m Uirtr.xS ^m X^^ THE-KOYAtOW^AN INSTITUTE. JOURNAL OF THE Cincinnati Society of Natural History. VOL. XIX. 1896 — 190 ,,,, — /9^G JS136D6 PUBLISHF,D BY THE SOCIETY. OFFICE, 312 BROADW.\Y. CINCINX.ATI, OHIO. printed by' The Ebbert & Rich.ardson Co Cincinnati. Officers of the Society, 1897=1901. President: Charles Dirv, 1S97-1898. O. D. Norton, M. I)., 1S98-1899. M. H. Fletchkr, M. D., 1899-1901. First Vice-President: E. M. RicKETTs, M. I)., 1897-189S. M. H. Fletcher, M. D., 1898-1899. I). I,. James, 1899-1901. Second Vice-President: John M. Kay, 1897-1S98. B. M. Ricketts, M. D., 1898-1899. T. H. Kellev, Esq., 1899-1901. Secretary: R. Ellsworth Call, Ph. D., 1S97-1S98. Arch. I.Carson, M.D., 1898-1901. Treasurer: T. R. Collier, 1897-1901. Members at Large of the Executive Board: F. W. Langdon, M. D., 1897-1901. H. J. Miles, 1898-1899. D. L.James, 1897-1899. Wm. H. Fisher, Esq., 1899-1901. T. H. Kelley, Esq., 1897-1899. Charles Dury, 1899-1901. M. H. Fletcher, M. D., 1.S97-1898. A. J. Woodward, M. D., 1899-1901. Staff of Museum and Library. Director, Josua Lindahl, Ph. D., Off. d'Ac. Librarian,. . J. M. Nickles, M.S. Curator of the Ilerbariuiu, Proe. \Valtf:r H. Aiken. Photographic Section. Curator of the Laboratory, A. Denniston Smith. Publishing Committee. R. Ellsworth Call, Ph. D., Editor of the Journal, 1896-1897. Josua Lindahl, Editor of the Journal, 1898-1901. Charles Durv, C. L. Edwards, Ph. D., D. L. James, C. G. Lloyd. Table of Contents. VOLUME XIX. Page. Ofl&cers of the Society, 1S97-1901 ii Contents of Volume XIX iii-iv Scientific Articles 1-2,4 Article I. — The Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. Fourth Paper. By Prof. A. P. Morgan. (PI. I-III) 1-44 Article II.— Ou the Correct Position of the Aperture in Flanorbis. By Fr.\nk C. B.-iKER, B. S. (Two figures in the text) 45-48 Article III. Diemyctylus viridescens var.vittatus, a new variety of the Red-Spotted Triton. By Prof. H. Garman. (Three figures in the text) 49-51 Article IV. — Some Notes on the Mammals of Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. By Samuel N. Rhoads 53-6i Article V.— An Odonate Nymph from a Thermal Spring. By D. S. KelIvICOTT. (Two figures in the text) 63-65 Article VI.— Catalogue of the Odonata of Ohio. Part III. By D. S. Kellicott 66-71 Article VII. On the Pulsations of the Molluscan Heart. By Frank C. Baker, B. S 73-7^ Article VIIL— Note on the Flora of Mammoth Cave, Kentucky. By R. Ellsworth Call, Ph. D 79-80 Article IX.— Notes on Raduloe. By Frank C. Baker. (PI. IV-V). 81-92 Article X.— A Brief Description of the Section of Devonian Rocks exposed in the vicinity of Rock Island, Ills., with a Statement of the Nature of its Fish Remains. By J. A. Udden, Ph. D. . 93-95 Article XI. — Description of a Devonian Ichthyodorulite, Heter- acanthiis iiddeni, n. sp., from Buffalo, Iowa. By Josu.a. LiNDAHL, Ph. D. (P1. VI) 95-98 Article XII.— Manual of the Paleontology of the Cincinnati Group. By Joseph F. James, M. D. Part VIII 99-118 Article XIII.— A Study of the Copepoda, found in the vicinity of Lincoln, Neb. By A. D. Brewer, A. M. (PL VII) 1 19-138 Arricle XIV.— Coleopterological Notes — Faunal changes in the vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio. By Charles Dury i39-i4' Article XV.— Zoological Miscellany— Notes by Charles Dury. . . 142-145 Notes by Josua Lindahl.. 146 iv Cincinnati Society of A\rtiiia/ History. Page. Article XVI. — The jNIyxoinycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. I'ifth Tajier. By A. P. Morg.an 147-166 Article XVII. — Random Note.s on Natural History. By CiiARl.KS DURV 167-175 Article XVIII. — Notes on a Collection of Pleistocene bhells from Milwaukee, Wisconsin. By Frank C. Baker i75-i77 Article XIX —New American Paleozoic Ostracoda. By \\. O. ri.RICH. (PI. VIII) 179-186 Article XX. — The Genus Scaplioidciis. By Prof. Hicrbkrt OSBORN. (PI. IX and X) 187-209 Article XXI. — The Bacterial Flora of the Seiui-Desert Region of New Mexico, with especial reference to the Bacteria of the Air. By Prof. John Weinzirl. (Four figures in the text).. .211-242 .\rticle XXII. — A New Calandrid, Typhloglyrnvia puteotatuni. By Charles Dury. (One figure in the text) 243-244 Index 245-252 THE JOURNAL - OF THE - Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Vol XIX. Cincinnati, Ohio, August, 1896. No. i. ARTICLE I.— THE MYXOMYCETES OF THE MIAMI VALLEY, OHIO. By a. p. Morgan. Fourth Paper. (Read May 6, 1896.) Order VIII. PHYSARACE^. Sporangia simple and stipitate or sessile, some- times plasmodiocarp, rarely combined into an aetha- lium; the wall a thin membrane, usually with an outer layer of minute roundish granules of lime. Stipe present or often wanting, seldom prolonged "within the sporangium as a columella. Capillitium consisting of slender tubules, which branch repeat- edly in every direction and anastomose to form an intricate network, the extremities attached on all sides to the wall of the sporangium ; the tubules more or less expanded at the angles of the network and inclosing minute roundish granules of lime, these granules either aggregated into nodules with intervening empty spaces or more rarel}^ distributed throughout their entire length. Spores globose, very rarely ellipsoidal, violaceous. This order is at once distinguished from the Didyniiacese by the presence of the granules of lime in the capillitium. Printed August 23, 1896. I 2 Cincitniati Society of Natural History. Tahle of Genera of PHvsARACEi^. I. Tubules of the capillitiuni having the granules of lime in them aggregated into roundish or angular nodules, with intervening empty spaces. A. Outer surface of the sporaui^ium destitute of lime. 1. Angioridium. Plasmodiocarp laterally compressed, splitting regularly into two valves. 2. CiENKOWSKiA. Plasmodiocarp terete, elongated, irregu- larly dehiscent. 3. Leocarpus. Sporangia subglobose or obovoid, stipitate or sessile. B. Outer surface of the sporatigium invested with granules of lime. a. Stipe prolonged zvithin the sporangium as a columella. 4. PhvsarelIvA. Sporangium oblong, stipitate, the apex re-entrant. 5. Cytidium. Sporangium globose, stipitate, the apex convex. b. Stipe never eiitering the sporangium. 6. Craterium. Sporangium obovoid to cj'lindric, stipitate. 7. Physarum. Sporangium globose, depressed globose or irregular, stipitate or sessile. 8. FuLiGO. Aethalium a compound plasmodiocarp. II. Tubules of the capillitium with the granules of lime in them distributed throughout their entire length. 9. Badhamia. Stipe not prolonged within the sporangium as a columella. 10. ScYPHiUM. Stipe entering the sporangium and pro- longed within it as a columella. 2 The Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 3 I. ANGIORIDIUM Grev. Plasmodiocarp laterally com- pressed, more or less elongated and flexuous, attached by the lower margin to the substratum, and, at maturity, regularly dehiscent along the upper margin by a longitudinal fissure ; the wall a firm membrane, with the granules of lime forming a reticulate layer on the inner surface. Capillitium a loo;>e, irregular net-work of tubules, extending from side to side, and containing large, irregular nodules of lime. Spores globose, violaceous. A genus readily distinguished by its laterally compressed plasmodiocarp, splitting lengthwise by a regular fissure. The wall is a single membrane, and there is but a single reticulate layer of lime upon it, which is plainly on the inner surface. I. Angioridium sinuosum Bull. Plasmodiocarp laterally compressed and very much flattened, more or less elongated and flexuous, sometimes confluent and branched or reticulate, without any hypothallus ; the wall a more or less thickened and brownish membrane, the inner surface coated with a dense reticulately thickened white layer of lime, and often studded with the white nodules. Capillitium of hyaline tubules, forming a loose irregular net-work, with numerous broad vesicular expansions filled with lime; the nodules white, very large, irregularly lobed, and branched. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter. Growing on old leaves, sticks, mosses, etc. Plasmodiocarp commonly about i mm. in height and 1-5 mm. in length, but the size is variable. The color appears to depend upon the thickening of the membrane ; when it is thin and pellucid, the color is white or cinereous from the inner layer of lime and the contained spores; with a more thickened membrane, the color becomes ochraceous or brownish. Physariim bivalve Pers. Physariim sinuosum of Rostafinski's mono- graph. II. CiENKOWSKiA Rost. Plasmodiocarp terete, elongated, flexuous, creeping, and reticulate, irregularl}- dehiscent ; the wall a more or less thickened membrane, externally naked, with the granules of lime on the inner surface. Capillitium 3 4 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. of slender tubules, combined into an irregular network, attached on all sides to the wall of the sporangium, and bear- ing everywhere short pointed or uncinate free branchlets ; the lime in thin transverse plates and irregular nodules. Spores globose, violaceous. The peculiar characteristic of this genus is the short free hooked and pointed branchlets of the capillitium. I. CiENKOWSKiA RETICULATA A. & S. Plasmodiocarp more or less elongated, curved and flexuous, simple or branched, sometimes confluent and reticulate, breaking away first along the upper surface, leaving an irregular margin. The wall a firm yellow membrane, with thinner hyaline areas and with thicker yellow-brown or red-brown spots ; the outer surface without any lime, smooth, and shining; the inner surface with a dense layer of yellow granules raised at intervals into transverse ridges, these are connected with broad thin flat plates of lime which traverse the capillitium, forming imperfect septa to the sporangium. Capillitium con- sisting of slender yellow tubules, forming a network of irregular meshes, with slight expansions at the angles and bearing along the sides short pointed or uncinate free branch- lets ; the tubules containing a few scattered j'ellow nodules of lime various in size and shape. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood, bark, leaves, etc. Plasmodiocarp in veins .3-. 5 mm. in thickness, sometimes forming a net-work a centimeter or more in extent. This curious Myxomyces seems very rare in America. I have met with it but once. The specimen in the herbarium of Schweinitz, marked Phvsaruni rcticulatum, is not this species, though it answers well enough to the original description. III. Leocarpus Link. Sporangia subglobose or obovoid, stipitate or sessile; the wall a more or less thickened mem- brane, the external surface destitute of lime, polished and shining, irregularly- dehiscent. Stipe short, poorly developed or sometimes wanting. Capillitium of slender tubules, form- ing an irregular net-work more or less expanded at the angles ; 4 The Myxoviycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 5 the tubules enlarging at intervals into vesicles, which usually contain nodules of lime. Spores globose, violaceous. A genus characterized by the form of the sporangia and the smooth and glossy surface of the wall. 1. Leocarpus psittacinus Ditm. Sporangium small glo- bose or somewhat depressed, stipitate or subsessile ; the wall a thin membrane, rugulose and iridescent, with thicker red or yellow spots and patches, destitute of lime. Stipe weak, erect or inclined, variable in length, the base expanded, orange to red in color. Capillitium a dense net-work of tubules, widely expanded at the angles and bearing numerous irregular vesicles, various in size and form, j-ellow or orange to red in color. Spores globose, even, dark violaceous, 7-9 mic. in diameter. Growing on old w^ood, leaves, etc. The sporangium .5-.6 mm. in diameter, the stipe about the same length or some- times very short. The sporangia are dull brownish to the naked eye, but when magnified the green, purple, and blue metallic tints of the wall become apparent. There does not appear to be any granules of lime either on the wall or in the capillitium. Physarum psittacimwi Ditm. 2. lyEOCAKPUS C-^SPiTOSUS Schw. Sporangium small sub- globose or obovoid to turbinate, somewhat irregular, stipitate or subsessile ; the wall a reticulately thickened and fragile membrane, yellow-brown to greenish-yellow or olivaceous in color, externally rugulose and glossy, the inner surface with scales and patches of lime. Stipe short and thick, sometimes nearly obsolete, yellowish or reddish brown, darker below, the base expanded into a small hypothallus. Capillitium a loose irregular net-work of tubules with wide expansions at the angles; the nodules of lime large, numerous, white or yellowish, irregular, with acute angles and pointed lobes. Spores globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 9-1 1 mic. in diameter. Growing caespitosely or scattered on old wood and mosses. Sporangium .6-.8 mm. in diameter, variable in shape, the stipe usually very short. Physarum ctespitoston Schw., North American Fungi. My specimens, some of them, have been referred to Physarum citrinellum Peck ; others to Physarum variabile Rex. 5 6 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 3. LeocarpUvS brunneolus Phillips. Sporangium large, globose or somewhat depressed, sessile ; the wall a thick yellow-brown membrane, the outer surface naked, smooth, and polished, with a dense white inner layer of granules of lime, dehiscing in a stellate manner, the segments becoming reflexed. Capillitium of tubules forming a dense net-work, with wide expansions at the angles; the nodules of lime very large, numerous, white, angular and irregular. Spores globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter. Growing on bark of oak, California {Harkness) Sporangium nearly i mm. in diameter. Diderma brunneolum Phillips. I have taken the description from Massee's monograph. 4. IvEOCARPUs FRAGI1.IS Dicks. Sporangium very large, obovoid-oblong, stipitate or subsessile ; the wall a greatly thickened membrane, polished and shining within and with- out, from alutaceous or pale umber to dark-brown in color, destitute of lime. Stipe short, weak, and slender, arising from a thin hypothallus. Capillitium of slender tubules forming a loose network of large irregular meshes, with slight expansions at the angles ; the lime white, variable in amount, sometimes quite scanty, then again fillin'g large por- tions of the net-work with long-branched and reticulate masses. Spores subglobose, dark violaceous, opaque, 12-15 mic. in diameter. Growing gregariously on old wood, leaves, mosses, etc. Sporangium 1.5-2 mm. in length by i mm. in thickness, the stipe variable in length, but usually much shorter than the sporangium. Diderma vernicosiaii Pers. IV. PHYSARELIvA Peck. Sporangium oblong, stipitate ; the apex re-entrant and confluent with the hollow columella ; the wall a thin membrane covered with small scales and minute granules of lime, at maturity torn away at the apex and stellately splitting into a few segments. Stipe elongated, tapering upward, entering the sporangium and prolonged to the apex as a tubaeform columella. Capillitium distinguished by two distinct sets of tubules ; the first consisting of long, thick tubules filled with lime, rising at regular intervals from 6 The Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 7 the wall of the sporangium and extending to the columella ; the second, of very slender threads, scarcely branched, and nearly destitute of lime, stretching between the wall and the columella. Spores globose, violaceous. A genus founded upon the one remarkable species, and more distinct than any other from the typical genus of the rhysaraceae. In fact, the structure of the sporangium is unique among the Myxomycetes. I. Physarella oblonga B. & C. Sporangium oblong, the apex re-entrant and confluent with the summit of the columella, the base obtuse or slightly umbilicate, stipitate, cernuous. The wall of the sporangium a firm, yellowish membrane, covered with minute granules and with scattered, small, yellow scales of lime ; after maturity the apex is torn away more or less irregularly from the summit of the colu- mella and the wall splits into a few segments, which become reflexed and are subpersistent about the base of the sporan- gium. Stipe long, erect or flexuous, the apex bent or curved, red-brown, rising from a small hypothallus, entering the sporangium and prolonged to the apex as a hollow tubaeform columella. Capillitium of thick, spiniform tubules filled with lime and slender, violet threads, extending between the wall and the columella. The tubules elongated, terete, taper- ing gradually from wall to columella, containing yellow gran- ules of lime ; the threads very slender, outwardly branched a time or two, the further extremities connected by short, lateral branches, often furnished with minute, free branchlets, and containing a few small, fusiform nodules of lime. Spores globose, nearly smooth, violaceous, 7-9 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood, bark, leaves, etc. Sporangium com- monly .8-1.0 mm. in length by .5-. 6 mm. in diameter, the stipe 1-2 mm. long; the spiniform tubules measure 150-200 x 15-20 mic. The abnormal forms of this species which sometimes mani- fest themselves are very singular ; the sporangium has a ten- dency to dilate, becoming funnel-form or even salver-shaped, the stipe shortening and even disappearing. I have a large specimen which superficially resembles some lichen, a Physcia, for example ; the sporangia are pressed down, flat- tened out, extremely irregular, and in many places confluent ; 7 S Ciiicinnafi Society of Natural History. the rudimentary stipes are hidden beneath the leafy expan- sions. In all the forms, however, may be uncovered the spiniform tubules mingled with the slender threads. This is Trii'/ia»ip/iora ob/cviga B. & C. Tib}iadoche oblouj^a of Rosta- fiuski's monograph, and Physarella viirabilis Peck. V. CYTIDIUM Morgan. Gen. nov. Sporangium globose or rarely ellipsoidal, stipitate ; the wall a thin membrane, wnth an external layer of minute granules of lime, rupturing irregularly. Stipe more or less elongated, tapering upward and entering the sporangium as a columella. Capillitium of slender tubules, arising from the columella, repeatedly branching and anastomosing to form a regular net-work, the extremities attached on all sides to the wall of the sporan- gium, the tubules containing at intervals nodules of lime. Spores globose, violaceous. This genus is readily distinguished from Physarum bj' the columella, which gives origin to the capillitium ; this feature indicates a relationship to Didymiuvi and to Laviprodcrnia. %\. EuCYTis. Sporangium globose, the columella not reaching its center. I. Cytidium pulcherrimum B. & R. Sporangium globose, stipitate; the wall a thin lilac-tinted membrane, with a dense closely adherent layer of granules of lime, dark purple or wine-colored. Stipe long, erect, dark purple to purplish black, tapering upward and entering the sporangium as a slight obtuse columella. Capillitium of slender lilac tinted threads, forming a dense net-work of very small meshes, with slight expansion at the angles; the nodules of lime very small, numerous, dark purplish or vinose in color, ellipsoidal or obtusely angular. Spores globose, even, lilac, 7-9 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood. Sporangium .4-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe two or three times as long; the lime-nodules about the size of the spores. The purple stain, which the sporangia leave on white paper, is made by the granules of lime ; the The Myxomyceles of the ISliami Valley, Ohio. 9 spores color the paper violet. Physariim pulcluyrimiivi B. & Rav., and P. atrorubnmi Peck. 2. Cytidium citrinum vSchum. Sporangium globose, the base slightly flattened or umbilicate, stipitate ; the wall a thin membrane, covered with small scales of lime, yellow or green- ish-yellow, breaking up and falling away at maturity. Stipe stout, erect, yellow, longitudinally rugulose, expanded at the base, tapering upward and entering the sporangium as a short obtusely conical columella. Capillitium of slender tubules, forming a dense net-work, with slight expansions at the angles; the lime-nodules numerous, roundish or ellipsoidal, variable in size, yellow\ Spores globose, nearh^ smooth, violaceous, 7-8 mic. in diameter. Growing on bark, leaves, mosses, etc. Sporangium .5-.6 mm. in diameter, the stipe from once to twice this length. This, the typical species, I have not seen in this country, but forms with the sporangium lemon-yellow and grayish-yellow, with the stipe golden-yellow, connect it wath C. rtifipes. It is Physarum citrimim Schum. Diderma citrinum of Fries., S. M. 3. Cytidium rufipes A. & S. Sporangium globose, some- times a little depressed and the base umbilicate, stipitate ; the wall a thin membrane, covered with small scales of lime, golden-yellow to orange in color, breaking up at maturity and falling away. Stipe variable in length, slender, from orange or orange-red to dark red in color, sometimes blackish below, rising from a thin hypothallus, tapering upward and entering the sporangium as a short obtuse columella. Capilli- tium of slender tubules, forming a dense net-work of very small meshes, slightly expanded at the angles; the nodules of lime small, numerous, ellipsoidal or obtusely angular, orange to red in color. Spores globose, nearly smooth, viola- ceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood, mosses, etc. A very abundant species. Sporangium .5-.7 mm. in diameter, the stipe from once to twice as long. As here defined, the species includes Physarum aurautium var. rufipes A. & S., and Physarum aureum var. chrysopus Lev, which I am unable to keep sep- arate; the variation in size of the spores is not in correspond- ence with the variations in color of the sporangia. Physarum 9 lo Cincinnati Society of Natural History. pulchripcs Peck, and Physarum pctcrsii B. & C, mostly belong here. The bright orange colors become dull or tawny with age and exposure to the weather. 4. Cytidiuim RAVENiaji B. & C. Sporangium globose, stipitate; the wall a thin pellucid membrane, covered with small scales of lime, from gray or drab to pale umber in color, breaking up at maturity and falling away. Stipe variable in length, concolorous with the sporangium or darker below, tapering upward and entering the sporangium as a short obtusely conical columella. Capillitium of tubules, forming a dense net-work of very small meshes, with slight expansions at the angles; the lime-nodules small, numerous, ellipsoidal or obtusely angular, gray or drab to pale umber in color. Spores globose, nearly even, pale violaceous, 7-9 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood, mosses, etc. Sporangium about .5 mm. in diameter, the stipe once to twice this length. The species as here described includes Didymium ravenelii B. & C, Physarum simile Rost., and Physarum murinum Lister. 5. Cytidium globuliferum Bull. vSporangium globose, the base sometimes flattened or slightly umbilicate, stipitate ; the wall a thin, pellucid membrane, covered with small scales of lime, white, cream-colored, or sometimes pinkish, breaking up and falling away at maturity. Stipe variable in length, white or smoky-white, usually darker below, rising from a thin hypothallus, tapering upward and entering the sporan- gium as a short obtuse or conical columella. Capillitium of slender tubules, forming a dense, persistent net-work of very small meshes, more or less expanded at the angles ; the nodules of lime variable in size, numerous, white, roundish, ellipsoidal or obtusely angular. Spores globose, nearly even, pale violaceous, 7-9 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood, bark, mosses, etc. A very common and abundant species. Sporangium .5-.6 mm. in diameter, the stipe from once to two or three times this length. The lime nodules in the capillitium are sometimes round and quite minute, then again they are large and obtusely angular ; the columella varies from verj^ short and conical to longer and more cylindric. Diderma globuliferum of Fries S. M., 10 The Myxoniycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 1 1 P/iysanaii a/lu'rans Peck. The specimens with the columella well nigh obsolete, may be Tilmadochc columbina Rest. 6. CvTiDiUM MELLEUM B. & Br. Sporangium globose, stipitate or subsessile ; the wall a thin yellowish membrane, rugulose, covered by large irregular scales of lime, honey- color to golden-yellow, breaking up irregularly. Stipe short, sometimes verj^ short or nearly obsolete, snow-white, expand- ing at the base into a small white hypothallus, tapering up- ward and entering the sporangium as a short obtusely conical columella. Capillitium a loose net-work of delicate tubules with broad vesicular expansions containing much lime ; the nodules numerous, white or sometimes yellow, large, irregu- lar, lobed, and branched. Spores globose, nearly even, pale violaceous, 7-9 niic. in diameter. Growing on old leaves, sticks, herbaceous stems, etc. ; not uncommon in this region. Sporangium .4-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe about the same length or much shorter. Didymhim mellcum B. & Br. Didymiiun chrysopeplmn B. & C. also be- longs here and not with C. citrinum. §2. Rexiella. Sporangium ellipsoidal or pyriform, the columella prolonged nearly to the apex of the sporangium. 7. CvTiDiUM PENETRALE Rcx. Sporangium ellipsoidal or pyriform, stipitate; the wall a thin pellucid membrane, covered with small scales of lime, yellow-gray to greenish- 3^ellow, rupturing at maturity into two to four segments. Stipe long, slender, translucent, pale red to dark red in color, tapering upward, entering the sporangium and prolonged nearly to the apex as a slender columella. Capillitium of very slender tubules, radiating from numerous points of the columella, forming a delicate net-work of very small meshes, scarcely expanded at the angles; the nodules of lime small, not numerous, roundish or obtusely angled, white or yellow- ish. Spores globose, very minutely warted, pale violaceous, 5.5-6.5 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood. A rare and singular species. Sporangium .5-.7 mm. in height by .3-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe two or three times the height of the sporangium. There is an affinity between this species and the Physarclla. The obscure Tilmadoche hians Rost., may be the same as the present species. 1 1 12 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. VI. CRATERIUM Trent. Sporangium obovoid to cylin- dric, stipitate; the upper and usuallj^ greater part of the wall covered with granules of lime, the basal portion naked and more persistent. Stipe short or sometimes elongated, arising from a small circular hypothallus, longitudinally plicate, con- fluent above and similarly colored with the base of the sporangium. Capillitium of tubules, forming a loose net- work, bearing numerous large angular and irregular nodules of lime, which are often confluent along the axis of the sporangium into a pseudo-columella. Spores globose, minutely warted, violaceous. In this genus the sporangium is commonly obovoid, with a naked base which is confluent with the stipe and similarly colored ; after dehiscence there is left behind the more per- sistent cyathiform portion standing on the substratum. §1. Eu-Craterium. Sporangium at maturity dehiscent in a regular circumcissile manner, the apex falling away as a lid, leaving behind the more persistent cup-shaped portion. I. Craterium minutum Leers. Sporangium cyathiform, stipitate ; the lid slightly^ convex, discrete from the first, usually depressed below the rim of the cup, falling away at maturity, and leaving a smooth, circular margin to the lower C)^athiform portion. The wall a thick, firm, yellow-brown membrane, the outer surface of the cup entirel}^ naked, smooth and shining, varying greatly in color from alutaceous or ochraceous to various shades of brown ; the lid usually whitened by a thin layer of granules of lime. Stipe short, erect or bent, and slightly curved at the apex, varying in color from rusty yellow to reddish brown, longitudinally plicate, arising from a small, circular hypothallus. Capil- litium of tubules forming a loose net-work, bearing large, irregular, white nodules of lime, which are sometimes con- fluent in the axis of the sporangium. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood, sticks, leaves, etc. Sporangium, to- gether wuth the stipe, .8-1.4 m^^^- iii height and .3-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe usuallj' shorter than the sporangium, sometimes equal to it in length, rarely longer. The latest authorities include the three species Craterhwi viilgare, C. 12 The Myxoniycetes of the Miami I'alley, Ohio. 13 pyrifonne, and C. minutum of Rostafinski's monograph all in one species. 2. Craterium concinnum Rex. Sporangium usually minute, broadly funnel-shaped, stipitate ; operculum always more or less convex, rarel}- approaching a hemispherical shape, dehiscent in a regular circumscissile manner. The wall a thick, brownish membrane, externally smooth and variously colored, sometimes uniformly light or dark umber, sometimes dark brown below and brownish white above ; the operculum brownish white, darkest in the center. Stipe short, dark brown, longitudinally ridged. Capillitium of tubules form- ing a close-meshed net-work, bearing small rounded or slightly angular nodules of lime, ochre-brown in color. Spores globose, very minutely warted, brown, 9-10 mic. in diameter. Growing usually upon chestnut-burs, and frequently asso- ciated with Lachnobulus globosus. Sporangium .5-8 mm. in height including the stipe and .2-.5 mm. in diameter at the top, the stipe equaling the sporangium in length. It is readily distinguished by its small nodules in the capillitium, which are invariably of a dull, brownish-ochre color. 3. Craterium rubescens Rex. Sporangium subcylin- dric or elongated cyathiform, stipitate ; the apex convex, at maturity separating by an irregular line in a circumcissile manner. The wall dark violet-red, smooth, except at the upper portion, which is slightly roughened by an external deposit of scattered lime-granules of a pale, lilac color. Stipe short, violet-black, wrinkled longitudinally. Capillitium of tubules forming a loose, irregular net-work, bearing large, violet-red nodules of lime which are often confluent in the axis of the sporangium. Spores globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 7-9 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood, leaves, etc. Sporangium .6-. 8 mm. in height including the stipe and .5-.6 mm. in diameter, the stipe one-half the height of the sporangium. The species is distinguished by the color, which exhibits some shade of red or violet-red in every part of its structure. 4. Craterium minimum B. & C. Sporangium cylindric or turbinate cylindric, stipitate ; the apex convex, separating in a regular circumcissile manner by a lid. The wall a thick. 14 Cincuniati Society of Nalural History. yellow-brown membrane, most of the outer surface covered with minute, white granules of lime, the basal portion naked. Stipe very short, plicate, red-brown, arising from a small hypothallus. Capillitium of tubules forming a loose net-work bearing large, irregular, white nodules of lime, sometimes confluent in the axis of the sporangium. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 7-9 mic. in diameter. Growing on old leaves, herbaceous stems, etc. Sporangium together with the stipe 1-1.5 mm. in height and .25-. 35 mm. in thickness, the stipe .2-.4 mm. in length. This is a com- mon species everywhere in the United States, and perfectly distinct from Cratcrhim convivale. It is Craterimn cyliiidriaini of Massee's monograph, according to Lister. %2. CuPULARiA, L,ink. Sporangium irregularly dehiscent, breaking up and gradually falling away from the apex down- ward. a. Stipe shorter than the sporangium. 5. Craterium CONVIVA1.E Batsch. Sporangium obovoid or oblong-obovoid, stipitate ; the wall hyaline, thin and fragile above, the lower portion a thickened and brownish membrane, the surface, usually most of it, covered with minute white granules of lime, the base naked and brown. Stipe very short, erect, red-brown, plicate, arising from a small hypothallus. Capillitium of tubules forming a dense net-work, bearing numerous large irregular white nodules of lime, which are often confluent in the axis of the sporangium. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter. Growing on old leaves, herbaceous stems, etc. Sporangium .6-1.0 mm. in height including the stipe and .3-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe much shorter than the sporangium. The thin apex breaks up into pieces and falls awaj', leaving some- times a regular cyattiiform portion, at other times the margin is broken and irregular. This is Craterium' leticocephalum of Rostafinski's monograph. The specimens of Physariim scyphoides C. & B. which I have seen appear to be a small form of this species. 14 The Myxomycetes of the Ulianii Valley, Ohio. 15 6. Craterium aureum Schum. Sporangium obovoid to oblong obovoid, stipitate, the wall a thin and delicate mem- brane above, thicker and firmer below, hyaline or yellowish, almost entirely covered by a dense layer of granules of lime, varying from lemon-yellow to orange in color. Stipe short, erect, yellow to orange, brownish toward the base, longitudi- nally plicate, rising from a small hypothallus. Capillitium of slender tubules, forming a dense net-work, bearing numer- ous rather small irregular nodules of lime, yellow or some- times white in color, and often confluent along the axis of the sporangium. Spores globose, very minutely warte.d, dark violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter. Growing on old leaves, sticks, herbaceous stems, etc. Sporangium and stipe .7-1.0 mm. in height and .3-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe .2-.4 mm. long. The elongated form is the common one in this region. Crateruun mutabile Fr. b. Stipe longer t/ian the sporangium. 7. Craterium nodulosum C. & B. Sporangium globose or obovoid, stipitate ; the greater part of the wall a thin hyaline membrane, easily breaking away, covered externally with large white scales and nodules of lime; the basal por- tion naked, thickened, and more persistent, red-brown and plicate. Stipe long, erect or inclined, plicate, red-brown, rising from a small h5^pothallus. Capillitium of tubules forming a loose net-work, containing a variable quantity of lime in the shape of long irregular white nodules, sometimes confluent, with pointed lobes and branchlets. Spores globose, very minutely warted, dark violaceous, 10-12 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood, bark, leaves, etc. Sporangium .5-.6 mm. in diameter, the stipe two or three times as long. It is Badhamia nodulosa C. & B., Journal of Mycology, Vol. V, p. 186. Ravenel's specimens are on Acacia bark. Mr. Webber sent me elegant specimens from Florida where, he sa3's, it grows commonly on the leaves and bark of the orange trees. 8. Craterium maydis Morgan, n. sp. Sporangium globose or obovoid, stipitate ; the upper part of the wall a yellowish membrane, thin and fragile, covered with large thick scales and nodules of lime, amber-colored to golden- 15 i6 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. yellow; the basal portion thicker and more persistent, naked and plicate, red-brown. Stipe red-brown, long, slender, pli- cate, rising from a small hj^pothallus. Capillitium of thick tubules, forming a net-work with wide expansions at the angles; the nodules of lime large, numerous, yellow, angu- larly lobed and branched. Spores globose, vei-y minutely warted, pale violaceous, 9-10 mic. in diameter. Growing on old stalks of Zea mays. Sporangium with the stipe 1-1.5 mm. in height and ./^-.6 mm. in diameter, the stipe always longer than the sporangium. I find it in abundance on old stalks of Indian corn, but never on anything else. VII. PHYSARUM Pers. Sporangium globose, depressed globose or irregular, stipitate or sessile; the wall a thin mem- brane, with an outer layer of minute roundish granules of lime, irregularly dehiscent. Stipe present or often wanting, never prolonged within the sporangium as a columella. Capillitium of slender tubules, forming an intricate net-work, the extremities attached on all sides to the wall of the spor- angium; the tubules more or less expanded at the angles of the net-work, and containing at varying intervals nodules of lime. Spores globose, violaceous. Physarum is the central genus of the P/iysaracecr from which all the others are detached by characters which for the most part are unimportant. §1. IvAPiDiUM. Ivime in the capillitium scanty; the nodules small, roundish, ellipsoidal or fusiform. A. Sporangium stipitate. a. Sporangia regular. I. Physarum nutans Pers. Sporangium orbicular, very much depressed, the base concave or umbilicate, stipitate, cernuous; the wall a thin pellucid membrane, thickly covered with minute white or yellow roundish scales of lime, break- ing up into irregular fragments, which often remain attached to the capillitium. Stipe long, slender, tapering upward, 16 The Myxoviycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 17 bent or curved at the apex, longitudinally rugulose, brown or blackish at the base, becoming paler upward and cinereous or whitish at the apex. Capillitium of very slender threads, rising from the base of the sporangium, forming a net-work with much elongated meshes, scarcely expanded at the angles ; the nodules of lime white or j^ellow, ellipsoidal or fusiform, often very small and few in number, sometimes rather large and numerous. Spores globose, very minutely warted, viola- ceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter. Growing on wood, bark, mosses, etc. A very common species. Sporangium .4-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe 1-2 mm. in length, the lime-nodules commonly not thicker than the spores, but sometimes from once to twnce their diameter. Under this name I have included all the lenticular species of Persoon's Synopsis, PJiysaruin nutans, P. lutetim, P. viride and P. aureuvi. There is no difference in these species, except in the color of the granules of lime ; the form of the sporangium and the shape and color of the stipe are the same in all of them. No two authorities agree in the presentation of this species. 2. Physarum cupripes B. & R. Sporangium orbicular, much depressed, the base umbilicate, stipitate, cernuous; the greater part of the wall thin and delicate, with a scanty cov- ering of yellow granules of lime, becoming naked and then brassy and iridescent, after maturity soon disappearing; the low^er basal portion thicker and more persistent, with a layer of small yellow scales of lime. Stipe long, flexuous, bent at the apex, plicate, pale brown to ^-ellow-brown, darker toward the base. Capillitium of slender tubules, forming a dense persistent net-work, more or less expanded at the angles; the lime-nodules small, numerous, j-ellow, angular and fusiform, below often confluent. Spores globose, very minutely w^arted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood ; rare. Sporangium .4-. 5 mm. in diameter, the stipe two or three times this length. The lime nodules are found both on the sides and at the angles of the meshes, and are fusiform or angular accordingly ; the lime is scanty above, but in the lower part of the capillitium the nodules sometimes run together into lobed and branched forms. This is Physarum berkcleyi of Rostafinski's mono- graph. 17 i8 Cinciiitiati Society of Natural History. 3. Physarum obrusseum, B. &. C. sporangium globose, the base usually slightlj' flattened or umbilicate, stipitate and cernuous; the wall a thin, violaceous membrane, covered by small, roundish, white or yellow scales of lime, or sometimes naked, splitting irregularly from the apex downw'ard. Stipe long, slender, tapering upward, flexuous, bent or curved at the apex, yellow, yellow-brown, or pale brown. Capillitium of very slender tubules, forming a loose net-work, scarcely expanded at the angles ; the nodules of lime small, white or yellow, roundish or obtusely angular, few to numerous, rarely wanting. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter. Grow'ing on old wood, bark, mosses, etc. Sporangium .2-. 4 mm. in diameter, the stipe 1-2 mm. in length, the lime nodules when abundant once to twice the diameter of the spores, when scanty verj- small. This, as I find it growing, is an extremely variable species ; I think its various forms and appearances cover such species as Didyvimm obrusseum B. & C; D. tenerrinmni B. & C; Physarum tenertim Rex, etc., etc. 4. Physarum nucleatum Rex. Sporangium globose, stipitate, erect or slightly nodding; the wall a thin, pellucid membrane, thickly covered with minute, white, roundish scales of lime, which are exceptionally sparse or absent, rup- turing irregularl5^ Stipe long, slender, yellowish-white, longitudinally rugulose, tapering upward, expanded at the base into a small hypothallus. Capillitium of very slender tubules, forming a delicate net-work of small meshes, scarcely expanded at the angles ; nodules of lime small, not numer- ous, roundish, white, usually concentrated into a large lump in the center of the sporangium. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 6-7 mic. in diameter. Growing on old w^ood, bark, etc.; rare. Sporangium .4-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe two or three times as long, the lime-nodules about the size of the spores. The species much resembles some of the forms of P. obrusseum, but is to be distinguished by its central mass of lime and the small spores. 5. Physarum compactum Wingate. Sporangium de- pressed-globose, the base slightly umbilicate, stipitate, cernu- The Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 19 ous ; the wall a thin, violaceous membrane, rugulose and iridescent, studded with large and thick, snow-white, roundish or elliptic scales of lime, at maturity splitting from the apex downward into several segments. Stipe long, rather weak, bent and flexuous, tapering upward, longitudinally rugulose, from snow-white to whitish-ochre and smoky-white, usually brownish at the base, and arising from a thin hypothallus. Capillitium a delicate net-work of very slender threads, with no expansions at the angles; the lime mostly concentrated in one large, snow-white nodule at the center, a few very small, roundish nodules scattered through the net-work. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 7-9 mic. in diam- eter. Growing on old wood, mosses, etc.; a common species. Sporangium .4-.5 mm. in diameter, the stipe two or three times this length. Tilmadoche compacta Wingate. It is doubtful if Tibnadoche cohimbina Rost. belongs to this spe- cies. According to Lister, Lepidoderma stellatimi Massee, is the same as this species, and if it be objected to the name that there is already a Physariim compactiivi Ehrenberg, it may have to be called Physarum stellatuvi. b. Sporangium viorc or less irregular. 6. Physarum leucoph.^um Fr. Sporangium globose or depressed-globose, more or less irregular, the base never umbilicate, stipitate or subsessile; the wall a thin violaceous membrane, rugulose and iridescent, with a thin coat of small white scales and granules of lime, or sometimes nearly naked. Stipe variable in length, sometimes very short or quite obso- lete, occasionally a few of them confluent, wrinkled, and sul- cate, brown below, paler or whitish above. Capillitium a dense irregular net-work of slender tubules, more or less expanded at the angles ; the nodules of lime white, small, roundish, or angular, few and scattered. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood, bark, leaves, etc. The sporangium .5-. 7 mm. in diameter, the stipe about the same length, or shorter, and sometimes wanting. The lime on the wall and in the capillitium is never abundant and sometimes extremely 19 20 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. scant^^ Rostafiuski's presentation of this species applies well to our specimens. 7. Phvsarum connhxum lyink. Sporangia subglobose, depressed, more or less irregular, sometimes confluent, slipi- tate, or subsessile; the wall a thin violaceous, or brownish membrane, rugulose, thickly covered with small white roundish scales of lime, which sometimes accumulate so as to make the surface rough and uneven. Stipe short, thick, rugulose, from snow white to smoky or sooty, especially toward the base, sometimes with a scanty calcareous hypo- thallus. Capillitium a loose net-work of tubules, much expanded at the angles; the nodules of lime small, white, rather numerous, ellipsoidal or fusiform, sometimes confluent and elongated. Spores irregularly globose, minutely' warted, dark violaceous, 9-1 1 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood and bark. Sporangium .6-1.0 mm. in diameter, the stipe usually shorter than the diameter, sometimes very short ; the lime-nodules about the thickness of the spores. This is a larger and rougher species than P. leiicophccwn, the sporangium is more often irregular and the spores darker colored. P. confluens and P. connexurn of I^ink. 8. Physarum compressum a. & S. Sporangium laterally compressed and much flattened, subreniform, stipitate or sub- sessile ; the wall a thin violaceous or brownish membrane, rugulose, thickly covered with small white roundish nodules of lime, similar to those in the capillitium. Stipe short, brown or blackish at least below, sometimes pallid or grayish above, longitudinally rugulose. Capillitium of slender tubules, forming a loose net-work; the nodules of lime small, white, very numerous, roundish or ellipsoidal, often confluent end to end. Spores irregularly globose or angular, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 11-14 mic. in diameter. Growing on old stalks and leaves of Zea mays. Sporan- gium variable, .6-1.0 mm. in breadth, the stipe i mm. or less in length ; the lime-nodules about the thickness of the spores. According to Saccardo this species is the same as Physarum nephroedium Rost. 9. Physarum polycephalum Schw. Sporangia con- fluent into a subspheric gyrose-complicate head, composed of 20 The Myxoinyccles of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 21 several to many laterally compressed, irregular, simple spo- rangia ; the wall a thin, pellucid membrane, covered by a thin layer of minute scales of lime, white to yellow or greenish- yellow. Stipes thin, flat, weak, and often prostrate, pale yellow, more or less connate, arising from a thin hypothallus. Capillitium of slender tubules forming a loose, irregular net- work, more or less expanded at the angles : the lime-nodules white or yellow, small, fusiform or by confluence elongated and sometimes branched. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter. Growing on old bark, w^ood, leaves, etc. The sporangia rarely simple, usually confluent into a head of from four or five to fifteen or twenty, and sometimes more, simple spo- rangia ; the stipes variable in length, long or short, rarely wanting. The gray form is Didymhan polymorphum Mont., the yellow-green form D. gyrocephaluvi Mont. Sprengel con- sidered this species the same as Physannn compact um Ehr., and it appears under this name in Schweinitz's North Af?/er- ican Fungi; but Fries, who had seen specimens of both, dis- posed of them differently. 10. Physarum didermoides Pers. Sporangia obovoid- oblong, stipitate, grownng close together on a white membran- aceous common hypothallus; the wall wath a thick, white, outer laj'er of lime, easily crumbling and falling away, leav- ing the sporangium dark gra}^ ; the inner membrane rather thick and firm, violaceous, with a closely adherent layer of granules of lime. Stipes very short, white, thin, and weak, each fornied by a bit of membrane arising from the hypo- thallus. Capillitium a loose net-work of slender threads, bear- ing numerous roundish or irregular white nodules of lime. Spores irregularly or angularly globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 12-15 VlVlZ. in diameter. Growing on wood, leaves, grass, etc. Sporangia .6-1.2 mm. in length by .4-.6 mm. in thickness, the stipe shorter than the sporangia. Spumaria licheiiiformis Schw., belongs here. This is a truly abnormal species of Physarum, so much so that Fries, in the Summa Veg. Scand. placed it by itself in a separate genus, Claustria. 21 22 Ciucitinati Society of Natural History. B. Sporangia sessile. 11. Physarum CONFLUENS Pers. Plasmodiocarp roundish, oblong or elongated, and by confluence branched and reticu- late ; the wall a thin, violaceous membrane, rugulose, with a thin, closely adherent layer of minute granules of lime, over which are scattered small, white, roundish nodules, which sometimes accumulate into a thick, pulverulent coat. Capillitium a loose net-work of tubules, widel)^ expanded at the angles ; the nodules of lime small, white, very numerous, roundish or ellipsoidal, by confluence elongated and irregular. Spores irregularly globose, minutelj' warted, dark violaceous, 9-1 1 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood, bark, leaves, etc. Plasmodiocarp .4-.5 mm. in thickness, varying from roundish to much elongated, creeping and reticulate. The sporangium before dehiscence is gray, whence Link's name, Physarum griseiim; the loose pulverulent coating of lime easily falls away, leav- ing the sporangium dark colored, whence Rostafinski's name, Physariim lividum. The amount of lime on the wall and in the capillitium is variable. 12. Physarum luteolum Peck. Sporangia small, sub- globose, sessile, closely gregarious ; the wall a thin mem- brane, covered by a layer of small scales of lime, yellowish, inclining to tawny, in color, rupturing irregularly. Capil- litium of slender tubules, forming a dense net-work of small meshes, scarcely expanded at the angles ; the nodules of lime small, numerous, yellowish, roundish, or ellipsoidal. Spores globose, nearly smooth, violaceous, about 10 mic. in diameter. Growing on living leaves .of Cormis canadciisis, Adiron- dack Mountains, New York. I have not seen a specimen of this Physarum, but from Professor Peck's description and figure it seems to be a unique species. 13. Physarum thejoteum Fr. Sporangia very small, sessile, on a thin membranaceous hypothallus, closely crowded together and more or less connate, subobovoid or oblong, irregular from mutual pressure ; the wall a thin violaceous membrane, closely covered with a thin layer of small irregu- lar scales of lime, tawny or ^-ellowish tawny in color, break- ing up irregularly about the apex. Capillitium a loose irregu- 22 The Myxomycetes of the Miaini Valley, Ohio. 23 lar net-work of slender threads, more or less expanded at the ano^les; the lime nodules small, tawny or yellowish, not numerous, ellipsoidal or fusiform, by confluence elongated" and irregular. Spores globose, even, violaceous, 6-7 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood, mosses, etc. Sporangia .2-. 4 mm. in diameter at the apex, densely packed and their walls grown together, approaching the aethalioid structure ; the lime- nodules from one to two or three times the diameter of the spores in thickness. I have described my specimens, which are abundant, very carefully, and judge them to be referable to this species ; if so, they show that the species should be kept apart from Physarum virescens. Didynmwi nectriffforvie B, & C, is evidently this same species. 14. Physarum lateritium B. & R. Sporangia sessile, irregularly globose and gregarious, or by confluence more or less elongated and plasmodiocarp; the w^all a thin violaceous membrane, rugulose and iridescent, closely covered wdth small irregular scales of lime, from testaceous or brick-red to bright red in color. Capillitium a dense irregular net-work of tubules, much expanded at the angles; "the nodules of lime small, very numerous, roundish or angular, whitish or yellowish, sometimes tinged with red granules. Spores globose, very minutel}' warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood, sticks, leaves, etc. Sporangia .4-.6 mm. in diameter, by confluence sometimes much elongated; the lime-nodules two or three times the diameter of the spores in thickness. Didymiiim lateritium B. & R. Phy- sarum inequale Peck, is the same species. §2. Saxella. Lime in the capillitium abundant, the nodules large, angular or irregular, with pointed lobes and branchlets. A. Sporangia stipitate. 15. Physarum imitans Racib. Sporangium depressed- globose, the base flattened or umbilicate, stipitate, erect or cernuous ; the wall a thin violaceous membrane, with a 23 24 Ciiicinuaii Socieiy of Naitira/ History. closely adherent layer of minute granules, over which are scattered rather large, roundish or irregular white scales of lime, splitting from the apex downward into a few irregular segments. Stipe short, thick at the base and tapering upward, longitudinally rugulose, from gray to brown or blackish, especially below. Capillitium a loose irregular net- work of tubules, widely expanded at the angles ; the nodules of lime white, numerous, large, irregular, with pointed angles and lobes. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-9 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood, mosses, etc. Sporangium .4-. 5 mm. in diameter, the stipe about the same length or a little longer. The species superficially resembles the gray form of P/iy- sarum nutans, and quite likely is constantly overlooked on this account. Although I am not able to verify my reference, yet my specimens answer so well to the description of Raciborski that I am unwilling to invent a new name. 16. Physarum ornatum Peck. Sporangium globose or depressed-globose, stipitate ; the wall a thin yellowish mem- brane, covered with minute granules and small irregular scales of lime, yellow to orange in color. Stipe short, erect, blackish-brown, black at the base, longitudinally plicate, rising from a small hypothallus. Capillitium of tubules forming a rather dense net-work, with wide expansions at the angles; the nodules of lime large, numerous, yellow, irregular, sometimes confluently branched and reticulate. Spores globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 10-12 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood, bark, mosses, etc. Sporangium about .5 mm. in diameter, the stipe about the same length or shorter. Physarum oblatum McBride, can not be distin-- guished from this. Specimens of this species in the herbar- ium of Schweinitz are labeled Pliysarxan snlphnre^ini ; this is without doubt a mistake. 17. Physarum gravidum Morgan, n. sp. Sporangium depressed-globose, the base umbilicate, stipitate ; the wall a thin, violaceous membrane, brownish at the base, with a thiii coat of small, white scales and minute granules of lime. Stipe long, erect, brown or reddish-brown, darker below, tapering 24 The Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 25 upward, expanding at the base into a small hypothallus. Capillitium of slender tubules forming a loose network, more or less expanded at the angles and for the most part filled with lime ; the nodules white, slender, much elongated and branched, with pointed lobes and branchlets. Spores globose, very minutely warted, dark violaceous, 11-13 mic. in diameter. Growing on old stalks of Zea mays. Sporangium .5-.6 mm. in diameter, the stipe about twice this length. The lower part of the capillitium is sometimes entirely filled with lime, so that the species approaches Badhamia in the structure of its capillitium. 18. Physarum leucopus Link. Sporangium globose, the base slightly flattened, stipitate ; the wall a thin, violaceous membrane, with a white, pulverulent outer coat of minute granules, of lime. Stipe short, thick, erect, snow-white, longi- tudinally rugulose, tapering upward, expanding at the base into small, white hypothallus. Capillitium a loose net-work of tubules, with wide expansions at the angles ; the nodules of lime large, white, numerous, irregularly lobed and branched. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood, leaves, etc. Sporangium .3-.4 mm. in diameter, the stipe about the same length as the diameter. Our specimens are a smaller form than the European, with smaller and smoother spores. Superficially the species re- sembles Didymmm squamidosiDti, and it is Didyniiiaii leucopus of Fries, S. M. 19. Physarum glaucum Phillips. Sporangium globose, or the base slightly depressed, stipitate ; the wall a thin, viola- ceous membrane, covered with minute, white granules and small roundish or irregular scales of lime. Stipe short, stout, erect, black, longitudinally wrinkled, expanding at the base into a small hypothallus. Capillitium of much-flattened tubules, forming a loose net-work, widely expanded at the angles ; the nodules of lime numerous, large, white, irreg- ular, with pointed angles and lobes. Spores globose, very minutely warted, dark violaceous, 12-14 ™ic. in diameter. Growing on old leaves : California. Sporangium .<^-.-, mm. 25 26 Ciuciinia/i Society of Natural History. in diameter, the stipe not lonp^er than the diameter. This is quite a robust species, both externally and in the broad, flat tubules of the capillitium. 20. Physarum relatum Morgan, n. sp. Sporangium globose, the base umbilicate, stipitate, often cernuous ; the wall a thin, violaceous membrane, rugulose and iridescent, covered with small, roundish or irregular white scales of lime. Stipe long, erect or inclined, rising from a thin hypo- thallus, tapering upward, white or cream color to ochraceous. Capillitium a dense net-work of tubules, more or less ex- panded at the angles, and almost entirely filled with white granules of lime, leaving only here and there short, slender empty spaces. Spores globose, nearly smooth, violaceous, 8-9 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood. Sporangium .5-. 6 mm. in diameter, the stipe about twice this length. The capillitium is rigid, with the abundance of lime almost as in the genus Badhamia. Superficially the species much resembles Cytidhmi globu- liferuni or Physarum conipactum, but the disposition of the lime on the wall and in the capillitium is altogether different. 21. Physarum AURISCALPIUM Cke. Sporangia subglobose, depressed, substipitate; the wall a hyaline membrane with a thin, closely adherent layer of minute granules of lime, over which are scattered large, irregular, orange-red scales of lime. Stipe very short, sometimes almost obsolete. Capillitium of tubules forming a loose net-work, with widely expanded angles, and mostly filled with orange granules of lime, only here and there short, slender, empty spaces. Spores globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 11-13 mic. in diameter. Growing on rotten wood ; South Carolina, Ravenel. Spo- rangia .6-.8 mm. in diameter, the stipe very short. Described in Anyials of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, June, 1877. So fine a species ought to be found again. Cooke's specimen was examined by Lister, Mycetozoa, p. 61. B. Sporangia sessile. 22. Physarum plumbeum Fr. Sporangia small, globose or obovoid, sessile, on a narrow base, gregarious, sometimes close but seldom confluent; the wall a thin violaceous mem- 26 The Myxomycetes oj the Miami Valley, Ohio. 27 brane, with a ver}- thin layer of small white scales and minute granules of lime, sometimes naked. Capillitium a loose net-work of slender tubules, with slight expansions at the angles; the nodules of lime white, numerous, more or less elongated, irregularh^ lobed and branched. Spores globose, even, violaceous, 7-9 mic. in diameter. Growing on old leaves, sticks, etc, Sporangia .3-4 mm. in diameter, quite regular in shape, attached by a narrow base, sometimes by a mere point, rarely confluent. The lime on the wall of the sporangium is rather scant)', sometimes alto- gether absent, and the nodules of lime in the capillitium are rather small. The species is figured hy Micheli N. P. G. Tab. 96, Fig. 9. It is named by Fries S. M., Ill, p. 142. It is figured again by De Bar}^ Die Mycetozocn, Tafel I. 23. Phvsarum atrum Schw. Sporangia sessile, sub- globose or oblong, by confluence, more or less elongated, bent or flexuous and branched; the wall a thin violaceous mem- brane, rugulose, covered by a wrinkled and reticulate layer of white granules of lime, which sometimes become thin or dis- appear. Capillitium a loose net-work of tubules, more or less expanded at the angles; the nodules of lime white, numerous, large, irregularly lobed and branched. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 8-10 mic. in diameter. Growing on old leaves, bark, grasses, etc.; apparently the most common of these three cinereous species. Sporan- gia .3-.5 mm. in thickness, some of them roundish or oblong, others elongated to several millimeters. The sporangium is often elegantl}' reticulate as observed by Schweinitz even when the lime is quite scanty. In Saccardo's Syllogc Berlese changed the name to Physaruni retiadaiimi, but this is unnec- essary, as the Physarum atruDi of Fries is not a Myxomyces. 24. Physarum cinereum Batsch. Sporangia large, sub- globose, sessile, gregarious, sometimes close and confluent; the wall a thin violaceous membrane, with a closely adherent layer of minute granules, over which are scattered irregu- lar white scales of lime. Capillitium of tubules forming a loose net-work, with wide expansions at the angles ; the nodules of lime numerous, white, very large, with pointed angles and lobes, by confluence often branched and reticulate, 27 28 Ciucituuxti Society of Natural History. and occasionally forming a pseudo-columella in the center of the sporangium. Spores globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 10-13 "^ic. in diameter. Growing on old wood, leaves, etc. The sporangia .4-. 6 mm. in diameter, more or less irregular. The great abund- ance of lime in the capillitium and the large distinctly warted spores distinguish this species. P/iysarjini cineretwi of Per- soon's Synopsis, Didyinium cinercKni of Fries' Sjsioiia. The only American specimens I have of this species are from Iowa {McBridc) and from Nebraska { Webber). 25. Phvsarum virescens Ditm. Sporangia large, sub- globose, irregular and unequal, sessile, gregarious, sometimes crowded, but not often confluent ; the wall a thin membrane, violaceous, or in places 3'ellowish, with a dense layer of yellow or greenish - yellow scales and granules of lime. Capillitium a loose net-work of tubules, with wide expansions at the angles; the nodules of lime large, numerous, yellow or greenish-yellow, more or less elongated, lobed, and branched. Spores globose or somewhat irregular, very minutely warted, violaceous, 9-1 1 mic. in diameter. Growing on old leaves, mosses, etc. Sporangia .5-. 8 mm. in diameter, occasionally by confluence more elongated. Though found in all parts of the country, the species seems rare. This is not the Physaruin virescens described by Rosta- finski. 26. Phvsarum rubiginosum Fr. Sporangia subglobose, sessile, gregarious; the wall a thin hyaline membrane, thickly covered with large irregular scales of lime, orange to red or dark red in color, breaking up irregularly. Capillitium of hyaline tubules, forming a loose irregular net-work, more or less expanded at the angles; the nodules of lime large, angu- lar, and irregular, sometimes confluent, orange to dark red in color. Spores globose, very minutely warted, dark violaceous, 9-1 1 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood, leaves, mosses, etc. Sporangia .6-.8 mm. in diameter. Physaritm fu/vuiii Fries S. M., Ill, p. 143. A rare species. It should not be confounded with Physarn77i lateritium. 28 The Myxomyceles of the Miami Val/ey, Ohio. 29 27. Physarum serpula Morgan, ;/. )uv)i. Plasmodiocarp roundish or oblong to much elongated, bent, annular and flexuous, sometimes by confluence branched and reticulate ; the wall a firm yellowish membrane, with a thin, rough, closely adherent coat of granules of lime, dull ochre to lemon- yellow and orange in color. Capillitium a dense net-work of tubules, for the most part filled with lime, only here and there short, slender, empty spaces; the nodules large, numerous, white or yellow, angular and with pointed lobes and branch- lets. Spores globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 9-1 1 mic. in diameter. Growing on leaves, bark, lichens, etc. Plasmodiocarp .3-. 4 mm. in thickness and of varying length. This species is in the herbarium of Schweinitz, at Philadelphia, with the name Physarjim reticidahim ; it is described by George Massee as Physarum gyrosum ; by Lister it is incorporated with several other species under Badhamia decipiens. 28. Physarum contextum Pers. Sporangia sessile and closely crowded together, roundish or more or less elongated, flexuous and complicate, the apex plane or impressed ; the wall a firm 5^ellowish membrane, covered hy a thick pulvera- ceous layer of lime, white, ochraceous or yellow, easily crumbling and breaking up. Capillitium a loose net-work of tubules, much expanded at the angles; the nodules of lime very large, white or yellow, numerous, angular, and irregular, by coufluence lobed and branched, sometimes massed together in the center of the sporangium. Spores globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 10-13 mic. in diameter. Growing on bark, leaves, mosses, etc. Sporangia with a width of .3-. 5 mm. and varying in length from .5 mm. to i or 2 mm. The sporangia are often so much crowded as to.appear to be grown together. Diderma oc/iroleiutivi B. & C. belongs to this species. Physarum conglomeratum Fr. is a closelj' related species, with smaller and smoother spores. I have not met with this. 29. Physarum diderma Rost. Sporangia large, irregu- larly globose or oblong, sessile, but without a hypothallus, closely crowded together and sometimes confluent. The wall composed of two distinct and separate layers ; the outer a 29 30 Citicinnaii Society of Natural History. thick, uneven, crustaceoiis, snow-white layer of lime ; the inner a thin, violaceous membrane, cinereous from the adher- ent granules of lime, or free from them, and iridescent. Capil- litium of tubules forming a loose net-work, with wide expan- sions at the angles ; the nodules of lime numerous, snow- white, large, irregular, with pointed angles and lobes, some- times confluent in the center of the sporangium. Spores globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 9-10 mic. in diameter. Growing on wood, bark, and mosses. Sporangia .8-1.0 mm. in diameter, more or less irregular. The wall of the sporan- gium is exactly like that of certain species of Didcniia. This species must be rare, as I have met with it but twice in ten years, and I am not aware that it has ever been found by any one else. VIII. FULIGO Haller. Aethalium a compound plasmo- diocarp ; the component sporangia branching and anasto- mosing in every direction, complicate and grown together; the walls of the sporangia a thin membrane, coated with minute, roundish granules of lime. Capillitium of tubules forming a net-work of irregular meshes, more or less ex- panded at the angles, the tubules containing in greater or less abundance irregular nodules of lime. Spores globose or sometimes ellipsoidal, violaceous. The genus is readily distinguished from Spumaria by the round granules of lime upon the walls of the sporangia. ^i. Aethai^ium T^iuk. Aethalia large; the lime in the capillitium scanty, the nodules small, ellipsoidal, or fusiform. a. Aethalium with a thick fragile connnon cortex. I. FuLiGO RUFA Pers. Plasmodium a large soft mass with a peculiar odor and golden-yellow in color. Aethalium very large, pulvinate, orbicular, elongated, or quite irregular, extremely friable, the surface tawny or ferruginous to ochra- ceous and whitish. The long narrow, sinuous sporangia closel)' compacted, entirely grown together and inseparable, covered by a thick common cortex, and seated on a much 30 The Myxomycetes of {he J\fia7)ii I'al/ey, Ohio. 31 thickened hypothallus ; walls of the sporangia a thin pellucid membrane, coated by a thin layer of white granules of lime. Capillitium of very slender tubules, extending across from wall to wall, sparingly branched and scarcely forming a net- work, not at all or only slightly expanded at the angles; the tubules for the most part empty, here and there with slight fusiform or elongated swellings containing granules of lime, occasionally bearing roundish or ellipsoidal nodules of larger size. Spores globose, nearly smooth, violaceous, 6-g mic. in diameter. Growing on old trunks in woods in great abundance from early Spring to Winter. Aethalium 3-6 or sometimes many centimeters in extent and 1-2 cm. in thickness. The com- mon cortex and the hypothallus are a millimeter or more in thickness ; they are composed of successive layers of thin plates of membrane coated with granules of lime. b. Aethaliiim naked, i. c, witJwiit a common cortex. 2. FuLiGO viOLACEA Pers. Plasmodium a soft effused mass, dark red or wine-colored. Aethalium large, pulvinate or effused, orbicular or more or less elongated and irregular, the surface minutely pitted and perforate, furnished with a scanty layer of lime, whitish or yellowish to brick-red in color, leaving naked purple and violet spots and patches, seated on a thin membranaceous brick-red hypothallus. Sporangia long, narrow, and sinuous, closely packed together ; the walls a thin violaceous membrane, rugulose and iridescent, with scattered granules, or nearly destitute of lime. Capilli- tium of slender violet tubules, forming a loose net-work, with slight expansions at the angles ; the tubules with numerous rather large vesicular expansions, ellipsoid or fusiform in shape, and scantily furnished with lime. Spores globose, nearly smooth, pale vinous, 6-8 mic. in diameter. Growing on old trunks in woods ; not uncommon in this region. Aethalium 1-3 or more centimeters in extent, and 5-10 mm. in thickness. The vesicles of the capillitium vary from 15-30 or sometimes to 50 mic. in diameter, their inner surface is usually coated by a single laj'er of granules of lime, they are rarelj' filled with lime and sometimes are naked entirely ; when dry many of them are to be found collapsed. 32 Ciiicititiati Society of Natural History. 3. FuLiGO FLAVA Pers. Plasmodium effused lemon-yellow. Aethalium mostly effused, irregular, the surface reticulate, pitted and perforate, entirely naked, pale yellow to lemon- yellow and greenish-yellow, the hypothallus thin or scarcely evident. Sporangia laterally much compressed, flexuous, and gyrose, not everywhere grown together, but forming a dense reticulum ; the walls a thin, pellucid membrane, with a dense layer of lemon-yellow granules of lime. Capillitium of short and very slender tubules, sparingly branched and scarcely forming a net-work, not expanded at the angles; the tubules very scantily furnished with lime, in scattered, small, fusiform nodules, white or lemon -yellow. Spores globose, very minutely warted, violaceous, 7-9 mic. in diameter. Growing on mosses, old leaves, sticks, etc.; not common. Aethalia in irregular patches 2-4 cm. or more in extent, some- times almost reduced to a simple plasmodiocarp. This .spe- cies furnishes a clear notion of the structure of the aethalium in the other species, on account of the sporangia being but loosely compacted and not entirely grown together. The Fuligo vapor aria Pers., of the green-houses and gardens I have never seen ; the Mucor septicus Linn., was thought to be the plasmodium of this. Linngeus's description is simply ''Mucor unctiwsus flavusy §2. Aethai^ioPvSIS Zopf. Aethalium small ; lime abund- ant in the capillitium, the nodules numerous and large, angu- lar and irregular. 4. Fuligo muscorum A. & S. Plasmodium effused, golden yellow. Aethalium small, subpulvinate, irregular, the surface furnished with scattered, irregular scales of lime, whitish or ochraceous to golden yellow in color, arising from a thin, white, membranaceous hypothallus. Sporangia closely packed and grown together; the walls a thin, violaceous membrane, rugulose, with a thin, closely adherent layer of granules of lime. Capillitium a loose net-work of tubules, widely expanded at the angles ; the tubules for the most part filled with lime, the nodules white or yellowish, numer- ous, very large, angular and irregular, sometimes confluent with pointed lobes and branchlets. Spores irregularly glo- bose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 9-1 1 mic. in diameter. 32 The Myxoinycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 33 Growing on leaves, twigs, mosses, etc. Aethalium from 2 or 3 mm. to a centimeter or more in extent. I have a specimen of Fuligo sitiiulans Karsten, from Karsten himself; it is identical with my specimens of Fuligo ochracea Peck. There could be no better representation of these specimens made at that time than the description and figure of Fuligo muscorutn A. & S., in the Conspectus. 5. Fuligo cinerea Schw. Plasmodium milk - white, changing to cinereous. Aethalium effused, variable in extent, the surface rugulose and perforate, white, the hypothallus thin or scarcely evident. Sporangia variously contracted and grown together, forming a dense reticulum; the walls a thin pellucid membrane, with a thick white outer la3'er of granules of lime. Capillitium a loose net-work of tubules, widely expanded at the angles, the tubules for the most part filled with lime, the nodules white, numerous, very large, angular, and irregular, lobed and branched. Spores globose or oval, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 10-15 x io~i2 mic. Growing on old leaves, herbaceous stems, etc. I find it most abundantly about the horse barn, upon the old straw and manure, sometimes running out onto the green herbage. Aethalium from a few millimeters to several centimeters in extent. Upon the testimony of Dr. Geo. A. Rex this is both Enteridiuvi cinereum and Lachnobolus ciiiereus of Schweinitz's North American Fungi as represented in his herbarium. It is Physarum ellipsosporuni of Rostafinski. It is no doubt also Aethaliopsis stercoriformis Zopf. IX. BADHAMIA Berk. Sporangia large, subglobose or obovoid, sometimes depressed, substipitate or sessile; the wall a thin membrane, with an outer layer of minute roundish granules of lime, irregularlj' dehiscent. Stipe poorly devel- oped, sometimes a mere strip of the hypothallus, often want- ing. Capillitium of thick tubules, attached on all sides to the wall of the sporangium, combined into a net-work of large meshes, more or less expanded at the angles; the tubules containing minute roundish granules of lime through- out their whole extent. Spores large, subglobose, dark viola- ceous. 33 34 Cincinnati Society of Natural Ilisiory. The peculiar character of this genus is that the granules of lime are distributed along the whole interior of the tubules of the capillitiuni ; this makes the net-work rigid, and on this account a Srmer support for the wall of the sporangium. 1. Badhamia CAPSUMi'EKA Bull. Sporangia subglobose or obovoid, sessile, on a thin pallid or yellowish hypothallus, which sometimes sends out narrow bands or strings of mem- brane of variable length, bearing sporangia singly or in clusters. Wall of the sporangium a thin pellucid membrane, mostly even or somewhat rugulose and iridescent, coated by a very thin layer of white granules of lime. Capillitium of rather slender tubules, forming an open net-work of very large meshes, only slightly expanded at the angles ; the tubules coated within by a very thin laj^er of white granules of lime. Spores subglobose or obovoid, adhering together in clusters of six to twenty or more, distinctly warted on the outer exposed surface, dark violaceous, 10-13 ^lic. in diameter. Growing on old bark, leaves, etc. Sporangia .8-1.4 mm. in diameter. Badhamia /lyalina and B. capsitlifera of Rosta- finski's monograph are here included together; he distin- guished the former by the "sporangia in clusters always exactly globose," a distinction first made by Chevallier; otherwise the characters are the same in both. 2. Badhamia utricularis Bull. Sporangia subglobose or obovoid, sessile, on a thin pallid or yellowish hypothallus, which often separates into narrow strips and strings of mem- brane of variable length, bearing the sporangia singly or in clusters. Wall of the sporangium a thin violaceous mem- brane, rugulose and iridescent, shining with purple, blue, and violet tints, with a thin layer of white granules of lime. Capillitium of thick tubules, forming an open net-work of large meshes, more or less expanded at the angle's, the tubules coated within by a thin layer of granules of lime. Spores subglobose. minutelj' warted, dark violaceous, 10-13 niic. in diameter. Growing on old wood, bark, herbaceous stems, etc. Spo- rangia .5-1.0 mm. in diameter, usually growing in clusters, sometimes suspended by the strings of membrane. Rosta- finski's distinction between this and the preceding species in 34 The Myxoinycetes of the iViatni I 'a I ley, Ohio. 35 regard to the spores holds good so far as my specimens are concerned. Bad/ia»/ia i)iag7ia Peck, I have never seen. George Massee inchides all four of these species in one com- posite species, which he names Badhamia varia. 3. Badhamia papaveracea B. & Rav. Sporangia sub- globose or obovoid, substipitate or sessile, growing close together; the wall a thin violaceous membrane, rugulose and iridescent, with a very thin coat of white granules of lime. Stipe very short, brown or blackish, sometimes reduced to merely a thickened blackish base to the sporangium. Capil- litium of thick tubules, forming an open net-work of large meshes, more or less expanded at the angles; the tubules with an inner lining of very minute white granules of lime. Spores adhering together in clusters of six to twenty, each spore subobovoid, the free portion more distinctly warted, 10-12 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood, bark, etc. Sporangia .6-1.0 mm. in diameter. Readily distinguished by its black base or black stipe and the elegant clusters of its spores, which stick together most persistently. 4. Badhamia orbiculata Rex. Sporangia much de- pressed, orbicular or somewhat irregular, umbilicate often both above and below, gregarious, sometimes growing close together and confluent, stipitate or sessile. The wall a thin pellucid membrane, with a thin layer of minute granules of lime, which are sometimes raised into small scales and fine ridges. Stipe verj' short, black, sometimes reduced to merely a blackish base to the sporangium. Capillitium of thick tubules, forming a scant}' irregular net-work, with wide expansions at the angles ; the tubules filled with white granules of lime. Spores subglobose, very minutely warted, dark violaceous, 12-15 ^ic. in diameter. Growing on old bark, herbaceous stems, etc. Sporangia .4-.8 mm. in diameter, sometimes hy confluence larger. This species seems near Badhajnia verna Smfdt, but the latter everywhere is described as sessile, while in the former the short black stipe is nearly alwaj's distinguishable. 5. Badhamia affinis Rost. Sporangium hemispherical, or much depressed, the base flattened or umbilicate, stipitate, 35 36 Ciiuiiniati Society of Natural History. erect or often cernuous; the wall a thin pellucid membrane, coated with minute white granules of lime, which are fre- quently raised into scales and ridges. Stipe short, erect or bent at the apex, black, expanding at the base into a small hypothallus. Capillitium of thick tubules, forming an open net-work of large meshes, more or less expanded at the angles ; the tubules filled with white granules of lime. Spores subglobose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 14-18 mic. in diameter. Growing on mosses and upon the bark of maple trunks. Sporangium .6-1.0 mm in diameter, the stipe about the same length. Rostafinski's description is based upon a specimen found in Chili, South America, by Bertero ; it is recorded in this country by Peck. I find it in some seasons quite abun- dant. The spores are very large, in some specimens averaging 17 mic. 6. Badhamia decipiens Curtis. Sporangia gregarious, sessile, globose, oval or oblong, by confluence sometimes more elongated ; the wall a somewhat thickened and firm yellow or yellow - brown membrane, covered with large, thick scales of lime, tawny to golden yellow or orange in color. Capillitium of thick tubules, forming an open net- work, more or less expanded at the angles; the tubules filled throughout with yellow granules of lime. Spores globose, ver}^ minutely warted, lilac, 10-12 mic. in diameter. Growing on old wood and bark. Sporangia .6-1.0 mm. in length by .6-7 mm. in thickness. My specimens were deter- mined by Dr. George A. Rex by comparison" with a specimen from Curtis in the herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences. This species should not be confused with what we have described as Physarum serpii/a. Physanini chryso- trichum B. & C, is no doubt the same thing. Badhamia nitens Berk., which is also golden yellow, has not yet been found in this country ; it will readily be distinguished from the pres- ent species by its clustered spores. 7. Badhamia panicea Fr. Sporangia sessile, subglobose or oblong, more or less irregular, gregarious; the wall a thin, pellucid membrane, covered with large, irregular, very thick, white scales of lime. Capillitium of thick tubules, forming a 36 The Myxotnycctes of the Miauii Valley, Ohio. 37 loose net-work of rather small meshes, with wide expansions at the angles ; the tubules filled with white granules of lime, sometimes confluent toward the base of the sporangium. Spores subglobose, very minutely warted, dark violaceous, 11-14 mic. in diameter. Grownng on old w^ood, bark, leaves, etc. Sporangia .8-1.6 mm. in length, with a thickness of .7-1.0 mm. This species appears to be rare ; the only specimens known to me in this country I have from Professor Thos. A. Williams, oT South Dakota ; they are identical with European specimens received from Lister. Physariim paniceuni Fries, S. M., Ill, p. 141 ; it approaches Physarum cinereiun Batsch. 8. Badhami.\ lilacina Fr. Sporangia globose or obovoid, sessile or rarely substipitate, closely crowded together on a thin, brownish hypothallus; the wall a firm, hyaline mem- brane, with a thick, smooth, continuous outer-layer of lime, varying in color from gray- white or drab to lilac and flesh color. Capillitium of very thick tubules, forming a dense net-work of small meshes ; the tubules stufi"ed wath granules of lime, which are white or colored somewhat as those in the wall, often confluent in the center of the sporangium. Spores globose, minutely warted, dark violaceous, 11-14 mic. in diameter. Growing on wood, leaves, mosses, etc. Sporangium .5-. 7 mm. in diameter. The outer crustaceous la3'er of lime on the wall crumbles and falls awa}^ as in some species of Diderma. The white form is Dider7na concinnum B. & C; the lilac or flesh-colored form \s, Physarum lilacinum of Fries, S. M., p. 141. I have seen it colored only white and drab. Under a high magnifying powder the sculpturing of the spores is seen to be peculiar. X. SCYPHIUM Rost. Sporangium obovoid to oblong- obovoid, stipitate or subsessile ; the wall a thickened, brown- ish membrane, the surface entirely naked or only the upper portion covered with granules of lime, breaking up irregu- larly about the apex. Stipe variable in length, arising from a common hypothallus and prolonged within the sporangium as a columella. Capillitium of thick tubules, proceeding from numerous points of the columella and forming a dense net- 37 38 Citicinnati Society of Natural History. work ; the tubules filled with lime throughout their whole extent. Spores large, subglobose, dark reddish-brown. This genus differs from Badliamia by the columella which gives origin to the capillitium. The sporangia in the species composing it, resemble those of Cratcriiini, and to this genus they are referred by Massee, but the capillitium is that of Bad/ianiia. 1. ScYPHiUM RUBiGiNOSUM Chev. Sporangia gregarious, obovoid, stipitate; the wall a thickened reddish-brown mem- brane, the upper part covered by a thin layer of white granules of lime, the lower basal portion naked, strongly venulose and more persistent. Stipe long, erect, reddish- brown, expanding at the base into a brown hypothallus, pro- longed within the sporangium to more than half its height as a columella. Capillitium of thick tubules, forming a dense net-work of small meshes ; the tubules stuffed with white granules of lime. Spores irregularly globose, minutely warted, dark reddish-brown, 12-15 t^^c. in diameter. Growing on old wood, mosses, etc. Sporangia .6-. 8 mm. in height by .5-. 6 mm. in diameter, the stipe from once to twice the height of the sporangium. This is P/iysarum riibi^in- osum Chevallier, Flor dc Paris. It is also Crateriiim obova- tn))i Peck. 2. ScYPHiUM cuRTisii Berk. Sporangia oblong-obovoid, stipitate or subsessile, usually growing in clusters ; the wall a thick, firm, reddish-brown membrane, venulose and reticu- late, nearl}" destitute of lime. Stipes variable, commonly very short, sometimes confluent, arising from a brown hypo- thallus, prolonged within the sporangium to about half its height. Capillitium of thick tubules, forming a dense net- work of small meshes; the tubules stuffed with white granules of lime. Spores irregularly globose, minutely warted, dark reddish-brown, 12-15 ^ic. in diameter. Growing on old wood, leaves, grass, etc. Sporangium .4-. 7 mm. in height by .3-.4 mm. in diameter, the stipe often reduced to a mere point or cushion on the hj'pothallus, and varj'ing thence to nearly the length of the sporangium. The sporangium is narrower than in the preceding species, and the brown wall is usuall}' without granules of lime. It is Didyniiuvi curtisii Berk. R.o.stafinski and Massee both pre- serve it distinct from 6". rubio-inosiim. 40 Ci'tcitDiafi Society of Xa/iiial History. EXl'LAXATIOX OF PLATE I. Fig. 4Q. — Angioridiutn sinuosum Bull. a. Plasmodiocarp X 5- f>. Capillitium and spores X 500. Fig. 50. — Cienkowskia reticulata A. & S. a. Plasmodiocarp X 5- h. Piece of plasmodiocarp > 90. c. Capillitium and spores X 5oo- Fig. 51. Leocarpus fragilis Dicks, a. Sporangia y 5. b. Cap- illitium and spores X( 500- Fig. 52. — Leocarpus caespitosus Schvv. a. Sporangia X 5- b. Cap- illitium and spores X 500- Fig- 53~Pliysarella oblonga B. & C. a. Sporangia X 5- b. Spo- rangia >, 90. c. Capillitium and spores X 500. Fig. 54. — Cytidium penetrale Rex. a. Sporangia X 5- b. Spo- rangia and columella X 90. c. Capillitium and spores X 500 Fig- 55.— Cytidium globuliferum Bull. a. Sporangia X 5- b. Spo- rangia X 93- ^- Columella X 90 d. Capillitium and spores X 500. 40 if^c JoupiQal of hf^e Q\n. goc. Hahupal "Hi^tor^v- Vol.. XIX, No. I. Plate I. Morgan on Myxomycetes. 42 Cincinnati Society of A'afura/ History. EXPLANATION OF PLATE II. Fig. 56. — Craterium minimum V,. & C. a. Sporangia X 5- b. Spo- rangium with lid X 90. c. Capillitium and spores X 500. Fig- 57- — Craterium maydis Morgan, a, Sporangia X 5- <^- Spo- rangium X 90. c. Capillitium and spores X 500. Fig. 58. — Physarum obrusseum B. & C. a. Sporangia X 5- b. Spo- rangium X 90. c. Capillitium and spores X 500- Fig- 59- — Physarum connexum Link. a. Sporangia X 5- b. Spo- rangium X 90- c. Capillitium and spores X 500. Fig. 60. — Physarum polyceplialum Schw. a. Sporangia X 5. b. Sporangia X 90- <^- Capillitium and spores X 500. Fig. 61. — Physarum lateritium B. & C. a. Sporangia X 5- b. Spo- rangia X 90. c. Capillitium and spores X 500- Fig. 62. — Physarum imitans Racib. a. Sporangia X 5- b. Spo- rangium X 90. c. Capillitium and spores X 500- Fig. 63. — Physarum relatum Morgan, a. Sporangia X 5- b. Spo- rangia X 90. One divested of the wall and showing the rigid capil- litium. c. Capillitium and spores X 5oo- 42 ^[^e JoLir^f2al of tf^e &n. goc. yNahLiP5\l "Hi'^topv- Vol. XIX, No. I. Plate II. Morgan on Myxomycetes. 44 Cincumati Society of Natural History. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IIL Fig. 64. — Physarum glaucum Phillips, a. Sporangia X 5- b. Spo- rangium X 90. c. Capillitium and spores X 500. Fig. 65. — Physarum serpula Morgan, a. Plasmodiocarp X 5- b. Piece of plasmodiocarp X 90. c. Capillitium and spores X 500. Fig. 66. — Fuligo violacea Pers. a. Aethalium natural size. b. Capillitium and spores X 500. Fig. 67. — Fuligo flava Pers. a. Portion of an aethalium X 5- b. Capillitium and spores X 500. Fig. 68. — Fuligo cinerea Schw. a. Portion of aethalium X 5- b. Capillitium and spores X 50u. Fig. 69. — Badhamia papaveracea B. & Rav. a. Sporangia X 5- b. Sporangium together with transverse section X 90- ^- Capillitium and spores X 90- d. Portion of capillitium with clustered spores X 500. Fig. 70. — Badhamia affinis Rost. a. Sporangia X 5- b. Sporan- gia X 90, one with section showing capillitium. c. Capillitium and spores X 500- Fig. 71. — Badhamia decipiens Curtis, a. Sporangia X 5- b. Spo- rangia X 90. c. Section of sporangium showing capillitium. d. Cap- illitium and spores X 500. Fig. 72. — Scyphium rubiginosum Chev. a. Sporangia X 90- <^. Spo- rangia X 90. with section showing capillitium. c. Capillitium and spores X 500. Fig- 73- — Scj'phium curtisii Berk. Sporangia X 5- 44 il^e Jour^iQal of hfye Q'm. goc. HahLipal +li<^(:0P2/. Vol.. XIX, No. t. Plate hi. MORG.\N ON MYXOMYCETES. Correct Position of the Aperture in Planorbis. 45 ARTICLE II. — ON THE CORRECT POSITION OF THE APERTURE IN PLANORBIS. By Frank C. Baker, B. S. In 1 88 1,* Dr. R. E. C. Stearns, in a somewhat exhaustive article, gave as his opinion that the shells of Planorbis were nearly all sinistral and not dextral, as most authors have described them. With a view to establishing this fact beyond a doubt for a number of the species, I set about the examina- tion of the material in the Chicago Academy of Science, with some very interesting results. As suggested hy Dr. Stearns in his paper (1. c, p. 96), I examined a large number of Planorbes by breaking away all the whorls save the two or three nuclear whorls. This was comparatively easy for the larger forms, but quite diflBcult for the smaller species. The result shows what a little time and patience will do in settling a disputed point of this kind. In almost every shell exam- ined, I was able to reduce the adult shell to a form much resembling a Physa with the apex cut off, the apical whorls above and the umbilicus below, the aperture, as in Physa, to the left hand. By reducing all the species to this condition, I was able to see with absolute certainty the position of the aperture. Many of the earlier authors, as Say, Reeve, G. B. Sowerby, Jr., etc., treated the group as sinistral, but most modern authors have considered it dextral, and so figured and described it. That the majority of them were wrong in so describing them, I trust I shall demonstrate in this com- munication. Before entering upon a consideration of the diflferent species, it might be well to consider the relation of the shell to the animal, as well as some particular points in the shell itself. The shell is carried perpendicularly when the animal is in motion, thus presenting a right and left side. This fact *Are the shells of Planorbis Dextral or Sinistral? Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil, p. 92, iSSi. iVoL. XIX, No. I.J I Printed Acgust 23, 1S96. 46 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. caused several conchologists to describe the upper and lower surfaces as the right and left sides. A mollusk living in this manner would naturally acquire a discoidal shell, and the coils might not always be in the same plane. This is the case with Planorbis, for we often find examples of the same species which have the last one, two or three whorls either above or below the median peripheral line of the whorls. We find frequently that the apex and umbilicus are both more or less perforating. This results in this manner : when the shell is young the height is say one-eighth of an inch ; the next two turns raise the general height to one quarter, and the original apex is depressed below the level of the last whorl. This continues until the adult form is reached, when we have a species like ammon or trivolvis. I have known of cases where the apex and umbilicus were so close together that the apex finally became perforated, making a hole clear through the shell. The animal is essentially sinistral, the generative, respiratory, and excretory orifices being on the left side. The following species have been critically examined, and I believe the determinations can be depended upon: Planorbis trivolvis Say. I reduced this species to one and a half whorls with results of a positive nature. The apical whorls were distinctly flat and regular, Planorbis tri- while the Umbilical region was . Adult lorm' deeply perforated. There is plaxorbis trivolvis, . . ,. r Sav. Young speci- no question concerning the sinistrality of men of 2^ whoris, showing sinistral this species. character. Planorbis Truncatus Miles, is decidedly sinistral, a fact which is at once apparent without the trouble of dissection. I am able to add two new localities to the original one at Sag- inaw Bay, Michigan ; these are. Miller's, Indiana, and North Branch of the Chicago River, near Bowmanville. Planorbis campanulatus Say. This species is sinistral, though at first sight it is taken for dextral. It is only after the shell has been reduced to two or three whorls that the sinistral character is seen. The umbilicus is not deep in this species, as it is in trivolvis. 2 Correct Position of the Aperture in Planorbis. 47 Planorbis bicarinatl'S Say, is verj- difficult to decide upon from the adult shells, for the entire number of whorls may be counted on both sides. It was only by reducing the shells to two whorls that I was enabled to absolutely deter- mine its sinistral character. I was much astonished, also, to find that these dissected shells corresponded exactly to num- erous very small Planorbes which have puzzed me for some time. It is more than probable that all the young of Plan- orbis show distinctly their sinistral character. Planorbis subcrenatus Cpr., is also sinistral, but is only seen to be such after dissection. Planorbis glabratus Say. This is very closely allied to trivolvis, and, like that species, it is sinistral. Planorbis ammon Gould, is sinistral, a fact easily ascer- tained by a close examination, even without the trouble of a dissection. By breaking away to the second whorl, the sinis- tral character is seen to be quite pronounced. The umbilical region is much indented. Pl.anorbis corneus Lime, is sinistral. Planorbis corpulentus Say, is sinistral, and, if I mis- take not, will prove to be a synonym, or at most a variety, of trivoh'is. The two species merge into one another, as may be seen by examining a large series of both. Planorbis lentus Say. This species is sinistral, and is also very closely related to trivolvis. Its distribution, how- ever, is essentially southern. Planorbis oregonensis Tryon is sinistral. The aper- ture is greatly deflected on the lower extremity, a fact which goes a great way toward placing it in the right position. Planorbis exacutus Say, is dextral. Planorbis parvus Say, is dextral. It is very difficult to experiment with these small and fragile shells. Several specimens of exacutus I have been able to examine with some degree of success, but, as a rule, the results were not satisfactor}-. I am firmly convinced, however, that the tw^o species spoken of are dextral. Segmentina armigera Say, is dextral. It will be seen from the above that the larger species of Planorbis are sinis- 3 4S Cincitniati Society of Natural History. tral, while most of the smaller forms are dextral. In regard to the position of the genus, muclr has been said and written. By some authors it is considered nearly related to P/iysa, and by others to Limnaa. My observations have convinced me that the genus is closely related to both, its sinistral shell, as seen in dissected specimens, shows that it is closely related to P/iysa, while its dentition and jaw show it to be nearer Linuura. Planorbis has subquadrate teeth, which are bi- and tricuspid for the most part, save the marginals which are serrated. Physa, on the other hand, has a small central tooth and numerous comb-like lateral teeth. When a revision of the genus is made, all of the species should be subjected to an examination, similar to that which I have given the forms spoken of in this paper. A New Variety of the Red-Spotted Triton. 49 ARTICLE III. — DIEMYCTYLUS VIRIDESCENS var. VITTATUS, A NEW VARIETY OF THE RED- SPOTTED TRITON. By Professor H. Garman, Lexington, Ky. With a series of black-bordered, longitudinal red lines, forming together a broken subdorsal stripe on each side. Pale greenish olive above, golden jellow below, the two colors terminating abruptl}^ where they meet on the sides ; every- where with round, black spots. Length, 70 mm. Similar to the common northern variet}^ of D. viridescens, but averaging smaller, and to be distinguished at once by the broken subdorsal line. The line begins above the eye as small, round spots, those of the two sides sometimes diverg- ing from a median spot between the e^^es. Following the spots are a few short dashes on the posterior part of the head, which, in turn, are followed by lines varj-ing from 3 to 20 mm. in length and constituting the greater part of the length of the series. The series extends a little beyond the base of the hind leg, and is completed on the base of the tail b)' several small, round dots. In some examples the lines are bordered uniformly with black, but in others the black is dis- tributed as dots along the red lines, as if indicating the posi- tion of ocellate spots, which, by elongation and fusion, have formed the lines. The spots of an inferior series, present on each side between the bases of the legs, also show a tendency to elongation, and dashes of as much as 3 mm. long some- times occur among them. The black dots scattered every- where over the bod)' and its appendages vary in size and num- ber in different individuals. On the tail they are sometimes surrounded by a wide, nebulous, dusky border. A dusky band on each side of the head is always present, but varies much in brightness. Females are larger, lighter in general color, and the subdorsal lines have in them more frequent in- terruptions. The terrestrial stage (corresponding to the form Jour. CiN. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX, No. 2. I Printed March 24, 1897. so Cinciunati Society of Natural History. niiniatus of the common variet}') is reddish brown, lacks the membranous expansions of the tail, and has minutely gran- ulate skin. The single example of this form collected has the characteristic subdorsal lines less interrupted than usual. In the following list of measurements the length of the body is the distance from the tip of the snout to the posterior limit of the anal protuberance : Length of body 30 mm. 32 ■34 ■34 •34 •35 •35 •35 ■35 •36 •37 ■37 •37 •37 •38 Length of tail 27 mm. 31 ••31 ••34 36.5 ..26 ••35 •35 ..40 ••36 ••37 ••37 • .38 ••39 ••37 This triton occurs abundantly in shallow pools near Wil- mington, North Carolina. Numerous examples (including the A New Variety of the Red-Spotted Triton. 51 material in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University) of the common variety from various localities, North and South, have been compared with the specimens from Wilmington, and while a good deal of variation in the size and number of the ocellate spots was noted, in none was there a tendency to the formation of lines. The specimens from Wilmington are, on the contrary, invariably lineate. An examination of several stomachs of individuals taken July 28th showed them to be feeding on insects and crustace- ans. Of insects a Corisa, larvae of Culex, Chironomus, of Agrionina, and Libellulina were determined. With the ex- ception of a small Cambarus, the crustaceans all belonged to the groups Phyllopoda and Ostracoda. Desmid and fila- mentous algae noted had probably been taken accidentally with animal food. Explanation of Figures. A. D. viridescens, var. viridescens (aquatic form). B. D. viridescens, var. vittatus (aquatic form). C. D. viridescens, var. vittatus (terrestrial form). Natural size. The scattered black spots not represented. Some Notes on the Mammals of Ma )n moth Cave, k'y. 53 ARTICIvE IV.— SOME NOTES ON THE. MAMMALS OF MAMMOTH CAVE, KENTUCKY. Bv SamueIv N. Rhoads, Philadelphia, Pa. (The " notes," which con.stitute the body of this paper, were prepared by Mr. Rhoads for use in another place and publi- cation. But so little is known of the mammals of caverns, and the present impossibility of presenting this matter in the form originally intended have influenced the writer to present them through the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. It is but just to Mr. Rhoads to say that this disposition of his " notes " is wholly on the authority of the writer, for whom they were made. At some future time another contribution maj- be offered, which will be complete, for the fauna and flora of the great cavern. — R. Ellsicorth Call.) Alleghany Cave Rat. Neotoma magistER Baird. "Rat of the Blue Mountains: Bartram," in Kalm's Trav. (For- sters's ed.), 1771, pp. 47-48. American Rat: Pennant, Hist. Quad., 1781, p. 441 (quotes Kalm). Neotoma floridayia Baird : ;Mam. N. Amer., 1857, P- 489 (in part; name applied to New York specimens in National Museum). Neotoma magister Baird : Mam. N. Amer., 1857, p. 498 (Rhoads' Reprint Ords' Zool., Sept., 1894, appx., p. 16; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Oct., 1894, pp. 213-221 ; ibid., 1896, p. 192). Neotoma pennsylvanica Stone: (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1893, p. 16; Merriam, ibid., 1S94, p. 244.) Geographic distribution. Alleghanian fauna, extending northeastward along the Blue Ridge to isolated localities in southern New York, eastern Massachusetts (?) and Connecti- cut (?), southward to Alabama, and west to Mammoth Cave, Kentuck3\ Habitat. Cliffs, caves, and rock ledges of the mountains, descending into the lowlands, where limestone caves afford it security. Jour. CiN. 80c. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX, Xo. 2. I Printed M.\rch 24, 1897. 54 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Habits. For a description of the lial)its of this animal in its Pennsylvania haunts, the reader is referred to my paper, above quoted, in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy. My experience with the Cave Rat in Kentucky is confined to an unsuccessful attempt to capture them in Mammoth Cave during a visit there in April, 1895, in company with Professor R. E. Call. At that time I examined their rendez- vous and conversed with some of the guides concerning them. Subsequentl)^ I received alive an adult male specimen, and studied the habits of the animal in captivity for nearly a month before sacrificing its life to science. More recently an adult female in spirits was sent to me, and these have afforded all the necessary characters by which to fix the status of the rat of Mammoth Cave. Both these specimens were procured by Professor Call and forwarded by him to the Academy of Nat- ural Sciences for identification. The only place where I noted evidences of this animal in Mammoth Cave was about a quarter of a mile from the en- trance, in the wide passageway known as The Main Cave. Piles of loose stones line the sides of the cavern at this point, and along the foot of the arching walls are strewn the indescribable collection of materials with which this animal is sure to adorn and litter its by-ways. Among these were found the nuts and seeds of various trees and plants growing around the mouth of the cave, showing unmistakably the chief source of their food supply, and that they by no means confine their wanderings to the cave itself. I was unable to find the nests or remains of the rats, but the numberless nar- row passageways, stone heaps, and crevices undoubtedly con- cealed these from search as well as the live animals. Of their numbers it was impossible to get information. The guides rarely see them, and their haunts seem to be largel}' confined to the particular locality I have mentioned. No instance had come to their (the guides') notice of the rats building a nest openh' on the floor of the cave, as has been stated '■= to be the custom of the same species in the caves of Virginia. One of the guides assured me that these rats were by no means confined to the cave, but could be found on the rocky •"See Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1894, p. 220. 2 Some Notes on the Mauimals of Mammoth Cave, k'y. 55 cliffs on the opposite shores of Green River, a half mile dis- tant. There is no doubt that this Neotoma is likely to be found in any of the larger caves and more mountainous rocky elevations, which are so numerous in this and other parts of Kentucky. I did not find it, however, in similar situations, in Tennessee, west of the Great Smoky Mountains, but owing to its extremely local and apparently erratic distribution, it may have been overlooked. The rat from Mammoth Cave, which I kept alive, was so precisely a duplicate, both in appearance and actions, of one I had previously studied and which came from Clinton County, Pennsylvania, that the thought of their being different species or races could not be entertained, and the examination ot their anatomy confirms such a negative view. Any suspicion of blindness or deficient eyesight, such as is exemplified in some of the lower orders of animal life in the cave, can not attach to this mammal. As in all the more strictly nocturnal rodents, the eyes of this species are greatly developed ; nevertheless, they are able to make most intelli- gent use of them in broad daylight, if need be. My pet cave rat was very sleepy in the daytime, and if given the materials would quickly make a globular nest in which to hide. The favorite position of rest was on the side, coiled, with the nose resting on the abdomen and tail curled around the body. It . frequently would " sit on its head," as it were, by leaning for- ward and placing its nose near the root of the tail, that mem- ber acting as a sort of prop to prevent the animal from turn- ing a somersault in its sleep. Sometimes it would lie stretched out at full length on its side, the tail straight and the hind feet extended to their farthest limit. It invariably picked up objects with its teeth, though its fore feet were quite capable of the service, and the dexterity with which it would manip- ulate a nut with one or both paws was astonishing. In eating this kind of food it would quickly rasp a small hole, and, in- serting the long lower incisors, clip off pieces of the kernel and extract them with great adroitness through an opening less than a quarter of an inch in diameter. All kinds of vege- table and animal food were acceptable to it, but it seemed to prefer nuts and grain to anything else, though cabbage and apples were a favorite dessert, and it greatly enjoyed sharpen- 3 56 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. ing its teeth on candy toys. It was a great drinker, lapping water like a dog. In defending itself it would stand on its hind legs and strike with great force with the fore feet, at the same time laying hold on an object thrust toward it with great strength and forcing it toward a distant part of the cage. The odor of this animal, even under ordinary conditions of care, is almost suffocating, and far more mephitic than that of the Norway Rat. When investigating an object, the coarse and prominent whiskers of this rat are vibrated with astonishing rapidity, forming a sort of halo about the face because of their incessant motion. The function of these organs must be highlj' specialized in this Neotonia, and undoubtedly has to do with its subterranean habits. On no occasion did any of my caged rats utter a cry, save a sort of grunting squeak when they yawned forcibly. General characters. Resembling those of the Norway Rat, Mus decumanus, in proportion, but distinguished by greater size, larger ears and eyes, thicker, shorter, and more hairy tail, white feet, darker pelage, and enormous whiskers. The skull of this animal is instantly recognizable from that of Miis decumanus by its great size, lack of supraorbital ridges, and the flat, prismatic-crowned, molar teeth. It is distin- guished from its southern ally, Neotoma floridana, by greater size, hairy, bicolored tail and grayer (less brown) color, and cranially by the relatively heavier dentition, smaller auditory bullae and heavier and blunter rostrum, flattened upper profile, and narrow postpalatal foramen. Color. Above, uniform tawny, or buffy gray, lined with coarser black hairs, darkest along upper head and back, the buff predominating along the sides; becoming nearly pure along the line of separation from the white of under parts, and reaching down sides of neck to or across the fore breast. Feet from wrists and ankles, white; soles naked, heel hairy. Ears large, rounded, sparsely haired inside and out, a pencil of white hairs at their posterior bases. Upper tail as dark or darker than back, beneath white, like the whole of under parts. Whiskers reaching to or behind shoulders, coarse at base, but finely tapering and elastic, the smaller white, the coarser black, with white tips. Cranial characters. Greatest length nearly twice the Some Notes on the Mammals of 3Iammofh Cave, Ky. 57 zygomatic breadth; length of nasals nearly half the basilar length; greatest depth (occipital) about half the length of mandible. Posterior margin of palate acutely emarginate, nearly reaching a line connecting the hinder bases of in. 5. Pterj^goid fossa narrow and deep, the pterygoid processes much constricted and strongly produced posteriorly below the level of the audital bullae. Nasals scarcely reaching back to a line connecting the anterior angles of the orbits, and falling short of the premaxillaries in this respect. In yearling adults the molars are sharply angled ; lu. i having two small anterior and one large transverse median triangles and a posterior lateral loop ; m. 2 is similar with only a single anterior triangle ; )}i. j" has an anterior triangle and a deeply indented, almost circular, posterior loop. In very old examples these teeth change materially, becoming broader and much less angular, the tips of adjoining triangles and crescent sometimes joining in a continuous outer enamel wall, and the anterior triangle of ;;/. / resolving into an indented crescentine loop. Measurements of male specimen, taken before immersion in spirits : llillinieters. Total length 429 Tail vertebrae 190 MilHmeters. Basilar length 48 Greatest breadth 27.5 Hind foot 42 | Interorbital constriction... 72 Height of ear from crown. . 24 I Length of nasals 22 Greatest breadth of ear. .. . 22.5 Length of mandibU- 32.5 Skull, total length 55 | Width of mandible 16 General remarks. The above measurements are of an old, adult, male rat, and are about the average of fully-grown speci- mens of this species. The only difference which seems to be constant to cave-dwelling specimens, as compared with those from more open cliffs and rocky ledges, is the less hairy and markedly unicolored tail. I find that two specimens in the Academy's collection from a cave in Wythe County, Virginia, correspond, in this particular, with those from Mammoth Cave. In all other respects, there are no constant peculiari- ties in the Kentucky animal which are not shared by Pennsyl- vania specimens. For the benefit of those who are unable to look up the liter- ature to which references have been made, it may be stated 58 Cincinuali Society of Natural History. that Professor Baird's name of Nrotoma Diaoistcr for this rat was originally applied to what he considered a fossil species, described from some lower maxillaries taken in a cave near Carlisle, PennsN-lvania. Similar remains were afterward found in other caves, but it was not till 1893 that Mr. Witmer Stone announced the discovery, of a living Neotoma in the South Mountain, not many miles distant from the Carlisle cavern which produced Baird's types. To this animal Mr. Stone gave the name Neotoma pcnnsylvanica. Not long after I made a comparison of the remains of the extinct (?) rat with Mr. Stone's types, and in " A Contribution to the Life History of the Alleghany Cave Rat " (1. c.) endeavored to show that the living and so-called "fossil" Neotomcc were specifically the same. In his Review of the Neotomyincc, (1. c.) Dr. Merriam considers them distinct, but Dr. J. A. Allen, in a recent paper, inclines to the belief that they are identical. Eastern Deer Mouse. Peromyscus lEUCOPUS Rafinesque. Musculus leucopiis Raf. Amer. Mon. Mag., Ill, 18 18, p. 446. Peromyscus teucopus Thomas. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XV, 1895, p. 192. Geographic distribution. Carolinian fauna, from the Mis- sissippi River to the Atlantic, and from latitude 34° to the Great Lakes. Habitat. Woodlands ; living in hollow^ logs and subter- ranean burrows, sometimes nesting in trees. Habits. The White-footed or Deer Mouse is abundant in the vicinit}' of Mammoth Cave, where I caught a few during my brief sojourn. Two specimens were taken at the mouth of the cavern, and Professor Call sends me another secured in the cave itself. Of its habits in the cave I know nothing, but its only inducement to enter the place would be in search of such food as the rats scatter in their carnivals or for the insect life which abounds there. It can hardly be considered as more than a transient visitor to Mammoth Cave, as its choice i-5 the open woodlands, and in many respects it shows a more arboreal and less subterranean manner of life than any other of the known American Mnridcr. 6 Some Notes on the Maynnials of Maintnofh Cave, Ky. 59 Description. The status of this mouse is so well under- stood that it is not necessary to more than briefly allude to its several characters. As exemplified in the specimens above mentioned, the Deer Mouse of Central Kentucky may be con- cisely stated as a miniature of the Cave Rat— something over 6 inches long. In color, pattern and proportions it is the exact counterpart of the rat, but in color the dark, buffy gray of upper parts of that animal is a delicate, grayish fawn in the adult mouse. The specimen sent by Professor Call is an im- miture individual about two-thirds grown, and is in the lead- colored dress so characteristic of the young of this genus. The adults are above the average size of this species, and ap- pear more lightly colored than eastern specimens of leiicopus, but the skull and feet fix their identity with that species. The male measures 174 mm. in total length, the tail vertebrae 70, and the hind foot 21. The female is longer by 10 mm., owing largely to the greater length of tail, but its feet are of the same length as in the male. Little Broicn Bat. Vespertilio lucifugus Le Conte. Vespertilio lucifugus Le C. Cuv. An. Kingd., 1S31, appx. I, p. 431. I'espertilio gryphus Fr. Cuv. Nouv. Ann. du Mus., 1832, p. 15. H. Allen, Mon. Bats N. Amer., Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1S93, p. 75. Geof^raphic distribution. Northern North America, from the Barren Grounds south to the Sonoran and Louisianian regions. Habitat. Hollow trees, caves, and buildings by day, flying abroad at night in search of food. Habits. This is, by far, the most common form of bat found in Mammoth Cave — indeed, more than 90 per cent of those I saw appeared to be of this species. In the " Bat Chamber," during the 1 is^ week in April, there were at least two thousand at one time. They seemed to prefer the higher ledges of the dome, hanging in long, interrupted, single or triple rows, or in other places, covering irregular patches so thickly as to blacken the walls. Among them appeared to be a larger spe- cies, which looked like Adelonycteris fiisca, but no specimens of these have come to hand. In a low, wide passageway (Lit- tle Bat Avenue), about one-fourth of a mile from the entrance 6o Cincinnati Society of Natural History. to the cave, I found a cluster of little brown bats, which hung like a swarm of bees from a hollow space in the ceiling, just above the level of my head as I stood on the floor. The cir- cular space covered by them was about iS inches in diameter, and from this were suspended, head downard, nearly 150 bats in a compact, conical mass, several layers deep. How the underlying ones supported the remainder from their appar- ently insecure attachment to the limestone I could not under- stand any better than the fact that they were not smothered by the embraces of their uncanny companions. An exploration of the cave at night failed to show a marked decrease in the numbers of the bats remaining there, although several species were flying abroad at that time, and when we remember that the temperature of the cave remains almost sta- tionary throughout the year, it is not improbable that many of these bats continue torpid for indefinite periods, which have no direct connection with seasonal changes, but are largely dependent on the irregular recurrence of hunger. In this re- spect cave-dwelling bats must differ greatly from those whose habitat is arboreal, and which are therefore subjected to con- tinual variations of temperature and the consequent activity or repose induced thereby. Description. This small bat may be known from other of our eastern species by small size, coupled with the dark brown fur and uniformly blackish wings. The tragus is long, pointed and directed backward. The wing membrane ex- tends to* the base of the toes. There are two small unicuspid, upper incisors of equal size, separated by a slight diastema from the canine. Just behind the canine is a small premolar, closely followed by a smaller one, and this by the large third premolar and the three molars. Ten specimens from the cave have been criticallj' examined, and are in the Philadel- phia Academy's collection. Three of these average, as fol- lows : Expanse of wings, 235 mm.; length of body and tail, 83 : tail vertebrae, 36 ; hind foot, 8; height of ear from crown, 1 1. Georgia Bat. Vesperugo carolinensis Geoff. St. Hil. Vespertilio carolinensis. Is. Geoff St. Hilaire. Ann. du Mus., i8o5, p. 193. Vespertilio georgianus. Fr. Cuv., Ann. du Mus., 1S32, p. 16. Soine Azotes on the Mai?ii>ia/s of AfiDinitoth Cave, Ky. 6i Geographic dis/ridiiiion. Carolinian and Austroriparian regions. Habitat. Similar to that of the preceding species. //aluts. The Georgia Bat was found only in isolated instances in parts of Mammoth Cave, and never closely asso- ciated either with its own species or with the Brown Bat. It was quickly distinguishable from the latter b}^ its much lighter color, and can be recognized by this feature at some distance even b}- torch light. I found some of this species in small caves in Tennessee, and Dr. H. Allen gives the measure- ments of one taken in Short Cave, Kentucky, in his recent Monograph.* Dr. Allen there states that " it is often found in collections associated with Vespertilio gryphns ( V. lucifugiis), but it is not known to be collected in the same locality' with this species," a view which my experience, not only in Ken- tucky, but in New Jersey also, proves untenable. Description. Size equal to or greater than 1'. lucifugus. Color tawny or brownish graj-, wing membranes blackish, wing bones flesh colored. Anterior upper incisor bifid, larger than second. There is a diastema between upper incisors and canine, the latter closely followed by a rounded conical premolar which touches the large sectorial pm. 2, and the latter crowded upon m. i. Only one specimen from the cave is available. It measures in alar extent 225 millimeters ; the total length of tail and body is 80, of the tail 35, of the hind foot 8, and of the ear from crown 10.5. The apparent absence of other species of bats, especiallj^ the large Brown Bat, A. fusca, and the Red Bat, A. borealis, from Mammoth Cave is unaccountable to me, as they abound in the region, and from their habit of roosting in attics and outhouses the cave would seem to present most suitable conditions. The Red Bat, however, is known to hide in trees during the day time in warm weather, and may reside in the cave only in winter. •=Bull. Nat. Mus., No. 43, 1893, p. 127. ^n Odonate Nymph from a Thermal Spring. 63 ARTICLE v.— AN ODONATE NYMPH FROM A THERMAL SPRING. By D. S. Keli.icott, Columbus, O. I received recently, for study, from Dr. Josua Lindahl, four diagon-fly nymphs, obtained by him from Mr. Lloyd T. Steven- sou, of Chat, Cal., with the following data (condensed) : " Taken August 3d from a hot spring forty three miles west of Reno, Nev., in Lassen County, Cal. The elevation of the spring is about 4,600 feet ; it forms a pool forty- five feet long, ten wide, and an average of three deep, and has no outlet. At the western end, where the water issued from the rocks, the temperature was near the boiling point ; at the opposite end it was as low as bloodheat. No vegetation was noticed in the hotter part, but in the cooler, certain plants were grow- ing. The water is quite heavily charged with minerals. " The smaller nymphs were taken in the hottest part of the pool, and the larger one in the cooler part. Ten or twelve nymphs were seen. The smaller ones soon died, as the water in which they were placed when collected cooled." The presence of animal life in mineral springs of high tem- perature is a subject of deep interest to biologists, as the abil- ity to withstand such conditions raises many interesting ques- tions. While the references, at hand, regarding plants, mostly algse, in hot springs are numerous and definite, those made on animals in like situations are few, and among these I have found no allusion to adolescent dragon-flies in such waters.^ But the presence of these strictly carnivorous nymphs is of itself evidence that other animals were present, as it would not seem possible for these young to feed on their own kind from start to finish. Of these larvae at hand for description one is nearly mature, while three are much smaller, having apparently passed about * It is regretted that the exact temperature was not ascertained at the time and place of capture of these nymphs. Steps will doubtless yet be taken to secure this important fact for different parts of the pool. Jour. Cin.Soc.Xat. Hist., Vol. XIX.No. 2. I Printed M.arch 24, 1S07. 64 Cincinnati Socic/y of Natural History. half their moults. The former will be described and figured, and the latter compared as far as may appear necessary for clearness. The seven-jointed antennte, the three-jointed tarsi, the smooth, opposing edges of the lateral lobes of the labium, and the relatively short abdomen place this nymph, without question, among those of the Family Libellulidae. The size is as follows: Total length, 15 mm.; of the abdo- men, 7 mm. ; width of abdomen, 6.5 mm. ; of the head, 5 mm. ; length of wing covers 7 mm.; of the extended labium, 7 mm. The general color is slightly olivaceous above, more or less mottled ; beneath whitish. The head, seen from above, is subquadrangular ; vertex and posterior lateral angles rounded ; frons concave between the rather small, round eyes, and slightly convex at the union with the clypeus ; labium whitish ; the opposing edges of the lateral lobes smooth-bearing, chestnut seta^ ; antennae pale; joints 3, 6, and 7 are nearly equal, and as long as i and 2 to- gether ; 4 and 5 are shorter ; the covered-mouth parts are villous. The front of the prothorax is vertical, and has a sulcus par- allel to its upper margin ; the latter is quite deeply bilobed. The legs are obscurely ringed, with darker shades. The lateral margins of the abdomen are strongly produced ; thece are no dorsal hooks or lateral marginal spines ; the tenth ring is very short, 3 to 9 longer and equal. The abdominal appendages are about the length of 9 and 10 ; the superior middle one is shorter than the lower laterals, broad at base. vVf, »<./.♦ \A^f/< J<\ Fl >^ An Odonate Nymph froin a Thermal Spring. 65 and ends in a stout spine ; the superior laterals are shorter — seen fro n above, they are spine-like, with spinous apex dis curved ; the lower laterals are broad, with stout, decurved apex ; margins convex with rows of brown setae. The wing- covers reach the ninth abdominal ring. The smaller specimens are much lighter in color and meas- ure 7 mm. in length ; the wing-covers are very rudimentary ; There are no other notable diflferences. Figure i was drawn from the mature individual ; Figure 2 from the tip of the abdomen of a small one ; it shows the parts flattened by the compressorium, and the lateral appendages, more or less nearly from the side. The type specimens are preserved in the Museum of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, being entered in the Accession Catalogue as Nos. 9315 and 9316.^/. L. 66 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. ARTICLE VI.— CATALOGUE OF THE ODONATA OF OHIO. Part III. By D. S. KELLICOTT, Cor.UMBUS, O. The former parts of the catalogue'^^ contained the names of eighty-six species. During the season of 1896 several addi- tions have been made to our known species, and this Part III is published to extend the list and to correct certain errors of identification in the preceding parts. The species, No. 86, which was referred, with doubt, to Dip/ax iimdida Hagen, proves not to be that insect and the name should be erased. Concerning the proposed variety, Goiuphus fraternns variety zcalshii, it may be said that a more complete series of fraterniis has been obtained, and it does not longer seem best to continue the varietal name. It is, therefore, withdrawn and G. lividiis, taken in 1895, but not hitherto identified, given its place, as follows : 77. Goinphiis lividus Selys. One male taken at Sugar Grove, May 18, 1895. The one captured was resting with others in a roadwaj^ at a long dis- tance from permanent water. The additions of 1896 are nine in number and are as follows : (2) Agrionin.^. 86. Eiiallagma aspersinn Hagen. Examples of this pretty and abundant species w^ere first taken by my associate, Jas. S. Hine, at Minerva Park, near Westerville, May 4th. It was abundant at Sandusky, July 30th, and at Wauseon, August 6th (Hine) ; one male was taken at Minerva Park, October loth. "Journal Ciii. Soc. of Nat. Hist., Vols. XVII, p. 195, and XVIII, p, 105. 4 Calalogue of the Odouata of Ohio. 67 87. E)iallagi)ia douhledayi Selys. Two males were captured by Mr. Hine at Minerva Park, May 4th. It has not been seen elsewhere in the State. The discovery of doubledayi in Central Ohio was quite unexpected, as it has not been reported previously from the interior. W. F. Kirby, in his Catalogue of the Odonata of the World, gives its habitat Florida and Cuba. Philip P. Calvert has reported it from one of the Elizabeth Islands. (3) GOMPHIN/B. 88. Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis Walsh. The first capture, a teneral male, was made by Mr. C. B. Steward on the State University Campus, May 5th. From the middle of May until the middle of June it was common, in company with G. fratcrnus and G. externus, flying above the swiftest water of the Olentangy River at Columbus or rest- ing on its gravelly banks, near rapids. 89. Gomphus qiiadricolor Walsh. One female was taken May 20th by Mr. Ernest Scott on the grounds of the State University. Two males were subse- quently captured by the writer at Columbus. One was resting on a rock jutting out of swift water and one on the bank near by. It is an elegant and, apparently, not very active species. 90. Gomphus not at us Rambr. Teneral males and females were taken at Sandusky, June 20th. It occurred about the sand dunes on Cedar Point (San- dusky), resting on coarse grasses, through July. None were seen ovipositing or fl) ing, except to escape from danger. Nymphs crawled up piles and walls in the harbor for their final change, which shows that they inhabited water of consid- erable depth. 91. Gomphus Sp. One female taken by Jas. S. Hine at Wauseon, July ist. It appears to belong to the same group as G. notatus, but dif- 5 68 Cincinnati Society of A'atuial History. fers from that species in coloration, form of the vulvar lam- ina, and in proportion of length of the abdomen and hind wing; it differs from .'r/>/y//r«r'/'.9 notably in having segments S and 9 equal. Length of abdomen, 42 mm. ; of hind wing, 3S mm. (7) LlHELI-ULIN^. 92. TraiHca onusta Hagen. Three males were taken in Minerva Park, May 7th. There is no apparent difference between these and those sent by Professor E. E. Bogue from Oklahoma. Onusta is the third species added to our list from an artifi- cial lake in Minerva Park the first week in May. This lake had existed only since July, 1895; previously a mere rivulet flowed through the valley; this was dammed, and the rivulet and water pumped from Alum Creek, a mile away, filled the lake. Except the creek luentioned, there were no other per- manent bodies of water near. Various species of Odonates swarmed about the park in May. Their larvae could hardly have been carried in by the pumped stream, and it seems a fair inference that most of these nymphs matured in the lake, and that they require but one season to reach maturity. 93. Libelliila axilleiia (form incestcx) Hagen. It was first taken by R. C. Osburn and E. B. Williamson at Sandusky, June 26th. The males were among the most abundant L,ibellulas during July around the marshes of the bay; the females, on the contrar}', were rareh^ seen. The behavior of this form and vibrans is quite different ; the males of the latter fly very little about the bordering herbage in search of the females ; instead the}^ sit for long periods on some dry twig or projecting stick awaiting the approach to water of the females for oviposition. On the contrary, the males of incest a patrol the marshes with strong and constant flight. The females of both forms rest most of the time at a distance from the water in the lea of some suitable shelter ; they repair at intervals to the water in order to oviposit, and then return to their perch. 6 Catalogue of the Odonata of Ohio. 69 94. Celithetnis v/isa Hagen. The first captures were by E. B. Williamson and R. C. Os- burn at Sandusk\-, June 26th. This fine insect was common around the marshes until the end of July. Taken by Mr. Hine at Wauseon in August. E/isa in flight and habits very much resembles C. eponina. It appears, however, to be the butt of odonate society for An ax, Libellula, and C. eponina are sure to pay it their disre- spects whenever they sp3^ it in passing; they are sure to make a dive for it and, as it appears, tear its gauzy wings; for it was not uncommon to see the males, otherwise in good condition, with the hind wings shredded. NOTES. 1. The season of 1896 was somew^hat at variance with that usual in Ohio. The temperature remained constantly low until April loth, when summer conditions came suddenl)^ and continued almost without interruption until the usual time of summer heat. In consequence several species appeared weeks earlier than usual. At Columbus ten species were taken in April and nearly forty in May. Five is the highest number recorded for April in any previous year. 2. A dearth of Odonates was looked for this year on account of the prolonged drouths of 1894 and 1895. Such was not the case ; on the contrarj' , both species and indi- viduals were abundant everj'where that observations have been made. It seems to follow that the nj-mphs somehow are able to survive severe drought. Again, in more than one instance, species of Diplax were seen industriously oviposit- ing among the grass growing in the bed of a pond from which the water had long since disappeared. Perhaps eggs thus cast away may remain uninjured until the return of water. 3. It is well known that when the females of some species are held with the wings back to back they soon begin rapidly to extrude their eggs; this seems to be an instinctive effort to prevent their destruction, and doubtless often succeeds, for the eggs are undoubtedly fertilized and when they happen to fall into the water are saved. 70 Cincitinati Society of Natural History. 4. Cases of heterogeneous copulation have been recorded in previous numbers of the catalogue; the followitig may be added : Lcstcs disjuncia % with Lcstes vigilax 9 and Basicr- sc/ina Janata % with Tetragoieuria cynosrira 9- 5. Lcstes forcipata was flying in abundance at Columbus, April 24th. Lcstcs vigilax was exceedingly numerous from June to August in the marshes of Sandusky bay. 6. Anoiiia/agrioii Iiastatniii has been observed this year as follows : Columbus, from April 24th to September ; Wauseon, June 20th to August loth ; vSandusky, through July ; (jeorges- ville, September 2d. It, therefore, occurs throughout the State and is one of the earliest to appear, remaining until late. 7. Gomphus cxtcryius Selys (G. consobriims Walsh). Many males and three females were taken along the Olentangy River at Columbus in May and June. Its habits are similar to those oi fraternus with which it usually flies. The female has the occiput straight, not "rising in the middle in two con- fluent curves " (Walsh), nor is "the space between the lateral thoracic lines livid," but of the more usual greenish yellow hue; the vertical thorns are black and conical ; the posterior femora are either with or without external vittse, in this regard agreeing with the female oi f rater niis. It has been said that the latter has no vertical thorns, and that the females of extenais and fraternus may thus be separated ; this will not do, for the i&m.a.\<t fraternus has long slender, black or yellow vertical thorns; they are easily separated, however, by the differences in the occiput — fratermis with a spine in the middle of the border, cxternus having the same straight or slightly concave — cxternus is larger and the vitta on 9 is almost as conspicuous as in cxternus male. 8. Dronwgoniphus spoliatus. hitherto rare, has this year, been taken at Napoleon by Mr. Jas. S. Hine ; he found it abundant along the Miami Canal. 9. Mr. Hine captured one male of Macroniia tcoiiolata at Napoleon. 10. Mr. E. B. Williams took Pantala hymeneca at lyoramie Reservoir. 1 1 . Diplax corrxipia was abundant through July and August at Wanseon and Sandusky. It has been taken in numbers as far east as Buffalo, N. Y., by Mr. E. V. Van Duzee. Catalogue of the OJonala of Ohio. 71 The table, commenced in Part II, giving a connected view of the present recorded distribution and the time of occur- rence, may be corrected and continued as follows : Cat. No. Name. North. Ohio. €ent'l Ohio. South. Ohio. Early Sum. Mid Sum.- Late Sum. 7 86 87 74 88 L. forcipata. . . E. aspersum . E. doubledayi. A. hastatum . . 0. rupinsulensis G.quadricolor G. lividus X X X X X X X X X '"x"' X X X X X X X X X "x" X X X 89 77 90 91 83 92 93 94 G. notatus. . . . Gomphus sp. . P. hvuiensea. . X X X "x"' X "x"' X "x'" X T. onusta L. incesta .... C. elisa X X X X On the Pulsations of the Moltuscan Heart. 73 ARTICLE VIL— ox THE PULSATIONS OF THE MOLLUSCAN HEART. By Frank C. Baker, B. S., Chicago, Ihinois. While dissecting suails for the radula, etc., my attention was attracted by the pulsations of the heart, seen through the thin shell, and the thought occurred to me to study this organ and record m}- observations. The following notes are the re- sult of such study. Before entering upon a detailed account of the pulsations of the heart, it might be well to explain the position and charac- ter of the moUuscan heart. For the better understanding of the matter, we will divide the subject into two parts — I. Pele- cypoda ; 11. Gastropoda. I. Pelecypoda. The heart is an oval, transparent body and consists of a cen- tral ventricle and two lateral auricles, contained in the cavity of the pericardium. The ventricle gives rise to a dorsal an- terior aorta and a ventral posterior aorta, which lie above and below the intestine, the latter running longitudinally through the ventricle. The auricles receive the blood from the bases of the gills and drive it into the ventricle, from which it is driven through the arteries into spaces which diminish into irregular lacunse as the}" reach the viscera. The general course of the circulation is as follows : From the ventricle the blood makes its way hy the large veins into a venoiis sinus, which is a long chamber lying on the middle line of the floor of the pericardium, into which it opens by a single median aperture near the anterior end ; on either side of the venous sinus lie the renal organs (organs of Bojanus or nephridia) ; the blood passes from the venous sinus, through the glandular walls of the renal organs, right and left, into the lamellae of fJouR. CiN.Soc. Nat. Hist., VoL.XIX, No. 2.) I Printed March 24, 1897. 74 Cincitnia/i Soric/y of Natural History. the gills, and then through the bases of the gills into the auricles. The ventricle is suj^plied with lip-like valves, which prevent the blood from returning to the auricles. The blood corpuscles are colorless, and are aniccboid in shape. II. (tASTROPODA. The circulator}' system varies to some extent in the land and fresh-water forms, but is essentially as follows : The blood passes from the cavity of the foot into the opening of a large vein, and from other minor veins into this vein, and then passes into the branchial vein, and finally into the ven- tricle, and out of this into the arteries, to be again distributed over the body. There is a single ventricle and one or two auricles. When the latter is the case they surround the rec- tum, as in the Pelecypoda. In the Pulmonata the single auricle lies always in front of the ventricle, and the blood flows backward to the heart from the forepart of the animal. In the Opisthobranchiata this order is reversed. In the land shells the heart is situated on the left side of the animal, be- tween the liver and the kidney, and below the apex of the respiratory cavit)^ or " lung." In recording the pulsations of the Pelecypoda, the writer extracted the animal from its shell by cutting the adductor muscles near their attachment to the shell, thus separating it from the animal without damaging the latter. When removed the pericardium could be plainly seen, near the umbones, and the heart to contract and expand. The contractions and ex- pansions appeared to be wave-like, causing the cavity of the pericardium to swell out considerably. In the Pulmonata the heart could be plainly seen just at the periphery (sometimes above it) and to the left of the aperture. The pulsations were always from right to left, and the auricle seemed to push the ventricle backward at every pulsation. When the shell is wet the observations are easier to make, the shell being more transparent in this condition. The pulsations are visibly affected by heat and cold and by excitement. During the hibernating season the pulse is much slower than at other times — in fact it nearly ceases. On the Pulsations of the Molluscan Heart. 75 Register of Observations. Anodonta grandis Sa}'. A half dozen individuals of this species were examined with some curious results. The first two specimens had what appeared to be double pulsation, which consisted first of a short, quick pulsation, followed immediately by a long, slow pulsation. Thirteen long and thirteen short throbs were counted, making a total of twenty- six pulsations to the minute. In the other four individuals fifteen regular beats were counted, and this is probably the normal pulse. It is quite likely that the specimens first examined were injured in being removed from the shell. Anodonta edentula Say. A number of specimens of this species have been examined, and" the records are very con- stant. The pulsations were very regular, numbering ten to eleven per minute. In this species the heart could be seen beating for nearly half an hour after animal was removed from the shell. Ajiodonta laciistris I^ea. The heart pulsations of this species are unusually regular. In a number of specimens examined the variation was but a single point, and that only in one specimen. The record gave 29-30 beats per minute, 29 being the specimen which was below the normal. The num- ber of pulsations is large for the genus. Anjdjnfa ferussaciaua Lea. Pulsations 16 per minute, wnth no variation. All examinations made showed a wonderful degree of constancy. Margaritana rugosa Barnes. This species is very slow and sluggish in its circulation. The pulsations were regular and slow, 13 per minute. L'nio lutcohis Lam. The movements of the heart may be seen very plainlj- through the transparent walls of the peri- cardium. The contractions in this species are particularly wave-like. The pulsations are regular and number 16 per minute. Unio gibbosiis Barnes. The pulsations number 20 per minute. Very regular. Unio iindidatus Barnes. Pulsations regular, 11 per minute. Unio iris Lea. Sometimes a double pulsation, a long one followed by a short one ; 14 per minute. 3 76 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. l^nio lachrymosHs Lea. Heart very active and regular; pulsations 31 to 33 per minute. Unio piisttdosiis lyca. Pulsations regular, 23 per minute. l')do vcntricosus Barnes. Pulsations regular, 17 to i<S per minute. I ')iio parvus Barnes. Pulsations regular, 36 per minute. This is the largest number recorded for the genus I 'iiio. I 'iiio spatiilatiis Lea. Pulsations regular, 16 per minute. SphcrriiDii sfaiiii)ieii»i Conrad. Pulsations regular, 57 per minute. This number is unusually high for a pelecypod, but the animal is very active, which accounts for the high rate of pulse. Selcnites concavus Say. The heart is situated 5 mm. from the edge of the aperture, and is plainly seen through the trans- parent shell, especially if it be moistened. The pulsations are very regular, but vary in number, being more numerous when the animal is stretched out as during locomotion, and few when the animal is contracted. From twenty observations the following data are taken, ranging from the lowest to the highest number: 50, 56, 72, 75, 78, 82. Temperature affects the heart's action, cold causing it to cease beating apparently, and heat causing it to beat very rapidly ; 50 is the normal when contracted and 82 when extended and active. Vitrca arborea Say. Pulsations rapid and regular, varying from 100 (contracted) to 160 (expanded) per minute. Vitrea nitida Miiller. Pulsations varying from loi to 138. Vitrea ceUaria Miiller. The pulsations are regular when the animal is extended, but seem to be irregular and inter- rupted when the animal is contracted. The pulse varies from 46 to 84. When contracted the beats maj^ be represented by the following diagram, in which the dot represents the period of rest between the beats, and the dash the length of the beat : Vitrea electrina Gould. Pulsations regular, varying from 95, when contracted, to 130 when extended. Vitrea indeiitata Say. The pulsations in this species seem to be always high, the writer being able to record only 160 to 162 beats per minute. 4 On the Pulsalions of the Afoltuscati Heart. 77 Conidus fulvus Drap. Pulsations very rapid, and 148 to 150 per minute, regular. The heart is situated near the umbilicus. Pyraniidiila alfeniata Say. The heart is situated 3 mm. from the junction of the peristome with the body whorl, and the pulsations are very regular. Fifteen experiments gave the following record of pulsations : 84, 82 (13 specimens gave these results, the animal being fully extended), 61, 50. The last two were from specimens contracted. Pyrainidula striatella Anthony. Heart situated as in Vitrea arborea, pulsations regular, and number 87 to <^o per minute. Polvgyra profunda Say. The heart in this species is plainly seen just below the largest brown band, and about 5 mm. from the aperture. An examination of a dozen specimens gave the following data: 70 (3 specimens), 65 (4 specimens) 62 (3 specimens), 58 (i specimen), and 56 (i specimen). When the animal was held tightly in the hand the record was 56-58; when the animal was extended the record was 65-70. Polygyra thyroides Say. Heart situated near the upper part of the peristome with the body-whorl ; pulsation irregular (70-73) when contracted, regvilar (82) when extended. Polygyra nwnodon fraterna Say. Pulsations regular, 98-100 per minute. Heart situated as in leaii. Polygyra Icaii Ward. Heart situated between the tooth on the parietal wall and the junction of the upper part of the peristome with the body-wall, pulsations varying from 71 to 76 per minute (animal extended). Polygyra hirsuta Say. Heart situated to the left of the cen- ter of the parietal tooth ; pulsations regular, 60 per minute (extended). Polygyra clausa Say. Heart situated on a direct line, mid- way between umbilicus and junction of upper part of peris- tom with body-whorl ; pulsations regular, 88 per minute (ex- tended). Polygyra pennsylvaiiica Green. Heart situated near junc- tion of peristome with body-wall ; pulsations regular, 85 (ex- tended). Succinea obliqua Say. Heart situated midway between an- terior and posterior border of aperture; pulsations regular 69 per minute (extended). 5 jS Cincinnati Socicly of Natural History. Succinca ova/is Gould. Heart situated as iu obliqua ; pul- sation 150 to 155 per minute (extended). Sicccinea avara Say. Heart situated as in the two last spe- cies; pulsations regular, 130 per minute (extended). Lhniura dcsidiosa Say. Heart situated near the umbilicus ; pulsations quick and regular, 155 per minute (animal active). IJ))i)uca coliiDiclla Say. Heart as in dcsidiosa ; pulsations somewhat irregular, three or four being quick, followed by a pause; 53 to 60 per minute (animal active). LivDura palustris Midler. Heart situated about two-thirds of the distance from the lower border of aperture, between upper and lower margins of aperture; pulsations regular, 81 per minute (animal active). Limncca caperata Say. Heart as in dcsidiosa ; pulsations irregular, varying from 129 to 133 per minute (animal active). Limncca stagnalis L^inne. Heart as in dcsidiosa; pulsations irregular, varj-ing from 37 to 48 per minute (animal active). In the foregoing experiments 39 species have been exam- ined and several hundred specimens. The results are some- what curious. In some species there is a wonderful degree of constancy in the number of the beats, while in others they seem to be quite erratic. One law applies equally to all, that the more active the species the larger the number of pulsa- tions ; and also with the same species, when in a contracted condition the pulsations are fewer and more feeble than when extended and active. The pelecypods are all sluggish, and have a corresponding low pulse, while the majority of the gastropods are active and have a high rate of pulse. The average pulse of the Pelecypoda is 22 beats per minute, the lowest record being 10 and the highest 36 (an exception is found in Sphcerium stamineum, which has a record of 57 to the minute). In the Gastropoda the average is 98, the lowest 50, and the highest 162. It is quite probable that during the hibernating season the pulsations are reduced almost to noth- ing, in order not to use up the vital force of the animal. The writer has been unable to detect any movement of the heart when the mollusk is in this condition. Note on the Flora of AfaDiiiioth Cave, Kentucky. 79 NOTE ON THE FLORA OF MAMMOTH CAVE, KENTUCKY. By R. Ellsworth Call, Ph. D. Very little is known of the plants which occur in this underground world, the animals hitherto having been chiefly- gathered and studied. During frequent visits for study of the cave and its fauna, opportunities were presented to me to make some casual notes on its flora, and these are here given in condensed form. The plants are, of course, all cryptogams, and mostly microscopic. The molds and mildews are most commonly observed growing on the rejectamenta of lunches taken into the cave by visiting parties. Even with these forms, intro- duced thus and forming no part of a true subterranean flora, the list is a meager one. The list following contains all that have been noticed thus far. Coprinus micaceous Bull. — Groups of this form have been taken only in River Hall, near the Cascades, and at the boat landing. Fouies applanatus Pars. — In the Labyrinth. Attached to timbers used in bridge construction, and probably introduced on them. The forms, are, however, curiously modified, being cylindrical in shape aud curiously contorted. Rhizoinorpha molinaris. — Abundant on old timbers in Mammoth Dome. This form is common on old timbers in mines; some foreign representatives are phosphorescent. Microascus longirostis Zukal. — Washington Hall. Zasmidium cellare Fr. — Top of Corkscrew. On old barrel head. Probably introduced with the barrel. Mucor rnucedo Linneeus. Abundant in the labyrinth and on the bridge over the Bottomless Pit. Also observed at Mary's Vine- yard and in River Hall. Gymnoasciis setosus Eidam. — Washington Hall. Sporotrichiini denstitn Link. — On dead bodies of crickets {Hadence- cus subterraneus). Sporotrichiini flavi ssinium Link. — Washington Hall. On old bones and refuse of lunches. Laboulbenia subterranea. — Found as a parasite on the little beetle, AnophthahiiHS tellkampfii. ijouR.CiN. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX, No. 2.) I Printed March 24, 1897. So Cincinuati Sociely of Nalui al History. Caniansia sp. undt. — Washington Hall. Papulospora sp. undt. — Washington Hall. Bouderia sp. undt. — Washington Hall. Several of these forms occur in the greatest abinidance in certain portions of the cave, the region be3ond the rivers being the favored localities, because, probablj-, many spores are introduced with the lunches, and find congenial homes and abundant nourishment on the refuse. Mention should also be made of a small Peziza, which occurs on very old, water-soaked timbers in the Mammoth Dome. It still persists in presenting reddish coloration, notwithstanding that the forms at present found must represent a generation quite re- mote from the one originally introduced. The constant tem- perature of the cave (54° F.) is somewhat below that for the abundant prodtiction of most forms of lower fungi. Of the forms which are here mentioned Coprinus micaceous, Rhizomorpha niolinaris, and Mucor muccdo are probably sub- terranean. With the exception of the first, all are common to mines, and apparently grow in them under practicalh' the same conditions as those which obtain in Mammoth Ca\ e. Most of the forms are variously modified, if one might judge from the published descriptions, due, no doubt, to the changed environment. Certain forms, like the Sporotrichia, are sarcophytic. In damp localities in the cave these forms alwa3'S are to be found on the bodies of dead crickets. Their more proper reference, possibly, would be to the genus Isaria. In certain localities the great white patches of Mucor vni- cedo are conspicuous both from their size and their great deli- cacy. Over the Bottomless Pit this fungus hangs down in long festoons of a feathery-white, cottony consistency, giving a most uncanny appearance to the half-deca3'ed woodwork. In other places it runs wild over the soil surrounding decay- ing timbers— a ver}' cloak of snowy whiteness. These two last named forms are the most conspicuous in the wastes of the cave, but are often passed by, mistaken for sheets of paper or balls of the same substance. Ver}' little new is added in this brief note, but enough to disclose to botanists who may read it that much 3-et remains to be done in the underground regions of America. Charac- teristic plants are certain 3'et to be found. 2 Nofes on Radulce. Si ARTICLE IX.— NOTES ON RADUL^. Bv Frank Collins Baker, Chicago, Illinois. While preparing a report on the niollusks of the Chicago area, the writer examined the radulae of man}- hundred speci- mens, and figured and described many ribbons which were before unknown or but little known. It has been thought best, since the work just mentioned will be delayed some time before publication, that the new raduke, as well as notes upon others already known, be described and figured at the pres- ent time. The radulae were all examined from fresh material, not alcoholic, the animals being killed by boiling water. The lingual ribbons were beautifully clear and transparent, and when stained with a 4 per cent solution of iodine the char- acters could be very plainly seen, the cusps standing out in relief against the base of attachment. The objective used gave 600 diameters for most of the radulae. The drawings were all made several times, and from several individuals, in order to be sure of each fact. While observing the living snails in an aquarium the writer has been impressed by the curious manner in which Linnia-a, Planorbis, Pleiiroccra, Campdoina, etc., eat; the motion of the tongue is precisely that of a cat lapping milk, although the motion is not quite so rapid as in the latter animal. Land shells, on the contrary, seem to use the jaw for cutting a piece of lettuce (the article of food which the writer uses for snails in captivity), and the ribbon is pressed against the jaw and assists in cutting the lower part of the piece selected. In the fresh -water forms it is the ribbon and not the jaw (or jaws) which collects the food. This, of course, refers only to those species which habitually crawl over the glass sides of an aquarium (or over stones on the bottom) and not to the individuals which eat the leaves of aquatic plants, for they may use their jaws, as do the land snails. (Jour. Cix. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX, No. 3.) i Printed Nov. 13. 1897. 82 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Pupa coxtracta Say. Plate IV, A. Ja-a' long and narrow, slightly arched, the end.s a little nar- rower than the central part and rounded ; convex margin smooth, concave margin notched, and anterior surface verti- cally striated (Fig. A, lo). Radula formula ^[.^ -\- .% +,^ + 1 + 3^7 ( 1 1 - i - 1 1 ); central tooth with a base of attachment longer than wide, and with the lower outer angles expanded ; reflextion small, narrow, tricuspid; the central cusp rather long, wide, and blunt, the side cusps shorter and sharper ; lateral teeth with a wide base of attachment, expanded on the lower outer angle, the reflection narrow and bicuspid, the inner cusp verj^ long and wide, almost reaching the lower margin of the base of attach- ment, the outer cusp about half as long and rather sharply pointed ; marginal teeth low, wide, with from 3 to 7 cusps, the inner cusp being very large and sharply pointed, the others very short. The fifth marginal has 3 cusps, the sev- enth 5 cusps, and the ninth 7 cusps; all of the cusps have wall-developed cutting points. Several specimens have been examined, and all agree with the above description (Fig. A). LiMNOPHYSA COLUMELLA vSay. Plate IV, I. Jaivs three, the median (superior) elliptical, smooth, or only slightly striated, the lateral jaws irregular, finely striated; cutting-edges brownish black, shading into yellow^ish black toward the base of the cartilage (Fig. I). Radida formula |A + 1. u_ | + 1 _^ | _|_ ^ _i. |A ( 33_ j _ 35). central tooth very small, long, and narrow, the lower outer corners of the base of attachment ver}- much attenuated ; reflexion unicuspid, bluntly rounded ; lateral teeth with a quadrate base of attachment, the outer lower corner ex- panded; reflexion long and rather wide, reaching below the base of attachment, bicuspid, the inner cusp very large and long, the outer cusps small and sharp : the inner cusp has a peculiar shape, which is an indication of the third cusp of the transition teeth ; the tenth tooth is tricuspid, and is a transi- tion between the lateral and marginal teeth ; marginal teeth longer than wide, generally four-cuspid, the inner cusp placed Notes OH Raduhe. 83 about midway of the reflexion, the other then placed at the distal end ; there are generally several small denticles on the upper inner edge of the reflexion ; the outer marginal have all the cusps placed at the distal end, and the margins are simple. The marginals vary greatly in the form and position of the cusps. All have decided cutting points. A number of specimens examined. LiMxoPHvsA DESiDiosA Say. Plate IV, C. Radula formula f^+l+^-j-i + ^-f f +-3A (46-1 -46) ; teeth similar to those of L. columella ; the marginal teeth are very variable; i to 7 are perfect laterals, bicuspid, 8 to 16 are transition teeth, tricuspid, with a large central cusp and two small side cusps, one on each side ; the marginals are at first modified transition teeth (17 to 20, but soon the tooth becomes long and narrow and the distal end becomes 3-4 cuspid and has several small denticles on the outer central margin of the reflexion (21-34) ; the outer marginals (35-46) are denticulated only at the distal ends. A number of specimens have been examined. LiMNOPHYSA HUMILIS Say. Radula formula if +|-f |+i +f+|+if (22- i - 22) ; teeth in all respects similar to those described above. LiMxoPHVsA CAPERATA Say. Plate IV, B. Radula formula f^-ht+t-fT+i+f-rf!- (32- i - 32) ; teeth as usual ; the 8-10 teeth are transitory and the 1 1 to 32 are all of the usual form of marginals; several teeth had the distal end broken up into two large cusps and several small cusps (14). A number of specimens were examined. LiMN.^A CUBENSIS Pfeiffer. Radula formula |f +|+i-f f +i+l+i+l+|f (30- i -30) ; teeth as usual ; the first four laterals are bifid, the next is trifid ; 5 to 7 are transitory and 8-30 are of the usual form of .S4 Cinciniiali Socic/y of A'a/ura/ History. marginal. The dentilioii is very similar to that of /. capcrota. A large number of specimen have been examined. Limn, piiv.sa palustris Miiller. Plate IV, D. Radnia formula |f -f | + « -f i -f- | -|- f _|_ |i_ (.^.j ,3^) . teeth as usual; laterals bicuspid; transition teeth at fir.'-t like laterals, but tricuspid, the central cusp the largest (11), but soon (13) the inner cusps become more equal and the outer cusp smaller ; marginal teeth of the usual type. A single membrane (D) had the first lateral to the right of the central tooth with a bifid outer cusp. This was observed in all the first laterals of this membrane. LiMNOPiivsA PALUSTRIS MiciiiGANKNSis Br} aut Walker. Radiila not differing from the typical form. LiMNOPHYSA REFLEXA Say. Radula formula |^ -[- § ~ V " 1 + ¥ - f "^ fr" (40-1-40); teeth similar to those of faiushis ; there is very little varia- tion in the form of the teeth in this species. LiMNOPHYSA REFLEXA ATTENUATA Say. Radjtla not essentially differing from typical rcflexa. LiMN.-EA STAGNALIS Linne. Radula formula ^ ~ -^ - '.:' -^ \ ^ '^ -^ -Ar^lf (46-1 -46) ; teeth as usual. The writer has examined several mem- branes of this species and the number of teeth vary from 46-1-46 to 54-1-54. Binney (L- «& Fr. W. Shells, p. 28) gives 40-1-40 and (p. 155) 47-1-47 teeth ; Bland and Binney (Amer. Journ. Conch, \"ol. VIII, p. 161) give 40-1-40. It is probable that the membrane having 54-1-54 teeth was abnormal. 46-1-46 is the number generally found. Notes on Radulcr. 85 Heliso.aia tkivoi.vis Say. Plate I\', E. Radjtia formula ^-^^ "'^ | -f- i — « — .^^l (19-1-19) ; central tooth with a base of attachment longer than wide, swollen and rounded on the lower half, reflexion broad, bicuspid, the cusps long and narrow, fang-like; lateral teeth with a quad- rate base of attachment and a large, square reflexion which is tricuspid, the center cusp being very wide and blunt and the side cusps long and narrow and directed outward ; inter- mediate teeth similar to laterals, but varying in the number and arrangement of the cusps; sometimes the change from laterals to marginals is abrupt, at others it is very gradual, and in some membranes there appear to be no two marginals alike ; the large, blunt central cusp in the lateral teeth be- comes a long and narrow cusp in the intermediate (transition) teeth and the side cusps become much larger, so that all three cusps are about equal ; in addition to this, the outer edge of the outer cusp develops several small denticles; marginal teeth long and narrow, with three small cusps at the distal end and several (3-4) small denticles on the outer edge. A number of specimens have been examined. Helisoma truxcatus Say. But a single specimen of this species has been examined and did not seem to differ from H. trivolvis. The formula was |x- + f + |-r2"-|-i-r| + H" (^^-i- 22). The specimen examined was a large example, characterized by the lattice- like sculpture peculiar to this species. Helisoma bicarinatus Say. Plate IV, F. Radiila formula f^-ff-rtH-i + H-|7-(3o-i- 30); cen- tral tooth as usual ; lateral teeth of usual shape, but reflex- ion with a large squarish central cusp, a large rounded inner cusp and a smaller outer cusp ; transition teeth (9) with three nearly equal, rather sharp cusps; marginal teeth, as in tri- volvis. The writer counted 136 rows of teeth. 86 Civcinuaii Socic/y of Natural History. HiCLisoiMA CAiMPANULATiTs Say. Plate IV, G. Radula ronnula -^ + f + -| + -1 + ^ + 1 + ^ (25 - i - 25 ) ; central tooth as usual ; lateral teeth with three very nearly equal cusps, the central cusp being a little longer than the others; transition teeth and marginal teeth as u.'-ual. The lateral teeth of this species differ considerably from those of trivohis, bicai-inatus, and tnnica/us, in having three nearly equal cusps. Several examinations have been made to verify this statement. GvRAULUS PARVUS Sa}'. Plate IV, J. Radula formula ^rg -r f + i + 1 + l^ (18-1-18); central tooth with a base of attachment longer than wide, produced at the lower outer corners, and excavated in the center of the lower margin ; reflexion bicuspid, the cusps short and wide ; lat- eral teeth with a subquadrate base of attachment, expanded at the lower outer corner, reflexion wide, tricuspid, the cen- tral cusp long and rather wide, the side cusp shorter ; mar- ginal teeth modified laterals in being low and very wide, the outer cusp splitting into 2-3-4 small cusps. A number of specimens have been examined, and there appears to be no variation worthy of mention. Segmentina armigera Say. Plate V, A. y?a^?</« formula f + + if 4- 4- + f + f- (18-1-18); central tooth with a long, narrow base of attachment, expanded on the lower outer corners ; reflexion wide, bicuspid ; lateral teeth wide, a trifle longer than wide, tricuspid, the center cusp long, wide and sharp, and the side cusps short and sharp ; marginal teeth at first similar to laterals, with the addition of a second, small outer cusp, but becoming wide and low toward the margin, and developing three small outer cusps. A large number of specimens have been examined. Ancylus rivularis Say. Plate V, B. Radula formula ^, + ^, + \ -\- r. + ^,(16-1-16); the cen- tral tooth is simple, as in Limua-a; the lateral teeth have a 6 Notes on Radulce. 87 base of attachment longer than wide, the lower outer angle expanded; the reflexion is very broad and bicuspid, the inner cuspbeing very large and semi-bifid, and the inner cusp is small and narrow, and there are two very small denticles on the edge of the upper part of the outer cusp; the fifth lateral is somewhat narrower, and the inner cusp is split to form a large central cusp, with a small side cusp on each side; the marginal teeth are very narrow, with a long, narrow re- flexion, which is distall}' tricuspid, the central cusp being the larger ; the outer edge of the reflexion is serrated by about five small denticles. The bifurcation of the inner cusp of the lateral teeth is difficult to see, but it has been distinctly observed on a number of teeth. The cutting points are very well developed, but are also difficult to see clearly. Ninety rows of teeth were counted, and in one individual 20-1-20 teeth were found. Ancvlus T.\rdus Say. The radula of this species does not seem to diflfer essen- tially from that of A. riindaris. Phvsa heterostropha Say. Plate V, C. Jaiv in one piece, arched, striated, provided with a central fibrous projection from the superior surface ; ends rounded (C,c). Radula formula ff + -t + 2-5-7 + ¥ + ft (190-1-190) ; cen- tral tooth more or less quadrate, the lower outer corners being very much attenuated ; cusp attached at base, 9-quadrate, five dentals being long and narrow, and two on each side small and blunt; laterals on two alternate series, the first or primary teeth being large, obliquely inclined, comb-like, and 13-dentate, six denticles being long and pointed and seven short and wide. The secondary teeth are long and narrow, with a blunt cusp. These latter are very difficult to see, on account of their small size ; the central teeth are also difficult to make out. Mr. W. H. Dall gives a very good figure of the central tooth (Am. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y., Vol. IX, pi. ii, figs. 8, 10), and a number of primary and secondar)- teeth. His SS L'iitciiina/i Socic/y of A'aliiial History. figures, however, do not show the peculiar aheruate arraiige- nient of the denticles on the primary teeth, nor the number of the same. PlIYSA ANCILLARIA vSa}'. The radula of this species is precisely like that of lictcio- slrop/ia. Aplexa hvpnokum Linne. Plate V, D. Radiila with a central tooth, as in P/iysa (?), excepting that the denticles are differently arranged, the central denticle being rather long, and having four shorter ones on either side; the base of attachment could not be made out ; lateral teeth serrated similar to those of P/ivsa, but the teeth equal in size and g-io in number, and rather long and pointed ; the base of attachment is very long and rounded at the extremity. The writer counted 78 teeth (39-1-39) in a single row, and 230 rows in one membrane. The upper part of the base of attach- ment supports a peculiar lateral appendage in the form of a long and narrow projection, which may represent the sec- ondary tooth in Physa. The dentition differs from Physa, principally in the form of the denticles on the primary teeth and in the absence (?) of the secondary teeth. The peculiar lateral appendage may be, as before remarked, a secondary tooth. Pleurocera subulare Lea. Ja-w elongately ovate, the surface covered with numerous small, rounded, or polygonal scales. Radula formula tV + i + ^ + ^ + ^ + i + tV (3-1-3); central tooth with a low, wide base of attachment, the reflected portion 7-dentate, the central cusp very long, the side cusps very much shorter; intermediate tooth almost square, 5-den- tate, the inner cusp small, the next cusp very large, and the three other side cusps small ; lateral teeth more or less sole- shaped, longer than wide, the first 8 and the second 10 den- tate ; the outermost lateral flares a little at the upper part. In one membrane the writer counted 43 rows of teeth. The radula is verv similar to that of P. clcvatuvi. Xoles on RaduUr. 89 Pleurockra klevatu.m Say. Plate V, V-,. Jazvs as in s/ffi///arr. Radula formula J^ + l + 4 + ^^ + | 4. | + _i_ (3-1-3); teeth generall}^ as in sicbulare ; the intermediate tooth has five outer cusps instead of three, as in subiilarc ; the inner lateral has 8 or 9 cusps, all large, and the outer layer has 1 1 small cusps. All of the teeth seemed to have well-developed cutting points. Pleurocera elevatum lewisii Lea. Radula in all respects like that of the type form. Lezcisii has no claims to specific rank, as the writer has seen many hundred specimens which show ever}- gradation, from forms almost smooth to strongly striated ones. Elimia livescens Menke. Plate V, F. Jaiv similar to those of Pleurocera elevatum and subularc (F, 4). Radula formula iV ^ i + i + i + i + i + tV (3-1-3) : teeth in general similar to those of the Pleuroceridse, excepting that the central tooth has 4 small cusps on each side of the central cusp instead of 3 ; the intermediate tooth has a medium sized inner cusp, a very large, rounded cusp next, and three small, rather sharp outer side cusps ; the first lateral has 8 denticles and the second 10. The denticles are a little rounder in this species than in the family previously mentioned. 90 Cincinnati Society of Natural Iliatory. EXPLANATION OK PLATE IV. A. — Pupa coiitracta Say. c. Central tooth, i. First lateraL 7, 9, INIarginals. 10. Jaw. H. — Litnnaea caperata Say. c. Central tooth, i. First lateral. 8, 10, Transition teeth. 12, 14, 15, INIargiiial teeth. C. — Limnaea desidiosa Say. 17, Transition tooth. 21,22,24, Mar- ginal teeth. 35, Outer marginal. D. — Lininsea palustris Miiller. Ahnorinal first lateral. E. — Planorbis trivolvis Say. c. Central tooth. i, First lateral. 8, Transition tooth. 14, Marginal tooth. F. — Planorbis bicarinatus Sa}\ i, First lateral. 9, Transition tooth. 12. Marginal tooth. G. — Planorbis campanulatus Say. First lateral. I. — Linmsea columella Say. Jaw. J. — Planorbis parvus Sa}-. c. Central tooth. i, First lateral. 9, Transition tooth. 10, 12, 13, Marginal teeth. All but A, 10 and I X 600. '\l^ loLJPi^al of tf^e Cir2. goc. I^akipal 'fli^^opv- VOT,. XIX. X(i ri.ATi'. IV 9 10 (^^^mm\h\^ A M JH ^ Baker on Radtl.k. 92 Ciitciinnrti Sociciy of Xa/iira/ I listory. EXPLANATION OF PLATE V. A. — Segmentiiia aniiigera Say. c. Central tootli. i, I-'irst lateraL lo, Transition tooth, ii, 15, Marginal teeth. B. — Ancj-lus rivularis Say. c. Central tooth, i, I'irst lateral. 5, Transition tooth. 9, 13, INIarginal teeth. C. — Pbysa heterostropha Sa^^ c. Central tooth. 1, Principal tooth. 2, Secondary tooth. 3, Jaw. D. — Aplexa hypnornm Linne. c. Central tooth (cusp), i, Lateral tooth. E. — Pleurocera elevatum Say. c. Central tooth, i. Intermediate tooth. 2, 3, Lateral teeth. V. — Elimnia livescens Menke. c. Central tooth, i, Intermediate tooth. 2, 3, Lateral teeth. 4, Jaw. All but C, 3 and F, 4 X 600. '\2 JoLiPQal of hf^e &\n. goc. HatiLipal 'fli<^4opy. Vol.. XIX. No. V Pi..rnc V L\KKR (L-,- KAI.ri.l. Devonian Rocks Exposed in I'iiinily of Rock Island, Ills. 93 ARTICLE X.— A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEC- TION OF DEVONIAN ROCKS EXPOSED IN THE VICINITY OF ROCK ISLAND, ILLS., WITH A STATEMENT OF THE NATURE OF ITS FISH REMAINS. By J. A. Udden, Rock Island, Irxs. A continuous section of the Devonian rocks exposed along the Mississippi River, where it crosses the east end of the Iowa area of this S3'stem, has not yet been published. I believe that the summary given below will prove to be nearh- correct. The description begins with the lowest bed and continues upward. 1. A very pure limestone, bluish-gray or white, mostly thin-bedded, often brecciated, without fossils, except in the lowermost ledges, where a small Spirifer and a minute coral occur, and in the uppermost la3-ers, where a single specimen of a cj-athophylloid coral has been observed. Thickness about 70 feet. This limestone was referred to the Upper Helder- berg by James Hall in 1858. The lower fossiliferous part appears to be the same as Prof. W. H. Norton's Otis beds. The greater part of these beds have by the latter author been called the Lower Davenport beds. Others have referred them to the Corniferous. 2. Three or four ledges of a strong, somewhat granular, thick-bedded limestone, with large cephalopods numerous corals and brachiopods and other fossils. Thickness about 7 feet. In part, the Hamilton limestone of Worthen ; the Gyroceras beds of Calvin and Barris; the L'pper Davenport beds of W. H. Norton. Referred by Barris to the Corniferous. 3. Three ledges of a finegrained, bluish limestone, sep- arated by seams of green shale, and containing brachiopods in profusion. Thickness, 6 feet. Referred by most older writers to the Hamilton age. The lower part of the Cedar Valley limestone of the Iowa geologists. (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX, No. 3.) 1 Printed Nov. 13, 1897. 94 Cinciunali Society of Natural History. 4. Slialy limestone, or calcareous shale, containing throughout a fauna, very much like that of the preceding member. Almost a crinoidal limestone in the upper part. Thickness somewhat variable, averaging perhaps 30 feet. The upper part of the Cedar Valley limestone of the Iowa Geologists. 5. A thin -bedded limestone, locally changing to a coral- breccia, or a shell-breccia, always containing in profusion such fossils 3.S Acervularia davidsoni,CysiipliyIlt>»> cnuericaiunn, Atrypa reticularis, and Spirifcr parryaiia. Thickness about 10 feet. 6. Thin-bedded limestone and greenish shale, generally containing Atliyris vitfata in abundance. Thickness from 2 to 3 feet. 7. Somewhat thick-bedded and rather soft blue limestone, weathering yellow. Thickness about 5 feet. 8. Thin-bedded limestone, with a nodular Stroviatopora, and with OrtJioccras more or less common. Thickness about 2 feet. 9. Massive and finely granular, somewhat arenaceous, blue (when thoroughly weathered, brown) limestone in mas- sive beds. Casts of corals and brachiopods. Thickness about 10 feet. Referred to the Chemung group by Hall, to the Kinderhook by Worthen, the Montpelier sandstone of Calvin. 10. A carbonaceous black seam of limestone, with a large Stromatopora. Thickness seldom more than one foot. Some- times absent. 11. A hard, coral-bearing limestone, usually much changed by weathering, originally bluish in color, but now mostly brown, and with casts of fossils. Thickness unknown, not over 10 feet. 12. A greenish or yellow shale with brachiopods. Thick- ness unknown, probably not over 5 feet. 13. A variable, occasionally brecciated, and often much weathered limestone, with corals and gasteropods. Thick- ness unknown. The lithological character of the several beds changes somewhat horizontally, but the change is never very great. The appearance of the rocks in exposures is often considerably Devonian Ichthyodorulite, Heteracanihiis uddeni. 95 modified by weathering, and this sometimes renders the rec- ognition of each bed difficult. There is a variable but gen- eral dip to the south and west, and a noticeable diminution in the thickness of the beds to the south. Remains of fish are occasionally found in at least four of the beds described above. In No. 2 there is quite a variety of teeth of cestraciont sharks. Many of these teeth resemble the form described as Ptyctodus. From No. 3 a nearly entire armor of a placoid fish was found near Rock Island some j-ears ago. Two small pieces of the plates, or jaws, of these fishes have been found in No. 4, and a fin-spine-'- has also been taken from this bed. No. 9 contains teeth resembling those in No. 4. The fish remains of Nos. 2-9 may hence be said to resemble those of the Hamilton period in the Eastern States. ARTICLE XL— DESCRIPTION OF A DEVONIAN ICH- THYODORULITE, HETERACANTHUS UDDENI, N. SP., FROM BUFFALO. IOWA. By Josua Lindahl, Ph. D. The fish-spine referred to by Professor Udden in his paper, "A Brief Description of the Section of the Devonian Rocks in the Vicinity of Rock Island, 111. . . . etc." (Article X of this volume, p. 93), is closely related to the similar spines found in the cement beds of Hamilton Age at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and described b}^ Professor Newberry under the name of Heteracantlms politus. As the specimen now under consideration appears to represent a hitherto undescribed species, and necessitates a modification of Professor New- berry's characterization of the genus HctcracantJms, I wish here to give a description of the specimen which Professor Udden has had the kindness to present to the museum of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. ■ Described hereafter by J. Lindahl under tlie x\?Lme Hetftacantltus iiiid,ni.—[E,D 9^ Cincinnati Socie/y of iVatnral History. Getius: IIktkracanthus. Newberry. Synonyt)iy : 1889. — Heteracanlhus, J. S. Newberr}-: "The Paleozoic Fishes of North America;" Monograph, U. S. Geological Survey, Vol. XVI., p. 65; Plate XXL, Figs. 4, 4a, and 5. 1892. — Gatnphacanthus, S. A. Miller: "North American Geol- ogy and Paleontology — First Appendix," p. 715. E))ic)idcd descriptio)! of the o;ruus : Pectoral (?) spines, robust, covered with highly polished enamel, divided by nar- row ftirrows into flattened longitudinal ridges, some of which have their edges more or less regularly denticulated ; pos- terior side straight and, along the greater part of its length, broadly gouged into a rough groove for the attachment of muscles ; anterior side transversely arched, the anterior profile y"-shaped, being slightly convex near the summit, and strongly concave toward the base, which is considerably pro- duced forward ; the lateral sides of the shaft sub-equally^ convex, flattening toward the base ; the basal portion almost flat on one (the outer) face, decidedly concave on the other (the inner) face ; the ridges are most numerous on the basal portion of the spine, but terminate in succession above, so that few reach the conical-pointed summit. As pointed out by Newberry, the want of symmetry in these spines shows that they have belonged to some paired organs; no doubt pectoral fins. In our specimen, the concave right face of the basal por- tion (see Fig. 5) indicates that it has had its place on the left side of the body. The base is obliquely rounded below on the inner face; on the outer face it is bounded b}^ two straight lines meeting below at an angle of about 65°; but as this side has been trimmed rather too closely, I am uncertain whether or not the said straight lines represent the original outlines of the specimen, though it seems probable that nothing but the very edge of the specimen has been removed. The number of ridges on the base is about eighteen to the half-inch, and each ridge is about one and one-half times as wide as an adjacent furrow ; while, two inches from the summit of the shaft, there are only about six ridges to the half-inch, and the average width of a ridge is here about five times as great as that of an adjacent furrow. Devonian Ichlhyodoriilite, Heteracantlius uddeui. 97 The bottoms of all the furrows in our specimen are even — not "sinuous," or "denticulate," as Newberry describes the "sutures" of //. po/itus — while the outlines of their borders are determined by the form of the lateral edges of the adja- cent ridges. Thus both, or one, or neither of the borders may be sinuous. In our specimen (see Fig. 6) only two ridges of the anterior side have regularly denticulated edges (with about twenty teeth to the half-inch); consequently the furrow which separates them has both borders sinuous, while the furrow next in order on either side has its anterior border sinuous, the posterior even ; all the following furrows of the lateral faces have both borders even. There occur, however, particularly on the inner (right) side of the specimen, occa- sional minor irregularities in the edges of some ridges in various portions of the shaft, somewhat reminding of the undulating lines in Newberry's figure 4a, though very differ- ent from the denticulations of the two anterior ridges. The proportion of length to greatest width is about 3 to i (length, 5.9 inches; width, 2 inches). In this our specimen differs greatly from Newberry's description of H. politiis, where the proportion is about 6 to i (length, 8 to 10 inches; width, i^ inches). These dififerent proportions, and the above-described den- ticulations of the anterior ridges, characterize our specimen as the type of a new species, for which I propose the name Heteracanthus uddeni, in honor of the discoverer, my esteemed friend, Prof. J. A. Udden. If Mr. Miller's reason for changing the name of the genus — viz, that the name Heteracanthus was pre-occupied for a genus of worms — be regarded valid, the name would stand as Gamphacantlnis uddeni. Formation and locality : Devonian, Hamilton Group; bed No. 4 (Udden 1. c); crinoidal limestone; near Buffalo, Iowa. Found \)Y Prof. J. A. Udden, of Augustana College, Rock Island, Ills. The type specimen is the property of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, and is entered in the Museum Catalogue as No. 14,558. 98 Cincinuaii Society of Natural History. p:xplanation of plate vi. Fig. I — Right side of left pectoral spine of Heteracanlhus uddeni ; natural size. Fig. 2. — Anterior side of same; natural size. Fig. 3. — Transverse section of shaft at 3A, fig. 2; natural size. Fig. 4. — Outline of transverse section of same at 4^^, fig. 2; nat- ural size. Fig. 5. — Outline of section taken obliquely across the basal portion of the spine at 5A-5.'\, fig. i ; natural size. Fig. 6. — Portion of anterior side at 6A, fig. 2; enlarged. if^e JoLiPiQal or cf^e (z\n. ^oc. r2ampal "-Hi^topy. XIX, No. V PLATK VI. Jl.c/llbers.DEL.-SC. TERACANTHUS UDDENI Ulldahl. Paleontology of the Cincinnati Group. 99 articlp: XII.— manual of the paleontology OF THE CINCINNATI GROUP. By Joseph F. James. M. D., M. Sc, F. G. S. A. PART VIII. (Continued from Vol. XVIII, p. 140.) Division B. Pelmatozoa.* Class 3. CRINOIDEA. This is b}' far the largest class of Echinodermata in our region and includes many beautiful forms. In some localities the}' are remarkably abundant, and whole layers of rock are frequently made up of their stems. The animals have lived from the earliest vSilurian times to the present, and the anat- omy of the extinct forms may be fairly inferred from the living ones. The features of the class are as follows : Body fixed during a portion or the whole of the life of the animal to the sea bottom by means of a flexible jointed col- umn or peduncle, springing from the center of the dorsal or aboral surface, cup-shaped or discoidal, with the dorsal surface protected by a system of calcareous plates ; mouth in the upper surface, generally in the center; jointed, flexible aj)- pendages or arms, springing from the margin of the cup- shaped bod3\ primitively five in number, and having lateral processes or pinnules; the upper (or ventral) surfaces of the arms furnished with grooves in which are situated the repro- ductive organs; sometimes, however, these are in the pin- nules, or, in living forms, beneath the skin.i' In the arrangement of the genera and species of our section the classification adopted by Wachsmuth and Springer (Re- vision of Palaeocrinoidea) has been followed. Considerable ■' This includes forms possessing stalks. t Xicholsoii, Manual of Paleonlolog'y , 1SS9. \"(j1. I. pp. 40S, 409. JoLR. CiN Soc. N.\T. Hist., Vol. XIX. No. 3. I Printed Nov. 13. 1897. loo Ciiicinna/i Society of Natural Jlistoiy. diversity in the descriptions of the various species will be observed. This is due to the various plans followed by the different writers. There is a lamentable lack of uniformity in describing many fossils that often renders any comparison difficult. No division of families has been attempted in the present enumeration. The following " Key," although im- perfect, may be useful in locating the genus of a given speci- men. Key to (jenera. Under basals, 5, generally w^ell developed ; basals, 5; arms, 10-24 o^ more; column sub-pentagonal. I. — Reteocrinus. Under basals small or absent ; basals, 5 ; arms, 10-30 ; column round. 2. — Canistocrinus. Under basals small or absent; basals, 4 ; arms, 10; column square. 3. — Xexocrinus. Under basals, 5 ; basals, 5 ; arms, 20; column round. 4. — Ptvchocrinus. Under basals absent; basals, 5 ; arms, 20; column round or pentagonal. 5. — Glyptocrinus. Basals, 4 ; arms, 20 ; column square. 6. — Mariacrinus. Basals, 5, unequal; radials, 5, irregular; arms, 10; column round or pentagonal. 7. — Heterocrinus. Basals, 5, unequal ; radials, 5, irregular; arms, 10; column round, tripartite. 8. — ECTENOCRINUS. Basals, 5, irregular; radials, 5, irregular; arms, 10; column pentagonal, pentapartite. 9. — Ohiocrinus. Basals, 5, regular; radials, 5, nearly regular; brachials many; arms, 10 (?) ; column pentagonal. 10. — loCRINUS. 2 Paleontology of the Cineiiuiali Croup. loi Basals, 5, ver}' irregular; radials, 5, ver}- unequal; brach- ials irregular in number; column round, luberculated. 1 1 . — Anomalocrinus. Under basals, 5 ; basals, 5 ; column round, nearly smooth. 12. — Merocrixus. Basals, 5 ; column round or pentagonal ; pinnules wanting. 13. — Dendrocrinus. Genus i.— RETEOCRINUS Billings, 1S59. Calyx obconical, somewhat bilateral; interradial and inter- axillary spaces depressed; radial plates elevated into strong, rounded ridges, resembling arms ; they bifurcate and follow^ the secondary radials, thence passing into free-arm joints ; laiderbasals 5, well developed; basals 5, large, protuberant, hexagonal, the upper side slightly truncate, and supporting the first series of interradial plates; ;-a<//a/^ 3X 5> those of the different rays separated by interradials : the first and third pentagonal, second quadrangular; as long as, but narrower than the two former; radials highh' elevated, forming a broad, rounded ridge, branching from the third radials up- ward, following the secondary radials, and downward from the first primary radials to the basals ; secondary radials, 4 to 5 in the adult, less in young specimens, quadrangular, decreas- ing in height upward, shaped like arm joints, and giving off pinnules; arms 10 to 24 long, slender, rounded, bifurcating, composed of a single series of rectangular or slightly wedge- shaped pieces, which give off on alternate sides rather stent, closely-arranged pinnules; interradial series resting directly on the basals, consisting of a very large number of minute pieces, irregular in shape and without definite arrangement; the posterior area wider, with a conspicuous row of decidedlj' larger and more prominent special anal pieces along the me- dian part; interaxillary plates almost as numerous as the interradials, and similar in character ; vault composed of nu- merous, very small and convex pieces, with an elevation run- ning to each arm base ; anal aperture directly through the vault, small, sub-central ; column sub-pentagonal ; central 102 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. canal rather large. (Canadian Organic Remains, Decade 4, 1859, p. 63 ; Wachsmuth & Springer, Review of Pal?eocrin- oidea, Pt. II, 1881, p. 192.) Remarks. — Originally described by Billings, this genus was redescribed by Wachsmuth and Springer in 1881, and this amended description is given above. Various changes have been made from time to time in the species referred to the genus, but at present those given below are the ones gener- ally recognized as belonging to it from our region. I. — R. o'nealli Hall, 1866. Calyx turbinate, gradually spreading from the base to the free arms ; deepl}' pentalobate below the third radial plates, from the depression of the interradial space ; ten lobed above from the depression of the intersupraradial areas ; iinder-hasals well developed but small, and presenting a low, triangular face on the exterior with ver}' slightl}^ truncated lateral angles; basals larger, heptagonal, height and width about equal; upper extremities truncated by the interradial and anal plates ; primary radials subequal in size, the first and third having a general pentagonal form, and the second quadrangular; supraradial series, consisting of 14 to 16 plates — sometimes less — large in the lower part, becoming gradually smaller above, the upper ones about five times as wide as high ; the lower plates attached to the calyx and dome by the intersupraradial and summit plates, while the upper, smaller plates are free and bear tentacles ; interradial and ayial plates very numerous ; those of the middle range pass- ing from the basal plate upward are largest ; the plates between these and the row are small, some of them minute ; anal area with 50 to 60 plates; 40 to 50 in the interradial, and 20 or more in the intersupraradial ; arvis 20, composed of a single series of very short plates, higher on one side than on the other, but bearing tentacles on the longer side onlj- ; tentacles long and slender ; surface of radial plates marked by an elevated, rounded ridge, which bifurcates on the first and third radials, the branches passing to the basals and thence to the under basals; no other surface marking seems to have Paleontology of the Ciucinnati Group. 103 existed except the presence of a finely granulose texture. (Advance sheet 20th Rept., N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hi.st. : 24th Rept.; Ibid, 1892, p. 206; Meek, Pal. of Ohio, Vol. I, p. 34, as (jlyptocrhms.) Locality. — Lebanon and Cincinnati, Ohio. 2. — R. coGNATus S. A. Miller, 1881. Body turbinate, strongly pentagonal, height about equal to width; undcr-basals 5, with a height at the superior angle nearl}' equal to ]2 the width of a plate ; basals 5, compara- tively large, heptagonal, about as wide as high, depressed at the line of junction and elevated in the central part; each plate rests on 2 of the under basals, and supports on the upper sloping sides the radials and on the superior face an inter- radial ; first primary radial heptagonal, about as wide as high and a little larger than either of the others ; second and third hexagonal, higher than wide, the 3 forming a convex elevated ridge; the third supports on its upper sloping sides the sec- ondary radials, and on its superior face an axillary or inter- secondary radial plate; about 8 of the secondary radials form part of the body, gradually diminishing in length and about the eighth giving rise to the free arms ; regular interradial areas deeply excavated and occupied by about 40 plates, the axillary areas having about 20 plates. (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, p. 75, as Glyptocrinus; Ibid, Vol. VI, p. 229, as Gaiirocriniis.) Locality. — Middletown, Ohio. Remarks. — This species is considered by Mr. Miller to be a close allv oi R. o'nealli. 3. — R. GR.\crLis Wetherby, 1881. Body broadly ovate ; loider-basals 5, very small ; basals 5, hexagonal, somewhat higher than wide, truncated above ; outer angles of upper ends cut off, forming an articulating surface for first radials ; widest at the lateral angles and separating from each other below, so as to leave an opening through which the under basals and top of column are seen ; I04 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. first radiah 5, pentagonal, higher than wide, truncated above; second radiah 5, quadrangular, higher than wide, equal in size, truncated above and below, lateral margins depressed; third radials 5, pentagonal, higher than wide, wider above, with two articulating surfaces upon which the rays divide ; lateral edges depressed into the borders of the interradial spaces; upper margin slightly excavated; brachials in two series, the first 10, quadrangular, higher than wnde, equal in size and alike in form; second series 10, pentagonal, higher than wide, wider above with 2 articulating facets, from each of which an arm arises: arms 20, long, slender, composed of equal, quadrangular pieces, about as wide as high; pinimlcs long and delicate, originating on alternate arm plates; anal and interradial spaces filled by a great number of small, deli- cate, generally hexagonal plates. (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, 1881, p. 83.) Locality. — Cincinnati, O. 4. — R. MAGNiFicus S. A. Miller, 1883. 75c</)' robust with prominent radial ridges; tinder basals 5, low, small, triangular on the outer face ; basals 5 longer than wide, ridge prominent; primary radials 3x5, first and third series of about equal size ; secondary radials 4 or 5 x 10, a ridge arising from the second and passing upward toward the vault; no tertiary radials; arms 24, bifurcating soon after becoming free, when 4 again bifurcate; composed of cunei- form plates, large and long with strong pinnules; first inter- radial rests on the superior side of a basal, and is followed by about 20 interradials not disposed in transverse ranges ; column pentagonal. (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, 1883, p. 230, as Gaurocrimis.) Locality. — Warren Co., O. Genus 2.— CANISTOCRINUS Wachs. & Spring., 1885. Closely resembles Reteocrinus in general aspect; radial ridges strong, tube-like ; interradial spaces deeplj' depressed ; symmetry bilateral ; nnderbasals, perhaps, indistinctly devel- 6 Paleontology of the Cincifinati Group. 105 oped or absent ; basa/s 5, truncated above for the reception of the lower series of interradials ; priiiiary radials 3 X 5. of nearly equal size, the first and third nearly similar in form, the ridges of the former branching downward toward the basals, those of the latter upward toward the secondary radials, which they follow until these turn into free arm plates ; arms branching or simple, composed of single joints, which give off rather strong pinnules ; interradial spaces com- posed of numerous small pieces, without definite arrange- ment ; the plates rest upon the basals, separating the 5 rays from the base up ; with the increase of interradials and inter- axillaries by age, more radials seem to be gradually incorpo- rated into the calyx, involving the proximal pinnules, the plates of which are easily recognized from surrounding inter- radial and interaxillarj^ pieces by being more prominent. Azygous interradius wider than the four others, with an ele- vated ridge composed of rather large anal pieces, which are longitudinally arranged and have somewhat the appearance of radials ; the interaxillary areas depressed even deeper than the interradial ones, consisting of similar plates. ( Review of Palaeocrinoidea, Part III, 1885, p. 94.) Remarks. — The two species placed here have been consid- ered as belonging to both Rcteocrinus and Glyptocrinus. Wachsmuth and Springer believe they present features that justify the erection of this new genus. It is most nearly allied to Reteocrimis. I— C. PATTERSOXi S. A. Miller, 1882. Calyx small, height and width sub-equal ; interradial areas depressed ; surface finely sculptured ; basals small, projecting up between the under sloping sides of the first primary radi- als; first radials largest in the body, hexagonal, about as long as wide ; the strong radial ridge in its extension below di- vides at the center of this plate ; second and third radials much smaller than the first, about as high as wide, hexagonal or heptagonal, and of about equal size; secondary radials arise from upper sloping sides of the second primary radials (?) and become free arms at the third plate; arms 10, consisting, after becoming free, of strong cuneiform plates, each bearing io6 Ci!ui)i>ia{i Society of Natural History. a Strong pinnule; col it dui xoww^X, vi{ medium size, and com- posed, near the head, of alternately thick and thin plates. (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. V, 1882, p. 80, as Glyptocriyms) Locality. — Opposite Cincinnati, Ohio, in Kentucky. Remarks. — The descri])tion of this species is ob.'-cure in regard to the origin of the secondary radials, and as the author says his figures are incorrect, it is not possible to check one bv the other. 2. — C Kicii.VRD.soNi Wetherby, 1880. Under-dasals not developed, or so slightly as not to be characterized ; basals 5, pentagonal wider than high, alter- nating with the first radicals ; radials 3 > 5, in the first series pentagonal, somewhat higher than wide, each elevated in the center; second and third series hexagonal, higher than wide, and resting squarely upon each other, as the second rest upon the first, and like the first radials with a central elevation; rays dividing on the third radials; iiiterradials hexagonal, and so arranged on all except the azygous side that there is at first one piece, then two above this for 2 or 3 ranges, above which the arrangement is indefinite ; azygous side has first i plate, then 2 in the first range, and 3 in a few succeeding ranges, and then indefinite; interaxillaries numerous, hexagonal or pentagonal, slightly elevated in the center; before the arms become free, a number of jointed processes, like large pinnules, are sent off; arms 30 (?), com- posed of nearly equal slightly cuneiform plates, long, taper- ing gradually, and with elongated pinnules, which are 10 or 12 jointed ; column round. (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 11, 1880, p. 245, as Glvptocrinus)} Locality. — Wilmington, Ohio. Genus 3.— XENOCRINUS S. A. Miller, 1S81. Base monocyclic; basals 4, combined, forming a shallow decagonal cup, which, upon 5 of its sides supports the 5 radials, and alternately, upon each of the 5 other sides, a series of small interradial pieces ; all the basals different in Paleontology of the Cincinnati Croup. 107 form; axial canal pentangular : in other respects agrees with Rctcocriuus 2indi Caiiistocrimis; arms 10; cohiinn square. (Jour. Cin. See. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, pp. 71, 1876. Wachsmuth & Springer, Revision of Paleocrinoidea, part 3, 1885, p. 95.) Remarks. — The above is mainh^ the description of Wachs- muth & Springer. Two species have been referred to the genus which are given below. I. — X. PENiciLLU.s S. A. Miller, 188 1. Basals 4, uniting at the angles of the column, about twice as wide as high, 2 hexagonal, 2 pentagonal, with a granulous surface ; primary radials 3 in each series, about twice as long as wide, each series forming a convex, elevated ridge, con- tracted at point of union of plates ; 4 of the series supported in the angles formed at the junction of the basals, the 5th or posterior series supported on the middle of the basal oppo- site the azygous side ; these plates all about the same length : third primary radials a little wider above than the others, and supporting on the 2 superior sides the secondarj- radials ; secondary radials, or brachials continued into the free arms, the first plate about as long as a primary radial and gradually decreasing until the sixth plate is only about one-half as long as wide: above this, plates shorter, but of about the same width until arms are free from vault when they become cuneiform, with the width equal to the length of about 3 plates : interradial and inter-secondary radial spaces long, nar- row and depressed, covered with small plates, each w'ith a short spine or tubercle in the center ; about 75 plates in each interradial area, and 25 or more in each inter-secondar}' radial area before reaching the top of the cup, the plates con- tinuing over the margin and top (?) of the vault, and also more or less of the long probosis ; azygous area large, covered by a series of 7 plates, each about twice as long as w'ide ; arms 10, composed of cuneiform plates; pinnules compara- tively coarse, forming a dense fringe on each side, and com- posed of more than 12 plates; column quadrangular at the head, round (?) below, perforated b}' a small, round orifice. (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, 1881, p. 72.) Locality. — Warren County, Ohio. io8 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 2 — X. HAF.Ki Meek, 1872. Body of medium size, globose-obconoidal ; nnder-basals apparently not developed, or very small ; basals 4, short and pentagonal ; first prin/ary radia/s of comparatively moderate size, presenting a general heptagonal outline; second a little narrower than the first, but of nearly the same length, with a general quadrangular* form ; third slightly larger than the second and pentagonal ; secondarv radials consisting of about 4 pieces in succession on each upper sloping side of each primary radial, the first 2 or 3 of each series only about one- third smaller than the second ones, while above this the suc- ceeding pieces soon become much shorter, free brachials ; interradial pieces numerous, small, of very unequal size, without any regular arrangment; «;/«/ series unknown, prob- ably consisting of a mesial series irregularly arranged be- tween these and the radials on each side; arms 10, rather long, simple, widest a little above their bases, and then grad- ually tapering to their ends, and composed of very short pieces so strongly cuneiform as to appear almost to taper to nothing alternately on opposite sides, while each supports a pinnule at its thicker end ; pinnules very long, moderately stout, nearly in contact, and composed of pieces that are 3 or 4 times as long as wide ; surface of body plates without costge or striae, those of the primary and secondary radial series more prominent than the much smaller pieces filling the interradial and axillary spaces, and thus forming some- what flattened ridges, more or less interrupted at the sutures and abruptly beveled at the sides ; interradial and axillary areas roughened by a minute projection on each of the little pieces filling the same ; coliunn of moderate thickness, apparently quadrangular or pentagonal near the base, and composed of alternate thick and thin pieces, the former pro- jecting a little beyond the latter. (Am. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, vol. 3, p. 260; Pal. of Ohio, vol. i, p. 37, as Glyptocrinus) Locality. — Richmond, Ind., and Warren County, Ohio. Remarks. — There is some discrepancy in the varioiis de- scriptions of this species. Meek does not mention the num- ber of basals; Miller says there are 5 (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, p. 226); while Wachsmuth and Springer say positively 4. The column \s probably quadrangular. 10 Paleontology of the Cinciuuati Group. 109 Genus 4.— PTYCHOCRINUS Wachs. & Spring., 1885. In general form resembles iilyptocrinus ; radials with a fold-like strong, tubular ridge along their median line ; inter- radial spaces depressed ; imder-basals 5 ; basals 5, large, all hexagonal ; pri))iary radials 3x5 ; first ones heptagon al, but upper-sloping sides, facing the azygous side, longer, forming a deep notch for a very large anal plate ; secondary radials 3 or more, having the appearance of arm-plates, and gradually passing into free joints; strong arm-like pinnules given off from alternate sides; interradiais consisting of i plate in the first row, 2 in the second, and 3 in the third; azygous side wider; first plate extending far down between the first radials, sometimes touching the basals, and 3 plates instead of 2 plates in the second series; column small, cylindrical. (Review of Palseocrinoidea, Part III. [in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil, for 1885], p. 100.) Remarks. — This genus was formed by Messrs. Wachsmuth and Springer for the reception of 3 species, two of which had been referred by Miller to his Gaiirocrinns. Two of these occur in our own region, and are given below: I. — P. AXGULARis Miller & Dyer, 1878. Body angular, due to the depression of interradial spaces, and the downward extension of the basals below junction of the column ; radial pieces marked by a strong ridge, orna- menting the surface ; under-basals 5, small, pentagonal, wider than high ; basals 5, hexagonal, two lower faces resting be- tween under-basals, and two upper-sloping sides supporting the first radials; each basal with an angular or wedge-shaped tubercle ; first radials larger than the basals, heptagonal, wider than long; second and third radials smaller and hex- agonal; first secondary radial hexagonal, longer than wide ; second, heptagonal, supporting on each of the upper sides a series of brachial pieces ; interradial spaces have an hexago- nal plate between the upper sloping sides of the first radials, followed by 2 plates on its upper sides, and these b}- 3 plates in a row between the lower part of the first secondary radials, no Ciinimiafi Soiiefy of Xiifurnl History. aud above about 6 small plates; only 2 plates observed in intersecondary radial spaces; azygous space filled by a range of elevated plates resting on one of the basal plates ; arms moderately long, composed of very short plates, with long, strong pinnules; column small, round. (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. I, p. 28, as Glyptocrinus : Miller, Ibid., Vol. VI, 1S83, p. 229, as (raurocrinus.) Locality. — Cincinnati, O. 2. — P. p.VRVUS Hall, 1872. Body small, narrow, turbinate to the bases of the free arms; basals about equal in height and width; radials sub-equal, the first ones a little the largest; raj'.y divided on the third radial, and again on the second supraradial, above which the pieces are smaller and soon become free, forming the arms ; intcrradial areas, containing about 6 or more plates, varying from pentagonal to heptagonal ; inter-supraradials i, 2, or more ; arms long and slender, with tentacles on the sides of alternating plates, long and comparative!}' strong; surface of plates smooth, and the center of those composing the rays strongly elevated, forming a strong ridge along the ray to the arms. (24th Rept. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., p. 207, as Glyptocrinus; 2d edition of 20th Repts. of Ibid., 1891.) Locality. — Cincinnati, O. Remarks. — Hall says of this that it " may possibly prove to be the young " of Cilyptocrinus decadactylus. Genus 5.— GLYPTOCRINUS Hall, 1^47. Calyx obconical to subglobose ; surface ornamented with radiating strise in the form of elevated ridges, dividing into numerous triangular impres.'^ed areas; under-basals absent; basals 5, uniform in size, small, scarcely extending to the sides of the body, slightly concave for the attachment of the column ; primary radials 3 >; 5. the lower series somewhat larger, nearly similar in form, the second hexagonal; the third pentagonal in outline, and supporting the secondary radials; secondary radials x^xymg in number from 2 to 8 or Paleo)itology of the Cinciiinafi Group. lit more ; tertiary ra.iiais, when present, also variable, separate or united accordin.g;' to the age of the specimen ; atins 20, rising almost vertically from the last radial, long, slender, simple from the second division, rounded on the outer side, and composed of a single series of short, somewhat wedge- shaped pieces, each one of them supporting, at its larger end, a pinnule; pinnules very slender, alternateh' and ver}' closely arranged, proximal ones fixed in the body walls, the first generally given off from the second secondary radials; /;//<f;- ;a<//d;/ areas occupied by a large number of pieces, arranged in 4 or more series, with i plate in the first, 2 in the second, and generally 3 in each succeeding series; the aiial art a differs from the others in being a trifle wider, and in ha\ - ing 3 instead of 2 plates in the second and all succeeding series; intcraxillary plates from i to 10; vault scarcely elevated abo\'e the horizon of the arm bases; intcrradial regions somewhat depressed, and composed of numerous ver\' small convex plates ; anal aperture directly through the vault, eccentric ; coluvin round, medium size ; central canal small, distinctly pentagonal. (Pal. New' York, Vol. I, p. 280; Wachsmuth & Springer, Review of Paljeocriuoidea, Part 2.; (Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. for 1881), p. 187.) {Pvcnocrinus S. A. Miller, 1883, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, p. 231. j Remarks. — Originally proposed b}' Hall in 1847. A number of species have been placed in this genus. The revised and restricted definition given above is that of Wachsmuth & Springer. Pycnocrinus is placed by them as a synon\m formed, they believe, on a young Cilyptocrinus. I. — G. DECADACTVLUS Hall, 1847. Body obconoidal, with interradial and axillary areas a little flattened, so as to present a pentagonal outline ; somewhat wider than high; under-basals undeveloped; basa/s small pentagonal, wider at the top than high ; Jirst radials larger than basals, as wide as high, heptagonal ; second radials a little smaller than the first, hexagonal or heptagonal ; third radials same size as second heptagonal and each supporting 2 secondary radials, each nearly as large as the third primary 112 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. radial ; on the second of these secondaries another bifurca- tion, giving origin to 2 series of brachials, the first 2 or 3 of which appear like tertiar}- radials, free arms continued from these pieces ; interradial series have i piece in first range, between the superior sloping sides of the first primary radials, 2 in second range, 3 in third and fourth ; above the latter 10 or 12 small pieces; anal area with about same num- ber of pieces as interradial, with three in each range above the first piece: axilliary areas with about 3 small pieces, and each intcrbrachial area with 2 or more small pieces ; arms 20, 4 to each ra5^ long, slender, simple, rounded on outer side, each composed of a single series of wedge-shaped pieces, each of which supports a pinnule at the upper end ; pinjudes alter- nateh' and closely arranged along the inner, lateral margins, very slender and composed of joints 3 or 4 times as long as wide ; surface ornamented with radiating costse, those passing up the middle of the radials larger and more prominent than the others; others radiate from center of body plates to the sides, where they connect with those on contiguous plates ; column of moderate size, round near base composed of thick and thin segments. (Pal. of N. Y., Vol. I, p. 281 ; Meek, Pal. of Ohio, Vol. I, 1873, p. 30.) Locality. — -Cincinnati, Ohio; Madison, Ind.; Maysville, Ky., etc. Remarks. — This is a common and very beautiful species in our region, being well characterized b}' its sculpturing. It is closely allied to the following {G. dycri), but can be readily distinguished by having onlj- 2 secondarj' radials instead of 9 or 10, as in dyeri. It is also a much more widel}' distributed species, G. dyeri being restricted in its range. 2 — G. dyeri Meek, 1872. Body globular, sub-turbinate, wider than high, with sides rounding under to the base ; loider-basals obsolete, or if pres- ent not exposed externally ; basals very small and projecting as a thin rim below, much wider than high, and trigonal in general outline, with the lateral angles minutely truncated ; first radials of moderate size, heptagonal, wider than long ; second and third a little smaller, the second being hexagonal 14 Paleontology of the Cincinnati Group. 113 and the third pentagonal, and supporting on its superior sloping sides the first divisions of the rows ; secondary radials 8 to II in number, rapidly diminishing in length upward to the second bifurcation or commencement of the arms just below where a few of the smaller pieces seem to be free and bear pinnules on their inner sides ; further down the second and fourth secondary radials of each ray give off, alternately on each side, small divisions that do not become free, giving rise to pinnules at the summit of the body; a?/ a/ area, a little wider than the interradial areas ; first anal plate of about the same size as the first radials, hexagonal, and supporting in the next range 3 pieces arranged with the middle one higher than the others ; while above these 3 smaller pieces can be seen arranged in the same way in the third range and 3 to 4 or 5 in the fourth ; the middle plates of this series form a direct vertical row that has a rather prominent mesial, rounded ridge extending all the way up from the middle of the lowest pieces of about the same size as those passing up the primary and secondary radial series, while the other plates on each side and other parts of the lowest pieces are ornamented with radiating costae of smaller size, like those of the interradial pieces ; interradial areas, not excavated below, but becoming moderately concave above ; first interradial pieces about the size of the second primary radials, hexagonal, and supporting 2 other smaller pieces in the next range, that bear between their superior sloping sides a fourth smaller piece ; while above this there are two pieces in the next range that con- nect with the pieces of the little lateral division of the sec- ondary radials, and perhaps some other small intercalated pieces, filling the upper part of the interradial areas ; axilliaiy areas flat, and each occupied by an hexagonal or heptagonal piece about the size of the second piece of each secondary radial, while the space above is occupied by several much smaller pieces ; arms 20, 4 to each ray, rounded on the dorsal side, slender, of moderate length, very gradually tapering, simple, and composed of very short, slightly wedge -form pieces, each of which bears a pinnule at its inner lateral end ; pinnules slender, rather closel}^ arranged, deeply furrowed on the inner side and apparenth- composed of rather long joints ; surface of the body plates all ornamented with distinct radi- 1 14 Cincinnati Socie/y of Natural History. ating costae, starting from the center of each piece, and pass- ing, one to each of its sides, so as to connect with others on each contiguous piece : of these costae those passing up the middle of each of the radial series are a little larger and more prominent than those of the interradial plates, while they bifurcate with the ra\'S so as to send a division up each of the secondary radial series, toward the upper part of which they become more prominent and rounded, being those about the size of the free arras. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., for 1S72, p. 314; Pal. of Ohio, Vol. I, p. 32.) Locality. — Cincinnati, Ohio. Remarks. — A variety was described by Miller in 1878 (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. I, p. 103), under the name of var. siiblcevis. As the only distinguishing mark was an absence of sculpturing, the founder of the species rightly concluded later on (Ibid, Vol. VI, 1883, p. 217) to abandon it. 3. — G. suBGLOBOSus Meek, 1872. Originally described as a variety of G. dycri, from which it differs hy a much stouter bodj-, which is also less rounded below, while the arms and the ridges extending up to the radial and anal plates are stouter ; column, much thicker; 10 or 12 secondary radials between the first bifurcation on each ray to the second division. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., for 1872, p. 314 ; Pal. of Ohio, \'ol. I, 1875, p. 34, as G. dycri var. subglobosiis. ) Locality. — Cincinnati, Ohio. 4. — G. KORNSHELLi S. A. Miller, 1874. /?^^i' obconoidal, about i,'- times as high as wide and ta- pering to the column : hasals 5, pentagonal, wider than high ; first radials much larger than basals, heptagonal, nearly as wide as long, inserted in angle produced bj- two basals ; second radials octagonal, as long but not as wide as the first; third radials heptagonal, about the size of the second, each supporting two secondary radials; secondary radials 5, first two nearly as large as the primary radials, others much smaller; interradial series consists of i hexagonal plate in the first range, 2 in the second, 3 in the third ; above these 16 Paleontology of the Cincinnati Group. 115 about twenty pieces irregularl}' disposed in ranges, varying from pentagonal to heptagonal, gradually becoming smaller above ; inter secondary radial areas, each occupied by about twelve pieces, the first heptagonal, second hexagonal, and above ranges of two each, until near the top, where there are three pieces between the secondary radials ; each basal marked with four converging lines on a side ; each triangle on the radials marked by parallel lines at right angles to the side of the plate; these lines continue over on the interradial pieces, but never cross each other, the ends being separated b)' a row of dots ; arms arise from third secondary radial, and become free on leaving the fifth without bifurcating ; consist of round, wedge-shaped pieces, each supporting a pinnule ; bifurcate on the twelfth piece, and again and again between the twentieth and fortieth pieces; pin}iules long, and closely arranged along the inner lateral margins; column sharply pentagonal, composed of alternately thick and thin pieces. (Cin. Quart. Jour. Sci., Vol. I, p. 34S.) Locality. — Morrow, Ohio. Remarks. — A beautifully ornamented species, intermediate between decadactyhis and dyeri in the number of secondary radials, and having the column pentagonal instead of round. 5. — G. MiAMiENSis S. A. Miller, 1882. Body proportionally long and very gently expanding, diameter at free arms about two-thirds of length; obconoidal, with interradial and intersecondary radial spaces depressed ; surface smooth or slightly granular, not sculptured ; basals well developed, with high projecting angles between the sides of the first primary radials; first radials large, about as high as wide, hexagonal, truncated above, central part contracted into a round ridge ; second and third radials smaller than the first, about as wide as high, heptagonal, the radial ridge bifur- cating in the upper third of the third radial ; six or more secondary radials form part of the calyx before two arms become free ; in another series only 3 secondary radials ; number of arms unknown, because of the irregularity in those observed, but between 10 and 20; arms long and slen- der, round on outer side, composed of many cuneiform plates, 17 ii6 Ciytcinnati Society of Natural History. 4 or more of which are equal in length to the diameter of the arm; //;/;/«/<?,? long and very slender, and composed of long- jointed pieces; column round, of alternately thick and thin pieces. (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. V, p. 34.) Locality. — Waynesville, O. 6. — G. scui.PTUs S. A. Miller, 1882. Body somewhat urn-shaped, nearly as wide as high, sides rounded below; interradial and intersecondary radial areas flattened and slightly depressed; basals fairly well developed ; two ridges, extending from the center of first radials and uniting with the ridges on the basals, expand rapidly ; first, second, and third radials heptagonal, slightly wider than long ; 3 secondary radials in each series, a little smaller than the primar}^ radials ; the upper sloping sides supporting 6 or 8 brachial plates before the arms become free; arms 20, long, round, composed of cuneiform plates, and with long, slender pinnules; surface of plates deeply sculptured. (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. V, p. 37.) Locality. — Waynesville, O. 7. — G. SHAFFERi S. A. Miller, 1875. Body very small, but little larger than the column, with very slight ornamentation ; basals small, pentagonal ; primary radials 3X5; radials small, wider than long; third radials support the free arms, and form a longitudinally convex elevation above the interradials; 3 or 6 interradials; arms free, cylindrical on the outside, bifurcating on the eighth to the twelfth plats; pinnules comparatively large and strong, alternately arranged on inner lateral sides of arms and com- posed of pieces 3 or 4 times as long as wide ; colmnn large, composed of alternately thick and thin pieces and tapering to a point, thus being a free floating species. (Cin. Quart. Jour. Sci., Vol. 2,p. 277; Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, 1880, p. 233 ; also Ibid., Vol. VI, 1883, p. 231, sls Pycnocrimis.) {Glypto- crijius shafferi var. germanus S. A. Miller. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. Ill, 1880, p. 233; Pyc7iocri7ius germanus S. A. Miller. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, 1883, p. 232.) Locality. — Cincinnati, O. 18 PaleontoIo^!^y of the Citiciutiad Group. 117 Remarks. — The y^.r\t\.y gcnin-oius does not seem to differ enough to warrant separate description. Wachsnnith and Springer believe the genus Pyoiocrinus to be founded on a young specimen, and state that the specimens "referred to PycnocriuKS are so embryonic in their condition, that it would be speculation for us to assert to what species they belong." (Review of Palaeocrinoidea, Part 3, p. 103.) The fact that the specimens do not seem to have been attached seems to point to an embryonic or immature condition, like the Comahila stage of the modern crinoids. Genus 6.— MARIACRIXUS Hall, 1S59. Calyx obconical, with the general aspect and ornamenta- tion of Glyptocrbius ; radiating strise pass from plate to plate; basals 4, small, of almost equal size, the one facing the anal area largest; pniiiary radials 3X5. nearly as wide as high, increasing in size upwards; first set joining laterally; second set inclosing the first anal and first interradial plates; the third set supporting 3 x 10 secondary radials, \.\i2X are gener- ally of uniform size, and vertically separated by 6 or more interaxillary plates ; secondary radials followed by several tertiary radials, that vary in number with the age of the in- dividual, 5 or more at times, all placed in a direct line with the arms, and somewhat resembling arm-plates; arms 20, 4 to each ray, inner ones branching once or twice, outer ones simple ; both inner and outer arms composed of quadrangular single joints, wuth straight or oblique sutures; arm bearing joints subpentagonal ; main arms and branches fringed with pinnules; interradial areas large, depressed, and composed of a great number of plates, the first wedged in between the upper sloping sides of two first radials and two second radi- als; second interradial series consisting of 2 plates, and each succeeding series of 2 or 3 ; anal area wider, the first plate in line with the first interradials, succeeded by three plates in each succeeding series ; vault composed of very minute, ir- regular pieces without definite arrangement; anal aperture eccentric, opening directl}' through the vault ; column (in our species) 4-sided, each side slightly concave ; central canal 19 Il8 Cincinnati Socielv of Xalural /listory. sub-pentagonal, and of more than medium size. (Pal. of N. Y., \'ol. Ill, p. 104; Wachsmuth 6c vSpringer, Review of Palse- ocrinoidea. Part II. [Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. for 1881, p. 115.] Co/f/psocrifu/s S. A. Miller, 1883. Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, p. 233.) Remarks. — The description above given is the amended one of Wachsmuth and Springer. These writers conclude that Coiiipsocriiiiis is a synon^aii, and it is so regarded here. The latter genus was made by Miller for the species previ- ously described as Glyptocrinus /larrisi, which is given below% and which is the only one occurring in our region. The other species referred to the genus are all Upper Silurian. I.— M. HARRisi S. A. Miller (sp), 1881. Ca/yx obcoaoidal, with flattened interradial, intersecon- dary, and intertertiary areas ; radial ridges strong, and sep- arated at the sutures ; surface strongly sculptured wnth star- like ornamentation in relief; basa/s 4, 2 pentagonal and 2 hexagonal, each about twice as wide as high and deeply sculptured; 3 primary radials about the same size; 2 second- ary radials of equal size, and about as large as the primaries ; 8 tertiary radials in each series, gradually diminishing in size ; 20 arms at the vault ; plates of the regular iiiterradial areas resting upon the first primary radials, followed by 2 plates, and above this by 2 or 3 plates in each range to the top of the vault; intersecondary areas, with i or 2 plates in each transverse series, the intertertiary plates following each other in single order ; first azygoiis plate resting on one of the 4 basals, followed by a series of rather large plates, upon each side of which there are nearly as many plates as in the regular interradial areas ; vault unknown ; arms with strong ■pinnules; cohunn 4-sided, each side slightly concave, corners rounded. (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, p. 74, as Glyp- tocrimis : Ibid, Vol. VI, 1883, p. 234, as Co7npsocri7ttis.) Locality. — Waynes ville, Ohio. Remarks. — Wachsmuth and Springer have reduced Comp- socrijms to a synonym, upon the ground that Miller's diag- nosis was not exactly correct, and that typical specimens have all the characters of Mariacrimis , as emended by them. [to be concluded.] 20 Copepoda Found in the Vicinity of Lincoln, Nebraska. 119 ARTICLE XIII.— A STUDY OF THE COPEPODA FOUND IN THE VICINITY OF LINCOLN, NE- BRASKA/^^ By Albert D. Brewer, A. M. This study has been thorough only for the spring months and for the immediate vicinit}' of Lincoln, but includes some forms found at neighboring places in the state. While many collections were made earlier than March, they have been almost entirely neglected, as the collecting apparatus was inadequate to thorough exploration, so that the earlier collec- tions are referred to in one or two instances only. The aim of m}- study, after identifying the known species and describ- ing two new ones, has been to determine the habitat of the forms present here; unfortunateh' the results in that line are mainly negative. The table made to show the occurrence does not by any means represent all of the examinations made, but onlj- the more typical and important ones. Other places than those given will have to be referred to occasionally, however. It will be noticed that the faunas of ponds, located but a short distance apart and apparently similar, differ materially in the species present. Considering the small locality and limited time during which collections were made, the variety of Copepoda seems to be up to the average. It is deficient in species of Cyclops, but has a large group of Diaptomi. In the latter genus, and to some extent in Cyclops, the prevalent forms are those com- mon to stagnant or temporary pools. This is fully justified by the number of such pools found all along the bottoms of Salt Creek and its tributaries during the spring and earl}' summer. The largest lakes examined were not large enough or deep enough to show a different copepod fauna at their center from that found at the edge, or essentiall)- different from that of the smallest roadside puddle. I suppose this lack of a distinctive pelagic or littoral fauna is due to the fact that all * studies from the Zoological Laboratory, The University of Nebraska, Lincoln, under the direction of Henry B. Ward, No. 29. (Jour. Cin. See. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX, No. 4.) \ Printed July 26, 1898. I20 C'nuiiinafi Society of Natu7-al History. the lakes are so shallow. The largest lake— a salt lake near Lincoln— is one or two miles long and one-half broad, but its deepest parts are said to be less than eight feet, and this is typical of all. Probably the proper pelagic fanna of other places is due to a constant temperature and food supply that would not e.xist in these shallow lakes. Yet some of the species of Cyclops which, in other localities have betn con- sidered strictly pelagic, seem able to stand the greater changes, and are found here in association with strictly stagnant water varieties. For example, Cyclops letickarti and Cyclops piil- cJiellns have been found in marshy places in association with Diaptomns sangtdncus and Cyclops navns. To such an extent has this been true that it has been impossible to determine the normal habitat of these species. In the ponds and lakes subject to the least change during the year, without regard to size, fewer species are found than in those subject to varying conditions of water supply. The place to look for the greatest variety here is in some pond which does not become quite dry at any season of the year, but comes very near it, and which is marshy in its nature. It is very marked that the least variety occurs in the largest lakes. The two largest had but one variet3^ Two small ponds, supplied by deep wells, and of some depth, had l)ut two species, while most of the temporary or stagnant pools had f )ur or more varieties. The same rule applies also to the Cladoccra. The two largest lakes had one or two species, while the marsh}' ponds might have six or seven. Of course, the pond must last a considerable portion of the year in order to deveh)p a variety. None of the species, so far as I find, can stand a strong cur- rent. Of the millions that must be carried from the slower streams and quieter portions where they abound, none seem to live to reach the larger rivers. I could find none in the Platte, or even in Salt Creek near its mouth, where it is quite large, and has a strong current. Wherever there are many specimens in a stream, with even a slight current, it is usually found that they have been washed from some quiet pond near at hand. The coloring of the specimens taken from the quiet, stag- nant water is much more brilliant than that of those found Copepoda Found in the I'icinity of Lincoln, A^ebraska. 121 in the streams, or in clear water where the vegetation is slight. The coloring indicates nothing so far as identifica- tion of species is concerned. Even Diaptomiis sanguineus, which is usually such a brilliant red, I found twice without the slightest coloring. On the same day in adjacent pools were found specimens of Cyclops americanus beautifully colored, those from one pool red with blue ovisacs, and those from the other blue with red ovisacs. From a third pool the specimens were all a handsome green from a protozoan which covered them. The three genera of the locality belong to different families and are immediately distinguishable. The Diaptowi have long antennae with more than twenty joints. The bod}- nearl}- cylindrical, with a sharp constriction at the beginning of the abdomen. The caudal furca bearing five nearly equal setae and a sixth inner smaller one. The Cyclopes have shorter, stronger antennae, with from ten to seventeen joints, a taper- ing bod}', and a distinct constriction at the beginning of the abdomen. The caudal furcae are long, and bear two long setae (or three) with four others less developed. The CantJw- campti have eight-jointed antennae, slightly tapering bod}', with no constriction between the thorax and abdomen. The caudal furcae bear one seta much longer than any other. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF DIAPTOMUS FOUND. A. The antepenultimate segment of the male right antenfia unarined. 1. The inner ramus of the male right fifth foot equal to the first joint of the outer. pallidus. 2. The inner ramus of the male right fifth foot much shorter than the first joint of the outer ramus. nebraskensis n. sp. B. The antepenultimate joint of the male right antenna bear- hig a short hook. I. The inner ramus of the male left fifth foot longer than the first joint of the outer ramus. a. The basal joint of the right foot produced and sometimes jointed at the outer distal angle. sa7igidneus. 3 122 Citicitmafi Society of Natural History. b. The first joint of the outer ramus bearing a pro- jection on its inner side beyond the inner ramus. siciloides. 2. The inner ramus of the left fifth foot not so long as the first joint of the outer ramus. saHillimis n. sp. C. The anlcpeiiultimatc joi)it of t/ir male rii^/if antenna bear- ing a hook longer than the folUncing segment. eiseni. DiAPTOMUS PALLiDUS Herrick. A rather small species, measuring scarcel)- a millimeter in length. It is broadest at its third segment. The first segment is two-fifths of the cephalo-thorax, the other segments being nearly equal. The last bears two minute teeth. The first abdominal segment of the female is a little longer than the two remaining segments and dilated anteriorly. The last is a little longer than the second, and split for half its length. The furcse are ciliated on their inner aspect, and are slightly longer than broad. The antennae reach to the end of the furcal setae. The basal joint of the fifth foot of the female is triangular. The inner margin of inner ramus bears several small hairs, and at the inner side of the tip are two curved spines, one about twice the length of the other. The first joint of the outer ramus is not quite as long as the inner ramus. The claw is well curved, and is much narrowed beyond the point where the spines arise on the outer aspect. The antepenultimate joint of the right male antenna bears no armature of any kind. It is not much swollen proximally to the geniculating joint. The right fifth foot of the male is long and slender. The inner ramus is a little longer than the first joint of the outer ramus. The terminal joint is elongated, and bears a slight notch at its second third on the inner aspect. The slightly curved claw is nearly regular. It is marked by very fine teeth. The accessory spine is close to the claw, is small and curved inward. The basal joint, inner ramus, and the first joint of the outer ramus of the left foot are nearly the same in length as the cor- responding parts of the right foot. The terminal joint bears Copepoda Found in the Vicinity of Lincoln, Nebraska. 123 exteriorly at the tip a finger-like projection, roughened on its inner surface. Curved toward this, from the inner part of the tip, is a spine very slightly plumose. The inner ramus of both feet are covered with very short hairs. This species was found at Louisville in ponds made by the removal of sand. It was found on both sides of the Platte in similar places. The water was clear and deep with little vegetation. The species is said to be littoral. DiAPTOMUS NEBRASKEXSIS n. Sp. (FigS. I-4.) A rather large species, the female varying from 2.25 mm. to 2.5 mm. in length and the male being a little smaller. The cephalo-thorax is considerably broadest in the middle. The first segment is nearly half the cephalo-thorax. The last two segments of the female are fused. The last segment is asymmetrical in the male and still more so in the female, the left side being produced further back (Fig. 4). There is a small tooth at the exterior angle in the female. The first abdominal segment of the female equals the rest of the abdomen and furca. It bears small lateral teeth. The second segment is about half the length of the first and the third very short. Caudal furcse a little longer than broad. The spermatophores were frequently attached to the speci- mens, and usually there were two or more, sometimes as many as six. The egg sac contains an unusually large num- ber of eggs. The antepenultimate segment of the male right antenna is unarmed (Fig. i). The joint proximal to the geniculating joint is not much swollen. The basal joint of the right fifth foot in the male (Fig. 3) bears a tubercle at the middle of the inner margin and a spur at the inner proximal angle. The inner ramus is small and hardly half the length of the first joint of the outer ramus. The prominent characteristic of the species is a strong claw borne on the back side of the basal joint, twice the length of the inner ramus. The terminal joint is nearly rectangular, with the accessory spine at the outer distal angle, and a regu- larly curved terminal claw- at the inner. The claw is dentate more than half its length. 124 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. The left foot reaches to the terminal joint of the right foot. The inner ramus is club-shaped, bent toward the outer ramus, and reaches to about the middle of the terminal joint of the outer ramus. Its tip bears four or five small spines. The two joints of the outer ramus bear numerous fine hairs on their inner aspect. The terminal joint bears a seta plumose on one side and a short spearhead-shaped projection. The inner ramus of the fifth foot of the female (Fig. 2) is of small caliber and about as long as the outer ramus. It bears two serrate spines of nearly half its own length and three or four very small spines. The terminal claw is dentate on both margins, and bears on its posterior margin two small bare spines and a longer serrate one. Types are deposited in the U. S. National Museum, in the Museum of the Cincinnati vSociety of Natural History (Ace. Cat. No. 15,000), and in the zoological collection of the Uni- versity of Nebraska, Lincoln. Whether this species is one which appears o\Ay temporarily in the spring I can not tell. It appeared usually in temporary pools. I found mature ova-bearing specimens April 10 and June 3. I think it may stay the year round under favorable circumstances. DiAPTOMUS SANGUINEUS Forbes. A species of small or medium size. The first segment is equal to the remainder of the cephalo-thorax. The outer segments are nearly equal. The last segment in the female is armed with an unusually strong spine at its outer angle. The first abdominal segment in the female equals the rest of the abdomen and furca. It is armed with strong lateral spines about one-third of the length of those on the last seg- ment of the cephalo-thorax. The second segment is about one-half as long as the third. The furcae are longer than broad, and ma}- be ciliated on their margins. The antennae reach to the middle of the furca. The fifth foot of the female is short and thick. The inner ramus is scarcely two-thirds of the length of the first joint of the outer. It bears two spines half its own length. The claw is well curved and dentate along its inner aspect. On 6 Copepoda Found in the I'icinity of Lincoln, Nebraska. 125 the outer aspect are two spines, one twice the length of the other, and half the length of the claw. The antepenultimate joint of the male right antenna.- is armed with a hook shorter than that of D. siciloidcs. The basal joint of the male right fifth foot is large, and produced at its distal outer angle into a strong spine. This spine is usualh' separated from the basal segment by a joint, but I think not always. The inner ramus is much reduced, about equaling in length the spine just mentioned. The terminal joint is long and slender. The accessory spine is slightly nearer the distal end of the segment. The claw is not much curved, and is dentate for half its length. The basal segment of the left foot is nearly square. At the outer distal angle there is a small seta. The inner ramus is longer than the first joint of the outer ramus and unarmed. The terminal joint bears a finger-like process and curved ciliate spine opposed to it. On its inner aspect is a nearly hemispherical hairj- pad. The left foot does not reach to the end of the basal joint of the right foot. This species appears for a short time only in the early spring in stagnant water. DiAPTOMUS siciLOiDES LiUjeborg. The smallest species of the genus in the locality and one of the smallest anywhere found. It measures less than a milli- meter, but varies somewhat according to its environment. The first segment is two-fifths of the remainder of the cephalo-thorax. The others are equal up to the last, which is somewhat shorter, and bears two small teeth on its exterior angle. The first segment of the abdomen more than equals the last two and furca. It bears a small lateral tooth. The second segment is about one-third of the last. The furcse are longer than broad, and are ciliated on their inner margin. The antennae reach nearl}- to the ends of the furcal setae. The male antennae are not strongly geniculate. The ante- penultimate joint of the right antenna bears a hook longer than that of D. sanfruincns or saltillinus. It is nearly half as long as the following joint. 126 Cincinnati Society of A' at lira / History. The species is recognized readily by a projecting knob on the inner margin of the first joint of the outer ramus of the male right fifth foot. The inner ramus is half as long as the first joint of the outer. Half its length is covered with fine hairs. The accessory spine is at the last third of the termi- nal joint. The terminal claw is regularly curved, and without dentition. The basal joint of the left foot is produced in the direction of the inner ramus, which reaches the middle of the terminal joint of the outer ramus. The two joints of the outer ramus are ciliated on their internal aspect. The end of the terminal joint is covered with fine teeth. It bears two short blunt processes, one at the tip, the other at the last fourth interi- orly. The inner ramus of the fifth foot of the female has a pointed tip covered with fine hairs. At the inner side of the tip are two curved spines or setae one half the length of the other. The terminal claw is not much curved, but is dentate on the inner margin, and sometimes on the outer. This species is found everywhere about here by itself or in association with any of the other forms, in large lakes and stagnant pools, and at all times of the year. DiAPTOMUS SALTILLINUS n. Sp. (FigS. 5-9.) The species is of medium size and quite slender. Its first segment equals about two-fifths of the cephalo-thorax. The following are not quite equal to each other, but gradually decrease in length to the last. The female has a broad short spine in the middle of the back of the next to the last segment of the thorax, which serves to easily distinguish the species. The last segment is distinctly asymmetrical, the left side projecting back and out further than the right. There are small spines, outwardly directed, at both the inner and outer angles of the projecting part. The first abdominal segment of the female (Fig. 7) is as long as the two following and the furca. It bears small lateral spines on the second fourth. The second segment is very Copepoda Found in the I'icinity of Lincolti, Nebraska. 127 short, the last being somewhat longer, and about as long as the furca. The furcae are longer than broad, and are ciliate along the inner aspect. The antennae reach to the end of the furca. The fifth foot of the female (Fig. 8) has a nearly triangular basal joint, which bears a seta at its outer angle. The inner ramus is short and stout, bearing minute spines at its tip. The terminal claw has eight or ten strong teeth on its inner aspect, and a few smaller ones on the outer edge. The third joint is represented by two small spines and a short seta. The antenna of the male (Fig. 6) is much swollen, and bears an unusuall}- strong spine on the first swollen joint. It is not as long as the antennce of the female. The antepe- nultimate joint bears a short hook like that of sangtdiieus. The basal joint of the male right fifth foot (Fig. 5) bears a small tubercle at the middle of its inner aspect. The seta on the outer edge is short. The inner ramus is shorter even than the very short first joint of the outer ramus. It bears a few small teeth at its tip. The accessory spine is close to the terminal claw, and is unusually long. The claw is bent at its middle to nearly a right angle. The first half bears fine teeth. The left fifth foot reaches a little beyond the first joint of the outer ramus of the right. The basal joint has a tubercle which nearly meets that of the right foot. The inner ramus is like that of the right foot. The two joints of the outer ramus bear hairy pads on their inner aspects. The terminal joint bears a short curved spine and a short' finger-like process. The fejuale measures 1.5 mm., the male 1.25 mm. in length. Types are deposited in the U. S. National Museum, in the Museum of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History (Ace. Cat. No. 15,001), and in the zoological collection of the Uni- versity of Nebraska, Lincoln. This species has been found principally in temporary' pools. It was found once in the late fall in a small constant pond, but was not there early in the spring. It probably appears, like Diaptomus sanguineus, in the spring and fall only, fol- lowing that species often. 128 Cincinnati Socit'ty of Nalinal History. DiAPTOMUS ei.si<:ni Lilljeborg. Perhaps this should be considered a separate specits or variety, but it shows such marked resemblances, and I have found so few specimens on which to base a description, that it seems best not to separate it from the known form. It is by far the largest species found near here, and is scarcely equalled anywhere. The female measured 4.5 mm., and the male 4 mm. in length. The first segment equals two-fifths of the whole length of the cephalo-thora.x;. The others are nearly equal, except the last, which is much shorter. It bears two small teeth at its outer angles. The abdomen of the female is slender (Fig. 12). Its fir.st segment is equal to the rest of the abdomen and furca. It bears quite prominent lateral teeth. It is very slightly dilated anteriorily. The third segment is three times as long as the second. The furcae are longer than broad and are ciliate along both margins. The antennae of the female, which are a little shorter than those of the male, reach only to the middle of the first ab- dominal segment. The basal joint of the female fifth foot (Fig. 11) is nearly triangular, and bears a seta at the outer angle. The inner ramus is very slender, and is terminated by two spines, one- third to one half its own length. Including these spines it still does not quite equal the first joint of the outer ramus. The terminal joint of the outer ranuts bears several teeth at the inner edge, a plumose seta and two small spines on the outer. The antepenultimate joint of the male right antenna (Fig. 10) bears a hook as long as the last two joints and exactly like that of the type. On the middle of the joint opposite the hook is a peculiar seta, jointed at its middle, and at the same time suddenly reduced in size. The basal joint of the right fifth foot of the male (Fig. 9) is roughened on its inner aspect. The inner ramus is small and about equal in length to the first joint of the outer ramus. That joint is produced a little at its outer distal angle and bears a small tubercle on its inner aspect. The terminal joint bears a strong bent serrate spine at its distal third. The claw Copepoda Found in the ]'iciuify of Livcolu, Nebraska. 129 is sharply bent to almost a right angle. Its tip is bent back- ward a little. The claw is very finely serrate. The right foot and claw is usually bent round the left foot, which reaches to about the second third of the terminal joint of the right foot. The inner ramus of the left foot reaches the middle of the terminal joint of the outer ranuis. Both of the terminal joints of the outer ramus are hairy on their inner aspects. The terminal one has a curved spine on the inner face and a small blunt projection at its tip. This species was found but once. It was present in a temporar}^ very shallow pool which covered half an acre. The greatest depth of the pond was not more than two feet. It was found there April 24 and May 15, but had disappeared May 29, when the water had become so shallow that the Birge net could hardly be used. Key to the species of Cyclops found. A. AntenncE ly-johitcd. a. Fifth foot two-jointed, basal joint longer than broad. si gnat lis. b. Fifth foot two-jointed, basal joint nearly square. leiickarti. c. Fifth foot two-jointed, basal joint broader than long. 1. Terminal joint bearing a long seta and ver}- short spine. aviericaniis. 2. Terminal joint bearing two setae, and nearly three times as long as its breadth at the base. naviis. 3. Terminal joint bearing two setae, and not twice as long as its breadth at base. piilchelliis. B. Aiitenner 12-jointcd. a. Furca armed externally with small spines, serriilatus. b. Furca shorter and not so armed. fliiviatilis. Cyclops signatus Koch. (tenuicornis and coronatus Herrick). The largest species of Cyclops found here. It varies from 1.4 mm. to 1.8 mm. Its structure is well known. The first 130 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. segment is more than half the cephalo-thorax, and is broad and thick in front, the greatest width being about the middle of this segment. The antennae are seventeen-jointed, tapering from the broad first joint to the last two, which are four times as long as broad. The fifth foot is two-jointed, each longer than broad. The first bears a ring of fine spines near its base and a row^ near its distal end. It bears a very small seta, plumose onl)' near the end. The second joint bears two serrate spines laterally and medianlj' a seta, plumose at the tip, like that of the first joint. The abdomen is short and thick. The last three segments are not as long as the preceding. The furcae are short, but nearly as long as the two preceding segments, or twice their own breadth. The setae are closely plumose. The median setae are as three to four. The two varieties, coronatus and temiicomis, I have found together, but coronatus is always in small numbers. In one case toiuicornis was alone. The real differences between them are confined to the seventeenth joint of the antenna and the caudal setae. The fifth feet are alike to the minutest detail, and the difference between their first cephalo-thoracic seg- ments and their furcae is hardly distinguishable. The last antennal joint bears a serrate hj-aline plate in coronatus and not in tenuicor)iis. In coronatus the caudal setae from the inner out are to each other as 2:4:3:1 ; in tenuicornis as 2:4:3:)^. The armature for the terminal joints of the swimming feet for both is as follows : Outer ramus. Inner ramus. First foot.. . . ex. 3 spines i seta. ap. I spine, i seta i spine, i seta. in. 3 setse 3 setae. Second and ex. 3 spine i seta. Third feet. . . ap. i spine, i seta i spine, i seta. in. 4 setse 3 setse. Fourth foot. . ex. 2 spines i seta. ap. I spine, i seta 2 spines. in. 4 setse 2 setse. Though this species is not marked as appearing many times on the table, yet I found it in a good many places always in small numbers. It was commonest in the deepest pools. 12 Copepoda Found in the Vicinity of Lincoln, Nebraska. 131 Cyclops leuckarti Sars. This is a large species and the most variable in size. vSpeci- mens collected at the same time and place may vary from 1 mm. to 1.5 mm. Herrick gives the variation as from 0.5 to I mm., a marked difference in size. The specimens found here agree most closely with his "deep-water variety." The species is quite slender, the cephalo-thorax not being as dis- tinctly marked off from the abdomen as is usual. The first segment is equal to half the cephalo-thorax and almost equal to the abdomen. The last three segments of the abdomen are pectinate posteriori}'. The caudal furcae are strongly divaricate, and nearly equal in length to the two preceding segments. The lateral spine is at the end of the third fifth. The species is most readily recognized by the three well- developed setae. The inner terminal seta is two-thirds the length of the inner median, and the two median are nearly equal. These three setae, in rare individuals, are so closely plumose as to give something the appearance of the setae of a Diaptonuis. These individuals can be readih' recognized by the naked eye. The fifth foot is two-jointed. The first joint is nearly square and bears a short plumose seta. The second joint bears on its inner side a long seta serrate on one side, and at its tip an equally long seta plumose for its last third. The antenna is seventeen-jointed and reaches the middle of the third segment. The terminal joint is armed with a toothed hyaline plate. These teeth become plain only with high power. The armature of the terminal joints of the swimming feet is as follows : Outer r.a.mus. Inner ramus. First foot .... ax. 2 spines i seta. ap. 2 setae 1 spine, i seta. in. 2 setae 3 setae. Second and ex. 2 spines i seta. Third feet.... ap. i spine, i se:a i spine, i seta. in. 3 setae 3 setae. Fourth foot. . . ex. 2 spines i seta. ap. I spine, i seta 2 spines. in. 3 setae 2 setae. 13 132 Cinri?iunii Society of Natural History. The apical spines of the fourth foot are equal in length. The outer ramus of the first foot is so shortened as only to reach the last joint of the outer ramus. The last of its spines considered lateral is practically apical. It has been considered pelagic, and I have oftenest found it in the deeper pools of clear water, but, with some marked exceptions, the principal one being a marshy pond three miles east of Milford. It is widely distributed and quite common. Cyclops americanus Marsh. This is a large species of about 1.3 mm. The first seg- ment is half of the cephalo-thorax. The first segment of the abdomen equals the remainder. The last segment is dentate posteriorly. The furcse are about five times as long as broad. The lateral spine is at the last fifth. The median setse are as three to four. The antennae reach the second segment. The fifth foot is two-jointed, the first being very broad. It bears a long plumose seta. The second joint bears a very short spine laterall}' and a long seta. Both joints are rounded in their outline. The armature of the terminal joints of the swimming feet is as follows : Outer ramus. Inner ramus. First foot .... ex. 3 spiues i seta. ap. 2 setse i spine, i seta. in. 2 setse 3 setae. Second and ex. 3 spines i seta. Third feet.... ap. i spine, i seta i spine, i seta. in. 3 setae 3 setae. Fourth foot. . . ex. 3 spines 3 setae. ap. I spine, i seta 2 spines. in. 3 setae 2 setae. This species is by far the commonest copepod near here. Every little pool, even if it has onl}' known a few days' exist- ence, will be swarming with them. I have hardly found a place where they were not present, and more than half the time they are the most abundant form. They have no typical color, but in most of my collections are red, or blue and red. 14 Copcpoda Found in the Vicinity of Lincoln, Nebraska. 133 Cyclops navus Herrick. This form is considered a variety of C. pidchclhis, by Herrick, but given specific value by Marsh. It seems quite distinct in habitat and form. It is slenderer than C. fuscits or C. leiickarti, but nearly the same length. The first seg- ment is less than half of the cephalo-thorax. The second segment is shorter than the third. The first abdominal seg- ment is a little longer than the two following. All the abdominal segments are dentate on their posterior margins. The furcse are four times as long as broad. The lateral spine is at the end of the second third, and is plumose. The two median setae are nearly equal, the first and fourth are as 3 : 2. The seventeen jointed antennae reach to the middle of the second segment. There is, on the first joint, a transverse row of very fine teeth. The fifth foot is two-jointed. The first joint is broader than long, and bears a plumose seta. The terminal joint is much elongated, and broadest at its distal end. It bears a plumose seta and smooth spine half as long as the seta. The armature of the terminal joints of the swimming feet is as follows : Outer r.\mus. Inner r.^mus. First foot. . . ex. 2 spines i seta. ap. 2 setae i spine, i seta. in. 2 setae 3 setae. Second and ex. 2 spines i seta. Third feet. . ap. i spine, i seta i spine, i seta. in. 3 setae 3 setae. Fourth foot. ex. 2 spines i seta. ap. I spine, i seta 2 spines. in. 3 setai 3 setae. This form was found twice bt.^ide at the place mentioned in the table, each time in marshy shallow ponds. Cyclops pulchkllus Koch. A slender species r.25 mm. long. Broadest at about the middle of the first cephalothoracic segment. Somewhat 15 134 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. smaller than C. navus, which it resembles in the form of the abdomen. The first segment is about three-fifths of the whole cephalo-thorax. The second is shorter than the third. The first abdominal segment equals the rest of the abdomen. The furca are nearly as long as the three preceding segments, and six or seven times longer than broad. The lateral spine is at the last fifth. On the outer margin at the second fifth are several minute spines. This point most readily charac- terizes the species. The median setae are as two to three. The first and fourth are short and nearly equal. The antennct are seventeen-jointed, and a trifle longer than the first segment. The fifth foot is two-jointed, the first joint being broader than long and bearing a long seta. The second joint is a little longer than broad, and bears one short strong seta and another nearly four times as long. This form can be distinguished from that of C. naviis by the greater elonga- tion of the furca and the notched appearance on their outer margin, due to the small spines. The armature of the terminal joint of the swimming feet is the same as that of C. )iaviis. The species is commonest in clear deep water, and is probably pelagic. It is not ver}^ widely distributed, but is usually abundant where it appears at all. Cyclops serrulatus Fischer. This species measures a little over i mm. The cephalo- thorax is compact. The posterior margin of the last segment is armed, laterally, with fine spines. The abdomen is slender and long, the first segment being dilated anteriorly. The antennae are twelve-jointed. The last joints are in- creasingly long and slender to the last, which is about as long as wide. They reach nearly to the third segment. The caudal stylets are about five and a half times as long as wide. Their outer margin is armed with numerous small spines. The last segment of the abdomen is dentate posteri- orly. The outer furcal seta is replaced by a strong spine, serrate on its outer margin, and plumose interiorly. The median sets are as 2 : 3. 16 Copepoda Found in the I'icinity of Lincohi, Nebraska. 135 The fifth foot is one jointed. It bears a seta on its outer side, a terminal seta, and a strongly serrate spine on its inner side. The armature of the feet is not necessary for the identifica- tion of this form, as there is no other form resembling it which has different armature. All the spines are very strongly serrate. This species is widely distributed and numerous, but not nearly as common as C. aiiiericanus. The variety, elegans, seems to be quite distinct. I have found the two together only once or twice, though they are both quite common. It differs from the type in the greater elongation of the antennae, the first cephalo-thoracic segment, furca, and median furcal setae. The antennae reach the fourth segment and are stronger than those of the type. The furcae are eight times as long as broad. The long caudal setae may make the species 2 mm. The setae are more closely plumose, or rather spinous than in an}' other species. Cyclops fluviatilis Herrick. One of the smallest species in the genus. It is easilj' rec- ognized by its twelve-jointed antennae, which reach nearly to the abdomen. The striking characteristic of the female antennae is the elongation of the seventh, eighth, and ninth joints, particularly the eighth. The appearance of the antennae justifies Herrick's comparison to the Diaptomi. The first segment is considerably more than half of the cephalo-thorax. The last thoracic segment is narrower than the first abdominal. The abdomen is slender and the furca very short, being only a little longer than the last abdominal segment. The two median furcal setae are equal, or as 4: 5. The fifth foot is one jointed and shaped much like that of C. scmilatiis. It bears three setae. While in almost every other particular the species agreed with Herrick's description and drawings, the form of the fifth foot was entirely differ- ent. I could not see that the setae were plumose or serrate, while Herrick makes them very distinctly so. The ovisac usually contains only five or six ova. The swimming feet,^like the antennae, resemble the same in the Diaptouii. Their armature is as follows : 17 136 Ctucinuati Spctety of iWitural History. OUTKR RAMUS. INNP;R RAMUS. First foot ex. 3 spines i seta. ap. 2 setit I spine, i seta. in. 3 setiu 3 sette. Second and ex. 3 spines i seta. Third feet. . . . ap. i spine, i seta 2 setce. in. 4 setiL' 3 setse. Fourth foot... ex. 2 st)ines i seta. ap. I spine, i seta 2 setae. in. 4 setae 2 setae. This differs from the armature, as given by Herrick, in having, instead of two setae apically on the inner ramus of the first foot, a spine and seta. In the same place on the fourth foot I have found two setse instead of a spine and seta. This species is very abundant where it is found, but I have found it only three times near Lincoln. Near Grinnell, Iowa, it is one of the most abundant forms. It is said to be pelagic. Canthocamptus minutus Mueller. Antennae eight-jointed, the first four bearing numerous setae. The antennae about equal in length to the first thoracic segment. The first segment is marked b)- a depressed area dorsal and median said to be sensory. The remaining seg- ments of the thorax decrease in length, and are much shorter than the abdominal segments. The whole surface of the body, but more especially of the abdomen, is ornamented with fine teeth. On the abdomen the most conspicuous are a lateral row on the posterior margin of each segment. The abdomen is not separated from the thorax by any deep constriction and the first abdominal segments are broader than the last thoracic. The furcae are small and about two and one-half times as long as their greatest breadth. Each bears one terminal seta more than twice the length of the second, and several shorter ones. Both rami of all the swimming feet are three-jointed. The fifth foot is two-jointed. The first joint is twice as broad as long, and bears five strong plumose setae and one very small one on the inner side of the second joint and one 18 Copepoda Found in the l^icinity of Lincoln, Nebraska. 137 smooth seta at the outer side. The second joint bears four small setae and one long one. The species is widely distributed and fairly abundant, though a little hard to obtain — as when the Birge net is drawn close enough to the ground to get the forms, a large proportion of dirt is obtained. They prefer marshy ponds, and only once — at Louisville — have I found them in any clear deep water. Canthocamptus illinoisensis Forbes. One specimen, which was identified as this species, was found near Saltillo. When a second examination to obtain more was made the pond had dried. The drawings made and all appearances agreed with the description given by Forbes, but the species can hardl)^ be reviewed from a single specimen. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. Fig. I 2 3 4 5 6 7- 8. 9 10 II 12 -Diaptomus nebraskensis Antenna of male. . . " " Fifth foot of female " " " " male. . " " Abdomen of female " saltillinus Fifth foot of male. . " " Antenna of male. . . " " Abdomen of female " '■ Fifth foot of female eiseni Fifth foot of male. . " Antenna of male. . . " Fifth foot of female " " Abdomen of female X 216 > 376 X 216 X 108 ;\ 216 X 376 X loS X 376 >; 108 X 216 X 108 X 60 19 '38 Cincinnati Socieiv of Natural Historv. Table A, o 2 c n B ir. p - X G o' 0 & ft X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X » c f X X X X p d n zf -t a n B («' X X X X X X 2. n s X n » 0 o 0 a X o 3 3- 0 o » 3 •o 5' c X X X X p n B B n o tn' X X X p 2 cr3' B » n o -1 0 s 01 X X p 5' 1 X X X . . p c X p c o 3* 2. ui X X X X p n ^■ a X X X X X X p «1 "1 -t 2. S" on? s X X X p n "1 ST e X X X X X X n <^ o 0* ■o I/) s ft 2, o' B In X \ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Locality. X X X X X X X X Ashland. Louisville. Weeping Water. Milford, y^ mile east of depot. Blue River, at Milford. Three miles east of Milford. DeWilt. Salt Creek. Roca, west of Depot. E. of Saltillo station, few yds. West of Saltillo, few rds. 27th St., two miles S. of O St. J Southwest angle of R. I. and ( B. & M., 2 mi. S. of Peniteu. 1 Across R. I. from above, be- \ tween the B. & M., & U. P. Eastof B. &M., I mi. S. of Pen. Across B. & M. from above. f Pond across B. & M. from a \ pumping sta. in S. Lincoln. Northwest of Salt Lake. Salt Lake. West of packing house, f Yz mi, N. E of old mill on Salt \ Creek cut off, N. of Lincoln. (At the crossingof ist wagon- \ road.K.of F. E.&M.V..and (. B. &M. with B.&M. 3 miles E. of Univ. Place. fPond N. of Salt Creek, and t N. W. of Havelock. fWaverlj', near road north of 1 town, 34 mile. Waverly lakes. 8 miles V,. of Havelock. 20 i)f7e JOLiPiQal or tf^c (3m. ^oc. fiampal Hi<jtor^y- Vol. XIX. No. 4. Pi.ath VII. Brkwer Copepoi Coleopterological Notes. 139 ARTICLE XIV.— COLEOPTEROLOGICAL NOTES — FAUNAE CHANGES IN THE VICINITY OF CIN- CINNATI, OHIO. Bv Charles Dury, Avondale, Cincinnati. Fifteen years ago many rare and interesting species of Coleoptera were secured in the immediate vicinity of Cincin- nati, and even within the city limits. The destruction of forest trees and the denudation of hill-sides has converted the former beautiful woodland into sterile clay-banks, the rains washing down the rich black soil, cutting the surface into gulleys and ditches. The poor soil remaining only sup- ports briars, thistles, and weeds. This is particularly the case across the Ohio River among the Kentucky hills. The collector is now obliged to go a much longer distance and is very limited in the area of collecting grounds. The most prolific season of the year is from May 25 to July i. A sandy flat, near Newport, swarmed with Cicindela cvprascens and formosa, with an occasional specimen of the form ^enerosa. Out of a honeycombed log about twelve feet long I chopped over twenty of the prett}' blue Cychrus andrezcsii. Cvchrus heros occurred on a hill-side of limited area, along the edge of a woods. The late Mr. Siewers trapped twenty-five, by plac- ing flat stones and bits of bark on the ground, under which the beetles took refuge. He pinned them on a board, and placed them in the oven of the cooking stove to dry. (It is needless to say he forgot them, and they were roasted brown !) Lower Mill Creek, once a clean and beautiful stream, is now a vile, open sewer, destitute of animal life. The banks of this creek produced three species of Omophron. One day I bottled 365, all washed out of a low sandy bank, about fifty feet in length. Of these 180 were tessellatumy^^-] were robustimi, and 38 americaninn. Associated with Omophron were Hetero- cents and Carabidce by hundreds. Ev^ery suitable pool of water was swarming with aquatic beetles of many species. The underside of beech logs, on which was a growth of fungi, produced the curious little Staphylinid, Megalops ccrla- tiis. Oxyporus of four species were to be found cutting burrows through the tender parts of AgaracincB. Many of the beetles usually regarded as rare have a local metropolis, (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX, No. 4.) I Printed July 26, 189S. 140 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. if it can only be found, wliere they occur more or less abund- antly. An example of this has recently come to light in the case of a little Psc/ap/iid, called Ra/oaus iolulcc. One was taken years ago and sent to Le Conte, who said : " I only know of one other imperfect specimen." August i, 1S97, Mr. Soltau took seventy specimens from the crumbling inside of a decaying log. In the nests of a pale ant I found '^'Adranes /econtci a.nA CeopJiylliis ii/oiii/is, the latter common, the former rare. Lepfiinis (estaceiis is a curious little pale, blind beetle, that lives in the nests of field mice. Deceml)er 13, 1891, I captured 112 (ninety of which were taken from one nest). From a large Agaricus I captured five Nccropliilus pcttiii Horn. Five species of Liodcs were taken from under the bark of a beech log on which fungi were growing. From under the bark of a dead buckeye tree one specimen of Clicvrolatja aiiiiviia was taken, and though I have diligently searched like situations for years, I never found another. That unique is in the collection of the late Dr. Horn. A single specimen of Cypariuiii flavipes was all that has rewarded a search of many years. The locality was very rich in Endoiiivt'/iid(C, Tritoniidic, and Erotylidcr. The original locality for Mcgalodaoie ulkci, across the river, being obliter- ated by the " cultivation " before alluded to, I have discovered another small locality on the Ohio side of the river. Of Colydiidcc a number of interesting species have been found ; chief of these is Etidesma undulata Mels. July, 1878, Mr. Siewers took one from under the bark of a sycamore tree. Since then I have taken six specimens that were running along the underside of a buckeye tree that had fallen across a ravine. The Cocci)iellidce were richly represented. Coccinclla ciffiiiis was taken August 7, 1.S95, for the first time; since then others were captured. This seems to be a recent importation. The Scarabcridcc are not nearly as abundant as formerly, particularly the larger species. Dynastes (always rare) I have not heard of for years. Laclinostcrna was always abundant. I have beaten from the foliage of a small haw, growing in a thick woods, twenty L. albina (May 24). The BuprestidcB are also getting scarce. Buprestis rufipes, our most showy species, * See note on this species, this Journal, July, 1884. •2 Coleopterological Notes. 141 is now seldom seen. Many fine Elaters have been taken. Those of the sub-family Eiicncmincc, once so numerous, are getting scarcer each year. Of Melasis pectinicornis I took fifty specimens from a small beech log. A dozen Stcthon pcctorosus rewarded an examination of the underside of a decaying poplar log, on which fungi were growing. I never found any more. Of Corymbites copei I found but one. The Ptinidcr were richly represented, as were the Spoiidvlidcr. Of the latter family Parandra polita is the most desirable. I chopped three from a dead beech. The Cerambycidce were abundant and of many species. The beautiful Dryobius sexjasciafus, once numerous on the dead beech and maple trees, is now much less abundant. Of the rare Xvlotrcchiis nitidus, but three specimens have been taken. The Chryso)iicIid(£ are richly represented, some of the species entirely too much so. Of the TencbrionidcF I was surprised to secure several Strongyliwn croiatniu beaten from dead haw. The new li/elaudryid, Mallodryia siibcoica Horn'^^ was abund- ant, living on the branches of dead haw trees. Of the Mordellid(£ I havef listed fifty-three species with others not yet identified. The Mcloidic were never very numerous. April 27, 1891, I shot a king-bird from whose throat emerged a male Pomphopcea (E?iea that the bird was in the act of swallowing, and from the bird's gizzard I secured another (the female). These are the only ones of this species I ever obtained here. The " Weevils," so-called, were numerous. Acallcs cari- natus is found (from May 24 to end of June) on the under- sides of beech logs. EuchcEtes echidna lives on the trunks of standing dead beech, as does also Pleocamus Iiispidulus. Of this latter species I took over 100 from the north side of a single dead beech tree. Piczocoryiius dispar and mixtus w^ere found on patches of a powdery fungus growing on standing dead beech. If thej' were not stealthily approached they would let go and drop partly to the ground and then fly. The "Clover root beetle," Phyionovins pnnctatus, is a recent introduction. I took a number from the stomach of a "Night Hawk" {Chordeiles virginiamis). Of the Anthribidcc I have identified seventeen species. *Trans. Am. Eut Soc. XV, April, iS8S, p. 42. fSee paper this Journal, January, iJ<93. 142 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. ZOOLOGICAL MISCELLANY. A Butterfly New to Ohio. — March 19, 1898, my son, Cuvier Dury, captured a male of the " Goat weed butterfly" {Paphia troglodyta) that wa.s flying feebly along. Thi.s is the first instance of its capture in Ohio so far as noted. The day was warm and the sun shining, though this date is very early for butterflies to be on the wing. This species is abundant in some parts of Illinois. — Charles Dury, Avondalc. Callidryas Eubule L. — This butterfly has always been exceedingly rare in this vicinity. September 16, 1897, late in the afternoon, I saw a male of the species hovering around the top of a soft maple sapling, among the foliage of which were a number of yellow leaves. It flew to the adjoining trees several times (their leaves were all dark green), but always came back to this tree (it being the onl}- one with yellow leaves) in which it finally settled. It being such a rare insect in the locality (the third I have seen in twenty-five years), I went after a net to try and effect its capture. When I came back, even with the aid of two others, we were unable to see it, so perfectly did it mimic its surroundings, although the top of the sapling was only a few feet above our heads and the foliage three feet in diameter. After a fruitless search, we supposed it had gone and gave the tree a jar, when the butterfly dashed out and escaped. From its actions I believe it selected this tree from all the others, because its colors mimiced the j^ellow leaves on the tree. — Charles Dury. "Tomato Worm " Parasite {Apanteles congregatiis Say). — August ID, 1897, a "Tomato worm" (larva of Sphmx eelsus Hiibner) was brought to me, on the body of which were 240 (by count) of the little white cocoons (often erroneously called eggs) of this little fly. Is not this an extreme number of this common parasite on a single larva? — Charles Dury. JoCR. CiN. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX, No. 4. I Printed July 26, 1898. Zoological Miscellany. 143 BoTvs PExiTALis Grote. — The magnificent group of "Lotus" {Nelumbo nelunibo) di\. Spring Grove cemetery was completely riddled and destroyed by this moth during the summer of 1S97. I reared quantities of them from larvae found in the stems of these plants. None of these larAse seemed to be parasitized. This year the nehimbo has not come up at all, being entirely killed. — Charles Durj. "Squirrel Bot Fly" {Cnterebra eniasctdator). — There is a legend, firmly believed by the old squirrel hunters of the Miami valleys, that the old male squirrels attack the young males and castrate them with their teeth. This legend was doubtless inspired by the fact that occasional!}- a male squirrel was found in which the testes were absent. This is the work of this " Bot fly," which deposits its eggs at the back of the scrotum of the squirrel. The egg hatches into a maggot that eats its way into the testes, and causes the destruction of one or both of these organs. — Charles Dury. Parasites on the Common Rabbit {Lepiis syhalictis Bach.). —While hunting in Bracken County, Kentuckj', during November and December, 1S97, an examination was made of many of this species that were killed, and it was found that about fifty per cent were affected \\ ith internal parasites cf several species, the mo.st common being tape worms {Cilto- taenia) of two forms. There were also smaller thread-like worms {Sarcocyslis) and cyst-like bodies (probably hydatid cysts). The rabbits were fat, in fine condition, and appar- ently healthy. Some had been victims of the Rabbit Bot Fly {Cuter ebra) earlier in the summer, but the fly had gone, and the animal had recovered from these attacks, as nothing remained but the cicatrix. I do not know of any animal that is so fearfull}' persecuted by parasites as these rabbits. The statement often heard that rabbits are not fit for food until after frost, is, no doubt, due to the frequency' of the presence of the Bot fly larvae and other parasites. While these Bot fly larvae become full fed, and go through their transformations before frost, the statement is partly correct, but, in regard to the internal worms, it is not so, as they are present through- out the year. — Charles Dury. 144 Cificinnati Society of Natural History. Screech Owl {Mcgascops asio lyinne). — April 14, 1895, Ralph Kellogg found eggs of this species in a cavity in a large beech tree, about thirty feet from the ground. There was no nest of any kind, but the eggs were deposited on a shelf of the wood projecting into the cavity, which was large. There were five white eggs, perfectly fresh when found. April 28 he climbed to nest again; none of the eggs yet hatched. Partly eaten body of hermit trush in the nest. May 12 we went to nest and found four eggs hatched. The young were strange looking objects, covered with white down, their eyes not yet opened. We took three of the young for preservation. May 16 I climbed to nest and took remain- ing bird (and one ^%z. which was addled): Pin feathers had sprouted a little, but birds had not increased much in size. When the first ones were taken, May 12, the down was per- fectly dry and fluffy. They had then been hatched thirty-six or fort)'-eight hours, making the period of incubation about twenty six days. On the last visit to the nest there were two European sparrows {Passer domesticus), evidently killed the night before, and each with the entire head eaten off. At all times the place was perfectlj' clean and free from odor. The birds have been preserved in Mr. Kellogg's and my own col- lections, and one in the collection of Cuvier Club (No. 1346), May 4, 1898. Mr. V . B. Magill found a nest of M. asio in a hole in a locust tree; it contained three young, freshly hatched. His attention was attracted to the hole b)^ seeing the body of a robin which the owl was trying to pull into the hole, the robin's tail and posterior part projecting. — CJiarlcs Diiry. Food of Raptorial Birds. — The following notes have accumulated in my note book since the publication of articles on the subject in this Journal, April, 1885, and July, 1887. Red-shouldered Hawk {Bittro lincatus (Gmelin)). — January 6, 1891 ; stomach contained skulls and other debris of several mice. November 6, 1891; stomach contained four garter snakes {Eutcenia sp.), two of which, small ones, were swallowed entire. January 17, 1894; a male killed in Hamilton County, Ohio, contained a teacup full (by measure) of the common angle or earthworms. November 14, 1894; stomach con- Zoological Miscellany. 145 tained grasshoppers {Caloptemis femur-riibrtim) in large quan- tity. November 29, 1894; bird killed at Indian Hill, Hamil- ton County, Ohio, stomach contained grasshoppers. October, 1895, bird killed at Pleasant Ridge, Hamilton County, Ohio, contained remains of several mice and grasshoppers. Red-tailed Hawk {Biiteo borcalis (Gmelin) ).— November 23, 1890; stomach contained one meadow shrew (i?/;r;'/;/rt /i^r^z'z- cauda) sw^allowed entire. November 24, 1894; bird killed by myself at Foster's, Ky., contained one meadow shrew and two grasshoppers. January 20, 1S95 ; bird killed at Wapakonetta, Ohio, contained oats — supposed to be the undigested remains of some granivorous bird. Pigeon Hawk {Falco coliojibaiius Linne). — April 14, 1895, female bird killed at the Marine Hospital, Cincinnati, con- tained European sparrow {Passer domesticiis Linne. Skin of the hawk is in my collection. Sparrow Hawk {Falco sparverius Linne), killed November 30, 1890, in this city, had his stomach filled with mice. Barn Owl {Strix pratincola Bonaparte), killed November 18, 1890, at Nicholasville, K}*., contained remains of four mice. Bird killed April 28, 1894, at Reading, Hamilton County, Ohio, contained three full-grown shrews. Barred Owl [Syrnium nebnlosiuii (Forster) ). — November 21, 1890; bird from Indian Hill contained remains of bob white {Coli)nis virgiuia)nis Linne;. November, 1S94; a female from Hamilton County, Ohio, contained the hair of several mice. Short-eared Owl (Asio accipilrimis Pallas). — December 2, 1890; two specimens were filled with bird feathers and mouse hair. December 3, 1S95 ; bird from Hamilton County, Ohio, contained mice — two whole ones and part of a third. Screech Owl i Mrgascops asio (Linne) ). — A female killed at Avondale, October 13, 1890, was filled with insects. Another female, killed the following day, was filled with grasshoppers. October 19; stomach contained European sparrow {Passer doiiieslicus). 146 Cincinuali Society of Naltiral History. Great Horned Owl [Bubo virginianits (Gnielin) ). — December 7, 1890, a pair, male and female, had been devouring a rabbit i^LepJcs syh'aticiis Bachman). — Charles Diiry. A Vkrmiliox- Ai.HiNO Milk Snakk. — A singularly-col- ored specimen of the common milk snake {Ophiholus dolialus triangidus Cope) was presented to the museum, May 18, last, by Mr. Charles Dury. It had been plowed up in a field near Covington, Ky. Our usual form of this species is grayish or yellowish white, with chestnut blotches, bordered with jet black. The specimen here referred to has nothing unusual in the pattern of its markings, but the color is quite peculiar. The white is of the purest chalk -white, the chestnut is re- placed b}^ a brilliant vermilion, and the borders of the blotches, instead of being black, are completely destitute of pigment. Iris vermilion ; the pupil was ruby-red in the liv- ing specimen ; now the alcohol has made the lens opaque, hiding the retina. The gastrosteges, usually checkered with whitish and black, are, in this specimen, pigmentless, except a few small squared spots, which are chalk-white. While alive, the animal was translucent, showing plainly the liver and opaque mass of contents in the stomach. Scales in 21 rows; gastrosteges 211; "saddles" 50, No. 39 over the vent; total length, lO^'S inches; tail, 1^2 inches; thus the tail a trifle more than one-seventh of the length. [Mus. Ace. Catalogue, No. 12,063.] — Josua Li)idahl. A Green Dog. — Mr. O. A. Stuckenberg, of Cincinnati, donated to the museum the fresh bod}^ of a grayhound pup which had died thirty six hours afterbirth, February 23, 1897. The color of its coat was distinctly asparagus green, except the head, of the ordinar}^ gray color. Immersion in strong alcohol during several hours, proved as inefficient to change the color as the previous washing with soap-suds, and Mr. vStuckenberg's assurance that the pup was born with the green color can not be doubted. The skin was preserved, and still retains its colors. [Mus. Ace. Catalogue, No. 11,803.] — Josiia Lindahl. The Myxoniycetes of the Miami I'alley, Ohio. \\', ARTICLE XVI.— THE iMYXOMYCETES OF THE MIAMI VALLEY, OHIO. Bv A. P. MoRO.^xX. Fifth Paper. (Read November 7, 1S99.) Systems of Classification of the ^NIyxomvcetes. The milky or bright-colored strands and soft masses of the Plasmodium must indeed have arrested the attention of the earliest observers, but it is plain that not much could be known of the Myxoniycetes until the microscope had attained to considerable perfection. The study of them kept pace with that of the smaller fungi, and by the Linnaean writers they were fancifully distributed among the genera of these in accordance with their superficial appearance. The earliest notice of any form of Myxoniycetes is com- monly assigned to Ray (1696), but Haller, in the Historia, attributes the origin of the terms Mucilago and Lycogala to Bonanni (1684). The two species mentioned by Ray (1696) were the Arcyria piinicea and Lycogala miniata of Persoon. Ruppius (17 18) described quite elaboratelj^ the Stevionitis fiisca of Fries. In 1727, Marchand, of the French Academ}- of Sciences, brought to the notice of that body a " fungus production" which grew on tan, and which he called " fleur de tan ; " he placed it under the phrase " Spongia fugax, mollis, flava, et amoena," as quoted by Haller and Linnaeus. Micheli (1729) had a true conception of the myxoniycetes; he observed their early mucilaginous state, and the intermin- gled spores and filaments of their mature condition. He fig- ured and described the species known to him, and nearly all are distinguishable at the present time. Although classing them with Mucor and Lycoperdon, they were kept distinct in separate genera. We present, as follows, Micheli's account of the Myxomj^cetes observed by him : (JovR. CiN. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX. No. 5.) i Printkd January 4, 1900. 148 Ciiuiiniaii Socit'/y of Natural Histoyy. CLATHROIDES. Clathroides is a kind of plant which, before it emerges from the volva, is round, or turbinate, but as soon as it projects from it becomes elliptic. It is not hollow as in Clathrus, but in marvelous ways interwoven throughout most cunningly into the form of a net, within the meshes of which are con- tained the heaps of round and dry seeds. The species of Clathroides are : 1. Clathroides purple, furnished with a pedicel. 2. Clathroides purple, without a pedicel. 3. Clathroides yellowish, without a pedicel. CLATHROIDASTRUM. Clathroidastrum is a kind of plant, different from Clath- roides, not only the volva, out of which it arises, being seen with difficulty and being extremel}' fugacious, but also be- cause it is furnished with a little stalk, which extends through the middle from base to apex. The species of Clathroidastrum are — 1. Clathroidastrum dark colored, of larger size. 2. Clathroidastrum dark colored, of smaller size. LYCOGALA. Lycogala is a kind of plant, either round or roundish or reniform; it is furnished with a single cortex and the inner portion is reticulate; also it is filled with a rather thick fluid, which, the plant being injured, flows away in drops; in these drops are contained the round and ver}- minute seeds. If, however, the plant and the rich included fluid be allowed to dry, the seeds are better observed. The .species of Lycogala are — r. Lycogala gray and of larger size. 2. Lycogala globose, the size of a pea, and the color of melted bronze. 3. Lycogala globose, red, the size and shape of a grain of millet. 2 The Myxoinycetes of the JSIiami I'alley, Ohio. 149 4. Lycogala yellow, the smallest of all, reniforni. 5. Lycogala terrestrial, Cccspitose, the color of melted bronze. MUCILAGO. Mucilago is a kind of plant, which in its earl}- stage greatly resembles mucus or mucilage. It is protected by a single cortex, which, after drying up, is by degrees wholly resolved into a furfuraceous mass. In the first species, the substance being intersected by very thin membranes, it is plainly sub- divided into cells, while such is not the case in the remaining species; but in all the species the substance is composed of ver}^ minute seeds and of fine threads connected together, and fastened as it were to a placenta. The species of Mucilago are — 1. Mucilago of summer time, rufescent, hemispheric, grow- ing upon the trunks of trees. 2. Mucilago crustaceous and white. 3. Mucilago, white, branched, simulating the fibrous roots of trees. 4. Mucilago verj' small, club-shaped, white as milk, fur- nished with a pedicel. 5. Mucilago very small, with the shape of a little Agaric, at first rufous, afterward cinereous. 6. Mucilago verj^ small, not crustaceous, white, of the size and form of a grain of millet. 7. Mucilago very small, crustaceous, white, the capsules resembling a grain of millet, densely placed. S. Mucilago white, crustaceous, the capsules distant from each other. 9. Mucilago crustaceous, lead-colored, very neat, the cap- sules small and close together. Linnaeus, in the Systema Xaturae (1735), established ten genera of the Fungi. In three of these, Clathrus, L^'coper- don and Mucor, from time to time, he placed a few species of Myxomycetes. Only, two of these were originally described by himself. In the first edition of the Species Plantarum (1753), Lin- naeus enumerated four species of Myxomycetes, as follows — 3 150 Ciiui)niati Society of Natural History. 1. Clathrus dknudatus^^i. Clathroides of Micheli. 2. Ci.ATHRUs NUDUs^^Clathroidastruni of Micheli. 3. LvcoPKRDON KPIDENDRUM^-Lycoperdon epidendron, miniatum pulverem fundeiis. Buxbaum, En. PI. Hal., 1721. 4. MucoR EMBOLUS =^ 2. I^in])olus of Haller, 1742. In the second edition of the Flora Suecica (1755) he enume- rated — 5. Clathrus recutitus. 6. MucOR SEPTicus = Spongia fugax, etc., of Marchand. In the second edition of the Species Plantarum (1763) — 7. LVCOPERDON RADIATUM. Several species of Myxom3cetes were described by Hall- er in the Enumeratio (1742), and in the Historia (176S), but as he did not accept the binomial nomenclature of Einnaeus, these species appear with the names of later authors ap- pended. Haller created the genera Embolus, Sphaero- cephalus (1742) and Fuligo, Trichia (1768). John Hill, in "A History of Plants" (1751), proposed the name Arcyria for the Clathroides and Clathroidastrum of Micheli and the name Physarum to include Mucor, Lycogala and Mucilago of the same author. Gleditsch (1753) substi- tuted Stemonitis for the Clathroidastrum of Micheli. The additional species of the Myxomycetes contributed by the writers succeeding Einnseus down to the time of Persoon may be enumerated as follows — Retzius, Act. Holm, 1769. 8 — 9. Clathrus ramosus. a. aureus, b. riifus. 10. Lycoperdon aggregatum = 3. Clathroides flaves- cens, etc. Haller, En. Stirp, 1742. 11. Eycoperdon stipitatum. Scopoli. Flor. Carn, 1772. 12. Elvel.v iNFUNDiBULiFORMis=Fungoides minimum infundibuli forma, etc. Micheli. N. P. G., 1729. 13. MuCOR SERPULA. Scopoli. Ann. Hist. Nat., 177-. 14. MuCOR LVCOPERDOIDES. 4 The Afy.voiiiycctes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 151 Schaeffer. Index, 1774. 15. MucoR ovATus = Fuligo ovata, etc. Haller. Hist. St., 1768. 16. MucOK c.\RXEUS=i. Mucilago of Micheli. 17. MuCOR GRANULATUS. Iveers. Flora Herb., 1775. 18. Peziza minuta. 19. MucoR RUFUS=5 Sphaerocephalus rufus. Haller. En. Stirp., 1742. 20. MuCOR VIOLACEUS. 21. MucoR LACTEUS=4. Mucilago of Micheli. 22. MuCOR COCCINEUS. 23. MucoR PYRiFORMis=i. Clathroides pyriforme, etc. Haller. En. Stirp., 1742. 24. MuCOR POMIFORMIS. Muller. Flora Danica, 1777. 25. TUBULIFERA CERATUM. Jacquin. Misc. Aust., 1778. 26. TUBULIFERA ARACHNOIDEA. Hudson. Flora Anglica, 1778. 27. Clathrus cinereus=^2. Sphaerocephalus niger, etc. Haller. En. Stirp., 1742. 28. Lycoperdon fuscum=:i. Lycogala, Micheli. Retzius. Obs. Bot., 1779. 29. Lycoperdon gregarium. Wiggers. Prim. Fl. Hols., 1780. 30. Stemonitis typhina. 31. Embolus BicoLOR=^Embolus seta nigra, etc. Linnaeus. Fl. Suec, 1745. 32. MuciL.\GO CRUSTACEA. =2. Mucilago of Micheli. Batsch, Elenchus Fung., 1783. 33. Lycoperdon corticale. 34. Lycoperdon cinereum. 35. Lycoperdon complanatum. Dickson. Ease, PL, 1785. 36. Lycoperdon fragile. 152 Ciuciitiiaii Society of A'a/iira/ Ilis/ory. Batscli. \\\. Funo. coul. I, 1786. 37. lvcoperdon favoginkum. 38. Embolus pertusus. Batsch. El. Fuug. cout. II, 1789. 39. MUCOR CANCELLATUS. Bolton. I'uiigi Hal., 1789. 40. MuCOR LYCOGALU.S. Baumgarten. Flora Eips., 1790. 41. FuLiGO PANiCEA=8. Mucilago of Miclieli. Bulliard, Histoire des Champignons de la France, 1791, enumerated 37 species belonging to the Myxomjcetes; he placed them in the genera Reticularia, Trichia, Sphaerocar- pus, and Ej^coperdon, inventing the first and third names for this purpose. Trichia contained 6 species belonging to Ar- cyria and Stemonitis, Sphaerocarpus contained 19 species of various genera of simple Myxomycetes, Reticularia included the Eycogala, Fuligo, and Spumaria of Persoon, except that Lycogala miniata was retained in E3'Coperdon. Bulliard's contribution to the number of species may be estimated as follows: 42. Reticularia sinuosa. 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Trichia axifera. Trichia leucopodia. Sphaerocarpus utricularis. Sphaerocarpus chrysospermus. Sphaerocarpus aurantius. Sphaerocarpus globulifer. Sphaerocarpus albus. Sphaerocarpus capsu lifer. Schrader, in the Nova Genera Plantarum (1797), put forth the claim that the Myxomycetes deserve to constitute a proper natural family very different from the rest of the fungi. This family, to which he does not appear to have given a name, embraces two subdivisions: (i) The seminal powder, intermingled with a capillitium : and (2) the seminal powder naked or destitute of a capillitium. To the former pertain Didymium, Trichia, Arcyria, Stemonitis, Phj-- 6 The Myxoiitycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 153 sarum, Fuligo, and Spuniaria; to the latter, Cribraria, Dicty- dium, and Licea. The first subdivision, should it be neces- sary, can be separated again into several sections by the di- versity of the capillitium. In this essay Schrader proposes four new genera of the Myxomycetes — Cribraria, Dictydium, Licea, and Didymium. P'ach genus is carefull}- defined, and the species belonging to it known to him described and illustrated. The Synopsis Methodica Fungorum of Persoon appeared in 1 801. It was the next most important treatise upon the Fungi after that of Micheli. In this work the Fungi are divided into two classes, six orders, and seventy-one genera. The Myxomycetes are contained in eleven genera of third order Dermatocarpi. Nine of the genera belong to the first section Trichospermi, which includes, also, the puff-balls, and two of the genera are included in the second section Gymnospeimi, which contains, also, Mucor, Puccinia, etc. Persoon described 79 species, and their distribution in the II genera may be shown, as follows: ORDER III. DERMATOCARPI. Si. TRICHOSPERMI. Genus 19. Lycogala. I. Iv. argentea; 2. L. turbinata ; 3. L. punctata; 4. L. miniata; 5. L,. conica. Genus 20. Fuligo. I. F. rufa; 2. F. violacea ; 3. F. laevis ; 4. F. flava ; 5. F. vaporaria; 6. F. Candida. Genus 21. Spumaria. I. S. mucilago; 2. S. ph5\saroides. Genus 22. Diderma. I. D. floriforme; 2. D. stellare ; 3. D. umbilicatum ; 4. D. vernicosum; 5. D. (?) ramosum ; 6. D. ochraceum ; 7. D. contortum ; 8. D. testaceura ; 9. D. globosum ; 10. D. dif- forme ; 11. D. complanatum. 7 154 Civciniiati Society of Nalioal Ilislory. Gknus 23. Physarum. I. p. coiUextuni ; 2. P. confliiens; 3. P. bivalve ; 4. P. ci- iiereuni : 5 P. hyaliiium ; 6. P. muscicola; 7. P. nutans ; 8. P. luteuni : 9. P. viride ; 10. P. aureiim ; 11. P. anrantium ; 12. P. colnnibinum ; 13. P. squamulosuni ; 14. P. tigrinum ; 15. P. farinaceuni ; 16. P. (?) globuliferum. Gknus 24. Tkiciiia. I. T. botrytis; 2. T. rubiformis ; 3. T. fallax ; 4. T. cla- vata; 5. T. nigripes ; 6. T. ovata ; 7. T. olivacea ; 8. T. ni- tens ; 9. T. varia; 10. T. serpula ; 11. T. reticulata. Genus 25. Arcyria. I. A. (?) leucocephala ; 2. A. flava; 3. A. cinerea; 4. A. in- carnata; 5. A. punicea. Genus 26. Stemonitis. I. S. leucostyla ; 2. S. typhina ; 3. S. fasciculata ; 4. S. pa- pillata ; 5. S. ovata. Genus 27. Cribraria. I. C. cernua; 2. C. coccinea; 3. C. microcarpa ; 4. C. splen- dens; 5. C. venosa ; 6. C. macrocarpa ; 7. C. rufescens; 8. C. argillacea ; 9. C. vulgaris; 10. C. tenella; 11. C. intricata. %2. GYMNOSPERMI. Genus 28. Licea. I. L. bicolor ; 2. L. circumscissa ; 3. L. pusilla ; 4. L. va- riabilis ; 5. L,. flexuosa. Genus 29. Tubueina. I . T. fallax ; 2. T. fragiformis. The Synopsis of Persoon greatly facilitated the labors of students, and, no doubt, was a great stimulus to the study of the Fungi in all parts of Europe. Numerous publications appeared in the interval between it and the next great work upon the Fungi by Elias Fries. Nees ab Esenbeck, in his elaborate " Das System der Pilze und Schwamme " (1817), placed the Myxomycetes in the third The iMyxomycetes of the I\fiami Valley, Ohio. 155 kingdom (Gasteromj^ci) of his Vegetabilia mycetoidea (Pilze). The}^ constitute the " Circulus primus" under the name, Aerogasteres ; they are sharply distinguished from the " Cir- culus secundus," the Geogastri. Nees appears to be the first writer to separate the Myxomycetes from the Puff-balls. This same system appears in Martius's Flora Erlangensis. The third important work upon the Fungi is the Systema Mycologicum of Elias Fries, in three volumes, 1821-1832. In this work the Myxomycetes appear in the second class, Gasteromycetes, under the title Alyxogastres ; they constitute the second sub-order of the third order, the Trichospermi. Fries made himself familiar with the works of all his prede- cessors, and with great care and nice judgment strove to ar- range the synonym}'. He studied diligently the " morphosis" of the primary mucilaginous stage in the different genera of the Myxogastres; he referred all the different forms to four types, and sought to make use of these in classification. Fries made but two additions to the genera of his predeces- sors, but he redefined and more strictly limited all of them. The following is an outline of the sections and genera of Fries's system : SUB-ORDER IL MYXOGASTRES. Si. AETHALINI. Genus 14. Lycogala ; 15. Reticularia ; 16. Aethalium; 17. Spumaria. §2. PHYSAREI. Genus 18. Diderma ; 19. Didymium ; 20. Physarum ; 21. Craterium. i^3. STEMONITEI. Genus 22. Diachea; 23. Stemonitis ; 24. Dictydium ; 25. Cribraria. S4. TRICHIACEI. Genus 26. Arcyria ; 27. Trichia; 28. Perichaena ; 29. Licea. Under this system Fries described 192 species of the Myx- ogastres. It remained the working system for more than fifty years, and at the present time the specific forms recog- nized by Fries are scarcely to be questioned. 156 Ciiniiiiia/i Society of Naiiiia/ Uisluyy. Wallroth in tlie Flora (icnnanica (1S33) invented the name Myxomycetes, substituting it for the Trichospermi of Per- soon and Fries; he described the Myxogastres of Furies under the Sections Placogasteres and Angiogasteres. Ivink, in the Handbook (1833), restricted the term Myxomycetes to nearly the limits of the Myxogastres of Fries. Next, Dr. A. De Bary made an elaborate study of the struc- ture and mode of life of the Myxomycetes. He published this in 1859, under the title "Die Mycetozoen," a second edition appearing in 1864. De Bary united the Myxomycetes with a few organisms called Acrasieae under the general title of Mycetozoa. He states, " I have since the year 1858, placed the Myxomycetes under the name of Mycetozoa, outside the limits of the vegetable kingdom." Rostafinski, a student of De Bary's at Halle, and again at Strassburg, undertook to recast the system of The Myxomy- cetes in accordance with the views of his master. An outline of the system appeared in 1873 in his Inaugural Dissertation. The fully elaborated system was published in 1875, in a splendidly illustrated monograph, designed to inchide all the species of Myxomycetes known up to that date. The following synopsis of the orders, families and genera of the Mycetozoa is made in accordance with the views ex- pressed by Rostafinski, in the supplement to his monograph (1878). MYCETOZOA. I. AMAUROSPORAE. Spores violet, or brownish violet. Si. ATRICHAE. Sporangia without a capillitium. ORDER I. PROTODERMEAE. FAMILY I. PROTODERMACE^. Genus i, Protoderma. i^2. TRICHOPHORAE. Sporangia always furnished with a capillitium. 10 The JMyxoniycetcs of the Miami I'alley, Ohio. 157 ORDER IL CALCAREAE. FAMILY 2. CIENKOWSKIACEAE. Genus 2, Cienkowskia. FAMILY 3. PHYSARACEAE. Genus 3, Badhaniia ; 4, Physarutn ; 5, Fuligo; 6, Crate- rium; 7, Leocarpus ; 8, Crateriachea ; g, Tilmadoche. FAMILY 4. DIDYMIACEAE. Genus lO.Chondriodernia; 1 1, Didymium; 12, Lepidodernia. FAMILY 5. SPUMARIACEAE. Genus 13, Diachea; 14, Spumaria. ORDER IIL AMAUROCHAETEAE. FAMILY 6. ECHINOSTELIACEx\E. Genus 15, Echinostelium. FAMILY 7. STEMONITACEAE. Genus 16, Lamproderma; 17, Comatricha; 18, Stemonitis. FAMILY 8. AMAUROCHAETACEAE. Genus 19, Amaurochaete. FAMILY 9. BREFELDIACEAE. ' Genus 20, Brefeldia. FAMILY 10. ENERTHENEMACEAE. Genus 21, Enerthenema. IL LAMPROSPORAE. Spores variously colored, but never violet. §1. ATRICHAE. Sporangia without a capillitinni. ORDER IV« ANEMEAE. FAMILY II. DICTYOSTELIACEAE. Genus 22, Dictyostelium. 158 Cinciiiiiafi Society of Nalui a/ History. FAMILY 12. LICIvACEAE. Genus 23, Licea ; J4, Tubuliiia; 25, I,indbladia. FAMILY 13. CLATHROPTYCHIACEAE. Genus 26, Clathroptychium ; 27, Enteridiuni. ORDER V. HETERODERMEAE. FAMILY 14. CRIBRARIACEAE. Genus 28, Dictydiuni ; 29, Heterodictyon; 30, Cribraria. ^^2. TRICHOPHORAE. Sporangia always furnished with a capillitiuni. ORDER VL COLUMELLIFERAE. FAMILY 15. RETICULARIACEAE. Genus 31, Siphoptychium ; 32, Reticularia. ORDER VIL CALONEMEAE. FAMILY 16. PERICHAENACEAE. Genus 33, Perichaena. FAMILY 17, ARCYRIACEAE. Genus 34, Cornuvia ; 35, Arcyria; 36, Lachnobolus ; 37, Dermodium ; 38, Lycogala ; 39, Oligonema. FAMILY 18. TRICHIACEAE. Genus 40, Prototrichia : 41, Trichia ; 42, Hemiarcyria. A monograph of the Myxogastres was published in 1892, by George Massee, of the Royal Herbarium, at Kew, England. It is elegantly illustrated by many plates with colored figures. The orders and sub-orders of Massee's system are as follows : ORDER L PERITRICHEAE. SUB-ORDER I. TUBULINAE. SUB-ORDER 2. CRIBRARIAE. 77/1? A/y.vouiycefes of the Miami J'alley, Ohio. 159 ORDER 11. COLUMELLIFERAE. vSUB-ORDER 3. STEMONITAE. SUB-ORDER 4. LAMPRODERMAE. ORDER III. LITHODERMEAE. SUB-ORDER 5. DIDYMEAE. SUB-ORDER 6. PHYSARAE. ORDER IV. CALOTRICHEAE. SUB-ORDER 7. TRICHEAE. SUB-ORDER 8. ARCYRIAE. We present in the following pages a synopsis of the oiders and genera of the Myxoniycetes of North America so far as known, under four sections — Peritrichiae, Calonemata, Col- umelliferae and Calcareae. This is preceded by two analytic tables leading to the genera as numbered in the synopsis. TABLE L SPORANGIA COMBINED INTO AN AETHALIUM. a. Aethalium containing lime, (b.) Aethalium containing no lime, (c.) b. Lime in the form of minute roundish granules. 37. Lime in the form of minute stellate crystals. 27. c. Aethalium effused with a plane surface, (d.) Aethalium pulvinate or subglobose. (e.) d. Walls of the sporangia a thin persistent membrane. 2. Walls of the sporangia with a persistent apex and six slender threads. 6. e. Thin membranes and slender fibers intermingled with the spores, (f.) Slender warted tubules intermingled with the spores, g. f. Fibers bearing small membranaceous vesicles. 5. Fibers not bearing any vesicles. 4. 13 i6o CiiittiDiafi Society of Natural History. TABLE II. SPORANGIA SIMPLE AND STIPITATE OR SESSILE. a. Sporangia containing lime, (b.) Sporangia containing no lime (g.) b. Capillitinm inclosing granules of lime, (c.) Capillitium containing no lime, (f.) c. Granules of lime aggregated into nodules, (d.) Granules of lime lining or filling the tubules. 38, 39. d. Surface of the sporangium invested with granules of lime, (e.) Surface of the sporangium destitute of lime. 30, 31, 32. e. Stipe prolonged within the sporangium as a columella. 33, 34- Stipe never entering the sporangium. 35, 36. f. Lime on the wall of the sporangium in the form of minute stellate crystals. 26. Lime on the wall of the sporangium consisting of minute roundish granules. 28, 29. g. Stipe prolonged within the sporangium as a columella. (h.) Stipe never entering the sporangium. (1.) h. Stipe and columella, brown or black, (i.) Stipe and columella, white or yellowish. 25. i. The columella scarcely reaching the center of the spor- angium. 20, 21. The columella extending beyond the center of the sporangium, (k.) k. Threads of the capillitium radiating from numerous points of the columella. 22, 23. Threads of the capillitium pendant from a discoid mem- brane at the apex of the columella. 24. 1. Capillitium traversing the interior of the sporangium and intermingled with the spores, (m.) Capillitium rudimentary or connate with the wall of the sporangium, (r.) m. Tubules of the capillitium furnished with spiral ridges, (n.) Tubules of the capillitium not marked with spiral ridges, (o.) 14 The Myxoviycetes of the Miami I'alley, Ohio. i6i n. Capillitium of short free elaters. 18, 19. Capillitium of long slender attached tubules. 16, 17. o. Tubules of the capillitium forming a complicated net- work, (p.) Tubules of the capillitium forming no evident net- work, (q.) p. Capillitium proceeding from numerous points of the sporangial wall, 13. Capillitium issuing from the interior of the stipe, 14, 15. q. Wall of the sporangium with an outer layer of minute scales and granules, 11, 12. Wall of the sporangium not thickened, 10. r. Wall of the sporangium a thin membrane with distinct fibrous thickenings, which form a network, 7, 8. Wall, of the sporangium a thin membrane, often granu- lose-thickened (s). s. Sporangia sessile, i. 2. Sporangia stipitate, 3. MYXOMYCETES. ?;i. PERITRICHL^. Sporangium destitute of lime and the stipe never prolonged into a columella. Capillitium more or less rudimentarj-. connate with the inner surface of the wall of the sporangium. I. IvICEACE-E. Wall of the sporangium a thin mem- brane, often granulose-thickened. a. Sporangia sessile. 1. lyiCEA. Sporangia simple and regular or plasmodio- carp, gregarious ; hj'pothallus none. 2. TuBULiNA. Sporangia cylindric, distinct or more or less connate and ?ethalioid, seated upon a common hypo- thallus. b. Sporangia stipitate. ^ 3. Orcadella. Sporangium urn-shaped, opening by a deciduous lid. 15 i62 Ciiiciiinali Society of Natural Ilisiory. II. RETICULARIACK.^:. Wall of the sporangium a thin membrane, with distinct fibrous thickenings; the mem- brane, or at least certain portions of it, disappearing at maturity. a. Sfyorafiffia coiiibinrd info a)i crthaliuDi. 4. Reticulakia. The persistent fibrous thickenings of the sporangial walls irregular and without any vesicles. 5. Brefeldia. The persistent fibrous thickenings of the sporangial walls, bearing poljxellular vesicles. 6. Clathroptychium. The persistent fibrous thicken- ings consisting of six simple threads extending from the angles of the hexagonal apex downward to the base of the sporangium. b. Sporanoia simple and stipitatc. 7. Cribraria. Capillitium of slender threads combined into a net-work of polygonal meshes. 8. DiCTVDiUM. Capillitium of numerous convergent ribs which extend from base to apex and are united by fine trans- verse fibers, thus forming a net-work of rectangular meshes. III. LYCOGALACEAE. Aethalium with a firm mem- branaceous wall, from the inner surface of which proceed numerous slender warted tubules (?). 9. Lycogala. Aethalia subglobose. ^2. CALONEMATA. Sporangia containing no lime and without a columella ; ca- pillitium of bright -colored much elongated threads, which traverse the interior of the sporangium and are intermingled with the spores, usually kinked and coiled, and by reason of this exhibiting elasticity ; the walls of the threads marked externally b}- characteristic thickenings. IV. PERICHAENACEAE. Sporangia sessile; tubules of the capillitium proceeding from numerous points of the 16 The !\ryxoinycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 163 sporangial wall, loosely branched and forming no evident net-work, the surface even, minutely warted or spinulose. a. Wall of the sporanghim not tliicke7ied. 10. DiANEMA. Capillitium of nearly straight smooth threads running from base to top of sporangium. b. Wall of the sporangium 7<.'ith an outer layer of mimite scales and granules. 11. Perichaena. Sporangia more or less depressed, roundish, or more commonly polygonal and irregular, dehis- cent in a circumscissile manner. 12. Ophiotheca. Plasmodiocarp terete and more or less elongated, bent and flexuous, sometimes annular or reticu- late, irregularly dehiscent. V. ARCYRIACEAE, Sporangia stipitate, rarely sessile ; capillitium of slender tubules repeatedly branching and ana- stomosing to form a complicated net-work of evident meshes. a. Capillitium proceeding from numerous points of the spo- rangial wall. 13. IvACHNOBOLr.s. Tubules of the capillitium quite variable in thickness, the surface minutely warted or spinu- lose. b. Capillitium issuing from the interior of the stipe. 14. Arcvria. Capillitium without any free extremities. 15. Heterotrichia. Capillitium with numerous free extremities. VI. TRICHIACE.5:. Capillitiumof slender tubules, sim- ple or branched ; the surface furnished with continuous ridges, w^hich wind around the tube in a spiral manner. a. Capillitium of long, slender tubules, arising from the base of the sporangium or issui)ig from the interior of the stipe. 17 164 Ciiiiiiiiiali Society of Natural History. 16. Hp:i\iiarcvkia. vSpiral ridges of the capillitiuni paral- lel and conspicuous. 17. Calonema. The surface of the tubules traversed hy a system of branching veins. /'. Capillitiiiin of short, s/eiidcr tubules, ealled elaters, 7chich are 'who/ly free. 18. Trichia. Spiral ridges of the capillitiuni parallel and conspicuous. 19. Oligonema. Capillitiuni scanty, composed of elaters, habitually irregular and abnormal. >3- COLUMELLIFER^. Sporangium containing no lime ; stipe entering the spo- rangium and forming a more or less elongated central col- umella, which gives origin to a capillitum of rigid, persistent brown threads. VII. STEMONITACE^E. Sporangia, globose or ovoid to oblong and cylindrical, stipitate; the wall very thin and frag- ile, soon disappearing. A. stipe and eolumella bro'a'u or black. a. The coliaiie/Ia scarcely reaching the center 0/ the sporan- gia ni. 20. Clastoderma. Threads of the capillitiuni forking repeatedlj^ but not combined into a network. 21. Eamproderma. Threads of the capillitium branch- ing and anastomosing to form a network. b. The columella extcJiding beyond the center of the sporan- gium. 22. Comatricha. Threads of the capillitiuni forming only an interior network, attaining the wall by numerous more or less elongated free extremities. The Myxoviyceles of the Miami Valley, Ohio. 165 23. Stemonitis. Threads of the capilHtium forming an interior network of large meshes and a superficial network of smaller meshes. 24. ExERTHEXEMA. Threads of the capillitium pendent from a discoid membrane at the apex of the columella. />. Stipe a)id cohi))iella white or yc/Iowis/i. 25. DiACHEA. Threads of the capillitium branching and anastomosing to form a network. S4. CALCAREiE. On or within the w^alls of the sporangia and often in the capillitium deposits of lime under the form of granules or crj'stals of carbonate of lime. VIII. DIDYMIACE.E. Wall of the sporangium a thin membrane with an outer layer of crystals or granules of lime; columella usually conspicuous ; capillitium of slender sinuous threads, scarcel}' branched and containing no lime. a. Lime on the ivall of the sporangium in the form of minute stellate crystals. 26. DiDYMiUM. Sporangium simple, subglobose, and stipitate, the base commonlj' umbilicate, or sometimes sessile and plasmodiocarp. 27. Spumaria. x\ethalium composed of numerous elon- gated irregularly-branched sporangia closely compacted to- gether and confluent. b. Lime on the zvall of the sporangium consisting of miiiute ro7aidish granules. 28. DiDERMA. Wall of the sporangium with the outer calcareous layer usually compacted into a smooth continuous crust. 29. IvEPiDODERMA. Wall of the sporangium with an outer layer of large scales consisting of bicarbonate of lime. 19 i66 Ciitciiiiiaii Society of Natural History. IX. PHYSARAGEAE. Wall of the sporangium a thin membrane, usually with an outer layer of minute roundish granules of lime ; capillitium of slender tubules, which branch repeatedly and form an intricate network ; the tubules expanded at the angles of the network and inclosing gran- ules of lime. /. Tubnlcx of the caf>i///tiit»i harin^ the gratiulcs oj liiiw iti t/iriii ai^greoatcd into roiindis/i or (Uioitlar nodules. A. Outer surface of tfie sporanoinni destitute of lime. 30. Angioridium. Plasmodiocarp laterally compressed, splitting regularly into tw^o valves. 31. CiENKOWSKiA. Plasmodiocarp terete, elongated, ir- regularly dehiscent. 32. Leocarpus. vSporangia subglobose, or obovoid, stipi- tate or sessile. B. Outer surface of ttie spora)igium invested icitli graiiules of lime. a. Stipe prolo7ioed tvitliin tfie sporangium as a columella. 33. PHY.SARELLA. Sporangium oblong, stipitate, the apex re-entrant. 34. Cytidium. Sporangium globose, stipitate, apex convex. b. Stipe never entering the sporangium. 35. Craterium. Sporangia obovoid to cylindric, stipitate. 36. Physarum. Sporangia globose, depressed globose or irregular, stipitate or sessile. 37. FuLiGO. Aethalium a compound plasmodiocarp. //. Tubules of the capillitium zvith tfie granules of lime in them distributed tliroughout their entire lengtli. 38. Badhamia. Stipe not prolonged within the sporan- gium as a columella. 39. ScYPHiUM. Stipe entering the sporangium and pro- longed within it as a columella. 20 Raudo))! iVo/es on Natural /fislory. 167 ARTICLE XVIL— RANDOM NOTES ON NATURAL HISTORY. Bv Charles Dvry. A. ODONATA. At the request of the late Professor Kellicott, of Columbus, I have made a collection of these beautiful insects in the im- mediate vicinity of Cincinnati. I began in the summer of 1897, too late for the early species. Early in 1898 a few of the Gomphincr were taken, but during the spring of 1899 con- ditions were so unfavorable that little could be done. This will account for the small number of species of this sub-fam- ily in the following list of Cincinnati dragon flies. The lo- cality seems to be quite rich in species of Odonafa, sixty-two having been identified to this date. Man}- of them have been observed in Spring Grove Cemetery, our beautiful, well- kept cit)' of the dead, whose lakes of pure water are ideal breeding places for these insects. The lakes are stocked with bass and other fish, w^hich devour immense quantities of both nymphs and imagos. As the dragon flies skim along above the surface of the water the large-mouthed bass follow them around trying to snap them up when they touch the water in ovipositing. The eggs of many species, when ex- truded, adhere to the tip of the abdomen. By the motion of the female, as she touches the water in flight, the eggs are washed off and settle to the bottom, where they hatch. I have seen the female snatched away from the male by a hungry bass, as they were flying in couple, at the instant she attempted to drop her eggs. The nymphs of the dragon flies are insatiable in their voracity. On August 22, 189S, I brought home a lot, and fed one of them a bit of earthworm, which it seized with its jaws crossways ; it turned it with its forefeet and swallowed it entire. In two days the nymphs had eaten each other up until only the largest one remained. Under favorable conditions these insects breed in vast I Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX, No. 5.) i Printed J.^nu.arv 4, 1900. i6S Cinciiniati Society of Natural History. numbers. Along a small creek, June 25, 1899, I counted thirteen species of the .lgn'oiii)ur, and they were in such swarms that they presented a remarkable sight. The following is a list of the species collected in this vicin- ity, with notes on some of them. My thanks are due Pro- fessor Hine, of Columbus, for assistance in their identifica- tion : Ca/opteryx maculata Beauvois. Ilcticrina amcricana Fabricius. Hetcsri)ia tricolor Burmeister. Lestes loiouicniata Hagen. Lcstes disjiaicta Selys. Lestes rectal! giclaj^is Say. Lestes inccquaUs Walsh. Argia ptitrida Hagen. Argia violacea Hagen. Argia apicalis Sa5^ Argia sednla Hagen. Nehaleujiia posita Hagen. Ainphiagrioi saiicium Burmeister. Enallagma iraviaticm Selys. June 9th to July 8th, at lakes in Spring Grove, this species flies, by hundreds, a few inches above the water and generall}^ in couple, stopping at intervals on a leaf of some pond plant to oviposit. On June 20, I saw a female submerged about four inches, clinging to the stem of a Sagiftaria, ovipositing. They fly most abundantly in the morning ; in the afternoon they take shelter in the bushes, and are much less active. Enallagma civile Hagen. Very abundant, June to Septem- ber. On July 29, 1897, I saw a pair of this species oviposit- ing on a submerged twig. The female was entirely under water, and the male, clasping her neck with the tip of his abdomen, was standing upright, with swiftly moving wings, trying to retain his hold and yet not be drawn under water. Enallagma carujicidatum Morse. Taken here, July 19, 1895, by Professor Kellicott. I have not seen it since. Enallagma geniinatnm Kellicott. Enallagma exsulans Hagen. 2 Random Notes on Natural History. 169 Enallagma antennatum Say. Enallagvia signatum Hagen. Ischmira verticalis Say. Anomalagrion hastatuni Say. Gomphus vastus Walsh. Gomphus quadricolor Walsh. Gomphus fraternus Saj'. Gomphus villosipes Selys. Anax Junius Drury. Anax longipes Hagen. June 2, 1898, one of this species was flying over Glen Lake in Spring Grove. I watched it for two hours, and though it came within a few feet of me, I was un- able to catch it. It was a very large specimen, the abdomen bright brick red, thorax and eyes green. June 3, I went again to this lake, but did not see it until I moved down to Linden Lake, nearly adjoining, when I again saw it, but failed to catch it. Its flight is steady and in regular beats up and down the middle of the lake, seldom coming near shore. I made careful search during June, 1S99, but did not see any at these lakes. Basiicschna jauata Say. Epicrschna heros Fabricius. yEschna constrict a Say. yEschna verticalis Hagen. ^Eschna clepsydra Sa5\ Macromia illinoisensis Walsh. Didynwps transversa Say. Neurocordulia obscura Say. Five specimens, viz., one male and fcnir females, were taken in Eden Park, May and June, 1S98 and 1899. This is new to the Ohio list, which now num- bers 103 species. Epicordulia princeps Hagen. June, July, and August. This species will dart at a clod thrown up to attract its attention. I have deco5'ed them within reach of the net in this wa3^ Tctragoncuria cynosura Saj'. Pantala hymencea Sa}'. On July 22, 1899, several were 3 I70 Cincinnati Society of Naturat History. seen flying about some puddles near Little Miami Riv.er. They were ovipositing in these pools, which dried up entirely a few days later. Are all these eggs lost? Taken here by Pro- fessor Kellicott, July i8, 1895. Tranica laccrata Hagen. Very abundant from May to October. The male of this species, when flying around in couple, holds the female with his claspers just back of the head, and seems to steer to a suitable place. They poise a few inches above the water, and, as the female dips downward with the tip of her abdomen into the water, the male releases his hold, eggs are deposited, the male then regains his hold, and they flj^ up and around again. Tramea caro/ina Linne. Tramca onusta Hagen. At Linden Lake they were numer- ous, but quite difficult to catch. Several pairs were observed, ovipositing. May 17 to June 30, 1898. On May 17, 1899, I went to Linden Lake to secure a few o)iusta where I had taken them the j^ear before. I took four specimens of Carolina, which were fl\'ing abundantly, but not one oimsta was ob- served during 1899. Libelhda basalts Sa}'. On Juh' 14, one of this species was captured in the act of chewing up a llippodaDiia. Libcllula aiiriponiis Burmeister. Libcllula cyanea Fabricius. Three male specimens were taken at Spring Grove, June 6, 1S99, flying low along the border of a shallow lake; no female was seen. Libcllula vibrans Fabricius. Specimens of this most beauti- ful species were flying, May 28, 1899, along a branch of Duck Creek; they w^ere fresh and bright. Libel lula inccsta Hagen. Libcllula semifasciata Burmeister. Libelhda piilchclla Drury. Plathemis trimaculata DeGeer. Cclethemis epo)una Drury. 4 A'aiuioiii \otes on Naliual History. 171 Celcthcinis elisa Hagen. May 23, 1898, at Linden Lake, this species was emerging in prodigious numbers, and by the 27th had scattered all over the cemetery, resting on grass, bushes, and trees. Cclcthemis fasciata Kirby. LiHcor/iinia in facta Hagen. Dip/ax yiibiciindula Hagen. Diplax assbnilata Uhler. Dip/ax obtrtisa Hagen. Diplax vidua Hagen. Dip/ax seiniciiicta Say Pel ithcDiis domitia Drury. Mesof/u'iiiis simplicicollis Sa\'. Pachydiplax loiif^ipcniiis Burmeister. B. LEPIDOPTERA. Thecla halesus Cramer. This large and beautiful thecla was taken by me at Cincinnati, September, 1885. A perfectly fresh specimen ( female) was perched on the flower of a "golden rod." I have not seen it here since. I have found it abundant in \'olusia County, Florida. Two species of butterflies new to the State* have been taken at Cincinnati during 1899. They are: Thecla irus Godart (taken by Mr. Thiel), and Eudanius lycidas Smith and Abbott, July 23. Lemonias dutyi 'Edw2iXdiS. In his excellent ' Butterfly Book," p. 230, Dr. Holland says of this species: "The only specimen as yet known is the type" (fig. 10, PI. XXVIII). Five spec- imens were taken by me at the time (April), and more seen. They were flying along near the ground. The locality was among the foothills of the Organ Mountains, about five miles east of Mesilla, N. M. Two of them were sent to Mr. Ed- wards. As compared with the three in my collection, which are quite uniform in color and marking, the figure above *See Sixth Annual Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science, pp. 22-27, and Seventh Report, p. 55. 5 172 Cincinnati Society of Natural History. mentioned is hardly recognizable, mine being so much brighter, and they do not very closely resemble Lemonias cythcrca, being of a different color and having fewer white spots on the upper surface. C. DIPTKRA. Mallophora orci)ia Weid. In a field near Hyde Park this powerful "robber fly " was very abundant from June to Octo- ber, 1899. Its favorite victims were hymenopterous insects, mostly honey bees. I have several specimens taken in the act of killing bumblebees, larger than themselves; seventy specimens collected. D. COLEOPTERA. Leptura c)uargi)iata Fabricius. On July 2, 1899, I found a dead beech stub, about one foot in diameter and ten feet high, which was perforated with many round holes, from which these rare beetles had emerged. One of them was taken in the act of crawling out. I had only seen a single specimen before in manj^ j^ears' collecting. Sa?ida/iis niger Knoch. This beetle has always been rare here. Five or six specimens only had been taken in many years. Five years ago, Mr. Thiel observed many of them crawling up and down the trunks of some ash trees {Fraxinus aiiwricana) in one of the parks. Each year he visited the place at the same date (in September), but never saw any more until September, 1899, when the}' were again abundant. September 27, 1899, I removed the sod under these trees and found many circular holes from which Sa)idahis had emerged. The holes were perfectly round; those for the females were of larger size. I took a mature male and female each from a burrow as they were in the act of emerging. I found no larvae. All had seemingly pupated quite deeply in the ground. When they hatch they dig to the surface of the ground and emerge. Many of the larger branches of the trees are dead, caused, perhaps, by the work of this beetle on their rootlets. 6 Random Notes on Natural History. 173 October 22, 1899, a female was observ^ed ovipositing in a crev- ice in the bark of an ash tree near my house. October 13, 1899, Sandalus were abundant on ash trees. A fresh female examined was found to contain an immense number of verj^ small oblong white, translucent eggs. Several spent females, that were picked up from the ground in a dying condition, had but few eggs left in them. The females do not fly much, but run up and down the trunks of the trees. The males fly actively about and pair with the females. The female depos- its her eggs in crevices. I see no evidence that the larvae feed on any part of the tree except the roots. They seem to follow the roots out some distance from the trunk of the tree and pupate. E. PISCES. Lcpidosteus osseus (Linne). A female of the long-nosed gar, from Lake Erie, of six pounds weight, contained an ^%^ mass which weighed fourteen ounces, and, by count, numbered 34,160 eggs. F. AVES. Urinator lumme (Gunnerus). Mr. J. H. Meier, on January II, 1895, shot a red-throated loon (male) near the Little Miami River. His attention was attracted to the bird hy hearing it scream. Its note, he says," was like the voice of a woman in distress." The specimen is in the Cuvier Club museum. Au/iiiiga iDi/iiiiga (Linne). Two females of the anhinga, confined in the Zoological Garden in an aviary together with woodducks, were very vicious, picking out the ducks' ej'es with their sharp beaks. Phcenicoptcnis ruber (Linne). A flamingo at the Zoological Garden refused to eat the food natural to such birds, but sub- sisted entirely on boiled rice. Botaurus lentiginosiis (Montag). On November 15, 1899, a male American bittern was received from Franklin, Ohio. Its stomach was found to contain one entire short-tailed shrew Blarhia brevicaiida (Say), and also the hair of another — a very unusual food for this species. 7 174 Ciuciitiiafi Socie/y of Natural History. (irns aiiicricaNa (LitiiK-). In August, 1895, Mr. F. B. Magill saw a whooping crane on the Little Miami River, near Indian Hill Station. Actitis macularia (lyinne). On June 25, 1899, near Turtle Creek, in Warren County, Ohio, Mr. R. Kellogg and myself observed a female of the spotted sandpiper, followed by two very small young ones, running through a sandy field. They ran at full speed, the female making a loud cry of alarm. Seeing that we were gaining on, and would capture, her young, she changed her note, and at that instant the young ones stopped, squatted flat down, shut their eyes, and remained motionless, becoming invisible to our eyes, so perfectly did their colors mimic the sand and pebbles. We would surely have lost them if we had not had our eyes on them at that instant. Elanoides forficatiis (Linne). An adult male of the swallow- tailed kite was shot at Chillicothe, Ohio, August, 1898. Its stomach contained twenty-eight grasshoppers, twenty-four of which were Melanophis differentialis, a rather large and de- structive species. All of these had the heads bitten cleanly off by the kite. The four small ones were swallowed entire. This most elegant hawk is very rare in Ohio. /\/iiims polyglottus (Linne). Parker Donaldson reports the mocking bird as a resident of his farm, two miles above New Richmond, Clermont County, Ohio. They nest there, and they remained throughout the winter of 1898-99, which was the coldest ever known here. They were seen in February, 1899, after the cold weather had abated. I visited the place, June 3, 1899, but no birds were singing. I saw the nests that had been used. Mr. Donaldson mentions a curious habit the male bird has of flying up in the air, singing loudly all the time. It then comes tumbling head over heels to the ground; when it nearly reaches the earth it quickly rights itself and darts into a bush or hedge. Pleisiocene She/Is from lililzcaukee, Wis. 175 ARTICLE XVIII.— NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF PLEISTOCENE SHELLS FROM MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN. Bv Frank C. Baker, Chicago.* Mr. A. W. Slocum has recently collected a few pleistocene mollusks near Milwaukee, Wis., and has placed them in my hands for determination. The collection seems of enough interest to warrant a few notes. Part of the specimens were found in a marl bed and the rest in a clay and peat bed ; four feet below the latter the bones of an elephant were found. Nine species were found in the marl bed, and three in the clay and peat beds. Mr. Slocum reports that he found the same fauna in two places, six or seven miles apart. The specimens are beautifully preserved, some individuals having a highh' polished surface. Speci- mens were extremely numerous in the marl bed, but were not so numerous in the clay and peat beds. The following species were collected : PELECYPODA. 1. SPH.^tRiUM SIMILE Say. Peat and clay bed. Not com- mon. The umbones are placed nearer to the anterior end than in the forms now found living in this region, and the beaks are not so prominent. Of six valves examined five were right and but one a left valve. The collection contained one 3'oung specimen, seven mm. long, and very heavily striated. 2. Sph.^rium rhomboideum Say. Peat and clay bed. Typical and rare. 3. PisiDiUM COMPRESSUM Prince. Peat and clay bed. Typical and with well preserved epidermis. The valves are attached to each other, in most cases. "A set of these fossils has been received from Professor Baker as a donation to the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Thej' are entered in the accession cata- logue of the Museum under Nos. 12206 to 12217. — J. L. (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. XIX. No. s. 1 I Printed Janu.^ry 4, 1900. 176 Ciuciiniati Socieiy of Natural History. GASTROPODA. The gastropods were all found in a marl bed ; the latter being very soft, the specimens were very easily worked out, and were perfectl}^ preserved. 4. LiMN.KA PALUSTRis, Miiller. 5. lyiMN.HA REFLEXA Say. Elongate variety. Typical but not common. 6. IviMN.KA DKSiDiosA vSay. Rather common. The whorls are rather gibbous, and the aperture in some specimens is rather flaring. In several individuals the whorls are much swollen, the spire very short and the aperture of good length. The specimens range in size from five to ten millimeters in length. 7. Pl/Vnorbis campanulatus Say. Common and typical. The recent campamilatiis is frequently subject to considerable variation in the whorls, they being distorted by showing the whorls above or below the plane of the aperture. Among the fossil caDipaiiutatus, twent}" in number, not a specimen was thus distorted. The bell-shaped aperture was more spread- ing than usual in some individuals. 8. Planorbis bicarinatus Say. Common and typical. All of the specimens are rather small, not exceeding eleven millimeters in greatest diameter. 9. Planorbis deflectUvS vSay. Common and typical. 10. Physa HETEROSTROPHA Say. Very common. Varies from the typical heterostropha to a form near gyrina. In some individuals the aperture is wide and flaring. The whorls number four and a half in all of the specimens. They do not differ in any particular from individuals of the recent heterostropha. 11. Physa ancillaria Say. This is a form somewhat between heterostropha and a)icillaria. It is obconic in form, the aperture somewhat spreading, and the whorls shouldered and four and one half in number. 12. Cincinnatia cincinnatiensis Anth. Very common. Some specimens approach Amnicola linwsa in form, the spire Pleistocene Shells from Milivaukee, Wis. \-ii being somewhat depressed and the whorls swollen. All of the specimens are small, not exceeding four and one half mm. in length. 13. Valvata sincera Say. Not common. The speci- mens before the writer show some variation, particularly in the height of the spire and the deflection of the aperture. The sutures are all deeply channeled. 14. Valvata tricarinata Say. Very common and va- riable. The individuals may be ecarinate, bicarinate or tri- carinate. A search for quadri-carinate specimens (as men- tioned by Mr. Bryant Walker^^ was not successful. The ratio of ecarinate specimens, about two in five, was greater than among recent tricarinata. Bicarinate forms were about one in five. *The Nautilus, Vol. XI, p. 121, New Aiiurirau Paleozoic Oslracoda. 179 NEW AMERICAN PALI-OZOIC OSTRACODA. By E. O. Ui^rich. No. I. Ctenobolbina and Kirkbva. Since the publication of my paper on " Xe\^■ and Little Known American Paleozoic Ostracoda," in \"olume XIII of the Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History (1890-gi), much new material has been collected and picked over, in part or wholly. The earlier washings, of which samples merel}' had been searched in 1890, have now been almost entirely worked out. The result is an astounding number of new species, the number of the undescribed forms falling little short of two hundred ! Perhaps the most interesting of all the localities furnishing ostracoda is the Bryozoa bed, at the Falls of the Ohio, oppo- site the city of Louisville, Ky. In 1890, when my former paper describing species from this locality was written, the pickings from the small sample of washings then examined was believed to give a fair, if not a full, idea of the species occurring there. How far from the truth this conception was, and how other localities when carefully investigated may be expected to add, more or less largel)', to the number of known species, is shown by the fact that, when the last of the washings from the Falls in my possession had been searched the number of species known from that locality was nearly doubled. This continual accession to the number of known forms proves that we have not yet reached that point where an approximately stable classification of the paleozoic represen- tatives of the class is possible. M3' aim, therefore, in this and succeeding papers, in w^hich I hope to publish illustrations and brief descriptions of the new species and varieties, is principally to add to the facts and data pertaining to specific variation, and to leave the restriction and characterization of the genera and families to such a future time when the dis- covery of more or less disturbing new forms will have become comparativel}^ rare. Jour. Cix Soc. Nat. Hist, Vol. XIX, No.6.> j Printed June 26, 1900. i8o Ci)i( iiDia/i Society of .Wifura/ Hi story. Ctknoholbina vSUBckas.sa, n. sp. Plate VIII, Figs. 1-3. Size: Length, 1.15 iinn.; hight, 0.7 nun.; thickness, 0.6 mm. Carapace widest in the posterior half, obliquely subovate, the hinge line long and straight. Flange thick and well developed along the posterior and ventral sides, weak or quite obsolete in front, partly overhanging the ventral contact edge of the valve and hiding a number of rather faintly marked transverse depressions between them. Anterior sulcus obso- lete or distinguishable only in the dorsal region, the posterior one strongly impressed, especially upon the posterior side, extending obliquely backward and downward more than two- thirds across the valve. A small tubercle occurs in the antero-dorsal corner of the posterior lobe, while a thin and prominent ridge runs along the lower side of the combined median and anterior lobes. Between this ridge and the flange the surface is sharply excavated. Surface without ornament. This species finds its nearest relations in C. crassa and C. fulcrata, occurring in the shales of the Black River group in Minnesota. A comparison with the published figures of these species will not only show this relationship, but at the same time reveal several obvious differences by which the species may be recognized. l-^oDuation and Locality. — In a thin band of shale belonging to the Ridley limestone division of the Stones River group, near the bottom of the Kentucky gorge, at High Bridge, Ky. Cthnobolbina obliqua, n. sp. Plate VIII, Fig. 4. Size: Length, i.i mm.; hight, 0.7 mm. without flange, 0.75 mm. with flange. This is a moderately convex and ver)- simple species of the genus, there being a single sulcus, curved, but on the whole nearly vertical, and sharply defined on the posterior side only. The valves are shorter and more oblique than usual, and the flange a delicate projecting plate or fill ; the surface is minutely reticulate or punctate. A small tubercle is situated near the middle of the antero-ventral fourth. N'ew Avtericau Paleozoic Osfracoda. i8i Only one Other species of Ctowbolbina is known having a punctate surface ; this is a Niagara species to whicli I gave the name C. piDictata. The present form is relatively shorter, less convex, and strikingly different in the outline of the anterior half. The sulcus also is much less developed. Formation and Locality. — Rare on thin slabs of limestone, from the lower portion of the Clitambonites bed of the Tren- ton group at Kenyon, Minn. Ctenobolbina spiculosa, n. sp. Plate VIII, Fig. 5. Size : Length, 1.65 mm. ; hight, wnth flange, i.o mm., with- out flange, 0.8 mm. This fine species, although given a very different expres- sion by its spinous surface, is nevertheless a close ally of C. antcspinosa, Ulr., with which it is also associated at the Falls of the Ohio. Comparing the two species, we find that the central tubercles and ridges of C. antespinosa are all repro- duced in C. spiculosa, but in a more subdued form. The ver- tical anterior ridge is represented by a couple of spines merely. The posterior lobe, on the other hand, is more prominent and drawn out above into a strong spine. All the surface elevations are granulose in C. spiculosa, and, except- ing one, spiniferous as well. Two bunches of spines occur also near the post-ventral margin. The flange is wider in C. spiculosa and merely convex instead of bent angularly, and the valve, excluding the flange, more nearly equal-ended. Formation and Locality. — From the Devonian (Hamilton group) bryozoa bed at the Falls of the Ohio. Ctenobolbina arm at .\, n. sp. Plate VIII, Fig. 6. Size: Length, 1.38 mm.; hight, o. 78 mm. This also is related to C. antespinosa, but is readily distin- guished. The posterior sulcus passes completely through to the flange, which, on the contrary, is a comparatively insig- nificant feature. The lower portion of the posterior lobe is raised into a compressed spine, projecting outward and down- ward to the ventral margin. A similar but more prominent r82 Ciiiriiniafi Socitiy of .Yafura/ I listory. atid more curv^ed spine is formed hy the posterior extremity of the anterior lobe, which in this and other species of this section of tlie genns is longitudinal rather than vertical. Excepting the two ventral spines, the elevated portions of the surface are coarsely granulose. The middle lobe is rounded, situated about in the middle of the dorsal slope, and larger than the rounded u])per portion of the posterior lobe. The large, compressed spines, arising in the post-ventral fourth of the valves, will distinguish this species from any other previously described. Formation and Locality. — vSame as the preceding. Ctenobolbina cavimarginata, n. sp. Plate VIII, Figs. 7-9. Size: Length, 1.35 mm.; hight, without flange, 0.72 mm., with flange, 0.85 mm. ; greatest thickness (from tip to tip of ventral spines), about 1.2 mm. In a side view the valves of this species are so much like C. arniata that the two forms were at first confused. Interior and ventral views, however, are so strikingly different that the separation of the specimens proved unusually easy. Even on the outside the tw^o forms present some differences. Thus, the flange is thicker and more extensive, the middle lobe relatively smaller, and none of the surface granulose. The main distinction, however, lies in the flange. In C. armata this is a simple plate, and so little developed that it scarcely hides the contact edges. In C. cavimarginata, how- ever, it extends considerably beyond the edge and is sup- ported at regular intervals by cross-walls, so as to form from ten to twelve deep rounded cavities. The end view is trian- gular in both, but in C. cavimarginata the lower part of the profile is much thicker than it is in C. armata. Formation and Locality. — Same as the preceding. Ctenobolbina insolens, n. sp. Plate VIII, Figs. 10 and 11. Size: Length, with flange, 1.88 mm.; without flange, 1.70 mm.; hight, without flange, 0.94 mm., with flange, 1.20 mm. 4 Xew AiiitTira)! /\i/rozoic Osfracoda. 183 This also belongs to the C. antcspviosa section of the genus, and stands in some respects intermediate between that species and C. cavi)uaro-i)iata. However, in views of the interior, the broad concave flange reminds even more strongly ot C. spindosa. The anterior ridge or tubercle of C. aiifcsphiosa is present; also a rounded knob in the post-cardinal angle, whose representative is more obscurely indicated in C. cavi- mar^inafa. The lobation of the central and posterior portions of the valves agrees better with the conditions prevailing in C. cavimarginata and C. mnnata than those marking C. ante- spiiiosa, but, instead of rising into curved spines, the lower portions of the posterior and anterior lobes are lost in the convex flange. The latter is peculiar in two respects, first, in the fact that its junction with the body of the valve is not distinguishable externally, and, second, in its limited extent and abrupt termination just in front of the middle of the ver- tical edge. The contact edges around the ventral half are finely toothed, a feature generally present in the typical sec- tion of the genus, but otherwise unknown in this section. The raised portions of the surface are more or less distinctly' granulose. Foniiatio)i and Locality. — Same as the preceding. Ctenobolbina granosa, n. sp. Plate Vni, Fig. 12. Size: Length, without flange, i.o mm.; hight, with flange, 0.68 mm., without flange, 0.5S mm. A rather small, convex and granulose species, with a sub- central sulcus extending onl}- about half across the valves, a small longitudinal prominence just beneath it and a broadly scalloped, delicate frill overhanging the post-ventral edge. The latter is generally broken. C. bispinosa, from the Utica group at Cincinnati, and C. puyictata, from the Niagara group, at Lockport, N. Y., are probably its nearest allies. Formation and Locality. — Etched from limestone slabs con- taining an abundance of br) ozoa received from Mr. Charles Schuchert, who collected them from the lower Helderberg formation, in Albany County, N. Y. iS4 Cinciiiiiafi Socicfy of Xatiira/ History. Ctenoboliuna loculata, n. sp. Plate \^III, Figs. 13 and 14. Size: Length, i. 00 mm; bight, without flange, 0.54 mm., with flange, 0.60 mm. The lobation in this small species is singularly like that of the Ordovician C. crassa and C. subcrassa, and the latter is simulated even to the possession of a small node in the upper and inner corner of the posterior lobe. The valves in C. loculata, however, are relatively longer and more equal-ended, while the construction of the flange is quite different. In- stead of the thick, yet simple type of flange, pertaining to those species, we have here a strongly undulated plate sup- ported by walls or pillars which divide the space intervening between the flange and the ventral edge into four subequal cavities. The undulations and extent of the flange remind of the preceding species, C. granosa, but in that form there are no cavities beneath, while the lobes are appreciablj' dif- ferent, and the surface granulose instead of smooth. Formation and Locality. — Rather rare in SafFord's Maury shales of the Lower Carboniferous system, at Mt. Pleasant, Tennessee. KiRKBYA CYMBULA, n. Sp. Plate VIII, Figs. 15-18. Size: Left valve: length, 0.97 mm.; hight, 0.50 mm.; thickness, 0.20 mm. Right valve: length, i.io mm.; hight, 0.54 mm. Carapace oblong subquadrate, the hinge line long, straight or slightly convex, the ventral edge straight or slightly sinuate in its central portion, the anterior margin obliquely truncate and most prominent at the antero-cardinal angle; the posterior margin more rounded, though forming an angle where it joins the hinge line. Sides of valves enclosed by a thin raised rim, within which the surface is almost flat and traversed by more or less irregular longitudinal ribs, ten or eleven in number, separated by narrow furrows, of which each contains a row of small punctae. Situated a little behind and more above the middle of the valve is a well-defined oval pit. 6 A^e7a ^hnrrican Paleozoic Os/racoda. 185 Though falling readil_v enough within the limits of the genus Kirkbya, as now understood, none of the species here- tofore described seem to be enough like K. cynibula to require comparisons. The next described species, K. gcrmana, is nearer than any other known to me. Foniiatioii and Locality. — From the Devonian br3-ozoa bed, Falls of the Ohio. KiRKBYA GERMANA, U. sp. Plate VIII, Figs. 19-22. Size: Right valve: length, i.io mm.; hight, 0.60 mm.; thickness, 0.23 mm. Left valve: length, 1.20 mm.; hight, 0.60 mm. ; thickness, 0.25 mm. This species, evidently, is closel}' related to K. cymbula, with which it is also associated. On close comparison we find that the outline is not exacth' the same, the anterior extremity of the hinge line being less prominent and angular. The mar- ginal rim is set a little further from the edge, and in the anterior part does not follow the outline of the valve, but bends downward from above, the junction with the lower portion forming an obtuse angle a little above the midhight. The space included within the marginal rim also is convex, instead of flat, while the longitudinally arranged ribs and pits are much larger, and, therefore, fewer, there being but six where K. cymbiila has ten or eleven. Fonualio)! a)id Locality. — vSame as the preceding. ,S6 Ciuciniiaii Society of Natural History. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIIL ALL THE FIGURES ARE MAGNIFIED TWENTY DIAMETERS. Figs. I to 3.— Ctenobolbina subcrassa, n. sp., p. 180 I. A right valve. 2 and 3.— Lateral and ventral views of a left valve. Stones River group, High Bridge, Ky. Fig. 4.— Ctenobolbina obliqua, n. sp p. 180 A right valve retaining some of the flange. Trenton group, Kenyon, Minn. Fig. 5.— Ctenobolbina spiculosa, n. sp., p. 181 Nearly perfect right valve. Hamilton group, Falls of the Ohio. p'ig_ 6.— Ctenobolbina armata, n. sp., p. 181 A right valve showing the usual characters of the species. Hamilton group, Falls of the Ohio. Figs. 7 to 9.— Ctenobolbina cavimarginata, n. sp., p. 182 7 and 8.— Lateral and posterior views of a left valve, g.— View of interior of another left valve. Hamilton group. Falls of the Ohio. Figs. 10 and II.— Ctenobolbina insolens, n. sp., p. 182 10. — Exterior of a left valve. II. — Interior of another left valve. Hamilton group, Falls of the Ohio. Pig 12. — Ctenobolbina granosa, n. sp., P- 183 A perfect left valve. Lower Helderberg group, .Mbany County, N. Y. Figs. 13 and 14.— Ctenobolbina loculata, n. sp., p. 184 13.— Exterior of a right valve, apparently perfect. 14. — Interior of a left valve. Kinderhook group, Mt. Pleasant, Tenn. Figs. 15 to 18.— Kirkbya cymbula, n. sp P- 184 15. — A right valve. 16.— A left valve, relatively shorter. 17 and 18.— End and ventral views of same. Hamilton group, Falls of the Ohio. Figs. 19 to 22.— Kirkbya germana, n. sp., P- 1S5 19. — A right valve. 20. — End view of same. 2[._ A left valve, relatively longer. 22. — Vertical edge of same. Hamilton group. Falls of the Ohio. The Smu'ual of the (Ciiu Scic, -Natural Histcru. Vol.. XIX. No. VI. Plate VIII /..' -if \ 9 19 17 18 .^^3 14 20 32 fLRicH Paleozoic Ostracodf The Getius Scap/widcus. 187 ARTICLE XX.— THE GENUS SCAPHOIDEUS* Bv Prof. Herbert Osborn, Ohio State University, Columbus. The genus Scap/midens was founded by Uhler in i88g, and made at that time to include the ijiiiiiistus of Say, and the newly described species intricatiis,jucundus, and consors. Du- ring the same year Provancher described anroiiitens, and the number has been further increased by descriptions by Van Duzee and the writer. As material is in hand for the characterization of several new forms, it seems a suitable time to bring together a short resume of the species heretofore described, and attempt a synopsis that shall indicate the affinities in the group. Doubt- less additional species will come to light, but it is believed that a sufficient number are in hand to give a basis for a natural grouping, and to indicate the character of the fauna in the genus. The generic characters, as given by Uhler, are "Form of rhlepsius lacerdae Sigt. Head triangular, flat above, vertex almost as long as the width between the eyes, subacuminate at tip, the base deeply sinuated ; front longer than wide, deltoid, with the sides near the tip moderately curved, tylus liguliform ; cheeks broad, curved, expanded to behind the middle of the eye, acutely tapering at tip and hardl}^ enclos- ing the entire lora, the lora diagonal, acute at each end. Antennae long and slender. Pronotum sublunate, more curved anteriorly than sinuated posteriorl5^ Wing- covers moderately narrow, longer than the abdomen, curved, valvate, the costal areole long, narrow, destitute of cross veins, fol- lowed by a gradually widening cell, beyond this are four apical cells of large size and mostly broad triangular figure ; wings with the two apical middle areoles long and narrow, narrowing at base towards the cross-vein. Abdomen moder- ately long and narrow." As so defined the genus may include species which ap- proach quite closely to Dcltoccphalus, or, as suggested by * Contributions from the Department of Zoology and Entomology of the Ohio State University, under the direction of Prof. Herbert Osborn, No. 3. JOUR.CIN.SOC. N.AT. HlST.VOL. XIX, NO.6., \ PRINTED JUNE 26. I900. i88 Ciuchniati Society of Natural History. Uhler, to Platynictopius of the forms with short vertex. Indeed it seems probable that the genus is an offshoot of Dfltocrphalus, which view is further strengthened by the fact that it is strictly American in its distribution, and has a much more restricted distribution than Deltocephalus. On the other hand some of the species show affinities with Paramesus, Eutetfix, and PJilepsius. A.S used in this paper the characters of most importance are the deeply sinuate occiput, the long antennae, the large lorae, approximate to margin of cheeks (except in sanctns group), the narrow vertex, the width and length of which are usually about equal, and the recurved nodal or costal veins. The clypeus is usually widened at tip, and for the more typical members of the genus the outer ante-apical cell is narrowed behind, becoming pointed, and, in some species, stylate. The characters found to be most available in separating the species are in the genitalia, the elytial veins, especially those of the nodal region, and the shape of the vertex. The latter are perhaps most constant, and have been relied on where other characters have seemed too variable to afford definite results. The separations into the principal divisions are easily made, and the affinities indicated seem well fixed. Not so much can be said regarding the minor divisions, especially the species grouped together in the immistns division. The use of the claval veins, though affording the best basis apparent in material in hand, may be found insuf- ficient in larger series. It is hoped that the)' may at least serve a useful purpose in facilitating the recognition of sev- eral species, the precise limits of which are rather difficult to define. It appears to me that the affinities of the genus are more nearly with Deltocephalus and Platymetopius than with the Athysanini of Van Duzee, for while the second cross vein is usually wanting, the eyes are placed near together, so the vertex is but little wader than long, and in some cases even longer than wide. The species occur in wooded places, and probably occur for the most part on trees or shrubs, as those species for which The Genus Scap/ioideiis. 189 any record of food plant is given include Crata.'gus, oak, grape, spice bush, witch hazel, etc., but in very few cases have food plants been carefully determined, especially for the larvae. I have had for study collections from the National Mu- seum, the Iowa State College, and some fine series of speci- mens from Mr. E. D. Ball, Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, Mr. Otto Heideman, and Prof. R. H. Pettit, for all of which I take the opportunity to express my obligations. This, with the material in ray own and the Ohio State University collections, forms an aggregation of several hundred specimens. The genus is strictly American, and the more typical members, ii)i)iustns and allies, are found mainly east of the Rocky Mountains; sca/an's and allies cover a wider range, and with fascia fits extends the range of the genus into subtropical region. Synopsis of the Species. A Lorae remote from the margin of the cheeks; common elytral picture cruciate; claval vein straight, meeting suture at acute angle. a Face with two dark fasciae, beside frontal arcs, vertex obtuse. d Length 4mm. vertex obtuse fascia/us n. sp. bb Length 5mm. vertex subacute saiictiis Saj- aa Face yellow without cross bands, vertex acute. . . .picturatus Osb. AA Lorae contiguous to, or merging with, border of cheeks, elytral picture not cruciate, outer claval vein curved or hooked at distal end. a post nodal cell slightly widened posteriorly, outer ante-apical cell with nearly parallel sides, nodal vein or veins not reflexed. b Post-nodal cell without cross veins, (^ plates prolonged into long flaccid or filamentous tips. c Nodal vein arising from discal cell aiiroiiitois Prov. cc Nodal vein arising from ante-apical cell. d Vertex flat with transverse impressed line, edges acute jucundiis Uhl. dd Vertex convex, no impressed line, edges rounded. e Vertex wider than long, obtuse or rounded. f Vertex sub-acute, size large consors Uhl. ff Vertex obtuse or rounded, size gmall. .Diexicantis n. sp. ee Vertex as long or longer than wide, acute, .scalaris Van D. bb Post-nodal and costal cells with cross veinlets, elytra with numerous ramose lines in the cells lobatiis Van D. aa Post -nodal cell much widened at distal end, outer anteapical narrowed posteriorly acute or stylate, (^ plates not prolonged in flaccid tips. 3 190 Ciiiriniiati Soric/v 0/ Natural Ilislory. b Outer claval not stronj;ly hooked at distal end ; cross nervnre to claval suture indistinct or wanting. c Outer claval sinuate approaching? inner near its middle. (/ Light ochreous, +• ultimate ventral segment truncate or slightly notched ochracens Osb. dd Marked with fuscous, 9 ultimate ventral segment pro- duced product us n. sp. cc Outer claval nearly straight and parallel to inner, curved at tip. d ^ ultimate ventral segment carinate toothed at middle, carivatns n. sp. dd 9 ultimate ventral segment not carinate or toothed. e Head and pronotum ivory white or yellowish, intricatus Uhl. ce Head and pronotum with darker areas luteous or fulvous, lutcolus Van D. /V; Outer claval strongly hooked at distal end usually w-ith distinct cross nervure from outer claval to claval suture. c No distinct cross vein between claval veins; colors gray or brown marked with fuscous inuiiistus Saj' cc Usually a distinct cross vein between the clavals. d Outer claval approximating claval suture posteriorly; face black iiirtauotus n. sp. dd Outer claval remote from claval suture posteriorly. e Vertex ol)tusely angulate; apex of elytra fuscous or black, obtusus n. sp. ee Vertex more produced, sub acute; elj-tra entirely gray, ciuerosus n. sp. SCAPHOIDEUS FASCIATUS n. sp. (Plate X, Fig. i). Elytral picture similar to that of sanctus and picturaius. Face with two conspicuous transverse fuscous bands con- tinued on sides. Length to tip of el54ra, ? and d 4 mm. Vertex impressed, rounded in front, the margin obtuse, length three fotirths of width, space between eyes and eye on pronotum eqtial ; front at apex equaling base of clypeus; clypeus elongate, scarceh' widened at tip; lorae distant from margin of cheeks, oval, the border touching clypeus and front, evenly btit slightly convex. Pronotum verj' convex in front, truncate behind, lateral margins very short. Elytra with narrow appendix, the post-nodal cell widening rather sharply behind. Color: Vertex white, two dark points near apex and two lighter quadrate or transverse fuscous spots midway from The Genus Scaphoideus. 191 base to apex. Face white, two marginal bands above and two broad fuscous fascia across, one including antennal pits and continued below eyes across pleural pieces of thorax, the other including apical half of clypeus, lower part of cheeks and continued on anterior coxae. Pronotum white with faint infuscation, scutellum white, basal angles dark; elytra when closed with a common fuscous cruciate mark as in sa)ictus, but the hinder bars extend only to the middle of the disk, from whence a fuscous band runs to the suture at apex of clavus, the entire cross bordered with dark fuscous or black; the white base of the clavus parallels the edge of the scutellum, a white bar crosses the clavus obliquely near tip, and hyaline discal and apical spots are bordered with white; post-nodal and two or three apical cells fuscous. Beneath whitish ventral segments bordered with fuscous, and with a fuscous median line. Genitalia: + last ventral segment concavel)' excavated; pygofer and ovipositor short, pygofer embrowned at base. c? valve short; plates oval, short, half as long as pygofer, bluntl}' rounded at apex with a discal brown fascia. Four specimens from Port au Prince, Haiti, through the kindaess of Mr. E. D. Ball. One specimen d" , Frontera, Mexico (C. H. T. Townsend) is also referred here. While the material in hand presents differences that have been thought sufficient to separate this form from the sanctns Say as referred by Van Duzee, it is possible that additional material may connect them, when the range of the species would cover the Gulf States, Atlantic coast of Mexico, and West Indies. However, the vertex is much more obtuse than in Florida specimens, especially of males, and the size averages much smaller. Scaphoideus sanctus Say. Jassus sanctus Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. VI., p. 306 (1831). Complete writings ed. by Le Conte, Vol. II. p. 383 (1869). Walker, Homop. Vol. IV. p. 1164 (1S52). Scaphoideus sanctus, Van Duzee. Cat. Trans. ku\. Ent. Soc, Vol. XXI., p. 300. "5. J. sanctus — Hemelytra w^hite, wath a common brown cruciate mark. Inhabits Indiana. Body yellowish white; 192 Cinciiniufi Sociefy of Xatioal History. head sub-acute, with two minute fuscous points near the tip, and an undulated line on the anterior edge; thorax dusky across the middle; hemelytra white, somewhat opalescent, with a common large cruciform mark on the middle composed of brownish spots with blackish edges, and including a whitish common spot ; tip with large spots; venter with a dusky band and small lateral spots; feet immaculate. Length to tip of hemelytra nearlj- one-fifth of an inch." (Say.) The form w^hich Van Duzee has referred to sanctns Say occurs in Florida, Mississippi, and Texas, but I know of no specimens from the latitude of Indiana, the type locality. The specimens which formed the basis of Van Duzee's refer- ence agree in most respects with Say's description, but pos- sess two dark fasciae across the face, a point not mentioned in Say's description. There are also fuscous annulations on the legs, which would seem to be excluded by the "feet immacu- late"' of Say's description. On the other hand my picfiiratus occurring nearer the type localit}" agrees very well in these respects, but has the vertex entirely too prominent and sharp to be called "sub-acute." It seems, therefore, the better plan to follow Van Duzee's reference until sufficient material is available to determine positively that it should be changed. A change, if not supported b}- future collecting in the type locality of Say's species, would onl}- add greater confusion, which should be avoided if possible. The specimens of this form in hand, and which include the Florida specimen of Van Duzee's reference, have the head sub-acute with four distinct transverse spots on the vertex behind the transverse impression, and in some there is a trace of a minute pair of apical dots. The band on pro- thorax is finely transversely irrorate in female, and broken into four oval black spots in the male. The last ventral seg- ment of female is very short, bisinuate, and with an elevated polished black area at middle. The male vertex is slightly more produced, and the genital valve is very small, oval, the plates short and oval with a dark submargin. As compared with the Haitian s^i^oA^s, fasciatus, the vertex is much more acute, and the marks on head and pronotum more distinct. Specimens from Texas show some tendency to vary between 6 The CciiKS ScaphoidcHS. 193 these forms, and it is possible intergrades may be found in the Mexican fauna. One specimen from Florida in the Van Duzee collection, three from Texas, collected by Aaron, in collection of Iowa State College, one male from Florida from Prof. H. A. Gossard, and one male from Jacksonville, Fla , from Mr. Heidemann, represent the material in hand. SCAPHOIDEUS PICTURATUS Osborn (Plate IX, Fig. I) Scaphoideus picturatus Osb. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci.,V.,p. 243 (1898). Color pattern very similar to sa)ictus. Head m-ore sharply angular, reflexed veins less oblique or indistinct. Length to tips of elytra, female 5 mm., male 4 mm. Vertex sharply angulate at the tip, as long as width be- tween ^he eyes, and nearl}' twice as long at middle as next eye. Front very slightly widening next antennae, tapering uniformly to base- of clj^peus; clypeus with sides parallel, base and apex convex; lorse small, suboval; genae roundingly angulate below the eyes. Pronotum sharply arcuate in front, truncate behind, lateral margin extremely short ; scutellum small, the elytra with the post-nodal veinlets irregular, the first either absent or not reflexed, the second strongly re- flexed, the middle and inner anteapical cells with distinct or obsolete cross nervures. Color: Vertex, anterior part of pronolum, scutellum, face, pectus, venter and margin of abdomen above, yellow or greenish-yellow; two minute points next each eye, two short oblique lines near tip, and a very slender median line on vertex, three or four strongl}^ curved arcs on the front, the margins of the olivaceous areas, an oblique band near the tip, and a submarginal border on the elytra, fuscous. The elytra are fusco-olivaceous, interrupted with ivory white as follows; a broad oblique band on the base of corium and clavus paralleling the sides of the scutellum, a discal spot at forking of the first sector, a commisural spot and a broad band across the base of the anteapical cells. The nervures are white on the white portions and also in the fuscous part at apex. Genitalia: Female, ultimate ventral segment short, slightly notched on the median line; pj'^gofers thickly set towards tip 194 Ciiiriiunrfi Socirfy of Xatural Ilisfory. with rather fine bristles ; male, valve small ; plates long, taper- ing gradually to the obtuse tip, exceeding the short pygofers. Both plates and pygofers are finely ciliate with pale hairs. One female was received from Prof. H. Garman, Lexing- ton, Ky., and one male was collected at Burlington, Iowa, vSeptember 5, 1S97. Specimens are in hand from St. Louis, Mo., and West Virginia. I have noted under sain/ us the possibility that this form, since it comes nearer the type locality and agrees better in some points, may in reality be the form to which Say's description applies. SCAPHOIDEUS AURONiTENS Prov. (Plate X, Fig. 2). Scaphoideus auroiiifeiis Provancher. Petite Favme Canadienne, III, p. 277 (1889) Van Duzee Catalogue. Trans. Am. Eut. Soc, XXL, p. 301. Osborn and Ball. Proc. la. Acad. Sci., IV., p. 232 (record). Nodal vein arising from discal cell. Last ventral segment of female deeply cleft. Length to tip of elytra, ? , 4.50-5 mm; cf , 4.50 mm. Vertex slightly wider than long, sub-acute. Front nar- rowing uniformly, clypeus long, lorse reaching margin of cheeks. Nodal vein arising usually well in front of outer anteapical cell and from the discal cell. Color light yellow, the vertex and front margin of pro- notum with prominent orange red transverse spots. A short transverse line and a broader line parallel to tuargin on upper margin of vertex, black. Genitalia: Last ventral segment of female cleft to near its base, each lobe long, rounded at tip ; pygofer scarcely exceeded by the ovipositor with short, brown bristles. Male valve small, short, plates elongate triangular, an impressed line parallel to outer margin, and with a long, .slender filament finely ciliated reaching far beyond tip of pygofers. This species was described from Canada, and Van Duzee gives Canada, New York, and Mississippi for its distribution. It occurs abundantly at Ames, Iowa, during July and August, and I have it from Columbus, Ohio. Specimens are also in hand from Washington, D. C. (Heidemann), so that it may be expected to occur generally from Canada to the gulf, and The Genus Scap/wideiis. 195 west to the plains region. It is a well marked species, and apparently subject to very little variation. While in some respects similar to Jncuiidus, and apparently referred to by Uhler as a variet}^ of that species, the striking orange marks, the deeply cleft female segment, and the point of origin of the nodal vein make it easily separable. SCAPHOIDEUS JUCUNDUS Uhler (Plate IX, Fig. 2; Plate X, Fig. 3), Seap/ioideiis jiicundiis Uhler. Trans. Md. Acad. Sci., I, p. 34 (1S89), Van Duzee, Can. Ent. XXI, p. 11, 1889 (mention). Van Duzee. Trans. Am. Eut. Soc, XXI, p. 300. Fulvous, elj'tra with numerous milky oval spots. Nodal vein arising from the anteapical cell. Length to tip of elytra, 9 , 6-6.25 mm., c?, 5-5.25 mm. Vertex flat, slightly depressed, acute, edges thin; front narrowing uniformly to clypeus. Elytra with claval veins but slightl}' curved apicallj', and the transverse vein between outer claval and claval suture indistinct. Color: Head, thorax and elytra rich, tawny 5'ellow, a cen- tral line on vertex, on pronotum, and oval spots on elytra, milky white. An obscure line bordering anterior margin of vertex, and a more distinct one bordering the upper margin of front, black. Genitalia: 4 , last ventral segment longer at middle than at sides, nearly uniformly curved; pygofers short, with scat- tered brown bristles a little thicker toward the tip. cf, valve narrow, short; plates slender, acuminate, about half as long as pygofers, with flaccid prolongations which reach about to tip of pygofers. Uhler does not state locality, but his description was probably from specimens collected in Maryland. Van Duzee gives records for Canada and New York. It was taken abundantly at Ames, Iowa, in August and July. Specimens in hand from the National Museum are marked " St. Agnes," "Sept.," "Oct.," and "Nov.," on "Oak." One from Wash- ington, D. C, Oct. (Heidemann). The vividly colored variety mentioned by Uhler would seem to correspond with auronitens Prov., the different structural characters of which have been noted. 196 Cimiiiinr/i Sorir/y of Xaiura/ History. ScAPHOiDEUS CONSORS Uhler. (Plate X, Fig. 4). Scaphoideiis consors Uhler. Trans. Md. Acad. Sci., I, p. 36 (1889), Van Duzee, Catalogue Jassoidea, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, Vol. XXI, p. 300- Ochreous brown, marked with white and fuscous. Vertex wider than long, angulate. Length to tip of elytra 5- 25-5 75 """■ Head rather obtusely angulate in front; vertex, length five-sixths of width, front with sides nearly parallel, narrow- ing sharply to apex; clypeus widening at tip; lorse broad, outer border semi-circular, reaching to or merging with border of cheek. Nodal vein of elytra arising from outer anteapi- cal cell. Color: "Dull, pale, clay brown inscribed with white and fuscous." Genitalia: ? , last ventral segment long, hind margin sinuate, scarcely notched at center, lateral angles rounded; pygofers moderatel}' robust, with light brown bristles scat- tered over the surface, and more numerous near tip. Specimens referred to this species are in hand from New York (South wick), Washington, D. C. (Mally), and from National Museum, " Rela}' Station, Md.," and " Texas (Bel- frage)." While it is difficult to locate very positive characters, there seems to be, as stated by Van Duzee, sufficient reason to separate it from scalaris. However, m}' material of t^'pical consors, or of specimens that would show its affinities with other forms, is too scanty^ to permit of definite conclusions. Var. unicolor. n. var. (Plate X, Fig. 5, ^a), similar in size and shape to consors, but of a dense brown color with mark- ings nearly or entirely obliterated. Face uniform brown, pectus and venter dark brown or fuscous. Ocelli red. Elytra dark brown, nodal vein broadly and densel}^ marked with fuscous. The last ventral segment of female is shorter, more truncate, and the pygofers short, more robust, and bristles confined more to margin and tip. The cf' valve is large, rather narrow, plates elongate triangular, outer margin slightly convex, the flaccid tips rufous and reaching to bej^ond tip of pygofers. One specimen, Berkele}- Springs, W. Va., and three, Deca- tur, Ala., received from Mr. E. D. Ball. 10 The Genus Scafyhoidetis. 197 The specimens in hand taken alone might be considered a distinct species, but while there is a decided difference in genitalia from what I conceive to be typical coisors, the shape of the head, and the probability that absence of markings is due to suffusion of color, makes it seem best to consider it, for the present at least, as a variety. ScAPHOiDEUs MExiCANUS n. sp. (Plate X, Fig. 6, 6a, 6b.) Resembles scalaris, but with vertex more rounded in front and the genitalia elongate. Length to tip of elytra ? , 5.25 mm; d 5 mm. Vertex wider than long, length five-sixths of width, rounded in front, and margins rounded over to cheeks. Front narrow ; clypeus elongate and widened at tip ; lorae long, reaching almost to margin of cheek. Pronotum wide, twice as wide as long, lateral margin rather short, rounded, hind margin truncate or scarcely emarginate. Clavus with cross veins from the outer vein to claval suture conspicuous, apical ends of the claval veins distinctly bent, nodal vein arising from outer anteapical cell. Color and markings like scalaris : vertex j-ellow with fus- cous lines in front and two rather prominent spots near center, curved light bands less distinct than in scalaris ; front 3'ellow- ish with suture and the semi- arcs of front fuscous. Elytra subhyaline with elongate whitish spots on clavus, discal and inner anteapical, which alternate with fuscous fasciae. Apical cells wnth fuscous spots and margin. Genitalia: 9, last ventral segment long, lateral angles rounded, apex truncate: pygofers long, slender, a few light bristles along the margins, and larger darker ones near the tip. cf, valve short but distinct, hind border with obtuse process at center; plates narrow, elongate, triangular, outer border straight, reaching about three-fourths the length of the pygofers before becoming flaccid, the flaccid tips extend- ing beyond the tip of pygofer. Four specimens collected at Orizaba Mex. (H. O.), January, 1892, and one specimen Frontera, Tobasco, Mex. (Townsend). In shape of vertex this comes nearer censors, but in other points it more closeh' resembles scalaris. Consors, scalaris, this form, and the var. luiicolor of consors form a closely related 198 Ciiniiinafi Sotir/y of Xahira/ History. group, and very likely may prove to be geographical forms. This may be determined by comparisons of full series of material for the intermediate territory or by ]>reeding, but until so proven it will be more satisfactorj' to retain their distinctions. ScAi'iioiDivUS SCALARI.S VauDuzee. (Plate X, Fig. 7, 7a, 7b). Scaphoideus scalaris VanDuzee. Entomologica Americana, VI, p. 51, 1890. Catalogue Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, XXI., p. 300. Osborn & Ball. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., IV, 232 (Record). More slender than consors, vertex as long or longer than wide, apex prominent, though obtuse at tip. lycngth to tip of elytra 5 mm. Vertex long; as long as width, and in some cases one-fifth longer; front narrow, sides nearly straight and parallel; clypeus widening gradually to tip; lorae long, reaching mar- gin of cheek. Pronotum half as long as wide, hind border slightly concave. Cross veins between outer claval and suture obscure. Color, light testaceous, intricately marked with fuscous, ocelli white. Genitalia: 9 , last ventral segment long, narrowed toward tip, lateral angles rounded, apex truncate or slightly excised; pygofer rather broad at base. S , valve very small or hidden, plates slender, triangular, reaching to middle of pygofers, their flaccid tips ciliate at end and reaching to lip of pygofers. A very abundant species in Iowa and west to the Pacific coast. Numerous specimens collected at Ames, Iowa, July, August, September and October. One Burlington, Iowa. One Columbus, Ohio; Phoenix, Ariz., May 9, Mex., Pullman, Wash, (from E. D. Ball), California (VanDuzee), Los Angeles, Cal. (Coquillett), Santa Cruz, Cal. (Koebele), Clinic Mts., Ariz. (Hubbard). While there appear to be some slight variations, I am unable to fix upon any distinctive and permanent character to separate the representatives from Mississippi valle}' and Pacific region. The specimens from Pullman, Wash., are a little larger, and, perhaps, more brightly marked than the average from Pacific coast, but not more so than many indi- viduals that can be selected either from California or Iowa. The Genus Scaphoideus. 199 ScAPHOiDEUS LOBATUS VaiiDuzee. (Plate X, Fix. 8.) Scaphoideus lobatus VanDuzee. Bui. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist, V, No. 4, p. 211 (1894). Catalogue Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, XXI, p. 300. Osborn & Ball. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., IV, p. 232 (Record). Light 3'ello\v or white, with black spot.s and lines. Length, 9 , 6 mm. Vertex considerably wider than long, verj^ obtusely angii- lated in front, with scattered black, dark spots, the marginal line broken into spots, or forming a curved line on either side. Costal cell with numerous dark cross veinlets. Genitalia : $ , last ventral segment long at middle, nearly truncate, very slightly notched, d^, valve "small, brown; plates narrow, their slender recurved tips brown and fringed with long white hairs." This species was described from two specimens from Lan- caster, N. Y., and two from New York City. It was taken at Ames, Iowa, by Mr. E. D. Ball, August 7, 1897, and August 13) 1897- I have one specimen from Madison, N. J., taken August 6, 1898, and one from Mr. VanDuzee, taken at Gowanda, N. Y., x\ugust 18, 1898. This species occupies a position by itself, and appears to have affinities with either Eutettix or Paramesus. The post- nodal cell is narrow, and the presence of cross veinlets in the costal cell are exceptional. However, the shape of vertex and front scarcely permit its reference to a different genus, unless one be created for its reception. Scaphoideus ochraceus Osborn. (Plate IX, Fig 3.) Scaphoideus ochraceus Osborn. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., V, p. 242, 1898. Tawny ochraceous and pallid with most of the elj^tral nervures fuscous. Length to tip of elytra, ? 6 mm., d^ 5 mm. Vertex as long as width between the eyes, nearly as long as pronotum, the margin angularly rounded; front, narrow ; margins slightly concave next the antennae, tapering uni- fornil}' to base of clypeus, which it equals in width. Ch pens twice as long as width at base, broadening to the apex, which is distinctly truncate; lorae oval, sub-angulate at tips, twice as long as wide ; genas broad, slightl)- concave below eyes 200 Ci)iiinnafi Socicfy of Natural History. and sub-angulate on margin, forming a narrow margin below lorae. Elytra with costal veinlets very oblique, as in immistiis, the first originating at or just in front of the transverse vein- let ; the second near the middle of the outer anteapical cell ; the third at the end of the anteapical cell, but not touching the apical veinlet. In one specimen an extra obli(|ue vein occurs between first and second. Claval vein curved, no cross vein to suture. Color: Vertex yellow with a broad ochraceous or ochra- ceous-rufus band across the disk, the median portion forming a short curve and reaching the width of the band toward the apex, sometimes almost interrupted; pronotum with two large spots on the anterior margin near the middle: the pos- terior half, except narrow median line, two large lateral spots and a slightly fainter median stripe, a wnde border to nearly all the nervures and the apex of elytra, ochraceous : a spot at end of inner claval nerve, a short line at end of outer claval nerve, an elongate spot at end of clavus, a spot in inner discal area, interrupted lines on the nervures most conspicu- ous on the reflexed veinlets and next the costa and a sub- apical border, fuscous; the elytral cells whitish hyaline. Genitalia : ? , ultimate ventral segment long, the posterior border straight or very slightly produced at the middle. Pygofers full, polished, with marginal and terminal bristles, the latter strong; % , valve very short, transverse; plates broad, roundingl}^ narrowing to obtuse tip with weak mar- ginal bristles; pj'gofers rather broad, extending half their length beyond the plates and set with long, stiff bristles. Collected at Ames, Iowa, from July 29 to August 13. Specimens have also been examined from Gowanda, N. Y. (VanDuzee) and western Pennsylvania (Wirtner). While this species has the general color oi jiicvndus it dif- fers from that species ver}' distinctly in" the oblique reflexed veinlets, and in having the transverse band on the vertex, instead of the two parallel spots. From immistus, intricatns, and luteolus, which it resembles in venation, it differs in color and size. ScAPHOiDEUs PRODUCTUs u. sp. (Plate X, Fig. 9, 9 a, 9 b.) Gray brown, vertex with heavy fuscous crossband produced 14 The Genus Scaphoideus. 201 at center. Female ventral segment produced. Length : 9 , 6 mm. ; d^, 5.50 mm. to tip of elytra. Vertex rather acute, its length nearly equal to its width, front with margins slightly sinuous, apex narrowing slightly but abruptly to clypeus, clypeus narrow, widening abruptly at apex ; lorae narrower than in carinatus, touching margin of cheek. Pronotura lunate, hind border slightly concave. Elytra with claval veins strongly curved at tip, outer ante- apical cell pointed, scarcely stylate, usually three recurved veins arising from anterior part of anteapical cell. Color: Vertex yellowish, a broad fuscous band produced at middle to nearly meet the broken marginal band and shad- ing to light brown posteriorly; face dark above, lighter on lower half; the marginal band, and submarginal arc black, the frontal semi-arcs fuscous and lower part of front lighter, the cheeks under antennge and the apices of lorae fuscous, as also the sutures; pronotum yellowish, with fuscous lateral patches ; elytra whitish or hyaline, with fulvous areas on discal and apical cells, and fuscous patches on clavus inner discal cell, on nodal and apical veins and apical submargin. Genitalia : ? , last ventral segment long, produced at middle, lateral angles rounded, pygofers reaching about to tip of ovipositor, with a patch of black bristles near tip and whitish bristles near middle; cf, valve short; plates broad short, obliquely truncate, flat, lateral margin reflexed, less than half the length of the large pygofers. Described from seven ?s and two J s of which three females were taken at Ames, Iowa, August 3, 1896, August 7, 1897, and October 14, 1S96. One at Sioux City, July 7, 1897. Three - s and one d Onaga Kans. (Crevecour) and one c? from Kentucky (Garman). While this species approaches carinatus in size and general appearance, it is quite distinct from it in the genitalia, and also differs in the shape and markings on vertex and clavus. Scaphoideus carinatus n. sp. (Plate X, Fig. 10, 10 a, 10 b.) Large, light gray, with a heavy cross band on vertex ; last ventral segment of female, with a strong carina and project- ing tooth. Length : 'V , 6.50 mm. to tip of elytra. 15 202 Ciiui/niati Society of .Va///nj/ History. Vertex subangiilate. Length, five-sixths of width, one-half longer at middle than next the eye; front narrow, margins nearly straight ; clypeus widening at tip; lora' large, broad, scarcely reaching border of cheeks; pronotum a little more than twice as wide as long, the hind border scarcely emar- ginate ; elytra broad, the cross vein between outer claval vein and suture obsolete, first anteapical triangular, -pointed behind, scarcely stylate. Color; Dark gray for head and prothorax, light gray for elytra; vertex with a conspicuous transverse fuscous band projected forward at middle, and a heavy fuscous line parallel to the anterior margin each side; face whitish with fuscous borders to the sutures ; pronotum grayish brown with fuscous spots ; elytra whitish, with fuscous veins, the nodal and apical broadly bordered, the claval veins at the strong apical curve crossed by a dark dash, the apex fulvous with a broad marginal fuscous border; legs whitish, with anterior femora blackish, and the usual points on posterior tibiae and tarsi ; abdomen whitish, with blackish washes on segments. Genitalia: Last ventral segment of ? broad, with a strong carina on median line produced into a sharp spur beyond the hind margin. This large and quite distinct species apparenth' belongs to the eastern part of the country, as of the three specimens, all of which are females; one is from Hanover, N. H. (C. M. Weed) ; one from New Jersey (C. W. Johnson) ; and one from Hamburg, N. Y. (E. P. VanDuzee), the last collected July 31, 1898. SCAPHOIDEUS INTRICATUS Uhler. Scap/ioidetis intricatus Uhler. Trans. Md. Acad. Sci., I, p. 34, 1889. VanDuzee Catalogue, Trans. Am. E^nt. Soc, XXI, p. 300, 1894. Osborn and Ball. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., IV, 232 (Record). Vertex scarcely as wide as long, with very faint transverse band and marginal line. Beneath white, except a series of dots on lateral margin of abdomen and a central patch on last ventral segment of female. 9, last ventral segment truncate; pygofers rather long with small dusky patches near the tip each side, a few small 16 The Genus Scaphoideus. 203 scattered white bristles, sometimes embrowned ; coxje and pleural pieces sometimes with fuscous spots. Females of this species are in hand from Ames, Iowa, taken Jul}' 30, 1896, " Onaga Kans," received from Mr. E. D. Ball. " Albion, N. Y., August 27, 1898," from Mr. VanDuzee ; Columbus, Ohio, October 10, 1898; and West Point, Neb. (Bruner). Uhler does not describe the male, but specimens which seem to belong here, and one of which has been so placed by Mr. VanDuzee, may be characterized in this connection. cf. Length to tip of elytra 4 mm. Very light, apparently immature ; vertex borders tinged wnth fulvous ; valve short ; plates elongate, nearh^ as long as pjgofers; outer margins subangulate, sides somewhat reflexed near base, with long white cilia on margin, and a bunch of black hairs beyond their tip on pygofers. One specimen. Agricultural College, Michigan, having date August 3, 1892, kindly loaned me by Prof. Pettit, and four specimens from Ames, Iowa, bearing dates in July and August of 1896 and 1897, collected by Mr. E. D. Ball. These specimens have a peculiarh' immature look, but agree so exactly that they can hardly be considered as such. Their very small size, as compared with 9 intricatus, raises the question whether they are actually males of this species, but the color and markings agree better here than with any other species and the specimens mentioned by Van Duzee from the Agricultural College, Michigan, may have been taken together. According to Uhler, intricafus occurs on Crataegus bushes from early August to late October in Maryland, Virginia, and New Jersey. ScAPHOiDEUS LUTEOLUS Van Duzee. (Plate X, Fig. r i, a, b, c.) Scaphoideus luteoliis VanDuzee, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. V, p. 210. Catalogue Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, XXI, p. 300. Osborn & Ball. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., IV, p. 232 (Record). " Form and size of auronitciis: Length, 4 mm." Vertex scarcely as long as wide, subangulate at apex, mar- gined with a fine line and with a brown transverse band 17 204 Cincinnati Sorir/v of Xaluial History. between the ej^es, which fades out only at hind border of the head. 9 , last ventral segment produced, angles retreating, pygo- fers long and slender, not reaching the tip of the ovipositor. (S' , valve broad, short ; plates large, tapering to a sharp point and reaching about three-fourths the length of the pygofers. Described from Anglesea, N. J. (Smith), and New York City (Southwick). Specimens also referred to this species from Ames, Iowa, (Iowa State College collection), and from I'rbana, 111. (Mc- Elfresh). While the types which have been in hand for examination and some of the other specimens seem quite distinct, there are others evidently belonging here, which vary toward immistus. The male plates, however, seem to furnish a good character. One specimen (Baker collection) is labeled " Willow, September 8." ScAPHOiDEUS IMMISTUS Say. (Plate IX, Fig. 4; Plate X, Fig. 12.) Jassus immistus Say. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., VI, p. 306 (1831). Jassus immistus Harris. Geology of Mass., 2d Ed., p. 580 (1835). Jassus immistus Walker. Homop., IV, p. 1163 (1852). Jassus immistus Say. Complete writings edited by Leconte, Vol. II, p. 382 (1869). Jassus immistus VanDuzee. Canadian Entomologist, XXI, p. 11, (1889). Scaphoideus immistus Uhler. Trans. Md. Acad. Sci., I, p. 33, (18S9). Scaphoideus immistus Provancher. Pet. Faune. Ent. Can., Ill, p' 276, (1889). Scaphoideus immistus VanDuzee. Psyche., V., p. 3S9 (1S90). Scaphoideus immistus Harrington. Ottawa Naturalist-, VI, p. 32, (1892).' Scaphoideus immistus Osboru. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci., I, Part 2, p. 125, {1892). Scaphoideus immistus Southwick. Science, XIX, p. 288, (1892). Scaphoideus immistus VanDuzee. Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., V, p. 190, (1894). Scaphoideus immistus VanDuzee. (Catalogue) Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, XXI, p. 300, (1894). Usually light brown or fulvous with fuscous markings. Length to tip of elytra 5.50-6 mm , d" 4.75-5 mm. Vertex as long as broad, sub-acute, a narrow, unbroken black line on anterior margin, and a transverse brown or fus- 18 The Genus Scaphoidetis. 205 cous band between the eyes with a projecting tooth at center, base and anterior part white or j-ellowish white. Face white, two black lines on upper part. Pronotum more than twice wider than long, brown with transverse whitish band in front of the middle, often with light median stripe back from this to posterior margin. Elytra cupreous brown with whitish hyaline spots; two to four oblique reflexed veins from outer anteapical cell or tip of discal cell. Gsnitalia: ?, ultimate ventral segment truncate or ver}' slightly produced at center, sometimes barely notched at middle on hind border, black patch covering central part about half way to base; J, valve short; plates short, outer margin curved or sub angular. Widely distributed in United States. Specimens are in hand from Vermont, New York, New Jersey, Pennsj-lvania, Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Col- orado, Michigan, District of Columbia, Alabama, Texas, and California. This species presents great variability, and many of the variations seem to defy limitation, passing b}- such insensible grades as to make precise definition impossible. The follow- ing forms seem to be fairly well defined, and are characterized as a step toward the designation of limits, which may be pos- sible when food plants and larval characters are known. Some, indeed, seem so different in size and other charac- ters as to be worth}' of specific distinction, but' these differ- ences seem to me to be too inconstant to fully warrant other than varietal distinction. \^ar. minor, n. var. Length ?, 5 mm; cf , 4.25-4.50 mm. Vertex slightly more obtuse than tj-pical inuiiistus, face often deeply infuscated. ? , last ventral segment usually slightly produced, and generally appearing somewhat carinate, due to compression against ovipositor, d plates folded at sides and apparently longer than in tj^pical ivwiistus. Ames, Iowa; July and August. Abundant. Var. major, n. var. Length to tip of elytra, * 7 mm, d^, 6mm. Vertex with dark fuscous cross band with a liguliform projection at middle, marginal line broad and broken at apex. Face infuscated, especially at sutures. ^ , ultimate ventral segment very slightly produced, pygofers long. cT plates broad, scarceh' reflexed at sides, sub-angulate at outer mar- 19 2o6 Cincinnati Society of Naturat History. gii), almost truncate at tip, a little more than half the length of pygofers. Ames, Iowa; Urbana, 111., (McKlfresh) ; West Virginia (Heideman). This variety, as compared with )iii>ior, is very different, and it is onlj' as they are compared with typical /////uistus that they can be conceived to have any specific relationship. Var. incisjts n. var. Size of typical iinDiistus, but with markings very distinct, and with the last ventral segment of the female distinctly incised at center, and the male plates broad. SCAPHOIDEUS MELANOTUS n. sp. (Plate X, Fig. 13). General aspect of iiiunistus above, face intensely black, female genital segment strongly produced and notched. Length ^ , to tip of elytra, 5 mm. Vertex, three fourths as long as wide, anterior margins slightly curved, apex obtuse; front narrow; clypeus long, widening at apex; lorae large, reaching nearly to tip of clj^- peus, and leaving only a verj- narrow margin of cheek. Pro- notum short, lateral margin short, posterior margin emar- ginate. Elytra with post-nodal cell very wide behind, two or three very oblique nodal veins, outer claval vein very strong, strongly hooked distally, approximating claval suture, and with the cross vein to suture near base. Color: Vertex whitish with a rather faint brownish nar- row band with darker dot at center, a narrow line parallel to the anterior margin. Face jet black except white point just below apex and on tip of clypeus. Pronotum whitish with large fuscous patch each side, fulvous band broken in front, and fulvous broken band behind. Elytra with marginal lobes on clavus, oblique spots either side of transverse vein, costal and post-nodal cells, white or pale yellowish; claval suture, margin of veins, part of discal anteapical and apical cells, fulvous ; base and interlobular spots of clavus, lines on the veins and spots in discal, anteapical, and apical band, dark fuscous or black. Dorsum black with j^ellow border ; below, pectus soiled white with spots on legs, base of abdomen, bands on ventral segments and large spot on last ventral segment, black. 20 The Genus Scapfwideus. 207 Genitalia: Ultimate ventral segment V , long, much pro- duced, notched medially. Except for very diflferent shape of genital segment this might be considered an extreme melanotic variety of immistiis, but it is smaller, and the points noted seem so well marked that until intermediate forms are found it must be considered as distinct. Described from three specimens, all females, two of which are from Texas (U. S. N. M.), and one from Hyattsville, Md., collected by Mr. J. S. Hine, July 9, 1899. ScAPHOiDEUS OBTUSUS n. sp. (Plate X, Fig. 14). A broad gray band from pronotum to anteapical cells. Length, 9, to tip of elytra, 5 mm. Vertex depressed, obtuse, nearly twice as wide as long, anterior margins curved, minutely carinate ; front narrow, sutures converging but slightly till near the tip; clypeus long, slightly enlarging to apex; lorse large, almost reaching tip of clypeus and outer margin of cheek. Pronotum short, lateral margins flaring, posterior margin evenly concave. Elytra, appendix wide; post-nodal cell widening to apex and sharply angular within, post-nodal vein slightly curved and oblique ; outer claval vein hooked, remote from suture dis- tally, with distinct cross veins at base to suture and to inner vein. Color : Head and thorax nearly white or light yellow; vertex cream white with a broad fuscous band between the eyes enlarged at center to form a blunt point before and behind, anterior margin showing a narrow black line; face black, the disk less dense and the frontal arcs not entirely hidden. Pro- notum fuscous or black with a milk}^ median cross and pos- terior border and some fulvous dots on anterior margin; scu- tellum fuscous with the usual picture in white. Elytra white except lines on the nervures, a basal spot next costa, the anteapical cells and a terminal band, which are fuscous or black. Abdomen below black with white margins. Below, pectus black with white markings, legs white, venter white, black at base and on discs of segments and apex of last ven- tral segment. 2oS Cnic'uniati Society of Natural History. Genitalia: 9 , iilliinate ventral segment long, produced in middle, apex rounded. 1 last ventral segment narrow bordered with black, valve, plates and pygofer broken off. Described from one > and one cf' from Ames, Iowa, and two 9 s from Urbana, 111., collected by Mr. V. M. McElfresh, and kindly sent to me by Mr. E. I). Ball. This species belongs in the group with melanotus, but is easil)' separated from that species by the broad gray band and position of the claval vein. SCAPHOIDEU.S CINEROSUS U. sp. Ashy gray with dark bauds or lines on vertex, pronotum and elytra. Resembles obtusus but vertex more acute, and the apical portion of elj'tra is not fuscous or black. Length, ? , 4-4-50 mm. Vertex nearly as long as wide, sub-acute ; front tapering uniformly; clypeus widening but slightly at tip; lorse long, reaching margin of cheek. Pronotum longer than the vertex, hind border barely emarginate. Claval veins hooked, outer bent somewhat toward the suture, but not fusing with it, cross veins from suture to outer claval and between the clavals near the base. Color: Light ashy gray; vertex almost white with a light brown crossband between the eyes, and a fine black line, sometimes obsolete, next the anterior margin ; face more or less infuscated, the lower part of cheek usually whitish; cly- peus with a whitish disc. Pronotum light gray with dark patches near lateral hind margin and along anterior border, and two light brown spots near the middle of hinder portion. Elytra ashy gray or whitish, veins infuscated, and faint traces of brownish spots on discal, inner anteapical and apical cells. Genitalia: ? last ventral segment longest at middle, rounded slightly carinate on the middle line toward theapex; pygofers long, slender, with a dark spot near the apex, and scattering white bristles on base and disk, and two brushes of black hairs each side near the apex. Described from specimens collected at Ames, Iowa, by Mr. E. D. Ball, and Urbana, 111., (F. M. E.) 22 The Genus Scaphoideus. 209 Explanation of Plates. Figures 2, 3, 4, of Plate IX, were drawn for the Iowa Experiment Station by Miss Charlotte M. King, and are used here by the kind per- mission of Prof. H. E. Summers, Entomologist of the Station. All other figures are by the author. Plate IX. F'ig. I. Scaphoideus picluratus Osb. a, imago dorsal view; b, face; r, elytron ; d, 9. <'. cf^. genitalia, P- '93 Fig. 2. Scaphoideus jucufidus Uh. rr, imago dorsal view; b, face; r, vertex and pronotum ; d, elytron; e, ^ , f, (^, gen- italia, p. 195 Fig 3. Scaphoideus ochraceus Osb. a, imago dorsal view; b, face; r, vertex and pronotum; «', elytron ; e, 9>yi(J'. genitalia, p. 199 Fig. 4. Scaphoideus imtnistus Say. <?, dorsal view imago of var. major; ^, face; f, vertex of typical ii)iiiiistus ; fl', ely- tron; e, 9, yi c5^< genitalia, p. 204 Plate X. Fig. I. Scaphoideus fasciatus n sp. a, vertex and pronotum; b, face; c, (^ genitalia p. 190 Fig. 2. Scaphoideus auronitens Prov. a, elytron; b, wing, ... p. 194 Fig. 3. Scaphoideus jucundus Uh. elytron, p. 195 Fig. 4. Scaphoideus consors Uh. vertex and pronotum; 4 a, ^ genitalia p. 196 Fig. 5. Scaphoideus consors, var. unicolor face, (T, 9> ^) C? geni- talia, p. 196 Fig. 6. Scaphoideus ntexicanus n sp. vertex and pronotum ; <?, ?» '^i c? genitalia, p. 197 Fig. 7. Scaphoideus scalaris Van D. vertex and pronotum, a, 9, b, rj genitalia, p. 198 Fig. 8. Scaphoideus lobatus Wan T>. &\yiron, ... . . . . p. 199 Fig 9. Scaphoideus productus n sp. vertex and pronotum ; a, face; b, elytron; c, 9 genitalia p. 200 Fig. 10. Scaphoideus carinatus n sp. a, elytron; b, 9 genitalia. . p. 201 Fig. II. Scaphoideus luteo/usWan D. c, elytron ; b, 9. <", cT' ge"i. talia, p. 203 Fig. 12. Scaphoideus iinmistus Say. elytron, p. 204 Fig. 13. Scaphoideus melanotus n sp. elytron p. 206 Fig. 14. Scaphoideus obiusus n sp. elytron, p. 207 23 The Jdnu'ual of the Ciu. Soc. -Natural History. \-or.. XIX. No. \-I. Plate IX. OSBORN, Scaphoideus The 3Iciurnal of thr Cin. ^oc. -Natural HistorD. Vol.. XIX. No. VI. Platk X. >siii.KN. Scaphoideus Bacterial Flora of llic Scnii -Pcxcrt Rcgiou of S civ JMc.vico. 21 1 THE BACTERIAL FLORA OF THE SEMI-DESERT REGION OF NEW MEXICO, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE BACTERIA OF THE AIR. Bv John Weinzirl. The study of the bacterial flora of the semi-desert region of New Mexico was begun about two years ago, the work being undertaken for several reasons. First, the writer is not aware that any similar attempt has been made in this country, and disregarding occasional experiments, perhaps no similar study has been made any- where under the same conditions. The results, then, of such a study possess considerable interest from a purely scientific point of view. In the second place, the results may possess some practical bearing, although this point is not especiall}' emphasized. To mention only a single instance of the pos- sible practical bearings, we may cite the practice of promis- cuous expectoration of the numerous consumptives who gather in this region. This may^ be partly due to the general belief that bacteria cannot live at an altitude of 5,000 feet or above.* The utter falsity of this idea is made only too evident by the experiments presently' to be recorded. No attempt will be made to review the mass of literature that has been accumulated on the subject of air bacteria, for such a review would be quite as useless as it would be laborious. Reference to a few of the historic land- marks in the problem may, however, prove of interest. It is quite certain that the ancient Greeks suspected the existence of organisms in air, causing fermentation and deca}', but they possessed no means for their actual demonstration. The Greeks loved speculation more dearly than scientific demonstration, and so this truth, surmised by them, was destined to remain a secret until Antony von Leeuwenhock, a Dutch lense-maker with scientific inclinations, discovered the bacteria in putrid solutions, in the saliva of the mouth, * The altitude of Albuquerque is approximately 5.000 feet. This, then, would be practically the upper limit of germ life. Jour. Cix. See. N.at. Hist.. Vol. XIX. No. 7. I Printed Dkcember 28. 1900. 212 Ciitciinia/i Sociefy of Xatural History. and in tartar from the teeth. This was in