclined, variable in length, the base expanded, orange to red in color. Capillitium a dense net-work of tubules, widely expanded at the angles and bearing numerous irregular vesicles, various in size and form, j-ellow or orange to red in color. Spores globose, even, dark violaceous, 7-9 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old w^ood, leaves, etc. The sporangium .5-.6 mm. in diameter, the stipe about the same length or some- times very short. The sporangia are dull brownish to the naked eye, but when magnified the green, purple, and blue metallic tints of the wall become apparent. There does not appear to be any granules of lime either on the wall or in the capillitium. Physarum psittacimwi Ditm.
2. lyEOCAKPUS C-^SPiTOSUS Schw. Sporangium small sub- globose or obovoid to turbinate, somewhat irregular, stipitate or subsessile ; the wall a reticulately thickened and fragile membrane, yellow-brown to greenish-yellow or olivaceous in color, externally rugulose and glossy, the inner surface with scales and patches of lime. Stipe short and thick, sometimes nearly obsolete, yellowish or reddish brown, darker below, the base expanded into a small hypothallus. Capillitium a loose irregular net-work of tubules with wide expansions at the angles; the nodules of lime large, numerous, white or yellowish, irregular, with acute angles and pointed lobes. Spores globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 9-1 1 mic. in diameter.
Growing caespitosely or scattered on old wood and mosses. Sporangium .6-.8 mm. in diameter, variable in shape, the stipe usually very short. Physarum ctespitoston Schw., North American Fungi. My specimens, some of them, have been referred to Physarum citrinellum Peck ; others to Physarum variabile Rex. 5
6 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
3. LeocarpUvS brunneolus Phillips. Sporangium large, globose or somewhat depressed, sessile ; the wall a thick yellow-brown membrane, the outer surface naked, smooth, and polished, with a dense white inner layer of granules of lime, dehiscing in a stellate manner, the segments becoming reflexed. Capillitium of tubules forming a dense net-work, with wide expansions at the angles; the nodules of lime very large, numerous, white, angular and irregular. Spores globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter.
Growing on bark of oak, California {Harkness) Sporangium nearly i mm. in diameter. Diderma brunneolum Phillips. I have taken the description from Massee's monograph.
4. IvEOCARPUs FRAGI1.IS Dicks. Sporangium very large, obovoid-oblong, stipitate or subsessile ; the wall a greatly thickened membrane, polished and shining within and with- out, from alutaceous or pale umber to dark-brown in color, destitute of lime. Stipe short, weak, and slender, arising from a thin hypothallus. Capillitium of slender tubules forming a loose network of large irregular meshes, with slight expansions at the angles ; the lime white, variable in amount, sometimes quite scanty, then again fillin'g large por- tions of the net-work with long-branched and reticulate masses. Spores subglobose, dark violaceous, opaque, 12-15 mic. in diameter.
Growing gregariously on old wood, leaves, mosses, etc. Sporangium 1.5-2 mm. in length by i mm. in thickness, the stipe variable in length, but usually much shorter than the sporangium. Diderma vernicosiaii Pers.
IV. PHYSARELIvA Peck. Sporangium oblong, stipitate ; the apex re-entrant and confluent with the hollow columella ; the wall a thin membrane covered with small scales and minute granules of lime, at maturity torn away at the apex and stellately splitting into a few segments. Stipe elongated, tapering upward, entering the sporangium and prolonged to the apex as a tubaeform columella. Capillitium distinguished by two distinct sets of tubules ; the first consisting of long, thick tubules filled with lime, rising at regular intervals from
6
The Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 7
the wall of the sporangium and extending to the columella ; the second, of very slender threads, scarcely branched, and nearly destitute of lime, stretching between the wall and the columella. Spores globose, violaceous.
A genus founded upon the one remarkable species, and more distinct than any other from the typical genus of the rhysaraceae. In fact, the structure of the sporangium is unique among the Myxomycetes.
I. Physarella oblonga B. & C. Sporangium oblong, the apex re-entrant and confluent with the summit of the columella, the base obtuse or slightly umbilicate, stipitate, cernuous. The wall of the sporangium a firm, yellowish membrane, covered with minute granules and with scattered, small, yellow scales of lime ; after maturity the apex is torn away more or less irregularly from the summit of the colu- mella and the wall splits into a few segments, which become reflexed and are subpersistent about the base of the sporan- gium. Stipe long, erect or flexuous, the apex bent or curved, red-brown, rising from a small hypothallus, entering the sporangium and prolonged to the apex as a hollow tubaeform columella. Capillitium of thick, spiniform tubules filled with lime and slender, violet threads, extending between the wall and the columella. The tubules elongated, terete, taper- ing gradually from wall to columella, containing yellow gran- ules of lime ; the threads very slender, outwardly branched a time or two, the further extremities connected by short, lateral branches, often furnished with minute, free branchlets, and containing a few small, fusiform nodules of lime. Spores globose, nearly smooth, violaceous, 7-9 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood, bark, leaves, etc. Sporangium com- monly .8-1.0 mm. in length by .5-. 6 mm. in diameter, the stipe 1-2 mm. long; the spiniform tubules measure 150-200 x 15-20 mic.
The abnormal forms of this species which sometimes mani- fest themselves are very singular ; the sporangium has a ten- dency to dilate, becoming funnel-form or even salver-shaped, the stipe shortening and even disappearing. I have a large specimen which superficially resembles some lichen, a Physcia, for example ; the sporangia are pressed down, flat- tened out, extremely irregular, and in many places confluent ;
7
S Ciiicinnafi Society of Natural History.
the rudimentary stipes are hidden beneath the leafy expan- sions. In all the forms, however, may be uncovered the spiniform tubules mingled with the slender threads. This is Trii'/ia»ip/iora ob/cviga B. & C. Tib}iadoche oblouj^a of Rosta- fiuski's monograph, and Physarella viirabilis Peck.
V. CYTIDIUM Morgan. Gen. nov. Sporangium globose or rarely ellipsoidal, stipitate ; the wall a thin membrane, wnth an external layer of minute granules of lime, rupturing irregularly. Stipe more or less elongated, tapering upward and entering the sporangium as a columella. Capillitium of slender tubules, arising from the columella, repeatedly branching and anastomosing to form a regular net-work, the extremities attached on all sides to the wall of the sporan- gium, the tubules containing at intervals nodules of lime. Spores globose, violaceous.
This genus is readily distinguished from Physarum bj' the columella, which gives origin to the capillitium ; this feature indicates a relationship to Didymiuvi and to Laviprodcrnia.
%\. EuCYTis. Sporangium globose, the columella not reaching its center.
I. Cytidium pulcherrimum B. & R. Sporangium globose, stipitate; the wall a thin lilac-tinted membrane, with a dense closely adherent layer of granules of lime, dark purple or wine-colored. Stipe long, erect, dark purple to purplish black, tapering upward and entering the sporangium as a slight obtuse columella. Capillitium of slender lilac tinted threads, forming a dense net-work of very small meshes, with slight expansion at the angles; the nodules of lime very small, numerous, dark purplish or vinose in color, ellipsoidal or obtusely angular. Spores globose, even, lilac, 7-9 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood. Sporangium .4-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe two or three times as long; the lime-nodules about the size of the spores. The purple stain, which the sporangia leave on white paper, is made by the granules of lime ; the
The Myxomyceles of the ISliami Valley, Ohio. 9
spores color the paper violet. Physariim pulcluyrimiivi B. & Rav., and P. atrorubnmi Peck.
2. Cytidium citrinum vSchum. Sporangium globose, the base slightly flattened or umbilicate, stipitate ; the wall a thin membrane, covered with small scales of lime, yellow or green- ish-yellow, breaking up and falling away at maturity. Stipe stout, erect, yellow, longitudinally rugulose, expanded at the base, tapering upward and entering the sporangium as a short obtusely conical columella. Capillitium of slender tubules, forming a dense net-work, with slight expansions at the angles; the lime-nodules numerous, roundish or ellipsoidal, variable in size, yellow\ Spores globose, nearh^ smooth, violaceous, 7-8 mic. in diameter.
Growing on bark, leaves, mosses, etc. Sporangium .5-.6 mm. in diameter, the stipe from once to twice this length. This, the typical species, I have not seen in this country, but forms with the sporangium lemon-yellow and grayish-yellow, with the stipe golden-yellow, connect it wath C. rtifipes. It is Physarum citrimim Schum. Diderma citrinum of Fries., S. M.
3. Cytidium rufipes A. & S. Sporangium globose, some- times a little depressed and the base umbilicate, stipitate ; the wall a thin membrane, covered with small scales of lime, golden-yellow to orange in color, breaking up at maturity and falling away. Stipe variable in length, slender, from orange or orange-red to dark red in color, sometimes blackish below, rising from a thin hypothallus, tapering upward and entering the sporangium as a short obtuse columella. Capilli- tium of slender tubules, forming a dense net-work of very small meshes, slightly expanded at the angles; the nodules of lime small, numerous, ellipsoidal or obtusely angular, orange to red in color. Spores globose, nearly smooth, viola- ceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood, mosses, etc. A very abundant species. Sporangium .5-.7 mm. in diameter, the stipe from once to twice as long. As here defined, the species includes Physarum aurautium var. rufipes A. & S., and Physarum aureum var. chrysopus Lev, which I am unable to keep sep- arate; the variation in size of the spores is not in correspond- ence with the variations in color of the sporangia. Physarum
9
lo Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
pulchripcs Peck, and Physarum pctcrsii B. & C, mostly belong here. The bright orange colors become dull or tawny with age and exposure to the weather.
4. Cytidiuim RAVENiaji B. & C. Sporangium globose, stipitate; the wall a thin pellucid membrane, covered with small scales of lime, from gray or drab to pale umber in color, breaking up at maturity and falling away. Stipe variable in length, concolorous with the sporangium or darker below, tapering upward and entering the sporangium as a short obtusely conical columella. Capillitium of tubules, forming a dense net-work of very small meshes, with slight expansions at the angles; the lime-nodules small, numerous, ellipsoidal or obtusely angular, gray or drab to pale umber in color. Spores globose, nearly even, pale violaceous, 7-9 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood, mosses, etc. Sporangium about .5 mm. in diameter, the stipe once to twice this length. The species as here described includes Didymium ravenelii B. & C, Physarum simile Rost., and Physarum murinum Lister.
5. Cytidium globuliferum Bull. vSporangium globose, the base sometimes flattened or slightly umbilicate, stipitate ; the wall a thin, pellucid membrane, covered with small scales of lime, white, cream-colored, or sometimes pinkish, breaking up and falling away at maturity. Stipe variable in length, white or smoky-white, usually darker below, rising from a thin hypothallus, tapering upward and entering the sporan- gium as a short obtuse or conical columella. Capillitium of slender tubules, forming a dense, persistent net-work of very small meshes, more or less expanded at the angles ; the nodules of lime variable in size, numerous, white, roundish, ellipsoidal or obtusely angular. Spores globose, nearly even, pale violaceous, 7-9 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood, bark, mosses, etc. A very common and abundant species. Sporangium .5-.6 mm. in diameter, the stipe from once to two or three times this length. The lime nodules in the capillitium are sometimes round and quite minute, then again they are large and obtusely angular ; the columella varies from verj^ short and conical to longer and more cylindric. Diderma globuliferum of Fries S. M.,
10
The Myxoniycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 1 1
P/iysanaii a/lu'rans Peck. The specimens with the columella well nigh obsolete, may be Tilmadochc columbina Rest.
6. CvTiDiUM MELLEUM B. & Br. Sporangium globose, stipitate or subsessile ; the wall a thin yellowish membrane, rugulose, covered by large irregular scales of lime, honey- color to golden-yellow, breaking up irregularly. Stipe short, sometimes verj^ short or nearly obsolete, snow-white, expand- ing at the base into a small white hypothallus, tapering up- ward and entering the sporangium as a short obtusely conical columella. Capillitium a loose net-work of delicate tubules with broad vesicular expansions containing much lime ; the nodules numerous, white or sometimes yellow, large, irregu- lar, lobed, and branched. Spores globose, nearly even, pale violaceous, 7-9 niic. in diameter.
Growing on old leaves, sticks, herbaceous stems, etc. ; not uncommon in this region. Sporangium .4-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe about the same length or much shorter. Didymhim mellcum B. & Br. Didymiiun chrysopeplmn B. & C. also be- longs here and not with C. citrinum.
§2. Rexiella. Sporangium ellipsoidal or pyriform, the columella prolonged nearly to the apex of the sporangium.
7. CvTiDiUM PENETRALE Rcx. Sporangium ellipsoidal or pyriform, stipitate; the wall a thin pellucid membrane, covered with small scales of lime, yellow-gray to greenish- 3^ellow, rupturing at maturity into two to four segments. Stipe long, slender, translucent, pale red to dark red in color, tapering upward, entering the sporangium and prolonged nearly to the apex as a slender columella. Capillitium of very slender tubules, radiating from numerous points of the columella, forming a delicate net-work of very small meshes, scarcely expanded at the angles; the nodules of lime small, not numerous, roundish or obtusely angled, white or yellow- ish. Spores globose, very minutely warted, pale violaceous, 5.5-6.5 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood. A rare and singular species. Sporangium .5-.7 mm. in height by .3-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe two or three times the height of the sporangium. There is an affinity between this species and the Physarclla. The obscure Tilmadoche hians Rost., may be the same as the present species. 1 1
12 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
VI. CRATERIUM Trent. Sporangium obovoid to cylin- dric, stipitate; the upper and usuallj^ greater part of the wall covered with granules of lime, the basal portion naked and more persistent. Stipe short or sometimes elongated, arising from a small circular hypothallus, longitudinally plicate, con- fluent above and similarly colored with the base of the sporangium. Capillitium of tubules, forming a loose net- work, bearing numerous large angular and irregular nodules of lime, which are often confluent along the axis of the sporangium into a pseudo-columella. Spores globose, minutely warted, violaceous.
In this genus the sporangium is commonly obovoid, with a naked base which is confluent with the stipe and similarly colored ; after dehiscence there is left behind the more per- sistent cyathiform portion standing on the substratum.
§1. Eu-Craterium. Sporangium at maturity dehiscent in a regular circumcissile manner, the apex falling away as a lid, leaving behind the more persistent cup-shaped portion.
I. Craterium minutum Leers. Sporangium cyathiform, stipitate ; the lid slightly^ convex, discrete from the first, usually depressed below the rim of the cup, falling away at maturity, and leaving a smooth, circular margin to the lower C)^athiform portion. The wall a thick, firm, yellow-brown membrane, the outer surface of the cup entirel}^ naked, smooth and shining, varying greatly in color from alutaceous or ochraceous to various shades of brown ; the lid usually whitened by a thin layer of granules of lime. Stipe short, erect or bent, and slightly curved at the apex, varying in color from rusty yellow to reddish brown, longitudinally plicate, arising from a small, circular hypothallus. Capil- litium of tubules forming a loose net-work, bearing large, irregular, white nodules of lime, which are sometimes con- fluent in the axis of the sporangium. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood, sticks, leaves, etc. Sporangium, to- gether wuth the stipe, .8-1.4 m^^^- iii height and .3-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe usuallj' shorter than the sporangium, sometimes equal to it in length, rarely longer. The latest authorities include the three species Craterhwi viilgare, C.
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The Myxoniycetes of the Miami I'alley, Ohio. 13
pyrifonne, and C. minutum of Rostafinski's monograph all in one species.
2. Craterium concinnum Rex. Sporangium usually minute, broadly funnel-shaped, stipitate ; operculum always more or less convex, rarel}- approaching a hemispherical shape, dehiscent in a regular circumscissile manner. The wall a thick, brownish membrane, externally smooth and variously colored, sometimes uniformly light or dark umber, sometimes dark brown below and brownish white above ; the operculum brownish white, darkest in the center. Stipe short, dark brown, longitudinally ridged. Capillitium of tubules form- ing a close-meshed net-work, bearing small rounded or slightly angular nodules of lime, ochre-brown in color. Spores globose, very minutely warted, brown, 9-10 mic. in diameter.
Growing usually upon chestnut-burs, and frequently asso- ciated with Lachnobulus globosus. Sporangium .5-8 mm. in height including the stipe and .2-.5 mm. in diameter at the top, the stipe equaling the sporangium in length. It is readily distinguished by its small nodules in the capillitium, which are invariably of a dull, brownish-ochre color.
3. Craterium rubescens Rex. Sporangium subcylin- dric or elongated cyathiform, stipitate ; the apex convex, at maturity separating by an irregular line in a circumcissile manner. The wall dark violet-red, smooth, except at the upper portion, which is slightly roughened by an external deposit of scattered lime-granules of a pale, lilac color. Stipe short, violet-black, wrinkled longitudinally. Capillitium of tubules forming a loose, irregular net-work, bearing large, violet-red nodules of lime which are often confluent in the axis of the sporangium. Spores globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 7-9 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood, leaves, etc. Sporangium .6-. 8 mm. in height including the stipe and .5-.6 mm. in diameter, the stipe one-half the height of the sporangium. The species is distinguished by the color, which exhibits some shade of red or violet-red in every part of its structure.
4. Craterium minimum B. & C. Sporangium cylindric or turbinate cylindric, stipitate ; the apex convex, separating in a regular circumcissile manner by a lid. The wall a thick.
14 Cincuniati Society of Nalural History.
yellow-brown membrane, most of the outer surface covered with minute, white granules of lime, the basal portion naked. Stipe very short, plicate, red-brown, arising from a small hypothallus. Capillitium of tubules forming a loose net-work bearing large, irregular, white nodules of lime, sometimes confluent in the axis of the sporangium. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 7-9 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old leaves, herbaceous stems, etc. Sporangium together with the stipe 1-1.5 mm. in height and .25-. 35 mm. in thickness, the stipe .2-.4 mm. in length. This is a com- mon species everywhere in the United States, and perfectly distinct from Cratcrhim convivale. It is Craterimn cyliiidriaini of Massee's monograph, according to Lister.
%2. CuPULARiA, L,ink. Sporangium irregularly dehiscent, breaking up and gradually falling away from the apex down- ward.
a. Stipe shorter than the sporangium.
5. Craterium CONVIVA1.E Batsch. Sporangium obovoid or oblong-obovoid, stipitate ; the wall hyaline, thin and fragile above, the lower portion a thickened and brownish membrane, the surface, usually most of it, covered with minute white granules of lime, the base naked and brown. Stipe very short, erect, red-brown, plicate, arising from a small hypothallus. Capillitium of tubules forming a dense net-work, bearing numerous large irregular white nodules of lime, which are often confluent in the axis of the sporangium. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old leaves, herbaceous stems, etc. Sporangium .6-1.0 mm. in height including the stipe and .3-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe much shorter than the sporangium. The thin apex breaks up into pieces and falls awaj', leaving some- times a regular cyattiiform portion, at other times the margin is broken and irregular. This is Craterium' leticocephalum of Rostafinski's monograph. The specimens of Physariim scyphoides C. & B. which I have seen appear to be a small form of this species.
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The Myxomycetes of the Ulianii Valley, Ohio. 15
6. Craterium aureum Schum. Sporangium obovoid to oblong obovoid, stipitate, the wall a thin and delicate mem- brane above, thicker and firmer below, hyaline or yellowish, almost entirely covered by a dense layer of granules of lime, varying from lemon-yellow to orange in color. Stipe short, erect, yellow to orange, brownish toward the base, longitudi- nally plicate, rising from a small hypothallus. Capillitium of slender tubules, forming a dense net-work, bearing numer- ous rather small irregular nodules of lime, yellow or some- times white in color, and often confluent along the axis of the sporangium. Spores globose, very minutely warte.d, dark violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old leaves, sticks, herbaceous stems, etc. Sporangium and stipe .7-1.0 mm. in height and .3-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe .2-.4 mm. long. The elongated form is the common one in this region. Crateruun mutabile Fr.
b. Stipe longer t/ian the sporangium.
7. Craterium nodulosum C. & B. Sporangium globose or obovoid, stipitate ; the greater part of the wall a thin hyaline membrane, easily breaking away, covered externally with large white scales and nodules of lime; the basal por- tion naked, thickened, and more persistent, red-brown and plicate. Stipe long, erect or inclined, plicate, red-brown, rising from a small h5^pothallus. Capillitium of tubules forming a loose net-work, containing a variable quantity of lime in the shape of long irregular white nodules, sometimes confluent, with pointed lobes and branchlets. Spores globose, very minutely warted, dark violaceous, 10-12 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood, bark, leaves, etc. Sporangium .5-.6 mm. in diameter, the stipe two or three times as long. It is Badhamia nodulosa C. & B., Journal of Mycology, Vol. V, p. 186. Ravenel's specimens are on Acacia bark. Mr. Webber sent me elegant specimens from Florida where, he sa3's, it grows commonly on the leaves and bark of the orange trees.
8. Craterium maydis Morgan, n. sp. Sporangium globose or obovoid, stipitate ; the upper part of the wall a yellowish membrane, thin and fragile, covered with large thick scales and nodules of lime, amber-colored to golden-
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yellow; the basal portion thicker and more persistent, naked and plicate, red-brown. Stipe red-brown, long, slender, pli- cate, rising from a small hj^pothallus. Capillitium of thick tubules, forming a net-work with wide expansions at the angles; the nodules of lime large, numerous, yellow, angu- larly lobed and branched. Spores globose, vei-y minutely warted, pale violaceous, 9-10 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old stalks of Zea mays. Sporangium with the stipe 1-1.5 mm. in height and ./^-.6 mm. in diameter, the stipe always longer than the sporangium. I find it in abundance on old stalks of Indian corn, but never on anything else.
VII. PHYSARUM Pers. Sporangium globose, depressed globose or irregular, stipitate or sessile; the wall a thin mem- brane, with an outer layer of minute roundish granules of lime, irregularly dehiscent. Stipe present or often wanting, never prolonged within the sporangium as a columella. Capillitium of slender tubules, forming an intricate net-work, the extremities attached on all sides to the wall of the spor- angium; the tubules more or less expanded at the angles of the net-work, and containing at varying intervals nodules of lime. Spores globose, violaceous.
Physarum is the central genus of the P/iysaracecr from which all the others are detached by characters which for the most part are unimportant.
§1. IvAPiDiUM. Ivime in the capillitium scanty; the nodules small, roundish, ellipsoidal or fusiform.
A. Sporangium stipitate.
a. Sporangia regular.
I. Physarum nutans Pers. Sporangium orbicular, very much depressed, the base concave or umbilicate, stipitate, cernuous; the wall a thin pellucid membrane, thickly covered with minute white or yellow roundish scales of lime, break- ing up into irregular fragments, which often remain attached to the capillitium. Stipe long, slender, tapering upward,
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The Myxoviycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 17
bent or curved at the apex, longitudinally rugulose, brown or blackish at the base, becoming paler upward and cinereous or whitish at the apex. Capillitium of very slender threads, rising from the base of the sporangium, forming a net-work with much elongated meshes, scarcely expanded at the angles ; the nodules of lime white or j^ellow, ellipsoidal or fusiform, often very small and few in number, sometimes rather large and numerous. Spores globose, very minutely warted, viola- ceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter.
Growing on wood, bark, mosses, etc. A very common species. Sporangium .4-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe 1-2 mm. in length, the lime-nodules commonly not thicker than the spores, but sometimes from once to twnce their diameter. Under this name I have included all the lenticular species of Persoon's Synopsis, PJiysaruin nutans, P. lutetim, P. viride and P. aureuvi. There is no difference in these species, except in the color of the granules of lime ; the form of the sporangium and the shape and color of the stipe are the same in all of them. No two authorities agree in the presentation of this species.
2. Physarum cupripes B. & R. Sporangium orbicular, much depressed, the base umbilicate, stipitate, cernuous; the greater part of the wall thin and delicate, with a scanty cov- ering of yellow granules of lime, becoming naked and then brassy and iridescent, after maturity soon disappearing; the low^er basal portion thicker and more persistent, with a layer of small yellow scales of lime. Stipe long, flexuous, bent at the apex, plicate, pale brown to ^-ellow-brown, darker toward the base. Capillitium of slender tubules, forming a dense persistent net-work, more or less expanded at the angles; the lime-nodules small, numerous, j-ellow, angular and fusiform, below often confluent. Spores globose, very minutely w^arted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood ; rare. Sporangium .4-. 5 mm. in diameter, the stipe two or three times this length. The lime nodules are found both on the sides and at the angles of the meshes, and are fusiform or angular accordingly ; the lime is scanty above, but in the lower part of the capillitium the nodules sometimes run together into lobed and branched forms. This is Physarum berkcleyi of Rostafinski's mono- graph. 17
i8 Cinciiitiati Society of Natural History.
3. Physarum obrusseum, B. &. C. sporangium globose, the base usually slightlj' flattened or umbilicate, stipitate and cernuous; the wall a thin, violaceous membrane, covered by small, roundish, white or yellow scales of lime, or sometimes naked, splitting irregularly from the apex downw'ard. Stipe long, slender, tapering upward, flexuous, bent or curved at the apex, yellow, yellow-brown, or pale brown. Capillitium of very slender tubules, forming a loose net-work, scarcely expanded at the angles ; the nodules of lime small, white or yellow, roundish or obtusely angular, few to numerous, rarely wanting. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter.
Grow'ing on old wood, bark, mosses, etc. Sporangium .2-. 4 mm. in diameter, the stipe 1-2 mm. in length, the lime nodules when abundant once to twice the diameter of the spores, when scanty verj- small. This, as I find it growing, is an extremely variable species ; I think its various forms and appearances cover such species as Didyvimm obrusseum B. & C; D. tenerrinmni B. & C; Physarum tenertim Rex, etc., etc.
4. Physarum nucleatum Rex. Sporangium globose, stipitate, erect or slightly nodding; the wall a thin, pellucid membrane, thickly covered with minute, white, roundish scales of lime, which are exceptionally sparse or absent, rup- turing irregularl5^ Stipe long, slender, yellowish-white, longitudinally rugulose, tapering upward, expanded at the base into a small hypothallus. Capillitium of very slender tubules, forming a delicate net-work of small meshes, scarcely expanded at the angles ; nodules of lime small, not numer- ous, roundish, white, usually concentrated into a large lump in the center of the sporangium. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 6-7 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old w^ood, bark, etc.; rare. Sporangium .4-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe two or three times as long, the lime-nodules about the size of the spores. The species much resembles some of the forms of P. obrusseum, but is to be distinguished by its central mass of lime and the small spores.
5. Physarum compactum Wingate. Sporangium de- pressed-globose, the base slightly umbilicate, stipitate, cernu-
The Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 19
ous ; the wall a thin, violaceous membrane, rugulose and iridescent, studded with large and thick, snow-white, roundish or elliptic scales of lime, at maturity splitting from the apex downward into several segments. Stipe long, rather weak, bent and flexuous, tapering upward, longitudinally rugulose, from snow-white to whitish-ochre and smoky-white, usually brownish at the base, and arising from a thin hypothallus. Capillitium a delicate net-work of very slender threads, with no expansions at the angles; the lime mostly concentrated in one large, snow-white nodule at the center, a few very small, roundish nodules scattered through the net-work. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 7-9 mic. in diam- eter.
Growing on old wood, mosses, etc.; a common species. Sporangium .4-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe two or three times this length. Tilmadoche compacta Wingate. It is doubtful if Tibnadoche cohimbina Rost. belongs to this spe- cies. According to Lister, Lepidoderma stellatimi Massee, is the same as this species, and if it be objected to the name that there is already a Physariim compactiivi Ehrenberg, it may have to be called Physarum stellatuvi.
b. Sporangium viorc or less irregular.
6. Physarum leucoph.^um Fr. Sporangium globose or depressed-globose, more or less irregular, the base never umbilicate, stipitate or subsessile; the wall a thin violaceous membrane, rugulose and iridescent, with a thin coat of small white scales and granules of lime, or sometimes nearly naked. Stipe variable in length, sometimes very short or quite obso- lete, occasionally a few of them confluent, wrinkled, and sul- cate, brown below, paler or whitish above. Capillitium a dense irregular net-work of slender tubules, more or less expanded at the angles ; the nodules of lime white, small, roundish, or angular, few and scattered. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood, bark, leaves, etc. The sporangium .5-. 7 mm. in diameter, the stipe about the same length, or shorter, and sometimes wanting. The lime on the wall and in the capillitium is never abundant and sometimes extremely
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20 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
scant^^ Rostafiuski's presentation of this species applies well to our specimens.
7. Phvsarum connhxum lyink. Sporangia subglobose, depressed, more or less irregular, sometimes confluent, slipi- tate, or subsessile; the wall a thin violaceous, or brownish membrane, rugulose, thickly covered with small white roundish scales of lime, which sometimes accumulate so as to make the surface rough and uneven. Stipe short, thick, rugulose, from snow white to smoky or sooty, especially toward the base, sometimes with a scanty calcareous hypo- thallus. Capillitium a loose net-work of tubules, much expanded at the angles; the nodules of lime small, white, rather numerous, ellipsoidal or fusiform, sometimes confluent and elongated. Spores irregularly globose, minutely' warted, dark violaceous, 9-1 1 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood and bark. Sporangium .6-1.0 mm. in diameter, the stipe usually shorter than the diameter, sometimes very short ; the lime-nodules about the thickness of the spores. This is a larger and rougher species than P. leiicophccwn, the sporangium is more often irregular and the spores darker colored. P. confluens and P. connexurn of I^ink.
8. Physarum compressum a. & S. Sporangium laterally compressed and much flattened, subreniform, stipitate or sub- sessile ; the wall a thin violaceous or brownish membrane, rugulose, thickly covered with small white roundish nodules of lime, similar to those in the capillitium. Stipe short, brown or blackish at least below, sometimes pallid or grayish above, longitudinally rugulose. Capillitium of slender tubules, forming a loose net-work; the nodules of lime small, white, very numerous, roundish or ellipsoidal, often confluent end to end. Spores irregularly globose or angular, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 11-14 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old stalks and leaves of Zea mays. Sporan- gium variable, .6-1.0 mm. in breadth, the stipe i mm. or less in length ; the lime-nodules about the thickness of the spores. According to Saccardo this species is the same as Physarum nephroedium Rost.
9. Physarum polycephalum Schw. Sporangia con- fluent into a subspheric gyrose-complicate head, composed of
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The Myxoinyccles of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 21
several to many laterally compressed, irregular, simple spo- rangia ; the wall a thin, pellucid membrane, covered by a thin layer of minute scales of lime, white to yellow or greenish- yellow. Stipes thin, flat, weak, and often prostrate, pale yellow, more or less connate, arising from a thin hypothallus. Capillitium of slender tubules forming a loose, irregular net- work, more or less expanded at the angles : the lime-nodules white or yellow, small, fusiform or by confluence elongated and sometimes branched. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old bark, w^ood, leaves, etc. The sporangia rarely simple, usually confluent into a head of from four or five to fifteen or twenty, and sometimes more, simple spo- rangia ; the stipes variable in length, long or short, rarely wanting. The gray form is Didymhan polymorphum Mont., the yellow-green form D. gyrocephaluvi Mont. Sprengel con- sidered this species the same as Physannn compact um Ehr., and it appears under this name in Schweinitz's North Af?/er- ican Fungi; but Fries, who had seen specimens of both, dis- posed of them differently.
10. Physarum didermoides Pers. Sporangia obovoid- oblong, stipitate, grownng close together on a white membran- aceous common hypothallus; the wall wath a thick, white, outer laj'er of lime, easily crumbling and falling away, leav- ing the sporangium dark gra}^ ; the inner membrane rather thick and firm, violaceous, with a closely adherent layer of granules of lime. Stipes very short, white, thin, and weak, each fornied by a bit of membrane arising from the hypo- thallus. Capillitium a loose net-work of slender threads, bear- ing numerous roundish or irregular white nodules of lime. Spores irregularly or angularly globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 12-15 VlVlZ. in diameter.
Growing on wood, leaves, grass, etc. Sporangia .6-1.2 mm. in length by .4-.6 mm. in thickness, the stipe shorter than the sporangia. Spumaria licheiiiformis Schw., belongs here. This is a truly abnormal species of Physarum, so much so that Fries, in the Summa Veg. Scand. placed it by itself in a separate genus, Claustria.
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22 Ciucitinati Society of Natural History.
B. Sporangia sessile.
11. Physarum CONFLUENS Pers. Plasmodiocarp roundish, oblong or elongated, and by confluence branched and reticu- late ; the wall a thin, violaceous membrane, rugulose, with a thin, closely adherent layer of minute granules of lime, over which are scattered small, white, roundish nodules, which sometimes accumulate into a thick, pulverulent coat. Capillitium a loose net-work of tubules, widel)^ expanded at the angles ; the nodules of lime small, white, very numerous, roundish or ellipsoidal, by confluence elongated and irregular. Spores irregularly globose, minutelj' warted, dark violaceous, 9-1 1 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood, bark, leaves, etc. Plasmodiocarp .4-.5 mm. in thickness, varying from roundish to much elongated, creeping and reticulate. The sporangium before dehiscence is gray, whence Link's name, Physarum griseiim; the loose pulverulent coating of lime easily falls away, leav- ing the sporangium dark colored, whence Rostafinski's name, Physariim lividum. The amount of lime on the wall and in the capillitium is variable.
12. Physarum luteolum Peck. Sporangia small, sub- globose, sessile, closely gregarious ; the wall a thin mem- brane, covered by a layer of small scales of lime, yellowish, inclining to tawny, in color, rupturing irregularly. Capil- litium of slender tubules, forming a dense net-work of small meshes, scarcely expanded at the angles ; the nodules of lime small, numerous, yellowish, roundish, or ellipsoidal. Spores globose, nearly smooth, violaceous, about 10 mic. in diameter.
Growing on living leaves .of Cormis canadciisis, Adiron- dack Mountains, New York. I have not seen a specimen of this Physarum, but from Professor Peck's description and figure it seems to be a unique species.
13. Physarum thejoteum Fr. Sporangia very small, sessile, on a thin membranaceous hypothallus, closely crowded together and more or less connate, subobovoid or oblong, irregular from mutual pressure ; the wall a thin violaceous membrane, closely covered with a thin layer of small irregu- lar scales of lime, tawny or ^-ellowish tawny in color, break- ing up irregularly about the apex. Capillitium a loose irregu-
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The Myxomycetes of the Miaini Valley, Ohio. 23
lar net-work of slender threads, more or less expanded at the ano^les; the lime nodules small, tawny or yellowish, not numerous, ellipsoidal or fusiform, by confluence elongated" and irregular. Spores globose, even, violaceous, 6-7 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood, mosses, etc. Sporangia .2-. 4 mm. in diameter at the apex, densely packed and their walls grown together, approaching the aethalioid structure ; the lime- nodules from one to two or three times the diameter of the spores in thickness. I have described my specimens, which are abundant, very carefully, and judge them to be referable to this species ; if so, they show that the species should be kept apart from Physarum virescens. Didynmwi nectriffforvie B, & C, is evidently this same species.
14. Physarum lateritium B. & R. Sporangia sessile, irregularly globose and gregarious, or by confluence more or less elongated and plasmodiocarp; the w^all a thin violaceous membrane, rugulose and iridescent, closely covered wdth small irregular scales of lime, from testaceous or brick-red to bright red in color. Capillitium a dense irregular net-work of tubules, much expanded at the angles; "the nodules of lime small, very numerous, roundish or angular, whitish or yellowish, sometimes tinged with red granules. Spores globose, very minutel}' warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood, sticks, leaves, etc. Sporangia .4-.6 mm. in diameter, by confluence sometimes much elongated; the lime-nodules two or three times the diameter of the spores in thickness. Didymiiim lateritium B. & R. Phy- sarum inequale Peck, is the same species.
§2. Saxella. Lime in the capillitium abundant, the nodules large, angular or irregular, with pointed lobes and branchlets.
A. Sporangia stipitate.
15. Physarum imitans Racib. Sporangium depressed- globose, the base flattened or umbilicate, stipitate, erect or cernuous ; the wall a thin violaceous membrane, with a
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24 Ciiicinuaii Socieiy of Naitira/ History.
closely adherent layer of minute granules, over which are scattered rather large, roundish or irregular white scales of lime, splitting from the apex downward into a few irregular segments. Stipe short, thick at the base and tapering upward, longitudinally rugulose, from gray to brown or blackish, especially below. Capillitium a loose irregular net- work of tubules, widely expanded at the angles ; the nodules of lime white, numerous, large, irregular, with pointed angles and lobes. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-9 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood, mosses, etc. Sporangium .4-. 5 mm. in diameter, the stipe about the same length or a little longer. The species superficially resembles the gray form of P/iy- sarum nutans, and quite likely is constantly overlooked on this account. Although I am not able to verify my reference, yet my specimens answer so well to the description of Raciborski that I am unwilling to invent a new name.
16. Physarum ornatum Peck. Sporangium globose or depressed-globose, stipitate ; the wall a thin yellowish mem- brane, covered with minute granules and small irregular scales of lime, yellow to orange in color. Stipe short, erect, blackish-brown, black at the base, longitudinally plicate, rising from a small hypothallus. Capillitium of tubules forming a rather dense net-work, with wide expansions at the angles; the nodules of lime large, numerous, yellow, irregular, sometimes confluently branched and reticulate. Spores globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 10-12 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood, bark, mosses, etc. Sporangium about .5 mm. in diameter, the stipe about the same length or shorter. Physarum oblatum McBride, can not be distin-- guished from this. Specimens of this species in the herbar- ium of Schweinitz are labeled Pliysarxan snlphnre^ini ; this is without doubt a mistake.
17. Physarum gravidum Morgan, n. sp. Sporangium depressed-globose, the base umbilicate, stipitate ; the wall a thin, violaceous membrane, brownish at the base, with a thiii coat of small, white scales and minute granules of lime. Stipe long, erect, brown or reddish-brown, darker below, tapering
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The Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 25
upward, expanding at the base into a small hypothallus. Capillitium of slender tubules forming a loose network, more or less expanded at the angles and for the most part filled with lime ; the nodules white, slender, much elongated and branched, with pointed lobes and branchlets. Spores globose, very minutely warted, dark violaceous, 11-13 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old stalks of Zea mays. Sporangium .5-.6 mm. in diameter, the stipe about twice this length. The lower part of the capillitium is sometimes entirely filled with lime, so that the species approaches Badhamia in the structure of its capillitium.
18. Physarum leucopus Link. Sporangium globose, the base slightly flattened, stipitate ; the wall a thin, violaceous membrane, with a white, pulverulent outer coat of minute granules, of lime. Stipe short, thick, erect, snow-white, longi- tudinally rugulose, tapering upward, expanding at the base into small, white hypothallus. Capillitium a loose net-work of tubules, with wide expansions at the angles ; the nodules of lime large, white, numerous, irregularly lobed and branched. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood, leaves, etc. Sporangium .3-.4 mm. in diameter, the stipe about the same length as the diameter. Our specimens are a smaller form than the European, with smaller and smoother spores. Superficially the species re- sembles Didymmm squamidosiDti, and it is Didyniiiaii leucopus of Fries, S. M.
19. Physarum glaucum Phillips. Sporangium globose, or the base slightly depressed, stipitate ; the wall a thin, viola- ceous membrane, covered with minute, white granules and small roundish or irregular scales of lime. Stipe short, stout, erect, black, longitudinally wrinkled, expanding at the base into a small hypothallus. Capillitium of much-flattened tubules, forming a loose net-work, widely expanded at the angles ; the nodules of lime numerous, large, white, irreg- ular, with pointed angles and lobes. Spores globose, very minutely warted, dark violaceous, 12-14 ™ic. in diameter.
Growing on old leaves : California. Sporangium .<^-.-, mm.
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26 Ciuciinia/i Society of Natural History.
in diameter, the stipe not lonp^er than the diameter. This is quite a robust species, both externally and in the broad, flat tubules of the capillitium.
20. Physarum relatum Morgan, n. sp. Sporangium globose, the base umbilicate, stipitate, often cernuous ; the wall a thin, violaceous membrane, rugulose and iridescent, covered with small, roundish or irregular white scales of lime. Stipe long, erect or inclined, rising from a thin hypo- thallus, tapering upward, white or cream color to ochraceous. Capillitium a dense net-work of tubules, more or less ex- panded at the angles, and almost entirely filled with white granules of lime, leaving only here and there short, slender empty spaces. Spores globose, nearly smooth, violaceous, 8-9 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood. Sporangium .5-. 6 mm. in diameter, the stipe about twice this length. The capillitium is rigid, with the abundance of lime almost as in the genus Badhamia. Superficially the species much resembles Cytidhmi globu- liferuni or Physarum conipactum, but the disposition of the lime on the wall and in the capillitium is altogether different.
21. Physarum AURISCALPIUM Cke. Sporangia subglobose, depressed, substipitate; the wall a hyaline membrane with a thin, closely adherent layer of minute granules of lime, over which are scattered large, irregular, orange-red scales of lime. Stipe very short, sometimes almost obsolete. Capillitium of tubules forming a loose net-work, with widely expanded angles, and mostly filled with orange granules of lime, only here and there short, slender, empty spaces. Spores globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 11-13 mic. in diameter.
Growing on rotten wood ; South Carolina, Ravenel. Spo- rangia .6-.8 mm. in diameter, the stipe very short. Described in Anyials of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, June, 1877. So fine a species ought to be found again. Cooke's specimen was examined by Lister, Mycetozoa, p. 61.
B. Sporangia sessile.
22. Physarum plumbeum Fr. Sporangia small, globose or obovoid, sessile, on a narrow base, gregarious, sometimes close but seldom confluent; the wall a thin violaceous mem-
26
The Myxomycetes oj the Miami Valley, Ohio. 27
brane, with a ver}- thin layer of small white scales and minute granules of lime, sometimes naked. Capillitium a loose net-work of slender tubules, with slight expansions at the angles; the nodules of lime white, numerous, more or less elongated, irregularh^ lobed and branched. Spores globose, even, violaceous, 7-9 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old leaves, sticks, etc, Sporangia .3-4 mm. in diameter, quite regular in shape, attached by a narrow base, sometimes by a mere point, rarely confluent. The lime on the wall of the sporangium is rather scant)', sometimes alto- gether absent, and the nodules of lime in the capillitium are rather small. The species is figured hy Micheli N. P. G. Tab. 96, Fig. 9. It is named by Fries S. M., Ill, p. 142. It is figured again by De Bar}^ Die Mycetozocn, Tafel I.
23. Phvsarum atrum Schw. Sporangia sessile, sub- globose or oblong, by confluence, more or less elongated, bent or flexuous and branched; the wall a thin violaceous mem- brane, rugulose, covered by a wrinkled and reticulate layer of white granules of lime, which sometimes become thin or dis- appear. Capillitium a loose net-work of tubules, more or less expanded at the angles; the nodules of lime white, numerous, large, irregularly lobed and branched. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old leaves, bark, grasses, etc.; apparently the most common of these three cinereous species. Sporan- gia .3-.5 mm. in thickness, some of them roundish or oblong, others elongated to several millimeters. The sporangium is often elegantl}' reticulate as observed by Schweinitz even when the lime is quite scanty. In Saccardo's Syllogc Berlese changed the name to Physaruni retiadaiimi, but this is unnec- essary, as the Physarum atruDi of Fries is not a Myxomyces.
24. Physarum cinereum Batsch. Sporangia large, sub- globose, sessile, gregarious, sometimes close and confluent; the wall a thin violaceous membrane, with a closely adherent layer of minute granules, over which are scattered irregu- lar white scales of lime. Capillitium of tubules forming a loose net-work, with wide expansions at the angles ; the nodules of lime numerous, white, very large, with pointed angles and lobes, by confluence often branched and reticulate,
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28 Ciucituuxti Society of Natural History.
and occasionally forming a pseudo-columella in the center of the sporangium. Spores globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 10-13 "^ic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood, leaves, etc. The sporangia .4-. 6 mm. in diameter, more or less irregular. The great abund- ance of lime in the capillitium and the large distinctly warted spores distinguish this species. P/iysarjini cineretwi of Per- soon's Synopsis, Didyinium cinercKni of Fries' Sjsioiia. The only American specimens I have of this species are from Iowa {McBridc) and from Nebraska { Webber).
25. Phvsarum virescens Ditm. Sporangia large, sub- globose, irregular and unequal, sessile, gregarious, sometimes crowded, but not often confluent ; the wall a thin membrane, violaceous, or in places 3'ellowish, with a dense layer of yellow or greenish - yellow scales and granules of lime. Capillitium a loose net-work of tubules, with wide expansions at the angles; the nodules of lime large, numerous, yellow or greenish-yellow, more or less elongated, lobed, and branched. Spores globose or somewhat irregular, very minutely warted, violaceous, 9-1 1 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old leaves, mosses, etc. Sporangia .5-. 8 mm. in diameter, occasionally by confluence more elongated. Though found in all parts of the country, the species seems rare. This is not the Physaruin virescens described by Rosta- finski.
26. Phvsarum rubiginosum Fr. Sporangia subglobose, sessile, gregarious; the wall a thin hyaline membrane, thickly covered with large irregular scales of lime, orange to red or dark red in color, breaking up irregularly. Capillitium of hyaline tubules, forming a loose irregular net-work, more or less expanded at the angles; the nodules of lime large, angu- lar, and irregular, sometimes confluent, orange to dark red in color. Spores globose, very minutely warted, dark violaceous, 9-1 1 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood, leaves, mosses, etc. Sporangia .6-.8 mm. in diameter. Physaritm fu/vuiii Fries S. M., Ill, p. 143. A rare species. It should not be confounded with Physarn77i lateritium.
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The Myxomyceles of the Miami Val/ey, Ohio. 29
27. Physarum serpula Morgan, ;/. )uv)i. Plasmodiocarp roundish or oblong to much elongated, bent, annular and flexuous, sometimes by confluence branched and reticulate ; the wall a firm yellowish membrane, with a thin, rough, closely adherent coat of granules of lime, dull ochre to lemon- yellow and orange in color. Capillitium a dense net-work of tubules, for the most part filled with lime, only here and there short, slender, empty spaces; the nodules large, numerous, white or yellow, angular and with pointed lobes and branch- lets. Spores globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 9-1 1 mic. in diameter.
Growing on leaves, bark, lichens, etc. Plasmodiocarp .3-. 4 mm. in thickness and of varying length. This species is in the herbarium of Schweinitz, at Philadelphia, with the name Physarjim reticidahim ; it is described by George Massee as Physarum gyrosum ; by Lister it is incorporated with several other species under Badhamia decipiens.
28. Physarum contextum Pers. Sporangia sessile and closely crowded together, roundish or more or less elongated, flexuous and complicate, the apex plane or impressed ; the wall a firm 5^ellowish membrane, covered hy a thick pulvera- ceous layer of lime, white, ochraceous or yellow, easily crumbling and breaking up. Capillitium a loose net-work of tubules, much expanded at the angles; the nodules of lime very large, white or yellow, numerous, angular, and irregular, by coufluence lobed and branched, sometimes massed together in the center of the sporangium. Spores globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 10-13 mic. in diameter.
Growing on bark, leaves, mosses, etc. Sporangia with a width of .3-. 5 mm. and varying in length from .5 mm. to i or 2 mm. The sporangia are often so much crowded as to.appear to be grown together. Diderma oc/iroleiutivi B. & C. belongs to this species. Physarum conglomeratum Fr. is a closelj' related species, with smaller and smoother spores. I have not met with this.
29. Physarum diderma Rost. Sporangia large, irregu- larly globose or oblong, sessile, but without a hypothallus, closely crowded together and sometimes confluent. The wall composed of two distinct and separate layers ; the outer a
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30 Citicinnaii Society of Natural History.
thick, uneven, crustaceoiis, snow-white layer of lime ; the inner a thin, violaceous membrane, cinereous from the adher- ent granules of lime, or free from them, and iridescent. Capil- litium of tubules forming a loose net-work, with wide expan- sions at the angles ; the nodules of lime numerous, snow- white, large, irregular, with pointed angles and lobes, some- times confluent in the center of the sporangium. Spores globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 9-10 mic. in diameter.
Growing on wood, bark, and mosses. Sporangia .8-1.0 mm. in diameter, more or less irregular. The wall of the sporan- gium is exactly like that of certain species of Didcniia. This species must be rare, as I have met with it but twice in ten years, and I am not aware that it has ever been found by any one else.
VIII. FULIGO Haller. Aethalium a compound plasmo- diocarp ; the component sporangia branching and anasto- mosing in every direction, complicate and grown together; the walls of the sporangia a thin membrane, coated with minute, roundish granules of lime. Capillitium of tubules forming a net-work of irregular meshes, more or less ex- panded at the angles, the tubules containing in greater or less abundance irregular nodules of lime. Spores globose or sometimes ellipsoidal, violaceous.
The genus is readily distinguished from Spumaria by the round granules of lime upon the walls of the sporangia.
^i. Aethai^ium T^iuk. Aethalia large; the lime in the capillitium scanty, the nodules small, ellipsoidal, or fusiform.
a. Aethalium with a thick fragile connnon cortex.
I. FuLiGO RUFA Pers. Plasmodium a large soft mass with a peculiar odor and golden-yellow in color. Aethalium very large, pulvinate, orbicular, elongated, or quite irregular, extremely friable, the surface tawny or ferruginous to ochra- ceous and whitish. The long narrow, sinuous sporangia closel)' compacted, entirely grown together and inseparable, covered by a thick common cortex, and seated on a much
30
The Myxomycetes of {he J\fia7)ii I'al/ey, Ohio. 31
thickened hypothallus ; walls of the sporangia a thin pellucid membrane, coated by a thin layer of white granules of lime. Capillitium of very slender tubules, extending across from wall to wall, sparingly branched and scarcely forming a net- work, not at all or only slightly expanded at the angles; the tubules for the most part empty, here and there with slight fusiform or elongated swellings containing granules of lime, occasionally bearing roundish or ellipsoidal nodules of larger size. Spores globose, nearly smooth, violaceous, 6-g mic. in diameter.
Growing on old trunks in woods in great abundance from early Spring to Winter. Aethalium 3-6 or sometimes many centimeters in extent and 1-2 cm. in thickness. The com- mon cortex and the hypothallus are a millimeter or more in thickness ; they are composed of successive layers of thin plates of membrane coated with granules of lime.
b. Aethaliiim naked, i. c, witJwiit a common cortex.
2. FuLiGO viOLACEA Pers. Plasmodium a soft effused mass, dark red or wine-colored. Aethalium large, pulvinate or effused, orbicular or more or less elongated and irregular, the surface minutely pitted and perforate, furnished with a scanty layer of lime, whitish or yellowish to brick-red in color, leaving naked purple and violet spots and patches, seated on a thin membranaceous brick-red hypothallus. Sporangia long, narrow, and sinuous, closely packed together ; the walls a thin violaceous membrane, rugulose and iridescent, with scattered granules, or nearly destitute of lime. Capilli- tium of slender violet tubules, forming a loose net-work, with slight expansions at the angles ; the tubules with numerous rather large vesicular expansions, ellipsoid or fusiform in shape, and scantily furnished with lime. Spores globose, nearly smooth, pale vinous, 6-8 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old trunks in woods ; not uncommon in this region. Aethalium 1-3 or more centimeters in extent, and 5-10 mm. in thickness. The vesicles of the capillitium vary from 15-30 or sometimes to 50 mic. in diameter, their inner surface is usually coated by a single laj'er of granules of lime, they are rarelj' filled with lime and sometimes are naked entirely ; when dry many of them are to be found collapsed.
32 Ciiicititiati Society of Natural History.
3. FuLiGO FLAVA Pers. Plasmodium effused lemon-yellow. Aethalium mostly effused, irregular, the surface reticulate, pitted and perforate, entirely naked, pale yellow to lemon- yellow and greenish-yellow, the hypothallus thin or scarcely evident. Sporangia laterally much compressed, flexuous, and gyrose, not everywhere grown together, but forming a dense reticulum ; the walls a thin, pellucid membrane, with a dense layer of lemon-yellow granules of lime. Capillitium of short and very slender tubules, sparingly branched and scarcely forming a net-work, not expanded at the angles; the tubules very scantily furnished with lime, in scattered, small, fusiform nodules, white or lemon -yellow. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 7-9 mic. in diameter.
Growing on mosses, old leaves, sticks, etc.; not common. Aethalia in irregular patches 2-4 cm. or more in extent, some- times almost reduced to a simple plasmodiocarp. This .spe- cies furnishes a clear notion of the structure of the aethalium in the other species, on account of the sporangia being but loosely compacted and not entirely grown together. The Fuligo vapor aria Pers., of the green-houses and gardens I have never seen ; the Mucor septicus Linn., was thought to be the plasmodium of this. Linngeus's description is simply ''Mucor unctiwsus flavusy
§2. Aethai^ioPvSIS Zopf. Aethalium small ; lime abund- ant in the capillitium, the nodules numerous and large, angu- lar and irregular.
4. Fuligo muscorum A. & S. Plasmodium effused, golden yellow. Aethalium small, subpulvinate, irregular, the surface furnished with scattered, irregular scales of lime, whitish or ochraceous to golden yellow in color, arising from a thin, white, membranaceous hypothallus. Sporangia closely packed and grown together; the walls a thin, violaceous membrane, rugulose, with a thin, closely adherent layer of granules of lime. Capillitium a loose net-work of tubules, widely expanded at the angles ; the tubules for the most part filled with lime, the nodules white or yellowish, numer- ous, very large, angular and irregular, sometimes confluent with pointed lobes and branchlets. Spores irregularly glo- bose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 9-1 1 mic. in diameter.
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The Myxoinycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 33
Growing on leaves, twigs, mosses, etc. Aethalium from 2 or 3 mm. to a centimeter or more in extent. I have a specimen of Fuligo sitiiulans Karsten, from Karsten himself; it is identical with my specimens of Fuligo ochracea Peck. There could be no better representation of these specimens made at that time than the description and figure of Fuligo muscorutn A. & S., in the Conspectus.
5. Fuligo cinerea Schw. Plasmodium milk - white, changing to cinereous. Aethalium effused, variable in extent, the surface rugulose and perforate, white, the hypothallus thin or scarcely evident. Sporangia variously contracted and grown together, forming a dense reticulum; the walls a thin pellucid membrane, with a thick white outer la3'er of granules of lime. Capillitium a loose net-work of tubules, widely expanded at the angles, the tubules for the most part filled with lime, the nodules white, numerous, very large, angular, and irregular, lobed and branched. Spores globose or oval, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 10-15 x io~i2 mic.
Growing on old leaves, herbaceous stems, etc. I find it most abundantly about the horse barn, upon the old straw and manure, sometimes running out onto the green herbage. Aethalium from a few millimeters to several centimeters in extent. Upon the testimony of Dr. Geo. A. Rex this is both Enteridiuvi cinereum and Lachnobolus ciiiereus of Schweinitz's North American Fungi as represented in his herbarium. It is Physarum ellipsosporuni of Rostafinski. It is no doubt also Aethaliopsis stercoriformis Zopf.
IX. BADHAMIA Berk. Sporangia large, subglobose or obovoid, sometimes depressed, substipitate or sessile; the wall a thin membrane, with an outer layer of minute roundish granules of lime, irregularlj' dehiscent. Stipe poorly devel- oped, sometimes a mere strip of the hypothallus, often want- ing. Capillitium of thick tubules, attached on all sides to the wall of the sporangium, combined into a net-work of large meshes, more or less expanded at the angles; the tubules containing minute roundish granules of lime through- out their whole extent. Spores large, subglobose, dark viola- ceous.
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34 Cincinnati Society of Natural Ilisiory.
The peculiar character of this genus is that the granules of lime are distributed along the whole interior of the tubules of the capillitiuni ; this makes the net-work rigid, and on this account a Srmer support for the wall of the sporangium.
1. Badhamia CAPSUMi'EKA Bull. Sporangia subglobose or obovoid, sessile, on a thin pallid or yellowish hypothallus, which sometimes sends out narrow bands or strings of mem- brane of variable length, bearing sporangia singly or in clusters. Wall of the sporangium a thin pellucid membrane, mostly even or somewhat rugulose and iridescent, coated by a very thin layer of white granules of lime. Capillitium of rather slender tubules, forming an open net-work of very large meshes, only slightly expanded at the angles ; the tubules coated within by a very thin laj^er of white granules of lime. Spores subglobose or obovoid, adhering together in clusters of six to twenty or more, distinctly warted on the outer exposed surface, dark violaceous, 10-13 ^lic. in diameter.
Growing on old bark, leaves, etc. Sporangia .8-1.4 mm. in diameter. Badhamia /lyalina and B. capsitlifera of Rosta- finski's monograph are here included together; he distin- guished the former by the "sporangia in clusters always exactly globose," a distinction first made by Chevallier; otherwise the characters are the same in both.
2. Badhamia utricularis Bull. Sporangia subglobose or obovoid, sessile, on a thin pallid or yellowish hypothallus, which often separates into narrow strips and strings of mem- brane of variable length, bearing the sporangia singly or in clusters. Wall of the sporangium a thin violaceous mem- brane, rugulose and iridescent, shining with purple, blue, and violet tints, with a thin layer of white granules of lime. Capillitium of thick tubules, forming an open net-work of large meshes, more or less expanded at the angle's, the tubules coated within by a thin layer of granules of lime. Spores subglobose. minutelj' warted, dark violaceous, 10-13 niic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood, bark, herbaceous stems, etc. Spo- rangia .5-1.0 mm. in diameter, usually growing in clusters, sometimes suspended by the strings of membrane. Rosta- finski's distinction between this and the preceding species in
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The Myxoinycetes of the iViatni I 'a I ley, Ohio. 35
regard to the spores holds good so far as my specimens are concerned. Bad/ia»/ia i)iag7ia Peck, I have never seen. George Massee inchides all four of these species in one com- posite species, which he names Badhamia varia.
3. Badhamia papaveracea B. & Rav. Sporangia sub- globose or obovoid, substipitate or sessile, growing close together; the wall a thin violaceous membrane, rugulose and iridescent, with a very thin coat of white granules of lime. Stipe very short, brown or blackish, sometimes reduced to merely a thickened blackish base to the sporangium. Capil- litium of thick tubules, forming an open net-work of large meshes, more or less expanded at the angles; the tubules with an inner lining of very minute white granules of lime. Spores adhering together in clusters of six to twenty, each spore subobovoid, the free portion more distinctly warted, 10-12 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood, bark, etc. Sporangia .6-1.0 mm. in diameter. Readily distinguished by its black base or black stipe and the elegant clusters of its spores, which stick together most persistently.
4. Badhamia orbiculata Rex. Sporangia much de- pressed, orbicular or somewhat irregular, umbilicate often both above and below, gregarious, sometimes growing close together and confluent, stipitate or sessile. The wall a thin pellucid membrane, with a thin layer of minute granules of lime, which are sometimes raised into small scales and fine ridges. Stipe verj' short, black, sometimes reduced to merely a blackish base to the sporangium. Capillitium of thick tubules, forming a scant}' irregular net-work, with wide expansions at the angles ; the tubules filled with white granules of lime. Spores subglobose, very minutely warted, dark violaceous, 12-15 ^ic. in diameter.
Growing on old bark, herbaceous stems, etc. Sporangia .4-.8 mm. in diameter, sometimes hy confluence larger. This species seems near Badhajnia verna Smfdt, but the latter everywhere is described as sessile, while in the former the short black stipe is nearly alwaj's distinguishable.
5. Badhamia affinis Rost. Sporangium hemispherical, or much depressed, the base flattened or umbilicate, stipitate,
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36 Ciiuiiniati Society of Natural History.
erect or often cernuous; the wall a thin pellucid membrane, coated with minute white granules of lime, which are fre- quently raised into scales and ridges. Stipe short, erect or bent at the apex, black, expanding at the base into a small hypothallus. Capillitium of thick tubules, forming an open net-work of large meshes, more or less expanded at the angles ; the tubules filled with white granules of lime. Spores subglobose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 14-18 mic. in diameter.
Growing on mosses and upon the bark of maple trunks. Sporangium .6-1.0 mm in diameter, the stipe about the same length. Rostafinski's description is based upon a specimen found in Chili, South America, by Bertero ; it is recorded in this country by Peck. I find it in some seasons quite abun- dant. The spores are very large, in some specimens averaging 17 mic.
6. Badhamia decipiens Curtis. Sporangia gregarious, sessile, globose, oval or oblong, by confluence sometimes more elongated ; the wall a somewhat thickened and firm yellow or yellow - brown membrane, covered with large, thick scales of lime, tawny to golden yellow or orange in color. Capillitium of thick tubules, forming an open net- work, more or less expanded at the angles; the tubules filled throughout with yellow granules of lime. Spores globose, ver}^ minutely warted, lilac, 10-12 mic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood and bark. Sporangia .6-1.0 mm. in length by .6-7 mm. in thickness. My specimens were deter- mined by Dr. George A. Rex by comparison" with a specimen from Curtis in the herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences. This species should not be confused with what we have described as Physarum serpii/a. Physanini chryso- trichum B. & C, is no doubt the same thing. Badhamia nitens Berk., which is also golden yellow, has not yet been found in this country ; it will readily be distinguished from the pres- ent species by its clustered spores.
7. Badhamia panicea Fr. Sporangia sessile, subglobose or oblong, more or less irregular, gregarious; the wall a thin, pellucid membrane, covered with large, irregular, very thick, white scales of lime. Capillitium of thick tubules, forming a
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The Myxotnycctes of the Miauii Valley, Ohio. 37
loose net-work of rather small meshes, with wide expansions at the angles ; the tubules filled with white granules of lime, sometimes confluent toward the base of the sporangium. Spores subglobose, very minutely warted, dark violaceous, 11-14 mic. in diameter.
Grownng on old w^ood, bark, leaves, etc. Sporangia .8-1.6 mm. in length, with a thickness of .7-1.0 mm. This species appears to be rare ; the only specimens known to me in this country I have from Professor Thos. A. Williams, oT South Dakota ; they are identical with European specimens received from Lister. Physariim paniceuni Fries, S. M., Ill, p. 141 ; it approaches Physarum cinereiun Batsch.
8. Badhami.\ lilacina Fr. Sporangia globose or obovoid, sessile or rarely substipitate, closely crowded together on a thin, brownish hypothallus; the wall a firm, hyaline mem- brane, with a thick, smooth, continuous outer-layer of lime, varying in color from gray- white or drab to lilac and flesh color. Capillitium of very thick tubules, forming a dense net-work of small meshes ; the tubules stufi"ed wath granules of lime, which are white or colored somewhat as those in the wall, often confluent in the center of the sporangium. Spores globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 11-14 mic. in diameter.
Growing on wood, leaves, mosses, etc. Sporangium .5-. 7 mm. in diameter. The outer crustaceous la3'er of lime on the wall crumbles and falls awa}^ as in some species of Diderma. The white form is Dider7na concinnum B. & C; the lilac or flesh-colored form \s, Physarum lilacinum of Fries, S. M., p. 141. I have seen it colored only white and drab. Under a high magnifying powder the sculpturing of the spores is seen to be peculiar.
X. SCYPHIUM Rost. Sporangium obovoid to oblong- obovoid, stipitate or subsessile ; the wall a thickened, brown- ish membrane, the surface entirely naked or only the upper portion covered with granules of lime, breaking up irregu- larly about the apex. Stipe variable in length, arising from a common hypothallus and prolonged within the sporangium as a columella. Capillitium of thick tubules, proceeding from numerous points of the columella and forming a dense net-
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38 Citicinnati Society of Natural History.
work ; the tubules filled with lime throughout their whole extent. Spores large, subglobose, dark reddish-brown.
This genus differs from Badliamia by the columella which gives origin to the capillitium. The sporangia in the species composing it, resemble those of Cratcriiini, and to this genus they are referred by Massee, but the capillitium is that of Bad/ianiia.
1. ScYPHiUM RUBiGiNOSUM Chev. Sporangia gregarious, obovoid, stipitate; the wall a thickened reddish-brown mem- brane, the upper part covered by a thin layer of white granules of lime, the lower basal portion naked, strongly venulose and more persistent. Stipe long, erect, reddish- brown, expanding at the base into a brown hypothallus, pro- longed within the sporangium to more than half its height as a columella. Capillitium of thick tubules, forming a dense net-work of small meshes ; the tubules stuffed with white granules of lime. Spores irregularly globose, minutely warted, dark reddish-brown, 12-15 t^^c. in diameter.
Growing on old wood, mosses, etc. Sporangia .6-. 8 mm. in height by .5-. 6 mm. in diameter, the stipe from once to twice the height of the sporangium. This is P/iysarum riibi^in- osum Chevallier, Flor dc Paris. It is also Crateriiim obova- tn))i Peck.
2. ScYPHiUM cuRTisii Berk. Sporangia oblong-obovoid, stipitate or subsessile, usually growing in clusters ; the wall a thick, firm, reddish-brown membrane, venulose and reticu- late, nearl}" destitute of lime. Stipes variable, commonly very short, sometimes confluent, arising from a brown hypo- thallus, prolonged within the sporangium to about half its height. Capillitium of thick tubules, forming a dense net- work of small meshes; the tubules stuffed with white granules of lime. Spores irregularly globose, minutely warted, dark reddish-brown, 12-15 ^ic. in diameter.
Growing on old wood, leaves, grass, etc. Sporangium .4-. 7 mm. in height by .3-.4 mm. in diameter, the stipe often reduced to a mere point or cushion on the hj'pothallus, and varj'ing thence to nearly the length of the sporangium. The sporangium is narrower than in the preceding species, and the brown wall is usuall}' without granules of lime. It is Didyniiuvi curtisii Berk. R.o.stafinski and Massee both pre- serve it distinct from 6". rubio-inosiim.
40 Ci'tcitDiafi Society of Xa/iiial History.
EXl'LAXATIOX OF PLATE I.
Fig. 4Q. — Angioridiutn sinuosum Bull. a. Plasmodiocarp X 5- f>. Capillitium and spores X 500.
Fig. 50. — Cienkowskia reticulata A. & S. a. Plasmodiocarp X 5- h. Piece of plasmodiocarp > 90. c. Capillitium and spores X 5oo-
Fig. 51. Leocarpus fragilis Dicks, a. Sporangia y 5. b. Cap- illitium and spores X( 500-
Fig. 52. — Leocarpus caespitosus Schvv. a. Sporangia X 5- b. Cap- illitium and spores X 500-
Fig- 53~Pliysarella oblonga B. & C. a. Sporangia X 5- b. Spo- rangia >, 90. c. Capillitium and spores X 500.
Fig. 54. — Cytidium penetrale Rex. a. Sporangia X 5- b. Spo- rangia and columella X 90. c. Capillitium and spores X 500
Fig- 55.— Cytidium globuliferum Bull. a. Sporangia X 5- b. Spo- rangia X 93- ^- Columella X 90 d. Capillitium and spores X 500.
40
if^c JoupiQal of hf^e Q\n. goc. Hahupal "Hi^tor^v-
Vol.. XIX, No. I.
Plate I.
Morgan on Myxomycetes.
42 Cincinnati Society of A'afura/ History.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
Fig. 56. — Craterium minimum V,. & C. a. Sporangia X 5- b. Spo- rangium with lid X 90. c. Capillitium and spores X 500.
Fig- 57- — Craterium maydis Morgan, a, Sporangia X 5- <^- Spo- rangium X 90. c. Capillitium and spores X 500.
Fig. 58. — Physarum obrusseum B. & C. a. Sporangia X 5- b. Spo- rangium X 90. c. Capillitium and spores X 500-
Fig- 59- — Physarum connexum Link. a. Sporangia X 5- b. Spo- rangium X 90- c. Capillitium and spores X 500.
Fig. 60. — Physarum polyceplialum Schw. a. Sporangia X 5. b. Sporangia X 90- <^- Capillitium and spores X 500.
Fig. 61. — Physarum lateritium B. & C. a. Sporangia X 5- b. Spo- rangia X 90. c. Capillitium and spores X 500-
Fig. 62. — Physarum imitans Racib. a. Sporangia X 5- b. Spo- rangium X 90. c. Capillitium and spores X 500-
Fig. 63. — Physarum relatum Morgan, a. Sporangia X 5- b. Spo- rangia X 90. One divested of the wall and showing the rigid capil- litium. c. Capillitium and spores X 5oo-
42
^[^e JoLir^f2al of tf^e &n. goc. yNahLiP5\l "Hi'^topv-
Vol. XIX, No. I.
Plate II.
Morgan on Myxomycetes.
44 Cincumati Society of Natural History.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IIL
Fig. 64. — Physarum glaucum Phillips, a. Sporangia X 5- b. Spo- rangium X 90. c. Capillitium and spores X 500.
Fig. 65. — Physarum serpula Morgan, a. Plasmodiocarp X 5- b. Piece of plasmodiocarp X 90. c. Capillitium and spores X 500.
Fig. 66. — Fuligo violacea Pers. a. Aethalium natural size. b. Capillitium and spores X 500.
Fig. 67. — Fuligo flava Pers. a. Portion of an aethalium X 5- b. Capillitium and spores X 500.
Fig. 68. — Fuligo cinerea Schw. a. Portion of aethalium X 5- b. Capillitium and spores X 50u.
Fig. 69. — Badhamia papaveracea B. & Rav. a. Sporangia X 5- b. Sporangium together with transverse section X 90- ^- Capillitium and spores X 90- d. Portion of capillitium with clustered spores X 500.
Fig. 70. — Badhamia affinis Rost. a. Sporangia X 5- b. Sporan- gia X 90, one with section showing capillitium. c. Capillitium and spores X 500-
Fig. 71. — Badhamia decipiens Curtis, a. Sporangia X 5- b. Spo- rangia X 90. c. Section of sporangium showing capillitium. d. Cap- illitium and spores X 500.
Fig. 72. — Scyphium rubiginosum Chev. a. Sporangia X 90- <^. Spo- rangia X 90. with section showing capillitium. c. Capillitium and spores X 500.
Fig- 73- — Scj'phium curtisii Berk. Sporangia X 5-
44
il^e Jour^iQal of hfye Q'm. goc. HahLipal +li<^(:0P2/.
Vol.. XIX, No. t.
Plate hi.
MORG.\N ON MYXOMYCETES.
Correct Position of the Aperture in Planorbis. 45
ARTICLE II. — ON THE CORRECT POSITION OF THE APERTURE IN PLANORBIS.
By Frank C. Baker, B. S.
In 1 88 1,* Dr. R. E. C. Stearns, in a somewhat exhaustive article, gave as his opinion that the shells of Planorbis were nearly all sinistral and not dextral, as most authors have described them. With a view to establishing this fact beyond a doubt for a number of the species, I set about the examina- tion of the material in the Chicago Academy of Science, with some very interesting results. As suggested hy Dr. Stearns in his paper (1. c, p. 96), I examined a large number of Planorbes by breaking away all the whorls save the two or three nuclear whorls. This was comparatively easy for the larger forms, but quite diflBcult for the smaller species. The result shows what a little time and patience will do in settling a disputed point of this kind. In almost every shell exam- ined, I was able to reduce the adult shell to a form much resembling a Physa with the apex cut off, the apical whorls above and the umbilicus below, the aperture, as in Physa, to the left hand. By reducing all the species to this condition, I was able to see with absolute certainty the position of the aperture. Many of the earlier authors, as Say, Reeve, G. B. Sowerby, Jr., etc., treated the group as sinistral, but most modern authors have considered it dextral, and so figured and described it. That the majority of them were wrong in so describing them, I trust I shall demonstrate in this com- munication.
Before entering upon a consideration of the diflferent species, it might be well to consider the relation of the shell to the animal, as well as some particular points in the shell itself. The shell is carried perpendicularly when the animal is in motion, thus presenting a right and left side. This fact
*Are the shells of Planorbis Dextral or Sinistral? Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil, p. 92, iSSi.
iVoL. XIX, No. I.J I Printed Acgust 23, 1S96.
46 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
caused several conchologists to describe the upper and lower surfaces as the right and left sides. A mollusk living in this manner would naturally acquire a discoidal shell, and the coils might not always be in the same plane. This is the case with Planorbis, for we often find examples of the same species which have the last one, two or three whorls either above or below the median peripheral line of the whorls. We find frequently that the apex and umbilicus are both more or less perforating. This results in this manner : when the shell is young the height is say one-eighth of an inch ; the next two turns raise the general height to one quarter, and the original apex is depressed below the level of the last whorl. This continues until the adult form is reached, when we have a species like ammon or trivolvis. I have known of cases where the apex and umbilicus were so close together that the apex finally became perforated, making a hole clear through the shell. The animal is essentially sinistral, the generative, respiratory, and excretory orifices being on the left side. The following species have been critically examined, and I believe the determinations can be depended upon:
Planorbis trivolvis Say. I reduced this species to one and a half whorls with results of a positive nature. The apical whorls were distinctly flat and regular, Planorbis tri- while the Umbilical region was . Adult lorm' deeply perforated. There is plaxorbis trivolvis,
. . ,. r Sav. Young speci-
no question concerning the sinistrality of men of 2^ whoris,
showing sinistral this species. character.
Planorbis Truncatus Miles, is decidedly sinistral, a fact which is at once apparent without the trouble of dissection. I am able to add two new localities to the original one at Sag- inaw Bay, Michigan ; these are. Miller's, Indiana, and North Branch of the Chicago River, near Bowmanville.
Planorbis campanulatus Say. This species is sinistral, though at first sight it is taken for dextral. It is only after the shell has been reduced to two or three whorls that the sinistral character is seen. The umbilicus is not deep in this species, as it is in trivolvis.
2
Correct Position of the Aperture in Planorbis. 47
Planorbis bicarinatl'S Say, is verj- difficult to decide upon from the adult shells, for the entire number of whorls may be counted on both sides. It was only by reducing the shells to two whorls that I was enabled to absolutely deter- mine its sinistral character. I was much astonished, also, to find that these dissected shells corresponded exactly to num- erous very small Planorbes which have puzzed me for some time. It is more than probable that all the young of Plan- orbis show distinctly their sinistral character.
Planorbis subcrenatus Cpr., is also sinistral, but is only seen to be such after dissection.
Planorbis glabratus Say. This is very closely allied to trivolvis, and, like that species, it is sinistral.
Planorbis ammon Gould, is sinistral, a fact easily ascer- tained by a close examination, even without the trouble of a dissection. By breaking away to the second whorl, the sinis- tral character is seen to be quite pronounced. The umbilical region is much indented.
Pl.anorbis corneus Lime, is sinistral.
Planorbis corpulentus Say, is sinistral, and, if I mis- take not, will prove to be a synonym, or at most a variety, of trivoh'is. The two species merge into one another, as may be seen by examining a large series of both.
Planorbis lentus Say. This species is sinistral, and is also very closely related to trivolvis. Its distribution, how- ever, is essentially southern.
Planorbis oregonensis Tryon is sinistral. The aper- ture is greatly deflected on the lower extremity, a fact which goes a great way toward placing it in the right position.
Planorbis exacutus Say, is dextral.
Planorbis parvus Say, is dextral.
It is very difficult to experiment with these small and fragile shells. Several specimens of exacutus I have been able to examine with some degree of success, but, as a rule, the results were not satisfactor}-. I am firmly convinced, however, that the tw^o species spoken of are dextral.
Segmentina armigera Say, is dextral. It will be seen from the above that the larger species of Planorbis are sinis-
3
4S Cincitniati Society of Natural History.
tral, while most of the smaller forms are dextral. In regard to the position of the genus, muclr has been said and written. By some authors it is considered nearly related to P/iysa, and by others to Limnaa. My observations have convinced me that the genus is closely related to both, its sinistral shell, as seen in dissected specimens, shows that it is closely related to P/iysa, while its dentition and jaw show it to be nearer Linuura. Planorbis has subquadrate teeth, which are bi- and tricuspid for the most part, save the marginals which are serrated. Physa, on the other hand, has a small central tooth and numerous comb-like lateral teeth. When a revision of the genus is made, all of the species should be subjected to an examination, similar to that which I have given the forms spoken of in this paper.
A New Variety of the Red-Spotted Triton. 49
ARTICLE III. — DIEMYCTYLUS VIRIDESCENS var. VITTATUS, A NEW VARIETY OF THE RED- SPOTTED TRITON.
By Professor H. Garman, Lexington, Ky.
With a series of black-bordered, longitudinal red lines, forming together a broken subdorsal stripe on each side. Pale greenish olive above, golden jellow below, the two colors terminating abruptl}^ where they meet on the sides ; every- where with round, black spots. Length, 70 mm.
Similar to the common northern variet}^ of D. viridescens, but averaging smaller, and to be distinguished at once by the broken subdorsal line. The line begins above the eye as small, round spots, those of the two sides sometimes diverg- ing from a median spot between the e^^es. Following the spots are a few short dashes on the posterior part of the head, which, in turn, are followed by lines varj-ing from 3 to 20 mm. in length and constituting the greater part of the length of the series. The series extends a little beyond the base of the hind leg, and is completed on the base of the tail b)' several small, round dots. In some examples the lines are bordered uniformly with black, but in others the black is dis- tributed as dots along the red lines, as if indicating the posi- tion of ocellate spots, which, by elongation and fusion, have formed the lines. The spots of an inferior series, present on each side between the bases of the legs, also show a tendency to elongation, and dashes of as much as 3 mm. long some- times occur among them. The black dots scattered every- where over the bod)' and its appendages vary in size and num- ber in different individuals. On the tail they are sometimes surrounded by a wide, nebulous, dusky border. A dusky band on each side of the head is always present, but varies much in brightness. Females are larger, lighter in general color, and the subdorsal lines have in them more frequent in- terruptions. The terrestrial stage (corresponding to the form
Jour. CiN. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX, No. 2. I Printed March 24, 1897.
so
Cinciunati Society of Natural History.
niiniatus of the common variet}') is reddish brown, lacks the membranous expansions of the tail, and has minutely gran- ulate skin. The single example of this form collected has the characteristic subdorsal lines less interrupted than usual. In the following list of measurements the length of the body is the distance from the tip of the snout to the posterior limit of the anal protuberance :
Length of body 30 mm.
32
■34 ■34 •34 •35 •35 •35 ■35 •36 •37 ■37 •37 •37 •38
Length of tail 27 mm.
31
••31 ••34 36.5 ..26
••35 •35 ..40 ••36 ••37 ••37 • .38 ••39 ••37
This triton occurs abundantly in shallow pools near Wil- mington, North Carolina. Numerous examples (including the
A New Variety of the Red-Spotted Triton. 51
material in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University) of the common variety from various localities, North and South, have been compared with the specimens from Wilmington, and while a good deal of variation in the size and number of the ocellate spots was noted, in none was there a tendency to the formation of lines. The specimens from Wilmington are, on the contrary, invariably lineate.
An examination of several stomachs of individuals taken July 28th showed them to be feeding on insects and crustace- ans. Of insects a Corisa, larvae of Culex, Chironomus, of Agrionina, and Libellulina were determined. With the ex- ception of a small Cambarus, the crustaceans all belonged to the groups Phyllopoda and Ostracoda. Desmid and fila- mentous algae noted had probably been taken accidentally with animal food.
Explanation of Figures.
A. D. viridescens, var. viridescens (aquatic form).
B. D. viridescens, var. vittatus (aquatic form).
C. D. viridescens, var. vittatus (terrestrial form).
Natural size. The scattered black spots not represented.
Some Notes on the Mammals of Ma )n moth Cave, k'y. 53
ARTICIvE IV.— SOME NOTES ON THE. MAMMALS OF MAMMOTH CAVE, KENTUCKY.
Bv SamueIv N. Rhoads, Philadelphia, Pa.
(The " notes," which con.stitute the body of this paper, were prepared by Mr. Rhoads for use in another place and publi- cation. But so little is known of the mammals of caverns, and the present impossibility of presenting this matter in the form originally intended have influenced the writer to present them through the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. It is but just to Mr. Rhoads to say that this disposition of his " notes " is wholly on the authority of the writer, for whom they were made. At some future time another contribution maj- be offered, which will be complete, for the fauna and flora of the great cavern. — R. Ellsicorth Call.)
Alleghany Cave Rat. Neotoma magistER Baird.
"Rat of the Blue Mountains: Bartram," in Kalm's Trav. (For- sters's ed.), 1771, pp. 47-48.
American Rat: Pennant, Hist. Quad., 1781, p. 441 (quotes Kalm).
Neotoma floridayia Baird : ;Mam. N. Amer., 1857, P- 489 (in part; name applied to New York specimens in National Museum).
Neotoma magister Baird : Mam. N. Amer., 1857, p. 498 (Rhoads' Reprint Ords' Zool., Sept., 1894, appx., p. 16; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Oct., 1894, pp. 213-221 ; ibid., 1896, p. 192).
Neotoma pennsylvanica Stone: (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1893, p. 16; Merriam, ibid., 1S94, p. 244.)
Geographic distribution. Alleghanian fauna, extending northeastward along the Blue Ridge to isolated localities in southern New York, eastern Massachusetts (?) and Connecti- cut (?), southward to Alabama, and west to Mammoth Cave, Kentuck3\
Habitat. Cliffs, caves, and rock ledges of the mountains, descending into the lowlands, where limestone caves afford it security.
Jour. CiN. 80c. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX, Xo. 2. I Printed M.\rch 24, 1897.
54 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
Habits. For a description of the lial)its of this animal in its Pennsylvania haunts, the reader is referred to my paper, above quoted, in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy.
My experience with the Cave Rat in Kentucky is confined to an unsuccessful attempt to capture them in Mammoth Cave during a visit there in April, 1895, in company with Professor R. E. Call. At that time I examined their rendez- vous and conversed with some of the guides concerning them. Subsequentl)^ I received alive an adult male specimen, and studied the habits of the animal in captivity for nearly a month before sacrificing its life to science. More recently an adult female in spirits was sent to me, and these have afforded all the necessary characters by which to fix the status of the rat of Mammoth Cave. Both these specimens were procured by Professor Call and forwarded by him to the Academy of Nat- ural Sciences for identification.
The only place where I noted evidences of this animal in Mammoth Cave was about a quarter of a mile from the en- trance, in the wide passageway known as The Main Cave.
Piles of loose stones line the sides of the cavern at this point, and along the foot of the arching walls are strewn the indescribable collection of materials with which this animal is sure to adorn and litter its by-ways. Among these were found the nuts and seeds of various trees and plants growing around the mouth of the cave, showing unmistakably the chief source of their food supply, and that they by no means confine their wanderings to the cave itself. I was unable to find the nests or remains of the rats, but the numberless nar- row passageways, stone heaps, and crevices undoubtedly con- cealed these from search as well as the live animals. Of their numbers it was impossible to get information. The guides rarely see them, and their haunts seem to be largel}' confined to the particular locality I have mentioned. No instance had come to their (the guides') notice of the rats building a nest openh' on the floor of the cave, as has been stated '■= to be the custom of the same species in the caves of Virginia.
One of the guides assured me that these rats were by no means confined to the cave, but could be found on the rocky
•"See Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1894, p. 220.
2
Some Notes on the Mauimals of Mammoth Cave, k'y. 55
cliffs on the opposite shores of Green River, a half mile dis- tant. There is no doubt that this Neotoma is likely to be found in any of the larger caves and more mountainous rocky elevations, which are so numerous in this and other parts of Kentucky. I did not find it, however, in similar situations, in Tennessee, west of the Great Smoky Mountains, but owing to its extremely local and apparently erratic distribution, it may have been overlooked.
The rat from Mammoth Cave, which I kept alive, was so precisely a duplicate, both in appearance and actions, of one I had previously studied and which came from Clinton County, Pennsylvania, that the thought of their being different species or races could not be entertained, and the examination ot their anatomy confirms such a negative view.
Any suspicion of blindness or deficient eyesight, such as is exemplified in some of the lower orders of animal life in the cave, can not attach to this mammal. As in all the more strictly nocturnal rodents, the eyes of this species are greatly developed ; nevertheless, they are able to make most intelli- gent use of them in broad daylight, if need be. My pet cave rat was very sleepy in the daytime, and if given the materials would quickly make a globular nest in which to hide. The favorite position of rest was on the side, coiled, with the nose resting on the abdomen and tail curled around the body. It . frequently would " sit on its head," as it were, by leaning for- ward and placing its nose near the root of the tail, that mem- ber acting as a sort of prop to prevent the animal from turn- ing a somersault in its sleep. Sometimes it would lie stretched out at full length on its side, the tail straight and the hind feet extended to their farthest limit. It invariably picked up objects with its teeth, though its fore feet were quite capable of the service, and the dexterity with which it would manip- ulate a nut with one or both paws was astonishing. In eating this kind of food it would quickly rasp a small hole, and, in- serting the long lower incisors, clip off pieces of the kernel and extract them with great adroitness through an opening less than a quarter of an inch in diameter. All kinds of vege- table and animal food were acceptable to it, but it seemed to prefer nuts and grain to anything else, though cabbage and apples were a favorite dessert, and it greatly enjoyed sharpen-
3
56 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
ing its teeth on candy toys. It was a great drinker, lapping water like a dog. In defending itself it would stand on its hind legs and strike with great force with the fore feet, at the same time laying hold on an object thrust toward it with great strength and forcing it toward a distant part of the cage. The odor of this animal, even under ordinary conditions of care, is almost suffocating, and far more mephitic than that of the Norway Rat. When investigating an object, the coarse and prominent whiskers of this rat are vibrated with astonishing rapidity, forming a sort of halo about the face because of their incessant motion. The function of these organs must be highlj' specialized in this Neotonia, and undoubtedly has to do with its subterranean habits. On no occasion did any of my caged rats utter a cry, save a sort of grunting squeak when they yawned forcibly.
General characters. Resembling those of the Norway Rat, Mus decumanus, in proportion, but distinguished by greater size, larger ears and eyes, thicker, shorter, and more hairy tail, white feet, darker pelage, and enormous whiskers. The skull of this animal is instantly recognizable from that of Miis decumanus by its great size, lack of supraorbital ridges, and the flat, prismatic-crowned, molar teeth. It is distin- guished from its southern ally, Neotoma floridana, by greater size, hairy, bicolored tail and grayer (less brown) color, and cranially by the relatively heavier dentition, smaller auditory bullae and heavier and blunter rostrum, flattened upper profile, and narrow postpalatal foramen.
Color. Above, uniform tawny, or buffy gray, lined with coarser black hairs, darkest along upper head and back, the buff predominating along the sides; becoming nearly pure along the line of separation from the white of under parts, and reaching down sides of neck to or across the fore breast. Feet from wrists and ankles, white; soles naked, heel hairy. Ears large, rounded, sparsely haired inside and out, a pencil of white hairs at their posterior bases. Upper tail as dark or darker than back, beneath white, like the whole of under parts. Whiskers reaching to or behind shoulders, coarse at base, but finely tapering and elastic, the smaller white, the coarser black, with white tips.
Cranial characters. Greatest length nearly twice the
Some Notes on the Mammals of 3Iammofh Cave, Ky. 57
zygomatic breadth; length of nasals nearly half the basilar length; greatest depth (occipital) about half the length of mandible. Posterior margin of palate acutely emarginate, nearly reaching a line connecting the hinder bases of in. 5. Pterj^goid fossa narrow and deep, the pterygoid processes much constricted and strongly produced posteriorly below the level of the audital bullae. Nasals scarcely reaching back to a line connecting the anterior angles of the orbits, and falling short of the premaxillaries in this respect. In yearling adults the molars are sharply angled ; lu. i having two small anterior and one large transverse median triangles and a posterior lateral loop ; m. 2 is similar with only a single anterior triangle ; )}i. j" has an anterior triangle and a deeply indented, almost circular, posterior loop. In very old examples these teeth change materially, becoming broader and much less angular, the tips of adjoining triangles and crescent sometimes joining in a continuous outer enamel wall, and the anterior triangle of ;;/. / resolving into an indented crescentine loop.
Measurements of male specimen, taken before immersion in spirits :
llillinieters. Total length 429
Tail vertebrae 190
MilHmeters.
Basilar length 48
Greatest breadth 27.5
Hind foot 42 | Interorbital constriction... 72
Height of ear from crown. . 24 I Length of nasals 22
Greatest breadth of ear. .. . 22.5 Length of mandibU- 32.5
Skull, total length 55 | Width of mandible 16
General remarks. The above measurements are of an old, adult, male rat, and are about the average of fully-grown speci- mens of this species. The only difference which seems to be constant to cave-dwelling specimens, as compared with those from more open cliffs and rocky ledges, is the less hairy and markedly unicolored tail. I find that two specimens in the Academy's collection from a cave in Wythe County, Virginia, correspond, in this particular, with those from Mammoth Cave. In all other respects, there are no constant peculiari- ties in the Kentucky animal which are not shared by Pennsyl- vania specimens.
For the benefit of those who are unable to look up the liter- ature to which references have been made, it may be stated
58 Cincinuali Society of Natural History.
that Professor Baird's name of Nrotoma Diaoistcr for this rat was originally applied to what he considered a fossil species, described from some lower maxillaries taken in a cave near Carlisle, PennsN-lvania. Similar remains were afterward found in other caves, but it was not till 1893 that Mr. Witmer Stone announced the discovery, of a living Neotoma in the South Mountain, not many miles distant from the Carlisle cavern which produced Baird's types. To this animal Mr. Stone gave the name Neotoma pcnnsylvanica. Not long after I made a comparison of the remains of the extinct (?) rat with Mr. Stone's types, and in " A Contribution to the Life History of the Alleghany Cave Rat " (1. c.) endeavored to show that the living and so-called "fossil" Neotomcc were specifically the same. In his Review of the Neotomyincc, (1. c.) Dr. Merriam considers them distinct, but Dr. J. A. Allen, in a recent paper, inclines to the belief that they are identical.
Eastern Deer Mouse. Peromyscus lEUCOPUS Rafinesque.
Musculus leucopiis Raf. Amer. Mon. Mag., Ill, 18 18, p. 446. Peromyscus teucopus Thomas. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XV, 1895, p. 192.
Geographic distribution. Carolinian fauna, from the Mis- sissippi River to the Atlantic, and from latitude 34° to the Great Lakes.
Habitat. Woodlands ; living in hollow^ logs and subter- ranean burrows, sometimes nesting in trees.
Habits. The White-footed or Deer Mouse is abundant in the vicinit}' of Mammoth Cave, where I caught a few during my brief sojourn. Two specimens were taken at the mouth of the cavern, and Professor Call sends me another secured in the cave itself. Of its habits in the cave I know nothing, but its only inducement to enter the place would be in search of such food as the rats scatter in their carnivals or for the insect life which abounds there. It can hardly be considered as more than a transient visitor to Mammoth Cave, as its choice i-5 the open woodlands, and in many respects it shows a more arboreal and less subterranean manner of life than any other of the known American Mnridcr.
6
Some Notes on the Maynnials of Maintnofh Cave, Ky. 59
Description. The status of this mouse is so well under- stood that it is not necessary to more than briefly allude to its several characters. As exemplified in the specimens above mentioned, the Deer Mouse of Central Kentucky may be con- cisely stated as a miniature of the Cave Rat— something over 6 inches long. In color, pattern and proportions it is the exact counterpart of the rat, but in color the dark, buffy gray of upper parts of that animal is a delicate, grayish fawn in the adult mouse. The specimen sent by Professor Call is an im- miture individual about two-thirds grown, and is in the lead- colored dress so characteristic of the young of this genus. The adults are above the average size of this species, and ap- pear more lightly colored than eastern specimens of leiicopus, but the skull and feet fix their identity with that species. The male measures 174 mm. in total length, the tail vertebrae 70, and the hind foot 21. The female is longer by 10 mm., owing largely to the greater length of tail, but its feet are of the same length as in the male.
Little Broicn Bat. Vespertilio lucifugus Le Conte.
Vespertilio lucifugus Le C. Cuv. An. Kingd., 1S31, appx. I, p. 431.
I'espertilio gryphus Fr. Cuv. Nouv. Ann. du Mus., 1832, p. 15.
H. Allen, Mon. Bats N. Amer., Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1S93, p. 75.
Geof^raphic distribution. Northern North America, from the Barren Grounds south to the Sonoran and Louisianian regions.
Habitat. Hollow trees, caves, and buildings by day, flying abroad at night in search of food.
Habits. This is, by far, the most common form of bat found in Mammoth Cave — indeed, more than 90 per cent of those I saw appeared to be of this species. In the " Bat Chamber," during the 1 is^ week in April, there were at least two thousand at one time. They seemed to prefer the higher ledges of the dome, hanging in long, interrupted, single or triple rows, or in other places, covering irregular patches so thickly as to blacken the walls. Among them appeared to be a larger spe- cies, which looked like Adelonycteris fiisca, but no specimens of these have come to hand. In a low, wide passageway (Lit- tle Bat Avenue), about one-fourth of a mile from the entrance
6o Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
to the cave, I found a cluster of little brown bats, which hung like a swarm of bees from a hollow space in the ceiling, just above the level of my head as I stood on the floor. The cir- cular space covered by them was about iS inches in diameter, and from this were suspended, head downard, nearly 150 bats in a compact, conical mass, several layers deep. How the underlying ones supported the remainder from their appar- ently insecure attachment to the limestone I could not under- stand any better than the fact that they were not smothered by the embraces of their uncanny companions.
An exploration of the cave at night failed to show a marked decrease in the numbers of the bats remaining there, although several species were flying abroad at that time, and when we remember that the temperature of the cave remains almost sta- tionary throughout the year, it is not improbable that many of these bats continue torpid for indefinite periods, which have no direct connection with seasonal changes, but are largely dependent on the irregular recurrence of hunger. In this re- spect cave-dwelling bats must differ greatly from those whose habitat is arboreal, and which are therefore subjected to con- tinual variations of temperature and the consequent activity or repose induced thereby.
Description. This small bat may be known from other of our eastern species by small size, coupled with the dark brown fur and uniformly blackish wings. The tragus is long, pointed and directed backward. The wing membrane ex- tends to* the base of the toes. There are two small unicuspid, upper incisors of equal size, separated by a slight diastema from the canine. Just behind the canine is a small premolar, closely followed by a smaller one, and this by the large third premolar and the three molars. Ten specimens from the cave have been criticallj' examined, and are in the Philadel- phia Academy's collection. Three of these average, as fol- lows : Expanse of wings, 235 mm.; length of body and tail, 83 : tail vertebrae, 36 ; hind foot, 8; height of ear from crown, 1 1.
Georgia Bat. Vesperugo carolinensis Geoff. St. Hil.
Vespertilio carolinensis. Is. Geoff St. Hilaire. Ann. du Mus.,
i8o5, p. 193. Vespertilio georgianus. Fr. Cuv., Ann. du Mus., 1S32, p. 16.
Soine Azotes on the Mai?ii>ia/s of AfiDinitoth Cave, Ky. 6i
Geographic dis/ridiiiion. Carolinian and Austroriparian regions.
Habitat. Similar to that of the preceding species.
//aluts. The Georgia Bat was found only in isolated instances in parts of Mammoth Cave, and never closely asso- ciated either with its own species or with the Brown Bat. It was quickly distinguishable from the latter b}^ its much lighter color, and can be recognized by this feature at some distance even b}- torch light. I found some of this species in small caves in Tennessee, and Dr. H. Allen gives the measure- ments of one taken in Short Cave, Kentucky, in his recent Monograph.* Dr. Allen there states that " it is often found in collections associated with Vespertilio gryphns ( V. lucifugiis), but it is not known to be collected in the same locality' with this species," a view which my experience, not only in Ken- tucky, but in New Jersey also, proves untenable.
Description. Size equal to or greater than 1'. lucifugus. Color tawny or brownish graj-, wing membranes blackish, wing bones flesh colored. Anterior upper incisor bifid, larger than second. There is a diastema between upper incisors and canine, the latter closely followed by a rounded conical premolar which touches the large sectorial pm. 2, and the latter crowded upon m. i. Only one specimen from the cave is available. It measures in alar extent 225 millimeters ; the total length of tail and body is 80, of the tail 35, of the hind foot 8, and of the ear from crown 10.5.
The apparent absence of other species of bats, especiallj^ the large Brown Bat, A. fusca, and the Red Bat, A. borealis, from Mammoth Cave is unaccountable to me, as they abound in the region, and from their habit of roosting in attics and outhouses the cave would seem to present most suitable conditions. The Red Bat, however, is known to hide in trees during the day time in warm weather, and may reside in the cave only in winter.
•=Bull. Nat. Mus., No. 43, 1893, p. 127.
^n Odonate Nymph from a Thermal Spring. 63
ARTICLE v.— AN ODONATE NYMPH FROM A THERMAL SPRING.
By D. S. Keli.icott, Columbus, O.
I received recently, for study, from Dr. Josua Lindahl, four diagon-fly nymphs, obtained by him from Mr. Lloyd T. Steven- sou, of Chat, Cal., with the following data (condensed) : " Taken August 3d from a hot spring forty three miles west of Reno, Nev., in Lassen County, Cal. The elevation of the spring is about 4,600 feet ; it forms a pool forty- five feet long, ten wide, and an average of three deep, and has no outlet. At the western end, where the water issued from the rocks, the temperature was near the boiling point ; at the opposite end it was as low as bloodheat. No vegetation was noticed in the hotter part, but in the cooler, certain plants were grow- ing. The water is quite heavily charged with minerals.
" The smaller nymphs were taken in the hottest part of the pool, and the larger one in the cooler part. Ten or twelve nymphs were seen. The smaller ones soon died, as the water in which they were placed when collected cooled."
The presence of animal life in mineral springs of high tem- perature is a subject of deep interest to biologists, as the abil- ity to withstand such conditions raises many interesting ques- tions. While the references, at hand, regarding plants, mostly algse, in hot springs are numerous and definite, those made on animals in like situations are few, and among these I have found no allusion to adolescent dragon-flies in such waters.^ But the presence of these strictly carnivorous nymphs is of itself evidence that other animals were present, as it would not seem possible for these young to feed on their own kind from start to finish.
Of these larvae at hand for description one is nearly mature, while three are much smaller, having apparently passed about
* It is regretted that the exact temperature was not ascertained at the time and place of capture of these nymphs. Steps will doubtless yet be taken to secure this important fact for different parts of the pool.
Jour. Cin.Soc.Xat. Hist., Vol. XIX.No. 2. I Printed M.arch 24, 1S07.
64
Cincinnati Socic/y of Natural History.
half their moults. The former will be described and figured, and the latter compared as far as may appear necessary for clearness. The seven-jointed antennte, the three-jointed tarsi, the smooth, opposing edges of the lateral lobes of the labium, and the relatively short abdomen place this nymph, without question, among those of the Family Libellulidae.
The size is as follows: Total length, 15 mm.; of the abdo- men, 7 mm. ; width of abdomen, 6.5 mm. ; of the head, 5 mm. ; length of wing covers 7 mm.; of the extended labium, 7 mm. The general color is slightly olivaceous above, more or less mottled ; beneath whitish.
The head, seen from above, is subquadrangular ; vertex and posterior lateral angles rounded ; frons concave between the rather small, round eyes, and slightly convex at the union with the clypeus ; labium whitish ; the opposing edges of the lateral lobes smooth-bearing, chestnut seta^ ; antennae pale; joints 3, 6, and 7 are nearly equal, and as long as i and 2 to- gether ; 4 and 5 are shorter ; the covered-mouth parts are villous.
The front of the prothorax is vertical, and has a sulcus par- allel to its upper margin ; the latter is quite deeply bilobed. The legs are obscurely ringed, with darker shades.
The lateral margins of the abdomen are strongly produced ; thece are no dorsal hooks or lateral marginal spines ; the tenth ring is very short, 3 to 9 longer and equal. The abdominal appendages are about the length of 9 and 10 ; the superior middle one is shorter than the lower laterals, broad at base.
vVf, »<./.♦
\A^f/< J<\
Fl
>^
An Odonate Nymph froin a Thermal Spring. 65
and ends in a stout spine ; the superior laterals are shorter — seen fro n above, they are spine-like, with spinous apex dis curved ; the lower laterals are broad, with stout, decurved apex ; margins convex with rows of brown setae. The wing- covers reach the ninth abdominal ring.
The smaller specimens are much lighter in color and meas- ure 7 mm. in length ; the wing-covers are very rudimentary ; There are no other notable diflferences.
Figure i was drawn from the mature individual ; Figure 2 from the tip of the abdomen of a small one ; it shows the parts flattened by the compressorium, and the lateral appendages, more or less nearly from the side.
The type specimens are preserved in the Museum of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, being entered in the Accession Catalogue as Nos. 9315 and 9316.^/. L.
66 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
ARTICLE VI.— CATALOGUE OF THE ODONATA OF
OHIO.
Part III.
By D. S. KELLICOTT, Cor.UMBUS, O.
The former parts of the catalogue'^^ contained the names of eighty-six species. During the season of 1896 several addi- tions have been made to our known species, and this Part III is published to extend the list and to correct certain errors of identification in the preceding parts. The species, No. 86, which was referred, with doubt, to Dip/ax iimdida Hagen, proves not to be that insect and the name should be erased. Concerning the proposed variety, Goiuphus fraternns variety zcalshii, it may be said that a more complete series of fraterniis has been obtained, and it does not longer seem best to continue the varietal name. It is, therefore, withdrawn and G. lividiis, taken in 1895, but not hitherto identified, given its place, as follows :
77. Goinphiis lividus Selys.
One male taken at Sugar Grove, May 18, 1895. The one captured was resting with others in a roadwaj^ at a long dis- tance from permanent water.
The additions of 1896 are nine in number and are as follows :
(2) Agrionin.^.
86. Eiiallagma aspersinn Hagen.
Examples of this pretty and abundant species w^ere first taken by my associate, Jas. S. Hine, at Minerva Park, near Westerville, May 4th. It was abundant at Sandusky, July 30th, and at Wauseon, August 6th (Hine) ; one male was taken at Minerva Park, October loth.
"Journal Ciii. Soc. of Nat. Hist., Vols. XVII, p. 195, and XVIII, p, 105.
4
Calalogue of the Odouata of Ohio. 67
87. E)iallagi)ia douhledayi Selys.
Two males were captured by Mr. Hine at Minerva Park, May 4th. It has not been seen elsewhere in the State. The discovery of doubledayi in Central Ohio was quite unexpected, as it has not been reported previously from the interior. W. F. Kirby, in his Catalogue of the Odonata of the World, gives its habitat Florida and Cuba. Philip P. Calvert has reported it from one of the Elizabeth Islands.
(3) GOMPHIN/B.
88. Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis Walsh.
The first capture, a teneral male, was made by Mr. C. B. Steward on the State University Campus, May 5th. From the middle of May until the middle of June it was common, in company with G. fratcrnus and G. externus, flying above the swiftest water of the Olentangy River at Columbus or rest- ing on its gravelly banks, near rapids.
89. Gomphus qiiadricolor Walsh.
One female was taken May 20th by Mr. Ernest Scott on the grounds of the State University. Two males were subse- quently captured by the writer at Columbus. One was resting on a rock jutting out of swift water and one on the bank near by. It is an elegant and, apparently, not very active species.
90. Gomphus not at us Rambr.
Teneral males and females were taken at Sandusky, June 20th. It occurred about the sand dunes on Cedar Point (San- dusky), resting on coarse grasses, through July. None were seen ovipositing or fl) ing, except to escape from danger. Nymphs crawled up piles and walls in the harbor for their final change, which shows that they inhabited water of consid- erable depth.
91. Gomphus Sp.
One female taken by Jas. S. Hine at Wauseon, July ist. It appears to belong to the same group as G. notatus, but dif-
5
68 Cincinnati Society of A'atuial History.
fers from that species in coloration, form of the vulvar lam- ina, and in proportion of length of the abdomen and hind wing; it differs from .'r/>/y//r«r'/'.9 notably in having segments S and 9 equal. Length of abdomen, 42 mm. ; of hind wing,
3S mm.
(7) LlHELI-ULIN^.
92. TraiHca onusta Hagen.
Three males were taken in Minerva Park, May 7th. There is no apparent difference between these and those sent by Professor E. E. Bogue from Oklahoma.
Onusta is the third species added to our list from an artifi- cial lake in Minerva Park the first week in May. This lake had existed only since July, 1895; previously a mere rivulet flowed through the valley; this was dammed, and the rivulet and water pumped from Alum Creek, a mile away, filled the lake. Except the creek luentioned, there were no other per- manent bodies of water near. Various species of Odonates swarmed about the park in May. Their larvae could hardly have been carried in by the pumped stream, and it seems a fair inference that most of these nymphs matured in the lake, and that they require but one season to reach maturity.
93. Libelliila axilleiia (form incestcx) Hagen.
It was first taken by R. C. Osburn and E. B. Williamson at Sandusky, June 26th. The males were among the most abundant L,ibellulas during July around the marshes of the bay; the females, on the contrar}', were rareh^ seen. The behavior of this form and vibrans is quite different ; the males of the latter fly very little about the bordering herbage in search of the females ; instead the}^ sit for long periods on some dry twig or projecting stick awaiting the approach to water of the females for oviposition. On the contrary, the males of incest a patrol the marshes with strong and constant flight. The females of both forms rest most of the time at a distance from the water in the lea of some suitable shelter ; they repair at intervals to the water in order to oviposit, and then return to their perch.
6
Catalogue of the Odonata of Ohio. 69
94. Celithetnis v/isa Hagen.
The first captures were by E. B. Williamson and R. C. Os- burn at Sandusk\-, June 26th. This fine insect was common around the marshes until the end of July. Taken by Mr. Hine at Wauseon in August.
E/isa in flight and habits very much resembles C. eponina. It appears, however, to be the butt of odonate society for An ax, Libellula, and C. eponina are sure to pay it their disre- spects whenever they sp3^ it in passing; they are sure to make a dive for it and, as it appears, tear its gauzy wings; for it was not uncommon to see the males, otherwise in good condition, with the hind wings shredded.
NOTES.
1. The season of 1896 was somew^hat at variance with that usual in Ohio. The temperature remained constantly low until April loth, when summer conditions came suddenl)^ and continued almost without interruption until the usual time of summer heat. In consequence several species appeared weeks earlier than usual. At Columbus ten species were taken in April and nearly forty in May. Five is the highest number recorded for April in any previous year.
2. A dearth of Odonates was looked for this year on account of the prolonged drouths of 1894 and 1895. Such was not the case ; on the contrarj' , both species and indi- viduals were abundant everj'where that observations have been made. It seems to follow that the nj-mphs somehow are able to survive severe drought. Again, in more than one instance, species of Diplax were seen industriously oviposit- ing among the grass growing in the bed of a pond from which the water had long since disappeared. Perhaps eggs thus cast away may remain uninjured until the return of water.
3. It is well known that when the females of some species are held with the wings back to back they soon begin rapidly to extrude their eggs; this seems to be an instinctive effort to prevent their destruction, and doubtless often succeeds, for the eggs are undoubtedly fertilized and when they happen to fall into the water are saved.
70 Cincitinati Society of Natural History.
4. Cases of heterogeneous copulation have been recorded in previous numbers of the catalogue; the followitig may be added : Lcstcs disjuncia % with Lcstes vigilax 9 and Basicr- sc/ina Janata % with Tetragoieuria cynosrira 9-
5. Lcstes forcipata was flying in abundance at Columbus, April 24th. Lcstcs vigilax was exceedingly numerous from June to August in the marshes of Sandusky bay.
6. Anoiiia/agrioii Iiastatniii has been observed this year as follows : Columbus, from April 24th to September ; Wauseon, June 20th to August loth ; vSandusky, through July ; (jeorges- ville, September 2d. It, therefore, occurs throughout the State and is one of the earliest to appear, remaining until late.
7. Gomphus cxtcryius Selys (G. consobriims Walsh). Many males and three females were taken along the Olentangy River at Columbus in May and June. Its habits are similar to those oi fraternus with which it usually flies. The female has the occiput straight, not "rising in the middle in two con- fluent curves " (Walsh), nor is "the space between the lateral thoracic lines livid," but of the more usual greenish yellow hue; the vertical thorns are black and conical ; the posterior femora are either with or without external vittse, in this regard agreeing with the female oi f rater niis. It has been said that the latter has no vertical thorns, and that the females of extenais and fraternus may thus be separated ; this will not do, for the i&m.a.\<t fraternus has long slender, black or yellow vertical thorns; they are easily separated, however, by the differences in the occiput — fratermis with a spine in the middle of the border, cxternus having the same straight or slightly concave — cxternus is larger and the vitta on 9 is almost as conspicuous as in cxternus male.
8. Dronwgoniphus spoliatus. hitherto rare, has this year, been taken at Napoleon by Mr. Jas. S. Hine ; he found it abundant along the Miami Canal.
9. Mr. Hine captured one male of Macroniia tcoiiolata at Napoleon.
10. Mr. E. B. Williams took Pantala hymeneca at lyoramie Reservoir.
1 1 . Diplax corrxipia was abundant through July and August at Wanseon and Sandusky. It has been taken in numbers as far east as Buffalo, N. Y., by Mr. E. V. Van Duzee.
Catalogue of the OJonala of Ohio.
71
The table, commenced in Part II, giving a connected view of the present recorded distribution and the time of occur- rence, may be corrected and continued as follows :
|
Cat. No. |
Name. |
North. Ohio. |
€ent'l Ohio. |
South. Ohio. |
Early Sum. |
Mid Sum.- |
Late Sum. |
|
7 86 87 74 88 |
L. forcipata. . . E. aspersum . E. doubledayi. A. hastatum . . 0. rupinsulensis G.quadricolor G. lividus |
X X |
X X X X X X X |
'"x"' |
X X X X X X X |
X X |
"x" |
|
X |
X |
X |
|||||
|
89 77 90 91 83 92 93 94 |
|||||||
|
G. notatus. . . . Gomphus sp. . P. hvuiensea. . |
X X |
X |
|||||
|
"x"' X |
"x"' |
X "x'" |
|||||
|
X |
|||||||
|
T. onusta |
|||||||
|
L. incesta .... C. elisa |
X X |
X X |
|||||
On the Pulsations of the Moltuscan Heart. 73
ARTICLE VIL— ox THE PULSATIONS OF THE MOLLUSCAN HEART.
By Frank C. Baker, B. S., Chicago, Ihinois.
While dissecting suails for the radula, etc., my attention was attracted by the pulsations of the heart, seen through the thin shell, and the thought occurred to me to study this organ and record m}- observations. The following notes are the re- sult of such study.
Before entering upon a detailed account of the pulsations of the heart, it might be well to explain the position and charac- ter of the moUuscan heart. For the better understanding of the matter, we will divide the subject into two parts — I. Pele- cypoda ; 11. Gastropoda.
I. Pelecypoda.
The heart is an oval, transparent body and consists of a cen- tral ventricle and two lateral auricles, contained in the cavity of the pericardium. The ventricle gives rise to a dorsal an- terior aorta and a ventral posterior aorta, which lie above and below the intestine, the latter running longitudinally through the ventricle. The auricles receive the blood from the bases of the gills and drive it into the ventricle, from which it is driven through the arteries into spaces which diminish into irregular lacunse as the}" reach the viscera. The general course of the circulation is as follows : From the ventricle the blood makes its way hy the large veins into a venoiis sinus, which is a long chamber lying on the middle line of the floor of the pericardium, into which it opens by a single median aperture near the anterior end ; on either side of the venous sinus lie the renal organs (organs of Bojanus or nephridia) ; the blood passes from the venous sinus, through the glandular walls of the renal organs, right and left, into the lamellae of
fJouR. CiN.Soc. Nat. Hist., VoL.XIX, No. 2.) I Printed March 24, 1897.
74 Cincitnia/i Soric/y of Natural History.
the gills, and then through the bases of the gills into the auricles. The ventricle is suj^plied with lip-like valves, which prevent the blood from returning to the auricles. The blood corpuscles are colorless, and are aniccboid in shape.
II. (tASTROPODA.
The circulator}' system varies to some extent in the land and fresh-water forms, but is essentially as follows : The blood passes from the cavity of the foot into the opening of a large vein, and from other minor veins into this vein, and then passes into the branchial vein, and finally into the ven- tricle, and out of this into the arteries, to be again distributed over the body. There is a single ventricle and one or two auricles. When the latter is the case they surround the rec- tum, as in the Pelecypoda. In the Pulmonata the single auricle lies always in front of the ventricle, and the blood flows backward to the heart from the forepart of the animal. In the Opisthobranchiata this order is reversed. In the land shells the heart is situated on the left side of the animal, be- tween the liver and the kidney, and below the apex of the respiratory cavit)^ or " lung."
In recording the pulsations of the Pelecypoda, the writer extracted the animal from its shell by cutting the adductor muscles near their attachment to the shell, thus separating it from the animal without damaging the latter. When removed the pericardium could be plainly seen, near the umbones, and the heart to contract and expand. The contractions and ex- pansions appeared to be wave-like, causing the cavity of the pericardium to swell out considerably. In the Pulmonata the heart could be plainly seen just at the periphery (sometimes above it) and to the left of the aperture. The pulsations were always from right to left, and the auricle seemed to push the ventricle backward at every pulsation. When the shell is wet the observations are easier to make, the shell being more transparent in this condition. The pulsations are visibly affected by heat and cold and by excitement. During the hibernating season the pulse is much slower than at other times — in fact it nearly ceases.
On the Pulsations of the Molluscan Heart. 75
Register of Observations.
Anodonta grandis Sa}'. A half dozen individuals of this species were examined with some curious results. The first two specimens had what appeared to be double pulsation, which consisted first of a short, quick pulsation, followed immediately by a long, slow pulsation. Thirteen long and thirteen short throbs were counted, making a total of twenty- six pulsations to the minute. In the other four individuals fifteen regular beats were counted, and this is probably the normal pulse. It is quite likely that the specimens first examined were injured in being removed from the shell.
Anodonta edentula Say. A number of specimens of this species have been examined, and" the records are very con- stant. The pulsations were very regular, numbering ten to eleven per minute. In this species the heart could be seen beating for nearly half an hour after animal was removed from the shell.
Ajiodonta laciistris I^ea. The heart pulsations of this species are unusually regular. In a number of specimens examined the variation was but a single point, and that only in one specimen. The record gave 29-30 beats per minute, 29 being the specimen which was below the normal. The num- ber of pulsations is large for the genus.
Anjdjnfa ferussaciaua Lea. Pulsations 16 per minute, wnth no variation. All examinations made showed a wonderful degree of constancy.
Margaritana rugosa Barnes. This species is very slow and sluggish in its circulation. The pulsations were regular and slow, 13 per minute.
L'nio lutcohis Lam. The movements of the heart may be seen very plainlj- through the transparent walls of the peri- cardium. The contractions in this species are particularly wave-like. The pulsations are regular and number 16 per minute.
Unio gibbosiis Barnes. The pulsations number 20 per minute. Very regular.
Unio iindidatus Barnes. Pulsations regular, 11 per minute.
Unio iris Lea. Sometimes a double pulsation, a long one followed by a short one ; 14 per minute.
3
76 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
l^nio lachrymosHs Lea. Heart very active and regular; pulsations 31 to 33 per minute.
Unio piisttdosiis lyca. Pulsations regular, 23 per minute.
l')do vcntricosus Barnes. Pulsations regular, 17 to i<S per minute.
I ')iio parvus Barnes. Pulsations regular, 36 per minute. This is the largest number recorded for the genus I 'iiio.
I 'iiio spatiilatiis Lea. Pulsations regular, 16 per minute.
SphcrriiDii sfaiiii)ieii»i Conrad. Pulsations regular, 57 per minute. This number is unusually high for a pelecypod, but the animal is very active, which accounts for the high rate of pulse.
Selcnites concavus Say. The heart is situated 5 mm. from the edge of the aperture, and is plainly seen through the trans- parent shell, especially if it be moistened. The pulsations are very regular, but vary in number, being more numerous when the animal is stretched out as during locomotion, and few when the animal is contracted. From twenty observations the following data are taken, ranging from the lowest to the highest number: 50, 56, 72, 75, 78, 82. Temperature affects the heart's action, cold causing it to cease beating apparently, and heat causing it to beat very rapidly ; 50 is the normal when contracted and 82 when extended and active.
Vitrca arborea Say. Pulsations rapid and regular, varying from 100 (contracted) to 160 (expanded) per minute.
Vitrea nitida Miiller. Pulsations varying from loi to 138.
Vitrea ceUaria Miiller. The pulsations are regular when the animal is extended, but seem to be irregular and inter- rupted when the animal is contracted. The pulse varies from 46 to 84. When contracted the beats maj^ be represented by the following diagram, in which the dot represents the period of rest between the beats, and the dash the length of the beat :
Vitrea electrina Gould. Pulsations regular, varying from 95, when contracted, to 130 when extended.
Vitrea indeiitata Say. The pulsations in this species seem to be always high, the writer being able to record only 160 to 162 beats per minute.
4
On the Pulsalions of the Afoltuscati Heart. 77
Conidus fulvus Drap. Pulsations very rapid, and 148 to 150 per minute, regular. The heart is situated near the umbilicus.
Pyraniidiila alfeniata Say. The heart is situated 3 mm. from the junction of the peristome with the body whorl, and the pulsations are very regular. Fifteen experiments gave the following record of pulsations : 84, 82 (13 specimens gave these results, the animal being fully extended), 61, 50. The last two were from specimens contracted.
Pyrainidula striatella Anthony. Heart situated as in Vitrea arborea, pulsations regular, and number 87 to <^o per minute.
Polvgyra profunda Say. The heart in this species is plainly seen just below the largest brown band, and about 5 mm. from the aperture. An examination of a dozen specimens gave the following data: 70 (3 specimens), 65 (4 specimens) 62 (3 specimens), 58 (i specimen), and 56 (i specimen). When the animal was held tightly in the hand the record was 56-58; when the animal was extended the record was 65-70.
Polygyra thyroides Say. Heart situated near the upper part of the peristome with the body-whorl ; pulsation irregular (70-73) when contracted, regvilar (82) when extended.
Polygyra nwnodon fraterna Say. Pulsations regular, 98-100 per minute. Heart situated as in leaii.
Polygyra Icaii Ward. Heart situated between the tooth on the parietal wall and the junction of the upper part of the peristome with the body-wall, pulsations varying from 71 to 76 per minute (animal extended).
Polygyra hirsuta Say. Heart situated to the left of the cen- ter of the parietal tooth ; pulsations regular, 60 per minute (extended).
Polygyra clausa Say. Heart situated on a direct line, mid- way between umbilicus and junction of upper part of peris- tom with body-whorl ; pulsations regular, 88 per minute (ex- tended).
Polygyra pennsylvaiiica Green. Heart situated near junc- tion of peristome with body-wall ; pulsations regular, 85 (ex- tended).
Succinea obliqua Say. Heart situated midway between an- terior and posterior border of aperture; pulsations regular 69 per minute (extended).
5
jS Cincinnati Socicly of Natural History.
Succinca ova/is Gould. Heart situated as iu obliqua ; pul- sation 150 to 155 per minute (extended).
Sicccinea avara Say. Heart situated as in the two last spe- cies; pulsations regular, 130 per minute (extended).
Lhniura dcsidiosa Say. Heart situated near the umbilicus ; pulsations quick and regular, 155 per minute (animal active).
IJ))i)uca coliiDiclla Say. Heart as in dcsidiosa ; pulsations somewhat irregular, three or four being quick, followed by a pause; 53 to 60 per minute (animal active).
LivDura palustris Midler. Heart situated about two-thirds of the distance from the lower border of aperture, between upper and lower margins of aperture; pulsations regular, 81 per minute (animal active).
Limncca caperata Say. Heart as in dcsidiosa ; pulsations irregular, varying from 129 to 133 per minute (animal active).
Limncca stagnalis L^inne. Heart as in dcsidiosa; pulsations irregular, varj-ing from 37 to 48 per minute (animal active).
In the foregoing experiments 39 species have been exam- ined and several hundred specimens. The results are some- what curious. In some species there is a wonderful degree of constancy in the number of the beats, while in others they seem to be quite erratic. One law applies equally to all, that the more active the species the larger the number of pulsa- tions ; and also with the same species, when in a contracted condition the pulsations are fewer and more feeble than when extended and active. The pelecypods are all sluggish, and have a corresponding low pulse, while the majority of the gastropods are active and have a high rate of pulse. The average pulse of the Pelecypoda is 22 beats per minute, the lowest record being 10 and the highest 36 (an exception is found in Sphcerium stamineum, which has a record of 57 to the minute). In the Gastropoda the average is 98, the lowest 50, and the highest 162. It is quite probable that during the hibernating season the pulsations are reduced almost to noth- ing, in order not to use up the vital force of the animal. The writer has been unable to detect any movement of the heart when the mollusk is in this condition.
Note on the Flora of AfaDiiiioth Cave, Kentucky. 79
NOTE ON THE FLORA OF MAMMOTH CAVE, KENTUCKY.
By R. Ellsworth Call, Ph. D.
Very little is known of the plants which occur in this underground world, the animals hitherto having been chiefly- gathered and studied. During frequent visits for study of the cave and its fauna, opportunities were presented to me to make some casual notes on its flora, and these are here given in condensed form.
The plants are, of course, all cryptogams, and mostly microscopic. The molds and mildews are most commonly observed growing on the rejectamenta of lunches taken into the cave by visiting parties. Even with these forms, intro- duced thus and forming no part of a true subterranean flora, the list is a meager one. The list following contains all that have been noticed thus far.
Coprinus micaceous Bull. — Groups of this form have been taken
only in River Hall, near the Cascades, and at the boat landing. Fouies applanatus Pars. — In the Labyrinth. Attached to timbers
used in bridge construction, and probably introduced on them.
The forms, are, however, curiously modified, being cylindrical
in shape aud curiously contorted. Rhizoinorpha molinaris. — Abundant on old timbers in Mammoth
Dome. This form is common on old timbers in mines; some
foreign representatives are phosphorescent. Microascus longirostis Zukal. — Washington Hall. Zasmidium cellare Fr. — Top of Corkscrew. On old barrel head.
Probably introduced with the barrel. Mucor rnucedo Linneeus. Abundant in the labyrinth and on the
bridge over the Bottomless Pit. Also observed at Mary's Vine- yard and in River Hall. Gymnoasciis setosus Eidam. — Washington Hall. Sporotrichiini denstitn Link. — On dead bodies of crickets {Hadence-
cus subterraneus). Sporotrichiini flavi ssinium Link. — Washington Hall. On old bones
and refuse of lunches. Laboulbenia subterranea. — Found as a parasite on the little beetle,
AnophthahiiHS tellkampfii.
ijouR.CiN. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX, No. 2.) I Printed March 24, 1897.
So Cincinuati Sociely of Nalui al History.
Caniansia sp. undt. — Washington Hall. Papulospora sp. undt. — Washington Hall. Bouderia sp. undt. — Washington Hall.
Several of these forms occur in the greatest abinidance in certain portions of the cave, the region be3ond the rivers being the favored localities, because, probablj-, many spores are introduced with the lunches, and find congenial homes and abundant nourishment on the refuse. Mention should also be made of a small Peziza, which occurs on very old, water-soaked timbers in the Mammoth Dome. It still persists in presenting reddish coloration, notwithstanding that the forms at present found must represent a generation quite re- mote from the one originally introduced. The constant tem- perature of the cave (54° F.) is somewhat below that for the abundant prodtiction of most forms of lower fungi.
Of the forms which are here mentioned Coprinus micaceous, Rhizomorpha niolinaris, and Mucor muccdo are probably sub- terranean. With the exception of the first, all are common to mines, and apparently grow in them under practicalh' the same conditions as those which obtain in Mammoth Ca\ e.
Most of the forms are variously modified, if one might judge from the published descriptions, due, no doubt, to the changed environment. Certain forms, like the Sporotrichia, are sarcophytic. In damp localities in the cave these forms alwa3'S are to be found on the bodies of dead crickets. Their more proper reference, possibly, would be to the genus Isaria.
In certain localities the great white patches of Mucor vni- cedo are conspicuous both from their size and their great deli- cacy. Over the Bottomless Pit this fungus hangs down in long festoons of a feathery-white, cottony consistency, giving a most uncanny appearance to the half-deca3'ed woodwork. In other places it runs wild over the soil surrounding decay- ing timbers— a ver}' cloak of snowy whiteness. These two last named forms are the most conspicuous in the wastes of the cave, but are often passed by, mistaken for sheets of paper or balls of the same substance.
Ver}' little new is added in this brief note, but enough to disclose to botanists who may read it that much 3-et remains to be done in the underground regions of America. Charac- teristic plants are certain 3'et to be found.
2
Nofes on Radulce. Si
ARTICLE IX.— NOTES ON RADUL^. Bv Frank Collins Baker, Chicago, Illinois.
While preparing a report on the niollusks of the Chicago area, the writer examined the radulae of man}- hundred speci- mens, and figured and described many ribbons which were before unknown or but little known. It has been thought best, since the work just mentioned will be delayed some time before publication, that the new raduke, as well as notes upon others already known, be described and figured at the pres- ent time.
The radulae were all examined from fresh material, not alcoholic, the animals being killed by boiling water. The lingual ribbons were beautifully clear and transparent, and when stained with a 4 per cent solution of iodine the char- acters could be very plainly seen, the cusps standing out in relief against the base of attachment. The objective used gave 600 diameters for most of the radulae. The drawings were all made several times, and from several individuals, in order to be sure of each fact.
While observing the living snails in an aquarium the writer has been impressed by the curious manner in which Linnia-a, Planorbis, Pleiiroccra, Campdoina, etc., eat; the motion of the tongue is precisely that of a cat lapping milk, although the motion is not quite so rapid as in the latter animal. Land shells, on the contrary, seem to use the jaw for cutting a piece of lettuce (the article of food which the writer uses for snails in captivity), and the ribbon is pressed against the jaw and assists in cutting the lower part of the piece selected. In the fresh -water forms it is the ribbon and not the jaw (or jaws) which collects the food. This, of course, refers only to those species which habitually crawl over the glass sides of an aquarium (or over stones on the bottom) and not to the individuals which eat the leaves of aquatic plants, for they may use their jaws, as do the land snails.
(Jour. Cix. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX, No. 3.) i Printed Nov. 13. 1897.
82 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
Pupa coxtracta Say. Plate IV, A.
Ja-a' long and narrow, slightly arched, the end.s a little nar- rower than the central part and rounded ; convex margin smooth, concave margin notched, and anterior surface verti- cally striated (Fig. A, lo).
Radula formula ^[.^ -\- .% +,^ + 1 + 3^7 ( 1 1 - i - 1 1 ); central tooth with a base of attachment longer than wide, and with the lower outer angles expanded ; reflextion small, narrow, tricuspid; the central cusp rather long, wide, and blunt, the side cusps shorter and sharper ; lateral teeth with a wide base of attachment, expanded on the lower outer angle, the reflection narrow and bicuspid, the inner cusp verj^ long and wide, almost reaching the lower margin of the base of attach- ment, the outer cusp about half as long and rather sharply pointed ; marginal teeth low, wide, with from 3 to 7 cusps, the inner cusp being very large and sharply pointed, the others very short. The fifth marginal has 3 cusps, the sev- enth 5 cusps, and the ninth 7 cusps; all of the cusps have wall-developed cutting points. Several specimens have been examined, and all agree with the above description (Fig. A).
LiMNOPHYSA COLUMELLA vSay. Plate IV, I.
Jaivs three, the median (superior) elliptical, smooth, or only slightly striated, the lateral jaws irregular, finely striated; cutting-edges brownish black, shading into yellow^ish black toward the base of the cartilage (Fig. I).
Radida formula |A + 1. u_ | + 1 _^ | _|_ ^ _i. |A ( 33_ j _ 35).
central tooth very small, long, and narrow, the lower outer corners of the base of attachment ver}- much attenuated ; reflexion unicuspid, bluntly rounded ; lateral teeth with a quadrate base of attachment, the outer lower corner ex- panded; reflexion long and rather wide, reaching below the base of attachment, bicuspid, the inner cusp very large and long, the outer cusps small and sharp : the inner cusp has a peculiar shape, which is an indication of the third cusp of the transition teeth ; the tenth tooth is tricuspid, and is a transi- tion between the lateral and marginal teeth ; marginal teeth longer than wide, generally four-cuspid, the inner cusp placed
Notes OH Raduhe. 83
about midway of the reflexion, the other then placed at the distal end ; there are generally several small denticles on the upper inner edge of the reflexion ; the outer marginal have all the cusps placed at the distal end, and the margins are simple. The marginals vary greatly in the form and position of the cusps. All have decided cutting points. A number of specimens examined.
LiMxoPHvsA DESiDiosA Say. Plate IV, C.
Radula formula f^+l+^-j-i + ^-f f +-3A (46-1 -46) ; teeth similar to those of L. columella ; the marginal teeth are very variable; i to 7 are perfect laterals, bicuspid, 8 to 16 are transition teeth, tricuspid, with a large central cusp and two small side cusps, one on each side ; the marginals are at first modified transition teeth (17 to 20, but soon the tooth becomes long and narrow and the distal end becomes 3-4 cuspid and has several small denticles on the outer central margin of the reflexion (21-34) ; the outer marginals (35-46) are denticulated only at the distal ends. A number of specimens have been examined.
LiMNOPHYSA HUMILIS Say.
Radula formula if +|-f |+i +f+|+if (22- i - 22) ; teeth in all respects similar to those described above.
LiMxoPHVsA CAPERATA Say. Plate IV, B.
Radula formula f^-ht+t-fT+i+f-rf!- (32- i - 32) ; teeth as usual ; the 8-10 teeth are transitory and the 1 1 to 32 are all of the usual form of marginals; several teeth had the distal end broken up into two large cusps and several small cusps (14). A number of specimens were examined.
LiMN.^A CUBENSIS Pfeiffer.
Radula formula |f +|+i-f f +i+l+i+l+|f (30- i -30) ; teeth as usual ; the first four laterals are bifid, the next is trifid ; 5 to 7 are transitory and 8-30 are of the usual form of
.S4 Cinciniiali Socic/y of A'a/ura/ History.
marginal. The dentilioii is very similar to that of /. capcrota. A large number of specimen have been examined.
Limn, piiv.sa palustris Miiller. Plate IV, D.
Radnia formula |f -f | + « -f i -f- | -|- f _|_ |i_ (.^.j ,3^) .
teeth as usual; laterals bicuspid; transition teeth at fir.'-t like laterals, but tricuspid, the central cusp the largest (11), but soon (13) the inner cusps become more equal and the outer cusp smaller ; marginal teeth of the usual type. A single membrane (D) had the first lateral to the right of the central tooth with a bifid outer cusp. This was observed in all the first laterals of this membrane.
LiMNOPiivsA PALUSTRIS MiciiiGANKNSis Br} aut Walker. Radiila not differing from the typical form.
LiMNOPHYSA REFLEXA Say.
Radula formula |^ -[- § ~ V " 1 + ¥ - f "^ fr" (40-1-40); teeth similar to those of faiushis ; there is very little varia- tion in the form of the teeth in this species.
LiMNOPHYSA REFLEXA ATTENUATA Say.
Radjtla not essentially differing from typical rcflexa.
LiMN.-EA STAGNALIS Linne.
Radula formula ^ ~ -^ - '.:' -^ \ ^ '^ -^ -Ar^lf (46-1 -46) ; teeth as usual. The writer has examined several mem- branes of this species and the number of teeth vary from 46-1-46 to 54-1-54. Binney (L- «& Fr. W. Shells, p. 28) gives 40-1-40 and (p. 155) 47-1-47 teeth ; Bland and Binney (Amer. Journ. Conch, \"ol. VIII, p. 161) give 40-1-40. It is probable that the membrane having 54-1-54 teeth was abnormal. 46-1-46 is the number generally found.
Notes on Radulcr. 85
Heliso.aia tkivoi.vis Say. Plate I\', E.
Radjtia formula ^-^^ "'^ | -f- i — « — .^^l (19-1-19) ; central tooth with a base of attachment longer than wide, swollen and rounded on the lower half, reflexion broad, bicuspid, the cusps long and narrow, fang-like; lateral teeth with a quad- rate base of attachment and a large, square reflexion which is tricuspid, the center cusp being very wide and blunt and the side cusps long and narrow and directed outward ; inter- mediate teeth similar to laterals, but varying in the number and arrangement of the cusps; sometimes the change from laterals to marginals is abrupt, at others it is very gradual, and in some membranes there appear to be no two marginals alike ; the large, blunt central cusp in the lateral teeth be- comes a long and narrow cusp in the intermediate (transition) teeth and the side cusps become much larger, so that all three cusps are about equal ; in addition to this, the outer edge of the outer cusp develops several small denticles; marginal teeth long and narrow, with three small cusps at the distal end and several (3-4) small denticles on the outer edge. A number of specimens have been examined.
Helisoma truxcatus Say.
But a single specimen of this species has been examined and did not seem to differ from H. trivolvis. The formula was |x- + f + |-r2"-|-i-r| + H" (^^-i- 22). The specimen examined was a large example, characterized by the lattice- like sculpture peculiar to this species.
Helisoma bicarinatus Say. Plate IV, F.
Radiila formula f^-ff-rtH-i + H-|7-(3o-i- 30); cen- tral tooth as usual ; lateral teeth of usual shape, but reflex- ion with a large squarish central cusp, a large rounded inner cusp and a smaller outer cusp ; transition teeth (9) with three nearly equal, rather sharp cusps; marginal teeth, as in tri- volvis. The writer counted 136 rows of teeth.
86 Civcinuaii Socic/y of Natural History.
HiCLisoiMA CAiMPANULATiTs Say. Plate IV, G.
Radula ronnula -^ + f + -| + -1 + ^ + 1 + ^ (25 - i - 25 ) ; central tooth as usual ; lateral teeth with three very nearly equal cusps, the central cusp being a little longer than the others; transition teeth and marginal teeth as u.'-ual. The lateral teeth of this species differ considerably from those of trivohis, bicai-inatus, and tnnica/us, in having three nearly equal cusps. Several examinations have been made to verify this statement.
GvRAULUS PARVUS Sa}'. Plate IV, J.
Radula formula ^rg -r f + i + 1 + l^ (18-1-18); central tooth with a base of attachment longer than wide, produced at the lower outer corners, and excavated in the center of the lower margin ; reflexion bicuspid, the cusps short and wide ; lat- eral teeth with a subquadrate base of attachment, expanded at the lower outer corner, reflexion wide, tricuspid, the cen- tral cusp long and rather wide, the side cusp shorter ; mar- ginal teeth modified laterals in being low and very wide, the outer cusp splitting into 2-3-4 small cusps. A number of specimens have been examined, and there appears to be no variation worthy of mention.
Segmentina armigera Say. Plate V, A.
y?a^?</« formula f + + if 4- 4- + f + f- (18-1-18); central tooth with a long, narrow base of attachment, expanded on the lower outer corners ; reflexion wide, bicuspid ; lateral teeth wide, a trifle longer than wide, tricuspid, the center cusp long, wide and sharp, and the side cusps short and sharp ; marginal teeth at first similar to laterals, with the addition of a second, small outer cusp, but becoming wide and low toward the margin, and developing three small outer cusps. A large number of specimens have been examined.
Ancylus rivularis Say. Plate V, B.
Radula formula ^, + ^, + \ -\- r. + ^,(16-1-16); the cen- tral tooth is simple, as in Limua-a; the lateral teeth have a
6
Notes on Radulce. 87
base of attachment longer than wide, the lower outer angle expanded; the reflexion is very broad and bicuspid, the inner cuspbeing very large and semi-bifid, and the inner cusp is small and narrow, and there are two very small denticles on the edge of the upper part of the outer cusp; the fifth lateral is somewhat narrower, and the inner cusp is split to form a large central cusp, with a small side cusp on each side; the marginal teeth are very narrow, with a long, narrow re- flexion, which is distall}' tricuspid, the central cusp being the larger ; the outer edge of the reflexion is serrated by about five small denticles. The bifurcation of the inner cusp of the lateral teeth is difficult to see, but it has been distinctly observed on a number of teeth. The cutting points are very well developed, but are also difficult to see clearly. Ninety rows of teeth were counted, and in one individual 20-1-20 teeth were found.
Ancvlus T.\rdus Say.
The radula of this species does not seem to diflfer essen- tially from that of A. riindaris.
Phvsa heterostropha Say. Plate V, C.
Jaiv in one piece, arched, striated, provided with a central fibrous projection from the superior surface ; ends rounded (C,c).
Radula formula ff + -t + 2-5-7 + ¥ + ft (190-1-190) ; cen- tral tooth more or less quadrate, the lower outer corners being very much attenuated ; cusp attached at base, 9-quadrate, five dentals being long and narrow, and two on each side small and blunt; laterals on two alternate series, the first or primary teeth being large, obliquely inclined, comb-like, and 13-dentate, six denticles being long and pointed and seven short and wide. The secondary teeth are long and narrow, with a blunt cusp. These latter are very difficult to see, on account of their small size ; the central teeth are also difficult to make out. Mr. W. H. Dall gives a very good figure of the central tooth (Am. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., Vol. IX, pi. ii, figs. 8, 10), and a number of primary and secondar)- teeth. His
SS L'iitciiina/i Socic/y of A'aliiial History.
figures, however, do not show the peculiar aheruate arraiige- nient of the denticles on the primary teeth, nor the number of the same.
PlIYSA ANCILLARIA vSa}'.
The radula of this species is precisely like that of lictcio- slrop/ia.
Aplexa hvpnokum Linne. Plate V, D.
Radiila with a central tooth, as in P/iysa (?), excepting that the denticles are differently arranged, the central denticle being rather long, and having four shorter ones on either side; the base of attachment could not be made out ; lateral teeth serrated similar to those of P/ivsa, but the teeth equal in size and g-io in number, and rather long and pointed ; the base of attachment is very long and rounded at the extremity. The writer counted 78 teeth (39-1-39) in a single row, and 230 rows in one membrane. The upper part of the base of attach- ment supports a peculiar lateral appendage in the form of a long and narrow projection, which may represent the sec- ondary tooth in Physa. The dentition differs from Physa, principally in the form of the denticles on the primary teeth and in the absence (?) of the secondary teeth. The peculiar lateral appendage may be, as before remarked, a secondary tooth.
Pleurocera subulare Lea.
Ja-w elongately ovate, the surface covered with numerous small, rounded, or polygonal scales.
Radula formula tV + i + ^ + ^ + ^ + i + tV (3-1-3); central tooth with a low, wide base of attachment, the reflected portion 7-dentate, the central cusp very long, the side cusps very much shorter; intermediate tooth almost square, 5-den- tate, the inner cusp small, the next cusp very large, and the three other side cusps small ; lateral teeth more or less sole- shaped, longer than wide, the first 8 and the second 10 den- tate ; the outermost lateral flares a little at the upper part. In one membrane the writer counted 43 rows of teeth. The radula is verv similar to that of P. clcvatuvi.
Xoles on RaduUr. 89
Pleurockra klevatu.m Say. Plate V, V-,.
Jazvs as in s/ffi///arr.
Radula formula J^ + l + 4 + ^^ + | 4. | + _i_ (3-1-3); teeth generall}^ as in sicbulare ; the intermediate tooth has five outer cusps instead of three, as in subiilarc ; the inner lateral has 8 or 9 cusps, all large, and the outer layer has 1 1 small cusps. All of the teeth seemed to have well-developed cutting points.
Pleurocera elevatum lewisii Lea.
Radula in all respects like that of the type form. Lezcisii has no claims to specific rank, as the writer has seen many hundred specimens which show ever}- gradation, from forms almost smooth to strongly striated ones.
Elimia livescens Menke. Plate V, F.
Jaiv similar to those of Pleurocera elevatum and subularc (F, 4).
Radula formula iV ^ i + i + i + i + i + tV (3-1-3) : teeth in general similar to those of the Pleuroceridse, excepting that the central tooth has 4 small cusps on each side of the central cusp instead of 3 ; the intermediate tooth has a medium sized inner cusp, a very large, rounded cusp next, and three small, rather sharp outer side cusps ; the first lateral has 8 denticles and the second 10. The denticles are a little rounder in this species than in the family previously mentioned.
90 Cincinnati Society of Natural Iliatory.
EXPLANATION OK PLATE IV.
A. — Pupa coiitracta Say. c. Central tooth, i. First lateraL 7, 9, INIarginals. 10. Jaw.
H. — Litnnaea caperata Say. c. Central tooth, i. First lateral. 8, 10, Transition teeth. 12, 14, 15, INIargiiial teeth.
C. — Limnaea desidiosa Say. 17, Transition tooth. 21,22,24, Mar- ginal teeth. 35, Outer marginal.
D. — Lininsea palustris Miiller. Ahnorinal first lateral.
E. — Planorbis trivolvis Say. c. Central tooth. i, First lateral. 8, Transition tooth. 14, Marginal tooth.
F. — Planorbis bicarinatus Sa}\ i, First lateral. 9, Transition tooth. 12. Marginal tooth.
G. — Planorbis campanulatus Say. First lateral.
I. — Linmsea columella Say. Jaw.
J. — Planorbis parvus Sa}-. c. Central tooth. i, First lateral. 9,
Transition tooth. 10, 12, 13, Marginal teeth. All but A, 10 and I X 600.
'\l^ loLJPi^al of tf^e Cir2. goc. I^akipal 'fli^^opv-
VOT,. XIX. X(i
ri.ATi'. IV
9 10
(^^^mm\h\^
A
M
JH
^
Baker on Radtl.k.
92 Ciitciinnrti Sociciy of Xa/iira/ I listory.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.
A. — Segmentiiia aniiigera Say. c. Central tootli. i, I-'irst lateraL lo, Transition tooth, ii, 15, Marginal teeth.
B. — Ancj-lus rivularis Say. c. Central tooth, i, I'irst lateral. 5, Transition tooth. 9, 13, INIarginal teeth.
C. — Pbysa heterostropha Sa^^ c. Central tooth. 1, Principal tooth. 2, Secondary tooth. 3, Jaw.
D. — Aplexa hypnornm Linne. c. Central tooth (cusp), i, Lateral tooth.
E. — Pleurocera elevatum Say. c. Central tooth, i. Intermediate tooth. 2, 3, Lateral teeth.
V. — Elimnia livescens Menke. c. Central tooth, i, Intermediate tooth. 2, 3, Lateral teeth. 4, Jaw.
All but C, 3 and F, 4 X 600.
'\2 JoLiPQal of hf^e &\n. goc. HatiLipal 'fli<^4opy.
Vol.. XIX. No. V
Pi..rnc V
L\KKR (L-,- KAI.ri.l.
Devonian Rocks Exposed in I'iiinily of Rock Island, Ills. 93
ARTICLE X.— A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEC- TION OF DEVONIAN ROCKS EXPOSED IN THE VICINITY OF ROCK ISLAND, ILLS., WITH A STATEMENT OF THE NATURE OF ITS FISH REMAINS.
By J. A. Udden, Rock Island, Irxs.
A continuous section of the Devonian rocks exposed along the Mississippi River, where it crosses the east end of the Iowa area of this S3'stem, has not yet been published. I believe that the summary given below will prove to be nearh- correct. The description begins with the lowest bed and continues upward.
1. A very pure limestone, bluish-gray or white, mostly thin-bedded, often brecciated, without fossils, except in the lowermost ledges, where a small Spirifer and a minute coral occur, and in the uppermost la3-ers, where a single specimen of a cj-athophylloid coral has been observed. Thickness about 70 feet. This limestone was referred to the Upper Helder- berg by James Hall in 1858. The lower fossiliferous part appears to be the same as Prof. W. H. Norton's Otis beds. The greater part of these beds have by the latter author been called the Lower Davenport beds. Others have referred them to the Corniferous.
2. Three or four ledges of a strong, somewhat granular, thick-bedded limestone, with large cephalopods numerous corals and brachiopods and other fossils. Thickness about 7 feet. In part, the Hamilton limestone of Worthen ; the Gyroceras beds of Calvin and Barris; the L'pper Davenport beds of W. H. Norton. Referred by Barris to the Corniferous.
3. Three ledges of a finegrained, bluish limestone, sep- arated by seams of green shale, and containing brachiopods in profusion. Thickness, 6 feet. Referred by most older writers to the Hamilton age. The lower part of the Cedar Valley limestone of the Iowa geologists.
(Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX, No. 3.) 1 Printed Nov. 13, 1897.
94 Cinciunali Society of Natural History.
4. Slialy limestone, or calcareous shale, containing throughout a fauna, very much like that of the preceding member. Almost a crinoidal limestone in the upper part. Thickness somewhat variable, averaging perhaps 30 feet. The upper part of the Cedar Valley limestone of the Iowa Geologists.
5. A thin -bedded limestone, locally changing to a coral- breccia, or a shell-breccia, always containing in profusion such fossils 3.S Acervularia davidsoni,CysiipliyIlt>»> cnuericaiunn, Atrypa reticularis, and Spirifcr parryaiia. Thickness about 10 feet.
6. Thin-bedded limestone and greenish shale, generally containing Atliyris vitfata in abundance. Thickness from 2 to 3 feet.
7. Somewhat thick-bedded and rather soft blue limestone, weathering yellow. Thickness about 5 feet.
8. Thin-bedded limestone, with a nodular Stroviatopora, and with OrtJioccras more or less common. Thickness about 2 feet.
9. Massive and finely granular, somewhat arenaceous, blue (when thoroughly weathered, brown) limestone in mas- sive beds. Casts of corals and brachiopods. Thickness about 10 feet. Referred to the Chemung group by Hall, to the Kinderhook by Worthen, the Montpelier sandstone of Calvin.
10. A carbonaceous black seam of limestone, with a large Stromatopora. Thickness seldom more than one foot. Some- times absent.
11. A hard, coral-bearing limestone, usually much changed by weathering, originally bluish in color, but now mostly brown, and with casts of fossils. Thickness unknown, not over 10 feet.
12. A greenish or yellow shale with brachiopods. Thick- ness unknown, probably not over 5 feet.
13. A variable, occasionally brecciated, and often much weathered limestone, with corals and gasteropods. Thick- ness unknown.
The lithological character of the several beds changes somewhat horizontally, but the change is never very great. The appearance of the rocks in exposures is often considerably
Devonian Ichthyodorulite, Heteracanihiis uddeni. 95
modified by weathering, and this sometimes renders the rec- ognition of each bed difficult. There is a variable but gen- eral dip to the south and west, and a noticeable diminution in the thickness of the beds to the south.
Remains of fish are occasionally found in at least four of the beds described above. In No. 2 there is quite a variety of teeth of cestraciont sharks. Many of these teeth resemble the form described as Ptyctodus. From No. 3 a nearly entire armor of a placoid fish was found near Rock Island some j-ears ago. Two small pieces of the plates, or jaws, of these fishes have been found in No. 4, and a fin-spine-'- has also been taken from this bed. No. 9 contains teeth resembling those in No. 4. The fish remains of Nos. 2-9 may hence be said to resemble those of the Hamilton period in the Eastern States.
ARTICLE XL— DESCRIPTION OF A DEVONIAN ICH- THYODORULITE, HETERACANTHUS UDDENI, N. SP., FROM BUFFALO. IOWA.
By Josua Lindahl, Ph. D.
The fish-spine referred to by Professor Udden in his paper, "A Brief Description of the Section of the Devonian Rocks in the Vicinity of Rock Island, 111. . . . etc." (Article X of this volume, p. 93), is closely related to the similar spines found in the cement beds of Hamilton Age at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and described b}^ Professor Newberry under the name of Heteracantlms politus. As the specimen now under consideration appears to represent a hitherto undescribed species, and necessitates a modification of Professor New- berry's characterization of the genus HctcracantJms, I wish here to give a description of the specimen which Professor Udden has had the kindness to present to the museum of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
■ Described hereafter by J. Lindahl under tlie x\?Lme Hetftacantltus iiiid,ni.—[E,D
9^ Cincinnati Socie/y of iVatnral History.
Getius: IIktkracanthus. Newberry. Synonyt)iy :
1889. — Heteracanlhus, J. S. Newberr}-: "The Paleozoic Fishes of North America;" Monograph, U. S. Geological Survey, Vol. XVI., p. 65; Plate XXL, Figs. 4, 4a, and 5.
1892. — Gatnphacanthus, S. A. Miller: "North American Geol- ogy and Paleontology — First Appendix," p. 715.
E))ic)idcd descriptio)! of the o;ruus : Pectoral (?) spines, robust, covered with highly polished enamel, divided by nar- row ftirrows into flattened longitudinal ridges, some of which have their edges more or less regularly denticulated ; pos- terior side straight and, along the greater part of its length, broadly gouged into a rough groove for the attachment of muscles ; anterior side transversely arched, the anterior profile y"-shaped, being slightly convex near the summit, and strongly concave toward the base, which is considerably pro- duced forward ; the lateral sides of the shaft sub-equally^ convex, flattening toward the base ; the basal portion almost flat on one (the outer) face, decidedly concave on the other (the inner) face ; the ridges are most numerous on the basal portion of the spine, but terminate in succession above, so that few reach the conical-pointed summit.
As pointed out by Newberry, the want of symmetry in these spines shows that they have belonged to some paired organs; no doubt pectoral fins.
In our specimen, the concave right face of the basal por- tion (see Fig. 5) indicates that it has had its place on the left side of the body.
The base is obliquely rounded below on the inner face; on the outer face it is bounded b}^ two straight lines meeting below at an angle of about 65°; but as this side has been trimmed rather too closely, I am uncertain whether or not the said straight lines represent the original outlines of the specimen, though it seems probable that nothing but the very edge of the specimen has been removed. The number of ridges on the base is about eighteen to the half-inch, and each ridge is about one and one-half times as wide as an adjacent furrow ; while, two inches from the summit of the shaft, there are only about six ridges to the half-inch, and the average width of a ridge is here about five times as great as that of an adjacent furrow.
Devonian Ichlhyodoriilite, Heteracantlius uddeui. 97
The bottoms of all the furrows in our specimen are even — not "sinuous," or "denticulate," as Newberry describes the "sutures" of //. po/itus — while the outlines of their borders are determined by the form of the lateral edges of the adja- cent ridges. Thus both, or one, or neither of the borders may be sinuous. In our specimen (see Fig. 6) only two ridges of the anterior side have regularly denticulated edges (with about twenty teeth to the half-inch); consequently the furrow which separates them has both borders sinuous, while the furrow next in order on either side has its anterior border sinuous, the posterior even ; all the following furrows of the lateral faces have both borders even. There occur, however, particularly on the inner (right) side of the specimen, occa- sional minor irregularities in the edges of some ridges in various portions of the shaft, somewhat reminding of the undulating lines in Newberry's figure 4a, though very differ- ent from the denticulations of the two anterior ridges.
The proportion of length to greatest width is about 3 to i (length, 5.9 inches; width, 2 inches). In this our specimen differs greatly from Newberry's description of H. politiis, where the proportion is about 6 to i (length, 8 to 10 inches; width, i^ inches).
These dififerent proportions, and the above-described den- ticulations of the anterior ridges, characterize our specimen as the type of a new species, for which I propose the name Heteracanthus uddeni, in honor of the discoverer, my esteemed friend, Prof. J. A. Udden.
If Mr. Miller's reason for changing the name of the genus — viz, that the name Heteracanthus was pre-occupied for a genus of worms — be regarded valid, the name would stand as Gamphacantlnis uddeni.
Formation and locality : Devonian, Hamilton Group; bed No. 4 (Udden 1. c); crinoidal limestone; near Buffalo, Iowa. Found \)Y Prof. J. A. Udden, of Augustana College, Rock Island, Ills.
The type specimen is the property of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, and is entered in the Museum Catalogue as No. 14,558.
98 Cincinuaii Society of Natural History.
p:xplanation of plate vi.
Fig. I — Right side of left pectoral spine of Heteracanlhus uddeni ; natural size.
Fig. 2. — Anterior side of same; natural size.
Fig. 3. — Transverse section of shaft at 3A, fig. 2; natural size.
Fig. 4. — Outline of transverse section of same at 4^^, fig. 2; nat- ural size.
Fig. 5. — Outline of section taken obliquely across the basal portion of the spine at 5A-5.'\, fig. i ; natural size.
Fig. 6. — Portion of anterior side at 6A, fig. 2; enlarged.
if^e JoLiPiQal or cf^e (z\n. ^oc. r2ampal "-Hi^topy.
XIX, No. V
PLATK VI.
Jl.c/llbers.DEL.-SC.
TERACANTHUS UDDENI Ulldahl.
Paleontology of the Cincinnati Group. 99
articlp: XII.— manual of the paleontology
OF THE CINCINNATI GROUP. By Joseph F. James. M. D., M. Sc, F. G. S. A.
PART VIII. (Continued from Vol. XVIII, p. 140.)
Division B. Pelmatozoa.*
Class 3. CRINOIDEA.
This is b}' far the largest class of Echinodermata in our region and includes many beautiful forms. In some localities the}' are remarkably abundant, and whole layers of rock are frequently made up of their stems. The animals have lived from the earliest vSilurian times to the present, and the anat- omy of the extinct forms may be fairly inferred from the living ones. The features of the class are as follows :
Body fixed during a portion or the whole of the life of the animal to the sea bottom by means of a flexible jointed col- umn or peduncle, springing from the center of the dorsal or aboral surface, cup-shaped or discoidal, with the dorsal surface protected by a system of calcareous plates ; mouth in the upper surface, generally in the center; jointed, flexible aj)- pendages or arms, springing from the margin of the cup- shaped bod3\ primitively five in number, and having lateral processes or pinnules; the upper (or ventral) surfaces of the arms furnished with grooves in which are situated the repro- ductive organs; sometimes, however, these are in the pin- nules, or, in living forms, beneath the skin.i'
In the arrangement of the genera and species of our section the classification adopted by Wachsmuth and Springer (Re- vision of Palaeocrinoidea) has been followed. Considerable
■' This includes forms possessing stalks.
t Xicholsoii, Manual of Paleonlolog'y , 1SS9. \"(j1. I. pp. 40S, 409.
JoLR. CiN Soc. N.\T. Hist., Vol. XIX. No. 3. I Printed Nov. 13. 1897.
loo Ciiicinna/i Society of Natural Jlistoiy.
diversity in the descriptions of the various species will be observed. This is due to the various plans followed by the different writers. There is a lamentable lack of uniformity in describing many fossils that often renders any comparison difficult. No division of families has been attempted in the present enumeration. The following " Key," although im- perfect, may be useful in locating the genus of a given speci- men.
Key to (jenera.
Under basals, 5, generally w^ell developed ; basals, 5; arms, 10-24 o^ more; column sub-pentagonal.
I. — Reteocrinus.
Under basals small or absent ; basals, 5 ; arms, 10-30 ; column round.
2. — Canistocrinus.
Under basals small or absent; basals, 4 ; arms, 10; column square.
3. — Xexocrinus.
Under basals, 5 ; basals, 5 ; arms, 20; column round.
4. — Ptvchocrinus.
Under basals absent; basals, 5 ; arms, 20; column round or pentagonal.
5. — Glyptocrinus.
Basals, 4 ; arms, 20 ; column square.
6. — Mariacrinus.
Basals, 5, unequal; radials, 5, irregular; arms, 10; column round or pentagonal.
7. — Heterocrinus.
Basals, 5, unequal ; radials, 5, irregular; arms, 10; column round, tripartite.
8. — ECTENOCRINUS.
Basals, 5, irregular; radials, 5, irregular; arms, 10; column pentagonal, pentapartite.
9. — Ohiocrinus.
Basals, 5, regular; radials, 5, nearly regular; brachials many; arms, 10 (?) ; column pentagonal.
10. — loCRINUS.
2
Paleontology of the Cineiiuiali Croup. loi
Basals, 5, ver}' irregular; radials, 5, ver}- unequal; brach- ials irregular in number; column round, luberculated.
1 1 . — Anomalocrinus.
Under basals, 5 ; basals, 5 ; column round, nearly smooth.
12. — Merocrixus.
Basals, 5 ; column round or pentagonal ; pinnules wanting.
13. — Dendrocrinus.
Genus i.— RETEOCRINUS Billings, 1S59.
Calyx obconical, somewhat bilateral; interradial and inter- axillary spaces depressed; radial plates elevated into strong, rounded ridges, resembling arms ; they bifurcate and follow^ the secondary radials, thence passing into free-arm joints ; laiderbasals 5, well developed; basals 5, large, protuberant, hexagonal, the upper side slightly truncate, and supporting the first series of interradial plates; ;-a<//a/^ 3X 5> those of the different rays separated by interradials : the first and third pentagonal, second quadrangular; as long as, but narrower than the two former; radials highh' elevated, forming a broad, rounded ridge, branching from the third radials up- ward, following the secondary radials, and downward from the first primary radials to the basals ; secondary radials, 4 to 5 in the adult, less in young specimens, quadrangular, decreas- ing in height upward, shaped like arm joints, and giving off pinnules; arms 10 to 24 long, slender, rounded, bifurcating, composed of a single series of rectangular or slightly wedge- shaped pieces, which give off on alternate sides rather stent, closely-arranged pinnules; interradial series resting directly on the basals, consisting of a very large number of minute pieces, irregular in shape and without definite arrangement; the posterior area wider, with a conspicuous row of decidedlj' larger and more prominent special anal pieces along the me- dian part; interaxillary plates almost as numerous as the interradials, and similar in character ; vault composed of nu- merous, very small and convex pieces, with an elevation run- ning to each arm base ; anal aperture directly through the vault, small, sub-central ; column sub-pentagonal ; central
102 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
canal rather large. (Canadian Organic Remains, Decade 4, 1859, p. 63 ; Wachsmuth & Springer, Review of Pal?eocrin- oidea, Pt. II, 1881, p. 192.)
Remarks. — Originally described by Billings, this genus was redescribed by Wachsmuth and Springer in 1881, and this amended description is given above. Various changes have been made from time to time in the species referred to the genus, but at present those given below are the ones gener- ally recognized as belonging to it from our region.
I. — R. o'nealli Hall, 1866.
Calyx turbinate, gradually spreading from the base to the free arms ; deepl}' pentalobate below the third radial plates, from the depression of the interradial space ; ten lobed above from the depression of the intersupraradial areas ; iinder-hasals well developed but small, and presenting a low, triangular face on the exterior with ver}' slightl}^ truncated lateral angles; basals larger, heptagonal, height and width about equal; upper extremities truncated by the interradial and anal plates ; primary radials subequal in size, the first and third having a general pentagonal form, and the second quadrangular; supraradial series, consisting of 14 to 16 plates — sometimes less — large in the lower part, becoming gradually smaller above, the upper ones about five times as wide as high ; the lower plates attached to the calyx and dome by the intersupraradial and summit plates, while the upper, smaller plates are free and bear tentacles ; interradial and ayial plates very numerous ; those of the middle range pass- ing from the basal plate upward are largest ; the plates between these and the row are small, some of them minute ; anal area with 50 to 60 plates; 40 to 50 in the interradial, and 20 or more in the intersupraradial ; arvis 20, composed of a single series of very short plates, higher on one side than on the other, but bearing tentacles on the longer side onlj- ; tentacles long and slender ; surface of radial plates marked by an elevated, rounded ridge, which bifurcates on the first and third radials, the branches passing to the basals and thence to the under basals; no other surface marking seems to have
Paleontology of the Ciucinnati Group. 103
existed except the presence of a finely granulose texture. (Advance sheet 20th Rept., N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hi.st. : 24th Rept.; Ibid, 1892, p. 206; Meek, Pal. of Ohio, Vol. I, p. 34, as (jlyptocrhms.)
Locality. — Lebanon and Cincinnati, Ohio.
2. — R. coGNATus S. A. Miller, 1881.
Body turbinate, strongly pentagonal, height about equal to width; undcr-basals 5, with a height at the superior angle nearl}' equal to ]2 the width of a plate ; basals 5, compara- tively large, heptagonal, about as wide as high, depressed at the line of junction and elevated in the central part; each plate rests on 2 of the under basals, and supports on the upper sloping sides the radials and on the superior face an inter- radial ; first primary radial heptagonal, about as wide as high and a little larger than either of the others ; second and third hexagonal, higher than wide, the 3 forming a convex elevated ridge; the third supports on its upper sloping sides the sec- ondary radials, and on its superior face an axillary or inter- secondary radial plate; about 8 of the secondary radials form part of the body, gradually diminishing in length and about the eighth giving rise to the free arms ; regular interradial areas deeply excavated and occupied by about 40 plates, the axillary areas having about 20 plates. (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, p. 75, as Glyptocrinus; Ibid, Vol. VI, p. 229, as Gaiirocriniis.)
Locality. — Middletown, Ohio.
Remarks. — This species is considered by Mr. Miller to be a close allv oi R. o'nealli.
3. — R. GR.\crLis Wetherby, 1881.
Body broadly ovate ; loider-basals 5, very small ; basals 5, hexagonal, somewhat higher than wide, truncated above ; outer angles of upper ends cut off, forming an articulating surface for first radials ; widest at the lateral angles and separating from each other below, so as to leave an opening through which the under basals and top of column are seen ;
I04 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
first radiah 5, pentagonal, higher than wide, truncated above; second radiah 5, quadrangular, higher than wide, equal in size, truncated above and below, lateral margins depressed; third radials 5, pentagonal, higher than wide, wider above, with two articulating surfaces upon which the rays divide ; lateral edges depressed into the borders of the interradial spaces; upper margin slightly excavated; brachials in two series, the first 10, quadrangular, higher than wnde, equal in size and alike in form; second series 10, pentagonal, higher than wide, wider above with 2 articulating facets, from each of which an arm arises: arms 20, long, slender, composed of equal, quadrangular pieces, about as wide as high; pinimlcs long and delicate, originating on alternate arm plates; anal and interradial spaces filled by a great number of small, deli- cate, generally hexagonal plates. (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, 1881, p. 83.)
Locality. — Cincinnati, O.
4. — R. MAGNiFicus S. A. Miller, 1883.
75c</)' robust with prominent radial ridges; tinder basals 5, low, small, triangular on the outer face ; basals 5 longer than wide, ridge prominent; primary radials 3x5, first and third series of about equal size ; secondary radials 4 or 5 x 10, a ridge arising from the second and passing upward toward the vault; no tertiary radials; arms 24, bifurcating soon after becoming free, when 4 again bifurcate; composed of cunei- form plates, large and long with strong pinnules; first inter- radial rests on the superior side of a basal, and is followed by about 20 interradials not disposed in transverse ranges ; column pentagonal. (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, 1883, p. 230, as Gaurocrimis.)
Locality. — Warren Co., O.
Genus 2.— CANISTOCRINUS Wachs. & Spring., 1885.
Closely resembles Reteocrinus in general aspect; radial ridges strong, tube-like ; interradial spaces deeplj' depressed ; symmetry bilateral ; nnderbasals, perhaps, indistinctly devel-
6
Paleontology of the Cincifinati Group. 105
oped or absent ; basa/s 5, truncated above for the reception of the lower series of interradials ; priiiiary radials 3 X 5. of nearly equal size, the first and third nearly similar in form, the ridges of the former branching downward toward the basals, those of the latter upward toward the secondary radials, which they follow until these turn into free arm plates ; arms branching or simple, composed of single joints, which give off rather strong pinnules ; interradial spaces com- posed of numerous small pieces, without definite arrange- ment ; the plates rest upon the basals, separating the 5 rays from the base up ; with the increase of interradials and inter- axillaries by age, more radials seem to be gradually incorpo- rated into the calyx, involving the proximal pinnules, the plates of which are easily recognized from surrounding inter- radial and interaxillarj^ pieces by being more prominent. Azygous interradius wider than the four others, with an ele- vated ridge composed of rather large anal pieces, which are longitudinally arranged and have somewhat the appearance of radials ; the interaxillary areas depressed even deeper than the interradial ones, consisting of similar plates. ( Review of Palaeocrinoidea, Part III, 1885, p. 94.)
Remarks. — The two species placed here have been consid- ered as belonging to both Rcteocrinus and Glyptocrinus. Wachsmuth and Springer believe they present features that justify the erection of this new genus. It is most nearly allied to Reteocrimis.
I— C. PATTERSOXi S. A. Miller, 1882.
Calyx small, height and width sub-equal ; interradial areas depressed ; surface finely sculptured ; basals small, projecting up between the under sloping sides of the first primary radi- als; first radials largest in the body, hexagonal, about as long as wide ; the strong radial ridge in its extension below di- vides at the center of this plate ; second and third radials much smaller than the first, about as high as wide, hexagonal or heptagonal, and of about equal size; secondary radials arise from upper sloping sides of the second primary radials (?) and become free arms at the third plate; arms 10, consisting, after becoming free, of strong cuneiform plates, each bearing
io6 Ci!ui)i>ia{i Society of Natural History.
a Strong pinnule; col it dui xoww^X, vi{ medium size, and com- posed, near the head, of alternately thick and thin plates. (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. V, 1882, p. 80, as Glyptocriyms)
Locality. — Opposite Cincinnati, Ohio, in Kentucky.
Remarks. — The descri])tion of this species is ob.'-cure in regard to the origin of the secondary radials, and as the author says his figures are incorrect, it is not possible to check one bv the other.
2. — C Kicii.VRD.soNi Wetherby, 1880.
Under-dasals not developed, or so slightly as not to be characterized ; basals 5, pentagonal wider than high, alter- nating with the first radicals ; radials 3 > 5, in the first series pentagonal, somewhat higher than wide, each elevated in the center; second and third series hexagonal, higher than wide, and resting squarely upon each other, as the second rest upon the first, and like the first radials with a central elevation; rays dividing on the third radials; iiiterradials hexagonal, and so arranged on all except the azygous side that there is at first one piece, then two above this for 2 or 3 ranges, above which the arrangement is indefinite ; azygous side has first i plate, then 2 in the first range, and 3 in a few succeeding ranges, and then indefinite; interaxillaries numerous, hexagonal or pentagonal, slightly elevated in the center; before the arms become free, a number of jointed processes, like large pinnules, are sent off; arms 30 (?), com- posed of nearly equal slightly cuneiform plates, long, taper- ing gradually, and with elongated pinnules, which are 10 or 12 jointed ; column round. (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 11, 1880, p. 245, as Glvptocrinus)}
Locality. — Wilmington, Ohio.
Genus 3.— XENOCRINUS S. A. Miller, 1S81.
Base monocyclic; basals 4, combined, forming a shallow decagonal cup, which, upon 5 of its sides supports the 5 radials, and alternately, upon each of the 5 other sides, a series of small interradial pieces ; all the basals different in
Paleontology of the Cincinnati Croup. 107
form; axial canal pentangular : in other respects agrees with Rctcocriuus 2indi Caiiistocrimis; arms 10; cohiinn square. (Jour. Cin. See. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, pp. 71, 1876. Wachsmuth & Springer, Revision of Paleocrinoidea, part 3, 1885, p. 95.)
Remarks. — The above is mainh^ the description of Wachs- muth & Springer. Two species have been referred to the genus which are given below.
I. — X. PENiciLLU.s S. A. Miller, 188 1.
Basals 4, uniting at the angles of the column, about twice as wide as high, 2 hexagonal, 2 pentagonal, with a granulous surface ; primary radials 3 in each series, about twice as long as wide, each series forming a convex, elevated ridge, con- tracted at point of union of plates ; 4 of the series supported in the angles formed at the junction of the basals, the 5th or posterior series supported on the middle of the basal oppo- site the azygous side ; these plates all about the same length : third primary radials a little wider above than the others, and supporting on the 2 superior sides the secondarj- radials ; secondary radials, or brachials continued into the free arms, the first plate about as long as a primary radial and gradually decreasing until the sixth plate is only about one-half as long as wide: above this, plates shorter, but of about the same width until arms are free from vault when they become cuneiform, with the width equal to the length of about 3 plates : interradial and inter-secondary radial spaces long, nar- row and depressed, covered with small plates, each w'ith a short spine or tubercle in the center ; about 75 plates in each interradial area, and 25 or more in each inter-secondar}' radial area before reaching the top of the cup, the plates con- tinuing over the margin and top (?) of the vault, and also more or less of the long probosis ; azygous area large, covered by a series of 7 plates, each about twice as long as w'ide ; arms 10, composed of cuneiform plates; pinnules compara- tively coarse, forming a dense fringe on each side, and com- posed of more than 12 plates; column quadrangular at the head, round (?) below, perforated b}' a small, round orifice. (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, 1881, p. 72.)
Locality. — Warren County, Ohio.
io8 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
2 — X. HAF.Ki Meek, 1872.
Body of medium size, globose-obconoidal ; nnder-basals apparently not developed, or very small ; basals 4, short and pentagonal ; first prin/ary radia/s of comparatively moderate size, presenting a general heptagonal outline; second a little narrower than the first, but of nearly the same length, with a general quadrangular* form ; third slightly larger than the second and pentagonal ; secondarv radials consisting of about 4 pieces in succession on each upper sloping side of each primary radial, the first 2 or 3 of each series only about one- third smaller than the second ones, while above this the suc- ceeding pieces soon become much shorter, free brachials ; interradial pieces numerous, small, of very unequal size, without any regular arrangment; «;/«/ series unknown, prob- ably consisting of a mesial series irregularly arranged be- tween these and the radials on each side; arms 10, rather long, simple, widest a little above their bases, and then grad- ually tapering to their ends, and composed of very short pieces so strongly cuneiform as to appear almost to taper to nothing alternately on opposite sides, while each supports a pinnule at its thicker end ; pinnules very long, moderately stout, nearly in contact, and composed of pieces that are 3 or 4 times as long as wide ; surface of body plates without costge or striae, those of the primary and secondary radial series more prominent than the much smaller pieces filling the interradial and axillary spaces, and thus forming some- what flattened ridges, more or less interrupted at the sutures and abruptly beveled at the sides ; interradial and axillary areas roughened by a minute projection on each of the little pieces filling the same ; coliunn of moderate thickness, apparently quadrangular or pentagonal near the base, and composed of alternate thick and thin pieces, the former pro- jecting a little beyond the latter. (Am. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, vol. 3, p. 260; Pal. of Ohio, vol. i, p. 37, as Glyptocrinus)
Locality. — Richmond, Ind., and Warren County, Ohio.
Remarks. — There is some discrepancy in the varioiis de- scriptions of this species. Meek does not mention the num- ber of basals; Miller says there are 5 (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, p. 226); while Wachsmuth and Springer say positively 4. The column \s probably quadrangular.
10
Paleontology of the Cinciuuati Group. 109
Genus 4.— PTYCHOCRINUS Wachs. & Spring., 1885.
In general form resembles iilyptocrinus ; radials with a fold-like strong, tubular ridge along their median line ; inter- radial spaces depressed ; imder-basals 5 ; basals 5, large, all hexagonal ; pri))iary radials 3x5 ; first ones heptagon al, but upper-sloping sides, facing the azygous side, longer, forming a deep notch for a very large anal plate ; secondary radials 3 or more, having the appearance of arm-plates, and gradually passing into free joints; strong arm-like pinnules given off from alternate sides; interradiais consisting of i plate in the first row, 2 in the second, and 3 in the third; azygous side wider; first plate extending far down between the first radials, sometimes touching the basals, and 3 plates instead of 2 plates in the second series; column small, cylindrical. (Review of Palseocrinoidea, Part III. [in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil, for 1885], p. 100.)
Remarks. — This genus was formed by Messrs. Wachsmuth and Springer for the reception of 3 species, two of which had been referred by Miller to his Gaiirocrinns. Two of these occur in our own region, and are given below:
I. — P. AXGULARis Miller & Dyer, 1878.
Body angular, due to the depression of interradial spaces, and the downward extension of the basals below junction of the column ; radial pieces marked by a strong ridge, orna- menting the surface ; under-basals 5, small, pentagonal, wider than high ; basals 5, hexagonal, two lower faces resting be- tween under-basals, and two upper-sloping sides supporting the first radials; each basal with an angular or wedge-shaped tubercle ; first radials larger than the basals, heptagonal, wider than long; second and third radials smaller and hex- agonal; first secondary radial hexagonal, longer than wide ; second, heptagonal, supporting on each of the upper sides a series of brachial pieces ; interradial spaces have an hexago- nal plate between the upper sloping sides of the first radials, followed by 2 plates on its upper sides, and these b}- 3 plates in a row between the lower part of the first secondary radials,
no Ciinimiafi Soiiefy of Xiifurnl History.
aud above about 6 small plates; only 2 plates observed in intersecondary radial spaces; azygous space filled by a range of elevated plates resting on one of the basal plates ; arms moderately long, composed of very short plates, with long, strong pinnules; column small, round. (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. I, p. 28, as Glyptocrinus : Miller, Ibid., Vol. VI, 1S83, p. 229, as (raurocrinus.) Locality. — Cincinnati, O.
2. — P. p.VRVUS Hall, 1872.
Body small, narrow, turbinate to the bases of the free arms; basals about equal in height and width; radials sub-equal, the first ones a little the largest; raj'.y divided on the third radial, and again on the second supraradial, above which the pieces are smaller and soon become free, forming the arms ; intcrradial areas, containing about 6 or more plates, varying from pentagonal to heptagonal ; inter-supraradials i, 2, or more ; arms long and slender, with tentacles on the sides of alternating plates, long and comparative!}' strong; surface of plates smooth, and the center of those composing the rays strongly elevated, forming a strong ridge along the ray to the arms. (24th Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 207, as Glyptocrinus; 2d edition of 20th Repts. of Ibid., 1891.)
Locality. — Cincinnati, O.
Remarks. — Hall says of this that it " may possibly prove to be the young " of Cilyptocrinus decadactylus.
Genus 5.— GLYPTOCRINUS Hall, 1^47.
Calyx obconical to subglobose ; surface ornamented with radiating strise in the form of elevated ridges, dividing into numerous triangular impres.'^ed areas; under-basals absent; basals 5, uniform in size, small, scarcely extending to the sides of the body, slightly concave for the attachment of the column ; primary radials 3 >; 5. the lower series somewhat larger, nearly similar in form, the second hexagonal; the third pentagonal in outline, and supporting the secondary radials; secondary radials x^xymg in number from 2 to 8 or
Paleo)itology of the Cinciiinafi Group. lit
more ; tertiary ra.iiais, when present, also variable, separate or united accordin.g;' to the age of the specimen ; atins 20, rising almost vertically from the last radial, long, slender, simple from the second division, rounded on the outer side, and composed of a single series of short, somewhat wedge- shaped pieces, each one of them supporting, at its larger end, a pinnule; pinnules very slender, alternateh' and ver}' closely arranged, proximal ones fixed in the body walls, the first generally given off from the second secondary radials; /;//<f;- ;a<//d;/ areas occupied by a large number of pieces, arranged in 4 or more series, with i plate in the first, 2 in the second, and generally 3 in each succeeding series; the aiial art a differs from the others in being a trifle wider, and in ha\ - ing 3 instead of 2 plates in the second and all succeeding series; intcraxillary plates from i to 10; vault scarcely elevated abo\'e the horizon of the arm bases; intcrradial regions somewhat depressed, and composed of numerous ver\' small convex plates ; anal aperture directly through the vault, eccentric ; coluvin round, medium size ; central canal small, distinctly pentagonal. (Pal. New' York, Vol. I, p. 280; Wachsmuth & Springer, Review of Paljeocriuoidea, Part 2.; (Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. for 1881), p. 187.)
{Pvcnocrinus S. A. Miller, 1883, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, p. 231. j
Remarks. — Originally proposed b}' Hall in 1847. A number of species have been placed in this genus. The revised and restricted definition given above is that of Wachsmuth & Springer. Pycnocrinus is placed by them as a synon\m formed, they believe, on a young Cilyptocrinus.
I. — G. DECADACTVLUS Hall, 1847.
Body obconoidal, with interradial and axillary areas a little flattened, so as to present a pentagonal outline ; somewhat wider than high; under-basals undeveloped; basa/s small pentagonal, wider at the top than high ; Jirst radials larger than basals, as wide as high, heptagonal ; second radials a little smaller than the first, hexagonal or heptagonal ; third radials same size as second heptagonal and each supporting 2 secondary radials, each nearly as large as the third primary
112 Cincinnati Society of Natural History.
radial ; on the second of these secondaries another bifurca- tion, giving origin to 2 series of brachials, the first 2 or 3 of which appear like tertiar}- radials, free arms continued from these pieces ; interradial series have i piece in first range, between the superior sloping sides of the first primary radials, 2 in second range, 3 in third and fourth ; above the latter 10 or 12 small pieces; anal area with about same num- ber of pieces as interradial, with three in each range above the first piece: axilliary areas with about 3 small pieces, and each intcrbrachial area with 2 or more small pieces ; arms 20, 4 to each ra5^ long, slender, simple, rounded on outer side, each composed of a single series of wedge-shaped pieces, each of which supports a pinnule at the upper end ; pinjudes alter- nateh' and closely arranged along the inner, lateral margins, very slender and composed of joints 3 or 4 times as long as wide ; surface ornamented with radiating costse, those passing up the middle of the radials larger and more prominent than the others; others radiate from center of body plates to the sides, where they connect with those on contiguous plates ; column of moderate size, round near base composed of thick and thin segments. (Pal. of N. Y., Vol. I, p. 281 ; Meek, Pal. of Ohio, Vol. I, 1873, p. 30.)
Locality. — -Cincinnati, Ohio; Madison, Ind.; Maysville, Ky., etc.
Remarks. — This is a common and very beautiful species in our region, being well characterized b}' its sculpturing. It is closely allied to the following {G. dycri), but can be readily distinguished by having onlj- 2 secondarj' radials instead of 9 or 10, as in dyeri. It is also a much more widel}' distributed species, G. dyeri being restricted in its range.
2 — G. dyeri Meek, 1872.
Body globular, sub-turbinate, wider than high, with sides rounding under to the base ; loider-basals obsolete, or if pres- ent not exposed externally ; basals very small and projecting as a thin rim below, much wider than high, and trigonal in general outline, with the lateral angles minutely truncated ; first radials of moderate size, heptagonal, wider than long ; second and third a little smaller, the second being hexagonal
14
Paleontology of the Cincinnati Group. 113
and the third pentagonal, and supporting on its superior sloping sides the first divisions of the rows ; secondary radials 8 to II in number, rapidly diminishing in length upward to the second bifurcation or commencement of the arms just below where a few of the smaller pieces seem to be free and bear pinnules on their inner sides ; further down the second and fourth secondary radials of each ray give off, alternately on each side, small divisions that do not become free, giving rise to pinnules at the summit of the body; a?/ a/ area, a little wider than the interradial areas ; first anal plate of about the same size as the first radials, hexagonal, and supporting in the next range 3 pieces arranged with the middle one higher than the others ; while above these 3 smaller pieces can be seen arranged in the same way in the third range and 3 to 4 or 5 in the fourth ; the middle plates of this series form a direct vertical row that has a rather prominent mesial, rounded ridge extending all the way up from the middle of the lowest pieces of about the same size as those passing up the primary and secondary radial series, while the other plates on each side and other parts of the lowest pieces are ornamented with radiating costae of smaller size, like those of the interradial pieces ; interradial areas, not excavated below, but becoming moderately concave above ; first interradial pieces about the size of the second primary radials, hexagonal, and supporting 2 other smaller pieces in the next range, that bear between their superior sloping sides a fourth smaller piece ; while above this there are two pieces in the next range that con- nect with the pieces of the little lateral division of the sec- ondary radials, and perhaps some other small intercalated pieces, filling the upper part of the interradial areas ; axilliaiy areas flat, and each occupied by an hexagonal or heptagonal piece about the size of the second piece of each secondary radial, while the space above is occupied by several much smaller pieces ; arms 20, 4 to each ray, rounded on the dorsal side, slender, of moderate length, very gradually tapering, simple, and composed of very short, slightly wedge -form pieces, each of which bears a pinnule at its inner lateral end ; pinnules slender, rather closel}^ arranged, deeply furrowed on the inner side and apparenth- composed of rather long joints ; surface of the body plates all ornamented with distinct radi-
1 14 Cincinnati Socie/y of Natural History.
ating costae, starting from the center of each piece, and pass- ing, one to each of its sides, so as to connect with others on each contiguous piece : of these costae those passing up the middle of each of the radial series are a little larger and more prominent than those of the interradial plates, while they bifurcate with the ra\'S so as to send a division up each of the secondary radial series, toward the upper part of which they become more prominent and rounded, being those about the size of the free arras. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., for 1S72, p. 314; Pal. of Ohio, Vol. I, p. 32.)
Locality. — Cincinnati, Ohio.
Remarks. — A variety was described by Miller in 1878 (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. I, p. 103), under the name of var. siiblcevis. As the only distinguishing mark was an absence of sculpturing, the founder of the species rightly concluded later on (Ibid, Vol. VI, 1883, p. 217) to abandon it.
3. — G. suBGLOBOSus Meek, 1872.
Originally described as a variety of G. dycri, from which it differs hy a much stouter bodj-, which is also less rounded below, while the arms and the ridges extending up to the radial and anal plates are stouter ; column, much thicker; 10 or 12 secondary radials between the first bifurcation on each ray to the second division. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., for 1872, p. 314 ; Pal. of Ohio, \'ol. I, 1875, p. 34, as G. dycri var. subglobosiis. )