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“ ee y | ‘ i 588 ANNUATRE DE CHYEY. Bs t 790 .
MM. Laveran et Millon citent ici plusieurs observations.
Le sel de Seignette s’appliquerait sans doute trés-bien s°il était administré , suivant la méthode d’absorption , aux maladies qui se caractérisent par une sécrétion anormale d’acide urique. Ce sel communique, en effet, une activité particuliére 4 la digestion ; Je carbonate alcalin qui se forme est apte 4 dissoudre l’acide urique, et a prévenir ainsila formation des dépéts ; le médicament pénétre sous forme d’aliment , et comme ce dernier semble la cause la plus directe du mal, le reméde se produit aux sources mémes de |’af- fection. '
Aprés avoir étudié les transformations d’un médicament qui pouvait se brdler en partie, MM. Laveran et Millon ont observé le passage d’une substance dont tous les éléments, fortement oxydeés , ne pouvaient contracter dans l'économie animale aucune oxydation nouvelle , ils ont fait choix du sulfate de soude.
Les urines contiennent normalement de l’acide sulfurique com- biné, dont la proportion a été déterminée; elles varient de 2 gr. a 2,5 gr. en calculant sur l’acide sulfurique anhydre SO*. Le sulfate de soude suit dans son passage les mémes régles que le sel de Sei- gnette. A doses fractionnées, les individus vigoureux et convalescents- Yabsorbent et le rejettent sans modification aucune. On fait ar- river ainsi sans efforts 10 et 15 grammes de sulfate de soude dans les urines.
‘Dans des conditions contraires:, lorsque le sujet est faible, lors- que la dose est forte et unique, ou bien sila fiévre agit, si les voies digestives sont dérangées , les urines ne contiennent que la propor- tion normale d’acide sulfurique.
Il est impossible de ne pas remarquer ici que les voies de l’ab- sorption sont paralléles 4 celles de Ja combustion.
L’administration du soufre fournit des résultats négatifs; il ne s’absorbe pas, et n’est oxydé ni modifié en aucune facon.
L’inertie bien constatée de la salicine a fait borner son emploi a quelques cas de fiévre intermittente légére. Il était curieux de sa- voir si cette substance entitrement combustible , mais qui renferme une énorme proportion de carbone, et différe ainsi trés-notable- ment des autres substances alimentaires, ne subirait pas quelque transformation particuliére. Dix individus qui ont fait usage de la salicine , ont constamment offert le méme résultat. Leurs urines contenaient toutes de l’hydrure de salicyle et de Vacide salicylique.
a
OLOGY OF CUVIER,
»
®
\
rgd tate Wer Ov , ales ! _ STUDENTS AND TRAVELLERS. By T) EDWARD BOWDICH, Ese
* ?
TOR OF THE MISSION TO ASHANTEE, MEMBER OF THE WETTERAVIAN “i
SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY.
| ee PARIS, ii PRINTED BY J. SMITH. | | x 1821. ae
PRE F A’G E.
‘Tims Manual is published with the same useful view which has been submitted in the Preface to the ‘ Analysis of the Natural Classification of Mammalia.’
The text is translated from Cuvier, arranged in a ta- bular form, illustrated by figures, and explained by notes comprehending the additional information which I have acquired during a patient study of the subject, preparatory
ae. a 0 to second travel in Africa. A
| “y) %, fi /f A. S317 eel us Bene
THE SECOND CLASS OF VERTEBRATED ANIMALS.
| , BIRDS
“Ane vertebrated oviparous animals, with double respiration and circulation, organized for flight. Their lungs, not divided, fixed against the ribs, (1) are enveloped by a membrane pierced with large holes, which allow the air to pass into several cavities in the breast, the lower stomach, arm-pits, and even the interior of the bones ; so that this fluid not only bathes the surface of the pulmonary vessels, but also that of an infinity of vessels in the rest of the body. (2) Thus, Birds breathe in certain respects by
the branches of the aorta, as well as by those of their pulmonary ~
artery; and the energy of their irritability is in proportion to the quantity of their respiration. Their whole body ts so disposed as to partake of this energy. (3)
(1) The lungs of Mammalia are free and divided, and the dia- _ phragm, which separates the cavity of their breast from that of their belly, does not exist in Birds, i
(2) In Mammalia the inspired atmospheric air proceeds no further than the lungs, where it is immediately decomposed, the oxygen re- maining to purify the blood which has been returned by the veins, and the nitrogen escaping, or (according to recent conclusions on this long contested point) entering into the body in very small portions : we know that nitrogen is found by chemists in all animal substances except fat (which when burned produces water and car- bonic acid in the same proportions as vegetables) ; in plants, it is only found in the Fungi and in the perisperm of the Graminee. The at- ‘mospheric air not only performs its office in the lungs of Birds, but a portion of it proceeds to the aerian cavities (which are membranous
bags, pervading even the substance of the beak and the skims of the Aesoaotd
feathers), insinuates itself between the muscles, and exercises the same salutary action on the blood contained in the vessels of these various parts of the body, as on that which has reached the lungs. The blood of Birds, from this greater proportion of oxygen, is of a much brighter red than that of Mammalia.
(3) The fact that two common Sparrows consume as much air as a Guinea Pig, demonstrates the greater capacity of the smaller frame of Birds, by means of the aeriau cavities. Their system is consequently
( 2)
Their anterior extremities, destined to support them in flight, cannot serve either for resting on or grasping; they are con- sequently biped, and take objects from the ground with their mouth: the body being necessarily inclined forwaltls beyond their feet, the thighs are in advance, and the toes are elongated to form a sufficient hiagist The pelvis or basin is much eatended in length, to furnish an adequate surface for the attachment of the muscles which support the body on the thighs. There is also a suile of muscles going from the basin to the toes, and passing over the knee and heel, so that the mere weight of the bird curves or con- tracts the toes; it is thus that they» are enabled to sleep perched upon one foot.(1) The ischions, and especially the pubes, are — prolonged backwards, and are placed wider apart, to leave the space necessary for the developement of the eggs. See PI. 1.
The neck and beak are elongated to enable viherh to reach the earth, but the former has suidlic eat mobility to bend backwards when the bird is standing still; it has, therefore, many vertebre : on the other hand, the trunk, which merely serves as a support to the wings, is necessarily moveable only in a small degree. The sternum (to which the muscles which lower or depress the wing to strike the air in flight are attached) is of a very great extent, and its surface is further augmented by a plate or keel, projecting
charged with more oxygen, which we know to be the powerful sup- porter of respiration, since a small animal, when confined im oxygen gas, lives thrice as long as another confined in the same bulk of common air. From imbibing ¢ a much greater proportion of this vivifying prin- ciple, Birds enjoy a much greater irritability ; that is, their muscular force and digestive powers are greater, and all their efforts and actions are more energetic, instantaneous, and vigorous than those of larger animals whose construction does not afford these cavities. Irri- tability depends on respiration and circulation; sensibility on the brain - and nerves. It is believed that the high temperature which the bodies of Birds attain, especially when sitting, and that extreme force which they employ in the act of flying, continued for several days, both de- pend on the action of the air on the blood. e
(1) The course of these muscles from the ilium to the nails, is traced in the leg of a common Sparrow, fig. 14. It is evident, that when the angles a a are lessened (on the femur, tibia, and tarsus f t T, becoming more nearly parallel to each other by the stooping of the bird on the perch), the tendons are strained to pass over the additional length created by the greater intervals, 6 c, between the joints, and the toes to which these tendons are fixed are cramped by the action. There is generally a distinct tendon passing to each point of the toes, and they unite above the knee. From the iium to this point of union it isa muscular apparatus, but from thence it becomes tendon,
DSi
| j (5) | from the middle. _ It is formed of five pieces: a middle, of which this projecting plate is a part; two anterior lateral for the attach- ment of the ribs; and two exterior lateral for the extension of its surface. (1) The greater or lesser degree of ossification of the latter denotes more or less vigour for flight. The furcula, pro- duced by the union of the two clavicles, and the two powerful supports or buttresses formed by the coracoid apophyses, (2) keep the shoulders widely apart; the wing sustained by the humerus, by the fore arm, and by the hand (which is elongated, shewing one finger and the vestiges of two others), (5) bears a row of elastic pens along its whole length, considerably extending the surface which strikes or gives the shock to the air. The pens adhering to the hand are called primary, and there are always ten; those which proceed from the fore arm are called secondary, their number varies ; the weaker feathers attached to the humerus are Called scapulary; the bone which represents the thumb has also some pens, called bastards. (4)
(1) These five pieces are only distinct in the young bird; see the sternum of a fowl, fig. 15, from Geotfroy’s Memoir in the 10th volume of the Annales de Musée, wherein he observes, that, in general, one half of the sternal ribs, 7 7, proceed from the anterior laterals, and the other half from the posterior laterals; but it sometimes happens, that the greater number, or even the whole, are attached to the former: a @ are the anterior laterals, p p the posterior; s is the part corres- ponding to our sternum.
(2) See pl. 1. The apophysis is the base or round end of the bone, fitting into the opposite socket; the epiphysis isa small bone articu- lated on the upper surface of the extremity ofa large bone, as in the humerus of pl. 1: the trace of these articulations remains distinct in Mammaitia for six or seven years; but in Birds they are obliterated very soon after birth, their more active life demanding and perfecting an earlier ossification of the epiphysis. We know that the bony matter is deposited by the blood of the arteries, whilst the calcareous is carried. off by the lymphatic vessels; consequently, as the circulation of Birdsis much more rapid, from the stimulus of the greater propor- tion of oxygen, the bony matter is supplied and appropriated much more speedily than in Mammatia.
(3) In Mammalia it is always the middle finger which is rudimen- tary when the others are wanting; hence it is concluded to be the middle finger which is the most perfect in the arm or wing of Birds; see pl. 1, 77.
(4) See fig. 17, the bones of the wing of a common Sparrow; also fig. 16. The primaries are also called the greater remiges, and the secondaries the Jesser; the lower scapularies are called the tectrices majores, the upper the dectrices minores ; the tectrices sca- pulares are situated at the lateral edge of the wing nearest the body
et &)
The bony tail is very short, but it also bears a row of strong pens, which, by spreading, contribute to the support of the bird ; their number is generally twelve, sometimes fourteen, and, in the Gallinacew, even as many as eighteen.
The legs have a femur, a tibia, and a peroneum or fibula, con- nected with the femur by an elastic ligament, by means of which the extension is maintained without any effort on the part of the muscles. (1) ‘The tarsus and metatarsus are represented by a single bone, terminating, towards the base, in three pullies.
There are most {frequently three toes in front, and a great toe behind; the latter is sometimes wanting. ‘The great toe is directed forwards in the Martins. In the Scansores (Climbers) the last as well as the great toe is directed backwards. The number of articulations or joints increases at every toe, beginning with the great toe, which has two; and ending with the last toe, which has five. (2)
Birds are generally covered with feathers, the species of tegu- ment best adapted to defend them from the rapid variations of
of the bird, and are particularly developed in the Alauda (Merops), hanging down between the body and the wing. The bastards form what is sometimes called the aduda ; they are strong feathers, or pens, situated in the upper end of the under surface of the wing, and very much developed in the Genus Falco. The tectrices inferiores are soft feathers between the bastards and the body. The feathers of the tail (which also has its tectrices supertores and inferiores) are called rectrices, from heing compared to a helm.
(1) Ihave attempted to render this clear by the figures 7, 8 and 9. In fig. 7, the ligament is in the relaxed state in which it rests when the femur and tibia are nearly perpendicular, or at least form a very obtuse angle; 7 is a small rise or swelling in that part of the bone, in_ passing over which the ligament is compelled to strain or Jengthen itself, asin fig. 8; directly it has passed this swelling, the strain ceases, and it instantly contracts, resuming the same state as at first, but on the contrary side of the swelling, asin fig. 9. ‘Thus the peculiar jirk in the walk of Birds, particularly in the Gralla, is explained; the exer- tion of the muscles raises the leg and foot from the ground, until the femur and tibia form the angle which strains the ligament to the utmost, as in fig. 8; and the sudden contraction of this ligament spon- taneously raises the foot with a catch or jerk, as much higher from the ground as the gait of the bird requires; in setting the foot to the ground in order to raise the other, the muscles are again called upon to act, until the ligament has resumed the position of fig. 8, its sub- sequent and sudden release and contraction replacing the foot on the ground as at first.
(2) This is also the case with Repéiles ; in Mammalia there are always an equal number of joints to each tee.
ie) temperature to which their movements expose them. The aerian cavities which occupy the interior of their body, and even the place _ of the marrow in the bones, diminish their specific gravity. (1) The sternal portion of the ribs is ossified like the vertebral, in order to give more force to the dilatation of the breast. (2)
The eye of Birds is disposed so as to distinguish near and distant objects equally well. A vascular folded membrane, which pro- ceeds from the bottom of the globe to the edge of the chrystalline, probably contributes to this property, by displacing the lentil. The anterior face of the globe is strengthened by a circle com- posed of bony pieces; and besides the two ordinary eye-lids, there is always a third placed in the inner angle, which, by means ofa curious muscular apparel, can cover the front of the eye like a curtain. (3) The cornea is very convex, but the chrystalline is flat, and the vitrea small.
The ear of Birds has but one bone between the tympanum and the fenestra ovalis ; (4) their helix is a cone, scarcely arched; but their semi-circular canals are large, and lodged in a part of the skull, where they are environed on all sides by aerian cavities, which communicate with the os quadratum. The nocturnal birds alone have a large exterior conch, which, however, does not project like that of quadrupeds ; itis generally covered with feathers with finer beards than the others. (5)
The organ of smell, hid in the base of the beak, has generally
(1) The purpose of this organisation, however, is not well under- stood ; it is not to aid their flight, as we might at first suppose, since the Ostrich and the Casoar are full of these aerian cavities, and yet scarcely fly at all; whilst the Genera Larus and Anus, (with the ex~ ception of the common Duck) and Birds which hunt on the surface of waters, whose frames are comparatively deficient in these cavities, (figeebs-2-%) and whose bones are full of marrow instead of air, fly ex- ceedingly well.
(2) It will be recollected that this part of the ribs is only cartila- ginous in Mammaiia.
(3) This, which is called the nictitating membrane, being trans- lucent, defends the eye of the bird when flying in face of the sun, without obstructing the sight. It is for the same purpose, in fact, as the coloured glass in our instraments for observing the sun. It also protects the eye of the Diving Birds, when under water.
“) In Mammalia there are three, and they are articulated angu- arly. |
(5) We must lay back the feathers with our fingers to discover the conch, which is a thin leathery piece of flesh, in shape not unlike our own ; but the orifice of the ear is behind instead of before it.
(6) ) only cartilaginous ‘cornea, three in number, which vary in com- plication ; it is very sensible, although it has not any sinus hol- lowed outin the thickness of the skull. (1) The width of the bony openings of the nostrils determines the form of the beak; and the cartilages, the membranes, the feathers, and other teguments
which narrow these openings, influence the strength of smell, and —
the kind of nourishment. The tongue has but little muscular substance, and is sustained by a prolongation of the os hyoidis. (2)
The feathers as well as the pens, for they only differ in size, |
are composed of a stem (hollow at its base), and beards, which |
bear others still smaller; their texture, their brilliance, their strength, their general form, varies to infinity, The touch must be weak in all the parts which are covered with feathers; and as the beak is almost always horny, and not very sensible, and the
toes are covered with scales above and a callous skin below, this
sense must be of very little efficacy in birds.
The feathers fall twice every year. In certain species, the winter plumage differs from that of the summer; in the greater number, the female differs from the male by less lively colours, and then the young ones of both sexes resemble the female. When male and female adults are of the same colour, the young ones have a plumage peculiar to themselves.
(1) In Mammaiia, these sinuses (which are distinguished from simple cavities by having a channel of communication with the seat of some organ) are covered, as well as the cornea, with a soft membrane, upon which the branches of the olfactory nerves are distributed: their surface (against which the volatile particles of the effluvia of bodies strike after
passing through the nose) is thus much more developed or spread, and —
consequently more susceptible. The tracing of the olfactory nerves to the palate, by Jacobson, satisfactorily accounts for the intimate sympathy between taste and smell. The projection of forehead in the Owl and the Elephant, which induced the ancients to attribute superior wisdom to them, is caused by the large cells between the interior and exterior
sufaces of the frontal bone. In the Elephant they communicate with
the nostrils, and are therefore true sinuses, which probably strengthen the sense of smelling ; but in the Owl they are simple insulated ca- vities.
(2) See fig. 12, wherein c is the cartilaginous prolongation of the os hyoidis, and ¢ the upper part of the évachea, the orifice of which is closed at the pleasure of the animal. Dumeril observes, that the organ of taste scarcely exists in Birds; that, in general, they have no saliva, and swallow their food without mastication. There are some, how- ever, Parrots and Ducks, for instance, which appear to taste their food, and also possess the organs for furnishing saliva.
¢
te
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The brain of Birds has the same general characters as that of
_ other oviparous vertebrated animals, but it is distinguished by a
yery considerable proportionate size, which often even surpasses that of the same organ in Mammalia. Its volume consists prin- cipally of tubercles, analogous to the ‘‘ cannelés,” and not in the hemispheres, which are very thin, and without circumvolutions. (1) The cerebellum is tolerably large, almost without lateral lobes, and almost entirely formed by the vermiform process.
The trachea of Birds has its rings entire; at its bifurcation is a glottis, generally provided with distinct muscles, and called the inferior larynx ; itis there that the voice of birds is formed; the enormous volume of air contained in the aerian cavities contributes to the strength, and the trachea, by its various forms and move- ments, to the modifications of the voice. (2) The superior larynx is very simple, and does not avail much.
The face or superior beak of Birds, formed principally by their intermaxillaries, is prolonged behind in two arcades; the internal
(1) This is the corpus rectiforme, which makes a part of the cere- bellum in Birds; there is no middle lobe, which disappears in all the Mammalia below Apes. Sensibility is considered to depend on the proportion of brain and nerve: in our common Ducks and Fowls, the brain is not more than 1-300th part of the size of the whole body, whilst in Swallows, Parrots, Canaries, and others, it amounts to 1-14th part. Thus, the former, in whom a much smaller proportion of nerve is developed, are unequal to the art of making nests; whilst the latter display much ingenuity in the fabric, know where to find them again after a long absence, whistle and sing in their dreams, and display their superior sensibility in a variety of ways. We know that Swallows fre- quently fall to the ground in fits from their extreme sensibility.
(2) See fig. 13, wherein g is the glottis, which is of a horny sub- stance. In Mammalia the bifurcation takes place without the inter- vention of a glottis. The inferior larynx is enlarged variously (some- times into two large lobes) according to the nature of the voice of the bird. The circles which are continued all round in Birds, extend only half round the trachee of Mammalia. In the latter the voice is formed in the upper part of the trachea ; in the former, in the lower or distinct part of which we have been speaking, and which has a small apparatus within, precisely similar to the mouth of aclarionet; whilst in Mammalia the trachea contains two chords only, which vibrate whenever we choose to pass a current of air through them, and thus produce the voice. This may be demonstrated in a degree by blowing gently through the trachee of Mammalia and Birds, even after dis- section. Referring to this, M. Cuvier, in his Comparative Anatomy, has happily compared the trachea of Birds to a wind, and that of Mam- mali to a stringed instrument. |
co) | of which is composed of the bones of the palate, and the external of the mawillaries and the jugals, both of which rest upon a flexible tympanic bone, vulgarly called the square bone; (1) this same face or front is articulated or united to the skull above by elastic plates; a mode of union which always leaves some mobi- lity. (2)
The horn which covers the two mandibles supplies the place of teeth, and is sometimes prickled in such a manner as to repre- sent them ; its form, as well as that of the mandibles which support. it, varies to infinity, a¢cording to the kind of food to which each species is accustomed. |
The digestion of Birds is in proportion to the activity of their life and the strength of their respiration. The stomach is com- posed of three parts: the crop, which is an enlargement of the esophagus; the succenturium, a membranous stomach, furnished within its cells by a multitude of glands, the juice of which is imbibed by the aliments ; and the gizzard, armed with two vigorous muscles, united by two tendons, radiated and covered withinside by a velvet-like cartilage. (5) The aliments are ground there, and the more easily in proportion as the Birds take the precaution to
(1) In Mammaiia the os quadratum (see fig. 1, pl. 2) makes but one with the temporal; Geoffroy first shewed that it was distinct in the 2d, 3d, and 4th Classes of Vertebrated animals. In the Genus, Testudo of the 3d, it appears scarcely separated, as if in the act of quii- ting the temporal.
(2) See the skull of a Duck, figs. 1 and 2: the maxillary ceases at the small rising which indicates its articulation with thejuga/. The upper mandible being united to the skull by an elastic plate (p. fig. 3.) like a very thin slip of whalebone, has the power of raising itself towards the forehead ; a motion impossible to the upper jaws of Mammalia.
(3) Fig. 11 was drawn from a preparation of the inside of a common fowl; @ is the esophagus; s the succenturium, and g the gizzard, which communicates internally at c; dis the duodenum or the first 12 inches of the intestines. The crop, or prolobus (p.), is represented empty; when full, it swells out like that of the Vulture, fig. 29. Fig. 6 is the stomach of the Heron; fig. 5 of the Procellaria Pelagica; fig. 4 of the Ostrich: the crop is wanting’ in each, but the succenturium is considerably developed. In the Heron it is confounded with the gizzard, which, however, is easily distinguished by its muscular fibres. In the Procellaria, the swccenturium is very distinct from the gizzard or third stomach. In the Ostrich, the stomach seems divided into two parts; the upper and smaller of the two is more glandulous than the other. The grain or aliment remains long enough in the crop to be mollified by the heat and the humour (analogous to the saliva) which is discharged from its cells; so that, in fact, their food is chewed there,
swallow small stones, to augment the trituration. (2) In the ; ereater number of species which only live on flesh or fish, the muscles and the lining of the gizzard are reduced to an extreme weakness, and it seems to form but a single bag with the suc- centurium. (3) The dilatation of the crop is also sometimes wanting. (4)
The liver pours the bile into the intestines by two conduits, which alternate with the two or three by which the pancreatic liquor passes. (5) The pancreas of Birds is considerable, but _ their spleen is small; they want the epiploon, the uses of which are partly supplied by the cells of the aerian cavities; (6) two blind appendices are placed towards the origin of the rectum, and ata little distance from the anus; they are more or less long, accord- ing to the diet of the bird. (7) The Herons have but one, which is short; other genera, as the Pict, want them entirely.
instead of in the mouth, which is not furnished with salivary glands like ours.
(2) The digestion of Birds is thus assisted by a mechanical in addition to the chemical power.
(3) The most striking proof that it is much more laborious to digest vegetables than flesh, is, that the intestines of the cat, which eats nothing but flesh in its wild state, become one-third longer in the domestic state, when they so frequently eat vegetables and bread: they are known to he the same species.
(4) The Anas and the Insectivores of Temminck (the 4nt Eaters, the Motacille of Lin. Cincli, etc.) also want the crop or prolobus. When the crop, or even the succenturium, is wanting, as in the Aquila, the Bird is supplied either with very long intestines or very long cecums, and the upper part of the gizzard or stomach is generally armed with numerous extra glands, the juices from which compensate in a degree for the absence of the other aids of digestion. This muscular stomach or gizzard of Birds is said to be more fleshy in proportion as the animal possesses a weaker beak, or as its nourishment is more solid. On gquit- ting this stomach, the aliments, reduced to a sort of pap or chyme, pass through the rest of the intestinal canal, wherein the most nutri- tive parts are absorbed for the support or repair of the body; the rest being ejected by the cloaca. Vauquelin discovered twice the quantity of phosphate of lime in the excrements of Birds, which he found in the grains forming their exclusive nourishment.
(5) The secretion of the pancreas is to moderate or soften the strength of the bile.
(6) The epiploén is a sort of web, enveloping the intestines of Mam- malia, to support them in their place, and the injury of which is the cause of hernia or rupture.
(7) The use of the caecum is not known; see fig. 10, c c, those of the common fowl]; this Bird is provided with long cacumsas well as the
ci)
The cloaca is a pocket, in which the rectum, the ureters, and the spermatic Canals, or, in the female, the oviductuses, (1) termi- nate ; its exterior opening is the anus. (2) In general, Birds do not discharge their urine, but it mixes with the solid excrements. The Ostriches, alone, have the cloaca sufficiently dilated for the urine to accumulate there.
In the greater number of genera, copulation takes place by the juxta- position of the anus; the Ostriches and several Palmipedes, however, have a penis, with a deep furrow on the outer surface, by which the seed is conducted. The testicles are situated in the interior, above the kidnies, and near the lungs; there is but one ovary and one oviductus.
The egg detached from the ovary, where the yolk only is per- ceptible, imbibes the exterior liquor, called the white, in the upper part of the oviductus, and is furnished with its shell in the lower part of the canal; the young one is developed by incubation, unless the heat of the climate is sufficient, as it is with Ostriches, It has a horny tip at the end of its beak, which enables it to cleave the egg, and which falls off a few days after birth. (3)
three stomachs, since it feeds almost entirely on grain, which is one of the most difficult aliments to digest.
(1) In the winter season the oyiductuses of Birds are scarcely distin- guishable, on dissection ; but in the spring they are very evidently developed, and the end nearest the ovary enlarges considerably, and environs it, to receive the falling eggs.
(2) In Mammalia, the rectum is continued to the anus, the ureters pass from the kidnies into the bladder, and both these channels and apertures are distinct; in Birds the anus is the inferior opening of a large bag, called cloaca, from its being a reservoir for the faces as well as the secretions, and into which the rectum, the ureters, the spermatic ducts, and the bursa fabricu discharge their contents. ‘The use of the secretion discharged into the cloaca by the bursa fabricii, which does not exist in Mammalia, is considered by some Naturalists to be that of colouring the yolk of the egg. ;
(3) Eggs require a heat of nearly 54° of Farenheit to enable the germ to develope itself. Almost all Birds sit and fast during the incu- bation: they feel a sort of fever produced by maternal love, which sometimes elevates their temperature as high as 79°. We first observe the germ besprinkled with red spots (whieh we soon recognise to he blood vessels) towards the centre, where we next perceive the heart in motion; we afterwards begin to distinguish the head, with two large eyes; the beak, the wings, and the claws are then developed; but all these parts are in a state of considerable softness. The albuminous matter is absorbed in proportion to the developement of the foetus. The yolk does not appear to diminish in size, and it is only at the mo-
Pe ad)
_ Every one knows the varied industry which Birds exercise in the construction of their nests, and the tender care which they take of their eggs and their young ones; il is the principal part of their instinct. Their rapid passage through the different regions of ihe atmosphere, and the lively and constant action of this element upon them, afford the means of presaging variations of ‘the atmosphere of which we have no idea; which circumstance has, from the earliest times, induced superstition to attribute to Birds the power of announcing the future; (1) neither do they want memory, or even imagination, for they dream; and every one knows with what facility they are tamed, allow themselves to be trained to different services, and retain airs and words.
Division of the Class of Birds into Orders.
OF all the Classes of Animals that of Birds is the most marked, that in which species most resemble each other, and which is separated from all others by the greatest interval; its subdivision is consequently more difficult. ,
Their distribution is founded, like that of Mammalia, on the organs of manducation, or the beak; and on those of prehension, that is to say, the beak, and, especially, the feet.
We are first struck with the palmated feet, or those of which the toes are united by membranes, which distinguish all the
swimming birds. The backward position of these feet, the length of the sternum, the neck often longer than the legs (to reach the deeper places), the close smooth plumage (impervious to water), contribute to make the Palmipedes good navigators. In the other Birds which have, generally, some little web, at least between the external toes, we observe elevated tarsi; thighs naked of feathers towards the lower part; a slender shape; in a word, all the construction proper for fording or walking along _ the edges of waters, to search for food. Such in fact is the diet
of the greater number, and, although some live on dry land, they are called Shore Birds or Gralle.
ment when the bird is ready to be hatched, that this humour disap- pears, entering by the naval into the belly of the young bird. The yolk is supposed to be absorbed in the interior of the body, as it passes into the intestines, and may be considered as a sort of milk or first nourishment.
(1) The Palmipedes and Grallx, for instance, always come to land when they foresee a storm; the Procellariz, more especially, amongst the former, and the Fulice amongst the latter. 3
B
eG
aii
(2)
Amongst the true Land Birds, the Gallinacez have, like our domestic cock, a heavy appearance ; short flight; a middle-sized beak, the upper mandible vaulted; the nostrils, partly covered with a soft swelled scale; and, almost always, the toes dentated at the edges, and short membranes between those in front. They live principally on grains.
Birds of Prey have the beak crook’d, with a sharp point, and curved towards the base, which is entirely covered by amembrane wherein the nostrils are pierced ; their feet are armed with strong nails. They live on flesh, and pursue other Birds: most of them, therefore, have a powertul flight. The greater number have a small web between the external toes. .
The Passeres comprehend many more species than all the other Families, but their organisation offers so much analogy that we cannot separate them, though they differ very much in size and strength. Their two external toes are united at their bases, and sometimes in a part of their length. :
Lastly, we have given the name of Climbers to the Birds whose external toe is turned behind like the great toe, because the greater number employ a construction so favourable to the vertical position, in climbing the trunks of trees. _
Each of these orders is subdivided into Families and Genera, principally according to ihe formation of the beak. —
SECOND CLASS OF VERTEBRATED ANIMALS. ORDERS.
1. Accirrrres, Lin.
Beak crook’d.Fig.18. Talons crook’d; 3 Nostrils inserted in a toes before, 1 behind. cera. Fig. 18. A. short membrane, generally, between the two external toes. Fig. | 19.
2. PassEeres.
Allsuch as cannot be classed in the other five orders.
an 4° ee hk xi
wege
¢:
ey 3 he
(13) 3. Scansones, Jiliger. | Grimrevrs, Cuvier. The external toe turned behind with the great toe. Fig. 20.
4. Ganuinaces, Lin.
The upper jaw or ‘The anterior toes mandible vaulted. Fig. united at their base 22. The nostrils placed by a short membrane, ina large membranous dentated along the
_ space from the base of edge. Fig. 23.
the beak, and covered by a cartilaginous scale.
Fig. 21.
5, Grauiz, Lin. Ecuas-
siErs, Cuv. Naked thighs. Fig. a
ad
6. PatMrrepes.
The only birdswhose Palmated feet, for Plumage imbued neck exceeds the length running,onshortcom- with an oily juice; of their legs. pressed tarsi, fixed in skin furnished with a
the hinder part of the thick down. hody. Fig. 25.
Birds of Prey (Accipitres, Lin.) are distinguished or recog- nised by their crook’d beak and nails; powerful weapons, with which they pursue other Birds, and even the weaker Quadrupeds and Reptiles. They are the same, amongst Birds, as the Carni- vora amongst Quadrupeds. The muscles of their legs and thighs indicate the force of their talons ; their tarsi are rarely elongated. They all have four toes and the nails of the great and middle toes are the strongest.
(14 )
ties ~—= ie
LINNAUS’S | DIVISION OF THE ORDER | ; ACCIPITRES INTO GENERA: 1, Vuutours Rostrum rectum apice aduncum. Caput impenne antice nuda cute. Lingua bifida. Collum retractile. 2. Fatco. Rostrum aduncum basi cera instructum. (1) Caput pennis arcte tectum. Lingua bifida. 3. Srnrx. Rostrum aduncum (absque cera). (2) Nares oblongz, pennis setaceis recumbentibus — obtectez. | Caput grande auribus oculisque magnis. Lingua bifida.' 4. Lantus. Rostrum rectiusculum dente utrinque versus
apicem basi nudum. Lingua lacera.
Latham divides the Order Accipitres simply into Genera, as Linnzus has done, but he has removed the Genus Lanius to the succeeding Order, like Cuvier; whilst Bechstein, Temminck, and others, retain it in the present. ‘
(1) Latham also retains this as a distinct character of the Genus Falco, whereas it is evidently common to the Genus V'wltur also.
(2) The cera exists in this Genus, covered wholly, or in part, with stiff hairs. Latham subdivides this Genus into auriculate and inauriculate ; the other Genera present no subdivisions, and thus the traveller, for it may be no inconvenience to the Ornithologist, is perhaps obliged to search through 41 closely printed 4to. pages to find a species of Falco. The admirable sagacity and laborious observation of Linnzus, although he founded his system on the exterior of animals, led him to foresee many of the peculiarities of their interior construction, which the science of Cuvier has demonstrated as the bases of a natural system, and most of ae Genera of the former will be recognised in the Families of the atter.
(15) ORDER J. ACCIPITRES.
a ," . mY ‘a q ~ 4 th we ,
| FAMILIES. 1. Divrnz.
Nostrils inserted in a 3 toesbefore; Lbe- Eyes directed side- naked cera. Fig. 18. hind without feathers. ways. |
2. Nocrurne. Nostrils pierced at Externaltoeturned Large eyes directed _the anterior edge of a behind at pleasure. frontways. cera, covered more or ‘ one less with stiff hairs. p.27.
The Diurne have their eyes directed sideways; a membrane called cera covering the base of the beak, in which the nostrils are pierced; three toes before, one behind without feathers; the two external toes almost always united at their base by a short membrane; their plumage close; their pens strong; their flight powerful; their stomach almost entirely membranous ; their in- testines little extended; their caecum very short; their sternum large and completely ossified, to afford a more extended surface for the attachment of the muscles of the wing; and their furcula semi-circular, and very much widened, the better to resist the violent depressions of the humeri, necessary to a rapid flight. Linneus made but two Genera of them, which are two natural divisions, the Vultures and the Falcons. (1)
The Nocturn@ have a large head, very large eyes, directed forwards, encircled by a ring of fine feathers, the anterior of
(1) Textractthe following addenda from M. Temminck’s description of this order, in his Manuel d Ornithologie, after Bechstein, Meyer, _and his own superb collection, universally allowed to be the first in Europe. | ‘“‘ Beak compressed; nostrils open; toes rough underneath; nails pointed. These birds live in monogamy; they nest on inaccessible rocks, or very high trees ; the number of their eggs never exceeds six. Their food consists entirely of living, or very rarely of dead prey, which they swallow in pieces enveloped in the hairs or feathers, these. sub- stances, as well as the bones, forming a ball in the stomach, and being rejected by the mouth; they eat copiously when an opportunity pre- sents itself, but they can fast several days; the blood of their victims is sufficient to quench their thirst. The female is generally a third larger im size than the male.” Dumeril observes that the maie birds of this Order never sit on the eggs, but nourish the female while she does so.
( 16) Accipitres. —
which cover the membrane of the beak, and the posterior the ” opening of the ear. Their enormous pupil admits so many rays, — that they are dazzled by the full day. Their skull thick, but of a slight substance, has large cavities which communicate with the ear, and probably strengthen their sense of hearing; but their flying apparatus does not possess great force. Their furcula can resist but little. Their feathers, with soft beards and fine down, do not make the least noise when flying. Their external toe may be direcied, at pleasure, before or behind. These Birds generally fly during the twilight and moonlight. When they are attacked by day, or struck by some new object, they do not fly away, but — erect themselves, assume strange postures, and make ridiculous © gestures. Their gizzard:is tolerably muscular, although their prey is entirely animal, consisting of mice, small birds, and insects, but it is preceded by a large crop; their cecums are long and enlarged at the end. Small birds have a natural antipathy to them, and assemble from all parts to attack them, for which reason they are employed to attract birds into snares.
FAMILY I. DIURNE.
GENERA. ' 1. Vourur, Lin. Vor- TURE. _ Beak elongated, cur- Partof the head or | Wings so long that vedtowards theend. neck bare. they hold them half Eyes even with the extended when walk- head. p. 18. ing.
2. GrrrFon. GYPAETOS,
Storr. Putne, Sa-
visny. :
Nostrils covered with | Head and neck en- stiff hairs, directed for- tirely covered with wards, and a brush of feathers.
_ the same under the beak. Fig. 31.
3. Fauco, Lin. Faucon.
Projecting eyebrows, making the eyes appear sunk, and giving them a physiognomy entirely different to that of the other Genera. Fig. 32.
pid.
| (iy) Futtures have their eyes even with their heads; their tarsi reticulated, that is to say, covered with little roundish scales (fig. 19); the beak long, curved only at the end; a greater or | lesser part of the head, or even of the neck, naked of feathers. _ The strength of their talons is not proportionate to their size, and they make more use of their beak. Their wings are so long, that they hold them half extended when walking. ‘They are cowardly birds, and feed on carrion oftener than on living prey; after they _ have eaten, their crop forms a large projection above their furcula . (fig. 29); a feetid humour runs from their nostrils, and they are_ almost reduced to a state of stupidity. (1) . _ The Griffons, placed by Gmelin in the Genus Falco, approach _ near to the Vultures by their manners and conformation. Their eyes are even with their head; their talons are proportionably weak ; the wings are half spread during the time of repose; their crop, when full, projects from the base of the neck, but their head is entirely covered with feathers; their distinguishing character consists in a very strong beak, straight, crook’d at the end, swelled ~ at the crook; and in nostrils covered with stiff bristles directed forwards, and a brush ‘of similar bristles under the beak ; their tarsi are very short, and feathered as far as the toes; their wings ‘very long, and the third pen feather the longest. (2) , _ The only species of Griffon yet known is the VY. Barbarus _ (Bearded Vulture, Vulturine Eagle, Lath.) the largest of all Birds _ of Prey in the Old World. Fig. 31.
Falcons form by far the most numerous Division of the Diurnal
(1) The inferior mandible straight, rounded, and inclined towards the point; mouth terminating in advance of the eyes; head naked, or covered. with a very short down; wings sensibly rounded; the first remex short, not equalling the sixth; their second and third less long than the fourth, which is the longest. Their flight, although slow, allows them to rise to a prodigious height; their ascent is managed by winding, and their descent in the same way; their sight is piercing ;
the organ of smelling singularly perfect; their attitude embarrassed, and their gait heavy: they live in troops, and feed solely on carrion ; They nest on the most inaccessible rocks, carry the nourishment for their young in their crops, and vomit it before them.— Tem. er
Their nests are composed of branches and small slips of wood.— Dumeril.
(2) Head small; nostrils eval; feet short; four toes, the three front
united by a short membrane, the middle toe very long. Nails slightly
_ crook’d; the first remex of the wing a little shorter than the second.
They live in pairs, constantly feed on living prey, which they eat on the spot without taking any away in their talons.— Tem.
. Pea Ba aa . bd
(Fo) Accipitres. (Diurne.)
Birds of Prey. They have the head and neck covered with™ feathers; their eyebrows form a projection which makes the eye
appear sunk in, and gives a character to their physiognomy very — different to that of the Vultures. The greater part feed on living prey, but.they differ much amongst themselves with respect to the courage they evince in pursuing it. Their first plumage is - often differently coloured to that of the adults; they only assume
the latter in their third or fourth year, which has caused the — - species to be much multiplied by naturalists. The female 1s
generally a third larger than the male, for which reason the latter » is called Tiercelet. (1) |
GENUS I. VULTUR.
SUB-GENERA.
1. Vuxrturts Prorer,
Cur. Beaklargeandstrong. Nostrils crossways. Head and neck Fig. 26. Pee without feathers.
2. Sarcorampuus, Du- meri.
The cera at the base _ Nostrils oval and of the beak surmounted longitudinal. by caruncula. Fig. 28, 30.
3. Percnorrerus, Cuwv. Gypatros, Bechstein. Nroruron, Savigny. Caruarres, [lliger.
>
Beak long and thin. _Nostrils oval,longi- = Head, only, naked. Fig. 27. tudinal. wa Lait
Vultures, properly so called, have the beak large and strong, the nostrils crossways on the base, the head and neck without feathers, and a collar of long feathers at the base of the neck.— They have as yet been only seen in the Old World. Vultur Fulvus, fig. 18; Kultur Cinereus, fig. 2g; Vultur Auricularis,
fig. 26.
(1) Beak crook’d; the inferior mandible obliquely rounded, and, sometimes, both sloped. WNostrils lateral, rounded, open. Tarsi covered with feathers, or smooth and covered with scales. Nails sharp, very much crook’d. ‘Wings with strong stems.— Zem. |
i... (®). | ; _ : _ Sarcoramphus.—America produces some Vultures remarkable for the caruncule surmounting the membrane at the base of their beak, which is large as in the preceding, but the nostrils are oval or longitudinal. ‘These are the Sarcoramphi of Dumeril. Vultur Papa, Lin. (King of the Vultures, Latham) fig. 28. Vultur Gryphus (Great Vulture of the Andes), fig. 30, which habitually prefers an elevation at which the mercury of the barometer sinks to about sixteen inches. (1) | | The Perenoptert have the beak thin, long, and swelled. above. Its head only, and not the neck, naked of feathers. These are birds of a moderate size, and their force does not approach that ofthe Vultures properly so called. They are therefore much more eager after carrion and all sorts of offal, which attracts them from a great distance. They do not even refuse excrements. Vultur
Percnop. (Egyptian Vulture, Alpine Vulture, Latham), fig. 27. Vultur Aura (Turkey Buzzard, Latham).
GENUS III. FALCO.
SUB-GENERA. 1. Noxsxes.
A sharp tooth at Second feather of each side of the point the wing the longest. of the beak. Fig. 35. Wings as long and
| longer than the tail.
2. Hizro-Farco, Cuv.
A festoon,instead of Tail longer than the a tooth, on each side wing, which is the of the point of the same as that of the beak. Fig. 33. Nobiles.
3. IcGNoBILes.
A slight festoon in Fourth feather of the middleof the beak. the wing the longest. Fig. 34. p- 21.
(1) 1 expect that the Vulture of Ashantee will form a subdivision in the Sarcoramphi, which have hitherto only been found in America. Its cera is crowned with a caruncula, which, when the bird is flying, is small, but when it is seeking food, is so much elongated as to hang over the tip of the beak; when in the act of feeding, or when satiated, it hangs on one side to the length of two inches. ‘This caruncula, and
_ the skin of the head and neck, is wrinkled like that of a Turkey, and generally of a deep red, but sometimes of a pale livid blue. The
plumage is dark brown, and it performs the same offices as the Per- £nopterus.
Oo |
e 2 : ; ig Me whee
( 20 ) Accipitres. (Diurnee.) t
The Nobiles, or Falcons properly so called, are the most — courageous in proportion to their size, a quality which proceeds — from the strength of their beak, talons, and wings. Their beak, — curved from its base, has a sharp tooth on each side of its point; and-ihe second pen feather of their wings is the longest, the first being also nearly as long, which renders the entire wing longer, and more pointed. Some peculiar habits result from this. The — length of the pen feathers weakens their vertical effort, and renders their flight in a calm atmosphere very oblique forwards, which obliges them, when they wish to rise in a straight line, to fly against the wind. ‘These are the most docile of all birds, and the © most serviceable in the art of falconry; being taught to pursue the game, and to return when called. They all have their wings as long or longer than the tail. (1)
Falco Communis, Gm. (the Gommon Falcon, Yearling Falcen, Haggard Falcon, Lath.)—F alco Subbuteo, (Hobby Falcon, Lath.) etc. etc.
The Sacred Falcons have the pen feathers of the wings as in other Voble Birds, all of whose inclinations they also evince; but their beak has only a festoon, like that of the Ignobiles. Their tail, long and spread, evidently surpasses their wings, although the latter are very long. Their short and reticulatéd tarsi are covered with feathers one third of their length. Falco Can- dicans, (Speckled Partridge Hawk, Lath.)
The Ignobiles (so called because they cannot well be employed in falconry,) are a more numerous tribe than that of the Nebiles, and more necessary to subdivide. The Jongest pen feather’ of their wings is almost always the fourth, and the first is very short, which produces the same effect as if their wing had been obliquely | chopped off at the end, whence a weaker flight ensues. In all _ other respects they are equal, except that their beak is not so well armed, because there is no lateral tooth near its point, but only a slight festoon in the middle of the length. :
(1) Beak strong; very short; inferior mandible sloped; nostrils wide; feet strong; toes strong, armed with curved and. sharp nails ; the first remex of the wing short, of equal length with the third, the second the longest. They nourish themselves with living prey, without ever feeding upon dead, and shew much address either in seizing or surprising it: they pursue birds at full speed, or fall perpen- dicularly upon them; and like to nest in rocks or in ruins of houses.— Lem. --
( al )
SUB-GENUS III. IGNOBILES.
, ~ TRIBES. ‘1. Aguina, Briss. Ea- GLES. — Beak very strong, straight at its base, cur- ved only towards the point. Fig. 32. p. 24.
2. <Asrur, Bechstein. Dezvatrton, Savigny. Avrours, Cuv.
Beak curved fromthe | Wings shorter than
base. p. 26. the tail. 3. Mirvus, ei Kir. | Tarsi short, toes and Wings excessively nails feeble. ong.
Beak curved from the base, but disproportion- ately feeble. Fig.36.p.26.
4, Pernis ; Cuw.
Beak as Milvus.
Interval between the ‘Tarsi half covered eye and beak covered with feathers, reticu- with close scaly fea- lated. thers; and not naked or merely hairy as in all the others of the Genus Falco.
5. Burro, Bechstein. Buzzarps, Lath.
Interval between the Wings at least as eye and beak naked. _long as “the tail.
6. Crrcus, Bechstein.
A collar on each side —‘'Tarsi longer thanin of the neck, formed by the tribe Buteo; the the ends of the feathers wings the same. covering the neck. Fig.
34.
Tail forked.
Wings long, but tail : not forked.
Tail even.
‘ Tail even.
‘ ' ; 4
( 22 ) Accipitres. (Diurne.)
7. Serpenrarius, Cuv. Gyroceranvs, Llliger.
Beak cleft; eye- The only Birds of - A long stiff crista brows projecting; orbit this Order with the from the occiput. The | of the eye naked of fea- tarsiexceedinglylong; two middle feathers of thers. Fig. 37. plated. Fig. 38. Toes the tail considerably
short in propertion. surpass the others.
Eagles, which form the first tribe, have a very strong beak, straight at the base, and only curved towards the point. It is amongst these that we find the largest species and the most power- ful of all Birds of Prey. (1)
The Astur tribe, which forms the second division of Ignobiles, have, like ihe two last divisions of Eagles, wings shorter than the tail; but their beak curves from its base, as in all those which follow. (2) .
Kites have the tarsishort, the toes and nails weak, which, added to a beak equally disproportionate to their size, makes this tribe the most cowardly of ihe whole Genus ; but they are distinguished | by their excessively lung wings, and by their forked tail, which gives them a most rapid and easy flight. Some have the tarsi very short, reticulated, and half covered with feathers. (5)
(1) Head flattened on the top, covered with elongated feathers. Beak very much crook’d, a long and very sharp point. Nostrils lateral, transverse, sloped; feet strong, armed with powerful nails, very much crook’d. Wings long, the first, second and third remiges the shortest; the first very short, the fourth and fifth the longest. ‘They seize living prey with their talons, and take it to their young; when pressed with hunger they fall upon carrion.— Tem.
(2) Beak strong, superior mandible hearing a strongly marked tooth. Nostrils rather oval, wings two-thirds of the length of the tail; first remex much shorter than the second, the third almost equal to the fourth, which is the longest. ‘Toes long, the middle much surpassing the lateral, nails much curved, and very sharp. Their flight is rapid, without shaking their wings much; itis.only im pairing time that they describe circles in flying; they are cunning and malicious, and seize their prey flying; they mostly inhabit large woods, particularly those in the neighbourhood of rocks.— Tem. .
(3) Beak curved at its base; feathers of the head elongated and terminated in a point ; mouth cleft as far as under the eyes; nostrils oblique, their exterior edge marked witha fold; the first remex ofthe wing shorter than the sixth, the second a little shorter than the fifth, the third almost equal in length to the fourth, which is longer than all. In a state of repose they have an awkward attitude, but their flight is elegant; they seem to swim in the air, describing circles , they do not seize their prey when flying, but they fall upon it from, above, when it is resting on the ground or on some elevation. Zem.
( 25 )
The Pernis tribe has, with the weak beak of the Kite, a very peculiar character, which is, that the interval between the eve and the beak, which in all the others of the Genus Falco is naked, or only presenting a few hairs, is covered with very close feathers, cut into scales. Their tarsi are half feathered in the upper part, and reticulated; they have an even tail, long wings, and the beak , curved from its base, like all those which follow. Falco Apivorus, (Honey Buzzard, Lath.) La Bondree Huppeée de Java.
The Buteo tribe has the wings long, the tail equal, and the beak curved from its base, the interval between which and the eye is without feathers; the feet strong. There are some with the tarsi feathered even to the toes (I*. Pennaius) ; but the greater number have the tarsi naked and plated (f. Buteo. Bacha, Vail.). They are distinguished from Eagles by their beak, curved from its base 3 from Autours, or Eagle Autours, by tarsi covered with strong feathers, and by their long wings. (1) ;
The Circus tribe differs from the Buteo by more elevated tarsi, and by a species of collar, formed on each side of the neck b the ends of the feathers which cover the ears; fig. 54. (2) Faleo Pygargus, (Ring-tailed Hen-harrier, Lath.) Falco Rufus (Harpy Falcon, Lath.) |
The Serpentarius, or Secretary, 1s an African Bird of Prey, with the tarsi at least double the length of all the other Birds of this Family, which has made naturalists class it with the Grallz ; but its thighs, entirely covered with feathers, its beak crook’d and cleft, its projecting eyebrows, and all the details of its anatomy, place it in the present Order. Its tarsi are plated; its toes short in proportion; the orbit of its eye naked of feathers; it has a long stiff occipital crista, and the two middle pen feathers of iis -tail greatly surpass the others. It inhabits the sterile and open _ places in the neighbourhood of the Cape, where it pursues repiiles on foot, and has nails worn by dint of walking; fig.37,3e. Is principal strength is in its feet. (3)
(1) Beak weak, with a rounded tooth (not very apparent); the head large ; the body massive and heavy. Feet with short tarsi; thighs breeched. Wings of a moderate length, the four first remiges sloped, the first very short, the second and third fess long than the fourth, which is the longest. They have.a heavy flight, do not take their prey flying, but generally lay wait for itin ambush ona tree. Tem. iM
(2) Beak small, superior mandible curved from its base, bearing 2 _ blunted tooth (not very apparent) at the root of the beak, and some _ straight hairs which hide a part of the cera. Nostrils open. Feet witls very long and thin tarsi; body slender; taillong. Tem.
(3) This Bird was introduced into the French West India Islands, _ to destroy the numerous serpents.
\
“Ce ) Accipitres. (Diurne.) TRIBE J. AQUILE.
| DIVISIONS. 1, Eacies proper, Cuv.
Tarsi covered with Wingsas long asthe feathers to the bases of tail. : the toes, reticulated.
2. Hariatus, Savigny. Aicies Pécururs, Cu. Fisaine Hawks, La- tham.
Tarsi covered with Ditto. feathers half way down, the remaining half plat- ed. p. 25.
3. Harpyia, Cuv.SHort- Wincep Fisuine Ea-
GLES. . Tarsi very large and © Wingsshorterthan Very strong beak
strong, half feathered, the tail. and nails.
reticulated.
4. Morrnunus, or AIGLE Avtour, Cwv.
Tarsi long and slim, -_ Ditto. Toes weak. half feathered. p. 25.
3. Cymrnpis, Cuv.
Tarsi very short, re- _—Ditto. Nostrils almost clos- ticulated, half covered | ed, or like a fine slit. with feathers in front.
_ Eagles Proper have their tarsi feathered to the root of the toes ; they live in mountains, and pursue Birds and Quadrupeds; their wings are as long as their tails; their flight is as high as rapid, and their courage surpasses that of all other birds. Falco Fulvus, (Black Eagle, Ring-tailed Eagle, Lath.) Falco Chrysaetos, (Gold Eagle, Gold Adler, Lath.) etc. 2
The Harpies, or Fishing Eagles with short wings, are American Eagles; their tarsi are very large, very strong, reticu- — lated, and half feathered, like the Fishing Eagles properly so called, from which they only differ by the shortness of their wings; their beak and nails are even stronger than in any other tribe. Falco Harpyia (Oronooko Eagle, Lath.).
The Cayenne Falcon of Latham is a Cymindis.
{ 25 ) DIVISION I. HALIETUS. ; SUB-DIVISIONS. 1. Harimrvs. Prop.
Nails grooved under- neath, as in all the other Birds of Prey.
2. Panpion, Savigny. Batzusarps, Cuv.
Nails round under- neath. ve
3. CaRAcaka.
Part of the side of the head, and sometimes of the neck, naked of fea- thers. Fig. 32.
The first Sub-division have the same wings as the Eagles
| Proper, but the tarsi are only covered with feathers on their upper
half and half-plated on the other. They frequent the borders of rivers and the sea-shore, and live mostly on fish. alco
Ossifragus, (Sea Eagle or Osprey, Lath.) Falco Leucocephalus
_ (White-headed Eagle, Bald Eagle, Lath.).
The Pandions have the beaks and feet of the former, but their nails are round underneath, whilst in other Birds of Prey they are - hollowed into a groove; their tarsi are reticulated, and the second feather of their wings is the longest. We know but one species, spread through almost the whole of the globe on the banks of
_ fresh waters, with few variations in the plumage.
1
A
- America produces Fishing Eagles with long wings, like the pre- ceding, where a larger or smaller portion of the sides of the head, and sometimes of the throat, is naked of feathers. They give them
the common name of Caracara. Brazilian Kite, Lath. etc.
DIVISION [V. MORPHNUS. SUB-DIVISIONS.
Tarsi naked, and
plated. 9
Tarsi coyered with feathers all the way down.
1. Urubitinga (Brazilian Eagle, Lath.). 2. Urutaurana (Crowned Eagle, Lath.).
7: A
(26. "), Accipitres. (Diurne.) —
TRIBE I. ASTUR.
DIVISIONS. .
1. Asrur proper. Tarsi plated, and ra- ther short.
2.
Tarsi short, but reti- culated.
7 3. Nisus, Cw.
Tarsi longer, but plat- ed.
1. F. Palumbarius (Goshawk, Lath.). 2. F. Cachinnans (Laughing — Falcon, Zath.). 3. #. Musicus, the only known species of Birds of © Prey which sings agreeably. £. Nisws (Sparrow Hawk, Lath.)
TRIBE IJ. MILVUS.
DIVISIONS.
1. Exanus, Savigny.
Tarsi very short, re- ticulated, covered with feathers half way down. Fig. 40.
2. Mitvus prover, Cw. Tarsi stronger, and
plated.
1. Le Blac. Le Vaillant. F. Furcatus (Swallow-tailed Falcon, Lath.). 2. F. Milvus (Kite).
( 27 )
ae FAMILY Il. NOCTURNE. GENUS I. STRIX.
SUB~GENERA.
1. Srarx, Lin. Orifice of the ear ‘A largecircleof fine large. feathers round the eyes. Small collar of scaly feathers. 2. Noerva, Savigny. Orifice of the ear oval, and not much _ Circle of feathers larger than in other small and imperfect. birds. p. 29.
The Sub-genus Stria may be divided according to the egrets, the size of the ears, the extent of the circle of feathers whieh sur- rounds the eyes, and some other characters.
Those species which have a large complete disk of fine feathers, encircled by a small collar of scaly feathers, and, between the two, a large orifice of the ear, are more distant in form and manners from the Diurnw, than those whose ears are small, oval, and covered by fine feathers which come from below the eye. We observe traces of these differences even in the skeleton. (1)
The Sub-genus Voctua has not the wide and deep conch of the ear, the orifice of which is oval scarcely bigger than that of other birds; the disk of fine feathers is less large and less perfect.
_ (1) Beak compressed, base encircled by a cera, covered entirely,
or in part by rude hairs. Nostrils lateral, pierced on the anterior edge of the cera, rounded, open, hid by hairs directed in front. Iris brilliant ; wings a little pointed, the first remiges dentated on their exterior edge; the first the shortest, the second not reaching the ex- tremity of the third, which is the longest; their eyes are dazzled by the light of the sun, but they see very well during the day. The bones, hairs, and feathers of their prey, after the flesh has been well digested, are rejected in little balls.—— Tem.
C
{ 28 ) ‘Accipitres. (Nocturne.} SUB-GENUS I. STRIX. TRIBES.
1. Orvs, Cup.
Egrets raised at will. Tarsi feathered to
the nails.
Conch of the ear extended in a semi- circle from the beak towards the top of the head, and furnished with a membranous operculum.
i,
Oe ROnU LA.
No Egrets.
3. Srrix, Savigny. No Egrets.
4. Syrnium, Savigny. No egrets.
5. Buso. Egrets.
Ear and beak of Otus.
Beak _ elongated, curves only towards the end; ear of Otus.
Conch reduced to an oval cavity, not oc- cupying halfthe height of the skull.
Tail short.
Conch of the Syr- nium, but the circle of feathers around theeye less marked.
Tarsi feathered to the nails.
Tarsi feathered, but
only hairs on the toes.
Tarsi feathered to the nails.
§ Egrets wider, further back and difficultly raised from a horizontal line. (6)
1. Strix Ascalaphus. 2. S. Litturata. 3. S. Flammea. 4. 8. Aluco. >. S. Bubo. Fig. 48. (6) Chouette & aigrettes, Vaill. Fig. 42.
( 29 )
SUB-GENUS Hl. NOCTUA.
TRIBES.
1. Surnta, Dumeril.
A long tail, gradu- _ Toes well feathered.
ated. Fig. 44. 2. Nycrea.
Short tail. Toes feathered.
>. No egrets.
wb.
Short tail. Toes naked. 4. Nuprrss. |
Tarsi and toes na- ked.
5. Scors, Savigny.
Ears even with the Toes naked. Eerets.
head.
1. Siberian Owl. Choucou, Vaill. Fig. 40. 2. Harfung (S. Nyctea). Fig. 46. 3. Cayennensis, etc. 4. 8. Nudipes, Daud. 5. S.Scops.
/
END OF THE FIRST ORDER.
(35) | ORDER IL. 9
Passeres.
Tue character of this Order, the most numerous of the whole Class, seems at first to be simply negative, since it embraces all the Birds which are neither Palmipedes, Gralla, Scansores, Ac-
_cipitres or Gallinacee ; comparison, however, presents a great re- semblance in their structure, and such insensible passages from one Genus to another, that it is very difficult to establish the sub- divisions.
We find the Singing Birds and, consequently, the most com-
plicated inferior larynxes (p. 7, note 2.) amongst the Passeres.
DIVISIONS.
1. Exterior toe unit- ed to the middle toe by
_ one or two joints only.
2. Exterior toe al- most as long as the mid- dle toe and united with it as far as the last joint
but one, p. 50. ’ DIVISION I.
FAMILIES. 1. DENTiROsSTRES.
Beak notched on each side of the point. Fig. 47, p. 34.
2. FisstROSTRES.
Beak short ,{ §wide , flattened horizontally, slightly crook’d, with- out notch, deeply cleft. Fig. 77, (1) p. 41.
(4) Their mouth is consequently so very large that they easily swallow the insects
which they take in their flight : being entirely insectivorous, they quit usin winter.
_ They approach the tribe Muscicapa, and especially the Procnias, whose beak scarcely differs but by the notch.
( | AA ) Passerell
3. ConrresTreEs. i any i
Beak strong, more or less conical, without | notch. Fig. 78, p. 42. 4s
4, 'TENUIROSTRES.
Beak slim, elongated, more or less arched, without notch. Fig. 91, p- 48.
FAMILY 1. DENTIROSTRES.
GENERA AND SUB-GENERA. 1. Lantus, Lin.
Beaks conical or com- ressed, more or less crook’d at the end.
a. L. Proper. SHRIKES.
Beak triangular at base, compressed at the sides.
« Beak with the superior edge arched. (4) B Ge as Je straight, crook’d only at the end. Fig. 49. ¥ se ee me -» | lowermandible much swelled. Fig. 50.
$ (Vanca, Buff.) Beak large, much compressed, point much crook’d, and that of the inferior mandible curved upwards.
Fig. 54. (PLumars.) .. straight and slim, with crests of straight feathers. Fig. 52 b. Ocyprerus, Cuv. Lan-
GRAYEN.
Beak conical, round- Wings, as long and ed, without edge, point longer than the tail, af- very fine, slightly notch- fording the same flight as ed on each side. Fig. the Swallows.
464, bis.
(1) Those in which the point is strong and much crook’d, possess a courage and cruelty which has induced many Naturalists to associate them with the Accipitres or Birds of Prey (See p. 14). The beaks of the Lanii of the other parts of the — world diminish in size and become gradually weaker in their points, according to the species, so that it is impossible to establish a limit between this Sub-Genus and that of Turdus : amongst those with the stronger beak is the Fiscal, Fig. 47 ; amongst those approaching the Turdi, the Oliva. Fig. 48.
—S
%
c. Barrra, Cuv. Cassi- cans, Buff.
Beak large, conical, straight, round at its base, sloping out the fea- thers of the forehead in a circle, rounded on the back, compressed at the sides, the point crook’d and notched laterally. Fig. 55.
d. Psaris, Cuv. Brcar~ pus, Buff:
Beak conical, very large, round at the base, not sloping out the fore- head, pointslightly com- pressed and crook’d.
e. GRAvUCALUS, Cuwv. Cuoucanis, Buff.
Beak less compressed than in the Lanii pro- per, arched equally in its whole length; the commissure (1) a little
arched. Fig. 156.
J. Betuyius, Cuv.
)
Beak large , short , swelled in every part, slightly compressed to-
wards the end. Fig. 53.
» Tanacra, Lin. Ta- NAGERS.
Beak strong, conical,
triangular at the hase, slightly arched at the upper edge.
a. T. Evenones. Bov- VREUILS.
Beak short and pre- senting, when viewed vertically, an enlarge- ment on each side ol
the base. Fig. 54.
(4) Commissura labiarum
( 35 )
Feathers
» Fig. 154, c.
sometimes covering the nostrils.
Wings and flight short.
Tail short in propor- tion.
6. T. Gross-BeEaks. Beak large, swelled,
as broad as deep, and
the back of the upper
mandible rounded.
c. T. Proper. - Beak shorter than the head, as broad as deep,
upper mandible arched. Fig. 56.
d. T. Loniors.
Beak arched, sharp- edged.
e. T. Cagpinats. Beak a little swelled,
a projecting obtuse tooth on the side. Fig. 57.
J. T. Ra amMpHoce ces.
Inferior mandible en- larged towards the base. Fig, 59.
3. Muscicarpa, Lin. Pity CaTcHErRs.
Beak depressed hori- zontally, with hairs at the base, and the point more or less crook’d and notched.
a. Tyrannus, Cuv. Beak straight, long. very
strong, upper czulmi- nating edge (1) straight, blunt, the point sud- denly crook’d. Fig. 61.
b. Muscrpeta, Cuv. GNAT-SNAPPERS.
Beak long, much de- pressed, twice as broad as deep, culminating edge very obtuse, point feeble, long hairs at the base. Fig. 62.
ie
( 36 )
(1) “ Arete supérieure.” Fig. 197, a.
QF : bes
Passeres.
Thelarger species car- nlworous.
Several are ornament- ed with crests and long feathers in their tail.
he a ;
A ; “es a...
ae i
+
#
#
Cc. Muscicapa, Cuv.
Mustachios _ shorter and beak narrower than in the Muscipeta, point a little crook’d. Fig. 157, bis.
d. GYMNOCEPHALUS, Geoff; Ba.p-HeEaps.
Beak of Tyrannus,
but the culminating
edge more arched and a great part of the face na- ked of feathers. F ig. 60. Choucas chauve, Buff.
e. CEPHALOPTERUS, Geoff. Base of the beak fur-
nished with a bunch of
raised feathers in the form of a parasol. Fig. 101. C. Ornatus.
4. Amertis, Lin. Co- TING A.
The depressed beak of the Muscicapa, but
_ shorter in proportion,
broad, and __ slightly arched. a. PIAUHAU.
Beak stronger and more pointed. Fig. 64.
b. C. Proper. Beak weaker.
c. Cepiepyris, Cuv. Ca- TERPILLAR-CATCHERS.
*
d. Bomsycivors , Tem. CHATTERERS.
Stems of the feathers of the rump elongated, stiff and pointed.
Ends of the stems of the secondary feathers of the wing enlarged into a smooth, oval, red disk.
Insectivorous. Ame-
rica.
Wings of males co- loured with © brilliant azure and purple in the
- pairing season.
Tail a little forked in the middle, graduated at the sides. No brilliancy of colour. Africa. India.
«)
Saint "'S bt as bis Se Ss ie — P : % 3, ae “Sy x 7 “the J pee
! ” ay ees a.
( 38 mi y ty BO cccrcod
e. Procnras, Hofm.
Beak weaker, more ; oe Aug depressed, and cleft to bai. ae below the eye. Fig. 162. | i, ads a
J. Gymyoperts, Geoff. NAKED=NECKS. Beak stronger. Neck partly naked and the head covered with velvet-like feathers.
5. Epoxius, Cuy. Drox-
Go. | Beak depressed and Nostrils covered Generally _ tinted sloped at the end, the with feathers andlong with black, and with culminating edgesharp, hairs like mustachios. forked tails. . both mandibles slightly Insectivorous. arched in thetr whole | :
length. Fig. 65.
6. Turpus, Lin.
Beak compressed and . Generally frugivo- arched, but without rous : habits. solitary. crook, and the notches less marked than in the Lanius. Fig. $6.
Colours uniform, dis-
a, BLACKBIRDS. : : - tributed in large masses.
b. Turusurs. Plumage — speckled ,
marked with small black
or brown spots.
: ae
7. Pyrruo-Corax,Cuy. Beak of Turdus, but
nostrils covered with
feathers. Fig. 102. Sz-
Crin.
8. Ortoxus, Lin. (1)
Beak of Turdus, but ‘Feet shorter in pro- rather stronger. portion. Fig. 67.
(1) Linneus and his successors united them to the Cassicans, which they resemble only in their colours.
i Bs mee es * * ‘9. Mvyornera ,
Ant THrusHes.
Ilig.
ae.
10. Cinctus , Bechst. Warer Ouze.s.
Beak compressed , straight, mandibles e- qually deep, almost in a line, sharpening — to- wards the points, and the superior scarcely
arched,
11. Puuttepon.
Beak compressed , slightly arched in its whole length.
12. Gracuna, Cuv.Gra- KLES. | Beak compressed , very slightly arched and notched : the com- missure forming an an- gle as in the Sturnus.
Fig. 73. G. caruncu- lata. 13. Manura, Shaw.
LYRE-TAILS.
Beak triangular at the base, elongated, a little compressed. Fig. 109.
ie aaa. be 4, LT STD iy de d Hh 4 bi = RES ee
Legslong.Fig.107.6is. Tail short. j * Nostrils large, co- = Africaand the coun-
vered by a cartilagi-- tries bordering on the nous scale; tongue ter- Red Sea.
minated by a pencil of
hairs. Fig. 69 and 71,
(P. carunculata).
Feathers of the head
Ditto. generally narrow and anaked space around the eye. Nosirils large, mem- The males with
branous, and partly large tails of 16 fea- covered with feathers. thers, the 2 exterior curved like a lyre. (1)
. (14) They have been referred by some authors to the Gallinacea, from their size, but their feet are evidently those of Passeres.
14. Prera, Lin. Mana- KINS. Beak compressed ,
deeper than bréad ; na-
sal canals large.
a. Rupicota. A. double crest of fea-
thers on the head, like a fan. Fig. 111.
5. Prpra, Cuv.
15. Moracitua, Lin.
Beak straight, slen- der, like a bodkin.
a. Saxicona, Bechst.
Beak depressed, ra- ther large at the base. Fig. 74.
— b. Syivia, Wolf: Fice- puta, Bechst.
Beak rather narrower
at the base. Fig. 165.
c. Curruca, Bechst.
Beak straight, slim, a little compressed in front, the culminating edge a little curved to- wards the point. Fig.
158.
Nip, » &
jis
( 40 ) WE Passerein 2 exterior toesunit- Tail and feet short. “a ed nearly half their America. 7 length. Large.
Small. Fig. 68.
Nest on or under the ground.
Solitary : nest in holes.
a (Nicutincares.) Nest in trees.
B : d. Recutus, Cuv.WREns.
Beak perfectly coni- cal and very sharp ; its sides, when viewed ver- tically, appearing rather concave. Fig. 75.
‘e. TROGLODYTES, Cuv.
Beak still slighter than inthe Regulus and. a little arched.
.. bushes.
Remarkable for their lively colours : live in troops in damp forests.
Live on insects only.
Live on insects,worms, and berries.
mee
fi $ date vf
MoracILta , W AG-TAILS.
Bechst.
oa. LAVANDIERES.
2. Bupytss.
g. Anruus, Bechst. Beak slim.
FAMILY II.
GENERA AND
1. Hrrunpo, Lin.
a. Apus, Cuv. Cypse.us, Illig. Martiys.
Feet very short ; the . = great toe directed for- wards and the middle and exterior toes with only three joints like the imner.
6. Hirunno, Cuv. Swat- LOWS.
Toes and sternum as in the generality of Pas- seres.
(41 )
A long tail, which they move up and down in- cessantly.
Nail of the great toe
curved as in all the other Hotere except the Bu- ytes. :
Nail of the great toe elongated and a little arched.
Nail of the great toe long.
§ Diurne. Close, firm, plumage.
Tail forked.
Legs long ; the scapu- lary feathers sufficiently long to cover the end of
the wing when folded.
Live in pastures ; pur- sue insects.
Scapulary feathers of ordinary length.
FISSIROSTRES.
SUB-GENERA.
Wings extremely long, flight rapid.
Sternum — without notch (1). Nest in holes of walls and rocks ; climb along the smooth- est surfaces.
(A) Ordinarily there is one notch on each side of the lower edge.
. ( 49 ) _ Passeres. —
« Tail forked. (4) fee de eaniee ye ‘
& Tail almost square. y Tail square with the pen feathers terminating in a point.
§§ Nocturne. Light, soft, plumage shaded with grey and brown.
2. Carrimuncus, Lin. GOAT-SUCKERS.
Beaks more cleft, with The exterior toes Feet short, tarsi fea- strong-mustachios; nos- withonly 4 joints,and thered. The air in- trils, at the base, in the all the toes united by a gulphed in their large © form of smalltubes; eyes short membrane. beak when flying pro- large. Fig. 77. duces a peculiar buz,
a. Nail of the middle Tail square. toe dentated on its in- ner edge.
b. Nail not dentated. Tail forked.
3. PoparcEs.
Beak stronger. Fig. No membrane be- 163. tween the toes.
FAMILY Ill. CONTROSTRES.
GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
1. Avaupa, Zin. Larks. : Nail of the great toe Granivorous; fre-
straight, strong, and quent the ground.
much longer than the
others.
a. Beak straight, mode- rate, pointed. ran
b. Beak so large as to approach that of the Fringilla. Fig. 78.
c. Beak elongated, a lit- tle compressed and arched, approximating them to the Upupa@ and Promerops.
(1) The Salangane (H. esculenta, Lin.), a small species of the Indian Archi- pelago, is celebrated for its nest of a whitish gelatinous substance, made, as it is believed, from the spawn of fish or some scum from the surface of the sea : the restorative virtues attributed to these nests have made them an important article of commerce in China; they are dressed like mushrooms.
\
2. Parus, Lin. ‘Tirmice.
Beak slender, short, conical, straight. Fig. 70.
a. PARUS PROPER.
b. MoustTacHeEs. 'The end of the supe-
rior mandible curving on the other.
c. Remiz.
Beak more slim and pointed.
3. Emperiza, Lin. Bun- TINGS.
Beak conical, short, straight, superior man- dible narrower, enter- ing within the inferior.
Fig. 72.
4, Frinciiwa, Lin.
Beak conical, more or less large at the hase, _ but the commissure not angular.
a. Proceus, Cuv. Tissr-
Rins. WEAVERS.
Beak as large as in the Cassicans, but the commissure straight and the superior mandible
slightly swelled. Fig.79.
b. Pyrerra, Cu.
Beak shorter, and a little swelled towards the pomt only. Fig. 459. : g
( 45 )
Small hairs at the base of the beak, and the nostrils hidden by © feathers.
Display great art in forming their nests, in the shape of purses or bottles.
A projecting, hard, tubercle in the palate.
_ The greater part of those of the Old Conti- nent make their nests with much art, inter-
lacing sprigsof herbs (1).
(1) The nest of the Toucnam Courvi (Loxia Philippina) is suspended, in the form of a ball, with a vertical canal, open underneath, which communicates sideways with the cavity containing the young.
Ss
c. Frinemsa, Cuv. CHAr- FINCHES.
Beak less arched than in the Pyrgita, and a little stronger and long- er than in the Linaria.
Fig. 103. 104.
d. CarnuE.is, Cuv.
Beak conical and en- tirely free from swell.
Fig. 80.
a. CHARDONNERETS. GOLDFINCHES.
Beak longerand sharp.
B. Linarta, Bechstein. LInneETs.
Beak shorter and ob- tuse.
e. Vipua, Cuv. Winow Birpbs.
Beak of Linaria, some- times a little swelled at
the base. Fig. 95.
f. Cocoruraustrs.Gross- BEAKS.
Beak conicaland large.
g. Prry us, Cuv.
Beak very large, a little compressed, arch- ed above, and some- times with a projecting
angle in the middle of
the edge of the upper
jaw.
A. PYRRHULA. Bui1- FINCHES.
Beak rounded and swelled in every part.
Fig. 84.
5. Loxia, Briss. Cross- BILLS.
Beak compressed ; the mandibles so much cur- ved that the points cross each other. Fig. 82.
(a4)
Tectrices superiores of
the tail excessively elon- gated in the males.
. Passeres..
¥
6. Coryruus, Cur. Harp-BeE aks. Beak swelled in every . part; the point of the upper curved over the lower mandible. Fig.85.
7. Corus, Gm. Cortes.
Beak short, thick, co- nical, a little compres- sed; the two mandibles
The great toe has Pen-feathers of the the power of direct- tail graduated, and ye- ing itself forwards. ry long.
arched without cros- —
sing.
8. Guaucoris, Forster. Cautzas, Bechst. W aTTLe-BIkDs.
Upper mandible swel- led.
9. Burnaca,: Briss. Brer-EaTEns. Beak cylindrical at the base, swelling to-
wards the middle; the -
point blunt, Fig. 84.
10. Casstcus, Cuy. Cas- SICANS.
Beak large, conical, enlarged at the base, sharpened into a point ; the commissurein abro- ken line or forming an angle as in the Sturnz.
a. CASSICUS PROPER.
Base of the beak rises on the forehead and slopes out the feathers inasemi-circle.Fig. 100.
6. IcrErvs.
Slope of the fore- head angular and the beak arched.
A fleshy caruneula under the base of the beak. Fig. 83.
Small round nostrils, pierced at the sides.
( 46 ) . Passeres.
c. XANTHORNUS.
Slope angular, but beak straight.
d. Dacnis, Cuv. Pit-Pits. Buff. Beak conical and sharp.
‘They form a passage to the Sub-Genus Re
gulus. "a
11. Srurnus, L. Srarts, : STARLINGS. bad i , Beak of Xanthornus, a: Relieve the cattle
but depressed towards from insects, which
the point. Fsg. 94. they feed on; quit us in winter.
12. Srrra, Lin. Nur- HATCHES. Beak straight, prism- | Hindtoeverystrong. ‘Tail affords no sup- atic, pointed for cutting port in climbing. the bark to get at the worms. Fig. 98.
13. Corvus, Lin.
Beak strong, more or _Nostrils covered by less flattened at the sides. stiff hairs, directed for- wards.
a: (1) Corvus proper. Beak stronger in pro- —'Tail round or square. portion and the culmi- nating edge more arch- ed than in the others. Fig. 86. C. Corax.
b. Pica, Cuv. MAGPIES.
Ditto. Fig. 63. Tail long and gradu- _ ated, c. Garrutus, Cuv. Jays. Mandibles rather short and terminating inasudden curve. Fig.
87.
(4) The Corbeau (C. coraw, Lin.) in Cuvier, is our Raven; the Corneille (C. corone. Lin.), the Carrion Crow ; the Freux (C. frugilegus, Lin.), the Rook : the Corneille Mantelée (C. cornia, Lin.), the Hooded Crow ; the Choucas (C. mo- nedula, Lin.’, the Jackdaw.—Regne Animal, t. i. p. 397.
| os (47 } d. CaryocaTacrEs, Cuv. __Nur-cRAckERS. Mandibles equally pointed, straight, with- out curve. Fig. 58.
e. TrEmia.
Beak round, the base , furnished with velvet- like feathers. Fig. 108.
14. Coractas, Lin. Rox- | LERS. e SE.
Beakstrong,compres- —Nostrils oblong, not + Feet short andstrong. sed towards the end,the covered by the fea- Two notches on each point alittle crook’d. —_ thers. side of the lower edge : of the sternum,
®,
a. CORACIAS PROPER. Beak straight, and
deeper than _ broad. Fig. 88.
b. Coraris, Cuv.
Beak shorter, more arched, and enlarged at its base, so as to be broader than deep. Fig. 89.
c. Eviases, Cuv.
Beak of Coracias. Head partially naked Velvet-like feathers, of feathers, with iat) advancing to the edge of
prominences in stead. the nostrils as in the
Fig. 146. Paradiscea. 15. Parapis#a, Lin. Birps oF Parapise. Beak of Corvus. Fig. Feathers coverin (110. the nostrils,velvet-like,
and often of a metallic lustre; those of diffe- rent parts of the body singularly developed.
( 48 )
ys ; os
aE
Passeres.
~ FAMILY IV. TENUIROSTRES.
GENERA AND. SUB-GENERA. |
1. Upura, Lin. Hooroes. a. Freoitus, Cuv.
Beak longer than the head. Fig. 155.
5. Upura PROPER.
c. Promerops, Briss. Tongue extensible
and forked. Fig. 115.
d. Eprmacnus, Cuv.
2. Cerrara, Lin. Creer- ERS. a. CERTHIA PROPER.
6. DenpRroco.aPrTss, Her. _ Proucutes.
Beak stronger, and broader transversally.
c. Ticuoproma, Illig.
Beak triangular, de- pressed at the base, ver long and slim. Fig. 117.
d. Necrarinta, fllig. Su- GAR-BIRDS.
Beak moderately long,
arched, pointed and compressed as in the Certhia. Fig. 114.
Nostrils covered with feathers directed for- wards.
A double row of fea- thers onthe head,erected at will. Fig. 418. oe
No crest.
Scaly or velvet-like feathers covering a part
of the nostrils. Fig. 161.
Climb trees like the Pict, using their tail as a support, the pen-feathers of which are worn and terminate in stiff points.
Fig. 90, bis. Ditto.
Tail not worn.
Ditto.
Tail very long; live on the juices of flowers.
Use their long nails,
only, in climbing, Fig. 117, a
a ‘Dicxum, Cuv.
Beak sharp, arched, not longer than the head, depressed and en-
larged at the base. Fig. p iis.
J. Horrotania, Vaill. Beak extremely elon- gated, curved almost in a semi-circle. Fig. 93.
g. Cinnynris, Cuv. Sucar-
EATERS.
Beak long and slim, the edges of both man- dibles finely dentated ; tongue terminated in a
fork and el ting.Fig. | a elongating .Fig
3. Lrocuitus, Lin. Hum- MING-BIRDS. Beak long and slim; tongue elongating and
bifid.
? a. Courris. Beak arched. Fig. 99.
T.. cinereus.
6. Ornruoruyncuus, La- cep. FLY-BIRDS. Beak straight. Fig.97.
T.minimus.
( 49 )
Tail not worn.
Ditto.
Ditto. Live on flowers only.
Plumage ofa metal- —_ Live on flowers and lic lustre. insects. No notches in
the sternum.
oe
DIVISION I.
1. Menops. Zin. W asp- EATERS. BEE-EATERS.
Beak triangular at its base, elongated and slightly arched, termi- nating ina sharp point. Figs 19"
2. Prionirss, Ldlig.
Beak stronger, edges indented, tongue barb- ed. Fig. 92.
3. Aucepo, Lin. Kinc-
FISHERS.
Beak longer than Me- rops, straight, angular, pointed ; tongue very short. Fig. 120.
4. Ceyx, Lacép, Beak as Alcedo.
5. Tonus, Lin. Tongs.
Beak flattened hori- zontally, obtuse at its extremity. Fig. 106.
6. Buceros, Zin. Horn- BILLS.
Beak enormous, notch- ed, surmounted by pro- minences sometimes e- qualling it in size. Fig. 105. C. untcornis.
a —
( 50 ) Passeres. SYNDACTYLA. GENERA. Feet short. Fig-119. | Twonotcheson each
Feet shorter than Merops. Fig. 120.
Inner toe not appa- rent.
side of the lower edge of the sternum.
Tailvery short. Séer- num as Merops.
(51 )
™ f ORDER Il.
? Scansores. Climbers.
These are Birds whose exterior toe directs itself backwards like the great toe, affording a very solid support, by which some of them profit for clinging to and climbing the trunks of trees. They have consequently received the name of Climbers, although it is not strictly applicable to all; whilst several Birds which climb do not belong to this Order by the disposition of their toes.
_ The Scansores generally rest in the holes of old trees : their flight is moderate ; their food, like that of the Passeres, generally consists of insects or fruits, according to the strength of their beak ; some, as the Pict, have peculiar means for obtaining it.
The sternum of most of the Genera has two notches behind (Fig. 121), but in the Parrots there is only a hole (Fig. 122), not unfrequently filled up.
GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
1. Jacamar. GaALpBuULa.
Briss. Beak elongated, point- Feet short, exterior Plumage ofa metal- ed, upper culminating toes united in a great lic lustre. Live isolated _edge sharp. part of their length. in damp woods. In- sectivorous. a. Beak longer and per- America. fectly straight. Fig. 123. G. ruficauda. b. Beak shorter, larger, | Anterior toesmorese- —_ Indian Archipelago.
and alittle arched. Fig. parated. 124. Jacamerops or G. grandis.
ce. Noupper culminating edge to the beak. Fig. 126. Great Jacamar,
Vaill.
‘ ff
( 52 ) Sca nsores.
2, Picus, Lin. Woop- ‘ PECKERS.
Beak long, straight, | Tongue protractile, Tail with 10 pen- angular, compressed in slim,armed withspines feathers, the stems stiff a wedge at the extre- towardstheend,which and elastic, supporting mity, for clearing the curve backwards. (1) them as a buttress in barks of trees. climbing. Fig. 125.
a. P. Propgr. Fig. 125.
b. Picoines, Lacép. Tri- DACTYLE.
Only 2 toes before and { behind. Fig. 127.
Beak slightly arched, approaching that of the Cuckows. Fig. 129.
3. Yunx, Lin. Torcots.
WryY-NECKs. 7
Beak straight, point- | Tongue protractile, Tail with pen-fea- ed, almost round and but without spines. thers of the ordinary withoutangles. Fig. 166. form.
de Cucunus:: . Lin:
Cuckows. Beak moderate,some- Tail rather lon g. Birds of passage. In- what cleft, compressed, sectiyorous.
slightly arched.
a. C. Proper. Beak of moderate Tarsi short. Fig. 132. — Tail with 10 pen-fea~ length. Fig. 130. (2) thers. b. Couas, Vaill. Tarsi long. Fig. 134. (1) The tongue, pushed out by the elastic cartilaginous prolongations of the os hyoidis (Fig. 128, c.), elongates considerably beyond the beak (Fig. 125) and is
imbued with a viscous juice, furnished by large salivary glands : it is drawn in by two muscles, rolled like ribbands around the trachea, the cornea of the os hyoidis
reascending under the skin and upon the head as far as the superior base of the —
beak (Fig. 128.), and the sheath of the tongue folding on itself at the bottom of the gullet.
(2) There are African species with the beak more depressed (Fig. 134. C. au- ratus) and others with the beak deeper vertically. (Fig. 132. C. Tachirou.)
a
e. Covcaus, Vaill. Cry- . tropus, Illig. eS «hea oP * mi ie d, Courots. Vourouprr ous, Vaill. Beak large, pointed,
scarcely arched. Fig. 437.
e. Inpicators, Vaill. Ho- NEY Cuckows.
Beak short, deep, al- most conical. Fig. 136.
J. Barsacous, Vaill. Beak conical, elon-
gated, slightly arched at the end. Fig. 138.
o- Maxconas, Vaile. Beak ver y large, round
at the base; a naked
space around the eye.
a.
6.Scyrurops, Lath. Psrr- TacEous Horn-BILLS.
Beak larger and long- er than the Walcohas, with two shallow longi- tudinal furrows on each side. Fig. 141.
7. Bucco, Lin. Barsers.
Beak large, conical, swelled at the sides of the base.
Nail of the great toe long, straight, pointed. Fig. 135. 7
Nostrils pierced ob-
liquely in the middle.
Fine feathers or stiff hairs at the base of the beak.
Nostrils round, and towards the base of the beak. Fig. 139.
Nostrils narrow, and
near the edge. Fig. 140.
Nostrils round; cir- cle around the eye naked.
5 bundles of stiff hairs, directed for- wards; 1 behind each nostril, 1 on each side of the base of the lower jaw, and the 5th under the symphysis.
~ Tail with 12 pen-fea- thers.
Ditto.
Tail a little graduated and forked.
Ceylon. Frugivorous.
New-Holland.
Wings short,
ved
CRT,
nd z
a. Poconras, Illig. Bar-
BICANS.
Two deep notches on each side of the upper mandible, and its culmi- +. nating edge blunt and arched ; the lower man- dible furrowed transver-
sally underneath. Fig... 449.
b. Bucco PpRopER.
Beak simply conical, slightly compressed ; culminating edge blunt, and a little raised in the
middle. Fig. 143.
c. TAMATIAS.
Beak more elongated and compressed, with the extremity of the up- per mandible curved
downwards. Fig. 144.
8. Trocon, Lin. Curv- CUIS.
Beak short, broader than deep, curved from the base; upper culmi- nating edge arched, blunt, and the lateral edges notched. Fig. 145. gq. Crorornaca, Lin, ANIS.
Beak large, compres- sed, arched, without notches, having a verti- cal sharpcrest. Fig. 146.
10. Ramesasros, Lin. Toucans.
Beak enormous, al- most as thick and aslon
row,
v= ii
* . =
( 54 ) . Scainsore#ila » = ‘Hairs very strong. Africa. India. ee it . , ly , Ne 1 i i ‘ ‘ *y Both continents. Tail short. America.
‘Tail short. Small feet, with fea- thers almost to the toes.
In both continents.
In the warm and hu- mid parts of America. Several pairs lay in a common nest.
Tongue long, nar- Warm parts of Ame- and furnished rica.
as their body, slight with barbs on each
and cellulous interiorly, side, like a feather.
arched towards the end, irregularly notched at the lateral edges.
‘
* a. R. Proper.
. Beak larger than the © head. Fig. 147.
et * ; Me 6. Preroctossus, Iilig. de by ri ARACARI. » - + Beak less than the head, covered with a ¥- ¥ less solid horn. Fig.448. ™ 11. Psrrracus, Lin.Par- ROTS. Beak large, hard, so- Tonguethick,fleshy, | The torrid zone of lid, rounded entirely, and rounded. both continents, but encircled at its base by even every large island a membrane wherein has its peculiar species, the nostrils are pierced. their wings not ena- th). bling them to cross any extent of sea. E ARA RS ia Cheeks naked of fea- = America. S thers. & BR
‘b. PARRAKEETS.
a. PaRRAKEET ARAS.
Faull.
Circle around the eye naked.
f. ARROW-TAILED Par- RAKEETS,
The two middle pen- feathers much longer than the others.
Tail long.
5
Tail enlarged to- wards the end. (2)
dé. PARRAKEETS PRO- PER, Vaill.
Tail almost equally graduated.
(1) This membrane and the form of their tongue, give them great facility in imitating the human voice. Their inferior larynx is very complicated, and furnished with three peculiar muscles on each side, which also contributes to the above faculty ; their powerful jaws are put in action by a greater number of muscles than those of other birds. Their intestines are very long and they have no cecum.
(2) The name of Loris has been given to those species the ground of whose plumage is red.
Tail short and square.
c. Cockatoos.
a
2
d. PARRAKEETS WITH TRUNKS, Vaill.
Cheeks naked; the upper mandible enor- mous, the lower very short and unable to close entirely. Tongue cylindrical, terminat- ed by a small horny gland, cleft at the end and elongating consi-
derably. Fig. 150.
e. Pezororus, Illig. P. Incamses, Vaill.
Beak weaker.
( 56 )
A crest of long narrow
feathers, ranged in2 lines of India. —
and raised or lowered at will. Fig. 149. a
Crest more simple, less
_ Seansores. Z
4)
s*
The more remote
parts”
«
New-Holland : live on
moveable, and composed roots.
of large feathers of mode- rate length.
Pendent feathers, with fine barbs towards the end, instead of a crest.
No crest.
Crest of long and nar- row feathers. T'arsi short and flat, rested on when walking. Fig. 450.
Tarsi more elevated
East-Indies.
Walk on the ground.
and nails straighter than Insectivorous. New-Hol-
in the other Parrakeets.
Fig. 154.
land.
eye
Analogous to Gallinacew. (4)
(57 ) 12. Tair Acos. Co-
ryTHaIx, Ldlig.
Beak not ascend- Acrest, which they Africa. ing on theforehead. have the power of Fig. 153. P. Afri- elevating. :
canus, Lath.
‘.13. Musoprnaca , Isert. Banana- A EATERS. Beak forming a Ditto. disk which covers part of the fore- head. Fig. 152. M7. violacea, Lath.
(1) They have the wings and tails.of the Hoccos; their beak is short, the upper
mandible swelled, and there is a short membrane between the front toes, but the
' exterior toe is often directed backwards; their nostrils are simply pierced in the horn of
their beak, the edges of the mandible are dentated, and the sternum, at least that of the Touraco, has not the great notches ordinarily found in the Gallinacee.
( 58 )
ORDER IV. Gallinacee
So named from their affinity to the domestic Cock, like which they have, generally, the anterior toes united at their base by a short membrane, and notched along their edges; the upper mandible vaulted ; the nostrils, pierced in the large membranous space at the base of the beak, covered by a cartilaginous scale; the gait. heavy; the sternum diminished by two notches, so broad and deep that they occupy almost the whole of its sides, its crest terminating obliquely in front, so that the sharp point of the furcula is only joined to it by a ligament (Fig. 167.) ; all which circumstances, by weakening their pectoral muscles considerably, render their flight difficult. Their tail has mostly 14 and sometimes even 18 pen-feathers, with the exception of the Alectors. Their inferior larynx is very simple, consequently none of them sing agreeably ; they have a very wide crop anda very powerful gizzard. Excepting the Alectors, they lay and hatch their eggs on the ground, on heaps of straw or grass rudely scattered. Each male has generally several females, and does not interfere either with the nest or the care of the young, which are generally numerous, and, most frequently, able to run on coming out of the shell.
This very natural family, remarkable for having given us the greater part of our farm-yard fowls and much excellent game, can only be divided into genera by some unimportant characters taken from the appendages of the head.
GALLINACE/S.
GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
1, Pavo, Zin. Peacocks.
The ¢ectrices of the Brought from the tail, in the male, long- north of India by Alex- er than the pen-fea- ander. thers, rise and spread.
a. P. Proper. Egrets. Spots like eyes in the extremities of the_fea- thers.
_ 6, Potypiectrum, Jem. Crests.
2. Meveacris, Lin. Tur- KIES. 7
The head and upper part of the neck covered with a nippledskin, bare of feathers; an appen- dage under the throat, and another on the fore- head ; a pencil of hairs hanging from the bot- tom of the neck of the adult male. |
3. Axecrors, Merrem. Curassows.
a. Crax, Lin. Hoccos. Mirovux.
Beak strong, the base covered with a skin, sometimes of a lively co- lour, in which the nos- trils are pierced. Fig. 168. C. globicera.
b. Pauxr. Ourax, Cuv.
Beak shorter stronger. Fig. 169.
and
c. PengeLopz, Merrem. Guans or Quays. Ja- coos.
Beak thinner than Crax. Fig. 171. P. cres- tata.
( 59 )
Spots of the ¢ectrices of thetail (less elongated) double, and, like those of the scapularies, inthe form of mirrors.
The ¢ectrices of the tail shorter and stiffer, but rise and spread like those of the Peacock.
Tail with 12 pen- feathers, stiff, broad, and rounded.
A crest of round, long, narrow feathers, curling from the base.
Base of the beak, and the greater part of the head, covered with short velvet-like feathers.
Circle around the eye naked, as well as the low- er part of the throat.
Tarsi of the males with two spurs.
From America.
No spurs.
America.
Tracheal artery de- scends, under the skin, behind theposterior edge of the sternum.
Se ee
ed. Onvatrpa, Merrem.
PaRRAKAS.
e. Sasa. Hoazin, Buff: OpistHocomus, Hof- man. CRESTED PHEA- SANTS.
Beak of the Pauxis.
4. SaTyRus. NaPauULs.
Males with a horn be- hind each eye. Fig. 173.
5. Puastanus. Puea-
SANTS.
a. Gattus. Cocks. (1)
b. PHASIANUS PROPER. (2)
ec. CRESTED PHEASANTS.
Eegrets. Fig. 172. P. ignlius.
( 60 )
Scarcely any of the circle around the eye, or of the throat, naked.
Crest of long, narrow,
fine feathers.
A large, loose, nak- ed, extensible bag, un- der the throat.
Cheeks partly bare (or the circle around the eye) and witha red skin.
A fleshy and vertical crest; lower mandible with fleshy gills on each side.
The lower edge of the naked skin of the cheeks
projecting like gills.
Gallinacee.
Tracheal artery de- scends towards the ab- domen.
No membrane between the base of the toes.
Tarsi with spurs, in both sexes.
44 pen-feathers to the | tail, rising in 2 vertical planes.
Tail: long, graduated ; the pén-feathers forming 2 culminating planés.
Tait of Gallus ; strong spurs.
(1) Amongst the wild species are, the G. Sonneratii, in which the feathers of the neck of the male expand towards the base in three successive disks of a horny matter (Fig. 170); the G. Bankiva, Tem., which has the crest dentated like the preceding, with long pendent feathers of a golden red on the neck; the Phas. va- rius with an entire erest and a small dew-lap, without lateral gills, under the
throat.
(2) The P. pictus and P. Nycthemerus are from China; the P. Argus from the
south of Asia.
eesti Wer)
- d. Lopnornores, Z'em. Beak long, strong, Egrets. Tail ordinary; strong curved, broad at the spurs. base; the superior con- siderably exceeding the inferior mandible, which is hidden. Fig. 474, bis. L. Cuvieri, T.
e. Cryretonyx, Zen. Onlythecirclearound Tailordinary; nospurs. : the eye naked. Fig. 475. Great toe without a nail. ik Fig. 173. 6. Numtipa, Lin. Pin- TADO.
Head naked, gene- Nospurs. Tailshort, rally surmounted with pendent. a callous crest. Fig. From Africa. 176. N. meleagris.
7. Trrrao, Lin. Grous.
A naked band (gene- rally red) in the place of the eye-brow.
a. Trrrao, Lath.
Toesnaked. Fig. 178. Tarsicoveredwithfea- | Tail round or forked. T’. Urogallus.. thers, and without spurs.
b. Lacoprus, Briss.
Toes covered. Generally become ‘Tail round or square. white in winter.
e. Prrrocies, Tem. Gan- GA. ATTAGEN. Toes naked. Circle of the eye na- _—‘ Tail pointed. ked, but not red. Great toe very small. Fig. 177. d. Perpix, Briss. Par- TRIDGES.
Toes naked. Tarsi naked.
a. FRANCOLINES.
Beak longer and Spurs stronger. Tail more developed. stronger. Fig. 184.
f:. PERDIX PROPER.
Beak weaker. Fig. Spurs short or simple 482. tubercles in the males, wanting in the females.
e. Coruanix. Quarts.
Less than the P. Pro- per. Beak more slender. Fig. 184. ail
JF Cours.
Quaizs.
Beak larger, shorter, more swelled. Fig. 183.
AMERICAN
8. Tripacryies, Lacép. Hemiropivs, Tem.
Beak compressed , swells a little under the lower mandible.
a. Turnix, Bonnat. Or- tyGis, Illig.
6. Syrenarres, Illig. Wings extremely lon and pointed. Fig. 186. T. parodoxus.
9. Trnamus, Lath. Cryr- rurus, Ldlig. YNam- Bus, 422.
Beak long, slim, blunt at the end, with a small furrow on each side; the nostrils pierced in the middle, and pene- trating obliquely back- wards. Fig. 187.
10. Corumpa, Linneeus. PIGEONS.
Beak of Gallinaceee.
( 62 )
No spurs ; band aboye the eye whitish.
No great toe.
Toes separated to the base, and without the small membranes. Fig.
185.
_ Tarsi and toes feather- ed, the former short, the latter very short and united in a part of their
length.
Neck slender, elon- gated, covered with fea- thers with fine barbs and frizzed at the ends.
No distinct mem- branes between the bases of the toes.
=
Gallinacee. }
ah * Tail shorter. — Emigrate across the ~
Mediterranean.
Tail more expanded.
Polygamous.
In sandy countries. Anatomy not suffici- ently known to class them with certainty. ©
Gait of quails.
Differ considerabl from the type of the Gal- linacee.
Scarcely any tail; wings short; the great toe, reduced to a small spur, cannot touch the ground.
America.
Tail with 12 pen- feathers.
i ee. ® “a te « ( 63 ) * a. Cooma: - Garis , Faill. Beak slim, flexible. | Tarsi more elevated. Seek their food on the Fig. 179. C. caruncu- Fig. 179. ground. Live in troops. lata. b. Doves. Ditto. Tarsi shorter.
c. Cotompans, Vaill. Vi- NAGO, Cuv. Beak larger, solid, | Tarsishort; feet wide Frugivorous. compressed at the sides. andwell edged. Fig.480. | The great woods of
Fig. 180. C. Abyssinica. the torrid zone of the Old World.
( 64 )
ORDER V._ Gralle.
The Gralle, Shore-Birds or Waders, take their name from their habits and the formation which gives rise to them. We recognise them by the nudity of the lower part of their thighs, and very frequently by the length of their tarsi, which circum- stances enable them to enter the water to some depth without wetting their plumage, and to wade and fish in it by means of their neck and beak, both of which are of a length proportionate to their legs. Those with strong beaks live on fish or reptiles ; those whose beaks are weaker, on worms and insects. A few partly content themselves with grains and herbage, and these only live far from the water. The exterior is most frequently united at its base to the middle toe, by means of a short membrane; sometimes there are two similar membranes, at others they are entirely wanting and the toes are separate; rarely, they are bordered all along or palmated to the end ; lastly, the great toe is wanting in several Genera : all which circumstances render their mode of life more or less aquatic. Almost all these Birds, if we except the Ostriches, have long wings and fly well. They extend their legs behind when they fly, contrary to other Birds, who fold them under the belly.
FAMILIES. 1. BREVIPENNES. Wings too short for Pectoral musclesve- No carina to the flight. ry slight, but those of sternum. the legs and thighs enormous.
2. PRESSIROSTRES.
Beak moderate. Fig. Legs elevated; great 189. toes 100 short to reach the ground, or none.
3. CULTIROSTRES.
Beak large, long, strong, generally with sharp edges, and point- ed. Fig. 199.
- Hi . i
4. Lonerrosrres.
- Beak slim, long, and’
weak. Fig. 208.
5. MacrRopAcTyYLa.
Beak more or less compressed, never so slim or weak as in the . Longitrostres. Fig. 222
aad mal od @
6. Grarzoua, Gm. Pra- TINCOLES. SEA Par- TRIDGES.
Beak short, conical, entirely arched, some- what cleft. Fig. 224.
( 65 )
Toes very long, butno membranes between the bases. Fig. 222.
Tarsi plated, exte- rior toes a little. pal- mated, great toe touch- ing the ground.
Body flattened from the narrowness of the sternum. Wings mo- derate or short; flight feeble.
Wings exceedingly long and pointed.
The description of the Family is that of the only Genus.
7. Poenicorrerus, Lin. FLAMINGOS.
Neck as slim arid as long as their legs; head small; the inferior man= dible oval, bent longi- tudinally in a demi-cy- lindrical canal; the su- _ perior mandible oblong and flat, bent trans- versely in the middle to join the other exactly. Fig. 220.
Legs excessively long, 3 front toes palmated to the end, the great toe extremely short.
The five transversal plates which edgetheir mandibles, and the fleshy thickness of their tongue, approximate them to the Anas.
In all parts of the world, from lat. 40° to 45°,
The description of the Family is that of the only Genus.
FAMILY I.
BREVIPENNES.
GENERA AND 6UB-GENERA.
1. Srruruio, Lin. Os- TR ‘CHES.
Beak depressed hori- zontally, of moderate length, blunt at the end; tongue‘short, and rounded like a crescent; eyelids with hairs.
Wings covered with loose flexible feathers, and long enough to ac- celerate their course.
An enormous crop, andaconsiderable ven- tricle between the crop and the gizzard. Coe- cum long, and a vast cloaca wherein the urine accumulates.
=e —
( 66 ) Gralle.
a
From 6 to 8feethigh. 2 toes; and the exte- Eggs nearly 3lbs. rior,onehalfshorterthan weight. : the other, withoutanail. Africa.
6. Rusa, Lath. From 3to4feethigh. 3 toes, all with nails. America.
2.Casvanius, Briss. Ca- SOARS. CASSOW ARIES.
Wings shorter, and 3 toes, all with nails; useless in their course. the barbs of their fea-
thers resembling horse- hair. a. Beak compressed la- Headsurmounted with Nail of the inner toe terally. a bony prominence co- much the largest. vered with a hornysub- Indian Archipelago. stance. b. Beak depressed. No casque. (1) — Nails equal. *
FAMILY IJ. PRESSTROSTRES.
GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
1. Oris, Lin. Busrarns.
Beak moderate, thesu- | Verysmallwebshe- ‘Tarsi reticulated, perior mandible slightly tween the bases of the wings short, feet and
arched and vaulted. Fig. toes. neck long; fly but lit- 193. Otis tarda. tle. 2. CHaRaDRIUvs, Linn.
PLOVERS.
Beak moderate,com- No great toe.
pressed, enlarged at the end. Fig. 223.
.
(1) The Genus Didus (Dodo) of Latham, comprehends the D. Ineptus, a species which has disappeared, but a head of which, much injured during a lapse of 150 years, is preserved in the Ashmolean Museum, at Oxford (Fig. 188), and a foot in
the British Museum (Fig. 188); the D. Solitarius, which rests on the single tes- timony of Leguat, who has disfigured even the Lamantin, Hippopotamus and other well-known animals ; the D. Nazarenus, seen by Cauche only, who, stating that it has 3 toes, considers it to be the same as the D. Ineptus, which has 4.
a
ae
a. OEFpicNEMus, Cuv.
End of the beak en- larged above and below. Fig. 190.
b. CHARADRIUS PROPER.
End of the beak en- larged above only. Fig. 189. ae
3. Trinca, Lin. Beak of the Plovers.
a. SQUATAROLA, Cuy. SANDPIPERS. Beak enlarged under- neath.
6. TrinGa Proper. Lap- WINGS.
4. Hamaropus, Lin. Sea- PIES, OYSTER-CATCHERS.
Beak rather longer, straight, pointed, com- pressed in a wedge, strong enough to open bivalve shells. Fig. 194.
Hematopus ostrolegus.
5. Cursortus, Lac. T'acnypromus, dig.
Beak more slim, e- “qually conical, arched, without furrow, and moderately cleft. Fig. 191,
4 8F )
Nasal canal extending only one half the length of the beak.
Nasal canal extending two-thirds the length of the beak.
Great toe so small as not to touch the ground.
Great toe scarcely perceptible; nasal canal short.
Great toe more evi- dent; nasal canal two- thirds the length of the beak.
Nasal canal deep, half the length of the beak, with the nostrils pierc- ed in the middle like a small crack.
No great toe.
Feet reticulated. Dry, stony soils.
Feet reticulated.
Tarsi partly plated.
Tarsi reticulated ; only 3 toes.
Legs elevated ; 3 toes.
( 68 ) Gralle, 6. Cartama, Briss. Mi- cropaoryius, Geoff. Dicnoxoraus, Ldlig.
Beak large, more Greattoenotreach- Legs plated, very crook’d, cleft to below ing the ground. long; toes extremely the eye. Fig. 196. C. de short, a little palmated Margrave. at the base.
FAMILY II. CULTIROSTRES.
GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
1. Grus, Cuv. Cranes.
Beak straight, but lit- Legsplated; the great . tle cleft ; the membra- toe scarcely reaching nous nasal canal, broad the ground. and concave, occupies
half the length. a. Psoputa, Lin. AGAmIS. TRUMPETERS. ’ Beak short. Head andneckcover- Granivorous and fru- edwith downonly, circle givorous. around the eye naked. From America. 6. Numipicz. Numrpian CRANES. Beak shorter. Fig. Africa. .
199. Ardea Pavonia,\..
c. GRUS PROPER.
Beak as longand long- er than the head.
§ More carnivorous ; beak stronger ; toes larger.
2. Cancroma, Lin. Boat- BILLS. SAVACOUS.
Beak resembling Nostrils pierced to- _— 4 toes, long, and al- spoons joined by their wards the base of the most without mem- concave sides, the su- beak, and prolonged in branes. Pisciyorous. perior mandible with a two parallel furrows sharp tooth on each side towards the point. of the pomt. Fig. 192.
C. Cochlearia.
i:
<=
3. Arpea, Cuv. Herons.
Beak cleft to below the eyes, which are in a naked skin extending to the heak.
a. ARDEA PROPER.
Neck very slim, with long pendant feathers at the base. Fig. 195.
b. Ecrets.
The feathers of the lower part of the back singularly long and fine.
c. Butror. Birrerns.
The feathers of the neck loose and far apart.
d. Birnoreau. Nicut- HERONS.
Suff slender feathers in the occiput of the adult male.
( 69 )
Nasalcanalprolong- Legs plated ; toes ed in a furrow very rather long, exterior nearly to the point of webs evident. Their the beak. dung burns the trees.
§§ Beak longer, smoother ; webs, almost equal and rather thick, be- tween the bases of the toes.
4.Ciconta, Cuv.STrorks.
Beak large, mode- rately cleft ; tongue ex- tremely short. Fig: 202.
5. Mycrerra, Lin. Ja- BIRU.
Beak slightly curved in the upper part. Fig. 203.
6.Scorus, Briss. Umgrts.
Beak compressed, the culminating edge sharp and enlarged towards the base; the end a little crook’d. Fig. 204.
Nonasalcanalorfur- Legs reticulated.— row ; nostrils pierced Make a clapping noise towards the base of the with their mandibles. beak.
Ditto. - Legs reticulated.
Nostrils prolonged in parallel furrows to the end of the beak.
7. Hrans, Lacép. Anas- romus, Lllig. Open- BEAKS.
Mandibles join only at their base and points, having a void interval in the middle of their edges, appearing to be partly the effect of de- trition. Fig. 205.
8. Tanraxus, Lin.
Beak as Ciconia, but
the back rounded, the point curved, and slight- ly notched on each side. Fig. 206.
6.) PiaranEa |) Dun. SPOON-BILLS.
Beak long, flat, broad, like a spatula; tongue small. Fig. 214.
. FAMILY IV.
( 70 )
Nostrils as Ciconia.
Nostrils oval, and pierced near the origin of slight furrows pro- ceeding from the base to the end of the beak.
Gralle.
East-Indies.
Part of their head bare. |
Legs reticulated.
LONGIROSTRES.
GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
1. Sconopax. a. Isis, Cuy. (1)
Beak arched, weaker than that of the Tanta- lus, without notch at the point, almost square at the base. Fig. 208. S. Rubra.
b. Numenius, Cuv. Cres- CENT-BEAKS. CCURLEWS.
Beak arched, round in the whole length, weaker, the upper end passing the lower. Fig. 213.
Nosirils pierced - to- wards the back of the base, and prolonged in a furrow to the end.
Furrow of the nostrils very short.
Part of the head or neck bare; exterior toes well palmated at the base; great toe long e- nough to rest on the ground.
(1) M. Cuvier (Recherches sur les Ossemens Fossiles, t. 1. p.) shews the Ibis sacer of the Egyptians to be the Numenius Ibis or Tantalus OEthiopicus of Latham, Fig. 209; Fig. 210 was drawn from the head of a mummy found at Thebes, and now in the Gallery of the Museum at Paris; Fig. 207 is from one of the temples in
Upper Egypt.
4
% 1) ¢
a ig”
c. Pumopus, Cuv. WuIM- BRELS.
Beak depressed to-
wards the end. Fig. 216.
d. Faucine.ius, Cuv. Pye- MY-CURLEWS.
Ditto.
e. ScOLOPAX PROPER. Woopcocks. SNIPES.
Beak straight, the end of the upper mandible (enlarging to surpass the lower) soft, very sensi- ble, and drying into a point after death. Fig. 201.
J. Rynowoea, Cuv.
Mandibles nearly e- qual, arched slightly at the ends. Fig. 197.
g- Limosa, Bechst. Gov- WITS.
Beak straight, or slight- ly arched towards the upper part; the end de- pressed and blunt. Fig. 200.
A. Carrpeis, Cuv. Sann- PIPERS. Knots.
Beak depressed at the end, not longer than the
head.
t. Pentpna, Cuv Purres. STints. SEA-LARKS.
Beak of Calidris, but a little longer than the head.
et D
Furrow of the nostrils almost the whole length of the beak.
Ditto.
Ditto, with a simple furrow on the lower mandible.
Ditto, but no furrow on the lower mandible.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
No great toe.
Head compressed ; eyes large and very far back.
Spots, like eyes, onthe pen-feathers of the wings and tail.
Africa. India.
Form more slender and legs longer than in the Scolopax.
Toes slightly border- ed, without aed at their base; great toe scarcely long enough to reach the ground (Fig. 221), gait and form heavy.
Toes without borders or webs.
hk. Macneres, Cuv. Rurrs and Reeves. Com- BATANTS.
Beak and gait es Ca- lidris.
Z. Angnanra, Bechst. Ca- uipris, Illig. Cur- WILLETS.
Ditto.
Puararopus, Briss.
Beak flatter than in the Calidris, the fur- rows the same. Fig. 198.
mM.
n. STREPSILAS, Ill. Turn- STONES. SEA-DOTTRELS.
Beak conical, pointed, not depressed ; nasal ca- nal halfthe length. Fig. 247.
_o. Totanus, Cuv, Snipes.
SAnpb-PIPERS. Horsr- MEN. Beak slim, round,
pointed, furrow of the nostrils half the length; the upper mandible a little archedtowardsthe end. Fig.219.S. glottis.
p- Lopipzs, Cuv.
Ditto.
gq. Himantorus, Briss. Macrotarsus, Lac. LonG - LEGGED PLo- VERS.
Beak of Totanus, but more pointed.
2. Recurvirostra, Lin. AVOSETS.
Beak long, slim, point- ed, smooth, elastic, with a strong curve upwards, Fig. 215.
(72)
Web between their ex- terior toes as large as in the Limosa.
No great toc.
Toes edged with very large membranes, like the Fulice.
Great toe scarcely touches the ground.
Ditto.
Toes of Phalaropus.
No great toe.
Great toe much too short to reach the ground.
Feet yellowish.
Exterior web very evi- dent.
Legs excessively slim and long, reHedeaalt and the bones so weak as to render their walk painful. Fig. 212.
Legs _ reticulated, tarsi elevated.
sm ae)
FAMILY V. MACRODACTYLA.
GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
§ WF ings armed with spurs.
1. Jacana, Briss. Par- Ra, Lin.
Beak moderatelylong, One spur to each slightly enlarged at the wing. Four toes, very end. Fig. 222. long, separated to the
roots; the nails, espe- cially that of the great toe, very long and pointed. Fig. 222.
2. Paramepea, Lin. Ka- MICHI. SCREAMERS.
Beak little cleft and Two strong spurs to.
compressed, not enlarg- each wing. Toes with- ed, and the superior out webs, nails strong, mandible slightly arch- that of the great toe ed. Fig. 218. P. cor- straight. Fig. 218.
nuta.
§§ ings unarmed.
3. Raxius, Lin. Rains.
Beak without frontal plate.
a. Rarius, Bechst. Beak longer. Fig. 225,
b. Crex, Bechst. Beak shorter. Fig. 226.
4. Fuuica, Lin.
Beak with a frontal
plate covering the fore- head.
Marshes of warm climates.
Legs reticulated.
a. GALLINULA, Briss and Lath. WATER-FOWLS. Fig. 241.
b. Porpuyario, Briss. Sut- TANS.
Beak deeper in pro- portion to its length; frontal plate consider- able.
c. FuLIcA PROPER, Briss. Coots.
Beak short.
Lone )
Border of the toes nar- row.
Border of the toes scarcely evident.
Border of the toes wide and festooned.
! Gralle.
475)
ORDER VI.
Palmipedes,
Are strongly characterised by their feet formed for swimming, that is, set in the hinder part of their body (Fig. t), with very short and compressed tarsi, and palmated between the toes.
Their close, glossy plumage, imbued with an oily juice and furnished with a thick down next the skin, protects them from the water on which they live. They are the only Birds in which the length of the neck exceeds (sometimes considerably) that of the feet (Fig. 1), having frequently to fish in the depth whilst they swim on the surface of the water. Their sternum is very long, protects the greatest part of their viscera, and has but one notch on each side, or an oval hole furnished with membranes. Their gizzard is generally muscular, their coecums long, and the inferior larynx simple, with the exception of one Family, in which it is swelled into cartilaginous capsules.
FAMILIES.
1. BracuyrreEREs.
Legs further back Wings ewceedingly Plumage very close, than any of the follow- short; fly very ill, or and offering a smooth
ing, making their walk not at all. and shining surface ; very painful, and oblig- swim under water, us- ing them to preserve a ing their wings as fins: vertical position. Fig. a peculiar muscle on 229. each side of the lower | larynx : coecum mode-
rate.
2. LoNcIPENNES.
Beak, without notch- Wings very dong; Only one muscle on es, crook’d at the end, flight extensive. Great each side of the infe- or simply pointed. toe free or none. rior larynx: coecums
short.
3. TorrraLMEs. Greattoeunitedwith Feet short; perch the others in a single on trees. membrane.
4. LAMELLIROSTRES.
Beak thick, covered with a soft skin rather than a true horn; the edges with plates or small teeth. Fig. 251.
FAMILY I.
Wings moderate.
Palmipedes.
Tracheal artery of the male generally ex- panded near the bifur- cation into capsules of different forms : co- cum long.
BRACHYPTERES.
GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
1. Corymevs, Lin.
Beak smooth, straight, compressed, pointed ; nostrils linear.
a. Popicers, Lath. Co- LtyMmbus, Briss. and Il- liger.
Toes enlarged (like those of the Fulice) in- stead of true webs, those in front united, at the base only, by mem- branes. Fig. 227, bis.
b. Cory. prover, Lath. Menrcus, Briss. Eupy- TES, Illig. Divers.
Feet of Palmipedes in general, that is, the front toes united (to the ends) by membranes, and terminated by poin- ted nails.
c. Uris, Briss.and Illig. GUILLEMOTS.
Beak with feathers to thenostrils,andnotched at the point, which is a little arched. Fig. 230.
cl. Crpnus. GREENLAND~ PIGEONS.
Beak shorter, with its back more arched, with- out notch; symphysis of the lower mandible ex- tremely short. Fig. 228.
Middle nail flattened;
tarsi compressed.
No great toe.
Membranes of the toes rather deeply notched.
Plumage, of a metallic lustre, frequently used as fur.
Northern Birds, visit- ing our latitudes only in winter’.
Wings still shorter than in the Colymbus. In steep rocks.
Wings stronger.
REE RS
2. Anca, Lin.
Beak much compres- sed, elevated vertically, the back sharp, gene- rally furrowed trans- versely.
a. Frarercuta, Briss. Mormon. Illig. Auxks. Beak,shorterthan the
head, as deep and deeper at the base than long. Fig. 231.
5. Aca, Cuv. Penguins. Beak more elongated,
like the blade of a knife. Fig. 233. '
3. ApreNnopyTEs, Forst.
Feet, more backward than in any other Birds, only afford support by resting on the tarsus, which is enlarged like the sole of the foot of a quadruped ; its interior presenting three bones, soldered together at the extremities. Fig. 229.
a. ApTENoDYTES, Cuv. Pa- TAGONIAN PINGUINS. Beak slim, long, poin-
ted; the superior man- dible a little arched to- wards the end. Fig. 236,
b. Cavarruactes, Briss.
Beak strong, little com- pressed, pointed, the back rounded, the point a little arched, Fig. 232.
Feet entirely pal- mated; no great toe.
Nostrils (narrow clefts) near the edge.
Feathers as far as the nostrils.
Great toe small, di- rected inwards; the three anterior toes united by an entire membrane.
Feathers covering one third the length of the beak or to the nostrils.
Northern seas.
Small wings, support- ing them for a moment.
Live on thesea, nest in rocks.
Wings too small to sustain them, therefore do not fly at all.
Wings with only vestiges of feathers, like scales.
Furrow from the nos- trils to the end of the beak.
Furrow from the nos~ trilsterminating oblique- ly at the edge of the beak.
( 78 ) _ Palmipedes. |
¢. SPHENISCUS, Briss. Beak compressed, Nostrilsin the middle, straight, irregularly fur- not covered. rowed at the base, the end of the upper man- dible crook’d, that of the inferior truncated. Fig.
234.
FAMILY IF. LONGIPENNES.
GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
y- Procrnnari, Lin.
Beak crook’d at the Nostrils united in a _A nail on the heel, end, the extremity hav- tube onthehack ofthe instead of a great ing the appearance of a superior mandible. toe. (1) piece articulated to the rest.
a. P. Proper. Petre ts.
Inferior mandible truncated. Fig. 240.
&. Purrinus, Briss. Pur- FINS.
End of the inferior Nostrils not opening mandible curves down- by acommon orifice, but wards with that of the by two distinct holes. upper; beak more elon-
gated. Fig. 235.
ce. Pr.ecanoipEs, Lacep. Haroproma, Jlig. Ditto. Throat dilatable: no © “great toe.
d. Prions, Lacép.Pacnye- Tita, Illig.
Beak enlarged at the Ditto. base, the edges furnish- ed with plates like the Anas. Fig. 259, bis.
(1) They remain a longer time at sea than any of the other Palmipedes, and are often obliged, when a storm approaches, to fly to vessels for refuge : they make their nests in the holes of rocks and shoot an oily juice, of which their stomach appears to be always full, at those who attack them. °
*
2. Diomepga, Lin, Ax- BATROSSES.
Beak large, strong, sharp, with distinct su- tures, and terminated by a crook seemingly _articulated. Fig. 257.
3. Larus, Lin.
Beak compressed, e- longated, pointed; the superior mandible arch- ed towards the end; the inferior forming a pro- jyecting angle under- neath.
a. GoELANpbs. GULLS.
Larger than Ducks. Fig. 237.
b. Mauves. SEA-MEws. Less than Ducks.
c. STERCORAIRES, Briss. Lasses, Buff: Les- Tris, Illig.
4. Srerna, Lin. Sea- SW ALLOWS.
Beak pointed, com- pressed, straight, with- out curve or projection ; nostrils towards the base, oblong and pierc- ed interruptedly. Fig.
238.
(1) They feed on all kinds of fish, the flesh of dead bodies, etc.
(79)
Nostrils, like rolls,
No great toe or nail
short, on the sides of in place of it. The most
the beak.
Nostrils, towardsthe middle, long, narrow, open.
Nostrils membranous, and the orifices nearer the point and edge of the beak. Fig. 242.
W ings extremely long and pointed.
fly inland it is a sign of bad weather.
(2) They pursue the small Sea Mews with inveteracy, to deprive them of their food, and, as some say, to devour their dung.
massive of all the Pal- mipedes. Austral seas.
Great toe short. (1)
Tail pointed. (2)
Membranes, unitin the toes, much notch- ed; feet small.
: when they
F
a. Noppigs. A slight projection under the beak.
5. Trans.
5. Rayncioes, Lin. Curr-
WATERS. SKIMMERS.
'Theinferior mandible of the beak much long- er than the other, and hoth flattened in simple plates. Fig. 243. AR. Ni- gra.
FAMILY Ill.
( 80 )
Tail, not forked, almost as long as the wings.
Tail forked.
Wings long; tail forked.
NS ‘* DNs ay ee eal i ‘ 1. ks | ]
Palmipedes.
Feet small. Subsist on what they snatch from the surface of the water with their lower mandible during their flight.
TOTIPALMES.
GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
1. Pevecanus, Lin. Skin of the throat
more or less dilatable-
Tongue very small.
a. OnocroTaLus, Briss. Petecanus, Jllig. Pr- LICANS.
Beak extremely long, straight, broad, and flat- tened horizontally, ter- minated by acrook. Fig. 246.
5. Puaracnocorax, Briss. Carso, Meyer. Ha- uizus, Jllig. Corvo- RANTS.
Beak elongated, com- pressed, the end of the upper mandible crook’d, that of the lower trun- eated. Fig. 245.
A space, at the base of the beak, bare of feathers; nostrils like cracks, with the open- ings scarcely evident.
The inferior mandible sustaining a naked mem- brane, dilatable into a large bag ; 2 furrows, the length of the beak, hid-
ing the nostrils.
Tongue very small, skin of the throat less di- latable, the nostrils like a fine line imperceptibly pierced.
Circle of the eyes mar- ked like the throat; tail round.
Corvorants. Nailofthe second toe notched like a saw.
c. Fricgare-pinps. Men
or War Brrps.
Both mandibles cur- ved at the end. Fig. 244.
d.Suta, Briss. Dyseorus, Illig. Boosrrs. SOLAN D GEESE.
Beak straight, slight- 7 compressed, pointed, the point a little arched
(fig. 1), the edges den-
tated within like a saw.
2. Prorus, Lin. Darr-
ERS. ANHINGA.
Beak straight, slim, pointed, the edges den- tated; head small. Fig. 249.
3.Puxton, Lin. TRovic- BIRDS. STRAW-TAILS. Beak straight, point- ed, dentated, moderate- ly strong. Fig, 241.
FAMILY IV.
om)
Tail forked, the feet short, membranes deeply
notched. (1)
Nostrils prolonged in a line nearly to the point ; the throat andthe circles of the eyes naked, the former little dilatable.
Neck long.
Two narrow and
very long feathers, like straws, in the tail.
Envergure excessive.
Nail of the middle toe notched like a saw ; wings less than in the Frigate Birds. Tail somewhat wedge-shaped.
Feet like the Coy- vorants.
Feet short, wings long. Rarely quit the Torrid Zone.
LAMELLIROSTRES.
GENERA AND SUB-GENERA.
1. Awas, “in.
a. Cyonus Meyer. Beak as broad before
as behind, deeper than middle of the length of
Nostrils nearly in the
broad at its base; neck the beak.
very long. Fig. 251.
b. Anser, Briss. GEESE.
Beak
than behind, than broad at its base.
: moderate or short, narrower before deeper
(1) Their powerful wings enable them to fly immense distances from land,
principally between the tropics :
Boobies to make them disgorge their prey.
they dart on the Flying-Fish and strike the
a et Sar ee 5 Pai
( 82 ) Palmipedes. #. ANSER PROPER.
Beak as long as the head ; the ends of the plates at the edges ha- ving the appearance of pointed teeth.
B. Barnnacxes. Cuanis. BRAND-GEESE.
Beak shorter, slight- er; the ends of the plates not visible at the edges. (1)
c. ANAS PropER. Ducks.
Beak not so deep as_ Nostrilsnearertheback Legs shorter, place broad at its base, and as and base of the beak. more backwards. broad (or broader) at the extremity as towards
the head. § Great toe bordered by a membrane,
#. Macrevuses. Scorers.
Beak broad and swelled. Fig. 248.
@. Garnors.
Beak shorter and
narrower before. Fig. 250.
y. Evers.
Beak narrower be- fore, but longer than in the Garrots and as- cending higher on the forehead, forming an angle with the fea- thers. Fig. 256.
od. Mritxiovurins.
Beak broad and flat. Trachex terminate in Fig. 239. enlargements, forming a capsule, partly membra- nous, to the left, supported
by bony ramifications.
§§ Great toe not bordered.
¢. SHOVELERS.
Upper mandible bent into a demi-cy- linder, enlarged atthe end ; the plates solong and thin as to resem-
ble hairs. Fig. 254,
(1) The 4. Erythropus, Gm., celebrated by the fable of its growing on the trees like a fruit (See Grey’s notes on Hudibras), visits us in winter.
( 83 ) 5. Tapoanes.
Beak much flatten- ed towards the end, raised in a projecting swell at the base.
Fig. 255.
d. Mrarcus, Lin. Mer- GANSERS. HARLES. Beak moreslim,more The end of the upper The enlargement of
cylindrical, each man- mandible crook’d. the inferior larynx enor- dible armed along its mous and partly mem- edges with little pomted branous, in the males. teeth (likethose ofasaw) Live on ponds and lakes.
directed backwards.Fig. 258. M. serrator.
The 4 additional species of Accipitres, figured to fill up the last plate, are, Cathartes vulturinus, Tem., from New California, Fig.*260 ; Vultur monachus, Lath., or Chincou, from India, Fig. 261; Striw leucotis, Tem., from Senegal, Fig. 262; S. ascalaphus, Savig., from Egypt, Fig. 263.
Those who possess the ‘ Analysis of the Natural Classifications of Mammalia,’ will insert the followmg new Sub-Genus of Bats, immediately after that of Phyllostoma, p. 29.
6. GrossopHaca, Geoff.
The nasal crest(asingle Tongue channelled and vertical leaf) at the end extensible. of the muzzle.
Incisives 4 Canines ; 6: Grinders éi
Sp. Vesp. soricinus, Pall. G. amplewicanda. G. caudifer (figured in the Table
to face p. 12). G. ecaudata, The three latter were found in the neighbourhood of
Rio Janeiro, by M. de Lalande.......... The skull, brought by the same traveller,
is that of ‘* a Makoca, a people beyond the Caffres : ” in order to preserve the facial angle precisely, it was drawn by the Camera lucida.
FENTIS.
" Boa mt
9th nib wiv
wa ve Sy Laphepabel
BRE AUNT st Pe Saneh a
Bonel..... Bonnat.
Humb..
Tig. Jacq....
UG pea
PANIES
Margr....
M EPecacee
sis 5 Tabagide, ..Latham.....General Synopsis of Birds. 3 vol. in-4°. and 2 suppl. Lon-
AUTHORS CITED.
~ ; a!
Azzara......Voyages dans ? Amérique Méridionale de 1781 jusqa’en 1801. Paris 1809, t. 3. 4.
.... Bechstein... Histoire Nat. usuelle de ie case (en Allemand). Leipz.
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.. Bonnaterre. . Encyclopédie Méthodique.
Brisson ..... Ornithologie, 6 vol. in-4°. Paris, 1770. .. Buffon......Histoire naturelle, générale et particuliére. Paris 1749-89, 36 in-4°,
9 D’oiseaux. Les planches enluminées des oiseaux, 1008, sans ordre.
.-Daudm..... Traité élémentaire et complet d’Ornithologie. 2 vol. 4°.
Paris, 1800. Dumeril.... TV ratte élément. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, 2 vol. 8°. 1807.
.. Edwards... . Natural History of Rare Birds. 4 vol. 4°. ..Forster.....Zoologie indice rarioris spicilegium. in-4°. Londoni, 1790. _———,......Enchiridion Historie naturali inserviens, in-8°. Halle, 1788.
fiiset Becca « Representation de quelques oiseaux d’ Allemagne et de quelques étrangers (en Allemand). 2 vol. fol. Berl. 1739-63.
..... Geoffroy St.-Hilaire. Mém. dans le Mazas. Encyc. Ann. du Mus.—Ouvr.
sur VE gypte.
.. Gavel .ip.% 13th Ed. Systema Nature. Leipsig. 1788.7 vol. . . Hofmanseck. Mémoires sur des animaux du Brésil et du Portugal. .. Humboldt. . Observations de Zoologie et d’ Anatomie comparée. Paris.
40, 1811. ihiger. =. . Prodromus systematis Mammalium et Avium. 8°. Berlin, 1811.
. Jacquin ....Des matériaux pour U' Histoire des Otseaux (en Allemand).
4 vol. in-4°. Vienne, 1784. Niemaoe. ... Historic avium prodromus. Dantzick, 1750. ——- Stemmata avium. Dantzich, 1759.
don, 1782.
.2-———— ...Index Ornithologicus. 2 vol. 4°, London, 1790.
Linneus.....Systema Natura, 1757-1766.
George Margrav de Leibstad. Historie rerum natularium Brasilia, libri 8. in-fol. Leyde et Amsterd. 1648.
Merrem..... Avium rariorum et minus cognitarum icones et descr, 4°,
Leipz. 1786.
86
Meyer et ¥ olf
Moehr. .. Miill.....
ec @ eo eeeeve eevee
eoeeeee
Frieill... «:
- Moehring..
Sonnerat...
Temmink,.
Le Vaillant. .
eoese
oat oe
. ” * : o AUTHORS CITED. ae
Taschenbuch, etc. (Almanach des Oiseau d’Allemagne ). 2 vol. in-8°. Francf, 1810. )
.Avium Genera. 8°. Aurich, 1752. .
.Miuller..... Zoologica Danica, fol. Copenh, 1788-9. ——— .....Zoologie Danice Prodromus. 8°. Harnie, 4776. Pallas ......Spicilegia Zoologica. Berl. 1767-80. so eee Voyage dans plusieurs provinces de l’ Empire de Russie. 8 vol> in-8°. et unatlas. Paris. Pennant... . British Zoology, in-fol. 1 vol. —--— .... Do. do. 8°. 4 vol. ——— ....4retic do. 40, 2 vol. ——-— ....Indian do. 40, { vol. Rates oe Synopsis methodica avium et piscium. in-8°. London, 1743. Savigny.....Mémoires stir les oiseaux del’ Egypte. Shaves Naturalist’s Miscellany. London, 1789.
1800. 4794,
General Zoology. do. Zoology of New-Holland. do.
.Voyage a la Nouvelle Guinée. 1 vol. 4°. Paris, 1776. .. Voyage aux Indes Orientales et ala Chine. 2 vol. 4°. Paris,
1782
. Histoire naturelle générale des Pigeons et des Gallinaces.
Amster. et Paris, 1803-45.
.. Manuel d’ Ornithologie, ou Tableau systématique des Oiseaux
qui se trouvent en Europe. 8°. Amster. et Paris, 1815. Hist. nat. des Oiseaux d’ Afrique. 5 vol. in-4°. Paris, 1799.
Do. des Perroquets. 2 vol. in-4°. Paris, 1804.
Do. des Oiseaux de Paradis, Rolliers, Toucans et Bar- bus. 2 vol. in-fol. Paris, 1806.
Do. des Promerops et des Guépiers. Paris, 1807.
. Hist. nat. des plus beaux Oiseaux chanteurs de la zone torride.
in-fol. Paris, 1805.
.Hist. nat. des Oiseaux de l Amérique septentrionale. 2 vol.
in-fol. Paris, 1807.
. Analyse d’une nouvelle Ornithologie élémentaire. in-8°. Paris,
1816
. Voyage to New South Wales. 1 vol. in-4°. London, 1790.
> %
%.
Page.
Accipitres... ugeuee: « 42 = sei i 44 ——— — Eee 45 Agamis. ..sjgme ees: 68 Aigle Autoummay...-. “24 —.— Péeheurd.....<: 24 fulauda .. 4 cee 42, Albatross... suamenens 79 Alca.. . .c:c5 eee A Alcédo .:.. sae 50 Alectors? . ;. 2am. i) Am pelis. <i: aaa oY Anas. . «2.2 eee 81 —— Proper......... 82 Anastomus....... .. 70 Avihinga: .. augue a so BA, Anis ... ..< ane 54 Anser .... scene 81 —— Proper ........ 82 Anthus ..)smnee ace 41 Aptenodytessa. ui ef Apus .. 2903 cones aoe Ad Aquila. .o 0 gamma acts 21 a 24. Ara. ... ee | Sree 55 Aracarijgeaee ames 6 » 55 Ardea . seg ha ene: 69 —— Proper........ 69 Arenariags ees ey Astur.... ... agree rcs 24 —— . <1 eee 26 ——— Propenias...ces 26 Attagen <2. 2mmgehe o's 64 Auks. ; . ge Seaaepee Wi Autours .). @ogueeceny! DA Avosets. i... eee eiee: "2 Balbusards. <.)gu. 42K 25 Bald-headsuc 7 wean Banana-eaters....... 57 Barbacots2. sae. 53 Barbets «402.44. 53 Barbicané.. sate - 54 Barita . .... 2s Mee ee Barnaclesi.a.. Baek) e: 82 * Becardesitta vue... 35 Bee-eaters ........ en
Beef-eaters.......... AS
. Page. Bethylusig. ..6..5. 5s 30 Bithoreau. :... <2... « 69 IBITLETDS Gp. wc Ses 69 Blackbirds.......... 38 oat-billgy . 662 nes 68 Bombycivora........ 37 IBGODIES 353 «ic 456 Mea Ne 81 Bouvreuils .......... 35 Brachypteres........ 75 ne 76 Brevipennes......... 04 oon aes 65 RTO! erates os.) ed ctere 28 HEMICCO's hors’ s HUE ES. =a) —— Proper........ 54
BEC ETO Si56 5 oie ye! i 0S 50 AV LES isis 5's! sickoycle os 41 Bullfinches.......... 44 UMTS yas: 5 «5 o's oh oats 43 Buphagas,.. ..s)0 60. 4s 45 MUISLATOSiies 4, ecera-8 sfs7c'd 66 PPC Onc eis eile pot es 24 BEE ORs Sees So alles se Bi 69 WBZ ZATOS .. 6 o.'5 «a ees 24 Galidvisencoi sid othe fal ey SL, Wo auth ait 12, Walleeas. (2. ee 45 @anchroma,. ¢ s.... 2 68 Caprimulgus ........ 49 Garacarae: 4), fieien 4 5 25 (OPA 8 JN sa a 80 Garduelis:......0..00/ (23% 44 Catiama sce eo. 68 Caryocatactes ....... 47 MG SOAT Sy sove ond shedeld 66 Casowaries.......... 66 G@assteans 5 Meh Ms 35 = Ee lore oes aac! Hs GaSSiGus,. \., ovals s0ese/3 os 45 ——-— Proper...... 45 Gasuerius.:.: . .. sae 66 Catarrhactes ........ 47 Caterpillar-catchers.. 37 @athartes® oe. oY se . 18 Ceblepyrus.......... 37 Gentropus. 2... 062. 3% 53 ephasg. oes... vs 74
INDEX TO THE ORNITHOLOGY.
eee ee OTe ape Page, Cephalopterus....... 37 Gerthia.’ octave... 48 ——— Proper....... 48 eye ic. notes os 50 Chafiinches: 32252; 2. 44 Charadrius... 22... .. 66 ——-+-— Proper.... 67 Chardonnerets....... 44 Chatterers ..... Sale See Choucaris:' 365.2 .2". 2 . 35 Ciconias che ee 69 Cimchus 5 sae 39 Cimmyris'. s/s eck oe 49 Cinctis. ss 2 owe een 24 Glakis: 4, Cree 82 Climbers oo ues, 32 51 Cockatoos. 32). 23 2... 56 Cooks o/c eu ie ee OO Cocothraustes ....... 44 Golaris:.. es 47 Colibrise eo see oe 49 Gohleseos Cee 45 Colins..h205. fete oe 62 Coliuse dt tai eee 45 Columba tie. Sea 62 Columbars.......... 3 Columbi Gallines.... 63 Golymbus..47 0 sie. » 76 —-——-— Proper.... 76 Combatants......... 72 Conirostres.......... 34. ee 42, Coors sho. sera tee 74 Coracias 22 re 47 —-—-— Proper ...... 47 Corvorants.2) ee 46 COrvus' <3. See 46 -----— Proper....... 46 Gonyitnalk (oo oi ca ac 57 Corythus 3... 44. Couneas. <5... Sule... 37 seers PYOPer ta, . 37 (Gopipnix ss 6 ose ok. 62, Giowase $2 08 Se ets 52, Goncals. oe ae ee 53 Gourolsig) 6. oe 53 GHanese eee SE. 68
—-— --— Numidian,... 63
Page. Cpa eee) hie: Se 59 Creepers... yo... 48 Crescent-beaks ...... fA MES Lome eS ied Ns 73 Gross-bills ...2.2-4.).. 44 Crotophoga......... o4 Cryptonyx 6.0.03 2 ies 64 Grypturus... 6.250505 62 MMCKG WSs... os whee 52 ———-— Proper.... 92 ———— Honey .... 53 Gucubis seine teehee 52, @ultirostres . os... 0. 64 (LUraSSOWS. «,..o)- t,0,0/0se% 59 OUrlE WS 3... ow oS ena ids fe SE VON Vi. als 1 Curruca ae : a eae 40 MQMITSOGIUS ©... + ..cssieveiic 67 CWMITUCTUS.§ .. s clece 54. MONT Wilets, «vs sc «aciaces 72, Gut-waters. «.. «jessie 80 Ripenls,. < .,. 01: urease Si GMS oss ayo 24 Ey DSCLUS. «vanes dean ngs 44 MACHIS:.. 6... Biarendbaies 46 se GaNGm ss sic esis evens 21 WRATECES or 5 i aicis enaiouane 841 Dendrocolaptes...... 48 Dentirostres......... 33 a A ea a AE) SS 34 MADNIC et. . .. <.. tne seeaiders 48 Dicolophus........i«; 68 PUTS. ok se a ‘ehh AD SE el aE Cen 16 MUNVETS. ek oP ccaton ne 76 MOdO. sso Set. alae 66 MOVES cos. 0s 5 sc Recked onat 63 ROMEO eos Mena cee 38 WKS oki. ee heh 82 DY SPOLUS: «oo .c-a'etsjchaioys 81 ye (a 4. ———— Proper....... 24. —_—— Short - winged fig Maan 272 ae 24 MCHASSIENS joe. so cen 13 COMUS ye. cn cw ee 3 (Da) mene 2 SNES 69 MER Soe ode rsh 82 MANUS. ccc kien ue 26 Mim Deriza.... 6 suet sseien 43 Epimachus........ Heane Ss) | Co es ae i RI 76 Bila bese) ete. ae AV Palcinelles) ose 74, Ba Nes sala 44 a aC AA GN SY 16 ESSN. Pan Una © A 19
Page.
Falcon sae oe ee ee 16 Ficedulam 2.0022 vo 40
Fissirostres.....620+.. 33
a ee ee 41
Blamingos’fi5%'. 3's 2. 65
Fly-birds i... ...°. 49 1 Catchers) ssn 36 Francolines:....5.. 0. 61
Kaatercula.:);.... soe cL
B@ezilus) oases ee 48 Frigate-bird......... 84 Pringalla. (2c). teieepe 43 ee Ge Ree 8 44 Bulica ss. ce0. oe 73 —— Proper....... win KA Galbula. oc) scar 54 Gallinacee........2. 13 a 58 Gallinuta-= os Ss cee 74 Gallus.) 03 S240 Bee 60 Gane... s:.a'aid wh Gneeeeel 64 Gearrots gi Ae cncocmnene 82 Garrulus.. . . es seu 46 Geese oo 6 cl. Ue a Ot =— Brand! ... ene 82 ere. SOLAN 3 ee 81 Glareola... ...ese eae 65 Glaucopis. \, ... » «Age 45 Gnat-snappers....... 36 Goat-suckers ........ 42, Godywits .'..2..2)., eee Ta: Goldfinches,......... 4A. Graculas. sine) 39 Grakles |. cds laa 39 Grallee. ic 7 eee 43 os a 64 Graucalus...2) .) cae 35 Griffon). )..0:). eee 16 -Grimpeurs .......4.. 13 Grossbeaks.......... 44 Grous! 3. seo 64. Ginus... fo wh, Ree 68 —— Proper........ 68 Gaans 35,5... ee ee 59 Guillemots... ... os sie. 76 Gymnocephalus ..... 37 Gymnoderes........ 38 Gypactos ........ sql 16 Eee 48 Gypogeranus........ 22 Hematopus......... 67
Halieus. ..... os ie clea 80 Hiallzeins.... 000.7 ee
eee) 25
——_—~— — Proper..... 25
Eialodroma. ...... b2u8 12,
Hardbeaks...... .2ig20 45
Harlesinecucan Se 83
Page Halipyia..... debs... 24. Hawks (fishing)...... 24 Hemipodis... 2.0... 62 He@namgls «occa cele: 69 ee Night ee cake eats 69 Hijatier. SRR os ects 70 Hiero-taleo fa. . 2. ss. 419 Himantopus - e 72 Hirundo..... pa Pa 41 Hoaamie... 22 tee 60 Hoceotr.).. eisdaeesy 59 Hoérotaria.......... 49 EROOPOES:. . Nain es cial 48 Hornbills... . .:2.55083 50 ____—-_—. Psittaceous.. 53 Horsemen. «2225 P30: io Humming-birds ..... 49 Eibis.. 4... eee 70 Leterus, .. «seni 45 Tenobiles. .,...:-.< Site 419 ee, ee 24 Indicators... « gees 53 Jabirwis.. -..)60:c. SE 69 Jacamar: «4... 1 BA Jacana. .,.,.. «5: sees 73 SACOOSS «oc: churns 59 DAY Se viens; pi aactnmerare 46 Kamichr. 35.0. 73 Kingfishers........... 50 IMATE. «, cays ghallaeoh aa 241. Knots,.,... . eee 74 Labbes .... isi HO Lagopus:.:.:. duce ys 64. Lamellirostres....... 76 a Mee SA Langrayen..... Ber ha 34 Lianius.),,.:.s Seen ee 14 ee ste eo 34 an = oe FOPGE..., ieee 34. hapwings | ...:...stue 67 Liarks..... .:.:.::% seamen ws 49, —-— Sea........ 2. 74. Lavandieres......... 41 Hestris...:.:.<2: 5.2 eee 79 Himosas oo) 0c 71 Linaria. ... 3% see 44 Tinnets...... Prec ist 44. Lobipes..... tere ae Longipennes........ 75 Se , PRS aS Longirostres......... 65 Lophrophores ....... 64 LOX... ks RE 44. Lyre-tails. . ..4/.ee 39
BATS, \ecRW) asl ater F ‘
Page Macreuses........... 82 Macrodactyla........ 65 Sa eee 73
-Macrotarsus......... 72 Menura...... oe 39 Naicohas...:2..:.. 53 Wiewakins....28..:.. 40 Martins...... + ae 44. Miuves.....ame.>-.- 79 Mieleapris....0....: ; 59 Men of war birds.... 84 Mergansers ........- 83 Mergus .....+-+++-- 76 See ee 83 Merops . - ss s.'. meet, EQ Microdactylus....... 68 Paillouins:; ge... . 82 Milvus.cae. 2 ))_ 21. Ae ee: 26 ——-—— Proper....... 26 Mitowx. &.'. sae sc 59 Mormome....2...... hhh Morphnus.:..45..... 24
“eo oe 25 Mrotacilse ys. och sks os 40 See ea, 41 Moustaches ......... 43 Marscicdpa ...5. 6...) 36 a ee 37 Muscipata........... 36 Musophaga.......... 57 Myeteria.; 60.4)... 69 Myothera.....4..... 39 Naked-necks......... 38 Rapamls’.. 0015 ..... 60 Nectarimia 4.°.:...... 48 Weophepmcns....... 18 Nightingales......... 40 MWiams.c eee. ee. 26 NobilesMe es. . 5... 49 yin OSL RS Se 27 a eee 29 Nocturne... 2. 45 ee a ae Weddies.. ga... 80
- Nudipes...., ee 29 Numenius........... 70 Wanida 20.004... 0. 61 Wamardicne,.. 2. ..... 68 Nuaterackers......::. 47 Nuthatches.......... 46 Noetede. 20262 se) Gigptertse so. 2... 34 OEdicnemus......... 67 Onocrotalus......... 80 Open-beaks......,.. 70 Opisthrocomus...... 60. J St) cn Sea 38
Page.
Ortalida sas ss. ses ss 60 Orthorynchus........ 49 Gity Cis. je 5 oc ee 62 Ostrichesw)<.650s 2% 65 is. WR ee wR -66 GS 5 sic be . 2 EE e a 28 Orax % eas. es ceo as 59 Oyster-catchers...... 67 Pachyptila,......... 78 Palamedea.... 6 2... 73 Palmipedés:.....4:.. 43 aR LA ee 73 MP AMMATOUV Mt ri othdo ea ts 25 Paradise (birds of)... 47 Paradise... sisvs sa.0.s 47
arias 3 Ak hoe ee oes 73 Parrakas:’,. 0c. 08. 60 Parrakeet-..6.. 66003 5% 55
See NT AS 6 «
———— Aicowe iaed 55 ———\-— Proper..... 55 ———— with trunks. 56 UROL feet G cis ese sere 55 Bartdees. .. 6.6 5:22 64 ee ee 65 PAR USs ete sa be be Sue 43 a UM tsk uk igs: de 43 Passeres....a......- 4:2; ae are 33 PAX vrs iss. eke oes 59 Wea 0-1 waaielt.< $ oe ste s 58 Peacockse.® 2. sis esis < 58 —-———— Proper..... 58 Pelecanoides........ 78 Pelecanus::.i..%.... 380 WelICAME :26 4.24 sa cas 80 Pelidiaiin soe. 508 Te Penelope 26.5224). 59 Bene uiws.- (3-6 22s La ———=+— Patagonian. 77 Percnopterus...... eso) Perdis o. as ckse 64 ——-— Proper....... 61 POTTS WAR sit % lac alee s ot Petrels Ao 282: 18 Pezoporusye io... 26 ———-— Ingambes.. 56 Bheopus.se.0.. 02%. i. IPhacton es ob eS 8i Phalaropusy. .03.. a. (2, Phalocrocorax....... 80 Phastanusee:: 0... 60 ———— Proper.... 60 Pheasant :..... a8. 60 ———— Crested 60 EPhene gy Fe see 16 Philedons 602.3) 5 2.) 39 Phoenicopterus....... 65 Piaubaw sesso) oe 37
ges ee ot are
Page PICA. « sues FS eae a ae WRC OLMES 0a y uiaticlats solos 52 Picucules. 0.05.2. 06% 48 ICUS... g.chs ee etn) ee 52 4. (PROPe?..cis .2-s'« Roe Pigeons...... 5. o oa ABZ fa Greenland . . 76 Pam FAO. sie oc choi en 61 Bipra. ih. tji0e, eee 40 Bat pits) 1 AO fee A) oy abate 46 Paty lugs. 0/0) bes ets 44 Platalea wei k. GR 70 Ploceus .. soe ets oe 43 PMOLUS cicssaieseceseee tes Ee 84. PROVEUS:2)+c64 care eek es ——_-— Long-legged.. Plumate. . i F ei J... OF POT ANG: a ishho es whee Podicepsenii.54. ba oe 76— Pogonias.....eiic: sie 54 Polyplectrum........ 59 Por phyTio...% - ht 74 Pratincoles........ . 7 68 Pressirostres. ....... 64 —_— ——_— ce ee Prionttessss a5: 5 2.4.88 50 Prions.-: 4 #5246 28 78 Procellaria.......... 78 ———— Proper..... 78 Procnias :: 8 6.34 eae 38 Promerops.......... 48 Pears: : 6s ncees thee 35 Psitlacus.: 2.020e ok oe 55 Psophiassctaos 2b 68 Pterocles ....<.¢ 00a 61 Pteroglossus......... 55 Puffins : 25. .deeioes 78 Pufiinus 5 :ps32 cate 78 Prrres)32.% 40 2b pes 74. Pyrpitac et seinen 43 Pyrrho-Corax........ 38 Pyrgbula 23. oe 44. Onailss 254 Veer ae 62 —— American...... 62 Onans. Sra ce hes: eh) Rails. ok es ee 73 Realbits:. ec iee 73 Rhamphastos........ 54 ————— Proper... 55 Recurvirostra........ 72 Wegwlus ssc 220 os ee 40 Remizs 032 06 eee ae 43 Reale ae ee een ae 66° Eby Mchopsiis’s sicieu-. 80 Rollers: 2212s & 47 Ruffs and Reeves.... 72 Fudpreolay 2. Ska. 40 Rynchooas 135 ah, 74,
Sand-pipers......... 6/7: Sugar-eaters.. #22... 49° Trochilus. “n).. ; 49 oe, Te Salas. 2 eee S41 © ‘Tropiccbirds .°..7... x a eee ‘2 Sultans. .¢*..55 ce 74. Troplodytess 3)... 2a; 20 Sarcoramphus....... 18° Surnia. . 3320 Be te ge, Wage Met. ka o4 Sacer peed Ths 60 Swallows........... 41... Tromipetite.-. 5... 68 Satya ee 60% =e ae ee 79. Turdds.. wc. Seis oe Savacouss: 52.05... 68). Sylvian? 025 2 gee 10 | Turkieg gies ve tee 09 ARIGOIA se ots eles 40 Syrnium\s 2 /% 4 e... 29° Tornix | Bae... eo Scansores........... 13 _ Turnstones.....<... saat meee eee o1 Tachydromus....... 6/7) Toyranmige pe akg os, oe Scolopax.. su. Age! . (0° "Tadornes . 2... jae. = 5 ‘ ——— — Proper..... 71 Vamvatias .. cee O42. Ulla, ones ae eee Ae, Scope ge. ii. eee oe 29: ‘Tamagers'2: 4... ee 35° . Wambres Ae aos or 69 Scopugy.: «4-041 Ge. 69 -——-—— Cardinals... 35 Upupa.............. 48 Screamers......-... 73 ——-—-— Euphones.. 35. —-—_-— Proper..:.... 48 Scythrepe.s.)o.04,..0< 93 ———-— Grossbeaks.. 36 Uria................ 76 Sea-dottrels......... 72 ——-—'Loriots:. 27 50 es od ‘Sea.Mews ....-.2..% (a Proper: we 36. Vanga..- ce - ae . Oe Sea -Bies.... ...:.-..-aoe 67 -—-—--—-—Ramphoceles 36 Vidua..... beet de. 4 Serpentarius ........ 22) Wanaepa’ anos. ye cite 35 Wirdgo, ene 63 Shore-birds.......... 62) Fantalus- 27)... 3.93 70 Vouroudrious........ 53 Shovelers:«<.. 52 i's. RES) aay Re, MIN 47. Waltagrit 73 rege 14 Shrikes.,....... CR es 34 Tenuirostres......... BA ie Me tan c 16 Sita. ent. hese 46 ——-———......... 48 a ee age 13% Skimmers... 6.3523 2%'<. BO". Terms”. 6.2... .). 80 Vulturey.k.. 3.2% Fes.) LO SUATSES ec! rete stolere cies 7a Wettasi. 2)... a 61 ——— Proper.. te 18 ee, er (2, Chrushess 5.502 fee 38 me Spheniscus.......... 73 = nt eee 39° Waders... gaa. cee iG 4 Spoon-bills.......... 70 'Tichodroma®.. Jaa, 48 Wag-tails..7..... * 44 Squatarola. a... PF). . 67. Tmamus..°.. ae: 60 Wasp- Cake tes le 50 Starnes, 4.8 ee ee 46.’ Tisserins....:-aeaees an 43 Water-fowls ........ 74 Gidclings...-.iccsnme oe 46 Titmice.......98... 45. "MVater Quaeig. tig! OO Stercoraires......... 79>: Fodies’.'.... .. ae »... 50° Wattlebinds. +112... 40° Sterna... +. e lees (9. Todus 3.3 . ees 50. Weavers... sam... )43 SUMS Grin wite-eterera th Sects 7. Porcols... .:) ames 52 Whimbrels.......... 74 BEORKS eA) sicwds eve 69 -Totanus’..'..... Baume: 72. Woodtocks3) 2a-..: 71 Straw-tails.......... 81 Totipalmes ee 75 Woodpeckers........ 52 Strépsilas.. ......044 7 a eee 80 Wrens... 0.2 a ee a) SUD tayo ine ous oe aes 14 Renee! RParae mre ee 54 Wrynecks. . og ale tee 52 SG dante aeeeey ta 27 Touracous - + és. 2038 57 ae Se ete eects ee 28. Tridactyleni te. .~. 52 Xanthornus . coe me 46 Strutitos. 06-69 SS 65 . Tridactyles. 2775. mer 62 SL LG Ce Coe eR DERE to 46. Tringa’. ..'.% ssa 67 .Ynambus 22-37 ia Sugar birds...2%:4/.. 49 —— -Puoper..¢,... 67. Yunx........., 2... 62 ¥- =
ie
if = : h ger. 2 m or fibula.
s (represented bya single bone). the union of the two clavicles.
Rae ek a
vate
iG
PLATE I.
. -Pabis. Scapula.
-Humerus. Radius. -Ulna.
. -Carpus.
. -Metacarpus.
- Thumb.
-First joint of finger.
. Finger.
-Rudiment of little finger.
. -Femur.
t.p....-Tibia, and peronzum or fibula.
-Heel.
Tarsus and metatarsus (represented bya single bone). -Furcula produced by the union of the two clavicles.
Sbiweeos Sternum. ap. cor..Coracoid apophysis.
“
it
Fic. I.
r frontal.
Fie; Th
Fic. XVI.
ces minores.
D0 miajores.
Hes or greater remiges. mearies or lesser ditto. bes scapularies.
PLATE II.
acarpus and joiats. . primaries
®
Fic. XVII. terus on which the scapularies are attached. lusandulna .. secondaries nb -» bastards
i ,
PLATE Il.
Tio. I. - Intermaxillary. - Maxillary. Lacrymal. Palate. Jugal. Os quadratum. - Temporal. Posterior frontal. Frontal. . Parietal. - Occipital.
BSS e2rNOT Pw
Pe
- Intermasillary. . Anterior frontal - Ethmoidal. Jugal.
. Frontal. Parietal.
- Occipital.
Aan Fw we
N
Fic. XVI.
1. ¢ Tectrices minores.
2. t. Ditto majores.
1. r. Primaries or greater remiges. 2. r. Secondaries or lesser ditto. se. Tectrices scapularies.
Fic. XVII. sc. The humerus on which the scapularies are attached. s. The radius andulna .. secondaries o. The thumb «+ bastards p. Themetacarpus and joints. . primaries
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4
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si
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Ss Si
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586 ANNUAIRE DE CHIMIE.
RF: Ja conversion des alcalis minéraux combinés aux acides organique Se © en carbonates alcalins. Depuis des observations intéressantes dit — & M. Weehler, on considérait cette transformation comme un pli Me ~ noméne constant; elle est , au contraire, d’une extréme variabilifé.” > Sur .68 ingestions , 175 ont été suivies d’urines alcaline: | 87 dWurines acides et 6 d’urines sensiblement neutres. On peu sen suivant certaines régles, provoquer l’expulsion compléte du s wl de Seignetts par le tube intestinal ; le passage du sel par les urines e alors un cas infiniment rare. On peut, au contraire, le faire pé- —
nétrer dans l’économie, saturer ainsi les urines d’une dose énorme- de carbonate alcalin ; !’évacuation du tartrate par les selles devient Vexception. | Si un grand nombre de médicaments se trouvent soumis 24 semblables variations, il est difficile de croire qu’il en soit trement, on comprend quel prix doit attacher la médecine a évit ces variations ou a les faire tourner 4 son profit. : Aprés avoir décrit avec soin les méthodes d’analyse qu ’ils ont m
ses en usage, MM. Laveran et Millon établissent qu’il est cons que le sel de Seignette ne s’échappe jamais par les urines a l'état tartrate, et que celui qui prend cette voie est entiérement converti en carbonate. Lorsque le sel de Seignette est pris en peu de temps et a ala do de 40 a 50 grammes, son effet tend 4 se concentrer sur les v iby digestives. Les vomissements sont trés-rares, mais Vingestion toujours suivie de plusieurs selles liquides. Ce n’est que d’une nf : niére exceptionnelle que les malades n’éprouvent rien du coté tube digestif; mais, dans ce dernier cas, ils rendent des urines calines. : : Prescrit a petite dose , de maniére que 20, 30 ou 40 gramm ne soient pris qu’en huit ou dix heures, le tartrate double produit _ des effets opposés. Dans ce cas, la purgation est l’exception ; l’alca- _ jinité des urines devient J’état habituel : un seul litre d’urine peut salurer jusqua 250 divisions de l’acide sulfurique normal, ver goutte a goutte, a l’aide de la burette alcalimétrique de M. Gay- Lussac. De sorte qu’en. ne tenant compte que du tartrate dd ble de sonde et de potasse, on voit qu’a haute dose il est dir4 - tement expulsé par le?mouvement de l’intestin ; tandis que de tites quantités. bien qu’elles soient réitérées , pénetrent |’éconon _ sont transformées par elle, amenées au dernier terme d’oxydat
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