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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR.
UNITED STATES GHOLOGICAL SURVEY.
F. V. HAYDEN, U. 8. GEOLOGIST-IN-CHARGE.

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

UNITED STATES

LOGICAL COMAHSSIO

z FoR / j f, / al
/ Ba -« }
wy f L je i d /

wer
THEH YEAR 1877

ENTOM

RELATING TO THE

ROCKY MOUNTAIN LOCUST

AND

THE BEST METHODS OF PREVENTING ITS INJURIES AND OF GUARDING
AGAINST ITs INVASIONS, IN PURSUANCE OF AN APPROPRIA-
TION MADE BY CONGRESS FOR THIS PURPOSE.

WITH

MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS,

e

Pye Fes ree
OFFICE OF

EXPERIMENT STATIONS

U. S. Department of Agriculture,

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE.

1878.

~

-
|

/

— Legend — E

EA
Ss Bamana Region or Native Breeding,

Grounds, where the epedee 1a always toand

tn greater or less obandanve.

iEEE2s| Subpermunent Teyion which the Species
frequently tnvudes, te which tt can pa
petnite jhaelf tar several YOHs, hut
trom which tt in tine Cisoppes.

Tinpwrory Region, that ody period
teally visited ond tron which Ce Species
geneity DAO Peres ‘witli w eure the
etreme northean port partahes more.
however, &# the Salpermeameat CGharaber

— banrne ff Slight trom Permanent Regen

Ttorurn (ght tron Temporary Keyion.

1

-

-—

7" I

DS

Safa
mk

i
ul
he
as

4%,

Mba
Vy
M4

SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION.

be VAIGRATION, PERMANENT $* SUBPERMANENT

BREEDING GROUNDS

— or, —

AND REGION PERIODICALLY VISITED

BY THE

ROCKY MOUNTAIN LOCUST,
(CALOPTENUS SPRETUS).

Prepared by the

US ENTOMOLOGICAL, COMMISSION.

1877

TeArbeby hy ®). Bay CO NT EN BS:

Page.
1 fy) By Dd DDD RCO ARP Ree ASN OR A ee Ee crap ORG poeceodbeoed mead os XI

BETT HR OF (SUBMIED TAL ce cece secure sete teincale aeela sie aicineycejatse.clntalatal<! syaate XUL
BLY BA OE ai- Seen eee ain ata ets an ee ere eas alla aiel efutn wi tall a feteteietaccrele tel cre Sisal XV

INTRODUCTORY: REMARKS Sou ue rtrriece och ao tslswaid aaicin aval ou ier epeiciere aitapacio nie < 1

Creation and organization of the Commission, 1—Division of labor, 1—Cir-
culars sent out, 2-6—Area over which eggs were laid in 1876, 6—Outlook
in spring in more Southern States, 7—Letter to Governor Anthony, of Kan-
sas, on the condition of things in May, 8-10—State of things in Minnesota
in spring, 11—Outlook in Nebraska in June, 13—Second meeting of the
Commission, 14—Outlook in Iowa in June, 15—Visit to Colorado, Utah,
and Montana in June, 17—Visit to Colorado in. July, 17-20—Third meet-
ing of the Commission, 21—Trip to the Pacific Coast, 21—Trip to British
America, 22—List of chapters, 23—Character and synopsis of chapters, 24—
29—Prospects for 1877, 29.

CHAPTER I.

CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE: CHARACTERS OF THE SPECIES......-..-.- 13
Families of the Orthoptera, 32—Locust vs. Grasshopper, 33—Generic nomen-
clature, 37—Generic diagnosis, 40—Species of the genus Caloptenus, 42—
Full definition of Caloptenus spretus and of its nearest congeners, 43-52.

CHAPTER II.

CHRONOLOGICAL, HISTORY OF EOCUSE INJURIMS i224 .odelse cans siete barioeersn ae 53

Compared with locust ravages in the Eastern Hemisphere, 53—Injury in
the Northwest early in the present century, 54—Brief reviews from 1820 to
1877, 54-56—Locust history in Texas, 57-62—in Indian Territory, 63—in
Arkansas, 64—in Missouri, 64-68—in Kansas, 68-74—in Nebraska, 74-77—
in Iowa, 77-80—in Minnesota, 80-87—in Dakota, 88-92—in Montana, 92-
96—in Idaho, 96—in Wyoming, 97—in Colorado, 99-102—in Utah, 102-104
—in New Mexico and Arizona, 105—in Nevada, 105—in Oregon and Wash-
ington Territory, 106—in British North America, 108-112—Tabular view
of locust years, 113.

CHAPTER III.

SP ATISTIC ROU REOS SHE $s i xlewe aaceints oe cel el asepy ean) sister) oa ae te eeu tn cian 114
Difficulty of obtaining reliable data, 114—Estimates in Kansas, 115—in
Minnesota, 116—in Missouri, 117—Loss in Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, and
Missouri in 1874, 118—Loss to different crops, 120—Loss to Missouri in
1875, 121—Total loss during the years 1874-1877, $200,000,000, 122.
Itt

IV TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER IV.

AGRICULTURAL BEARING OF THE LOCUST PROBLEM -~22->-)- 22-2 222 eee
Drawback to the settling of the West, 124—What is likely to be the effect
in the future, 125—Modification and settlement of the Western plains,
129—Crops which suffer most, and those which suffer least, 130—Small
grains not affected by invading swarms, 128 —Need of judgment in plant-

ing, 129.

CHAPTER V.

PERMANENT BREEDING-GROUNDS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN LOCUST...-.....-.-.
Permanent breeding-grounds, 131—Definition of the permanent region, 133—
Its character and extent, 134—The Rocky Mountain locust a sub-boreal
insect, 135—The Sub-permanent region, 136—The Temporary region, 136.

CHAPTER VI.

GEOGRAPHICAL ‘DISTRIBUTION «< ois <j. 5-300 Gehan c= ssng ee eee
Eastern limits of spread, 137—Northern limits, 139—Western limits, 140—
Southern limits, 141—Sub-permanent region, 142.

CHAPTER VII.

MIGRATIONS 2.2260 5-2 200 cc cobics, oe cece ceeade sae ee sonnei
Classification of flights, 143—Invading swarms, 143—Returning swarms,
143—Local flights, 143—Height at which swarms move, 144—Effect of
change of wind and weather on flights, 145—Flight at night, 147—Migra-
tions previous to 1877 east of the Rocky Mountain plateau, 148—Direction
of invading swarms prior to 1877, 149—Direction of flight in 1876, 151—
Migrations within the permanent region, 153-158—in Montana, 153—in
Wyoming, 156—in Colorado, 157—in Eastern Idaho and Utah, 158—in the
lower Snake Valley, 158—Return migrations from the temporary region
previous to 1877, 159-162—Return migrations in 1877, 162-165—Local
flights in 1877, 165—Record of flights for July 3 and July 20, 1877, 165-
169—Summary of flights by States, 170-174—Southward flights in 1877,
175—Movemeats in different directions at one time, 176—Destination of
return swarms, 177.

CHAPTER VIII.

TIABITS AND NATURAL HISTORY ....<- 225 2-6. < sce an ee en pee eee
Destructive powers of locusts, 212-215—Stoppage of railroad trains, 215—
Rate at which locust swarms move, 215—Velocity of flight, 216—Direction
of invading swarms, 217—Time of appearance of invading swarms, 217—
Flight at night, 218—Height of flight, 219—General habits at night, 219—
Where the eggs are laid, 222—Manner in which the eggs are laid, 223—
Philosophy of the egg-mass, 225—The female lays more than one egg-mass,
226—Interval between different egg-layings, 227—Number of eggs laid,
228—The hatching process, 228-231—Where and under what conditions of
soil the young hatch most freely, 231—Time of hatching, 231—Habits of
the young or unfledged locusts in the temporary region, 232—Directions
in which the young travel, 234—Rate at which the young travel, 235—
They reach but a few miles east of where they hatch, 235—Not led by kings
and queens, 236—Time of year when wings are acquired, 237—Direction
taken by swarms departing from the Temporary region, 238—Destination
of departing swarms, 238—Do the return swarms breed? 289—Do return

131

136

143

212

TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vv

Page.
HABITS AND NATURAL HISTORY.—Continued.

swarms from the Temporary region retrace their course? 240—The species
essentially single-brooded, 240-243—Reasons why it cannot produce two
generations annually, 243—The species cannot permanently dwell in the
Temporary region, 244—The insects which hatch there do not remain,
246—Extensive and thick egg-laying seldom occurs twice consecutively
in the same locality, 247—Reasons why it does not, 248—Causes of migra-
tion, 249—Food-plants, 251—Crops and plants most liked and those least
liked, 252-254—Unnecessary alarm caused by comparatively harmless
species, 255.
CHAPTER IX.

AN ATONGYS CAN D tM EE: SOLO G yes elate a ier eaiane toa elele area 3 acinar nals aiatelaeter arate 257

External anatomy, 257— Divisions of the body, 258—Sexual Hioroncest 259—
Internal anatomy, 261—The digestive system, 262-264—The nervous sys-
tem, 264—The heart, 266—The trachex and dilated air-sacs, 267—Mode of
breathing, 269—The locust an aéronaut, 270—The male reproductive sys-
tem, 270—The female reproductive system, 271—Organs of special sense,
272—The fine anatomy of the locust, 273—Embryology of the Rocky Mount-
ain locust, 277—Different egg-layers, 278—How the embryo lies within the
egg, 278—How it bursts the egg, 279.

CHAPTER X.

MirPTAWORPHOSHS ac. aja’ cube eee Dee ae aaitee ola seen cle ne ale mate etree eistc ore 279
The six stages of growth, 279—Variability i in the Sabot of coloring, 281— The
process of molting, 281—Time required for it, 283—Differences in the im-
mature stages between the Rocky Mountain, the Lesser, and the Red-legged
locusts, 283.

CHAPTER XI.

IN VERTEBRATE, ENEMUNS 340s hoc ocmelats 6, sist cin Selmi na eee uEomanniene access 284

Value of the locust’s minute enemies, 284—Animals that destroy the eggs, 285
—The Anthomyia egg-parasite,285—The common flesh-fly, 289—Ground-
beetles and their larvee, 289—Harpalus larve, 289—The egg-feeding Amara,
291—Blister-beetle larve, 292—Their character and locust-egg-feeding
habits, 293—History of the oil-beetle, 294—History of Sitaris, 295—History
of Hornia, 296—History of Epicauta, 297—Macrobasis and Henous, 301—
Other meloid genera, 302—Soldier-beetle larve, 302—Asilid larvz, 303—
Click-beetle larvz, 304—Miscellaneous species, 305—Chalcid-fly , 306—Ani-
imals that prey on the locust after it is born, 306—The locust mite, 306—
The efficacy of its work, 308—Its transformations, 309—Other mites, 312-
313—Ground-beetles, 313—Tiger-beetles, 314—Asilus-flies, 317—Digger-
wasps, 317—Tachina-flies, 319—Their efficacy in destroying locusts, 321—
Flesh-flies, 323—Ichneumon-flies, 324—Hair-worms, 326—Their curious life-
history, 327-332—Insects attacked by hair-worms, 327—How hair-worms
get into locusts, 332—Miscellaneous locust enemies, 334.

CHAPTER XII.

Dep ribe Tid eA at WONT WELIES eo a lere, cis iets a oat aie megan ial os ei vlal al simlal oeletal aetna aia rette whale eiy peri
Good offices of birds probably underrated, 234—Experience of correspond-
ents, 336—Some of the most useful birds, 338—Paper by Professor Aughey
on the beneficial work of birds, 338—Enormous number of birds destroyed
for market, 346—Damage done to insectivorous birds by birds of prey,
348—The English sparrow, 349—What public sentiment needs, 349,

VE TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XIII

REMEDIES AND DEVICES FOR DESTRUCTION

Encouragement of natural agencies, 351—Destruction of the eggs, 351—Har-
rowing in the autumn, 353—Experiments to test the effect of alternately
freezing and thawing, 353—Experiments to test the effects of exposure to
air, 354—Experience with harrowing, 355—Plowing, 356—Experiments to
test the effects of buryiag at different depths, 356—Experience in plow-
ing, 358—Irrigation, 359—Experiments to test the effects of moisture on
the eggs, 359—Tramping, 361—Collecting, 361—Destruction of the young
or unfledged locusts, 362—Burning, 363—The burning of prairies, 363—The
Hetzel burning machine, 363—The Horner burning contrivance, 363—
Hand burners, 364—The Atwood machine, 364—Use of wire and kerosene,
064—Crushing, 364—The Drum locust-crusher, 365—The Simpson locust-
crusher, 366—The Hoos locust-crusher, 367—-The Hansberry locust-crusher,
368—The Kenworthy locust machine, 370—J. C. Melcher’s machine, 371—
The Peteler machine, 371—The King suction-machine, 374—The Flory
locust-machine, 376—Trapping locusts, 377—Nets and seines, 377—Ditch-
ing and trenching, 378—Protection by barriers, 381—Coal-oil, 381—Coal-
oil pans, 383—The Canfield pan, 384—The Adams pan, 385—The Anderson
coal-oil contrivance, 386—Mr. Long’s contrivance, 3886—Mr. Watrous’s con-
trivance, 387—Mr. Swearingen’s contrivance, 387—Use of coal-tar, 387—
The Robbins’ pan, 388, 390—Use of coal-tar previous to 1877, 388—Other
machines forthe use of coal-tar, 391—Catching and bagging, 391—Principles
and facts to be borne in mind in catching locusts, 391—The Riley machine,
392—Mr. Thompson’s net, 392—The Elliot catcher, 394—The Wilson-Rhode
catcher, 395—Contrivance for catching the pupz, 394—The Godard catch-
ex, 395—The Benson catcher, 396—The Hutchins catcher, 396—The Syl-
vester catcher, 397—The Hero ’hopper-catcher, 398—The Belt device, 398—
Hand-nets, 399—Use of destructive agents, 399—Buhach or Persian insect-
powder, 400—Veith’s insect-fluid, 400—Sulpho-carbonate of potassium,
401—Naphthaline, 401—Paris green, 401—The protection of fruit trees,
405—Destruetion of the winged insects, 404—Fumigation, 405—The effect
of concussion, 405—Diversified agriculture, 406—Legislation, 407—Bounty
laws, 409—Missouri locust act, 409—Kansas locust acts, 410—Minnesota
locust acts, 412—Nebraska locust act, 413—Suggestions that may be of
service, 414—More attention needed to the growth of root-crops, 415—
The benefits of irrigation, 415—Hogs and poultry, 415—Non-planting,
415—Use of soldiers, 416—Preventive measures against the winged in-
sects, 417—Further investigation needed, 417—Means that have been sug-
gested against the winged insects, 418—Systematic burning of young,
418—Codperation with Dominion Government, 419—Protection by smoke,
419—Farmers should receive the locust probabilities, 420.

CHAPTER XIV.

INFLUENCE OF PRAIRIE FIRES ON LOCUST INCREASE..-...---- -2--20 .-c00 eee eee 421
Reasons given why prairie fires do not influence locust increase, 421—Possi-
ble indirect connection in the past, 422.

CHAPTER XV.
INFLUENCE OF WEATHER ON THE SPECIES .... <5. 2222s. 40225. 3USs0 4 eee 423

Meteorological conditions affecting the life of the locust, 423—Effects of
weather on the young locusts, 424—Effects of weather on the eggs, 424—
Possibility of predicting consequences upon meteorological grounds, 424—
The temperature of the soil, 425—Thermal constant for the hatching of
locust eggs, 426—Number of hours which eggs must be exposed to hatch
at a temperature of 60° F., 431—Number of hours required in 1875.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XVI.

EFFECTS THAT GENERALLY FOLLOW SEVERE LOCUST INJURY ....-..----- <cee

Contrast between summer and autumn, 432—No evil without some compen-

sating good, 433—Changes that follow the locusts, 433—Sudden appear-

ance of plants and insects not ordinarily noticed, 434—The White-lined

Morning Sphinx, 435—Tame grasses permanently injured, wild grasses

not, 435—Permanent effects on different plants, 436—Injury to fruit
trees, 436.

CHAPTER XVII.

WSES TOMWHIGHETOCUSTS. MAN. BE PURE ice 5 arsinct isin nol eelsjeeiciniaeiem sms =wiele bier
Locusts as food for man, 438-441—As fish-bait, 441—Analysis of locust-
juices, 442—They furnish a large quantity of formic acid, and a new oil,

442, 443—Locusts as manure, and as poultry food, 443.

CHAPTER XVIII.

RAVAGES OF OTHER LOCUSTS IN THE UNITED STATES ...... 2.2... 22-200 22-20
Ravages of locusts that are occasionally migratory in the Atlantic States,
443—Great destruction in past years in New Nngland, 444—The most com-
mon species concerned in this work, 446—Locust flights in Illinois, 446—
The species composing them, 447—The phenomenon exceptional, 447—Lo-
custs ordinarily non-migratory, occasionally become so under favoring con-
ditions, 448—Locust flights in Ohio, 449—Importance of discriminating be-
tween species, 450—Geographical limits of species, 450—The migratory
locusts of the Pacific, 451—Chronological account of their ravages, 451—
Species concerned, 452—Late injuries in Southern California, 454—Tab-
ular view of locust years, 456—Injury from other non-migratory locusts,
456—The species concerned, 459.

CHAPTER XIX.

RAVAGES OF LOCUSTS IN OTHER COUNTRIES ..----..---- Wid arta ae eles ate ete ec PeeTS
Locust injuries in Central America, 460—Great destruction in Honduras and
Guatemala, 462—The locusts in South America, 465—The locusts in the
Old World, 467—Injuries in Germany, 468—Habits of the European spe-
cies, 469—Injuries in Russia, 470—Different species affecting the Old
World, 471—Geographical distribution of the European migratory locust,
472-476—Notes on Algerian locusts, 476—Injury in China, 477—In South-

ern Australia, 477.

APPENDICES.

APPENDIX I.

Mr. ALLEN WHITMAN’S REPORT FROM MINNESOTA..---.-- 2. 2200 cceccn ceccee
State of things in spring, 4—-Exertions of farmers, [4]—Different means em-
ployed to destroy the eggs, [4]—Effects of temperature and rain-fall on
the eggs, [5]—Dates of hatching, [6]—Late hatching, [7 ]—Progress dur-
ing spring, [8]—First winged, [10]— Statistics of damage, [11].

437

443:

460

Vill TABLE OF CONTENTS.

APPENDIX II.

AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS .........-2--.---- ones See eee a eee ae [13]
Letter of transmittal, [13]—Examinations of the contents of the stomachs
of birds of Nebraska, giving the number of locusts, number of other insects,
and number of seeds, of the different birds, considered in their proper
classificatory position, [14]-[62].

APPENDIX III.
TEXAS DATA WOR WST7c oo. oe ee eee eases Sees See oo ae [63]
Report of Jacob Boll, special assistant, [62]—Reports from correspondents
and other miscellaneous reports, chronologically arranged, [64]-[82].

APPENDIX IVY.
MISSOURI DATA FOR 187722. e220 sob sens. 2 Aen - Sse eee ae
Reports from correspondents, and other data, chronologically arranged, [83].

APPENDIX V.
KANSAS DATA HOR 1877 . 2c do sccc eo: ae a eee a: ee eee [85]
Report by George F. Gaumer, special assistant, [85]—Report by A. N. God-
frey, special assistant, [88]—Reports from correspondents and miscellane-
ous matter, chronologically arranged, [90]-[103].

APPENDIX VI.
TOWA;DATA-FOR 1870 coe. ono mencie 2 kee eee ee ee [104]
Detailed data from correspondents, and from other sources, chronologically
arranged, [104]-[110].
APPENDIX VII.
COLORADO (DATA FOR 1877.22 fio oseace 64 od eee cena cae eee [111]
Report from William Holly, special assistant, [111]—Data from correspond-
ents and from other sources, [113]-[116].

APPENDIX VIIL.
INEBRASKA. DATA; ROR 1677). 222<0 esses 2. SS eee [116]
Journal kept by Prof. Samuel Aughey, special assistant, [117]-[128 ]—Mis-
cellaneous data from correspondents, chronologically arranged, segela
[132]—Record kept by Hon. J. Sterling Morton, [132].

APPENDIX IX.

NARRATIVE OF THE FIRST JOURNEY MADE IN THE SUMMER OF 1877, BY MR.
PACKARD « .c20c2 5-Snccntode hee deans oon eee [134]
Diary notes through Kansas, Gulpenia. and Utah, | 135]—Observations in
Montana, [137]—Results of the journey, [138].

APPENDIX X.

NARRATIVE OF A SECOND JOURNEY IN THE SUMMER OF 1877, BY Mr. PACKARD. [139]
From Chicago to Utah, [139]—Observations in Oregon and Washington Ter-
ritory, [140]—From Vancouver Island to California, [141]—Variations in
Caloptenus spretus, atlanis, and femur-rubrum, [143].

APPENDIX XI.
BRITISH-AMERICAN DATA’... os occ e ohn ee seee -- = ose cases aaa ee en [145]
Characteristics and prevailing winds of Manitoba, [145]—Data from the
Cypress Hills region, [146]—The locust breeds permanently in the third
prairie steppe, [146]—No damage ever done in the Peace River country,
[146]—Ravages in the Northwest in the early part of the century, [147]—
Records by the Hon. Donald Gunn, [148].

TABLE OF CONTENTS. IX

APPENDIX XII.

APUNEN: HLIGH Tel IN: LO Cgh cee eee teehee wan ab tmrataue ean cielo roeerenense statin oa cia ee [150]
Southward movements in Minnesota and Iowa, [150]—In Nebraska and
Missouri, [151]—In Arkansas and Kansas, [152]—In Colorado and Texas,
[155].
APPENDIX XIII.
ERIGHTS AND UNIIGRA TIONG IN; LOamases eatace ie cre islciche ioteriaharel seal cebesictel osama eae [156]
Locust movements in the more southern portion of the Temporary region,
[156]-[164]—Flights in the more northern parts of the locust country,
[164 ]-[197].

APPENDIX XIV.

ANSWERS TO THE QUESTION: DID ANY LOCUSTS REMAIN IN THE TEMPORARY
REGION AFTER THE DEPARTURE OF THE RETURN SWARMS ? .......--2----- [198]
Answers from Arkansas, Colorado, and Iowa, [198]—Answers from Kansas,
_ [199]—Answers from Missouri, [200]—Answers from Minnesota, Nebraska,
and Texas, [201].

APPENDIX XV.

PREVAILING DIRECTION IN WHICH THE YOUNG INSECTS TRAVEL .....--...---. [202]
Movements of young in Iowa and Nebraska, [202 ]—Movements in Dakota,
Minnesota, and elsewhere, [203].

APPENDIX XVI.

TIME OF YEAR WHEN THE BULK OF THE INSECTS BECOME WINGED .......---- - [205]
Data from various States and Territories, [205 ]-[206].

APPENDIX XVII.

IABETS OR Lei INSHERS ATONIG HT) joe ats ncticic oso cch acces ae wee tents ei es ae [207 ]
Nocturnal habits of locusts in Iowa, Dakota, and Nebraska, [207]—In Min-
nesota and elsewhere, [208]-[210].

APPENDIX XVIII.

PAG ESBR EL AVING) TO: THM MGGS 2/5 ata mccerese aes a iy Seldo oats od esa aeenes [211]
Data as to time of hatching of eggs, proportion destroyed, causes of destruc-
tion, &c., in Colorado and Dakota, [211]—In Iowa and Kansas, [212 |—In
Minnesota, [213]—In Missouri and Nebraska, [216]—In Texas and Utah,
[217].
APPENDIX XIX,

UENO WHT U ORLON 2 alee coc ates sotin eke ane es ss ae cot ace atepermate ae [218]
Means employed in Dakota and Nebraniea, [218]—In Iowa, [219]—In Min-
nesota, {220 ]—Elsewhere, [221].

APPENDIX XX.

IgURY RC ROPSHARHMCTED oo. .6.3 step oes 28 oo oe Soe ba ee Cooly ae [222]
Injury in the different States and Territories, [222]- [225].

APPENDIX XXI.

REnVIOUS. VISEEATIONS —AID OW ANIMALS +25 'Soececs sacccasene las seee sabe [226]
Data from Nebraska and Iowa, [226]—From Minnesota, [227]—From Da-
kota, [229].

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

APPENDIX XXII.

MINNESOTA DATA 32. 0cb.b -sIsebtese i scceecccas coee eet ae eee Se AC SEE [230]
Early injury in Minnesota, [230]—Data for 1877, [231 ]-[235].

APPENDIX XXIII.

ARE THE EGGS EVER LAID THICKLY FOR TWO CONSECUTIVE YEARS IN THE
SAME, GROUND ? .. 5. os502 scence Sebo ncace aoe ae eee [236]
Answers to the above question from Arkansas, Colorado, and Iowa, [236]—
From Kansas, [237]—From Missouri, [238]—From Minnesota, Nebraska,
and Texas, [239].

APPENDIX XXIV.

MISCELLANEOUS DATAcH.Jso52nth Jn hssk oat see eee eee [240]
From Minnesota and Nebraska, [240]—From Iowa, [241]—From Dakota,
[242].

APPENDIX XXvV.

DaTa FROM Dakota, MONTANA, UTAH, AND NEW MEXICO .......---.------ [243]
From Dakota, [243]-[247]—From Montana, [248]—From Utah, [253]—
From New Mexico, [259].

APPENDIX XXVI.

IDTSie @1g (SO HMOs YIN ONS Reo eee ae a es ce ees sateen eee [261]
In Arkansas, British America, and California, [261]—In Colorado and Da- —
kota, [262]—In Idaho and Iowa, [263]—In Kansas, [264]—In Minnesota,
[265]—In Missouri, [267 |—In Montana, [269]—In Nebraska, Nevada, and
New Mexico, [270]—In Texas, Utah, and Washington Territory, [271]—In
Wyoming, [272].

APPENDIX XXVII.
BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE LOCUSTS OF AMERICA... ...--.--+----+---------+---- [273].

PINDER S22. ee Sivas ab nee stn s Dawe ebine cobs biceesls ecfiee lanier [281]
FIRRATA. gol ccc cock oacd Weccudcece cceetece bans Becca ee eee ee een

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES,
Washington, D. C., February 2, 1878.

Str: I have the honor, in behalf of the Commissioners, to transmit to you the first
annual report of the United States Entomological Commission for the year 1877. This
Commission, consisting of three skilled entomologists, was authorized by act of Con-
gress approved March 3, 1877, to report upon the depredations of the Rocky Mountain
locusts in the Western States and Territories, and the best practicable method of pre-
venting their recurrence or guarding against their invasions, and was attached to the
United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories under my charge.

The Commissioners at once began their work upon receiving their appointments.
Several thousand circulars asking for information were sent to persons in the locust
area, and two bulletins in pamphlet form were issued, one containing full information

regarding the preventive measures and direct remedies then known against the young
locusts, for immediate use by farmers; the second containing an account of vie habits
of the locust, so far as then known, sith numerous illustrations.

The field work was so subdivided as best to promote the end in view. It was carried
on from early in April until the early part of November.

Mr. Riley was in the field and among the farmers in the more southern portions of the
locust region, at those seasons when his services and observations were of most benefit.
He went in April to Texas, and devoted most of the month of May to Southwest Mis-
souri and Kansas. He visited Iowa in June, examining parts of Northwest Missouri
and portions of Kansas and Nebraska. The month of July was spent by him in Colo-
rado, and most of August and part of September in British America. In October he
again spent some time in Kansas, and again visited Texas in November.

Mr. Packard, late in May, started for Wyoming and Utah, spending a few days in
Colorado, and in June passed through Idaho and Montana, from Franklin to Fort
Benton, thence down the Missouri River to Bismarck, and through Dakota to Saint
Paul, Minn. He was, in August and September, in the Western Territories, and was in
Utah and Nevada at the time when the people were suffering from the locusts, and
afterward made a journey through Northern California, Eastern Oregon, and Wash-
ington Territory, so as to ascertain the western limits of the distribution of the Rocky
Mountain locust. He, also, with the aid of observers in California, determined, with
tolerable certainty, the species which have, for two centuries past, locally ravaged
Oregon and California.

Mr. Thomas investigated the ravages and migrations of the locust in Iowa, Nebraska,
and Minnesota, making three different trips to thes3 sections for this purpose.

The great practical importance of an exhaustive study of this destructive insect
throughout all the immense extent of the locust area, which lies between the 94th and
120th meridian, embracing nearly two million square miles, may be realized from the
fact that on a careful estimate from all the data obtainable the States and Territories
lying west of the Mississippi and east of the great plains suffered by the depredations
of the locusts an aggregate loss, in the destruction of crops alone, during the years
1874~77, of 100,000,000, to say nothing of the indirect loss by stoppage of business and
various enterprises, which must have been fully as much more, thus making the direct
and indirect loss not less than $200,000,000. In addition to all this we must include as

XI

XII LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

a part of the effect of locust injuries the checking of immigration and the depreciation
in the value of lands. So depressing, in fact, was this result in some regions as to par-
alyze trade, put a stop to all new enterprises, and dishearten the communities where
the suffering was greatest. I have every evidence that the work of the Commission
already done has directly saved the small amount originally appropriated more than
a hundred fold. Besides this it was indirectly beneficial by its encouraging predictions
as to the future, which were fully verified, and by the recommendations made, which
restored a good degree of confidence and had much to do in inducing emigration west-
ward. The very encouraging conclusions of the Commission as to the prospects the
present year and for some years to come will also continue to exert a most beneficial
effect on the West. The predictions of the Commission, which are on record in the
introduction to the report, were verified to a remarkable degree, as the events of the
year proved.

When we remember that to this day comparatively little is known of the source,
movements, and management of the locusts that have for ages devastated the countries
of the Old World, our government may well feel proud of the light that in a single
year has been thrown on all these questions so far as our own destructive species is
concerned.

Still, much remains to be done by the Commission. Further surveys need to be
made of the permanent breeding-grounds in the Northwestern Territories ; more facts
are needed to perfect our knowledge of the migrations in this area; the co-operation
of our government with Canada is needed to work up the subject properly in the lo-
cust region north of the United States boundary-line, and some other problems remain
to be solved. When this is accomplished I believe that it will be possible at least to
greatly modify or lessen these invasions and diminish the losses resulting therefrom,
if not entirely prevent them.

The Commission therefore ask for another appropriation of $18,000 in order to com-
plete this special investigation and to present to Congress a second and final report
that shall evince the wisdom and economy of the national government in causing the
investigation to be made, and shall bear practical results commensurate with the in-
terests to the agriculture of the West involved. Itis also contemplated to spend a
portion of the time, when not in the locust area, in studying the habits and ravages of
the cotton-worm of the Southern States. This can be done without interfering with
the locust work, provided the full amount of the appropriation asked for be made.

It is believed that all such investigations of our more injurious insects will result in
the saving of a large proportion of the annual losses to the country from insect pests,
which are estimated to amount annually to $200,000,000; and it seems prudent and
wise to take such steps as shall result in an abatement of the evil.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
F. V. HAYDEN,
United States Geologist.
Hon. CARL SCHURZ,
Secretary of the Interior.

LETTER OF SUBMITTAL.

WASHINGTON, D. C., February 1, 1878.

Dear SiR: We herewith submit our first Report, to be by you transmitted to the
Secretary of the Interior. As the Report shows, the larger part of the summer season
was spent in active field-work; yet this formed but a small part of the labor of the
Commission, each member of which was much engaged in attending to an extensive
correspondence, and in conveying information to individuals seeking it. Aside from
the experiments made and recorded in different parts of the Report, we have studied
the transformations, from the egg to the adult, of quite a number of the more common
locusts that occur east of the Mississippi. ‘The results of these studies, as also of the
more elaborate researches on the embryology of the locust, have been excluded from
the present volume, in order not to delay its publication, and because they may more
appropriately be given in special memoirs.

The creation of this special commission was but an expression of the public demand
for more light on the locust problem, which was to a great degree involved in dark-
ness and mystery. Investigation was called for because it was felt how little of a
definite and satisfactory nature was generally known on the subject.

Entering the field with a full sense of the magnitude of the work, and with some
misgivings as to the final outcome of our investigations, the difficulties that at first
seemed insurmountable have either dwindled or entirely disappearcd; and we point
with some pride to the facts and discoveries embodied in our Report.

A year has not yet passed since receiving our appointments ; yet within that time
we have been able to establish the more important laws by which the insect is gov-
erned, and to bound, with a degree of accuracy that we had scarcely dared hope for,
the permanent breeding-grounds whence the disastrous swarms emanate, and which
before were almost unknown.

The danger of total destruction to crops that threatened the West at the time the
Commission was appointed was safely passed, and in the event of its recurrence we
have faith that, as a record of what has been and a guide to what may be done in
future, this Report will, if judiciously distributed, enable the farmers to brave it again.

The young insects as they occur in the more fertile States affected can be mastered, as
the Report will, we hope, abundantly prove. We point out the way, also, which we have
every reason to believe will prove feasible and practicable, to prevent future incursions
of the winged swarms.

While it has been the object of the Commission to cover as much ground as possible,
so as to make this annual report as full and reliable as the time would permit, there
yet remain several important subjects that it has so far been impossible to properly
and exhaustively study.

The territory affected is so vast, embracing about 2,000,000 square miles, that much
of it was imperfectly explored, especially in the Northwest. Mr. Riley had to cut
short his investigations in British America both for want of time and want of funds.
For similar reasons, and on account of Indian troubles, Montana, Wyoming, and Dakota
have been but superficially explored.

The year 1877 was an abnormal year, 7. ¢., the winged insects had the previous year
overrun and laid eggs in a large section of country in which the species is not indige-
nous, and a numerous progeny hatched in such country the past spring. This was
most fortunate for many reasons, and it enabled the Commission to carefully study the

xr

XIV LETTER OF SUBMITTAL.

insects in this their unnatural condition, and to carry on experiments with a view of
learning how best to control them. Much of the work of the Commission was with
these young insects. The losses sustained through the devastations of the pest by a
young and struggling frontier population, ill able to bear them, were immense, and
there was so much discouragement that hundreds and thousands of persons were on
the point of abandoning their new homes. At this juncture the Commission went
into the field, and, by its encouraging predictions and recommendations, did much to
inspire the people with hope and confidence, and greatly helped to draw westward
again the emigration that had stopped.

All this work, however, interfered with needed investigation into the proper range
and native home and breeding-grounds, and some other important questions which
can only be properly studied during a normal year, i. é€., one in which the insect is con-
fined to its native or permanent breeding-grounds. Such a year will be the present
(1878), for from our investigations we are able to state with confidence that the
people of the more fertile country west of the Mississippi, occasionally termed the
border States, will not be troubled with the young insects next spring and summer, and
probably not for several years to come.

It is therefore quite important that the investigations be continued until every ques-
tion is settled that human investigation can settle.

For the proper settlement of some of the questions, the co-operation of the Domin-
ion Government is desirable, and has been promised. The work shouid be made so
thorough as to obviate any necessity in future years of creating another commission
for the same purpose, and we are desirous of making it thus thorough.

There are various other insects of national importance of which much has yet to be
learned, and, in addition to completing the locust investigation, the Commission pro-
pose, during the coming year, with proper aid from Congress, to study and report on
some of these worst enemies of our agriculture. They are especially desirous of report-
ing on the Cotton Worm and other cotton insects of the South, which, though often
so disastrous to the cotton crop, have never been fully studied, and as to the mere
natural history of which there are yet many mysteries and conflicting theories.

Much has yet to be done in giving practical form to the conclusions arrived at and
plans proposed by the Commission, to enable the work already done to bear proper
fruit. To bring about the needed co-operation of the two governments, to cause proper
laws to be enacted in all the States interested, and to inculcate the truths that alone
will make the farmer master of the situation, is largely the work of the future.

In concluding this brief letter, permit us to sincerely thank you for your hearty co-
operation and aid, without which we should have lost much valuable time in neces-
sary work at Washington, and to which we are largely indebted for whatever success
has crowned our efforts.

We have the honor to remain, yours, respectfully,
C. V. RILEY.
A. §. PACKARD, JR.

CYRUS THOMAS.
To Dr. F. V. HAYDEN,

United States Geologist.

PREFACE.

This report is the more immediate result of the first year’s work of the
Commission, and is respectfully submitted for the benefit of the farmers
of the West, who have so sorely suffered from the injuries inflicted by
the insect of which it treats. The Commissioners hope and believe that
it will form an invaluable record, for fature reference and use, of all that
is at present known of so important a subject.

Our work was ordered primarily for the benefit of the farmers of the
locust-stricken country, and we have endeavored to present with great-
est prominence those features of the subject most important from the
practical and economic stand-point. There is, however, matter of a
more or less scientific and technical nature invariably connected with
investigations like that we are charged with, and the report would, in our
judgment, be incomplete were such matter omitted. In order to better
enable the reader who cares little or nothing for such technical details
to pass over them, they are printed in smaller type than the text.

We have divided the locust area into three regions, which we have
called, respectively, the Permanent, the Subpermanent, and the Temporary.
As these terms will be frequently used for the sake of precision and
conciseness in the body of the Report, we here call the attention of the
reader to Map 1, on which they are represented.

In order to prevent the volume from becoming too bulky, we have
been obliged to shorten some of the concluding chapters, and to omit
entirely an elaborate bibliography of locust literature in other countries,
prepared for us by Mr. B. P. Mann, of Cambridge, Mass., as also a de-
Scriptive paper on the locusts of the Pacific slope, by Mr. S. H. Scudder.

Much interesting material in the form of classified replies to circulars,
detailed data used in making up the Report, and the work of special
assistants, is relegated to a series of appendices at the end of the volume.
These are paginated separately in brackets, with a view of hastening the
printing of the Report, and they are arranged numerically to facili-
tate reference, as the different parts will frequently be alluded to in the
body of the work by means of corresponding numbers in parentheses.
In these appendices will also be found a list of correspondents (App. 26),
who have, in one way or another, assisted the Commission. These are
given by States, with the post-office addresses arranged alphabetically,
in order to avoid the constant repetition of full names in the different
classified replies to circulars. The insect drawings for the woodcuts
have been made from life, many of them by Mr. Riley, some of them by

XV

XVI PRETACE.

Mr. J. H. Emerton, of Salem, Mass., and a few by Mr. J. S. Kingsley, of
the same place. They are generally larger than life, but the natural size
is indicated by hair-line or outline, except with such more highly mag-
nified details of special parts as have the natural size already indicated
by the other figures. The anatomical drawings were made by Mr. Em-
erton from preparations by Mr. Packard, and the histological illustra-
tions by Mr. C.S. Minot. The lithographic plates (I to IV) were either
drawn by Mr. Riley, or by Mr. Emerton under his direction. The dimen-
sions are expressed either in inches and the fractional parts of an inch,
or (of the more minute objects) in millimeters—1 millimeter (1™) not
quite equaling 0.25 inch. Thesign ¢, wherever used, is an abbreviation
for the word ‘‘ male,” and the sign ? for ‘‘female.” The three maps
were prepared by Mr. Packard.

The Commissioners take this occasion to thank the numerous corre-
spondents and others who have aided in the work, and to acknowledge
their indebtedness to the managers of the following railroads for the
favor of passes over their respective lines :

Southern Michigan and Lake Shore; Chicago, Rock Island and
Pacific; Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul; Western Union; North-
ern Pacific; Saint Paul and Sioux City; First Division Saint Paul and
Pacific; Saint Paul and Pacific; Missouri, lowa and Nebraska; Sioux
City and Pacific; Chicago and Northwestern ; Keokuk and Des Moines;
Des Moines and Fort Dodge; Chicago, Burlington and Quincy; Central
Railroad of lowa; Kansas Pacific; Kansas City, Saint Joseph and Coun-
cil Bluffs; Missouri River, Fort Scott and Gulf; Saint Joseph and Den-
ver; Missonri, Kansas and Texas; Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé;
Burlington and Missouri River, in Nebraska; Denver and Rio Grande;
Texas and Pacific; Saint Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern ; Inter-
national and Great Northern; Missouri Pacific; Saint Louis and San
Francisco; Saint Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute and Indianapolis; Ohio
and Mississippi; Dlinois Central; Galveston, Harrisburg and San An-
tonio; Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galveston; Denver Pacific ; Union
Pacific; Atchison and Nebraska.

They also take this means of acknowledging the courtesy and encour-
agement received from the executives of the several Western States
more particularly concerned, and the assistance given by the Signal
Bureau; also the good services of the several special assistants em-
ployed, and particularly to Mr. Allen Whitman, of Saint Paul, Minn.,
to Prof. Samuel Aughey, of Lincoln, Nebr., and to Mr. Theo. Pergande,
who faithfully assisted in office-work at the headquarters.

INTRODUCTION.

The injury by the Rocky Mountain locust to the agriculture, and, as
a consequence, to the general welfare of the States and Territories west
of the Mississippi, had been so great during the years 1873, 1874, 1875,
and 1876, as to create a very general feeling among the people that ;
steps should be taken by Congress looking to a mitigation of an evil
which had assumed national importance. This feeling found expres-
sion, during the year last mentioned, in various memorials to Congress,
one of the most important and cogent of which was that from a confer-
ence of the governors of various Western States and Territories, held at
Omaha, Nebr., on the 25th and 26th of October, 1876. This memorial
prayed for the creation of a commission of five experts to thoroughly
investigate the subject, and an appropriation of $25,000.

The United States Entomological Commission was created in pursu-
ance of an act of Congress appropriating $18,000 to pay the expenses
of three skilled entomologists to be attached to Dr. F. V. Hayden’s
United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, and
to report upon Rocky Mountain locusts, with a special view as to the
best practicable method of preventing the injuries from: these insects,
and of guarding against their invasions. The Secretary of the Interior
appointed Mr. Charles V. Riley, of Saint Louis, Mo., as chief, Mr, Cyrus
Thomas, of Carbondale, lll., as disbursing-agent, and Mr. A. S. Pack-
ard, jr., of Salem, Mass., as secretary. Upon receiving their appoint-
ments, the Commissioners at once met in Washington for the purpose of
organization. The following record from the minutes of this first meet-
ing indicates the scope of the work undertaken by the Commission, and
the field which each member thereof was more particularly to occupy:

Division of labor.—Voted that the locust-area be divided into three regions, to each of which:a Com-
missioner be assigned, as follows:

To C.V. Riley, the region east of the Rocky Mountains and south of the 40th parallel, the western
half of Iowa, and, conjointly with Mr. Packard, Biitish America west of the 94th meridian.

To A.S. Packard, jr., Western Wyoming, Montana, Utah, Idaho, and the Pacific coast.

To Cyrus Thomas the portion north of Riley’s region, including the eastern-half of Wyoming, North-
ern Colorado, the southern and eastern part of Dakota, Nebraska, eastern half of Iowa, and Min-
nesota. [Northwestern Iowa was subsequently added.]

To My. Riley were assigned Biology, or Natural History, Invertebrate Enemies and Parasites
(Insects, &c.), Remedies and Devices for the Destruction of the Locust.

To Mr. Packard, Anatomy and Embryology.

To Mr. Thomas, Geographical Distribution, Enemies not Entomological, Agricultural Bearings of
the Subject.

To Packard and Thomas conjointly, Connection of Meteorological Phenomena with the Migrations.

It was also decided that the publications should consist of circulars,
bulletins, memoirs, and the annual report of doings and results of the

work of the Commission, and that Mr. Kiley should at once prepare the
1G

€
2 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

bulletins, to contain a digest of the habits and best means of destroying
the locust, for immediate circulation. It was also agreed that by inter-
change of data collected and consideration of each others’ work by
the Commission as a whole, the publications be made, as far as possible,
conjoint.

On the 22d of March, 1877, the preliminary plan of action was
submitted to the Secretary of the Interior, and, as it met with his
approval, the members separated to begin work in the field as quickly
as possible, since the young locusts were already hatching and doing
damage in Texas and southerly regions. It was decided to have a
merely nominal office at Washington, and that the headquarters of the
Commission should be at Saint Louis, on account of the more central
location of this city, and its greater proximity to the locust-region.

The following circulars, issued a few days afterward, explain them-

selves:
CIRCULAR No. 1.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,
OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION,
P] 7 187

Mr. ——— ———.

DeEaR Sir: The Commissioners are desirous of collecting, as soon as possible, all as-
certainable facts in reference to the migrations of the Rocky Mountain locust (Calop-
tenus spretus), and also regarding its appearance, habits, and devastations in your sec-
tion.

We present below a series of topics upon which we shall be glad to receive data
from your locality. We expect you to dwell only on those topics upon which you have
positive information, and shall be glad to receive any facts or views not suggested by
this circular. Some of the subjects cannot be reported on till toward the approach of
winter, while others can be considered earlier. In responding, therefore, we ask our
correspondents to couple their answers with the number of the circular and of the
inquiry.

We shall be glad to receive and will determine any of the different species of lo-
custs that occur in your locality, and particularly specimens of their different para-
sites and natural enemies. These are best forwarded by mail, packed in cotton, moist-
ened with alcohol, and placed in secure tin or wooden boxes. Living specimens may
be sent in tin boxes, and are preferred, where they will not be too long on the way.

The inquiries have reference more particularly to the present year 1877, and when
facts are communicated that have reference to other years, correspondents will please
be careful to specify the particular year.

The Commissioners will refund whatever expense may be incurred for postage in re-
plying to this circular, or in forwarding specimens, should correspondents so desire.

Copies of documents published by the Commission will be sent to correspondents
who forward data in accordance with this request. Communications may be sent to
either of the Commissioners.

; CHAS. V. RILEY.
A. S. PACKARD, JR.
CYRUS THOMAS.

TOPICS ON WHICH DATA ARE REQUESTED.
1. Date and time of day of the arrival of swarms.
la. Direction and force of the wind at the time.
1b. Temperature and character of the weather at the time (clear or cloudy).
le. Direction of the flight, density, height, and extent of the swarms.

~% ao

ORGANIZATION OF THE COMMISSION. o

2. Date and time of day of the departure of swarms.

2a. Direction and force of the wind at the time.

2b. Temperature and character of the weather at the time.

2c. Direction of the flight, density, and extent of the swarns.
Date when the first eggs, if any, were deposited the present year.

. Date when the eggs were most numerously hatching the present year.

Om Ww

. Date when the eggs were most numerously hatching in previous years.
6. Proportion of eggs that failed to hatch the present year, and probable causes of
such failure.
7. Nature of the soil and situations in which the eggs were most largely deposited.
8. Nature of the soil and situations in which the youny were mcst numerously
hatched.
9. Date at which the first insect acquired full wings.
10. Date when the winged insects first began to migrate.
11. Estimate the injury done in your county and State.
12. Crops which suffered most.
13. Crops most easily protected.
14. Crops which suffered least. i
15. The prevailing direction in which the young insects traveled, and any cther
facts in relation to the marching of the young.
16. The means employed in your section for the destruction of the unfledged insec's,
or to protect crops from their ravages, and how far these proved satisfactory.
17. The means employed in your section for the destruction of the winged insects,
or to protect crops from their ravages, and how far these have proved satisfactory.

18. Descriptions, and, if possible, figures of such mechanical contrivances as have
proved useful in your locality for the destruction of either the young or the winged
insects.

19. If your section was not visited in 1876, please state this fact.
20. If visited any previous years, please give the dates.

21. To what extent have birds, domestic fowls, and other animals, domestic or wild,
been useful in destroying these insects.

22. State the ratio of prairie to timber in your section or in your county.

23. State all you know about the habits of the young or full-grown insects during
the night, and especially whether you have ever known them to march or continue to fly after
the sun is down, and if so, how long into the night.

24. The amount of damage to fruit and shade trees, and the most satisfactory means
employed in your section to protect them.

CIRCULAR No. 2.

Saint Louis, Mo., Peon.

Mr.
DeEAR Sir: With a view of securing co-operation, and of obtaining data in the par-

ticular divisions of the subject assigned to me, I beg leave to call your attention more

particularly to the following topics, and ask your careful consideration of the same:

I. NaturAL History.—The natural history of the species has been already pretty
thoroughly studied, so far as the development from the egg to the mature insect is con-
cerned. Yet I shall be glad to have you communicate any facts or observations in your
possession that you believe to ke new or unrecorded. As to the habits of the species,
there is more room for fresh observations, as the habits vary somewhat with locality,
and my own studies have been mostly made in Missouri and Kansas. I would direct

4 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

your attention, therefore, under this head, more particularly to topics 12, 13, 14, and
15, of Circular No. 1, or, crops which suffer most ; crops most easily protected ; crops which
suffer least ; and the prevailing direction in which the young insects travel in your section, or
any other facts in relation to the marching of the young. Also, I desire all observations
that are at all reliable as to the habits of both the young and the winged insects during the
night, especially as to whether the latter have ever been known to continue flying after dark.

While there may be little to add to what is now known of the natural history and

habits of the Rocky Mountain locust (Caloptenus spretus Thomas), with which the
Commission is more particularly concerned, there is much of interest yet to learn of
the other species of locusts that are indigenous in your locality, and are often con-
founded with the spretus. Any facts as to the habits, time and mode of depositing eggs,
state in which the winter is passed, time of acquiring wings, or, in short, any observations
upon the native species, and more particularly those that are injurious, are earnestly
desired by me. The observations should, as far as possible, be accompanied by speci-
mens, and, indeed, I shall be glad to receive specimens of the different locusts or
‘* orasshoppers ” from your locality in different stages of growth. They may be killed
either by dipping in hot water, by means of a little chloroform, or by throwing in alco-
hol; and should be mailed to me in stout wooden or tin boxes, packed in coarse saw-
dust or cotton previously moistened with alcohol. Living specimens, which are pre.
ferred, are best sent in tight tin boxes along with a small amount of appropriate food.

II. INSECT ENEMIES AND PARASITES.—These will differ also, according to locality,

and I shall be glad to receive specimens of all invertebrate animals that may be found
preying either internally or externally on the locusts. Such specimens, when soft or
small, are best preserved in alcohol, and mailed between two layers of cotton thor-
oughly saturated with alcohol, in a small and tight tin box. When larger they may
be mailed as already indicated above. I respectfully solicit answers to the following
" questions:

1. What invertebrate animals are known to attack the locust-eggs in your locality, and
to what extent have they destroyed the same?

2. What insect enemies attack, first, the young; second, the winged locusts; and
what percentage of these have been destroyed by them ?

3. State any facts that you know about the habits and transformations of the diff-r-
ent parasites or other enemies observed.

III. RemMED1IeEs.—Under this head I desire general reports ou topics 16 and 17 of Cir-
cular No.1. First,as to the means employed in your section for the destruction of the
unfledged insects, or to protect crops from their ravages, and how far such means have

proved satisfactory ; second, the means employed against the winged insects, and how
far they have proved satisfactory.

I would more particularly call your attention to the following points:

4, Has any application, either in powder or liquid, been used that protected special
plants from locust ravages without injuring the plant?

5. Has harrowing of the eggs in the fall been resorted to, and with what effect; or
have any other means been employed to expose or break open the egg-masses ?

6. Where satisfactory results have followed the plowing under of the eggs, state
the time of year of such plowing, the depth, and the nature of the soil.

7. Where ditching has been resorted to to protect fields from the inroads of the un-
fledged locusts, state the measure of success, the nature of the soil, and the character,
particularly as to the depth and width, of the ditch.

If any measures not recommended by the Commission in its bulletins are or have
been adopted, please specify them.

If you desire to test any special measure involving expense, where such test seems
warranted by possible practical results, please correspond with me for further advice
and instruction.

IY. DEVICES FOR DESTRUCTION.—Under this head I desire reports as to the efficiency

CIRCULARS SENT OUT. 5

and usefulness of such machines or other mechanical contrivances as have been tried
and used in your section. Where any machine has proved useful I desire to obtain
full plans and description of the same, and, where possible, illustrations. Where such
have not already been drawn up or made, I will co-operate with inventors in getting
the work done where it is thought desirable. So far as time will permit, I shall en-
deavor to personally examine and test such contrivances, and wiil assist to a full trial
of them any inventor who communicates his plans.

Copies of documents published by the Commission will be sent to correspondents who
forward data in accordance with these requests.

I have the honor to be, yours, respectfully,

CHAS. V. RILEY.

Some additional questions were sent out with Circular No. 1 by Mr.
Thomas, and among them the following:

Furnish copies of all the records you can obtain, which were made at the time of the
visitations of the grasshoppers, whether written or printed.

State all you may know in reference to eggs hatching in the fall.

What plants, cultivated or wild, appear to be preferred by the young, and what by
the full-grown insects?

What plants, cultivated or wild, appear to be least relished ?

State to what extent the invading swarms have been observed to injure the native
grasses, and to what extent the young have been observed to injure them.

What animals, such as quadrupeds, birds, and reptiles, have been obvserved feeding
upon the young or full-grown insects or their eggs?

State what measures for destroying the eggs have been tried, and how far they have
proved effectual.

State the ratio of prairie to timber in your section.

State all you know in reference to the habits of the young or grown insects during
the night; where they remain, whether they ever march, continue to fly, eat, &c.

At what rate do swarms move during flight?

Mr. Packard also issued a special circular, requesting, in addition to
the information sought by Circular No. 1, special information west of the
mountains, as follows:

CIRCULAR No. 3.
SALEM, Mass., May 15, 1877.

DEAR Sir: In behalf of the United States Entomological Commission I ask your aid
in studying the habits, distribution, and extent of damage done, in past years as well
as the present, by the locust or destructive grasshopper, in the department of the locust-
area assigned to me,i. e., Montana, Idaho, Western Wyoming, Utah, Oregon, Washing-
ton Territory, and California.

The main breeding-places of the locusts visiting the border States are situated in the
Northwest. Information is especially desired concerning the breeding of locusts in the
plains lying around the Black Hills, especially to the east and north; also in the val-
leys of the Platte, Yellowstone, Upper Missouri, Snake, and Columbia Rivers, and
especially the treeless plains of Eastern Oregon and the eastern portion of Washing-
ton Territory. The locusts invading Utah in former years are supposed to have come
from the Saake Valley to the northwest and north.

The said Territories, particularly Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, and Eastern Washing-
ton and Oregon, are so thinly settled that it will be difficult for me to obtain the post-
office address of those who might be willing to co-operate with the Commission if they
could receive our circulars and bulletins. These and other publications of the Com-
mission will be sent to those answering in part or wholly the questions appended to
this circular. Postmasters and others receiving this circular are respectfully requested

6 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

to send the address of any one who they think would thus co-operate with the Com-
mission. i

While locusts have not seriously ravaged the Pacific coast since 1855, it is very desir-
able for the Commission to ascertain whether it is the Rocky Mountain locust or some
other species of grasshopper which has periodically devastated the coast for nearly
two centuries past. For this purpose specimens from all parts of the States of Cali-
fornia, Nevada, and Oregon, and Arizona aud Washington Territories, are earnestly
desired.

Please, therefore, send me specimens of any destructive grasshopper, as well as
samples of ail the different kinds of grasshoppers and crickets, their eggs, young, and
parasites, in your town or county, so that I may be sure which species is referred to in
your communication. They may be killed by hot water or soaked in alcohol a few
hours, dried and packed between papers, in cotton or sawdust, in strong wooden or tin
boxes, and mailed to me at Salem, Mass. It would be well also to keep a bottle of
alcohol or whisky on hand into which specimens could be thrown from time to time.
The bottle could be carefully packed and sent, at the end of the season, by express, to
the headquarters of the Commission at Saint Louis, Mo.

Please inclose in all parcels and bottles a label giving date, town, county, and State
or Territory, the name of collector, written with a black-lead pencil on stout letter-
paper. Postage will, of course, be refunded, if desired. Trusting to receive your
hearty co-operation in the objects of the Commission,

I remain, your obedient servant,
A. 8. PACKARD, JR.,
“Secretary United States Entomological Commission.

Has your section ever been visited by invading swarms of grasshoppers? Ifso, name
, tre years.

Please furnish copies of all the records you can obtain which were made at the time
of the visitations of the grasshoppers, whether written or printed.

As will be seen by the classified replies in the appeadix, much valuable
information was obtained by means of the first general circular, but
scarcely any on the special points in the others. This was to be ex-

ected, as the average farmer is in no position to carry out special
investigations, which for their satisfactory completion require time,
training, and proper appliances.

It is our intention, in this connection, to give a brief history of our
field-work and of the locust phenomena of the season, but for full details
regarding the year’s occurrences in the different States the reader is
referred to the chapter on chronology and to the appendices.

As will appear in the chapter just referred to, locust-eggs had been
laid in 1876 over an extensive area, roughly defined by drawing a line
from Breckenridge to Cheyenne, thence to the Taos Valley, thence to
Houston, thence to Saint Paul, the eastern line deflecting westward in
Missouri and Kansas. They were most thickly laid east of the 100th
meridian, and the gravest apprehensions were naturally felt as to the
injury that would result in the spring of 1877. The examination of eggs
from time to time during the winter, from different parts of the area
just defined, made it quite certain, as spring approached, that the ma-
jority of them would hatch; and as already intimated, the young
insects were doing much injury in southerly regions by the time the
Commission was created. Mr. Riley visited Texas in April, when the

OUTLOOK IN SPRING IN TEXAS, ARKANSAS, MISSOURI. 1

locusts were doing their greatest damage, or just as the bulk of them
were reaching the pupa state around Denison and Dallas, and the winged
insects had commenced to fly from the more southern parts. About
Houston considerable damage was done to yeung cotton, but here and
about Galveston the country is devoted largely to grazing and was not so
seriously affected. About Hutchins the farmers despaired of saving
anything, and many fine settlements along the Texas Central and along
the Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railways suffered severely.
Around San Antonio large numbers of the insects were found by Mr.
J. Boll, of Dallas, whom we employed as special assistant, and whose
reports, with other details from this State, will be found in the appendix.
(App. 3.)

Having during the winter, as entomologist of the State, thoroughly
familiarized himself with the extent and condition of the eggs in South-
west Missouri, he spent but a brief period there early in the month; and
while there was slight damage “in spots,” the country suffered far less
from the young insects than it had the previous autumn from their
winged parents. (See App. 4.) The only counties in which the insects
hatched at all in Missouri were: 1st, Atchison and Holt, and the western
half of Nodaway and Andrew, in the extreme northwest corner. 2d,
McDonald, Barry, Jasper, Lawrence, Barton, Dade, Newton, Cedar,
Vernon, more particularly in the southwest half; Polk in the northwest
third; and Hickory in the southwest third.

What is true of Missouri is also true of the limited area in the north-
west corner of Arkansas; and while Mr. Riley had no time to visit
Benton County, where the eggs had been most thickly laid, reports
showed that the injury from the young insects was trifling. In passing
through Indian Territory, along the M., K. & T. Railroad, no damage
was noticed; and though the winged insects were thick enough in the
Territory to render travel on horseback disagreeable the previous
autumn, wild prairie and timber and grazing land so predominate over
the cultivated area that the damage can never be great.

During the end of April and tie early part of May, Mr. Riley was
in the field in Kansas, traveling over the southeastern counties with
Governor Anthony and Mr. A. 8. Johnson of the Atchison, Topeka
and Santa Fé Railroad. He found the people determined to resist
the enemy, and in many cases well prepared and organized to do so.
He appointed, with the co-operation of the governor, who partly de-
frayed their expenses, two assistants in this State, viz, Mr. A. N. God-
frey, of Manhattan, and Mr. G. I’. Gaumer, of Lawrence. Their reports,
with other data (App. 5), together with the following letters, will convey
a correct idea of the condition of things in this State at the time:

STATE OF KANSAS, EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT,
Topeka, May 5, 1877.
Sir: It is now impossible for me to join you in your tour of observation through the

State, as promised. I feel a deep interest in the results of your examination, and have
to urge upon you the importance of passing over as great a breadth of territory as

8 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

possible in the time you can give to this State. I desire from you, for publication, a
statement of the true condition and prospects as you find them.

I have feared that the reports of addled eggs and disappearing insects are based ou
hope instead of facts. If so, they cannot fail to work injury by quieting the people
with belief in a false security. If the eggs in the soil are still unhatched and ina
condition to produce in destructive numbers when the weather is propitious, it is far
better that the people know the worst and prepare for it without delay.

I am satisfied that a determined and systematic effort will exterminate the locust
and save our growing crops, even if the worst be true as to the present hatching. An
organization under the township law, or unanimity of volunteer action, with the means
now known to be effective in the destruction of ihese insects, cannot fail of substantial
success.

To this end I hope you will favor me with a full report of your tour of observation.
together with such suggestions as to mode and time of destroying the locust, as your
observation and experience shall warrant. This statement from you will be accepted
as authentic by the great majority of our people, and will allay fear if there is no
danger, and awaken to action if a pending peril exists.

Very respectfully, Grecia tee
JAD NY,

Governor of Kansas.
PnrorsG. V. RILEY,

Chief of United States Entomological Commission, Emporia, Kans.

SaLtna, Kans., Way 10, 1877.

My Dear Sir: Your favor of the 5th instant is before me. I am entirely of your
opinion as to the importance of getting at the real facts and prospects in connection
with locust injury. The dispatches to our papers are so often colored in the interest
of land-owners, and loan and real-estate agents, that the ccmmunity at large places but
small reliance on them. It is, moreover, the avowed policy of many journals to sup-
press the truth about locust troubles, under the mistaken notion that such suppression
benefits; whereas no policy is more injurious to a community in the end.

In the present instance the favorable reports are,in the main, warranted; and there
is no doubt in my mind that throughout the larger part of Kansas the battle is already
fought, and the future injury must be comparatively trifling. For nearly three weeks
I have been traveling and observing in Texas and Southeastern Kansas, and feel safe
in making the above statement for that part of your State which I have visited.
Throughout the locust-area of the State south of the Kansas Pacific Railroad—which area
includes most of the region bounded on the east by a line running from a little west of
Lawrence toward Fort Scott, and on the west by another passing up through Hutchinson
and Ellsworth—the eggs are laid in sufficient quantities to have given birth to locusts
enough to have eaten everything green by the time they attained full growth, under con-
ditions favorable to them. Many of the eggs were destroyed by the Anthomyia egg-par-
asite, and the other enemies described in my writings. Some of them hatched in the Fall,
and many more during the warm weather of the latter part of January and fore part
of February. The insects thus hatched perished. The bulk of the eggs hatched
during the last week of March and the early part of April. Tbe young insects were very
thick then; they commenced to do injury and begat general fear. The farmers for
the most part fought them with energy. Then followed, from the middle of April on,
a period of cold and wet weather. The enemy rapidly weakened and was from all
quarters reported as disappearing.

DISAPPEARANCE OF THE YOUNG.

In every part of the State which I have visited, and where I have examined carefully
the condition of things, the young locusts have very largely, in some instances totally,
disappeared; and I now have no doubt whatever that the reports of such disappear-
ance that are so general throughout the entire portion of the State that was threat-
ened, have their foundation in fact. This disappearance is generally attributed to

STATE OF THINGS IN KANSAS IN MAY. 9

death and dissolution from the cold and wet weather that followed the principal hatch-
ing. That this weather has been largely instrumental in causing death among the
hopping pests I have no doubt, because there are always a certain portion just hatched
or just molting, which are particularly tender and susceptible to the injurious effects
of cold, drenching rains. But they have been dying and are now dying fast during the
present warm and sunny weather, and these dead insects are not parasitized, but simply
diseased—sick. In my last (ninth) report made to the State of Missouri, in stating the
causes that might diminish the prospective injury, I wrote: .

We may therefore expect that,as compared with 1875,a larger proportion of the
young that will hatch in 1876 will be weakly and soon perish. * * * There is a
bare possibility that, after the bulk of the young have hatched, and before they have
commenced to do serious harm, we may have such unseasonably cold and wet weather
as to kill them by myriads, and effectually weaken their power for injury.

Both possibilities have become actualities.

It is asingular fact, however, that notwithstanding the large numbers which hatched,
no one has been able to discover the dead carcasses of these disappearing locusts in
anything like the numbers necessary to account for the disappearance; and, in most
instances where dead insects have been reported to me, an examination at once showed
that the parties had mistaken therefor the exuviz or empty skins of those which had
molted; which skins are always abundant under straw or weeds, or at tbe base of a
wheat-stool, where the young insects congregate when undergoing their molts.

The young locusts possess remarkable tenacity of life, and the fact that the bulk of
those remaining are in the third stage (i. e., have molted twice) and must have hatched
before the unfavorable weather set in, is in itself enough to show that other factors
than those meteorological have entered largely into the problem of disappearance.
The principal of these I will briefly enumerate, because, unlike meteorological or
climatic influences, they may, most of them, be relied upon in future, are largely
within man’s control,and may even be rendered still more eff ctive. They are,in
short, elements of certainty in the problem of locust destruction.

First. The natural Enemies of the Locust.—These consist in the present instance (the
parasites not affecting it till it gets older) of the vertebrate animals which are known
to feed upon it,such as snakes, gophers, field-mice, &c.,and birds., These last have
been more efficient than most of us imagine, and I never saw blackbirds, plover, &c.,
so numerous. Their dung often whitens the fields where the lucusts were once thick,
and they have been the principal cause of the latter’s disappearance. The prolonged
cold and wet retarded the development of the insects, benefited the wheat,and gave
our feathered friends an excellent opportunity to check them. We should employ all
means to encourage the multiplication of the birds.

Second. The Farmers.—In most parts of the State I have traversed, the farmers had
determined from the beginning to make war, and they did make war, and so success-
fully that the insects were pretty effectually destroyed before the cold and wet oc-
curred. The means employed were mostly kerosene-pans and burning—over 700 kero-
sene-pans having been made at Salina alone.

Third. The Weather.—The continued cold after the principal hatching had the effect,
as already stated, to kill mavy that were just hatching or molting. The heavy rains
washed many away into tbe streams, and in some instances in soils which contain
sand and lime, and which are liable to crack when dry, the rains doubtless covered up
and killed such as were sheltering in such fissures.

Fourth. Climate—The fact that the insects, especially after the second and third
moltings, are dying,is simply confirmatcry of the views I have always held and ad-
vanced, that the species is out of its natural habitat, and can never permanently thrive
here. These views I need not now repeat at length. While the number that have
thus become sickly and died have not so far begun to compare with those which have
perished in the other three ways mentioned, it will doubtless continue to increase as
the insects get larger, for already they show a tendency to unnaturally group together
during the heat of the day, and feed much less ravenously than when in perfect health.

10 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

EXTENT OF THE FAVORABLE STATE OF THINGS.

Sach are the generally favorable conditions throughout the area which I have al-
ready mentioned, and of which alone I can speak with assurance. How far the same
conditions prevail north of the Kansas Pacific, and in the other States threatened, I
cannot positively tell yet ; but similar reports of disappearance are very gencral, and
I am strongly of the opinion that we shall have a repetition of the comparative harm-
lessness of 1867.

VIGILANCE STILL NECESSARY.

I am the last to desire that this favorable report should lull your farmers into an
undue sense of security. The security against injury will depend altogether on the
proportion of eggs which have hatched. Thus in the more sandy belt west of a line
roughly drawn through Junction City and Florence, not one per cent. of the eggs re-
main unhatched ; while east of that line, where the eggs were laid later and the soil is
mostly colder and more tenacious, from one-half to three-fourths of them are yet un-
hatched, and, with few exceptions,sound. In the former area a few fields may suffer,
especially along the river-courses, but there will be no general destruction; in the lat-
ter the injury may yet be great, and should be provided against.

REMEDIES.

[Here followed a summary of remedies. ]

CONCLUSION.

I have endeavored in the above hurried notes to comply with yeur request, and have
necessarily left much of interest unsaid. Altogether, the prospect is much brighter
than I had dared to hope. There is some apprehension from the winged insects that
have been for some time leaving Texas, where little was done to fight the pest, and
where much injury has cccurred in spots, particularly from Denison southwest-
wardly. But in passing from the south, the injury done by the winged insects is never
materiaily felt. They are unhealthy and less voracious, and the crops are well ad-
vanced. They also pass mostly over the western part of your State. Permit me to
remark, iu conclusion, that I have met with few persons who do not feel that if taken
in time the young insects are easily mastered and need cause little alarm in fature—
a fact which I have long since insisted on, and which is generally admitted by all who
have had experience. When the locust-scourge is fully understood, and the farmers
unite in determined effort to counteract it, it will cease to beso much of a bugbear,
and no longer interfere with the settlement of the beautiful and productive western
plains which it visits at irregular intervals.

I have the honor to remain, yours, truly.
C. V. RILEY.

GEO. T. ANTHONY,

Governor of the State of Kansas.

We are under sincere obligations not only to Governcr Anthony who
so materially assisted us, but, among many others, to Mr. Alfred Gray,
secretary of the State board of agriculture, for repeated favors and co-
operatiou.

During the latter half of April and first part of May Mr. Thomas
visited Minnesota, Northwestern Iowa, and Nebraska, devoting his
attention at this time chiefly to an examination of the egg-deposits, the
condition of the eggs, and the indications where the young were then
hatching out. He also at this time made arrangements throughout the
various sections of these States and Dakota with local observers, who
were to note all important facts in their respective sections relating to
the locusts, and report from time totime. Mr. Allen Whitman, of Saint

STATE OF THINGS IN MINNESOTA. 11

Paul, who had previously been employed by the State of Minnesota to
report upon the history, habits, and injuries of the Rocky Mountain
locust in that State, was engaged as assistant for that portion of the
district. Prof. Samuel Aughey, of the State University at Lincoln,
was engaged as assistant for that portion of the district. The valuable
aid furnished by these two assistants will be shown by reference to their
reports which will be found partly in the appendix (Apps. 1, 2 and 8) and
partly incorporated in the text. }

While in Minnesota Mr. Thomas prepared and issued the additional
questions heretofore alluded to. He was also calied upon to give his
opinion in reference to the prospects of the season, and, gloomy as these
appeared at the time, he did not hesitate to state as his conviction in
various publications that the end of the trouble was drawing near. The
executive of this State, Governor Pillsbury, entered heartily into the
work of the Commission, giving it every encouragement and assistance
in his power.

The following extract from a letter of Mr. Thomas’s, published at the
time in the Chicago Inter- Ocean, will give an idea of the locust-status
as understood at that time in Minnesota and Dakota:

I have just visited the southwestern part of Minnesota, spending a short time in
making inquiries and examinations in a few of the counties supposed to contain the
heaviest deposits of eggs. In some localities, where the eggs were observed in great
numbers last fall, but few were to be found in these places, asa general rule. I ob-
served in considerable numbers certain coleopterous, hymenopterous, and dipterous
larve, known as locust-egg destroyers. In other places, but a few miles distant, eggs
were found in abundance, and mostly sound. The information, so far as ascertained
in reference to this portion of Minnesota, agrees in the main with these observations,
and thus explains the apparently conflicting reports received. These facts render it
probable that, while it is true as a general rule that the locusts will hatch out over
the greater portion of Southwestern Minnesota, yet many localities will be compara-
tively free from the young; in other words, the hatching will be uneven throughout
this section, and will not be in proportion to the number of eggs deposited.

The bounty law will probably prove inoperative in the worst-infested counties, as
the citizens of these counties feel certain it will entail a debt upon them which will
require years to pay ; hence they will not avail themselves of its provisions.

Hatching has already commenced as far north as Nicollet County, in the warmer sit-
uations, and as I passed southwest on the Saint Paul and Sioux City Road, I noticed
the prairies in every direction were burning, for the purpose of destroying the young
*hoppers.

Several of the counties of this section lying near and along the western boundary
of the State will probably escape serious injury, as but few eggs have been deposited
in them. The young have hatched out in considerable numbers around Sioux City,
but how far this extends northwest and southeast in this area I am unable tosay from
positive information. Some have appeared in the extreme southeast of Dakota, but
from all I can learn this Territory is not likely to have any considerable portion of its
area infested.

During Mr. Thomas’s visit to Nebraska the severe cold storm of the
latter part of April occurred, and he was enabled to note carefully its
effect upon the eggs and young which were then hatching out quite
numerously.

12 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

His second visit was in June, at which time the insects had advanced
in some sections of his district to the pupa state, and at what may be
Gesignated as the critical period so far as this section was concerned.

The result of Mr. Thomas’s visit to Nebraska at this time will be best
shown by the following report made by him and Professor Aughey to
the executive of that State, Governor Garber, to whom we are likewise
greatly indebied for aid and encouragement in our work in Nebraska.
We quote from the Omaha Republican of June 16, 1877, in which the
report was first published:

In response to the request of Governor Garber and a number of citizens of Nebraska,
Professors Thomas and Aughey have prepared a statement giving the results of their
personal examinations of those portions of Nebraska in which the grasshoppers depos-
ited their eggs last fall. The statement embraces information covering every such lo-
cality; and in their letter to Governor Garber, transmitting their report, Professors
Thomas and Aughey state as their general conclusion that “although the locusts re-
main in limited areas in the eastern counties, the prospects in Nebraska are even more
flattering than the most hopeful of your citizens anticipated a month ago.”

THE REPORT.

Our examinations cover the greater part of the settled portion of the State, and have
been made over quite an extensive area in person. From the other sections, which we
have not been able to visit, we have obtained, within the last few days, direct and
positive information which we are satisfied is correct. We have made it a point to
visit in person the areas supposed to be the worst infested, and have not contented our-
selves with inquiries at these points, but have gone out on the farms in order to see
for ourselves the actual condition of affairs in this respect. Before mentioning any of
the details we may state, as

THE GENERAL RESULT OF OUR EXAMINATIONS,

First. That the eggs have been nearly or quite all hatched out; at least, so few re-
main unhatched that it is wholly unnecessary to consider them in this report.

Secondly. That the locusts which hatched out in the sections west of the meridian
of Lincoln have died off to such an extent that but few remain, not enough at any
po nt, so far as we have observed or could ascertain, to do any injury to the crops.

Thirdly. The only section in which we find them in numbers sufficient to give any
uneasiness is the eastern tier of counties lying along or near the Missouri River; and
although found somewhat numerously in certain areas in this section, their numbers
are much less than the most hopeful of your citizens anticipated a few weeks ago.
Even these have done but little injury to crops up to the present time, and seem to
have lost their usual ravenous appetites and vitality. In fact, scarcely an injured
field can be cbserved in a day’s ride through the sections where they are considered
most numerous. We have traveled through these areas with persons from States east
of the Mississippi, visiting Nebraska with a view of locating here or examining the
lands, and without exception they have expressed surprise at the uninjured condition
of the crops after the alarming reports they have heard.

Fourthly. In those sections wkere they yet remain, not only are they far less active
than usual, but as a rule they are confined to very small areas irregularly distributed;
or, as generally and correctly expressed by the farmers, “they are in spots.” In such
places the farmers are generally fighting them vigorously and with every prospect of
success, and we are glad to say that they are, with few exceptions, hopeful and confi-
dent that they will suffer but little loss. As a general rule, we find the farmers confi-
dent that in the future they will be fully able to cope with the young. In some places
precautionary and defensive measures have been neglected until the locusts have ad-
vanced to a size at which it is more difficult to destroy them. A few of the early hatch-
ing, where any of them remain, are already entering the winged state.

OUTLOOK IN NEBRASKA IN JUNE. 13

In looking over the State, theref re, a3 a whole, we feel fully warranted in saying
that, so far as the young locusts hatched out this season are concerned, the danger has
passed, and the citizens need not remain in uncertainty any longer. We are satisfied
that the loss from their depredations, as compared with the whole crop, will be so
small that its effect upon the State will not be felt. This opinion we believe will be
fully borne out by the summary of facts hereafter stated.

* * * * *% * *

THE PRESENT DISTRIBUTION.

Although the locusts hatched out quite numerously in various localities, as far west
as the west line of the egg-deposit, they have almost entirely disappeared from all
parts west of the meridian of Lincoln; and even east of that there are large areas in
which there are none to be found, or at least so few that the farmers apprehend no
danger whatever from them. Even in the sections where they are considered the most
numerous, up to the present they have been limited to isolated spots. An examination
made at one of the worst infested spots showed that the number of acres over which
they then spread as compared with the number of acres in cultivation was so limited
that it was evident that, with a reasonable effort, their destruction might be rendered
certain. It is true that enough might hatch out on five acres to overrun and destroy
the crops on one hundred and sixty acres if the season should favor them, and no
effort be made to destroy them; but, at the same time, it is equally true that if all on
the five acres are destroyed before they spread, the rest of the one hundred and sixty
acres, at least, will be saved.

MIGRATING SWARMS FROM THE SOUTH.

That a few swarms from the south have recently passed over the western part of the
State, going north, is undoubtedly true. So far but few, if any, have come down in
the settled districts, and have done no injury whatever. Heretofore the swarms moving
from the south northward toward their native habitat have not, so far as we are aware,
done any injury in this State. We do not apprehend any damage from them; in fact,
this is precisely what the commission anticipated and predicted, and is one of the
strongest possible corroborations of the theory that they can never become permanent
residents of this part of the Mississippi Valley. And we may as well reaffirm in this
connection our oft-repeated conviction, from what we know of the history and habits
of this species, that it is impossible for it ever to become a permanent resident of these
border States, and hence that the race must run out here, and that it can only be
continued by repeated invasions from its native habitat in the far northwest or Rocky
Mountain region. This disposition to return also confirms our repeated assertions that
it can never progress eastward as did the potato-beetle; that its line of eastern progress
is as firmly fixed by climatic and physical causes as though its way were barred by
some insurmountable barrier. We therefore maintain that the people of these States
ought to confide in these conclusions of science which have been so signally borne out
by the facts.

* * * * % # *
CONCLUSION.

In concluding this brief and hasty report, we have only to repeat what we have
already said—that we consider the danger from the young which have batched out this
season in Nebraska over, and that this part of the problem is solved. We alse believe
that the long series of visitations has come to a close. There may be, and doubtless
will be, at irregular periods, visitations by migrating swarms, but it is not at all likely
that the present generation will witness another such a series as that which has just
passed. We append hereto,as a part of this report, a brief account of the means of
destroying the young and unfledged locusts which we have just issued in the form of
a special bulletin for Nebraska.

Very respectfully,
CYRUS THOMAS.
SAMUEL AUGHEY.

14 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

At this time a special ‘bulletin for Nebraska,” giving a condensed
account how to deal with the insect, was issued and distributed not
only in that State, but also in Northern Iowa. .

From May 26th to the 28th the Commission met at Saint Louis for the
- transaction of business and the perfecting of plans for the future.

During the month of June Mr. Riley was most of the time in the field
in the southern part of Lowa, touching also points in Nebraska and Kan-
sas meanwhile. He would here acknowledge his obligations to the ex-
ecutive of the State, and to the professors at the agricultural college at
Ames, for aid and encouragement.

The following letter will prove a record of the situation in this State
up to the time it was written, while later occurrences are given else-
where (Chapter 1, App. 6):

ATCHISON, KAns., June 20, 1877.

Srz: In accordance with your request and my promise, I herewith transmit a brief
summary of my examinations, during the past fortnight, in reference to locust injury
ja the western part of Iowa, south of the Chicago and Northwestern Railway.

The rains, during most of the time, have been so severe and heavy as to render travel
across the country often unpleasant and difficult ; yet I have managed to examine the
condition of things at many points along the Chicago and Northwestern from Council
Bluffs to the eastern limit of the locust region in Story County; thence across to the
Chicago and Rock Island ; thence along the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, and
across the country from Malvern in Mills County, southwardly. Stopping at these
points and pushing out to those farms where the insects were reported most numerous,
and having reports from many points not visited, my conclusions are drawn with assur-
ance, and, though favorable, are, if anything, not sufficiently so.

PURPOSE OF THE VISIT.

My examinations were partly in furtherance of the plan of the Commission to visit
personally and collect the varied experiences of every State and Territory within the
locust range ; partly to ascertain the real prospects, and to encourage the farmers and
disseminate information among them, where such work was necessary.

NO MORE EGGS TO HATCH.

A few straggling eggs were hatched as late as a week ago; but none now remain to
hatch except a few from indigenous species.

DISAPPEARANCE OF THE YOUNG.

As elsewhere over the threatened region, the eggs were exceedingly numerous, and
the young locusts hatched in April in such numbers, and began their work of destrac-
tion with such vigor, that the greatest apprehension was felt. They soon began to dis-
appear, however, and this disapp earance was due to the same causes enumerated some
five weeks ago in my letter to Governor Anthony, of Kansas, reviewing the condition
and prospects at that time in that State. Summarized, they may be stated as follows:

The weather.—The continued cold and heavy rains after the principal hatching de-
stroyed immense numbers. JI have known them washed into the Des Moines River so
as to form a putrefying scum two inches thick. The farmer owes the salvation of his
crops largely to this cause.

Climate.—An inherent tendency to disease in the species when in this part of the
country has made it most susceptible to the adverse weather, and carried off a large
proportion. This is an exemplification of the views constantly urged by me.

Natural enemics.—It is a general law that in proportion as a species becomes unduly
and excessively multiplied its natural enemies correspondingly increase. The abund-

OUTLOOK IN IOWA IN JUNE. 15

ance of the locust and of its eggs during the last few years east of the Rocky Mountains
has given all locust-feeding animals a bountiful supply of food. They have, therefore,
not only thriven and multiplied, but many which do not normally feed upon the insect
have acquired the habit. In Iowa, as elsewhere, these natural enemies—especially in-
sectivorous birds—have done exceptionally good work ; a work furthered by the weather,
which retarded and rendered very irregular the development of the insect.

The farmers.—W ho have been better organized and more determined to make war,
and who have used better means and methods than in former years.

GENERAL SURVEY OF THE FIELD.

As you are probably aware, the locusts reached the farthest east along the line of the
Chicago and Northwestern, and the egg-deposit receded from Story County southwest-
wardly. Throughout the northern and eastern portion of this area the damage has
been so trifling that it is scarcely worth mentioning. The corn, from too much cold
and wet, is backward, and the weeds have on all low land got an unfavorable start of
the cultivator; much of it also rotted and necessitated replanting; but the spring
wheat (Fall wheat is too apt to spring-kill and is uncertain) and other small grain could
not well look better. The greatest injury has been south and west, along the Missouri
and along the Wahaboncey. Asa general thing, the injury has been greatest along
streams, where the iusects hatched later and obtained greater protection from cold or
storm. In these less-favored parts, however, there is no single farm that presents the
desolate aspect so general two years ago. In restricted spots the insects are quite
thick, and have done slight injury, but in a general way the prospects were seldom
brighter.

WHAT WILL HAPPEN.

The insects have been getting wings in increasing numbers during the past week.
These will rise from day to day, as the wind and weather permit, and fly away to the
north and northwest. This, on account of the irregular hatching and the great diver-
sity of size in the insects now here, will continue for the next wwo or three weeks, and
the flights will consequently be so scattering as scarcely to be noticed. In the north-
eastern counties visited the farmers are out of danger. The insects are not more
numerous than indigenous species sometimes are in dry seasons east of the Mississippi,
and the vegetation is so rank that they can make no appreciable effect upon it. In the
southwest counties there will be greater injury, and you may expect to hear of a corn-
field cleaned out here, and a wheat-field more or less damaged there, where no precau-
tion is taken against such an occurrence. Yet here, also, the average loss will be
slight—no greater than it has been in Texas and South Kansas, where generally excel-
lent crops have been or are being harvested. In fact, very much the same conditions
prevail in the counties bordering on the Missouri east as in those in Nebraska west—
where Professors Thomas and Aughey, on behalf of the Commission, have been making
exrended observations, and conclude that the loss from locust depredations will be so
slight that its effect upon the State will scarcely be felt.

LESS FAVORABLE IN NORTHWESTERN IOWA.

Judging from numerous reports which reach me, the outlook is less favorable in the
northwest counties. Indeed, from Humboldt and Kossuth Counties westward, the
counties are far more gloomy. Professor Thomas has charge of that part of the State,
and is now there. Much can be done to allay unnecessary alarm, and you may expect

to hear from him.
SUGGESTIVE NOTES.

In passing through the magnificently fertile southwestern counties of your State,
two things were particularly noticeable:

First. The want of diversity in culture. Corn is too supremely king. Some town-
ships are one vast corn-field ; and while the farmer generally instinctively plants that
which pays him the best, he often does so from habit and imitation. In a country

16 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

subject to locust ravages disaster is averted by greater diversity. Without discussing
the advantage of a diversity of crops, the advisability of growing more stock must be
obvious: first, to consume the corn at home; secondly, to avoid sweeping disaster.
Had the season been less unfavorable to the locusts, they might have cleaned out
the grain-fields, and, as is their wont, left untouched the wild prairie meadows. Verbum
sat sapienti.

Secondly. In every community there are those who persist in doing nothing to pre-
vent locust injury. These individuals frequently bring ruin not only upon themselves,
but upon more persevering neighbors. There is need of more organization, and Iowa
needs some such law as her sister States north and west passed last winter—a law
that will oblige every able-bodied man to work one or more days, either in the Fall in
destroying the eggs, or in the spring in destroying the young insects, whenever the
township trustees, at the request of a given number of citizens of the township, may
call them to such work under special provisions similar to those of existing road-laws.

_ [Here followed some practical suggestions that are given in Chapter 13.]

Sundry devices for the use of both coal-oil and coal-tar haye been patented, and the

patentees in some instances charge an exorbitant and unreasonable royalty. I would

advise farmers to
SAVE THEIR MONEY.

The principle of destruction cannot be patented, since coal-oil and coal-tar for the
destruction of locusts have been used in former years, and extensively in Colorado.
Their use against insects is a public privilege and possession.

The particular construction of the machine is immaterial. Farmers will thank
manufacturers who sell at a decent profit, but should give no encouragement to those
who charge thrice what a machine is worth because of a patent.

PROSPECTIVE DAMAGE.

There is some apprehension from swarms from the south, and from fresh flights later
in the season from the northwest. I think there is little danger of either. The return
swarms in summer from the country south are never very disastrous. The insects
have been flying north and northwest for about six weeks, but so scattered that, as I
anticipated five weeks ago, no serious injury has followed their settling. They fly
mostly west of Iowa, and when they do injury it is generally near the British-American
line. That there will be no fresh visitation of a widespread character later in the
year from the northwest there is every reason to hope. The native breeding-grounds
must have been measurably depleted last year, and the return migration has been so
far, and doubtless will be, slight. This reasoning applies to the section of your S-ate
which I have visited. It will apply to all the country south and east of the forty-
fourth parallel and one hundredth meridian, but will hold less and less true as we go
north and west of those limits. Altogether the outlook is favorable. From excessive
wet, and for other reasons, the ordinary grain pests, like the chinch-bug, will be harm-
less, and with favorable weather henceforth there is very reason to feel encouraged.

I have the honor to remain, yours, respectfully,
C. V. BEEBE
His Excellency Gov. J. G. NEWBOLD,

Des Moines, Iowa.

Mr. Packard started west after the Saint Louis meeting, and reached
Denver, Colo., on the first of June. He spent several days at Morrison
and Greeley, collecting facts about the young and return migration
from the southward. May 29 and 30, he made observations at Jules-
burg and vicinity; June 7-11, at Salt Lake, Farmington, &c.; June
12-24, he passed through Idaho into Montana, stopping at Virginia
City, Bozeman, Helena, and Fort Benton. From here he passed down

VISIT TO UTAH AND NORTHWEST. 17

the Missouri River June 24-27, and through Dakota to Saint Paul and
home, reaching Salem July 5.

As the result of this journey, the Commission was able to confirm the
belief it had previously announced, that there were no unfledged
locusts in a very extensive region of the Northwest, comprising large
portions of Montana, Dakota, and also British America, for about two
hundred and fifty miles north of the Missouri River, a region bounded
on the north by the Saskatchewan River. As this region, together with
the Yellowstone Valley, is usually the great breeding-ground of the
Rocky Mountain locust, the Commission felt more confidently enabled,
from the state of things there and in Wyoming and Colorado, to predict
that there would be no serious invasion of the border States from Texas
to Minnesota in the summer and autumn, which would insure an immu-
nity from the attacks of young locusts, at least in 1878. It was also
ascertained that the tracts of country in Colorado, Utah, and Idaho,
where eggs were laid the year previous, and unfledged locusts were ob-
served in greater or less numbers, that the cold, heavy rains of April
and May, and the parasites, had, as in the Mississippi border States, so
materially reduced their number as to render them powerless to do ma-
terial harm, except in Cache and Malade Valleys, in Northern Utah,
while serious local damage was committed by them in Bitter Root Val-
ley, Montana. Much information was also obtained during this trip
regarding locust occurrences in the Territories and in British America.
(App. 9.)

During the first week in July, Mr. Riley took the field in Colorado,
and the foliowing letter, written just before his return, together with
data subsequently obtained (Chapter I, App. 7), will form a summary of
the state of things:

To the editor of the Colorado Farmer :

Dear Sir: Upon my arrival in Denver, three weeks ago, you requested me to fur-
nish you with a brief account of my intended observations in Colorado before my de-
parture. I can find time for but a few hurried jottings.

OBJECT OF VISIT.

As you are already aware, my visit has been in furtherance of the work of the United
States Entomological Commission, and my investigations have had reference to the
Rocky Mountain locust, or grasshopper. It gives me great pleasure to state that all
whom I have met with in Colorado, from the State officers down to the humblest
farmer, have generously assisted in my efforts, and expressed a hearty sympathy with
the work of the Commission. After visiting Greeley, Golden, Boulder, and other points
north of Denver, and some of the ranches lying along the Denver and Rio Grande
Railroad, I found very little that wes instructive beyond what intelligent correspond-
ents had already communicated. Hence, I spent as much time as possible in the mount-
ain passes and cafions, especially those within easy reach of the narrow-gauge road
already mentioned, to the officers of which I am under special obligations for liberal
aid. Mr. William Holly, of Del Norte, bas, on behalf of the Commission, visited most
of the interesting poiits which I have had no time to reach, in Park, Lake, Gunnison,
Fremont, Saguache, San Juan, Rio Grande, Conejos, and Costilla Counties.

2G

18 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

RETROSPECTIVE.

In all the States to the east invaded last year, the eggs of the locust were laid very
thickly, and the gravest apprehensions as to injury existed as spring opened. Nor
were these without warrant. Notwithstanding those eggs which were destroyed dur-
ing the winter by enemies, and those which prematurely hatched in the fall and during
the mild weather of February, enough hatched in April to cause consternation.
Throughout the invaded country lying east of Colorado, already visited by the Com-
mission—which includes all the States affected, from Texas to Minnesota—the insects
have disappeared without, in a general way, doing any very serious injury. What
with the increased number of birds and their other enemies, the more determined
efforts made, and improved methods of warfare employed against them by farmers,
the heavy, cold, and continued rains that followed the principal hatching, and the
greater debility and tendency to disease among them everywhere noticeable, the young
insects rapidly decreased in numbers, and those which survived to acquire wings rose
and flew to the northwest in scattering swarms. Even in Northwest lowa and a few
counties toward the southwest of Minnesota, where the injury was greatest, the insects
have not remained to deposit as they did in past years. They continued to die off, and
finally left, or are now leaving, after doing more or less injury.

I have been much interested in finding how thoroughly the conditions above de-
scribed have prevailed over all parts of Colorado having an altitude less than 7,000
feet above the sea-level. There were more eggs laid in Colorado last Fall than during
any previous year that those whom I have conversed with remember. The principal
hatching in April was followed by continued cold rains and snows, which would par-
tially thaw during the day and freeze again at night, so that the young insects were
alternately subjected to much slush and frost. In early summer there was by far the
largest amount of rain-f:ll known for many years in the State. The insects were
weak and died and disappeared. Birds were unusually serviceable in destroying them,
and one little gray gregarious species, described to me as being abundant and efficient in
February, and which is perhaps the horned shore-lark (Erimophila alpestris), I have
not noticed to the east.

Very much the same condition of things occurred all over the State below the alti-
tude stated, whether in the northern half or along the eastern base of the Sangre de
Cristo and in the Cucharas Valley, where the insects hatched more thickly. Few
years have been more favorable to the Colorado farmer. I have noticed a number of
poor wheat-fields, resulting from defective irrigation or other causes, but the average
yield will, I think, be from twenty to twenty-five bushels to the acre. A good deal of
rye was so burnt out that it had to be prematurely cut and used for hay. Barley has
yielded from twenty-five to thirty bushels per acre, and the yield of oats will be fair.
Corn looks well, and stock of all kinds is in excellent condition. In Lake County,
where there is an extensive area under cultivation along the Arkansas, and where the
damage was great last year, few locusts hatched the present year. In Park County,
mostly devoted to grazing, the injury has been slight The San Luis Valley, which is
devoted to agriculture and stock-raising, has suffered little, and the beautiful Ute
Valley has also, as is usually the case, been singularly free. In the Wett Mountain
Valley, which is specially subject to injury, the farmers had to fight early in the sea-
son, and the injury in the valley of the Costilla, where fields were cleaned out by the
young locusts, was greater than in any other part of the State, The severe injury
extended southward into New Mexico, where the valley of the Taos has been swept
clean; yet, on the opposite side of the mountains, the president of the New Mexico
Stock and Agricultural Association reports to Mr. Holly no injury occurred, the young
insects having disappeared.

*
CONDITIONS IN THE PARKS AND PASSES ABOVE THE ALTITUDE OF 7,000 FEET.

While in the lower plains and valley regions of the State the conditions have been
so similar-to those awhich prevailed toward the Mississippi, they have been quite dif-

VISIT TO COLORADO. 19

ferent in the higher plateaus and parks. At altitudes of from 8,000 to 9,000 feet above
the sea, the principal hatching occurred in May, and was later in proportion as we as-
cended, until, in the places with an altitude of 12,000 to 13,000 feet, the insects are
still hatching. At such great heights the mature dead are often to be found in large
quantities under stones and other shelter, which they sought last fall when prema-
turely overtaken by winter, and their young are hopping about in great numbers. As
no agriculture is carried on in these parks and passes, no effort is made to destroy the
insects.

THE LOCUST PROBLEM MORE COMPLICATED IN COLORADO THAN IN THE LOWER MIS-
SISSIPPI VALLEY.

It is in consequence of the above facts that the locust question becomes so compli-
cated in your State. Colorado combines within her limits the meteorological and cli-
matic features of a dozen States. In the Mississippi Valley country, there are laws
governing the Fall invasions from the northwest and the return migrations in summer
on which to predicate with tolerable assurance. This is more particularly true south
of the forty fourth parallel. Your most disastrous swarms also come from the north
and northwest, and the insects which hatch out on your plains east of the mountains
are largely governed by the same laws and instincts as those which hatch to the east ;
on acquiring wings they leave, and those that rise before the second week in July will
bear mostly to the north and northwest, This is more particularly the case south of
the divide. After the middle of July the rains increase and the winds are more vari-
able, prevailing, so far as I have yet ascertained, greatly from the east or south in the
morning, but stronger from west or northwest in the afternoon. Swarms are liable,
therefore, at almost any time after the middle of July, to swoop down from the parks
and plateaus west of the range upon the valleys and plains to the east. These remain
within your borders, or, if they pass beyond, bear southeastwardly toward Texas.
From what light the Commission so far possesses, it becomes more and more plain that
I have been correct in considering the species as boreal,* and in locating the breeding-
grounds of the more disastrous swarms, like that of last year, in the plains regions of
the extreme Northwest, where the summers are short and the winters long and severe,
I find the exodus of the winged insects from that portion of your State lying east of
the mountains less complete than in Kansas and Missouri, for instance, and of the
earlier matured individuals that have not left, some commenced ovipositing a week or
so since. The young from eggs laid thus early will prematurely hatch this summer or
Fall, and inevitably perisu; just as those now hatching toward the snow-line will per-
ish before attaining maturity. The insect is single-brooded, and the tendency to pro-
duce two broods where the summers are too long, is as fatal to the perpetuation of the
species as the want of time to properly mature a single generation where the summers
are too short. Both extremes obtain within the limits of your State, as, also, the in-
termediate conditions in which the species can thrive permanently; whereas in no
part of the Mississippi Valley south of the forty-fourth parallel, and, probably, some de-
grees farther north, can the species hold its own continuously, and, with few excep-
tions, it seldom remains a single year.

PROSPECTIVE.

While the record in Colorado up to this time is so interesting, in comparison with
that in other States, the probabilities during the rest of the season more deeply interest
your people. “ What are the prospects?” This is the question put to me on every
hand. The farmer who is just about harvesting his wheat is anxious to know whether
the chances are that it will be suddenly ruined by the winged pests, as it has been in
past years, or that it will be unmolested.

*We have in former writings designated the species as subalpine, but the term here used in its

zodlogical sense is more strictly correct, implying that region, as the Saskatchewan and Lake Superior
areas, between the subarctic and north temperate.

20 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

From what I have said above, it follows that I cannot predicate with the same assur-
ance that I have done in Texas, Missouri, Kansas, and Iowa; but, to be brief, the pros-
pects are, in my opinion, quite favorable. * * *

Dr. Packard, of the Commission, who has been through Utah, Idaho, Montana, and
Wyoming, confirms my conclusion that the Northwest must be measurably depleted,
for he could not find a locust in Montana from the Idaho line up to Fort Benton or
down the Missouri line to Bismarck. None are to beseen in the region south of South
Saskatchewan, and there is an immense area free from them in their native home.
There is very little danger, then, of injury from Fall swarms from the Northwest, unless
they come from the Black llills country. There remains the chance of swarms from
your own western parks and plateaus or from those of Utah; but I have gocd reasons
for believing that they will prove no more injurious than the swarms which have been
passing on several days since I have been in the State from said western hatching-
grounds. There is a constant strugele for supremacy between the plant-feeder and its
carnivorous enemies. The Rocky Mountain locust got the upper hand during the ex-
cessively dry seasons of the early part of the present decade, and has been so numer-
ous for the past three or four years that its enemies have rioted in plenty, and at last,
in their turn, have increased inordinately. In all your parks the Tachina flies (which
produce the parasitic maggots Known to infest the locust) are so numerous as to
cause a constant buzzing like a swarm of bees, and to prove a positive nuisance to
tourists. Every wirged locust that attempts to fly is pursued by three or four of them,
and the locusts that are daily rising from said parks, whenever the breeze is favorable,
are very generally parasitized and diseased in consequence. The same holds true, as
I learn from reports, in Utah, and as the parasites will increase as the season advances
there is no reason to believe that the later swarms from the west of you will prove
more injurious than those that have already left. The same will also largely hold true
of those which leave the Black Hills country, though I have less positive information
from that region. Nature maintains her average in the long run, and a few seasons of
drought and locust ravages are apt to be followed by a period of more rainy seasons
and locust decrease.

REMEDIES.

As these have been quite fully given in the Commission’s bulletins, and are not par-
ticulaily called for at this season, I will dismiss the subject with the remark that I
have found no means employed in Colorado that are not employed in other States, ex-
cept as your irrigating ditches permit of a peculiar and satisfactory use of coal-oil. I
should, perhaps, except also one means employed in the Wet Mountain Valley, where,
as the young insects pass from the ledges and benches where they hatch into the val-
ley, they are so effectually rolled into a slush made by overflowing the ground, that a
pestilence from their dead bodies is sometimes threatened. I think your farmers are
not sufficiently appreciative of the dry ditch, which could ofien be used to great ad-
vantage where other means fail.

* * * * * * *

The Commissioners consider it their duty not only to disseminate information already
possessed, but to gather from all parts of the country the facts peculiar to each section,
for experience differs immensely with latitude and surroundings. The flights of the
winged insects—their direction and the direction and force of the wind at the time in
Colorado during the rest of the season—will be of great interest, and the Commission
will feel under obligations to any of your readers who will send me notes thereon.

Yours, very truly,
C. V. RILEY.

Summit, La VETA Pass, July 28, 1877.

- Mr. William Holly, of Del Norte, as stated in the above letter, was
employed as special assistant in this State, traveling extensively on
horseback during June and July to collect information in the southern
counties. His report, with other data, appears elsewhere. (App. 7.)

VISIT TO PACIFIC COAST. 21

Prof. O. S. Westcott, of Chicago, also made a trip for us to this State
during the month of August, while Prof. R. L. Packard, of the Patent
Office, visited the State earlier, in order to make some chemical experi-
ments.

The Commissioners met and held a third meeting in Chicago, Ill,
August 7-8, for consultation and the transaction of necessary business.
After planning for field-work for August and September they separated,
to meet again on the Ist of October. Mr. Packard started west, reaching
Salt Lake August 12; thence he went through Nevada, obtaining new
facts about fresh invasions of locusts from Idaho, stopping at Reno, and
thence, by way of Lake Tahoe, where the species of locust destructive
in California was observed, he went to Portland, Oreg., tracing in the
Shasta Valley and about Portland the small form allied to the Rocky
Mountain locust. Going up the Columbia River to The Dalles and to
Wallula, information was obtained regarding the western limits of the
Rocky Mountain locust and recent invasions in Eastern Oregon and
Washington Territories of this locust.

Returning to San Francisco by way of Victoria, Vancouver’s Island,
where collections were made of locusts allied closely to the Rocky
- Mountain species, considerable information was received at Merced,
Stockton, and places along the road to the Yosemite Valley, regarding
the ravages of the Caloptenus atlanis, the destructive locust of Califor-
nia, and, from observations made in the mountains, as well as on Mount
Shasta, at the northern extremity of the Sierra Nevada, it was definitely
ascertained that swarms of the Rocky Mountain locust have probably
never flown over that range from the plains east, and that the damages
done locally on the Pacific coast have been most probably committed by
Caloptenus femur-rubrum and C. atlanis, conjointly or separately, both
of these species conjointly causing similar losses in the Atiantic States.
Mr. Packard returned to Salem on October 4.

The results of this journey may be summed up as follows: Definite
information was obtained concerning the invasion of Northern Nevada
and Eastern Oregon and Washington Territory by swarms of the genu-
ine Rocky Mountain locust, and all of the swarms were traced with a
good degree of accuracy to the Snake River Valley, in the vicinity of
Boise City and northward and souteastwardly. The western limits of
the Rocky Mountain locust were definitely ascertained to be near the
meridian of 120°, extending along the limits of this line from latitude 58°
to 87°. It is most probable that while this locust may occasionally, in
Washington Territory and Oregon, fly to the eastern flank of the Cas-
cade Range, and in California as far as the eastern flank of the Sierra
Nevada, swarms never pass over those mountains. (For detailed notes
of this journey, see App. 10.)

During the last days of August and first of September Mr. Thomas
again visited the Northwest in order to consult with his assistants, bring
together the data obtained, and arrange it in reference to the report.
The meeting was held at Sioux City, Iowa, after which Mr. Thomas, ac-

22 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

companied by Mr. Whitman, visited various parts of Northern Iowa in
order to gather specimens of those which had dropped from flying
swarms, and to ascertain exactly the eastern limit of their extension in
this latitude.

In addition to these visits, Mr. Whitman traveled extensively over
the counties ra vaged by the locusts in Minnesota, and Professor Aughey
over those of Nebraska. ;

Mr. Riley started, after the Chicago meeting, for Manitoba, remaining
a few days on the way in Minnesota to ascertain the extreme eastern
limit of flight in Hennepin and Ramsey Counties. Most of the month
of August and part of September were spent in Manitoba, where he
was fortunate in meeting the Hon. M. P. Mills, minister of the interior,
and the Hon. Mr. C. A. P. Pelletier, minister of agriculture, of Canada,
both of whom are strongly in sympathy with the work of the Com-
mission. Indeed, Mr. Pelletier had our first circular reprinted and sent
out by the Dominion council. While at Winnepeg he was under many ob-
ligations to Bishop Taché, Governor A. Morris, many Hudson Bay fact-
ors, aud other officers, but especially to Mr. J. W. Taylor, United States
consul, whose uniform kindness and whose extensive knowledge of the
Saskatchewan country materially helped to make his stay pleasant and
profitable. This trip gave us much definite information regarding the
destination of the early summer flights, and regarding the northern
and eastern limits of the species’ spread and of its permanent breeding-
grounds north of our boundary-line. These permanent breeding-grounds
turn out to be much more clearly defined than we had reason to hope,
and they are, in a broad way, coequal with the limit of what is known as
the third prairie plateau or steppe, an immense plains region drained
by the South Saskatchewan and the Red Deer River. We were also able
to obtain evidence of great locust abundance in this country as far back
as the very beginning of the present century. (See Chapter 1.)

A fourth meeting of the Commission was held in Chicago, October 1-2,
for the further transaction of business and to complete the division of
labor on the report. During this month Mr. Riley made a trip to Kan-
sas, as far as Manhattan, with a view of ascertaining whether any of
the insects that had hatched in the spring had remained in that section
of the country (App. 14); while in November he made a brief trip
as far as Dallas, Tex., for the same purpose and to get facts as to
autumn flights.

The fifth meeting of the Commission was a protracted one, held in
Washington during the latter part of January and early part of Feb-
ruary, 1878, for the purpose of comparing and digesting the work done
on the report and preparing the same for the printer. By comparing
and interchanging notes the report has been made as much as possible
a whole, and opinions expressed or conclusions drawn are those of the
entire Commission, unless dissent therefrom by any one member be ex-
pressed in a note. The chapters have been. severally prepared as fol-
lows:

LIST OF CIIAPTERS. 23

Introduction. By Mr. Riley.

Chapter 1. Classification and Nomenclature: Characters of the Spe-
cies. By Mr. Thomas.

Chapter 2. Chronological History. By Mr. Packard.

Chapter 3. Statistics of Losses. By Mr. Thomas.

Chapter 4. Agricultural Bearings of the Subject. By Mr. Thomas.

Chapter 5. Native or Permanent Breeding-Grounds. By Mr. Packard.

Chapter 6. Geographical Distribution. By Messrs. Thomas and Pack-
ard.

Chapter 7. Migrations. By Messrs. Packard and Thomas.

Chapter 8. Habits and Natural History. By Mr. Riley.

Chapter 9. Anatomy and Embryology. By Mr. Packard.

Chapter 10. Metamorphoses. By Mr. Riley.

Chapter 11. Invertebrate Enemies (Insects, &c). By Mr. Rilev.

Chapter 12. Vertebrate Enemies (Birds, &c). By Mr. Thomas.

Chapter 13. Remedies and Devices for Destruction. By Mr. Riley.

Chapter 14. Influence of Prairie Fires on Locust Increase. Dy Mr.
Riley.

Chapter 15. Influence of Weather on the Species. By Mr. Riley.

Chapter 16. Effects that generally follow severe Locust Injury. By
Mr. Riley.

Chapter 17. Uses to which Locusts may be put. By Mr. Packard.

Chapter 18. Ravages of other Locusts in the United States. By Mr.
Riley.

Chapter 19. Locust Ravages in other Countries. By Mr. Packard.

The first chapter relates to the classificatory position, name, and
characters of the species, which, while belonging to the same family as
the locusts of the Old World, is nevertheless purely an American insect,
occurring on no other continent. For a correct and proper understand-
ing of the whole subject, it is very essential that we discriminate be-
tween certain closely allied species, which are easily confounded by the
non-entomologist, and which yet have very different habits and instincts,
By means of a large amount of material from all parts of the country.
and by study of the immature stages, we have been able to accurately
define the three forms most apt to be confounded, and they will be dis-
tinguished throughout the report by the popular names of Rocky
Mountain locust (Caloptenus spretus), Lesser locust (C. atlanis*), and the
Red-legged locust ¢ (C. femur-rubrum). We consider them good species,
as species go, and the plates will at once show their distinguishing char-
acteristics. As is found to be the case with nearly all species when
large material from widely different sections is studied, there are several
varieties and races that may be grouped around each of these three
typical forms, and which are intermediate between them; but it has

* Originally defined from specimens from the New England States, but subsequentiy found to have a
very wide range and not to be confined to the east.

tLong known by this popular name on account of the red shanks (tibiz) which are not, however, con-
fined to this species but are characteristic of all three under consideration.

24. REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

not been deemed necessary to confuse the ordinary reader by farther
definitions in this chapter, since it is the intention to give in a separate
memoir a synopsis of the genus, with descriptions of all the North Amer-
ican species at present known.

In the second chapter we have given a chronological record of locust
injury in this country, which shows it to be no modern occurrence; and
if the injury appears to have increased of late years it is only because
there is a larger cultivated area within the locust region, and the devas-
tation is more noticeable. The impression that this insect is on the in-
crease, and that its invasions are becoming more general and more fre-
quent is wide-spread, but it is scarcely justified by the facts, which
clearly indicate that the species has for centuries (and doubtless for
centuries of centuries) been at times excessively abundant and injurious
to the vegetation of the western plains. The history of 1877 is given
rather fully in this chapter, and is interesting in that it differs from that
of 1875, the year when the insects also hatched out in so large a part of
the temporary region. In that year the hatching was more uniform, the
young more vigorous, and, notwithstanding the spring and early sum-
mer were aS wet and stormy as in 1877, the destruction of crops was
complete. In 1877, though the eggs were more numerous, the hatehing
was more irregular, the young insects more feebie and diseased, and the
destruction, except in a few counties of Northwestern Iowa and Minne-
sota, was trifling. The reasons for the difference in the two years are
sufficiently obvious. The winter of 187£75 was severe and steady—
more in keeping with the boreal country where the insect is at home—
and the eggs were well preserved and hatched more uniformly ; more-
over, they were laid by insects fresh from their northwest home. The
eges laid in 1876 were largely from insects from the subpermanent coun-
try ; they were subjected to much mild aud changeable winter weather,
while the spring rains were cold and disastrous to the young. In addi-
tion to these facts, the increase of natural enemies that inevitably fol-
lowed the few years of locust abundance, and the greater effurts of the
farmer, and better means of fighting, should be taken into account.

Chapter 3, in showing that the loss to the States between the Mis-
sissippi and the Rocky Mountains from this insect between 1873—77
amounted to about $200,000,000, will serve to convey an idea to those
not conversant with the facts of the vast importance of the question
and the prominent role this tiny locust plays in the destiny of the
country. When we reflect that these losses fell most heavily upon a
{rontier population without wealth, we cease to wonder at the suffering
and consternation that at times prevailed, and must admire the courage
and fortitude with which the people have fought adversity. A means
of arriving at these losses from two wholly different stand-points, and
f-om entirely different data, has been employed, thereby rendering the
one a check upon the other.

Chapter 4 treats of the effect of locust injury upon the agricultural

CHARACTER OF CHAPTERS. | 25

progress and development of the West; the crops most liable to and
those most exempt from injury. It also discusses the best modes of
cropping and the modeof farming that will give greatest security against
locust ravages.

The facts brought Pore in considering the native or permanent
breeding-grounds (Chapter 5) show tbis locust to be essentially boreal,
and that, in its normal condition, it is contined to the more Hoititern
plains. The area of its permanent abode lies principally east of the
mountains, between latitude 37° and 52° and reaching to about the
102d meridian. West of the range the permanent breeding-grounds
seem to be confined to more limited areas in the Snake River Valley and
Cache and Malade Valley regions.

The chapter (6) on geographical distribution gives the limit of the
range or spread of the species. The data obtained during the year fix
the eastern limit along almost precisely the same line at which it had
been previously established, broadly along the 94th meridian; but the
northern, western, and southern boundaries are for the first time estab-
lished with anything like definiteness. The exact eastern limit is given in
the chapter. It is an interesting fact that both north and east the limit
is, in the main, coequal with the timber-line. West of the mountains
the line is in the neighborhood of the 118th meridian, the Cascade and
Blue Mountain Ranges and the moisture beyond them appearing to be
the most obvious barriers.

The Commission has made an especial effort to record all the move-
ments of locusts during the year 1877, no less than 2,500 observations
being recorded. The managers of each of the three lines across the
country, viz, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé, the Kansas Pacific,
and the Union Pacific, assisted us by republishing our queries and in-
structing their agents to report, so that we had three almost parallel
lines checking each other.

The data in the chapter (7) on migrations and in the appendix
(App. 12) show very clearly that the movements of the winged insects
that hatch out in the temporary region is toward the north or the north-
west early in summer, the direction being more and more due north
toward the eastern limit. In other words, there is, as we first declared
three years ago, a return migration toward the native breeding-grounds
of the insects hatching in the temporary region. This return move-
ment is very constant east of the plains and south of the 44th parallel,
but less so north and west of those lines. Thus in Minnesota, from
which the reports are very complete, the movements are much more
irregular than in Iowa, and they are most regular in Texas. It is well
established that there may be two contrary currents over considerable
areas, while good evidence is produced to show that flight is not unfre-
quently continued into the night, especially during fair, warm, and dry
midsummer weather.

The observations in the extreme Northwest are meager, and while

26 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

flights from the south are recorded in July, passing over the Cypress _

Hills region in Northwest Territory, and reaching the North Saskatch-
ewan at a few points, and even passing some distance north of Fort
Carleton, yet from the want of data in the intermediate country we
cannot say positively that these were continuations from our side the
boundary-line, though the probability is that they were. The evidence
—and it is very complete—indicates that some of the swarms that went
northward the past season, threugh Minnesota and Dakota east of the
Missouri, penetrated north of the boundary-line; but we know from the
history of 1875, and from the experience of the Hon. Donald Gunn, of
Winnepeg (App., 11), that the return migration does at times reach
beyond said line, and that the insects often pass from the south over
Manitoba during the month of June, or so early as to imply develop-
ment several degrees south of that province.

The question as to what eventually became of these northward-return-
ing Swarms was everywhere asked during the summer. The evidence
is clear that, as in previous years, these returning insects were mostly
so diseased and parasitized that they dropped in scattered numbers and
perished on their northward and northwestward journey. This is no
theory, but known to have been the case in the more thickly settled
parts of Kansas, Nebraska, lowa, and Minnesota, from which the in-
sects that dropped were reported, and in some cases sent tous. Mr. J.
G. Kittson, of Fort Waish, Cypress Hills, British America, also reports
that those which alighted there gradually disappeared without taking
further flight, and that they were badly attacked by parasites (App.
11). As this return flight is principally over a vast plain and prairie re-
gion that is thinly settled, the number of insects that dropped and were
lost to sight in said plains must have been infinitely greater than that
which was observed to come down in the more thickly settled regions
to the east. We found the insects sparsely spread over the rank prairies
west of Brainerd, along the Northern Pacific, and along Red River, and
by this we mean that a few would hop from the grass at every step
wherever we searched for them. We met with only here and there a
straggler in Manitoba; but they were more numerous, as we have just
seen, farther west. After the middle of July the flights began to trend
in the opposite direction, or toward the south, and the data, which we
have been at some pains to obtain on the autumn flights (App. 12),
show that they were, as usual, pretty coustant in the same direction.
It is clearly shown that in the more northern parts of the country the
northward-bound insects are often driven back and forth, constantly
diminishing in numbers, and from their harmlessness and the fact that
the northwest breeding-grounds are known to have been measurably
free in spring, if is more than probable that the autumn flights over the
temporary region were made up of the more robust of the insects that
had, earlier in the season, left that region. West of the Rocky Mount-
ains, and in restricted sections in Montana, east of them, the flights
prevail in other directions.

MOVEMENTS OF LOCUSTS. 27

Chapter 8 will be found to contain all that is at present accurately
known on the general habits and natural history of the species, bring-
ing out a number of new facts and correcting some errors which have
heretofore prevailed. We would call especial attention to the por-
tions which treat of the locations where eggs are preferably laid, the
conditions of soil which most assist hatching, the general habits of the
young, and to the two subchapters, which show that in the temporary
region, south of the 44th parallel, the return migration to the North-
west is so complete that no insects of any consequence remain in the
autumn, and in which are given the reasons why, in said region, the
eggs are never laid thickly for two consecutive years, and, as a conse-
quence, severe injury in spring and early summer for two such consecu-
tive years never takes place. We have also discussed here the philoso-
phy of the migrating habit, showing pretty conclusively that it is not
to be attributed to one cause alone, but to several causes.

The chapter on embryology and anatomy contains observations on
the mode of growth and hatching of the embryo, and gives new facts
regarding the external structure of the locust and the internal anatomy
of the respiratory organs concerned in lightening the body during flight.
The general and minute anatomy of the digestive system and of the
nervous system is also for the first time given.

The chapter on transformations will be found interesting as giving
exact knowledge on the number of molts suffered by the species, mode
and manner of molting, and of getting wings, and the structural changes
that take place during growth.

In chapter 11 will be found an illustrated account of all the more
minute enemies of the locust that are known to attack it in this country.
Several interesting scientific discoveries are recorded, and among these
we would draw especial attention to the interesting transformations of
the locust-mite, which is parasitic in its early 6-legged state upon the
mature insect, and in its adult 8-legged state destroys the locust-eggs;
also to the curious life-history of the blister-beetles, which in their larval
state turn out to be locust-egg destroyers. The excessive multiplication
of most of these natural enemies was very generally noticed during the
past year, the ground in some places being red with the egg-feeding
mites, and the air full of swarms of the Tachina-flies, from which come
the maggots that eat out the vitals of the locust.

In chapter 12 are given the locust-feeding habits of many western
animals not heretofore known to have that habit ; and the good offices
of birds are specially made manifest, examinations of the stomachs of
over 90 species and 630 specimens having been made with special refer-
ence to their locust-eating habits. The record in reference to these ex-
aminations is very full, giving the date, the locality, the common and
scientific names of the species, and the number of locusts and of other
insectsfoundineach. The value heretofore placed on these aids by ento-
mologists is fully sustained by this record.

28 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

In chapter 13, which is one of the most extended and most important
practically, itis clearly shown that the young locusts may be controlled,
and by what means, while the way is pointed out how to better control
the winged insects. Many valuable devices for destruction are illus-
trated, among them one invented by Mr. Riley, which gave entire satis-
faction, and will, it is believed, supersede other contrivances as a cheap
and practicable meaus of destruction, applicable at any season, whether
the plants or the insects be small or large. In this chapter, also, the
necessity of legislation, the relative merits of ditching, plowing, harrow-
ing, the use of coal-oil, of various fluids and powders, and of burning are
discussed ; as also the best means of protecting special plants and trees.

In chapters 14 and 15 the influence of prairie-fires and of weather
on locust-iucrease is discussed. It is shown that prairie-fires can have
but little influence on the multiplication of the insect except when they
are judiciously manipulated and controlled as suggested in chapter 13.
The effects of frost and of wet weather on the eggs and on the young
insects have an important practical bearing, and we have given a Series
of experiments which prove that the eggs are not greatly influenced
either by frost or water. That they should resist intense cold was to be
expected, since the species is boreal; but that they should remain im-
pervious to constant soaking, is contrary to the prevailing views hith-
erto held on the subject. They are, also, far less susceptible to alter-
nate freezing and thawing than was anticipated. The young locusts, on
the contrary, perish whenever the temperature falls more than fifteen
degrees below freezing-point, while they are very seriously and injuri-
ously affected by prolonged wet weather, especially if it be cold in ad-
dition.

The effects that invariably follow severe locust-injury are treated
of in chapter 16, and the changes that, in consequence of such injury,
take place in the flora and fauna—the increase of some species and de-
crease of others—are sometimes very striking. It must also be assur-
ing to the people of the West to know that there are good and sufficient
reasons why a year of great locust-devastation is apt to be followed by
one of locust-immunity and good crops.

In chapter 17 we have discussed the uses to which locusts may be
put, and, not to dilate here on their availability as food for various ani-
mals, including man, as fish-bait, or as manure, the chemical analysis
given of the dead locusts is quite interesting. The insects furnish a new
oil, which we have christened Caloptine, and a very large percentage of
formic acid. Though this acid exists in the ant and some other insects,
it is with difficulty obtained in large quantities; whereas by the action
of sulphuric acid upon the locust-juices it passes off with great readi-
ness and in remarkable quantity and gravity. The various uses of this
acid, whether as a therapeutic, &c., are capable of great and valuable
extension where it can be obtained so readily and in such quantity.

In the two concluding chapters it is clearly shown that locust-ravages

FUTURE PROSPECTS. 29

are by no means confined to the country west of the Mississippi, but
may occur and have occurred in other parts of the country, at times in
great intensity. It is also shown that no quarter of the globe is exempt
from these pests, and that the countries bordering mountain-ranges in
Southern Europe, Asia, and Africa, especially, have, since biblical
times, and, doubtless, ages before, been devastated at irregular periods
by devouring locust hordes.

We cannot well close this introduction without some statement of our
views as to the locust-prospects for the immediate future, since our opin-
ions are constantly being asked for. That the insect will, in the future,
again pour down at times from its breeding-grounds into the temporary
region, unless, by the co-operation of the two governments interested, it
dis prevented from so doing by the course we recommend, or by some
still more feasible course yet to be discovered, there can be no reason-
able doubt. Yet, in proportion as that country becomes settled will
locust-injury be more and more easily controlled. But we do not hesi-
tate to give it as our deliberate opinion that there will be no serious in-
jury in such temporary region the coming summer, and, probably, not
for several years to come. We rest this conclusion, first, on our per-
sonal examinations the past autumn over much of the country named ;
secondly, on the reports of correspondents in said country (App. 14);
thirdly, on the reports from the extreme Northwest, or permanent region.
These show that none of the insects of any consequence that hatched in
the temporary region remained to lay eggs; that scarcely any eggs were
laid by the scattering autumn swarms, and that, with few exceptions,
the permanent region east of the mountains is likewise remarkably free
of eggs.

Sn
c

NOMENCLATURE. 31

CHAPTER I.

CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE—CHARACTERS OF
; THE SPECIES.

The great damage done in the West during the past few years by
‘“‘ crasshoppers” has caused these insects to be more closely observed than
formerly, and the members of the Commission are from time to time re-
ceiving specimens from persons both east and west inquiring whether
they are the much-dreaded species. We have therefore concluded to
give a brief outline of the classification of the family to which this
species belongs, and of the characters by which the group and species
may be distinguished from other groups and species which are closely
allied.

When the popular name of a group of insects or other animals, that
is generally accepted, corresponds somewhat closely in its application
to the scientific division, it is not difficult to convey to the general reader
a correct idea of the position and characters of a given species by refer-
ence to and comparison with well-known species of that group. Un-
fortunately, in the present instance, not only is the opportunity for refer-
ence to well-known species wanting, but the popular names applied to
species and groups are so confused and erroneous that their use is calcu-
lated to convey incorrect ideas to unscientific readers.

Even the name locust as formerly, and yet very generally, applied in
this country is incorrectly used, referring to an insect not even belonging
to the same order as the locusts of oriental countries.

The “ seventeen-year locust” of North America is, in fact, not a locust
in the true sense, but a species of Cicada, or harvest-fly, belonging to
the order Hemiptera, which contains only insects with a mouth prolonged
into a horny, jointed tube formed for sucking the juices of the plants or
animals on which they feed.

On the contrary, the locusts of the Old World, to which the term was
originally and correctly applied, are species of migratory grasshoppers
belonging to the order Orthoptera, and are furnished with strong biting
jaws or mandibles. There are other very material differences between
the two, but these will suffice to show that they are quite distinct.

The very common name “ grasshopper ” has likewise been unfortunate
in its use and application not only in a popular sense, but even by
scientists, referring at one time to the true locusts or to the various
species of the family to which they belong, and at another to species of
a different family, which includes katydids. In fact, the term as gener-
ally used applies to most of the species of two different families of Or-
thoptera. In order, therefore, to convey a correct idea of the destructive

32 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

species now under consideration we are necessarily compelled to fall
back upon the scientific arrangement and characters of the family, sub-
divisions, and species. Commencing with the order, we will give briefly
the characters of the various divisions and subdivisions leading to the
genus Caloptenus, to which the Rocky Mountain locust belongs, omitting
those divisions and groups not represented in the United States, and
referring only to those characters which are most easily recognized, and-
which apply specially to our acridian fauna.

The Order ORTHOPTERA is distinguished from the other orders of the
insect class chiefly by the following characters: Mouth furnished with
mandibles or strong biting jaws; wings four (occasionally wanting),
upper pair coriaceous or parchment-like and flexible; under pair thin
and membranous, folding lengthwise only in plaits like a fan; trans-
fcrmations incomplete, being active in all stages after hatching from the
egg.

Although not as extensive as some other orders, it contains a large
number of species which differ very materially in appearance and charac-
ters, and are generally known in this country by the common names
earwigs, cockroaches, devil’s-horses, walking-sticks, grasshoppers, and
crickets. [ach of these names, except the next to the last, represents a
distinct family of the order, thus:

PORWAIGS eS Aa PE eo See ee ORI | ES Family 1. Forficulide.
VOOEKLOAE ESR Ties SE IRS eae ee Family 2. Blattide.
iewd sshorses*ieu. Sees SRO REY Lee. eee a eee Family 3. Mantide.
Wiallkine sticks Poe 2h Gayo ae sis ere ae Family 4. Phasmide.
Grasshoppers oe ancients se Banal eam
Cricketsi2 tbe eaten : wie Saeiae kes ees Family 7. Gryllide.

As will be seen from this list, there is no confusion between the scien-
tific and common names until we reach *‘ grasshoppers,” among which
our insect belongs. Other names, it is true, are sometimes applied to
insects of the previous families, but with the exception of ‘‘ earwig”
they correspond in their application with the family limits as here given.
As before stated, the term “ grasshopper” is applied to msects of two
families—Acridide and Locustide; but notwithstanding this difficulty
in using the popular name, the insects which compose the family are
easily distinguished from each other by prominent characters.

Locustide includes those species usually found on the grass, bushes, and
trees, which have very long, thread-like antenne, generally longer than
the body of the insect ; the tarsi or feet are four-jointed ; the female is
furnished at the tip of the abdomen with an exserted ovipositor, usually
more or less curved and sword-shaped; and the upper wings of the
male are furnished, at the base, with a peculiar arrangement of the.
nerves, with which, by rubbing them together, they produce sharp, shrill
notes. To this family belong the true grasshoppers, the katydids, and

LOCUST VS. GRASSHOPPER. JO

similar insects; it is true there are other species which strongly resemble
and are usually called “ crickets” that belong to this family.

Acridide, includes those species which usually reside on the ground,
and are distinguished from those of the other families of saltatorial
orthoptera by the following characters:

The antennz are comparatively short, never exceeding the body in
length, and in North American species composed of from twelve to
twenty-five joints; the tarsi are apparently three-jointed ; the females
are furnished at the tip of the abdomen with four short corneous pieces,
two of which curve upward and two downward; the male is without
the shrilling organ at the base of the wings found in the Locustide.

This family contains the true locusts, such as those of oriental coun-
tries and the Rocky Mountain locust; also such so-called grasshoppers
as the common red-legged species of the States and those found hop-
ping on the ground in open waste fields, along roadsides, &c. There-
fore, in speaking hereafter of these species, we shall use the term locust.
As the family contains a very large number of species varying consid-
erably in form and character, entomologists have endeavored to divide
it into sections or subfamilies, by bringing together those minor groups
having certain characters in common. The various results of these -
attempts cannot be introduced here, as this would not only require too
much space, but also the introduction of matter of purely scientific in-
terest, and of no practical use in this brief review of the classification.

These subdivisions vary in number according to the characters
selected by the different authors, some making as many as eleven sub-
families, others only two or three. Yet, as a general rule, the difference
is not so much in the grouping as in the value attached to the groups,
the subfamilies of one author being considered as subordinate divisions
by other authors.

Without undertaking at this time to decide upon the respective mer-
its of these several arrangements, we have selected for present purposes
that which makes but three subfamilies, as it appears to be the simplest
and most easily understood by general readers. In our descriptions of
these subdivisions we shall confine ourselves to those represented in the
orthopteral fauna of that portion of North America north of Mexico, and
so far as possible select such characters only as are necessary to distin-
guish these divisions from each other. The first subfamily, Proscopine,
contains only exotic species, and may therefore be omitted from further
consideration.

The second subfamily, Acridina, is distinguished by having the pro-
notum in tbe form of a shield, which covers the prothorax and extends
backward at farthest only a short distance upon the base of the abdo-
men, never reaching more than half way to the tip, and seldom half this
distance; the prosternum or front breast is drawn up, that is, it is not
in the same plane as the rest of the sternum or breast; it is spined,

3G

34 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

tubercled, or smooth, but never advanced upon the mouth in the form

of a muffler; elytra or upper wings, when preseut, always as long as

the wings; tarsi with pads between the claws.

The third subfamily, Tettigine, is characterized by having the prono-
tum, in the form of a shield, extending backward nearly or quite to the
tip of the abdomen, and sometimes even beyond it; the prosternum in
the same plane as the rest of the sternum, and advanced upon the mouth
in the form of a muffler; elytra when present usually shorter than the
wings, and placed at the sides of the body; tarsi without pads between
the claws. |

The two latter families are represented in the United States, but
the great body of our locusts belong to the Acridine, the species of
Tettigine being comparatively few, quite smail, and seldom noticed by
unscientific observers. As the Caloptenus spretus and all other migra-
tory locusts belong to Acridine, we shall limit our further consideration
to this subfamily. It contains several subordinate groups, but the charac-
ters by which these are distinguished from each other are not so appar-
ent and uniform as those separating the subfamilies, nor is it necessary
for us in this general report to attempt an explanation of these differ-
ences. Perhaps we may as well state here that no arrangement we have
seen can be considered satisfactory. The form of the head and antenna,
formerly selected as characters, are too indefinite to meet the demands
of science, while those adopted by Stal in his most recent arrangement
can scarcely be considered of sufficient value or importance to render
them more satisfactory ; they also fail to separate forms which we think
ought not be brought together. To bring togetber the long conical head,
ensiform antenne, and elongate body of Truzxalis with the round head,
filiform antennz, and massive bodies of some of the heavier Oedipodea,
and to separate such forms as Pachytylus migratorius and Acridium pere-
grinum, cannot be justified simply because of the presence or absence of
a little prosternal spine or transverse pronotal sulcus. The difficulty
arises from the fact that the Truxalide gradually separate into the two
branches represented in part by the Acridit and Oedipode, the transition
from the former to the two latter being so gradual that it is almost im-
possible to mark the dividing line. But any system which fails to recog-
nize the Truxalid group and yet separates the two latter is defective and
unsatisfactory.

Therefore, for want of a better arrangement, we adopt for the present
the following, although aware that it is defective, but it enables us to
eliminate the Truxalid group, which is the only use we wish to make of
it at this time.

A. The head conical or pyramidal; the face very oblique, or sloped
under toward the breast; the antennez usually, though not
always, enlarged at the base; hind legs comparatively slender.

Truxalini.

CHARACTERS OF MIGRATORY LOCUSTS. 35

A A. Head more or less ovoid or subglobular; face perpendicular or
nearly so, never very oblique, though often somewhat arcuate
below; antenne filiform, subdepressed or clavate, and not en-
larged at the base; hind legs generally robust and very distinctly
enlarged at the base.

a. Prosternum or front breast armed with a spine or tubercle.
Acridint.

OG BYESternU nN mMATMedE: FA as iss anicte scien steriotolets ace Oedipodini.
Although at least one species of Oedipodind is migratory in the Old

World, and a species in North America (Camnula pellucida Scudd.) be-

longing to the same group was formerly supposed to be the migratory

locust of California, vet at present our observations are confined to

Acridini, which contains the destructive locust of the West. This limits

us to those species found in the United States which have the head more

or legs subglobular or ovoid, and the front breast armed with a spine.

The latter character is easily recognized by any one, as the spine may

be seen by examining the under side of the neck; it usually stands out

like a little blunt thorn, very distinct. If this is wanting, the observer

- may know without further observation that his specimen does not belong

to the migratory species of our country. If it has the spine, and the
head is not conical or pyramidal, then he must refer to the characters
hereafter given of the genera and species.

We have now reached the genera, which cannot be fully discussed at
present, as this would require, if properly done, a revision of the Calop-
tent and Pezotettigi, and an examination of all our native species. We
will, therefore, simply mention the more important genera of the group
represented in the United States, calling attention to a few of the more
prominent characters by which Caloptenus is separated from those genera
most closely allied toit. We will also make use of localities, habits, &e.,
wherever they will assist the general reader in any way in determining
whether or not a given specimen belongs to Caloptenus.

The following genera of Acridit which are mentioned by North Ameri-
ean authors may be omitted from further consideration for the reasons
given below:

Tropidacris, Dictyophorus, Rhomalea, Ommatolampis, Platyphyma,
Dactylotum, and Chromacris.

The first contains only gigantic species, and if represented at all in
the United States, it is only by a single species occasionally found along
the southwestern border of Texas.

Ihomalea may be considered as a synonym of Dictyaphorus, which is
represented by but two subtropical species, which are large, with
brightly colored under-wings, chiefly red; while those of our Calopteni
are transparent.

Ommatolampis has been superseded by Mr. Scudder’s new genus Hes-
perotettin.

36 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Platyphyma and Chromacris have probably been introduced by mis-
take.

Dactylotum has been introduced into our nomenclature for the recep-
tion of a very short-winged and brightly-colored species—Pezotettixz
picta Thos.

This leaves only the following genera as necessary to be considered :

Acridium, Caloptenus, Hesperotettix and Pezotettix.

As Hesperotettiz contains, so far as we are aware, but three species,
easily distinguished from Caloptenus spretus by the following characters
and facts, it may also be excluded: One is short-winged, green, and found
only in the Eastern Middle States; another somewhat common in the
West is green, with reddish bands around the femora; the other has
so far been found only in Arizona; it is yellow, thickly dotted over
with black, and the antenne annulated with alternate colors.

There is a difference of opinion in reference to the characters of the
genera Caloptenus and Pezotettix; Protessor Stal, of Sweden, maintain-
ing that if properly limited Caloptenus does not embrace any of our
species. He places C. femur-rubrum, and consequently the closely allied
species, in Pezotettix. Without attempting to discuss the question so
far as it relates to the proper characters, we have concluded, for reasons
which will be mentioned further on, to retain the name Caloptenus and
to use the genus in the sense understood by American and most Euro-
pean authors. Although the chief distinction between this genus and
Pezotettix, as adopted in this country, the difference in the length of the
wings, cannot be considered satisfactory, yet, as it will answer present
purposes, we will avail ourselves of it in order to eliminate the group
from consideration. Acridium, so far as represented in the United
States, may be characterized as follows:

Vertex but slightly inclined, angularly expanded in front of the eyes;
antennal grooves profound and extending downward to the clypeus ;
eyes elongate-elliptical. Pronotum somewhat compressed on the sides,
depth usually considerably more than the width, moderately but dis-
tinctly expanding behind the last sulcus (very slightly in rwbiginosum) ;
lateral carinz obsolete on the anterior lobes, the sides round‘ng up
somewhat as the sides of an arch to the median carina; the dorsum of
the posterior lobe more flattened, with the lateral carinz subdistinet ;
the lower margin of the lateral lobes straight, the posterior lateral angle
slightly obtuse, varying from about 100° to 110°; posterior margin ob-
tuse-angled and rounded at the tip. Elytra and wings, with one ex-
ception, considerably longer than theabdomen, and in the exception pass
it slightly. Abdomen elongate, rather slender; that of the male not en-
larged at the tip; the last segment of the male subconical and dis-
tinctly notched at the tip, usually with a square notch; cerci of the
male flat, usually broad, oblong, and straight. Prosternal spine, robust,
subeylindrical, blunt, and approximating the margin of the mesoster-
num. The spines of the posterior tibize always have at least the basal

|

GENERIC NOMENCLATURE. 37

portion pale, either yellowish or white, even when the tibia are black.
Posterior femora long, reaching to the tip of the abdomen, moderately
robust, the outer face flat.

The species, with one exception, are large, the females exceeding two

inches in length; the exception, rubiginosum, is rare in the West, and so

far has not been found west of the Mississippi. We have omitted A.
Frontalis Thos., as it does not properly belong to this genus, having
been placed here by the author provisionally. As it is green, there is
no danger of its being confounded with C. spretus. To this genus be-
longs A. americanum, a large reddish-brown species, marked on the
outer wings with cellular quadrate fuscous spots, which often does con-
siderable injury to crops in the sections south of the latitude of Saint
Louis, which is nearly its northern limit. In 1875 and 1876, and even in
1877, it was seen migrating in considerable numbers, causing much
alarm, as those who saw them supposed they were veritable Rocky
Mountain locusts. Such flights were observed in Southeast Indiana,
Scuthwest Ohio, Southern Illinois, and Georgia. These flights are very
limited in extent, reaching at farthest but a mile or two. Their large
size, coloring, generic characters, and southern habitats will readily
distingush them from the C. spretus. We may remark here that one of
the most destructive migratory species of Southwestern Asia and
Northern Africa (Acridium peregrinum) is not only congeneric with this
species, but so closely resembles it that ordinary observation would
scarcely detect the differences between the two.

As before stated, the characters by which the genus Pezotettix is dis-
tinguished are not satisfactory, and undoubtedly require revision, but
in this country the abbreviation or want of wings has generally been
adopted as a leading character, which, whether well-chosen or not, is
sufficient to distinguish its species from C. spretus, which answers our
present purpose. This limits us to the genus Caloptenus, and the species
belonging to it which are found north of Mexico.

As before intimated, Dr. Stal, of Sweden, in his recent work on
Orthoptera (Recensio Orthopterorum), has so modified the characters of
Caloptenus (if we admit his Calliptenus as a synonym) and Pezotettix,
that none of our species which have heretofore been piaced in the
former can be retained, some, as C. femur-rubrum, C. spretus, and closely
allied species being referred to a subdivision of the latter genus named
by the author Melanoplus. He emends the Calliptamus of Serville to
Calliptenus.

If this change is followed, it will add to the confusion of the nomen-
clature of this group, inflicting on it a host of synonyms where they
are already too numerous. If the rule in relation priority require this
change, then we might be disposed to submit to it and adopt it, other-
wise we prefer to retain those names which by long usage and general
acceptance have been woven into all of our entomological and other
writings where the insects of this group are mentioned. Let us then

38 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

examine this point for a moment, using what Mr. Thomas has stated in
his article on Orthoptera in Lieutenant Wheeler’s report of his explora-
tions as a basis.

Dr. Stal holds that we have no Caloptent in North America, most of
the species which have usually been placed in that genus being refer-
able to Pezotettiz. In his diagnosis of these genera the chief distine-
tions given are as follows: In Calliptenus the elytra are destitute of the
intercalate vein; the posterior femora broad and distinctly serrateabove;
the posterior sulcus in the middle or before the middle.

In Pezotettix the elytra are usually abbreviated or rudimentary, and
furnished with an intercalate vein; the upper margin of the posterior
femora entire and unarmed; posterior suleus of the pronotum some-
times situated behind the mnddle,

The genus was established by Serville in 1831,in his article entitled
“Revue Methodique des Insectes de Vordre We Orthopteéres,” vol. 22,
Annales des Sciences Naturelles, with the following as its distinguishing
characters :

Calliptamus (kaAdo¢ uxrauat). Posterior legs longer than the body, robust, and salta-
torial. Abdomen firm, neither inflated nor vesicular. Anterior extremity of the pros-
ternum not covering the mouth, the latter [prosternum] having a rather -robust,
straight, and obtuse point [spine]. A pad (rather small) between the tarsal claws.
Antenne filiform, composed of more than twenty cylindric rather indistinct joints.
Head vertical, without frontal projection, or having one that is but slightly prominent,
and obtuse anteriorly. The middle carinz of the face with a space between them;
sometimes but slightly prominent inferiorly. Ocellusdistinet. Tibiz neither widened
or channeled above; lower three-fourths of the upper side with two rows of closely-
set spines; first joint of the tarsi elongated. Eyes oval. Pronotum distinctly tricar-
inate above; lateral carinz as prominent as the median one; its transverse striz slightly
distinct. Posterior margin more orlessrounded. Elytra and wings of ordinary length.
Legs robust.

in this genus he included the following species:

1. C. sanguinipes, from South America.
2. C. ttalicus, from Africa and Europe.
3. C. morio, from Africa, Switzerland, and Pyrenees.

It is evident the author did not base his diagnosis chiefly on C. italicus,
as some of the characters used are made prominent because of their
greater prominence in one of the other of the three species.

Afterward, in 1839, in his Histoire des Orthoptéres, the same author
removed C.morio to Gdipoda, as it was in fact no Aeridian; he also
returned C. sanguinipes to Acridium. He also gave a new diagnosis of
the genus, as follows:

Posterior legs robust, much shorter than in the preceding genus (Acridium) ; femora
short, much enlarged, very strongly channeled below; tibixe short, stout, having on
the lower three-fourths of the upper side two rows of spines, the basal ones very short ;
the under side of the femora and upper side of the tibiz fringed with fine hairs; the

terminal spines (or spurs) large, curved. Tarsi straight, furnished with a little pad
between the claws; the first joint of the posterior as long as the two last united.

SUBGENERIC CHARACTERS. 39

Head large; anterior face vertical; with four distinct carine ; front a little fattened
between the eyes, and also strongly suleate. Antenne short, filiform, multiarticulate ;
joints indistinct, cylindrical. Pronotum short, shagreened, or almost smocth; its disk
flat; transverse incisions feeble; dorsal carina distinct, lateral more or less prominent ;
the posterior border sloped slightly obliquely on the sides; median point somewhat
salient. Prosternum furnished in the middle with a strong spine, somewhat enlarged,
and very obtuse at the apex. Elytra short, not passing the abdomen, generally equal
to it in length. Wings short, not quite the length of the elytra. Eyes large, oblong,
slightly prominent. Palpi short; joints cylindrical. Breast large, flaf. Abdomen en-
larged, strongly unicarinate above; terminal pieces of the female short, as are also the
appendages (cerci). Subanal plate of the male somewhat triangular, pointed, and
entire at the tip; elevated or straight; appendages of this sex more or less long ; some-

times setaceous and curved; in others larger, horny, curved inwards, and truncate at
the tip.

Here he divides the genus into two sections, as follows :

First. Abdominal appendages of the male sometimes setaceous, a little curved as the
horn of an ox. Subanal plate of the male rather short, elevated. Pronotum sha-
greened; its posterior median point somewhat prominent.

Second. Abdominal appendages of the male very large, corneous, bent interiorly en
cuiller at the extremity, where it is subtruncate. Subanal plate of the male almost
straight.

C. italicus is placed in the latter division. .

The removal of the two species mentioned above left C. italicus as the
only original representative of his genus. But in the mean time Bur-
meister redescribes the genns, and changes the name to Caloptenus, in-
cluding in it as describad and understood by him not only ttalicus, but
also the American species femur-rubrum, femoratus, and bivittatus, be-
sides a nnmber of other exotic species. This author in his Handbuch
der Entomologie (1838) describes the genus as follows, giving Calliptamus
of Serville as a synonym :

A more compressed and yet in general more pleasing structure of the body betrays
the members of this genus. Moreover, its head stands entirely vertical, has no no-
ticably prominent apex, and the two median frontal carinz are united into a flat
bulge, which, in the neighborhood of the lower ocellus, is obsolete. The margins of
the vertex in front of the eyes are rather sharp, and the part between them is notice-
ably depressed (sulcate). The strong mouth parts (mandibles) are distinguished, on
closer examination, by sevéral pointed teeth on the inner margin. The pronotum has
distinctly marked lateral borders (or carinz), and a sometimes distinctly, sometimes less
prominent median line (carina); the posterior margin is more or less salient ; and the
last of the transverse impressed lines cuts the median carina abont its middle. The
prosternum has an obtuse vertical spine: the flat meso- and metasternum are broad.
Wings and elytra without distinctive characters. Hind femora thick, strongly com-
pressed, with prominent carina above; as long as the abdomen. The male in this
genus is especially distinguished by the great development of its genitalia, which causes
a spherical thickening of the apex of the abdomen. The terminal ventral plate is,
moreover, sometimes large, and envelopes the apex, and sometimes no longer than
usual; in the Jatter case the cerci are very large and curved inward.

In this C. femoratus, “ from Carolina,” appears to be his type; C.
Jemur-rubrum being placed next, and C. italicus third,

40 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Attention is called to the fact that neither of the authors mentioned
alludes to the serratures on the posterior femora, or want of the inter-
calate vein of the elytra. Serville evidently intended, by some of the
characters given in his first description of the genus, to distinguish it
from Pneumora, belonging to a wholly different group; his pronatal
characters are also inapplicaple to most of the species which have usually
been placed in the genus. Omitting these, nothing remains in his diag-
nosis but what is applicable to a number of other genera.

Taking these facts into consideration, we are forced to consider the
Caloptenus of Burmeister, although given but as an emendation of Ser-
ville’s Calliptamus, asreally a newgenus. This being the case, C. femur-
rubrum must be retained as the type, unless femoratus is considered a
good species.

It is also worthy of remark that Seville’s genus does not appear to
have been adopted or used by any other author previous to the publica-
tion of Burmeister’s Handbuch. On the contrary, Braulle (Hist. Nat.,
1835); O. G. Costa (Fauna di Napoli, 1836), and Hahn (Icon. Orthop.,
1855), retain t¢alicus in Acridium.

The character of Caloptenus and Pezotettiz, as given by H. Fischer,
(Orthoptera Europea, 1853) were evidently intended to embrace only
European species, and although we infer from his remarks that be would
include our species of Calopteni in the former genus, yet the characters
render it very doubtful where they would fall.

Therefore, while we admit that the group stood sadly in need of re-
vision at the time Stal entered upon the work, yet we do not think the
facts warrant him in dropping the generic name Caloptenus or in remov-
ing femur-rubrum therefrom, hence we cannot follow him in this
change. This is, perhaps, not a proper place to discuss a question of
this kind, but we have considered it necessary to say this much in ex-
planation of our reasons for differing with so distinguished an entomol-
ogist in his special field as Dr. Stal.

Under the circumstances it is perhaps best that we should define the
genus as we understand it, or at least give the characters which the
North American species have in common which we include in Caloptenus.
These are as follows:

CALOPTENUS, Gen. char.

Head subglobular, front vertical,or nearly so. Eyes ovoid, sometimes almost sub-
orbicular, but usually the length is to the breadth as three to two, and the front side is
more or less straightened; usually the upper canthus is more or less angular, but some-
times it is rounded so as to obliterate the angle; generally rounder and more promi-
nent in the male than in the female; separated above by a little less than their width.
Vertex narrow between the eyes, the width at this point being a little less than the
width of the eye; usually though not always sulcate, the sulcus or groove shallow ;
expanding slightly, abruptly, and angularly immediately in front of the eyes; deflexed
(15° to 40°), and generally rounded in front. Frontal costa usually quite prominent,
about as broad as the vertex between the eyes; sides parallel; flat, or shallowly sulcate,

DIAGNOSIS OF THE GENUS CALOPTENUS. Al

reaching to or nearly to the clypeus. Pronotom subquadrate, that is to say, a cross
section (in the middle) will present a quadrate figure or parallelogram with the upper
corners slightly rounded; the sides are nearly perpendicular; the disk or dorsal sur-
face is very nearly flat, with a little thread-like, median carina, usually distinct on the
posterior lobe, but sometimes obliterated on the middle and anterior lobes; the lateral
carinw are obtuse, but distinctly marked as the angle where the disk and sides meet;
on the posterior lobe they sometimes appear as true carinz, though not prominent or
sharp; the lower margin of the sides is nearly straight, sometimes projecting a little
in the middle, where the triangular corner piece connects ; the posterior lateral margin
varies somewhat; in some species it forms a distinct entering angle at the shoulder or
lateral carina, in others it continues to the tip in an almost straight line; the three
transverse incisions are distinct and situated close together, the posterior one being a
little behind the middle and always cutting the middle carina; all three sever the
lateral carine, but the anterior one ends at the upper margin of the sides with a slight
and short curve forward; the posterior and middle ones extend down the sides well
toward the lower margin, and most generally about midway down the posterior sends
out at right angles a branch sulcus which often crosses the intermediate space to the
middle one; there is also a fourth sulcus extending down the sides close to the
anterior margin; the posterior sulcus and usually the middle one make a short curve
forward immediately at the median carina; the posterior margin is obtuse-angled,
rounded at the tip; the posterior lobe is usually finely punctured, while the middle
and anterior lobes have « velvety or felty appearance.

The elytra and wings extend to or beyond the tip of the abdomen; the former are
narrow (except in C. bivittatus); the latter transparent in all our species ; sometimes a
very slight greenish-yellow or a bluish tinge is observed, the nerves usually more or
less dark. The abdomen is usually subcyhndrical, presenting no distinct keel above;
that of the male enlarged at the tip and curved upward; the cerci are usually flat,
rounded at the tip, and curved up but some are straight and others tapering. The
last abdominal segment, which curves upward like the prow of a boat, is some-
times truncate above, sometimes with a slight angular notch. Posterior femora ro-
bust, much enlarged near the base, the external face more or less convex, in the
female never longer and generally shorter than the abdomen; in the male the reveres
is the rule. Pads between the claws large, reaching a maximum size in some of the
species. Most of our species have the upper portion of the inner face of the posterior
thighs marked with three oblique dark bands (the one at the base often indistinct).
There is generally a dark stripe on the side running back from the eye to the
last transverse sulcus of the pronotum; it is often interrupted, broken, or partially
obliterated, but is seldom wholly wanting in those species any way closely allied to C.
spretus or C. femur-rubrum. ‘The antenne are filiform and slender, reaching their maxi-
mum length in the male of C. differentialis, where they sometimes attain the middle of
the body. The prosternal spine is usually stout and conical, quadrangular at the base,
and generally slightly transverse; in one or two species it approximates the mesoster-
num, but this is not usual.

Our species vary in length from 6-10 to 24 inches.

The genus as thus characterized is represented in the territory em-
braced in our observations by a number of species, several of which
are so closely allied to C. spretus that it is difficult for any but an expe-
rienced entomologist to determine to which a specimen belongs. We
think it more than likely that future investigations will show that several |
of the species which have been described as distinct are but varieties
of other closely-allied species.

The following list contains all the species found in the United States

42 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

which have been described up to the present time, except a few men-
tioned by older authors, which have not been identified in recent vears:

C. femur-rubrum, Deg. C. robustus, Scudd. CU. Yarrowii, Thos.
spretus, Thos. Turnbullii, Thos. regalis, Dodge.
atlanis, Riley. floridanus, Thos. Sasciatus, Seudd.
repletus, Walk. angustipennis, Dodge. _helluo, Scudd.
bilituratis, Walk. plumbum, Dodge. devorator, Scudd.
punctulatus, Ubler. bivittatus, Say. ponderosus, Scudd.
lurida, Dodge. differentialis, Thos. flavolineatus, Thos.
minor, Scudd. griseus, Thos. Keelerii, Thos.
gracilipes, Scudd. scriptus, Walk. volucris, Dodge.
deletor, Scudd. occidentalis, Thos.

Although this list of species is somewhat large, it will be necessary
to call attention to but few of them, as the larger number can easily be
disposed of by reference to locality or a single character.

C. spretus, or Rocky Mountain locust, as will hereafter be more fully
shown, is a comparatively small species, the body seldom exceeding one
inch and a quarter in length, slender, the elytra or upper wings longer
than the body, of a pale brownish color, with small squarish darker
spots arranged along the middle line; body some shade of brown, never
distinctly green or bright yellow, and without pale or yellow stripes
along the back.

By referring to locality, we may eliminate the following species:

C. floridanus and Keelerti. So far only found in Florida.

C. griseus. With spots scattered over the elytra; rare, and hitherto dis-
covered only in Ohio.

C. bivittatus. A widely-dispersed species, much larger than spretus,
with two yellow or pale stripes along the back.

C. differentialis. Our largest species belonging to the genus, one and a
half to two inches long, without spots on the elytra.

CO. Turnbullii. Dull yellowish-brown, with two broad yellow stripes;
wings scarcely as long as the abdomen.

C. repletus and scriptus. Hitherto found only in northwest part of Wash-
ington Territory.

The following species are local in the places mentioned, and are dis-
tinguished by having the last abdominal segment of the male rounded
or squarely truncate at the tip, whereas that of spretus is notched :

C. plumbum, Nebraska; tip of male abdomen rounded.

C. ponderosus, Texas; tip of male abdomen rounded.

C. robustus, Texas; tip of male abdomen rounded.

C. devorator, Texas; tip of the male abdomen truncate.

C. deletor, Texas; tip of the male abdomen rounded.

C. glaucipes, Texas; tip of the male abdomen acuminate but rounded.
C. fasciatus, Texas and Nebraska; tip of the male abdomen rounded.
C. minor, Nebraska; very small; tip of the male abdomen tuberculate,
O. lurida, Nebraska; last ventral segment of the male entire.

SPECIES OF THE GENUS CALOPTENUS. 43

C. volucris, Nebraska; terminal segment of the male abdomen pointed
at the tip; elytra unspotted.

Some of these are doubtless good species and may be found to be more
widely distributed than our present knowledge would indicate. Some
of them are most probably local offshoots or varieties of femur-rubrum.
C. helluo is from Texas; the female only has been observed, aes has

the spots on the elytra scattered throughout.

C. regalis has been observed at only one locality in Nebraska, is very
distinct, being marked to a greater or less degree with bluish and
white; disk of the elytra white, and veins of the wings white; hind
tibie bright blue, with a white annulus near the knee.

C. Yarrowii is known only by a single female, probably from Arizona,
but possibly from Nevada; elytra brown, with oblong yellow spots
along the disk, scarcely as long as the abdomen.

C. flavolineatus, from Southern California, is evidently very closely allied
to spretus, and in all probability is but a southwest or Pacific coast
variety of it. It is distinguished from that species by being some-
what fleshier, shorter wings, and its bright yellow lines. The last
ventral segment of the male is very slightly notched.

C. angustipennis has been observed only in Nebraska, and is evidently
a local variety of C. atlanis ; in fact, the characters given scarcely
justify its being designated as a variety.

C. punctulatus, found in New England, is probably nothing more than a
sectional variety of femur-rubrum.

C. occidentalis, found west from Minnesota to Colorado, although possess-
ing distinctive characters, is probably nothing more than an offshoot
from femur-rubrum, not like atlanis in the direction of spretus.

C. bilituratus, Washington Territory, has been observed at but one or
two points.

This leaves but three species, femur-rubrum, spretus, and atlantis, which
require special mention in this connection, as they are the only ones
generally distributed which are so closely allied to each other as to
render it difficult to distinguish them.

Caloptenus spretus, Thomas.

As every fact relating to the history and habits of this species is either
of economic or scientific interest, we give here a brief history of its no-
menclature. |

About 1860, Mr. Thomas, then residing in Southern Illinois, sent some
specimens of Orthoptera collected in that locality to Mr. P. R. Uhler,
of Baltimore, Md., for determination; among those returned was one:
marked Acridium spretis, with a note stating that it was new.

In a paper written by Mr. Thomas on “ Insects injurious to vegetation
in Illinois,” in 1862, but not published until 1865 (Trans. Ill. St. Ag.
Soc., V), he describes a species of locust under the name A. spretis Uhler,
as follows:

General color a dark, brownish purple, with dusky points and lighter rays. Head
brown, with dusky points; antennz reddish yellow. Thorax an ashy brown, with a

44 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

velvety luster on the anterior half, the latter half punctured ; the lower edges, at the
sides, paler—sometimes pale red, at others almost white. Elytra extending about half
over the abdomen (or not exceeding two-thirds), marked along their internal margins
with a light, reddish-brown ray ; external margin dusky; a few dusky dots along the
internal margins. Wings not quite as long as the elytra; transparent, pale yellowish
on the disk, tinged with red at the base (in recent specimens). Posterior thighs crossed
by two black bands, and black at the knees; intermediate spaces pale yellow—often
almost white. Length of female, one inch and three-eighths; of the male, slightly
over an inch.

This species is quite common here along the road-side and among low weeds and
grass.

Immediately after this, in the same paper, follows a brief description
of femur-rubrum, showing that he then considered the two species as dis-
tinct. But there is evidently some mistake in his description; although
it agrees in part with the characters of spretus, part of the description
cannot possibly apply to that species. The original specimens were
destroyed soon after the paper alluded to was written, and Mr. Thomas
is unable at present to explain the error, and knows of no species in
Southern Illinois to which the description will apply throughout. It is
more than probable that there was some confusion of specimens at the
time the description was written. It is possible that one or more of the
three specimens ‘a. b. c.” (Walker’s Cat. Dermap. Salt.) of the British
Museum are from the collection made by Mr. Thomas at that time.

In the “ Practical Entomologist” (October, 1866), Mr. Walsh notices this
species somewhat at length under the name of Caloptenus spretus, quot-
ing Mr. Uhler as authority, but gives no further description than a com-
parison of the length of the wings with those of C. femur-rubrum.

In Mr. Scudder’s ‘Catalogue of the Orthoptera of North America,”
published in 1868, it is mentioned under the name Acridium spretum
Uhler.

No description of the species having been published previous to the
appearance of the *“* Snyopsis of the Acrididz of North America,” Mr.
Thomas described it as follows:

Very much like C. femur-rubrum, Burm., the principal difference being in the length
of the elytra and wings, a notch at the tip of the last ( ¢) ventral segment. Posterior
lobe of the pronotum slightly expanding; median somewhat distinct. Elytra and
wings pass the abdomen about one-third their length. The last ( g ) ventral segment,
which is turned up almost vertically, is somewhat tapering and is notched at the apex,
which distinguishes it from the femur-rubrum ; the notch is small, but is distinct. Pros-
ternal spine, robust, subcylindrical, transverse. Migratory.

Color.—Scarcely distinct from the C. femur-rubrum. The occiput and disk of the pro-
notum generally reddish-brown ; the posterior lobe somewhat paler than the anterior
and middle. Spots as in femur-rubrum, arranged in a line along the middle of the ely-
tra; these are a little larger and more abundant toward the apex. The head and tho-
rax are sometimes a very dark olive-brown, at others reddish-brown and even brown-
ish-yellow, the color deepening withage. The wings are pellucid, nerves dusky toward
the apex; when flying high and against the sun their wings look like large snow-flakes.

Dimensions.— 2 Length (to tip of abdomen) 1 to 1.2 inches; elytra as long as the
body ; posterior femora, 9.55 inch ; pesterior tibiz,0.5inch. ¢ Length, 0.85 to 1 inch;
elytra, 0.9 to 1.05 inch.

‘DESCRIPTIONS OF CALOPTENUS SPRETUS. 45

This must, therefore, be accepted as the first description of the spe-

cies.
In the Report of the Geological Survey of the Territories for 1871
(published in 1872), he described the pupz as follows :

General color, yellow (sometimes varied to light-brown, and at others a pale pea-
green), with a large proportion of black spots and stripes, also a few white dots and
lines; labrum and lower part of the face, mostly black; upper part of the face, the
vertex and cheeks yellow (or the prevailing color); a row of black dots on each mar-
gin of the broad, sulcate, frontal costa; occiput with two lateral and one median dot-
ted lines of black; a broad line of deep black starts behind each eye and crosses over
the entire length of the pronotum, widening and bowing upward near the middle of
the pronotum ; the immature, somewhat fan-shaped elytra [wing-pads] are black, with
a white dot on the disk near the base, from which proceed about ten or twelve white
rays, the dorsal or upper margiu yellow ; dorsal and lateral portions of the abdomen

‘varied with white and black; a triangular black dot on each side of each segment ;
tip and venter yellowish.

In his * Seventh Annual Report” (1875), Mr. Riley gives the follow-
ing additional characters of the perfect insect from living specimens,
also the following descriptions of the larva and pupa:

Regarding coloration, as with femur-rubrum, it is quite variable, and the dead spec-
imens convey a very imperfect idea of the living colors, which are thus given in my
notes taken in the field. The more common specimens are yellowish-white beneath ;
glaucous across the breast and about mouth-parts; pale bluish-glaucous, often with
shades of purple, on the sides of the head and thorax and on the front of the face;
olive-brown on the top of the head and thorax; pale beneath, more or less bluish
above, and marked with black, especially toward base, on the abdomen. The front
wings have the ground-color pale grayish-yellow inclining to green, and their spots
aud veins brown; the hind wings, except a yellowish or brownish shade at apex and
along the front edge, and a green tint at base, are transparent and colorless, with the
veins brown. The front and middle legs are yellowish. The hind legs have the thighs
striped with pale glaucous and reddish on the outside and upper half of inside, with
four broad black or dusky marks on the upper edge, the terminal one extending be-
neath around the knee. The shanks are coral-red with black spines; the feet some-
what paler with black claws; antenne, pale yellow; palpi, tipped with black. In
the dead specimens all these colors become more dingy and yellow. Palpi and front
legs in some specimens tinged with red or blue; the hind tibiz sometimes yellowish
instead of red, especially in the middle.

Larva.—W hen newly hatched the larva is of auniform pale gray without distinctive
marks. It soon becomes mottled with the characteristic marks, however. After the
first molt the hind thighs are conspicuously marked on the upper outside with a longi-
tudinal black line; the thorax is dark with the median dorsal carina aud two distinct
lateral strips pale yellow, the black extending on the head behind the eyes. The
sides of the thorax then become more yellow with each molt, the black on the hird
thighs less pronounced, and the face almost always black. The occiput and abdomen
above are mottled with brown, the former marked with a fine median, and two
broader anteriorly converging pale lines, the latter with two rather broken lateral
lines of the same color.

Pupa.—The pupa is characterized by its paler, more yellow color, bringing more
strongly into relief the black on the upper part of the thorax and behind the eyes; by
the spotted nature of the face, especially along the 1idges, by the isolation of the
black subdorsal mark on the two anterior lobes of prothorax, and by the large size of
the wing-pads which, visible from the first molt, and increasing with each subsequent
molt, are now dark, with a distinct pale discal spot, and pale veins and borders. The
hind shanks incline to bluish rather than red, as in the mature insect.

46 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The following somewhat full description of the perfect insect is given
from a comparison of a large number of specimens from different
sections:

Female.—The face nearly perpendicular, sloping under, toward the breast very
slightly ; afew of the specimens reared in confinement form a somewhat marked ex-
ception to this character, sloping under (by measurement) 36° from perpendicular,
while a deflexion of 15° appears to be the extreme of those collected. Vertex between
the eyes same width as the frontal costa just above the centrai ocellus, and distinctly
less than the shortest diameter of the eyes; the fastigium, or portion of the vertex in
front of the eyes, more or less distinctly channeled, and deflexed at an angle of about
40° from horizontal. Eyes nearly straight in front from the upper to the lower can-
thus, about semicircular behind. Antenne quite slender, and rather short, reaching
only to or but slightly beyond the tip of the pronotum.

Pronotum short, the anterior portion scarcely as broad as the head; sides of the an-
terior lobes parallel, the posterior lobe expanding somewhat rapidly posteriorly; the
median carina threadlike, but always distinct on the posterior lobe, usually obsolete
on the anterior lobes; lateral carinz obtuse but distinct on the posterior lobe, usually
so on the middle lobe but becoming obsolete toward the front; posterior lateral mar-
gin perpendicular from the humeral angle one-third its length then curves forward
to the posterior lateral angle which is obtuse and rounded; the (entering) humeral
angle is sharply defined, and in this respect appears to differ from C. femur-rubrum and
C. atlanis; the apex is obtuse, angled (about 100°) rounded at the point; posterior
lobe minutely and shallowly punctured throughout, anterior lobes smooth with few or
no punctures except along the lower margin of the sides. Elytra and wings extend-
ing beyond the tip of the abdomen from one-fourth to one-third their length (see meas-
urements given below) ; the elytra are of nearly uniform width throughout, slightly
curving upward at the apex, the thin portion (that part in which the branch nerves
curve upward) occupying about two-fifths of the length; wings a little shorter than
the elytra, very thin and delicate; nerves and nervules very slender. Abdomen, and
in fact the whole insect, rather more slender than usual in this genus, but this appear-
ance is partly due to the elongated wings; cerci very small, triangular or tooth-shaped,
not extending across the segment on which they rest; the valves of the ovipositor
quite prominent, especially the upper pair which are more than usually exerted, sharp
at the tips, and deeply excavated above. The posterior femora usually extend about
to the tip of the abdomen, and are rather slender in comparison with some other spe-
cies of the genus.

Color.—Reddish-brown with fuscous spots. Head and the pronotum back to the
posterior sulcus reddish-brown varying in depth in individuals; the face is sometimes
ofa lighter and brighter red than the pronotum, sometimes darker assuming a dark
purplish hue; the posterior lobe of the pronotum is generally a pale, olive brown, its
lighter color contrasting somewhat distinctly with the darker shades of the anterior
portion ; some individuals exhibit much lighter colors than here described, v+rying
from a very dark brown to adull yellow. Specimens which have but recently entered
the perfect state often show on the posterior lobe traces of the dark longitudinal lines
seen inthe pupa. The dark line on the side of the head and pronotum usually so con-
spicuous in the closely allied species is generally obliterated in this species by the
dark brown color, but it usually appears distinctly in specimens which have been
immersed for some time in alcohol, and is also manifest in the pale individuals, but is
broken up by pale spaces and lines. The eyes are shining black. Elytra ash-brown,
more or less tinged with reddish-brown at the base and fading toward the apex; in
the disk or middle field, commencing near the base, where this field comes to a point,
is an irregular row of fuscous dots, usually single to where the thin portion com-
mences, now and then a double dot appearing; from this point to the apex they de-
crease in size and distinctness and spread over the entire width; as a general rule the

MEASUREMENTS OF CALOPTENUS SPRETUS. 47

inner field (posterior marginal area) is marked with a few fuscous dots; in some indi-
viduals one or two quite distinct are seen, in others they are very minute and dim,
and not unfrequently they are entirely wanting. Wings transparent, with a very
slight yellowish tinge at the base; nerves and nervules of the costal area and apical
portion black, rest pale. The abdomen is generally glossy brown with the posterior
margins of the segments pale; venter yellowish or pale brown; sternum pale brown
or dull yellow. Anteriorand middle legs usually more or less rufous but varying from
reddish-brown to pale honey-yellow. Posterior femora with the disk reddish-brown,
sometimes showing dim outlines of oblique bands; the inner face and lower carina
yellowish, the latter usually tinged with red; the upper carina and upper portion of
the inner face yellowish, marked with three large black spots or partial bands, one at
the base, the other two equally spaced in the middle portion ; apex or knee black or
with a black crescent each side.

The posterior tibis vary in color from a bright coral red to pale yellow, and in some
cases to bluish.

Measurements (these are given below).

Male.—Differs from the female as follows: Is somewhat smaller, the average differ-
ence in the length of tne body being shown by the measurements given below; the
wings are nearly or quite as long as in the female; it is also somewhat slenderer, but
these differences are too slight and variable to be of any value as characteristics ; the
abdomen is enlarged or widened posteriorly and curved upward at the apex; the last
yentral segment being elongated, rounded and narrowed upward like the prow of a
boat, and at the tip is distinctly notched, the lobes somewhat tubercular in form; this
part of the apical segment is covered with minute scattering hairs. This notch forms
one of the chief characteristics of the species, at least the most important one in dis-
tinguishing it from femur-rubrum. The super-anal plate, or triangular piece above the
anal opening, is sharply bicarinate longitudinally ; the tooth-like appendages at the
base, above, are narrow and slender. The cerci are somewhat longer than the width of
the preceding segment, are broad and flat throughout, the width equalling two-thirds
the length; not suddenly narrowed or constiicted, moderately curved upward and in-
ward; roundly narrowed and depressed near the apex. The prosternal spine (in both
sexes) is sub-quadrate and large at the base but distinctly transverse, robust and de-
cidedly conical, gradually lessening to a blunt point.

Measurements of the female (from Riley’s Seventh Report).

g me oe £2 £ as ee ate
- —_ we A ~ ~~

ae oO © Pie cq ho oO aml
ae = 33 oe. as ce Ee oe
Se ee ao ace aA ym ‘eae a5
=2 Org emi) aes ae ors pale) isle
ee a6. asd 64 oS aad aga ae
ee Saar bt GS BSS ok bt 58 te 53 be
es ces Pas ort E~ om} Fas ees
= + Pa 4H 4 fa e
Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch Inch Inch Inch Inch
NE 0. 28 0.15 0.13 1. 423 0. 38 0.15 0. 23
ng J 0. 33 0.18 0.15 1. 28 0. 38 ONS 0. 23
2528 0. 40 0. 23 0.17 1. 30 0. 36 0.13 0. 23
1.34 0.30 0. 12 0.18 1. 29 0. 36 0.12 0. 24
1. 38 0. 40 0. 22 0. 18 1. 3) 0. 42 0.18 0. 24
1. 29 0, 24 0. 06 0.18 W833! 0. 2 0. 04 0. 24
LSB: 0. 28 0.19 0 19 1239) 0. 32 0.08 0. 24
1. 44 0.38 0.19 O10 1. 33 0. 39 0.15 0. 24
Tiga 0. 39 0.19 0. 2 ah) 0. 42 0.18 0. 24
1. 38 0. 43 0. £3 0. 20 ao 0. 43 0.19 0. 24
1. 24 0. 33 0.13 0. 20 1. 26 0. 30 0. 06 0. 24
i fps 0. 82 0. 12 0. 29 1. 38 0. 40 0. 16 0. 24
ibd. 0. 33 0.13 0.29 Laos 0. 35 0.12 0. 24
inoD 0. 42 0. 20 0. 22 1. 24 0. 33 0. 08 0. 25
1. 28 0. 40 0.18 0. 22 1. 29 0. 38 0.13 0. 25
1. 30 0. 40 0.138 0. 22 1. 45 0. 43 0.18 0. 25
ob 0. 43 0. 20 0. 23 1.50 0. 43 0.18 0,25
2 0. 28 0. 05 0. 23 1.33 0. 33 0. 08 0. 25
Pearse 0. 33 0.10 0. 23 1. 30 0. 43 0.18 0. 25
1.16 0. 36 0.13 0. 23 1. 30 0. 33 0.03 0. 25

48 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Measurements of the female—Continued.

$ ES gs a2 liges 25 aie ee
ad Bo ee) ea = ES Bo Pe
~~ H = 2 on =) | ax 2 Sn =S
Spe Os Ss cos a eS os Sa oz
ao ca as | ae 2 = kas:
ae Ons Sy SS - | 28 Om Sarg Omak
3 2 Sie aa 3 = iE = a ae
eo? aoe ao¢ aoe 2° dod dod ago
cm Bt aS ES ep =. s& bt 28 ae! woe 8
as ASS 223 aes == aos a25 2S
e 4 3 4 Ee 4 S 4
Inch. Inch. Inch Inch. Inch Inch Inch. Inch,
1.25 0. 30 0. 04 0. 26 1. 38 0. 42 0. 13 0. 29
1.30 0. 35 0. 09 0. 26 1.35 0. 42 0. 13 0. 29
1. 28 0. 32 0. 06 0. 26 1. 36 0. 39 0. 10 0. 29
1.34 0. 30 0. 04 0. 26 129 0. 38 0. 09 0. 29
1. 36 0. 34 0. 08 0. 26 1. 38 0. 43 0. 14 0. 29
1s 0. 38 0. 12 0. 26 1. 28 0. 38 0 09 0. 29
1. 45 0. 52 0. 16 0. 26 1.33 0. 39 0. 10 0. 29
1. 45 0. 44 0.18 0. 26 1. 36 0. 34 0. 04 0. 30
1.25 0. 30 0. 04 0. 26 1.45 0. 43 0.13 0. 39
1.39 0. 45 0.18 0. 27 1.38 0.33 0. 03 0. 30
1.52 0. 40 0. 13 0. 27 1.39 0. 40 0. 10 0. 30
1. 26 0. 36 0. 09 0. 27 1. 38 0. 39 0. 08 0. 31
iL? 0. 40 0.13 0527 | 1, 29 0. 35 0. 04 0. 31
1. 28 0. 35 0. 08 0. 27 1. 38 0. 35 0. 03 0. 32
1.33 0. 33 0. 06 0. 27 1. 42 0. 48 0. 16 0. 32
135} 0. 35 0. 08 0. 27 | 1.30 0. 40 0.18 0. 32
1. 28 0. 35 0. 03 0. 27 1. 43 0. 38 0. 06 0. 32
HZ 0. 39 0. 12 0. 27 1.25 0. 35 0. 03 0. 32
1. 38 0. 42 0.15 0. 27 | 1. 46 0. 44 0.12 0. 32
1. 30 0. 40 0.13 0. 27 | 1.33 0. 36 0. 04 0. 32
1,22 0.35 0. 08 0. 27 1. 24 0. 36 0. 03 0. 33
1. 43 0. 30 0. 02 0. 28 1, 34 0. 45 0. 12 0. 33
1. 29 0. 36 0.038 0.2 | #1. 35 0. 43 0. 10 0. 33
1.28 0. 38 0. 10 0. 28 1.35 0. 45 0. 10 0.35
1.30 0. 36 0. 08 0. 28 1. 32 0. 338 0. 03 0. 35
1.35 0. 43 0.15 0. 28 Usk? 0.33 0.03 0. 35
1.30 0. 43 0.15 0. 28 1. 43 0.45 0. 10 0. 35
1.33 0. 38 0. 10 0. 28 1.33 0. 42 0. 04 0. 38
1.38 0. 42 0. 13 0. 29 1.53 0. 49 0. 10 0. 39
1.15 0. 38 0. 09 0. 29
Later measurements of the female.
Length to tip of elytra. Length to tip of elytra.
TOMAS PE CHNOHS on 2a sana nee ieee ee 1.23 || Montana specimens .........-...--------- 1. 20
1.5 1. 25
LS Path | 1.31
1. 08(2) —_—
1.38 | JAY CRAG O oo gase es ee oe eee 1. 25
1. 30 ———————
1. 20
1.25 |
1. 26
1.97 |, Colorado specimens ....-.---------------- .
1.21
1. 22
1.32
1.21
1,24 ‘ ‘ iIMGNS 2222s. eee eee
1.90 Dakota speci
1.21
1.15
1.29
1, 22
=a IAVOTSEO vane aaee se = oe eee
RV ETABO. cornet. 2c he cnn teow ee- eee 1, 24
Haake SPECIMENS —- <2... ---cceqss-= ss neces 1. 40
ToD
1.22 || Specimens reared by Miss Middleton from
1.34 eggs from Minnesota ......-....--------
1. 29
IAG ORIG ae cheb oc canara pees Ree ae 132 =
SS = AVO@ISEO .. =. 6. 0.2 ase es

MEASUREMENTS OF CALOPTENUS SPRETUS. 49

Measurements of the male (Riley’s Seventh Report).

s. 3 a5 8 s. 32 aS rae

o aoe a 8 et % qa a 8 =)
ok se. aS {Se S oe ‘oer.

Ba ZZ oS Sq PB ss Os = (I
As aaa A235 aks 33 ae a aos ais
ea mes | wes meg ep ees | eee Eiage
5 825 Bas sas 8 gas SAS aac
a =) 4 H 4 a 4 |
Inch Inch Inch Inch Inch. Inch. Inch Inch
1, 24 0. 25 0. 05 0. 20 1.35 0. 34 0. 03 0. 31
20 0. 28 0. 08 0. 20 1. 30 0. 34 0. 03 0.3L
1, 29 0. 28 0. 08 0. 20 1.33 0. 33 0. 02 0. 31
1.138 0. 33 0, 12 0. 21 1. 25 0. 34 0. 03 0. 31
1. 26 0. 25 0. 03 0. 22 1. 32 0. 34 0. 03 0. 31
1, 22 0. 29 0. 06 0. 23 1. 30 0. 34 0. 03 0.31
1.10 0. 29 0.05 0. 24 1,18 0. 34 0. 02 0. 32
1.33 0. 20 0. 04 0. 25 1. 38 0. 40 0.C8 0. 32
1.33 0. 35 0. 09 0. 20 1. 38 0. 42 0. 09 0. 33
1. 24 0. 29 0. 03 0. 26 1. 40 0. 38 0. 05 0. 33
1. 29 0. 35 0. 08 0. 27 1, 28 0. 38 0. 05 0. 33
1. 30 0. 32 0. 05 0. 27 1, 30 0. 35 0. 02 0. 33
1. 30 0. 35 0.08 0. 27 1. 24 0. 38 0. 04 0. 34
aps 0. 35 0. 08 ON 1, 30 0. 38 0. 03 0. 35
1.29 0. 32 0. 05 0. 27 1. 40 0.3 0. 03 0. 35
1. 24 0. 30 0. 03 0. 27 1.33 0.35 0. 00 0.35
Neu) 0. 33 0. 06 0. 27 1, 33 0. 38 0. 03 0. 35
1. 28 0. 36 0. 09 0. 27 1.35 0. 38 0. 02 0. 36
1.28 0. 30 0. 02 0. 28 1. 34 0. 38 0. 02 0. 36
1, 24 0. 38 0. 09 0. 29 1. 29 0. 38 0. 02 0. 36
1.35 0. 39 0. 10 0. 29 1.33 0. 35 0. 02 0. 37
1.23 0. 33 0. 09 0. 29 1. 36 0. 43 0. 06 0. 37
1.35 0. 35 0. 05 0. 30 1. 38 0. 34 0. 05 0. 39
1.35 0. 40 0. 10 0. 30 1. 33 0. 36 0. 03 0. 39

Later measurements of the male.
Length to tip of elytra. Length to tip of elytra.
OW A SPOCIINONS Loess ccosaenestierecieescsas 1. 20 Coloradoispecimens)--c.eeecee ee eeeeee eee 1.31
1. 23 1. 40
1.15 1. 28
i, lz 1.25
1. 26 —
1.18 PMMAPOT® cocddeouooeocoqHaSunadeocaGe 1.31
il 19 a
1.18
1. 28
AVOLAZO . ccc ce cnccnn enn cennssese se 1. 205
mes Dakota specimense-- s-sceccesccceeec ocean ol,
9
Montana specimens ........--.---- woseeseee 1.21 fetus al
: 2 ASVELAS Onsen eocie se Meanie enero 120°
DANGERS) Easnccos ast eosoonpetseoonee 1. 24
Tdaho specimens -...- ~~. 2 6. w qe n enon 1. 28
1.26 || Reared by Miss Middleton from eggs. .-... 1.19
ib Pat 1. 24
INNOVAE Ot eecisntse soeers eae teeta te = 1. 26 ALverage '358 52 Ss SITE Fe SE 1.215

The species most closely allied to spretus is the C. atlantis, Riley, which
the author describes in his seventh report, as follows:

Length to tip of abdomen 0.70-0.85 inch; to tip of closed wings, 0.92-1.05 inches.
At once distinguished from femur-rubrum by the notched character of the anal ab-
dominal joint in the male, and by the shorter, lcss tapering cerci; also by the greater
relative length of the wings, which extend, on an average, nearly one-third their
length beyond the tip of the abdomen in the dried specimens; also by the larger and

4G

50 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

more distinct spots on the wings, in all which characters it much more closely resem-
bles spretus than femur-rubrum. From spretus, again, it is at once distinguished by the
smaller size, the more distinct separation of the dark mark running from the eyes on
the prothorax, and of the pale line from the base of wings to hind thigh; and also by
the anal joint in the male, tapering more suddenly, and by the two lobes forming the
notch being less marked. From both species it is dist:nguished not only by its smaller
size but by the deeper, more livid color of the dark parts, and the paler yellow of the
light parts; the colors thus more strongly contrasting.

* * * Just as the typical femur-rubrum is at once distinguished from the typical
' spretus by the characters indicated, so atlanis, though structurally nearer to spretus, is
distinguished from it at a glance by its much smaller size and darker, more marbled
coloring. The contrast is all the greater in the living specimens of spretus that at all
approach it in these respects.

Measurements of the male.—Length to the tip of the elytra, 0.97, 0.95, 0.98, 0.95,
0.96, 0.84, 1.05, 0.93.

C. femur-rubrum, De G.

This species is also closely allied to spretus and atlanis, and as it has
often been described, we will here simply refer to the differences between
it and the former of these two (spretus).

Female-——The only very marked difference between the females is the shorter wings
of this species, yet there are other slight variations observable when a large number
of specimens are compared, such as the following: The eyes in femur-rubrum are
slightly more prominent; the head, pronotum, and sides of the thorax are usually some
shade of olive-bro-vn, varying from pale to almost black; the black line behind the
eyes is quite broad, seldom broken up, and is distinct in the darkest spec’mens. The
humeral (entering) angles of the posterior margin of the pronotum are more rounded
and not so sharply defined as in spretus ; the median carina is usually more distinct on
the anterior lobes, while the lateral carinal are rather more obtuse and not so well de-
fined; the punctures on the posterior lobe are more distinct. The wings extend but
slightly beyond the extremity of the abdomen (see measurements below). In this
species and atlanis, the intercalate vein is present in the elytra (notwithstanding the
assertion of Stal to the contrary), dimly and imperfectly it is true, but it can be clearly
seen for more than half the length of its course; in spretus itis wanting, its place being
marked by the line of union between the two rows of ceJls. The fuscous spots or dots
are not so conspicuous or widely spread over the apical portion of the elytra and the
elytra are narrower and straighter.

As a very general rule, the upper half of the external face or disk of the poster‘or
femora is black or brown, the lower margin and lower half of the inner face bright
coral-red ; when these colors are well defined, there is a yellow space or stripe between
the red and black; but these markings are subject to considerable variation, the red
sometimes being entirely wanting, the external face dark, and the lower margin yel-
low; sometimes the dark is replaced by apale olive. The tibiz are most generally
bright red, but this character is not without its exceptions. Usually there is a pale
ray extending from the base of the wings to the posterior coxa, but is occasionally
wanting in dark specimens and is generally absent iu spretus. The prosternal spine is
not so distinctly quadrate at base as in spretus, transverse, flattened behind, and not
regularly conical, but more uniform in size to the broadly-rounded and very blunt
apex.

Mule.—The most constant difference between the species is found in the form of the
last ventral segment of the male; in femur-rubrum this segment, although strongly
curved upward as in spretus, is not so distinctly narrowed toward the end but rounded,
and instead of being notched at the tip is squarely truncate, presenting a sharp, hori-
zontal, and almo t semicircular margin. Below the tip on the posterior face of the

MEASUREMENTS OF CALOPTENUS FEMUR-RUBRUM. 51

segment is arather large transverse gash-like indentation. The cerci are about the same
length as those of the male spretus and about the same width at the base, but are nar-
rowed from the middle to the tip to about halfthe width at the base. The little tooth-
like appendages at the base of the super-anal plate are elongate and slender, as in
spretus and are sinuate.

Measurements of the female (Riley’s Seventh report).

ee as ee ee © een gee: eee
= eg 23 Poy 5 ee 25 Fe
Emirs On iso} o-5 >. on “S ors
os 3 © Siw ee Ss a S 2 « Sine
a = o.8 e) Ee iF 3 Be
a's a6 3 423 86 aS aoa eee aS 6
&0 oo ES San to PS EN bo RS of Gs woes
oi ges Sas G2's 8 gas Sas O26
4 4 4 4 | 4 H 4
Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch
1.2 0.13 0.15 0. 00 1. 06 0. 10 0. 03 0. OF
aS 0.13 0.15 0. 00 1. 09 0.10 0. 03 0. 07
1.05 0. 04 0. 05 0.01 1.13 0.10 0. 03 0. 07
1.08 0. 09 0.10 0. 01 1.15 0. 10 0. 03 0. 07
1. 20 0.13 0.14 0. 01 1.15 0. 08 0. 00 0. 08
is 0. 03 0. 03 0.01 i, 1 0. 08 0. 00 0.038
1.03 0. 04 0. 04 0. 01 1,14 0.15 0. 06 0. 09
1.10 0. 06 0. 05 0. OL 1.18 0. 09 0. 00 0. 09
1. 06 0. 03 0. 02 0. 01 1.10 0. 13 0. 04 0. 09
1. 06 0. 03 0. 02 0.0L 1.16 0. 12 0. 03 0. 09
1.08 0. 03 0. 02 0. OL 1.19 0. 23 0. 12 0.11
1. 08 0. 04 0. 03 0. 62 i Us 0. 14 0. 03 0.11
1.05 0. 03 0. 62 0. 02 tes 0. 12 0. 00 0. 12
1.09 0. 06 0. 04 0. 02 0.95 0. 03 0. 03 0. 00
1.45 0. 14 0. 12 0. 02 1.05 0. 04 0. 03 0. 01
1. 04 0. 02 0. 00 0. 02 1.00 0. 03 0. 02 0. 01
1.08 0. 02 0. 00 0. 02 1, 03 0. 04 0. 03 C. OL
1. 04 0. 03 0. 00 0. 03 1. 03 0. 04 0. 03 0. OL
1.09 0. 08 0. 05 0. 03 1.03 0. 05 0.03 - 0. 02
1. 03 0. 03 0. 00 0. 03 0. 98 0. 02 0. 00 0. 02
1.08 0. 12 0. 09 0. 03 1. 08 0.05 0. 03 0. 02
1, 04 0. 03 0. 00 0. 03 0.97 0. 02 0. 00 0. 02
1, 10 0. 06 0. 03 0. 03 1. 06 0. 10 0. 08 0. 02
ia 8: 0. 14 0.10 0. 04 1. 03 0. 04 0. 02 0. 02
13 0. 08 0. 04 0. 04 0, 94 0. 02 0. 00 0. 02
1.08 0. 04 0. 00 0. 04 1.05 0. 08 0. 05 0. 03
1.13 0. 09 0. 05 0. 04 1. 10 0. 09 0. 06 0. 03
1,18 0. 12 0. 08 0. 04 1. 02 0. 03 0. 06 0. 03
ijn 0. 09 0. 05 0. 04 104 “= 0.05 0. 02 0. 03
116s 0.13 0.08 0. 05 1.10 0.028 0. 04 0. 04
1. 09 0. 08 0. 03 0.05 0.95 0. 09 0.05 0. 04
als 0.13 0. 08 0. 05 0.99 0. 08 0. 04 0. 04
1.19 0. 15 0. 10 0. 05 1705 0. 08 0. 04 0. 04
1.19 0.14 0. 09 0. 05° 1. 08 0. 09 0. 05 0. 04
1. 04 0. 05 0. 00 0. 05 1. 08 0. 10 0. 06 0. 04
1.19 0.14 0. 08 0. 06 1.09 0. 08 0. 03 0.05
215 0. 14 0 08 0. 06 0. 99 0. 05 0. 00 0. 05
1.15 0. 03 0. 02 0. 06 1. 04 0. 05 0. 09 0.05
1.18 0.14 0.08 0. 06 il, (Os) 0. 06 0. CO 0. 06
iP as: 0. 09 0. 03 0. 06 a We) 0. 12 0.05 0. 07
113 0. 09 0. 02 0. 07 1.05 0. 08 0. 00 0. 08

A few additional measurements of last year’s specimens:
Female—1.21, 1.23.
Male—1.05, 0.94, 1.02, 1.05, 1.07, 1.07.

In addition to the characters mentioned in the original description of
C. atlanis, we would call attention to the following differences between
it and spretus on the one side and femur-rubrum on the other.

Female-——As compared with the female of spretus the wings are
shorter, extending less and sometimes beyond the tip of the abdomen,
not differing greatly, in this respect, from femur-rubrum; the elytra
are narrower, curved upward very slightly at the apex, very few spots
or dots on the apical portion, and these minute and dim. The inner
field is almost always immaculate, the posterior half of the intercalute

52 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

vein apparent. The wings pellucid, but when living have next the base
a bluish-white tinge; a larger portion of the nerves and nervules dark.
The black stripe on the side of the head and pronotum nearly always
apparent, even in the darkest individuals; head and anterior lobes of
the pronotum with the velvety appearance, so marked in spretus, but
here dark or olive brown, without the reddish cast so common in that
species; the pale, oblique, metathoracic ray usually apparent, but often
obliterated.

There are no reliable characters by which to distinguish it from the
female of femur-rubrum; the posterior lobe of the pronotum is usually
_ less conspicuously punctured, agreeing in this respect with spretus.

Male.—Ditfers from spretus in being smaller, pronotum rather more
constricted and subcylindrical ; eyes more rounded and prominent; the
notch at the tip of the last ventral segment less distinct, sometimes al-
most obliterated; more of the nerves of the wings dark.

From the male of femur-rubrum it differs in usually having longer
wings ; in some individuals they are as long, proporticonably, as in any
specimen of spretus; in others, little or no longer than in femur-rubrum;
in the more slender form, and smaller size; in having the apical seg-
ment of the abdomen narrowed and notched at the tip; in having the
cerci broad throughout, and shaped as in spretus; in having the tooth-
like appendages at the base of the super-anal plate shortened and broad-
ened, and with a longer union at their base.

It is evident from these characters that atlanis is an osculant species
(or variety) intermediate between spretus and femur-rubrum, partaking
largely of the characters of each, and, in a few respects, differing from
both. The female approaches very near femur-rubrum, scarcely show-
ing varietal differences from the female of that species, while on the
other hand the male approaches much nearer spretus than it does femur-
rubrum, as Shown by the character of the terminal segment, the form of
the cerci, and the length of the wings. The local species heretofore
mentioned, which belong to this restricted group are, in all probability,
offshoots from spretus or femur-rubrum, the particular direction of the
variation depending upon the peculiar condition of the locality.

The popular names of these species are as follows:

C. femur-rubrum has generally been and is still known as the * Red-
legged locust” or, which is better, the ‘Common Red-legged locust.”

C. atlanis was first described from the New England States, but as
the species is not confined to the Atlantic slope, and the term Atlantic
might convey a wrong idea, we have concluded to call it the * Lesser
locust,” in reference to its smaller size.

C. spretus is known by several popular nawmes, as ‘‘ The Hopper,”
‘6 Army grasshopper,” ‘ Red-legged Iceust,” ‘‘ Mormon locust,” ‘* West-
ern locust,” ‘Hateful grasshopper,” and “ Rocky-Mountain locust.”
The last name, which Mr. Riley suggested as the most appropriate, is
now generally adopted, and has been accepted by the Commission.

PAST HISTORY OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN LOCUST. 53

CHAPTER II.

CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY.

The history of the American or Rocky Mountain locust is in nearly
all respects parallel with that of the locust of the Old World. It breeds
over a large continental area, and periodically, in seasons of extreme
drought and other favoring meteorological conditions, migrates in im-
mense hordes for several hundred miles beyond its usual habitat.
Unlike the locust of the Eastern Hemisphere, our species naturally
affects the cooler and more elevated portions of the temperate zone in
the New World, though its southern limits extend at times into the hot
and dry plains of the Great Basin.

Titfu: and periodical in its visits to the older, settled portions ofthe West,
the history of the Rocky Mountain locustis difficult to trace beyond a period
of about thirteen years. Previous to the year 1864 it has been rarely
referred to by travelers in the West, and after examining the reports
of the government expeditions and the works of Lewis and Clark, Pike,
Irving, and others, we find little or no mention made of it. It is a ques-
tion in our mind whether in some regions it may not have increased in
numbers since the Far West has been partially settled, particularly in »
those regions where irrigation has been practiced, as in Utah and Colo-
rado and in the western edge of the Mississippi Valley, as in Nebraska,
Kansas, Iowa, and Minnesota; but this is entirely uncertain, and it is
more reasonable to suppose that as the Western Territories become more
thickly settled the numbers of locusts will become diminished.

In treating of the history of locust invasions, we will first consider the
subject in a very general way, and then state the facts more concisely,
arranged according to separate States and Territories; and, thirdly,
present a Summary of the subject in a tabular view. The latter is cal-
culated to send a chill to the agricultural heart when one sees how dense
the figures are from 1864 until 1877, and to lead one to infer that the
evil is waxing greater and greater as the years go on. This may be
due, however, to the greater extent of the country settled and to the
fact that the population is growing denser and denser. However that
may be, we shall deal with facts and not with theories, and would
remind the reader that in a number of the years there recorded large
harvests resulted, the injury done by locusts being local and only con-
fined to a portion of the season, while in 1877 the largest wheat harvest
ever grown was Safely harvested.

Leaving out of account the locust visitations in the Atlantic and
Pacific States, which were made by different species from the Rocky
Mountain locust, the first authentic statement is to be found in Neill’s

54 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

History of Minnesota, wherein it is stated that in 1818 and 1819 vast
hordes of grasshoppers appeared in Minnesota, eating everything in
their course, in some cases the ground being covered three or four
inches thick. In the same years they were destructive in the Red River
country in Manitoba. In 1820, or the succeeding year, they ravaged the
western counties of Missouri, and Riley! suggests that the 1820 swarms
may lave also ravaged Kansas and the neighboring regions northward.
In 1842, locusts appeared in Minnesota and Wyoming; in 1845, in
Texas ; in 1846 and 1847, in the limits of what is now Wyoming; and in
1849, in Texas, and possibly in Minnesota. In Utah they have appeared
from 1851 until 1877, except only the years 1873 and 1874, and a glance
at the table shows that this Territory is liable to suffer annually more
or less, especially in the northern portion.

Vast swarms of locusts were seen in Idaho in 1852, as well as in
Utah, while Dakota was visited, or had native swarms, in 1853. The
year 1854 was a year for locusts in Texas, Kansas, and Utah, and 1855,
notable for locust ravages on the Pacific coast, was not a bad year east,
Texas only having been invaded, although A. S. Taylor states that
they abounded on the immense grassy prairies lying on the eastern
slopes of the Rocky Mountains, a statement supported by no facts, so
far as we can learn.

In the year 1856, however, locusts prevailed in Texas, Kansas, Iowa,
Minnesota, possibly Wyoming and Utah, and in the succeeding year
they committed extensive ravages in Manitoba, and the States men-
tioned as suffering in 1856, with the addition of Nebraska. The States
of Texas and Nebraska received slight injury from the progeny of those
that migrated thither the previous two years.

In 1860, the region about Topeka, Kans., was visited by what must
have been a limited and rather local swarm.

The year 1861 witnessed the presence of locusts in Nebraska, Mon-
tana, and Utah, but the accounts are scanty.

Montana and Utah sustained losses from locusts in 1862, but in 1863
they occurred not only in those Territories, but also in Dakota and
Minnesota.

But the most decided increase in the numbers of locusts was felt in
1864, a year of general visitation in Utah, Montana, Dakota, Colorado,
portions of New Mexico, and east of the plains in Nebraska, lowa, Min-
nesota, as well as Manitoba, and there were resulting swarms, in most
cases the progeny of those which came in 1864, in Iowa, Minnesota,
Dakota, and Manitoba, while Montana, Colorado, and Northern New
Mexico had swarms of their own.

A notable locust year was 1866, and, as Riley states, the injury com-
mitted was sufficiently great and wide-spread to attract national atten

1Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Reports on the Noxious, Beneficial and otherInsects of Missouri. By
C. V. Riley, State Entomologist, 1875-77. The following history is largely taken from these reports,
sometimes word for word.

CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY, 1867-1873. 55

tion. ‘The insects swarmed over the Northwest and did great damage
in Kansas, Nebraska, and Northeastern Texas, and invaded the western
counties of Missouri very much as they did in 1874. They came,. how-
ever, about a month later than in that year. They were often so thick
that trains were seriously delayed on account of the immense numbers
crushed onthetrack.” Iowa, Minnesota, Colorado, and Utah also suffered.

While in 1867 local damage was done in the spring by the young of
the swarms of the previous year, late in the summer new swarms flew
across the plains from the West and Northwest and invaded the border
States; in fact, the same States suffered as in 1866, as will be seen by
a glance at the tabular view.

In 1868 and 1869, local injuries ensued from the ravages of the un-
fledged locusts early in the season, and reports from Montana, Idaho,
Dakota, Colorado, and Utah show that there was some trouble in those
Territories.

The year 1870 was a season of comparative immunity from locust in-
vasions, though Iowa and Minnesota received some swarms, and the
insects were observed in Dakota, Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah.

Kansas received slight injury from these pests in 1872, as well as
Minnesota, Dakota, Montana, Colorado, and Utah, but it was not marked.

In 1873, the hosts gathered for a fresh onslaught upon the agricultu-
ral region bordering the great plains. The invasion of 1873, says Riley.
was pretty general over a strip of country running from the northern
parts of Colorado and southern parts of Wyoming, through Nebraska
and Dakota, to the southwestern counties of Minnesota, and northwest-
ern counties of Iowa, the injury being most felt in the last two more
thickly settled States. ‘‘The insects poured in upon this country
during the summer and laid their eggs in all the more eastern portions
reached. The ery of distress that went up from the afflicted people of
Minnesota in the fall of that year is still fresh in mind, and the pioneers
of Western Iowa, in addition to the locust devastations, suffered severe
damage from a terrific tornado.”

By far the most disastrous locust year, however, was 1874, as the more
thickly settled portions of the Mississippi Valley west of the ninety-fourth
meridian were invaded by dense and most destructive swarms. The
States of Colorado, Nebraska, and Kansas were overrun, while portions of
Wyoming, Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, New Mexico, Indian Ter-
ritory, and Texas were ravaged by swarms from the northwest, as they
were abundant that year in Montana and in British America. The
loss to these States and Territories was estimated at not much less than
$50,000,000. Much of the loss this year resulted from the progeny of the
invaders of 1873, which early in the season devoured the crops of the
region where they hatched, and eventually spread to the southeast.
Kansas suffered, perhaps, more heavily than any other State. This,
like most other locust-years, was one of long-continued drought, and in
Missouri the evil was complicated by the ravages of the chinch-bug. -

56 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The next year (1875) the young hatched in immense numbers over an
area variously estimated at from 250 to 350 miles from north to south
and from 200 to 270 miles from east to west, embracing portions of
Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri. ‘The tract in which the injury done
by the destructive enemy was worst was confined to the two western
tiers of counties in Missouri, and the four tiers of counties in Kansas,
bounded by the Missouri River on the east. The greatest damage ex-
tended over a strip 25 miles each side of the Missouri River, from Omaha
to Kansas City, and then extended south to the southwestern limit of
Missouri. About three-quarters of a million of people were, to a greater
or less extent, made sufferers. The experience of different localities was
not equal or uniform. Contiguous farms sometimes presented the con-
trast of abundance and utter want, according to the caprices of the
invaders, or according as they hatched in localities favorable to the
laying of the eggs. This fact gave rise to contradictory reports, each
particular locality generalizing from its own experience. The fact is,
however, that over the region described there was a very general devas-
tation, involving the destruction of three-fourths of all field and garden
crops. While the injury was greatest in the area defined above, the
insects hatched in more or less injurious numbers from Texas to British
America, the prevalence of the insects in Manitoba being such that in
many parts little or no cultivation was attempted.” (Riley.)

Missouri had never before been visited by a calamity so appaling and
so disastrous in its results as the locust ravages of 1875, and detailed
returns of thedamage donein this State showed a loss of over $15,000,000.
(Riley.)

In 1876 no trouble was experienced in the spring, there being in the
border States little damage done by the young, except in portions of
Minnesota and Colorado, and it was hoped that no further losses would
ensue this year. But locusts bred in great quantities in Montana, and in
British America, north of this Territory, and in Wyoming, Dakota and
Colorado, this being a year of unusual drought in those Territories, and
in August and the autumn following, immense swarms swept over the
plains, falling upon the larger part of Kansas and Nebraska, the west-
ern half of Iowa, and some of the western counties in Missouri, and
reaching into the Indian Territory, Texas and the northwest corner of
Arkansas. Besides this, local swarms hatching in Minnesota early in
the year flew south and southwest into Iowa and Nebraska, and they
laid eggs in August. |

The spring of 1877 opened with dismal prospects all over the States |
east of the plains, as well as in Colorado. Happily it was a spring in
which there was an unusual rain-fall in April, May, and June, the coun-
try along the Missouri being flooded in places. The weather was also |
exceptionally cool; and this condition of things extended over Colorado,
Northern Utah, Wyoming, Central Montana, and British America. In
consequence of this season of wet and cold, the young grasshoppers

LOCUST RECORD IN TEXAS. 5T

died in immense numbers wherever they hatched, and comparatively
few lived to acquire wings. South of the parallel of 40° they flew, late
in May and early in June, in a general northwest and northerly course;
and from Minnesota and Iowa many took flight to Dakota and Montana,
whence their progenitors came, and others remairing behind flew about
irregularly in the States of Minnesota and Lowa.

The outlook for 1878 is excellent; but still there may be light swarms
from the northwest if the season is favorable. We wil! now give a more
detailed history of locust invasions in the different States and Territories.

THE LOCUST IN TEXAS.

The list of locust-years in Texas is rather a formidable one. The
earliest year recorded is 1845.
1845.—We have accounts from various sources of their swarming in
Texas this year. (Riley’s seventh report.)
1847.—Mr. 8S. J. P. McDowell states that locusts made their appear-
ance jin Caldwell County October 1, 1847, and remained during the fall,
‘but did little damage. The county officials of Caldwell County have
kept in their county records a diary of the appearance of the grass-
hoppers in that county since their first appearanee, in 1847.
1849.—Riley states, also, that there are various accounts of locusts
in Texas this year.
1854.—About ten or fifteen miles, as near as we can calculate, from
Fort Belknap, April 25, 1854, locusts were observed by the members of
Captain (now General) Pope’s expedition, as it is stated that ‘the whole
section of country is covered over with grasshoppers in countless
myriads. They were very troublesome, and at night they completely
filled our tents. They appear to be going south; and if they do so, in-
creasing in strength and numbers, an incalculable amount of injury will
be inflicted on the farmer. The day was remarkably warm.” (J. H.
Byrne’s Diary of Capt. John Pope’s Expedition, Pacific Railroad Sur-
veys, vol. ii, Appendix A, p. 87.)
1855.—Mr. Taylor, in his article in the Smithsonian Report for 1858,
states that locusts this year infested ‘ those portions of the State of
Texas which resemble in physical characteristics Utah and California.”
We have, however, beep unable to obtain any corroborative data, ex-
cept the statement of Mr. Reveschon; buat the fact that he states that
they were in Texas in the following year is confirmatory of his state-
ment.
1856.—Loceusts are said to have existed in Texas in small numbers
this year. (Taylor.) Mr. Reveschon writes that “I came into this
[Dallas] county in February, 1856. The fall previous a great number
of grasshoppers made their appearance,” and destroyed a field of thirty
acres.
1857.—November 6, locusts appeared in Caldwell County, coming

58 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

from the west, destroying turnips, &c. As we have full information
given below regarding the hatching of locusts in Texas, there is good
reason to believe that swarms visited the region where the eggs were
hatching in 1858 in the previous year more extensively than any pub-
lished accounts state.

1858.—The following facts regarding the ravages of locusts in Western
Texas, in 1858, are taken from the Gonzales Inquirer for 1858. The
young locusts began to hatch “by the million,” January 16, and by the
middle of March they had done extensive damage to the wheat and
garden crops. March 27, on the San Marcos and Guadalupe Rivers,
and on the Sandies, they did great damageto the corn crops and gardens.”
They seem to have collected together, and are moving in a southward
direction, sweeping everything in their route. As yet, they are not
more than half grown, and can only travel by the leaping system, their
wings not having grown out. Large flocks of birds are not only devour-
ing them, but it is said they are actually devouring each other. After
doing great damage, April 21-May 8 they flew in a northeast or north-
ward course. By May 8, they had mosily disappeared, and almost
wholly so by the 15th. So complete and so general has been the de- *
struction that all the farmers will be compelled to replant. In the
spring of 1858, they destroyed our growing crops and took their flight
north from 10th to 16th of April. (D. A. Todd, Austin, Tex.) In Cald-
well County the young began to disappear about April 20.

1866.—Locusts appeared in the northwest part of Collins County
about the Ist of September, destroyed all the wheat that had come up,
and then passed on to the southwest. They had nearly disappeared in
October. (Monthly Report Ag. Dept., 1866, p. 441.)

1867.—The young hatched in threatening numbers, but a cold snap
during the first week in May destroyed them. Nearly a dozen counties
were invadedin the autumn. In Dallas County the locust first appeared
October 17, theair being filled with them. ‘They appeared to becoming
from the west and traveling east.” In October they also appeared in
Fannin, Red River, Bell, Coryell, Lavaca, Burleson, Fayette, Aus-
tin, and Lampasas Counties, appearing in the latter county” in im-
mense numbers about the first of October, and completely destroyed
the autumn and winter gardens, and injured the stock-range materially.
They continued with us until the 20th, when they moved on their jour-
ney in a southeasterly direction. In Lavaca County they deposited
their eggs “by the million.” In Coryell County, central Texas, they
appeared October 12, ‘‘coming in vast quantities from the north,” and
proved very destructive to grain and garden produce. Mr. Affleck, of
Brenham, states that locusts appeared therein the first week of Novem-
ber, ‘‘ but were announced toward the northwest of us as being on the
way some weeks before.” They were busy about the first of December
depositing their eggs. They appeared at Union Hill, five miles to the
west of Mr. Affleck’s farm, for a week before appearing at the latter

LOCUST HISTORY IN TEXAS, 1868-1873. 59

place, and were two weeks longer in reaching Brenham, seven and a
half miles to the south by east. (Riley’s seventh report.)

1868.—The young hatched out in the spring, but were destroyed by
the heavy rains. Mr. Affleck states that they began to hatch early in
February, and by the 28th of March began to move in bands in or near
Brenham, Glenblyth Valley, and injure gardens. By April 23, vast
numbers of locusts went off. ‘‘Some of them got off by flight, but the
bulk kept on on foot toward the northwest, followed and preyed upon
by hundreds of black hawks, or rather buzzards—I think the Falco har-
lant.” No swarms of “emigrant” locusts arrived from the Northwest in
the autumn. Two observers, however, at Calvert, agree in stating that
locusts appeared there in the autumn of 1867 and 1868. ‘There are no
records of the appearance of locusts after this until about the year 1872
or 1873.

1872?—That locusts probably invaded Texas during 1872, and each
year following until 1876, will be seen by the following extracts from
reports from United States weather signal observers, forwarded by the
Chief Signal-Officer, United States Army, at the request of the Com-
mission :

“They visited this section in 1876, and for five or or six years previ-
ous.” (H. G. Prince, Fredericksburg.)

*‘ Visited every year twice since about four or five years.” (J.C.
Rickli, Mason, Tex., June 13, 1877.)

‘‘ Of late, for three or four years, they came to Western Texas every
year. They arrived in the latter part of September, during October,
and kept coming till November, till the first frost put a stop to their
wanderings.” (J.C. Rickli, Mason, Tex., July 12, 1877.)

These data may refer to 1872, but we leave the matter in doubt until
more exact information is received. The following statement, however,
tends to show that there was an invasion in 1872, as locusts are reported
as existing in small numbers in the spring of 1873. If these were not
native species, then there must have been a slight invasion of C. spretus
in 1872.

‘*This section was visited by small numbers of these insects in the
spring and autumn of 1873 and 1875, and from October 1 to 15, 18[7]6.
None the present year.” (William Norrington, United States Signal
Service, Uvalde, Tex.)

1873.—‘* In September, 1873 [no specified date], there appeared at
this place, suddenly, immense swarms of locusts, coming from a north-
erly direction. The direction of their fligbt followed the Rio Grande
River for about thirty miles in its course to the Gulf. Tor about five
days the multitudes kept traveling over this place, descending to the
ground at sundown and remaining below until shortly after sunrise the
next morning, when all would rise in a body and resume their flight.
The weather during this visitation was very dry and sultry, and the
prevailing wind northerly; the damage done immense. These locusts

60 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

left an immense amount of eggs behind, which, at the beginning of
spring—i. e., the latter part of January in this section—began to hatch.
Then it was discovered that the eggs had been laid over a tract of
country nearly two miles wide, having the Rio Grande River for its
center, and following its course out to what distance I am unable to

ascertain.” (Frederick Belford, United States Signal Service, Eagle
Pass.)

1874.—Mr. Belford continues his statement regarding the progeny of
the locusts which invaded Texas in 1873: ‘The wingless insects were
harmless in the early stages of their growth, but as their development
proceeded, the work of devastation began. In the first part of May,
1874, they began to move—not flying, but crawling. The fact has been
observed that the movements of these swarms of young locusts were in
exactly the opposite direction to which their progenitors had traveled.
They seemed to retrace the steps of their ancestors. Those hatched on
this side of the Rio Grande River moved north toward the settlements, —
and on their way everything in the shape of vegetation was totally
consumed. Those hatched on the Mexican side of the Rio Grande (they
extended a mile and a half on each side of the river) took a direction
west of north, and the work of devastation was equally great in the
parts of Mexico they passed over. Iam assured on good authority that
when leaving this section they were too young to fly, and their march
was Carried on by crawling and hopping. Toward the latter part of
May, 1874, all had left, and planting was begun. Now, these young
locusts, before leaving, had deposited eggs, but the eggs of the young
oues are not very plentiful and sparsely distributed. The people of this
section, while this occurs, do not mind it much, as the damage done by —
this not very numerous offspring is never considerable.” |

At Denison they arrived in September, 1874. (United States Signal |
Office.) September 14, 1874, locusts appeared in Dallas County, but, |
according to Mr. Boll, were not one-tenth as abundant as in 1876; still |
they destroyed all the young vegetation, and injured the fall wheat to |
some extent. ‘All this month they laid countless millions of eggs, about |
as many as in 1867. At the end of this month most had disappeared ©
traveling in a southern or eastern direction. (G. Reveschon.)

1875.—It seems by the extract from Mr. Belford’s statement, that the
young hatched this year from eggs laid in the late autumn of 1874 did
but little injury to crops. He adds, ‘‘In September, 1875, another large
swarm of locusts made its appearance, coming from the same direction,
7. €., north, but their numbers were not as formidable as those of the
previous year. These insects deposited their eggs, which were hatched
the ensuing spring, i. ¢., latter part of January, 1876. The numbers of the’
young ones coming forth was comparatively insignificant, and having!
in their turn deposited their eggs, they left about the first half of May,
1876, in a northerly direction. (I. Belford, Eagle Pass, United States’

CHRONOLOGY: TEXAS, 1876. 61

Signal Office.) At Denison, locusts arrived in September, 1874, remain-
ing until June, 1875. (W. A. Massey, United States Signal Office.)

Uvalde was visited by small numbers of locusts in the spring (young)
and autumn of 1873 and 1875, and from October 1 to 15, 1876. Laredo
was visited in 1875 and 1876, appearing each year about the beginning
of November. (United States Signal Office.)

1876.—Swarms of locusts reached Texas from the north and west, about
the middle of September, and from that time forth till winter were flying
very gepverally over the State, reaching eventually latitude 29°, or, more
definitely, to the Gulf all the way from the Sabine River to Austin.
Their course was almost due south, and their injury confined to succu-
lent vegetables, shrubs, and fruit-trees, the orange and cotton saffering
more particularly. At Austin the cars for about ten days were so much
obstructed on the Texas Central Railroad line as to necessitate their
stopping occasionally to clear the track of the grasshoppers. Eggs were
laid throughout the territory overrun, and the young hatched in large
quantities during the mild weather of February, but those which hatched

' near the Gulf had up to the date of March 5 been destroyed by heavy

eold rains that occurred the latter part of February. (Riley’s ninth
report.) The invading swarms began to arrive late in August, and
continued to come for six weeks, and the course of their flight was gen-
erally due south; others state that they came from the northwest.
From reports received from the Office of the Chief Signal-Officer, United
States Army, we extract the following statements: ‘In the fall of 1876,
they went down to Eastern Texas, as well as to the western part of the
State. Everything in the line of vegetables was destroyed, fruit-trees
and grape-vines damaged more or less. Small winter grain is preferred
to grass, and mostly destroyed.” At Dallas, they first arrived Septem-
ber 20, from the northwest; the swarm was estimated to be 2,000 feet
high, and from forty to sixty miles wide. (J. Boll.) ‘‘The area invaded
by the grasshoppers in Texas, in the fall of 1876, was embraced between
longitude 96° and 99° (west from Greenwich, or 19° and 22’ west from
Washington). It extended entirely across the State, from Red River
on the north to the Gulf of Mexico on the south, covering six degrees of
longitude, or an area about 200 miles in width by 360 in length, or 72,000
square miles; this belt extends through the center of the State from
north to south, between parallel lines, with somewhat irregular edges,
determined by the course of the wind at different times during their
‘march to the sea.” By reference to the map of Texas, it will be seen
that the best agricultural portion of the State was covered by them.”
1877. The spring was mild in Texas, and the young hatched the lat-
ter part of January, in February, and the last onesin March. From
March 1 to 10, at Mason, they did the most mischief, and began to fly
away by the 10th of May, but a good many remained until the 15th.
“It is said this pest grows worse and worse every year, and will event-
ually ruin the farmers if something is not done to check them. After

62 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

fighting with the climate, poor soil, late frosts, and heavy droughts,
they have still to fight the grasshoppers in this arid section of
country. Twice a year, in the spring and fall, the growth of vegetation
is checked by them to a fearful extent.” (J.C. Rickli, Mason, Tex.,
United States Signal Service.)

At Corsicana, eggs were announced to be hatching the 5th of Feb-
ruary, but most numerously about the 20th of February, and on the
smooth, barren sandy spots. The young insects acquired wings the first
of May and commenced migrating aS soon as winged, and were most
numerous from the 9th to 12th of May, and disappeared about the 20th
of May. Wheat suffered most; corn least. Fruit and vegetables were
greatly injured. The injury will not exceed 10 percent. (J. W. Smith,
United States Signal Service.) This account is confirmed by other
United States observers in different parts of the State. At Pilot Point,
the United States signal-observer states: “On the last of April and ~
first of May, clouds of locusts alighted, flying from the south with, a
brisk south wind, and staid over night and one day, eating large fields
of wheat and corn, and then, rising, resumed their northward flight”;
and again under date of May 25, ‘‘Clouds of them are flying northward
at the present time, and most all have left this portion of the country.
* %* *- Since the hoppers have left, the vegetation has come out
again and the farmers are hard at work replanting their fields, and as
far as I can understand, the crops will prove favorable this season, con-
sidering the damage done.”

A slight invasion took place in the autumn of this year, as may be
seen by the following extract from the report of J.C. Rickli, United
States signal-observer at Mason: *‘ Uctober 30, 1877. High tempera-
ture, with wind veering to northwest and north, increasing in velocity
to 32 miles per hour and bringing the first Rocky Mountain locusts in
their swarms at4 p.m. They pursued their southern course, and did
not deposit any eggs in this section.”

‘“On the 3d of October, 1877, in the afternoon, myriads of grasshop-
pers were seen passing over this station about two or three hundred
feet high, coming from the north and going south ; wind was from north-
west and four miles an hour; temperature 72°, fair weather. Their
flight continued the 4th, but there were more of them apparently.
None were observed on the 5th; wind from south, 4 miles an hour, and
cloudy ; temperature about 629, On the 6th, they resumed their jour-
ney, going south, though in smallnumbers. Temperature about-75°;
fair weather; wind from southeast, four miles an hour. During their
flight none came down. (EK. G. Prince, Fredericksburg, United States
Signal Service.)

A correspondent at Headsville, Robinson County, states that
‘‘about the last of August, immense numbers passed over our county,
but high up in air.” From Helotes, Bexar County, we learn that, ‘‘on
September 28, 29, and 30, swarms passed over this county, but, so far

CHRONOLOGY: INDIAN TERRITORY. 63

as I can understand, none have laid eggs, or even lighted on the
ground.”

The United States signal-observer, C. A. Smith, Galveston, sends the
following facts regarding the presence of locusts in that portion of
Texas, principally copied from the Galveston Daily News. Hatching
began January 25, but the young appeared most numerously between
February 15 and March 1, and by the 10th of that month they were
observed bopping in bands in almost every instance northward. In
Gronzales County they were seen flying northward about April 15,
becoming fledged about April 5, and in other counties about the 20th
to 25th. In Austin County, on April 30th, ‘‘ the heavens were clouded
with them, going north, the wind being south.” In other counties they
migrated northward; for example, in Falls County there were ‘ millions
_ passing over, flying northward, about May 2. They disappeared in dif-
ferent counties from May 5 to 16. No eggs were deposited during the
present year.

‘*The damages were at first reported as severe, from nearly all of the
' central counties of the State, but many of the devastated grain-fields en-
tirely recovered after the departure of the insects.” Mr. Smith concludes
‘‘that the damage to the grain crops in the sixty-four counties visited ©
cannot exceed 5 per cent. Gardens everywhere appear to have suf-
ferred to a much greater extent than the grain crops. They are reported
as having been entirely destroyed in a large number of cases, and were
badly damaged wherever visited. He estimates $790,350 as the approx-
imate damage to gardens.

THE LOCUST IN INDIAN TERRITORY.

While it is most probable that Indian Territory was visited in nearly the
Same years aS Texas and Missouri, the records are very meager. In
1874 portions were visited according to the reports of the Agricultural
Department.

In 1875 locusts hatched out in large numbers early in the spring. The
signal-service observer at Fort Gibson reports that there were three
distinct swarms seen about the Ist of May, which seemed to originate
from eggs laid the previous year. During the month of May they de-
parted in a generally north and west direction. A dispatch from Fort
Gibson, dated June 1, states that ‘‘millions of locusts flew westerly.
The Grand, Verdigris, and Arkansas Rivers were covered with the dead
hoppers that failed to fly across at the start.”

In 1876, at Fort Gibson, they appeared September 16 to 28. (United
States Signal Service.) Mr. Riley states that “they were thick over
most of the Territory, passing southward, from the middle of September,
and many of them remaining through the season.” Locusts were not
observed at Fort Sill, either in 1876 or 1877. (United States Signal Office.)
Fort Gibson was not visited by locusts during the summer of 1877, but
from April 13 to May 1, the young hatched out in great numters, but

C4 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

died from the effects of * the long-continued cold rains occurring shortly
after the eggs began to hatch.” ‘*No young locusts were seen after the
14th of May. None of the locusts arrived at maturity, neither were any
seen off their hatching-grounds.” (United States Signal Office.)

THE LOCUST IN ARKANSAS.

The first recorded instance of locusts extending into this State was,
according to Mr. Riley, in 1876. They overran the extreme north-
west corner of the State, and were particularly injurious in Ben-
ton County, the damage being mostly confined to this county and the
region south of it, the insects not extending east to Carroll County.
“They made their advent from the 7th to the 15th of October, coming
with the wind from the northwest and flying south and southwest,
until they struck the base of Boston Mountain. As in our own [Mis-
souri| southeast counties, wheat was greatly injured by them, and eggs
were laid up to the time winter set in.” (Riley’s ninth report.)

In 1877, Arkansas was again visited, but to what extent is unknown.
The only data at hand are the following statements from correspondents:
At Bentonville, Benton County, ‘‘ A few passed over the last days of Sep-
tember, and a very few alighted in some localities.” Again it is stated
that “fresh swarms passed over from the northwest, but none settled.”
At Carrollton, Carroll County, no swarms were noticed during the pres-
ent year, though they passed over in the autumn of 1876.

THE LOCUST IN MISSOURI.

The history of the invasion of this State by the Rocky Mountain
locust has been so fully set forth by Mr. B. D. Walsh, in his Illinois
report, avd by Mr. Riley, in his seventh, eighth, and ninth annual re- |
ports on the injurious insects of Missouri, that the following account |
is simply a brief abstract of their statements, the portions quoted being |
in most cases taken from Mr. Riley’s report.

1820 or 1821.—In one of these years, it is uncertain which, Western
Missouri was visited by locusts. ‘They came in the autumn by millions,
devouring every green thing, but too late to do much harm. They |
literally filled the earth with their eggs, and then died. The next |
spring they hatched out, but did but little harm, and when full-fledged
left for parts unknown. Other districts of country have been visited
by them, but, so far as I could learn, they have done but little harm
after the first year. (Prairie Farmer, June 15, 1867.) This statement
is corroborated by the following:.‘‘ A Missouri paper publishes a state-
ment by an old settler, that great numbers of grasshoppers appeared in
September, 1820, doing much damage. The next spring they hatched
out, destroying the cotton, flax, hemp, wheat, and tobacco crops; but
the corn escaped uninjured. About the middle of June they all disap- |
peared, flying off in a southeast direction. (Western Rural, 1867.) |

1866.—The next recorded invasion took place in 1866, when the west-

CHRONOLOGY: MISSOURI, 1867-1874. 65

ern counties of Missouri were overrun much as in 1874. ‘They came,
however, about a month later than in 1874. They were often so thick
that trains were seriously delayed on account of the immense numbers
crushed on the track.” (Walsh’s Illinois Report.) Innumerable eggs
were deposited in the autumn.

1867.—Serious damage was done by the young locusts in the spring,
particularly about Saint Joseph and Oregon. By the middle of July
they had nearly all left the State. A fresh, though less extensive inva-
sion, swept over Nebraska and portions of Kansas and the western
borders of Iowa and Minnesota, or, in Walsh’s words, ‘the main body
descended through Nebraska upon Iowa, instead of through Kansas
upon Missouri,” but the extreme northwest corner of Missouri was over-
run by the swarms, which were said to have come from the Rocky
Mountains. |

1868.—Considerable injury was done by locusts this year in the fol-
lowing counties: Audrew, Cedar, Clinton, Daviess, Gentry, Jackson,
Nodaway. There was, however, no fresh invasion from the west.

1869.—Early in the season of this year locusts troubled the western
borders of Missouri. “They hatched out in countless numbers from
the 20th to 24th of March in Holt County. In Andrew County the
young, where the ground was smooth and hard, as ‘sod’ or prairie that
was plowed in the previous June, and not afterward plowed, de-
stroyed most of the wheat. * * * Our own stock was bad enough,
but on the 18th of June we received a large addition of flying ones from
the south, which in some places took half of the corn, although they
left on the 23d of June, staying less than five days. They came with a
strong south wind, and while here the north wind blew, and if they were
disturbed they would work a little south; but on the 23d, at ll a.m,
the south wind blew and they rose simultaneously and most of them
left us; but our original stock not being able to fly remained. There
are no records of the presence of locusts in Missouri in 1870, 1871, 1872,
or 1875.

1874.—The locust visitation of this year was the most calamitous to
Missouri, as to the nsighboring States, of any yet recorded. A map of
the area overrun this year, aS compared with 1866, is given in Mr.
Riley’s seventh report. He states that the general direction from which
they came was from the northwest. They reached Holt County on
the 8th of August, and all the counties on the same line, north and
south, from Worth to McDonald, were reached during the latter part
of the same month. They then continued to make short flights, and
finally reached their extreme eastern limit toward the last of Septem-
ber. They flew no farther east than in 1866, except in the northern
part of the State, and only visited the western fourth or fifth of the
State. The swarms appeared during early August, and in most of the
counties invaded, the locusts stayed till frost, ¢. e., from their first ap-
pearance till frost swarms came and left,so that there were most always

5G

66 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

some of them about. The injury in Missouri was comparatively slight
compared with that done in 1874 in Kansas.

1875.—‘ Serious and distressing,” says Mr. Riley, ‘as were the ravages
of this insect in 1874, when the winged swarms overswept several of
the Western States, and poured into our western counties in the fall,
the injury and suffering that ensued were as naught in Missouri
compared to what resulted from the unfledged myriads that hatched
out in the spring of 1875.” The spring was propitious to the young,
few adverse causes tending to reduce their number being in operation.
‘““The winter of 1874~75, though commencing late, was severe, steady,
and protracted till toward the first of May, when spring suddenly came
upon usin full force. There was no very variable weather in the earlier
months; whereas such weather did occur in 1867.” Besides this the
Summer seasons of 1873 and 1874 were dry and hot. The worst injury
was done in the two western tiers of Missouri. ‘The greatest damage
extended over a strip twenty-five miles each side of the Missouri River,
from Omaha to Kansas City, and then extending south to the south-
western limit of Missouri.”

‘‘ Barly in May the reports from the locust district of the State were ~

very conflicting; the insects were confined to within short radii of their
hatching-grounds. The season was propitious, and where the insects
did not occur, everything promised well. As the month drew more and
more to a close, the insects extended the area of destruction and the
alarm became general. By the end of the month the non-timbered
portions of the middle western counties were as bare as in winter.
Here and there patches of Amarantus blitum and a few jagged stalks
of milkweed (Asclepias) served to relieve the monotony. An occasional
out-field or low piece of prairie would also remain green ; but with these
exceptions one might travel for days by buggy and find everything
eaten off, even to underbrush in the woods. The suffering was great
and the people well-nigh disheartened. Cattle and stock of all kinds, ex-
cept hogs and poultry, were drivenaway to the more favored counties, and
relief committees were organized. Many families left the State under
the influence of the temporary panic and the unnecessary forebodings
and exaggerated statement of the pessimists. Chronic loafers and
idlers even made some trouble and threatened to seize the goods and
property of the well-to-do. Relief work was, however, carried on
energetically, and with few exceptions no violence occurred. Early in
June the insects began to leave; the farmers began replanting with a
will. As the month advanced the prospects brightened, and by the 4th
of July the whole country presented a green and thrifty appearance
again. The greatest damage occurred in the counties bordering on the
Missouri River to Liberty, and thence southward; and Bates, Buchanan,
Barton, Clay, Cass, Clinton, Henry, Jackson, Johnson, Lafayette, Platte,
Saint Clair, and Vernon suffered most. The other counties in the dis-
trict invaded in 1874, and especially those along the eastern borders of

|
|

{

CHRONOLOGY: MISSOURI, 1875, 1876. 67

that district, suffered less. In some of these, as the extreme north-
west counties, the reason may be found in the fact that the winged in-
sects of 1874 did not stay long enough to lay excessive numbers of
eggs; while in those along the eastern border the reason is to be found
in the fact that the winged swarms when they reached this limit were
weakened and decimated ; they were the straggling remains of a vast
army.”

1876.—The counties ravaged by the young insects in 1875, had
splendid crops in 1876. Fresh armies of locusts in the early autumn
from the north and northwest, swept over the western border of the
State. It should be noted that a great drought prevailed in the North-
west, which favored their multiplication as in other locust years, the
drought and heat being the exciting cause of the undue increase of lo-
custs and other insect pests.

‘‘The middle western counties which suffered most in 1875 (7. e., the
portion of the State in which the winged insects reached the farthest
east in 1874, and laid most eggs) were not overrun in 1876, and will not
suffer in 1877. Such are the counties of Platte, Clay, Cass, Lafayette,
Johnson, Henry, Pet*is, bates, and Benton. In these counties the farm-
ers have little or nothing to fear, except as they may receive a few strag-
gling and comparatively harmless bevies of the winged locusts next
June and July, from the neighboring country. The counties that were
overrun and will suffer are, first, Atchison and Holt, and the western
half of Nodaway, and Andrew in the extreme northwest corner; sec-
ond, McDonald, Barry, Jasper, Lawrence, Barton, Dade, Newton, Cedar,
Vernon, more particularly in the southwest half; Polk, in the northwest
third; Hickory in the southwest third; Saint Clair in scattering places,
and Christian and Greene in the extreme border.

‘*The locusts came into all these counties last Fall, very generally ate
off the Fall wheat, and filled the ground with their eggs, in most parts
quite thickly. As elsewhere they continued laying until overtaken by
frost.

‘‘ Bates, according to one correspondent, also received a few of the in-
sects in the western half; while a few stragglers are also reported in
Harrison, and even in Gentry, Henry, and Cass; but it is evident that
in these cases they were not in sufficient numbers to do harm or to cause
any forebodings in the spring. They came into the northwest corner
from the north and northwest, early in September,” and were to some
extent prevented from reaching beyond the points indicated, by south
winds.

‘‘They entered the southwest counties from the southwest nearly a
month later, invading Newton and McDonald by September 23, and
reaching the middle of Barry by the 1st of October, and Cedar by the
middle of the month. It is quite clear that the eastern limit of the
swarms which came from the north and northwest was receding west-

? According to Signal Service reports, some were seen in Nodaway County much earlier.

68 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ward after they reached Northwest Missouri; and that Southwest Mis-
souri, Southeast Kansas, and Northwest Arkansas, would have escaped
had it not been for west and southwest winds that brought back insects
which had reached south of these points.

‘‘ The dates of arrival of these insects are nearly a month later than
in 1874, and in this respect the 1876 invasion more nearly resembles
that of 1866. It was also less immediately disastrous than that of 1874,
and most of the crops were either garnered or beyond injury, and the
principal damage was to the Fall wheat, which, as already stated, was
eaten down, and in most cases effectually destroyed, at a time, too, when
it was generally too late to do anything more than to let the ground lie
over to plant in corn in the spring.”—(Riley’s Ninth Report.)

1877.—Although the prospect of injury from young locusts was
threatening, yet, as in Kansas and Nebraska, the young soon after
hatching perished in large numbers, so that little injury was experienced
and the crops were unusually large. No locusts arrived in the State
frem the Rocky Mountains. Theswarms of fledged locusts which sur-
vived the cold, wet weather were light in the State, and did no mischief,
and, so far as known, laid no eggs. The following statement will give
some idea of the distribution and movements of the local swarms:

‘‘ The insects were leaving Jasper and adjacent southwest counties
where they had hatched, the latter part of May and early in Jum, that
part of the State being vacated by the middle of June, and the course
being north and northwest. They left the northwest counties toward
the end of June and during the first week of July, the direction being
northwest, except on June 30, when some stragglers were blown back
from the northwest over Nodeway County.”

August 14, large numbers passed over Oregon, Holt County, fiyiiise
southwest; about the 20th, a few passed over Flag Springs, Andrew
County, from the northeast; at Pickering, Nodaway County, during the
third week in September large swarms were observed flying from the
northwest to the southeast, but none were known to alight. In Atchi-
son County large swarms from the north passed over in August and
September, and a few dropped down, but no eggs were deposited.

THE LOCUST IN KANSAS.

We have fuller information regarding the ravages of locusts in this
State than in Nebraska, probably from the fact that the State was set-
tled earlier and has a much larger population, and suffered more from
the hordes of inyading locusts.?

3 1846.—There are no records of locusts in Kansas in 1846, and I quote the following statement doubt-
ful whether the grasshoppers referred to were local species or emigrants from the west. “As we pro-
ceeded on our journey, we heard the confused hum of thousands of grasshoppers, now and then broken —
by the chirping of the cricket. These insects are found in great abundance, and obtain greater siz6 |
than any I have seen elsewhere.’’—(Notes of a Military Reconnaissance from Fort Leavenworth, in ©
Missouri to San ‘Diego, Cal., by W. H. Emory, p. 392. The insects were observed July 2, 1846, in the —
Kansas River Valley.)

CHRONOLOGY: KANSAS, 1854-1866. 69

1854.—Locusts visited Kansas, but how extensively is not known; the
swarm arrived in the autumn.—(T. C. Wells.) °

1855.—The eggs laid the previous autumn hatched in the spring of
1855, ‘‘ and if I remember aright one of our old farmers who was then
living on the south side of the Kansas River told me that his wheat was
all destroyed by them. Ido not remember seeing any myself.that year.
It was dry in the spring, but after about the middle of May we had fre-
quent and very heavy showers all through the season.”—(T. C. Wells.)

1856~57.—“‘In the autumns of 1856 and 1857 the wheat and corn
leaves were eaten off around the outside of fields, I suppose by Calop-
tenus spretus, though I never noticed them in great numbers so as to
attract particular attention until 1860.”—(T. C. Wells.)

1860.—That locusts appeared in. Kansas this year is affirmed by
Mr. T. C. Wells, who remarks, ‘‘ What I have said about them in 1860,
and from then to the present time, I know to be true from my personal
observation, with the single exception of 1864.”—(T. C. Wells, Manhat-
tan, Kansas.) ;

1864.—“ I was Hast that [this] year, but am told by those that were
here that it was very dry, and that the locusts were here.”—(T. C.
Wells.)

1866.—The first record of any invasion we are aware of refers to this
year, though it is not improbable that a portion of the State, at least,
was overrun in 1820 or 1821, and, possibiy, in 1846, but there are no
records to that effect extant.

In August and September, 1-10, 1866, swarms of locusts arrived. In
August they made their appearance in the frontier settlements of Kan-
sas and Nebraska, and later, early in September, destroyed every green
thing in tracts in the eastern part of the State. On the Nemaha River
(which, however, lies mostly in Nebraska) and is in the eastern limits of
the State, they arrived in clouds “ glittering in the sunlight like huge
flakes of snow,” and destroyed the late corn and the winter wheat, and
began at once laying their eggs, so that the ground was fairly honey-
combed by their egg-cells.

September 1. At Council Grove ‘a tremendous shower of grass-hop-
pers came from the south, completely filling the air as high as one could
see, and looking like a driving snow-storm”; they eat every green thing.
In Allen County they appeared September 11; ‘they almost darken
the sun in their flight”; they eat everything green, including winter
wheat. ‘In Brown County they covered a tract twelve miles in width,
and consumed pretty much everything green. Trees were stripped of
their leaves, and corn-fields literally stripped to the stalk. * * *
In Northwestern Kansas they filled the air so as to obscure the sun.
They have been traced for a distance of two hundred miles above Fort
Kearney. In Marysville the grasshoppers in that section eat every green
thing. The Leavenworth papers reported that a vast army of grass-
hoppers reached Lawrence from the west. They had cleaned out Topeka,

70 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the capital, of garden vegetables, grass, and clover, and left the ground
as if burned with fire. Corn is eaten to the roots. About Lawrence,
though very numerous, yet coming so late they did not do essential
damage, but deposited theireggs. In Douglas County they made their
appearance by the billion. The prevailing winds in the State during
August and September were westerly, and the season was dry and hot.—
(Practical Entomologist, ii, 3-4.)

1867.—The locusts this year, according to B. D. Walsh, “ took a rather
more northerly course, the main body descending through Nebraska
upon Iowa, instead of through Kansas upon Missouri. Stillin both years
there were flying columns of the enemy, that deviated a little from the
general line of march either to the right or to the left. For, as will be
seen hereafter, some of the more northerly parts of Kansas and the ex-
treme northwest corner of Missouri were invaded by the army of 1867;
and as I have shown in the Practical Entomologist, the southern parts
of Nebraska were very generally invaded by the army of 1866.” Nearly
as last year, the invasions occurred from August 25 to September 30,
and the locusts came from the northwest.—(Walsh’s First Illinois Rep.)

1868.—Locusts, which hatched in the spring, devastated the State,
locally, and the region west of Fort Riley was ravaged in the autumn,
but whether by foreign swarms or those native to the State is not stated.
August 7, locusts appeared in Riley County, flying from the northwest
apparently, as a southeast wind prevented their leaving on the 8th. It
is possible that the swarms came from Iowa and Minnesota, rather than
from the west. In the early part of August they attracted attention
in Kansas and during the preceding month in Iowa and Minnesota.
(American Entomologist, i, 74.) From this fact we infer that the inva-
Sions were local and from the north.

1869.—For two years, apparently, the progeny of those which over-
run the State in 1866~67 remained and did some damage. In 1869 the
young hatched out in Saline, Lyon, and Brown Counties, but left as soon
as they acquired wings, namely, about the middle of June. They were
destructive east of Nemaha County, but no extended damage was done
in the State generally, and none were seen in 1870 and 1871.

1872.—This year “foreign” locusts did some harm in parts of Kansas.
At Beloit they appeared in the last week in August and devoured every-
thing green.—(Riley’s Seventh Report.)

1873.—While Nebraska and the country to the north was generally
overrun in 1873, there is no record of their appearance in Kansas.

1874.—This was the worst locust year in Kansas, the State, like its
neighbors north and south, suffering extremely. Mr. Riley in his seventh
report says the locusts swept over the State “‘in overwhelming hordes
from the plains of Colorado on the west, and the fields of Nebraska on
the north, in many instances clearing off all traces of vegetation in a
few hours.” The corn crop was ruined by them. They appeared in
every county, so far as the records show, except Clarke, Comanche,

=

CHRONOLOGY: KANSAS, 1875. un

Gove, Doniphan, Graham, Greenwood, Harper, Hodgeman, Kiowa,
Neosho, Ness, Pratt, Sumner, Stafford, Trego, and Wallace, which are
more or less unorganized and uninhabited, so that no records were ob-
tained, though they were overrun like the rest according to Mr. A. Gray,
secretary of the Board of Agriculture. The suffering was great, thirty
counties reporting 1,842 families, aggregating 9,154 persons, reduced
to destitution, and immigration to the State was checked, and relief
societies throughout the country were formed to aid them. |

About the 15th-25th of July, the locusts appeared in Northern and
Northwestern Kansas, and continued to be destructive till at least the
end of August, and laid their eggs in the autumn. During this year the
greatest damage was from northwest to southeast, being lightest along
the eastern half of the State, which the winged insects reached too late
to do very serious injury; but the greatest bulk of the eggs were laid
as the locustsapproached the eastern limits of the State. —(Riley’s Eighth
Report.)

1875.—In this year the damage done was by the young locusts, which
hatched in enormous numbers in the eastern part of the State, so that,
as Mr. Riley states, ‘“‘in 1875 the tables were turned; the eastern
portion of the State suffered, and the western counties were little
troubled.” He also states that “the ravages of the young locusts were
confined to a district of about 150 miles in length and 50 miles in
breadth, at the widest, along the eastern border. The counties of Don-
iphan, Brown, Atchison, Jefferson, Leavenworth, Douglass, Labette,
Johnson, Miami, Franklin, Linn, Bates, and Bourbon, suffered more or
less severely.” The locusts hatched out mostly in April and early May,
and became fledged May 28 to June 15,.and then all flew in a general
northwest direction. (Riley’s eighth report.) The writer passed over
the ravaged region along the Kansas Pacific Railroad just after the
locusts had taken flight and witnessed the bare fields, desolated towns
and general ruin they left behind along this part of the country. They
flew out of the State, and there were no invasions from the north or
west that year, and no damage done after the middle of July. Still,
owing to the fear of disaster, there was said to be a heavy emigration
of farmers from the State.

1876.—There were fresh invasions from the north and northwest from
late in July until early in September. ‘‘ Karly in September the swarms
thickened, and the wind blowing almost a gale from the west and north-
west for two or three days subsequently, the insects during that time
swept down in darkening clouds over the greater portion of the State
from the 98th meridian to beyond the 96th. (Riley’s ninth report.)
Prof. F. H. Snow, October 4, 1876, made the following statement :

I came through Kansas from Colorado (Denver) on the 5th and 6th September. Ca-
loptenus spretus at that time extended about 100 miles east of the mountains, last of which
point no trace of it was to be seen during the daylight on the 5th. Next morning we

struck locusts in small numbers at Brookville (Saline County), 180 miles west of Kan-
sas City ; in full force at Salina, 12 miles farther east; and found the east front of this

72 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

line 4 miles west of Abilene, in Dickinson County, and about 150 miles west of Kansas
City. Observing <nd inquiring at the stations in this 30-mile belt, linvariably learned
that the flight of the locust was from the north and not from the west, as two years ago
' (in 1874).

Four weeks have now passed and the locust has not yet reached Lawrence, its east-
ern line being about 20 miles west of Lawrence, only about 100 miles farther east than
it was four weeks ago. This eastern line extends across the State from north to south,
the entire State west of this line having been visited. In many places the pest has
come in immense numbers, while in many other places there has been but a light
sprinkling. Little damage has been done thus far, almost none at all in comparison
with two years ago, it being so late in the season that the crops of this year were
secure. The fall-wheat, however, has been very generally eaten down, but has come
up again when drilled after the departure of the hordes which remain but a few days
in a place. Wheat sown broadcast has been generally killed, having been eaten down
to the kernel. The great danger to be feared now is the spring-hatching of the eggs
which have been deposited in varying abundance in the eastern part of the region
visited. It is agreed on all hands that the present visitation is far less numerous than
two years ago. The locusts are everywhere reported to be heavily parasitized by the ©
red mite and the Tachina fly. Can it be that these hordes are the ‘spring hatch”
from Iowa, Minnesota, and Wyoming? While in the South Park in July, I found great
numbers of young spretus along the streams from the mountain-sides. When on the
summit of Pike’s Peak, July 28 and 29, the winged results were flying due east as high
up in the air as the eye could reach. They did not descend upon us at Manitou until
the 12th of August. (Packard’s report in Hayden’s Survey, 1875.)

At Abilene locusts were observed August 24 and 25 going in a
southwest course, with the wind moderate from the northeast. ‘ Sep-
tember 2, 3, and 4 vast swarms flew north; September 6 vast swarms
going northwest, the wind strong from the southeast. September 7, at
about 11 o’clock, the advange guard reached Abilene going due east,
with a strong gale, flying very low. They began falling at once, and
kept gradually changing their course until 1 p. m., when they went due
north and ceased flying at2 p.m. The ground was alive with them,
and some of the citizens smoked them out of their gardens success-
fully. A thunder-storm reached us at 6 p.m., and the rain fellin tor-
rents until midnight. September 8 the locusts seemed more active |
after the previous night’s flood than was expected, as we supposed that |
they were all drowned in the torrents of water that fell, and bylla.m. _
the air was full of locusts flying so low that clouds of them could be ©
seen at a great distance in every direction. I have not seen such quan- |
tities in six years’ observation. On the 9th and 10th, after a rainy
night, the locusts in innumerable quantities left in a very strong cold
north wind. Afterward a few flew northward and westward, but the
bulk passed to the southward, and no flights were observed after the
26th, when the direction was due south.”—(W. T. Davidson.)

Mr. Gaumer states that the invading swarms in the autumn deposited
their e~gs in almost every available place throughout all the counties
of southeastern Kansas. |

1877.—Although much trouble was expected from the young locusts
this year, yet owing to the exceptionally wet and cold spring and early _
summer, the young died soon after hatching, and did little local injury.

|

CHRONOLOGY: KANSAS, 1877. 73

No invasions from the Rocky Mountains occurred, and only local swarms
after July 8 passed to and fro over the State, rails few or no eggs, and
whatever apprehensions were felt in the early spring the result shows
that an unusually large wheat-crop was raised.

To enter a little more in detail: Throughout the locust area of the
State south of the Kansas Pacific Railroad—which area includes most
of the region bounded on the east by a line running from a little west
of Lawrence toward Fort Scott, and on the west by another passing up
through Hutchinson and Ellsworth—the eggs were laid in 1876 in suffi-
cient quantities to have given birth to locusts enough to have eaten every-
thing green by the time they attained full growth, under conditions
favorable tothem. Many of the eggs were destroyed by the Anthomyia
egg-parasite, and the other enemies described in Mr. Riley’s Reports.
Some of them hatched in the fall, and many more during the warm
weather of the latter part of January and fore part of February. The
insects thus hatched perished. The bulk of the eggs hatched during
the last week of March and the early part of April. The young insects

| were very thick then; they commenced to do injury and begat general

fear. The farmers for the most part fought them with energy. Then

_ followed, from the middle of April on, a period of cold and wet weather;

the young rapidly weakened and were from all quarters reported as
disappearing. The continued cold after the principal hatching, had the
effect to kill many that were just hatching or moulting. The heavy
rains also washed many away into the streams, and in some instances
on soils which contain sand and lime, and which are liable to crack
when dry, the rains doubtless covered up and killed such as were shel-
tering in such fissures.

Still, considerable numbers became fledged, and local swarms were
passing through and over the State, through the summer; while light
swarms flew into the State from the south and north. For example:

A small swarm passed over the western partof the State May 17 and 19, ina north and
northeast direction. Other flights, all going northwest, passed over Labette County
May 23, and over Norton and Ellis Counties in the same directicn from the 21st to the
23d. An extensive swarm passed over the western counties May 26 and 27, flying
north. Light swarms passed northwest at intervals from this time on until the main

exodus from the State. This occurred on June 12, 13, and 14, and was very general,
the insects flying due north.

From the 15th to the 20th, the locusts were leaving in scattered nnmbers whenever
favorable weather Mate et and after the 20th few remained, save in exceptional lo-
calities where hatching was greatly delayed from local causes.

After this date the following observations were made by Mr. Gaumer,
at Lawrence:

At 1 p.m. June 16, the first winged locusts were seen flying over the Wakarusa.
They were very high in the air. The wind at the time was blowing at the rate of about
fifteen miles per hour, from a direction a little east of south, and the locusts were flying
with the wind. The sky was nearly clear and weather warm.

June 18, they again began to fly, at 11.45 a.m. The wind was south-southwest, and
blowing at the rate of about forty miles per hour. They increased in number until

74 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

2.35 p. m., when there were a great many flying, as high as could be seen with the na-
ked eye. At 3.30 many of them were quite low, and a few were seen to drop down, and
they continued to fall until4.30 p.m. At 5 p.m. they ceased to fly, and there was about
one locust to every square rod. They flew very swiftly, and in a north northeast
direction.

June 19, I again visited the country round about Chanute. Found the locusts had
nearly all disappeared. Those which had hatched previous to my first visit had all died
in a few days afterward. The eggs were not all hatched, for in front of Mr. Ashby’s
house we dug up good eggs which had been deposited in a hard, sandy soil, and were
overlaid with a deposit of sand about one inch deep, from an adjoining field. Most of
them were spoiled.

At Parsons, June 20, I found the locusts molting the last time, and many of them
already had their wings. Some were flying, but notin any considerable numbers. Few
had come to maturity. At Chetopa they nearly all had wings, and had been leaving
for two days. Several large swarms were seen feeding upon dog-fennel, but nowhere
did they injure the corn or wheat. Nearly all the gardens in theeastern portion of the
city were eaten up.

Locusts were observed flying over Lawrence in a northerly and northwesterly direc-
tion, every clear day, until July 10.

The heaviest flight of the season was southward on the 20th of July.
Light swarms continued to fly about in various portions of the State

until October, flying southward and southwesterly.

THE LOCUST IN NEBRASKA.

While only the western half of Minnesota and the western third of
Towa are liable to invasion, the entire State of Nebraska has been more
or less invaded, different portions, however, suffering in different years.

1857.—There must have been a locust invasion in this year in West-
ern Nebraska, for the young appeared in 1858 as may be seen by
reading the subjoined paragraph.

1858.—** In the spring of 1858, as soon as grass was three inches high,
near the creek and through the valleys, we found them. * * * They
ate my corn which was four or five inches high, also turnips, grass, &c.,
(and I believe onions) but their ravages were not great. * * * I
heard that they were bad on the Missouri River that season, 400 miles
northeast of Laramie, the direction the wind took them. And the next
season I heard of them in Minnesota.” (W. M. Hinman.)

1861.—“‘ Also yesterday, at 12 o’clock, I discovered them very thick
and high up, traveling with the wind to the northwest for one and a
half hours, when there were no more to be seen. We have had two or
three days of hard southeast wind, and probably these were successive
grasshoppers from Texas or the Cherokee country.” (W. M. Hinman in
a letter to the Smithsonian Institution, dated June 10, 1861).

1864,—This is the first year, as yet known, in which Nebraska suffered.
According to Governor Furnas, Northern Nebraska was overrun by
locusts this year.

1866.—Late in August swarms crossed the State (especially the south-
ern half) from the west, extending nearly or quite to the Missouri River,
devouring everything about Fort Kearney, and Nebraska City, and the

CHRONOLOGY: NEBRASKA, 1867-1875. 15

other frontier settlements. That the invasion was widespread is evi-
denced by the widespread abundance of the young the following spring.

1867.—This was also a notable locust year, the whole State being
more or less afflicted, the young being abundant and destructive in the
spring, and in the summer fresh swarms coming from the northwest.
From Walsh’s First Illinois Report, we learn that in May, about Omaha,
the young hatched out by the million, from eggs which were ‘deposited
over the whole face of the country, from the lower part of Cass County,
clear through the southern part of Kansas.” LHarly in June a storm in
the country south of the Platte, rid that region of the young, the work
of destruction having been farther carried on by black birds, plover and
other birds. Late in August, and in the autumn, there were heavy in-
vasions from the northwest in the Missouri Valley.

1868.—The young hatched from eggs laid in the previous summer ;
hatched out in large numbers all over the State, many hatched late in

_ May, but throughont the spring millions were killed by heavy rains and

some few by birds. (Bruner). Nevertheless, extensive damage was

done by them.

1869.—Although there are no records at hand regarding locust inva-
sions this year, yet as the insects occurred in abundance in Iowa and
Kansas, they must have been more or less destructive in Nebraska.

1873.—After an interval of four years, swarms of locusts appear from
the west and northwest and overrun Nebraska as well as the adjoining
States. In Adams County a considerable flight of locusts passed north-
wardly May 19th or 20th, remained till the 25th or 26th, when they
rose and flew north, doing but little injury. In the autumn a number
of swarms passed southward, but did slight mischief.

1874.—This was the most calamitous locust year in Nebraska, as well
as throughout the West, beyond the 94th meridian. Not only did the
young locusts hatch in great numbers, but also swarms of unusual extent
swept over the State and proved more destructive than at any year pre-
vious or succeeding. Itis to be observed that this was an exceptionally
dry and hot summer, locusts always abounding in dry springs and sum-
mers. The entire State from a point about thirty miles from the Missouri
River, west, was more or less devastated, the extreme western portion
entirely so. (Governor Furnas). Swarms arrived on or about July 21,
remaining about ten days, time enough for them to devour the corn crop
and deposit their eggs by the million.

1875.—The locusts hatched remarkably late (about May 20th from eggs
laid in the previous summer, principally in the district immediately bor-
dering on the Missouri River, and a comparatively small area suffered
from the attacks of the young. ‘ The populous and highly cultivated
counties of Nemaha, Richardson, and Otoe were most severely ravaged.
Before these locusts acquired their wings, swarms from the south in a
northward direction over the State, cause some trouble and anxiety in the
following counties: Saunders, Washington, Douglas, Buffalo, Pawnee,

76 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Clay, and Barton. The loss, however, to the State at large did not
amount to five per cent.” (Riley’s eighth report.)

1876.—Another invasion of the State in August of this year, resulted
in the northeast counties in the loss of one-half of the corn crop, while
the western half of the State, particularly in the valleys of the Elkhorn,
Platte, and Republican Rivers, suffered a good deal. Eggs were laid
over the eastern part of the State, but less extensively in the western
portion. (Riley’s ninth report). By some good observers, the invasion
of 1876 was considered as calamitous as that of 1874, and itis to be
noted that the summer of 1876 was extremely hot and dry, the prevail-
ing winds south and hot, much asia 1874. The year ended with bad
prospects for 1877, the ground all over the State being well seeded with
locust-eggs.

1877.—The early and late spring and early summer being unusually
wet and cold, multitudes of the young locusts were killed, lying upon
the surface of the ground so thick that they could in places be picked up
in handfuls. Happily, owing to these favorable meteorological causes
so unlike those of the previous year and 1874, the amount of damage
done was comparatively slight and an unusually large wheat and corn
crop was raised raised in this State as well as throughout the Mississippi
Valley States. Owing to the same cause in the northwest, and the fact
that few eggs were laid in the larger portions of Montana, Dakota, and
Wyoming, as well asin British America, there was no invasion of locusts
late in the summer, from the Rocky Mountain region, leaving excellent
prospects for an immunity from their attacks in 1878. Light swarms
moved into or across the State from the south in June, and local
Swarms were observed in August.

The following statements received from our correspondents will give
an idea of these local flights:

A small flight passed over Franklin County, as early as May 17, flying northwest,
and another over Butler County, May 19, flying north. A heavy swarm passed over
Agallala and adjacent counties, during May 26, 27, and 28, the direction being northwest.
They were seen sparsely flying in the same direction on various occasions until the mid-
dle of June, when extensive flights were again reported, especially over Butler and
Platte counties. During the latter part of June and first part of July the insects
were rising and leaving every day when the weather was favorable, or the wind from
the south or southeast.

On and after August 6, they began at Geneva, Platte County, to “go
south and south west in swarms, which continued daily, whenever the wind
was favorable, for over a month. They showed no disposition to alight,
except when compelled to do so by opposing winds.” At Salem, “fresh
Swarms were seen to pass over this point on the 8th and 9th of August,
and light swarms continued to fly as late as the 25th of August.” At
Steele, Jefferson County, from the 13th to the 23d of September a good
many locusts passed over, mostly from the northeast. At Pleasant
Hill, Saline County, “large swarms passed over from the northeast,
undoubtedly from Northwestern Iowa, Southern Minnesota, and South-

CHRONOLOGY: IOWA, 1833-1865. C7

eastern Dakota, and settled in places here. They avoided cornfields,
settling in small grain and grass. They appeared to be in a feeble,
degenerate condition, always leaving the next morning, eating nothing,
appearing to come down to rest. They departed in a southwesterly
direction.” At Nebo, ‘after our own crop left, swarms were flying over
us for many days from the northeast.” At Dewitt, Saline County,
“fresh swarms from the northeast passed over, and some few settled,
but went off again in a few days, except a few stragglers that remained
until October1; no eggs were laid.” At Omaha swarms were observed

in the air.
THE LOCUST IN IOWA.

This State has probably been afflicted in nearly the same years as
Minnesota; the locusts never extending, however, more than a little
beyond the western half of the State.

1833.—The authority for a locust invasion this year is the followin
extract from a letter from Mr. A. Strong, of Pocahontas, Iowa, to Mr.
Whitman: ‘In regard to the grasshopper raid of 1833, there was no
white settlement here then, but there is a part of a tribe of Indians liv-
ing near the center of this State, and they used to hunt through here,
and in some of their visits here in 1866, their chief, Johnny Green, who
was a very old man, told the people here that thirty-three years before
that the grasshoppers came so thick that the grass was all eaten off, and
there was no grass for their ponies; and the ground looked black, as if
there had been a prairie fire. He also said that there had been no more
grasshoppers till 1866, when he was speaking. This chief was a very
intelligent man, and was about one-half white; but the Indians are very
liable to exaggerate; 1 have forgotten the name of the tribe of Indians,
but think they were the Winnebagoes or Pottawattomies.”’4

1856.—In Western and Northwestern Iowa, their ravages this year
were inconsiderable (Riley’s seventh report). They came in August
from the north and flew south. Eggs hatched in great numbers in the
spring, but no damage was done by the youngin 1857. (A. H. Gleason,
Little Sioux, Harrison County.)

1857.—The general locust invasion which swept this year over the
Northwest, also reached as far east as Central Iowa. (Riley’s seventh
report.) Ida, Adams, Pottawattamie (Council Bluffs) Counties were
visited. (Whitman.)

1864~65.— Some damage was done in 1864 about Sioux City. Eggs
were laid which hatched out in 1865; the young doing considerable
mischief.

1865.—The Saint Paul Press for June 21, 1865, is authority for the
following statement: ‘General Sully, in a private letter from Sioux
City, gives the following account of the grasshopper plague which is

4Col. W, Thompson, of Bismarck, told us th at in 1850, at Council Bluffs, grasshoppers ate up a corn-

field late in July or early in August; the corn belonged to the Mormons. The species may have been,
and probably was, Oaloptenus femur-rubrum, the common red-legged locust.

78 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

desolating the region of country he has traversed. He says: ‘The
only thing spoken of about here is the grasshoppers. They are awful;
they have actually eaten holes in my wagon-covers, and in the ’paulins
that cover my stores. A soldier on his way here lay down to sleep in
the middle of the day on the prairie. The troops had been marching all
night. His comrades noticed him covered with grasshoppers, and
woke him. His throat and wrist were bleeding from the bite of these
insects. This is no fiction,” '

1866.—‘‘ In regard to the raids here, the one in 1866 did not extend
but about fifteen miles east and fifteen miles south of here, while the
next raid went a little farther east and south; till the last one went
over a large part of the northwest portion of Iowa.” (A. Strong.)

1867.—Young, unfledged locusts made sad ravages upon the crops of
Southwestern Iowa. Later in the season there was a general invasion
of the State, the swarms arriving at Fort Dodge September 10, in Clark
County about October 5. ‘So far as we have been able to learn they
did not appear beyond the eastern boundaries of Polk and Marion
Counties in 1867.” (lowa Homestead.) ‘Grasshoppers came here from
the southwest on the 10th September, 1867, and deposited eggs shortly
afterward. The young hatched in the May and June following, taking
the garden vegetables as fast as they could find them; oats and wheat
also suffered severely.”° ‘ A swarm of grasshoppers swept from Fort
Benton to Missouri, reaching as far east as the Des Moines River. I
have read of them as being at Denver, Colo., at the western terminus
of the Kansas branch of the Pacific Railroad.”®& Mr. Whitman writes us
that upon inquiry he finds ‘“‘ that the visit of 1867 was very extensive in
that State” (Iowa). He adds that Ida, Carroll, Greene, Sac, Webster,
Adams, Guthrie, Pocahontas, Orange, Woodbury, Pottawattamie, Page,
Hamilton, Calhoun, Adair, Audubon, and Plymouth Counties were vis-
ited this year.

1868.—Locusts visited Page County August 7 and 8 in “fearful num-
bers”; they also visited Boone, Buena Vista, Woodbury.

1870—72.—**In 1870 Algona was visited, and in 1871 the progeny
hatched by myriads till after the Ist of June, and left about the 1st of
July.” (Riley’s seventh report.) ‘In the seasons of 1871 and 1872 they
flew over, but few alighted; no damage was done.” (H. J. Newell,
Athol, Sioux County.) |

1873.—The northwestern counties of Iowa were swept by swarms of
locusts. (Riley). Harrison County was visited and some destruction
done; they deposited eggs, which hatched out April and May of the
next year. Athol, Sioux County, was visited by a heavy swarm from
the south in June, which did much damage; the insects deposited eggs.
(H. J. Newell.) |

1874.—Much of the injury done in Iowa this year resulted from the |

5 Oscar J. Strong, Rolfe, Pocahontas County, Iowa, in Western Farmer, February, 1869.
6S. Morrill, Onawa, Iowa. (Iowa Homestead, November, 1867.)

CHRONOLOGY: IOWA, 1874-1877. 19

attacks of the progeny of the 1873 swarms. J'resh swarms came, how-
ever, in 1874, and the western counties of Algona, Calhoun, Cherokee,
Olay, Dickinson, Emmett, Harrison, Humboldt, Jasper, Kossuth, Lyon,
O’Brien, Osceola, Palo Alto, Pocahontas, Plymouth, Sioux, Winnebago,
and Woodbury, suffered more or less. As the drought was less severe
than in other parts of the country, and the crops good, the distress in
the ravaged counties was easily relieved. (Riley’s seventh report).
“Tn 1874 the young ’hoppers destroyed gardens and injured other
crops. Heavy swarms also came from the north in the latter part of
July or the first of August, doing great damage.” (A.J. Newell, Athol.)
1875.—Few locusts hatched in the spring of this year in Iowa, but
about the 10th of June until the middle of July, swarms flew in from
the south over the western counties, “many of which alighted and re-
mained one or two days, committing depredatiouns in corn-fields, gardens,
and nurseries. Rye, wheat, and oats were also damaged to some extent.

_ From the counties of Mills, Fremont, and Council Bluffs a loss of twenty-
- five percent. was reported. (Riley’s eighth report.) At Athol Mr. New-

ell reports that ‘‘a swarm passed over from the north; a few alighted ;

_ but no damage was done to speak of.”

- 1876.—As in a few of the southwest counties in Minnesota, so in
adjoining parts of Northwest Iowa, and notably in Osceola and Dickin-
son Counties, the young insects hatched out from eggs laid in 1875, but
by the middle of June they had disappeared without doing much harm,
or, in some cases, moved off in a northwest direction. About the Ist of
August, the northwestern counties of this State were visited by heavy
swarms. ‘* They appeared to cross the State line from Dakota and Min-
nesota at almost exactly the same date for Emmett, Dickinson, Osceola,
Lyon, Sioux, and Plymouth Counties, and from here they swept at once
out into the counties lying eastward and a little to the south.” The
most eastern point reached was in the middle of the State, and the line
retreats westward from Story County both north and south. (Riley’s

ninth report.) ‘In summing up their coming here, I will say that from

the year 1856 there has not been a year but that swarms have been
seen passing over from the northeast, north, and northwest, but, with
the exceptions of the years when they were exceptionally abundant
(1856, 1867, 1874, and 1876), they have never deposited their eggs to any
great amount.” (Whitman.) They laid eggs at Ames. (Bessey.)
1877.—In the spring of this year the young hatched out in the follow-
ing counties: Lyon, Ida, Carroll, Greene, Sac, Hancock, Webster, Madi-
son, Guthrie, Wright, Pocahontas, Boone, Buena Vista, Winnebago,
Sioux, Woodbury, Pottawattamie, Page, Hamilton, Worth, Calhoun,
Adair, and Plymouth, but the cold wet weather killed them, and little

| destruction was done except in Pottawattamie County. (Letter from

Mr. Whitman.) There were no invasions this year from the northwest.
The first return flight reported over this State was on June 14. It
was dense and toward the north. The next day the wind way pretty

80 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

strong from the north, and the locusts were checked and ceased to fly;
but on the two following days, the wind blowing from the south again,
they continued to pass over. From this time on till the first week in
August they were leaving the State, the direction being uniformly north-
west. Assoon as they became winged, myriads flew over Webster City,
apparently going southward. At Athol, Sioux County, our correspond-
ent reports that ‘‘ after the departure of the young locusts, swarms from
the north-northeast and northwest passed over July 15, 16, 20, 27, 28,
and 31, August 1, 6, 7, 8,9, 21, and 22.” At Council Bluffs “freshswarms
passed over from the north, but did no damage and laid no eggs.” At
Des Moines, “fresh swarms came from the north and northwest in Au-
gust, but did little damage.” Locusts passed over Sac City in great
numbers during August, going south-southeast and southwest, but none
alighted. (Whitman.)

THE LOCUST IN MINNESOTA.’

Besides those years in which the region now comprised within the
State of Minnesota has been scourged in common with other States and

Territories, there are various statements, allusions, and traditions to be |

collected, which go to show that the Northwest has been repeatedly
visited by the locust in years previous or additional to those in which
such occurrences have been historically recorded. Some of these tra-
ditions are probably of no vaiue, whatever their intrinsic probability

may be. Among these are the traditions, said to be derived from the |
Indians, that the locusts had formerly taken possession of the country ©

and held it for seventeen years; also that they had, in times past, con-
Sumed the vegetation as far east as Stillwater (though this may per-

haps refer to the year 1856). Setting all these aside, the statement |

made by Capt. Jonathan Carver (in his ‘‘ Narrative” of the year 1766),
that large swarms of locusts “infest these parts and the interior colonies

and oftentimes do much mischief,” shows that such occurrences were |

repeated. It is difficult to say what regions are denoted by “these |
parts”; but his usual application of the word “ interior” is to the regions |

from the great lakes westward.

The visitations of locusts in Lord Selkirk’s Red River colony in 1818 |

can hardly be said to concern Minnesota, as but a small portion of that -
colony lay within what are now the borders of Minnesota; but it is not
improbable that the wilderness to the northwest was overrun in those —

years.

1830 and 1842.—Still further allusions may be found in the follow: |
ing extract from a letter of Rev. J. A. Gilfillan, missionary at the |

White Earth Indian agency, to the Minnesota grasshopper commis-
sion, 1875:

‘My informant, Michel Villebrun (a Missouri River half-breed, resid- _
ing at the agency, now seventy years old, whom I consider a reliable |

7 Prepared for the Commission by Mr. Allen Whitman, Assistant to the Commission.

CHRONOLOGY: MINNESOTA, 1830-1857. 81

man), went to Fort Garry forty-five years ago (1830), and saw there for
the first time quantities of grasshoppers. They thickly covered both
sides of the river for some distance back, and the river was covered with
dead ones. Twelve years after the above-mentioned date (in 1842) he
came down from Fort Garry to Saint Paul; there were then none at Fort
Garry and but few at Saint Paul, but the prairies between these two
points were full of them. He came by the way of the Minnesota River.”

Still another reference is found in a letter to the New York Tribune,
dated June 9, 1857, from Medicine Lodge, Hennepin County, Minnesota,
and signed “J. H.H.” ‘About six years ago, as I am informed bya
Frenchman who lived at Red River at that time, they (the grasshoppers)
destroyed the crops so that the infant colony did not save their seed, but
were obliged to live by hunting and fishing.”

1849.—Such statements as these it is, of course, no longer possible to
verify, but that there is nothing intrinsically impossible, or even im-
probable, about them may be seen from the following letter from Mr. J.
W. Burdick, of Willmar, Minn., an old resident in the Northwest, since
1856. As his letter refers to localities and dates about which it is now
difficult to collect or recall facts, L quote it nearly in full, giving the
different portions of it under the years to which they refer.

WILLMAR, MINN., September 29, 1877.
ALLEN WHITMAN, Esq., Saint Paul, Minn.:

Yours of September 25 is at hand. In reply I would say that I have no personal
knowledge of the grasshoppers visiting Minnesota prior to A. D.1856; but was in-
formed by Indian traders and frontiersmen that they had made their appearance in
vast numbers along the prairie regions west of the big woods about A. D. 1849, and, as
far back as any trace could be made, always making their appearance in seasons of
great drought; but as there were no cultivated lands previous to 1856 in all this vast
region, their depredations were confined to the natural herbage of the country.

The year 1855 is sometimes included among the locust years of the
State of Minnesota. I know of no other authority ® for it than the state-
ment on page 203 of the Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the
Smithsonian Institution, 1858. ‘Every Western man remembers the
visitation of grasshoppers in 1855 and 1856 in Kansas, Nebraska, and
Mennesota Territories which caused such injuries to the crops of the In-
dians.” But the press of the State for that year (1855), so far as I have
been ablé to learn, contains no allusion whatever to grasshoppers,
except in California and Utah. If there were any locust invasions in
Minnesota, all the State papers to which I have been able to have
access have totally failed to record it.

In 1856~57.—On the other hand, the State press for the summer and
autumn of 1856 is full of notices of invading swarms of locusts, while
numerous letters and replies to the circulars of the entomological com-
mission confirm the fact that it was not till 1856 that the invaders
reached at least the cultivated portions of the State, and principally the
region lying along the Upper Mississippi.

8 We may add that Col. G. W. Sweet stated to us in Bismarck that locusts arrived at harvest time in
Saint Cloud, Minnesota, in 1855. They hatched out in 1856,

6G

82 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

They reached the Chippewa Agency at Gull Lake (now in the south-
ern part of Cass County) on the 27th of July, and had arrived at Otter
- Tail Lake (Otter Tail County) several days before. Their arrival at
Sauk Rapids (Benton County) is noted ina letter to the Saint Paul
Weekly Minnesotian, and dated August 23,1856. They reached Monti-
cello (Wright County) on the 13-16 of August, and the western part
of Hennepin County in the same month. In the latter part of the
month they reached Carver County, and still later in the season ex-
tended to Saint Anthony and nearly to Saint Paul. In the following
spring the young were also found at Shakopee, Scott County, in parts of
McLeod County, and along the Upper Minnesota River, and of course
all these points also must have been visited in 1856. It is highly prob-
able that the whole region west of the big woods was swept over in
1856. The letter of Mr. Burdick, referred to above, goes on to say:

‘‘In 1856 they deposited their eggs in all the high, sandy hills, and in
what prairie was broken by the settlers, along the Crow and Minnesota
Rivers, which, owing to a very late spring in 1857, did not hatch until
the month of June, when the excessive rains seemed to destroy all the
local hatch; but about the middle of July of that year swarms came
from the west and swept everything in the shape of grain and vegeta-
bles west of the big woods, and then disappeared just as they have now, no
one knows whither.” This fact of the arrival of swarms from the west
and northwest is different from what occurred in the more easterly por-
tion of the locust region.

Resulting-swarms of 1857.—The records of the hatching swarms of 1857
are still more numerous. The hatching is reported from about the end
of May onward, and the young insects were found to be numerous in
the Upper Mississippi Valley and about Shakopee. Their vicinity to
Saint Paul is noted in the Saint Paul Advertiser (of July 4), where they
are reported on farms near Lake Como, ‘‘ thick in spots and making
their mark on vegetation.” In June, the Shakopee Advocate says:
‘¢The recent cool, wet weather has been a serious check upon the grass-
hoppers. It is said that bushels of dead grasshoppers may be seen in
masses on the prairies.” The Saint Paul Advertiser of July 4 states:
‘‘It is only in the eastern part of the Northern Mississippi Valley, in
Benton and Sherburne Counties, that they manifest a settled determi-
nation to clear out every green thing—where they appear in such masses
as to crackie beneath the feet of persons walking over the prairies.”

Toward the middle of July the notices of migrations begin, appar-
ently somewhat later than in later years.

July 17, the Saint Paul Daily Pioneer and Democrat quotes the Mon-
ticello Times in regard to migrations to the south and soutbeast. Au-
gust 1, the Sauk Rapids Frontiersman states that they have nearly all
left that vicinity. ‘For several days of last week and on Sunday they
were high in the air, like a snow-storm. They went south and south-
east; did not deposit their eggs here.”

CHRONOLOGY: MINNESOTA, 185. 83

Late in July, 1856, invading swarms came from the northwest into
the Upper Mississippi Valley, and gradually spread along the river dur-
ing the season, much the same as they had done in the past summer,
and reaching nearly the same limits. The injury was, of course, felt
most severely along the Mississippi and the cultivated region adjacent,
but the locusts are said to have appeared along the Minnesota River, in
the Yellow Medicine country, and at various points in the northwestern
part of the State. Itis probable that the northwestern part of the State
was swept over by migrating swarms during the summer, much the
same as in the present year. But few traces of these were seen the
following year, except along the Upper Mississippi, where the damage
was even greater than the year before. A general flight took place in
July, and the direction of the departure was to the south and south-

' west generally, and was, perhaps, the occasion of the injury done in

Iowa that year.

The southward movements of the departing swarms may be inferred
from the following statement in the Saint Paul Advertiser, August 1:
“The last number of the Faribault Herald announces their arrival in
that section in swarms. They arrived last week and pounced upon every
green thing, threatening destruction to ripening crops.” The Saint
Peter Free Press says of the grasshoppers: “This pest has arrived at
last, and, we are sorry to add, is really doing much harm. from ail
accounts they are much worse back in the country than here. * * *
We are glad to state, however, that they appear to be leaving, passing
to the east and southward.”

At Mankato the grasshoppers made their appearance in considerable
numbers, but did not do any very serious injury.

Mr. Joseph Flanders, now of Mandelia, relates arriving at the Win-
nebago Agency, about twelve miles from Mankato, on the 9th of Au-
gust, 1857, and meeting grasshoppers, ‘‘ noving southeasterly, and many
of them flying so low that it was with great difficulty we could continue
our journey.”

I ought to have included above the resemblances of the spring of the
years 1856-57 to that of 1876~77.

1856.—The Saint Paul Weekly Times of July 12, 1856, says: ‘“‘ We
regret to learn that the crops are suffering for want of rain, particularly
oats and wheat. The shower yesterday will benefit them, but much
more rain is needed to prevent a meager harvest.” August 2, 1856:
‘* The oat crop, owing to the June drought, will not yield as plentiful as
in former seasons, although a very fair crop may be expected.” Mr. M.
M. Kellogg, of Saint Paul, who has kept a record of the weather for
many years, writes: “ From 1837 to 1862, a period of twenty-five years,
there was but one drought in Minnesota, and that was in 1856. The
drought in this year was not seriously felt, for the little rain that fell
was tolerably well distributed through the sammer months, and indeed
the drought seems to have been local and to a considerable extent lim-
ited in its range.”

84 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The letter of J. W. Burdick describes the character of the spring in
1857. Also, the letter of J. H. H., above referred to, says: ‘One of my
neighbors, who by the way is a pious Catholic, says that the Almighty
has tried all the usual means of destruction this spring without effect,
viz, cold, backward and wet spring, late and severe frosts, and frequent
thunder showers.”

1863~77.—No extensive depredations by the locusts in Minnesota
are heard of between 1857 and 1864. It has been common to name the
years 1864 and 1865 as the only “locust years” between 1857 and 1873.
It will perhaps surprise some of our own residents to learn that from
1863 to 1877 there has been hardly a year in which the locusts have not
made themselves noticeable within our borders, but principally in the
Red River Valley when not heard of elsewhere. In 1866 there was a
slight visitation in Kundiyohi County and at or near Redwood Falls.
in many of these years invasions in full ferce occurred in States farther
southward, and the presence of the locusts here was hardly felt in a
country little cultivated or barely inhabited. But it is not difficult to
collect, in addition to what is already well enough known, statements to
show that Minnesota has lain for the last fifteen years too dangerously
near to the breeding ground of the locusts, although their visits, in many
cases barely reaching beyond the State line, could hardly be called in-
vasions. .

Even in 1863 swarms were seen flying as far east as Pomme de Terre
River, and Mr. Burdick states that in that year, “In the fall, about the
first of November, I was through the country and saw several scouts
who informed me that they had seen the hoppers quite thick between
here (Willmar) and Kelley’s Point (a station in the south part of
Meeker County), and also west of here; this must have been late in
August or the first of September.” All these must have been portions
of the swarms which that summer left the marks of their ravages in
Dakota, but a few days march to the northwest of Big Stone Lake, where
the traces of them were found by General Sibley’s expedition. That they
also appeared in the Red River Valley, in this and the following years,
is shown by the following statement, in reply to the circular No. 1 of the
United States Entomological Commission, received from Mr. Robert
Probstfield, ‘‘the oldest inhabitant” in the neighborhood of Moorhead,
giving the years when locusts had appeared there. ‘‘In 1863, 1864, 1865
(in 1865 very little damage done; not numerous), 1866, 1867, 1869 (in
a few localities bad, in others less, in a few none), in 1870, 1871, bad, 187-
bad, 1873, 1874, 1875,1876. There are more or less grasshoppers here every
year, beginning with 1863, when they came from the southwest early in
May, about the 15th or 16th. Icame here in April, 1859, there were no
grasshoppers here in 1859, 1860, 1861, or 1862.” That eggs were Jaid here
in 1863 is shown by his additional statement: ‘In 1864, the hoppers
grew here; there was no grass to speak of, even the whole timber had a
wintry appearance in summer, the leaves being eaten and only the leat-

CHRONOLOGY: MINNESOTA, 1863. 85

skeleton left.” Compare with this the statement of Geo. Emmerling,
of Walhalla, Dakota, “‘We have had them every year, from 1863 to 1875 ;
they came one year and left us the next, when the young had acquired
wings, and so they came and went all the time.”

Again, in 1864 swarms appeared early in July, along the Upper Min-
nosota River, and spread eastward gradually during the season, and
reached about as far east as in 1874, i.e. to the third tier of towns in
Le Sueur County. Scattering swarms also visited Manitoba in the same
year, and probably some portions of these reached Northwestern Min-
nesota, for we hear of slight appearances of them in the Red River and
the Sauk Valleys in 1864 and 1865. But the greater portion of the in-
jury was done in the Minnesota Valley, and was followed by a general
departure to the southwest in 1865. The injury in Colorado also was
very severe in the same years, but there seems to have been no large

“movement to the eastward, such as occurred later, in 1866 and 1867.

It seems very likely that the swarms which entered Minnesota in 1864
were hatched at no great distance, and were the offspring of swarms
that had alighted in Eastern Dakota in the preceding year. This may
perhaps be inferred from the following letter of the Rev. 8S. kh. Riggs,
missionary at the Sisseton Indian agency, dated September 9, 1875:

“Tn 1863, it will be remembered, that on General Sibley’s expedition to the Missouri
we met with the ravages of the grasshoppers in various parts of Dakota, particularly,
as I remember, near Skunk Lake (in Minnehaha County), where the large grass had
been eaten to the bare stalks, and our animals fared badly.

*«In 1865, I visited a camp of Dakota scouts, near the ‘ Hole in the Mountain,’ at the
head of the Redwood. That was in the month of August. The valley of the Minne-
sota clear out to the Coteau wasso full of grasshoppers as to make it unpleasant trav-
eling. For the next four years I traveled every summer on the Missouri River, com-
ing over to and from Minnesota. Every season I met with grasshoppers at some point
on the east side of the Missouri. In 1367, and also in 1868, we found them near Fort
Randall. In 1869, in August, we met them above Fort Sully, near Grand River. In
all these cases they were only in small battalions, and appeared to have come there
from other parts.”

“The invasions of 1871 and 1872 were very scattering, and almost entirely harmless.
‘In 1871 they came across the Union River southwest of here, dropping in Pope and
Stevens counties (they appeared in several others too), doing some damage, but leav-
ing no eggs save on sandy soil. I do not think their track was more than ten miles
wide. In the following spring, 1872, their destruction of crops was total when hatched
—perhaps twenty-five or thirty farms twelve miles west of here were cleaned out.
They also hatched in considerable numbers between here and Melrose, but left before
doing much damage. These came from the southwest and returned.’ (J. M. McMas-
ters, M. D.) But they were severe in parts of Becker and Clay counties, as may be
inferred from the Detroit (Becker County) Record of August 3, 1872.” Last week the
great herd of grasshoppers which hatched in and devastated the country north and
west of us, came upon this country by gradual approaches, at times greatly increased
in numbers by a gentle breeze. They did no particular damage to crops until Satur-
day, July 27 last, when they took hold as if laying in rations for a four days’ march.
On Sunday afternoon (July 28), the intense heat of the morning was relieved bya fresh
breeze from the northwest. As if by a preconcerted signal every individual grasshop-
per just got up and shook the dust of Detroit from his feet. * * * The wind did
not blow steadily, and they in consequence, wandering and hovering about, settled
down for the night. On the following day a steady wind blew from the same quarter
as on Sunday, which took them steadily to the southwest and high in the air. ‘Those
who witnessed the flight will never forget it; looking toward the sun they seemed
like drifting snow from 100 to 500 feet upward. * * * Nota grasshopper remains
and they have left no eggs behind.’

1873.—The invasion of this year was something unusual in its charac-
ter from the earliness of its arrival ; the direction from which it came,

56 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOQLOGICAL COMMISSION.

and from the fact that it was the beginning of a visitation which has
been prolonged to the present time by what, judging from former years,
would appear to be unusual circumstances. Each summer since 1873,
instead of being the scene of a general departure of the hatching swarms
as in former years, has seen portions of those swarms alighting but a
few miles from where they were hatched (generally in the next range of
counties, and sometimes in other parts of the same county), and depos-
iting their eggs for another brood. They not only appeared in the south-
western counties, but were flying over Detroit in July, 1873, and large
numbers of them fell into Otter Tail Lake, and they left eggs on the
Sisseton Agency reservation. The Red River Star (Moorhead) of June
28, says: ‘Grasshoppers are making their appearance on the Dakota
division of the Northern Pacific Railroad”; but there is no further allu-
sion in the Star.

1874~’77.—New swarms coming in from the nortawest in 1874 and
1876 have added greatly to the area of devastation in both these years,
and in the latter year to the area of the egg deposit; but fortunately the
heavy rains so diminished the numbers of those that did hatch, that
the State suffered in 1877 far less than was apprehended. I am satisfied
now that in 1875 there was an invasion somewhere, and that the eggs
laid in 1875, as well as in 1874 and 1876, were laid in part by “outsiders.”
No foreign swarms are known to have flown into Minnesota in 1877; the
flight being all out of the State into Dakota, and consisting of the young
brood hatched from eggs laid in 1876.

1877.—In Minnesota the young hatched in forty-two or more counties
lying mainly in the southwestern quarter of the State, the area, however,
not reaching the southwest corner of the State, but in a large number of
these so few and so scattering that, owing to a season unusually favor-
able for the growth of wheat, their presence was hardly noticeable. In
the central part of the egg-area they hatched in excessive numbers. A
portion of the eggs were destroyed by parasites and otherwise during
the fall and spring, or at least failed to hatch. Some portion of the
young may have been destroyed by cold weather and rains in the latter
part of April, but at the time the hatching had hardly begun. During
the months of May and June, an unusual amount of rain-fall, well dis-
tributed through those months, delayed and in some measure prevented
hatching, while owing to the large number of cool, cloudy, or rainy days,
’ on which the locusts were averse to eating, the wheat attained a strong
and luxuriant growth, which became every day less capable of being
injured. The injury at this time in parts of Minnesota and Northern
Towa was considerable, but the farmers and citizens were battling man-
fully with their little foes. For a time the prospect in this State was
somewhat gloomy, but the encouragement held out by the statement of
the commission that this year would in all probability end the present
invasion, and the favorable weather, together with the substantial aid
and encouragement of the governor and the business men of the cities
and towns and railroad companies, induced the farmers to fight the bat-

CHRONOLOGY :. MINNESOTA, 1877. 87

tle through. In spite of all this, the locusts were so numerous in some
counties as to destroy the larger part of the wheat crop, and some eigh-
teen counties in all have more or less loss to report. It is certain that
we have never seen of late years anything so nearly like total destruc-
tion as that which occurred in two counties last spring®; it may be that
we have never in any other year had so many bushels of grain destroyed
by locusts; but it is certain that in spite of all this, we have never raised
so large a wheat crop as in 1877.

After the locusts attained their wings, the first flight noticed occurred
on June 15, 16, and 17, passing due north over Rock, Nobles, Murray,
and Lyon Counties. ‘The locusts that hatched in the State commenced
to rise during the last week of June, but the principal rising occurred
from the 1st to the 7th of July, and during this time the insects uni-
formly flew to the northwest. From this time on, till early in August,
the wind was quite changeable, and the insects appeared to beat about,

sometimes going northwest, and at others retracing their ccurse and

going southeast and south. Towards the middle of August the winds
became more constant from the northwest, and the direction of flight
more constant south and southeast.” (Riley.)

‘The insects that rose after the first week in July (mostly from re-
stricted parts of Minnesota and Dakota) were in many cases borne
southwardly and passed over Iowa and Kansas; but up to August 15,
did no particular damage. The movements of the insects that bred in
Minnesota this year were very similar to the movements of those that
bred there in 1876. They at first left to the northwest, but were subse-
quently brought back and traveled over parts of Iowa, Nebraska, and
Kansas. The difference between the two years is, that the flights that
thus turned back on their original course in 1876 were recruited and fol-
lowed by immense and fresh swarms from the northwest plains regions,
where, far beyond the boundary line, they hatched and bred innumera-
bly; whereas the Minnesota swarms of 1877 have not been recruited,
because there were few eggs laid in 1876 and no insects of any conse-
quence reared in 1877 in said northwest country.” (Riley.)

° The counties ravaged to a greater or less degree by the locusts in 1877, with their wheat acreage, is
as follows, according to Hon. T. M. Metcalf, Commissioner of Statistics for Minnesota:

Counties. Acres. Countios. Acrea.
(RAPRTAT YOY oc eee cle niet Sai aria ls wins BCE OE UL0 Ge EES ECR ME Ses rel scchiceao benaae 6, £68
Chipvews-ooso apm oe = Soomoniccntouoe- He OBES Mea) eae Saeoap oS eoa score oecmee core 19, 924
UT ee ee eee eer Coser hore aoe LON IS) ae seBee cman Gaderer ace sek este 8, 799
SO Ge ne ope Pra ee 8 eer a es BSNQO4T HE MCILeOd: ch atick em tec eebieten et an ee eee oe. 20, 315
LL epee op eS ee eae GpLoL MERON? b= 4226 tat ene see a ade tes 32, 786
2) Ree a eae Baer 18) 2U8)i|) Yellow, Medicine: c. be sera. ca aes 2 2 12, 700
Da ie Secor, Cy al ea 19/266; | BROW Mb. o-'.ns3a2 Meera aces eel abe ol | 14, 215
Sn Ako npeSaneIBE 58s oe che eA cessor LSFILS MW ISO WOUUs caceaie cement cease See cls sea 6 6, 803
1G) 21 11 a a ee be 2s ee eee 30, 711 |} Pw
RMR act) oo 2 ae race slp Man ae rete een ae 8, 106 Total, 1S counties!) s= 550 ce2scs'- eas 51: 337, 188

88 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

THE LOCUST IN DAKOTA.

1853.—The first notice of locusts in Dakota is to be found in Governor
Stevens’s narrative of 1853 (Pacific R. R. Explorations, vol. xii, part 1, p.
58). He was camped on the Cheyenne River near Fort Totten, and re-
marks: “The grass at the best is very poor, and the great abundance
of grasshoppers has made sad havoe with what had grown here.”

Although Dakota was probably overrun by swarms which invaded
Minnesota from the northwest in the year 1856, yet, as no mention has
been made of the fact, we will not further mention it here.

1863.—‘‘In 1863 it will be remembered that on General Sibley’s ex-
pedition to the Missouri, we met with the ravages of the grasshoppers in
various parts of Dakota, particularly, as I remember, near Skunk Lake
(in Minnehaha County), where the large grass had been eaten to the
bare stalks, and our animals fared badly.” (S. R. Riggs in Whitman’s
Report on the Locust.) Mr. Whitman thinks they were probably the
parents of those which invaded Minnesota in 1864. At Walhalla, Pem-
bina County, they have occurred “ every year from 1863 to 1875.” (G.
Emmerling.)

1864.—‘‘ We have had them every year from 1863 to1875. They came
one year and left us the next, when the young had acquired wings, and
so they came and went all the time.” (G. Emmerling, Walhalla, Pem-
berton County.)

‘¢ Last year [1864] about five days’ march from the Yellowstone, we met
the army of grasshoppers on their way east. After that I suffered greatly
for grass and many of my animals died. The grasshoppers made a gen-
eral clearing out down to this place, and then disappeared.” (Extract
from letter of General Sully, in Saint Paul Press, June 21, 1868.)

1865~69.—* In 1865 I visited a camp of Dakota scouts, near the * Hole
in the Mountain,’ at the head of the Redwood. That was in the month
of August. The valley of the Minnesota, clear out to the Coteau, was so
full of grasshoppers as to make it unpleasant traveling. For the next
four years, I traveled every summer on the Missouri River, coming over
to and from Minnesota; every season I met with grasshoppers at some
point on the east side of the Missouri. In 1867, and also in 1868, we
found them near Fort Randall. In 1869, in August, we met them above
Fort Sully, near Grand River. In all the cases they were only in small
battallions, and appeared to have come there from other parts.” (S.
R. Riggs in Whitman’s Report.)

Mr. J. P. Tuller states that late in July, 1868, he observed immense
numbers of locusts at Devil’s Lake, near Fort Totten, where their bodies
formed rows from four to six feet long and two or three feet wide. They
caused such a stench that there resulted forty-two cases of bilious fever
among the inhabitants. No mention is made of this fact in ‘“‘ Reports on
Barracks and Hospitals” of the Surgeon-General’s Office for 1870, though
it is stated that a “ post-garden was attempted last year, but the grass-
hoppe:s destroyed the crop.” This probably refers to the year 1868.

CHRONOLOGY: DAKOTA, 187(-1874. 3g

The presence of destructive locusts is referred to in descriptions of the
other forts, but the years in which they occurred are not stated.

1870.—A great swarm of locusts made a descent on the prairies in a
portion of Brookings County. (G. 8S. Codington.)

1871.—A swarm arrived at Berthold July 16, 1871.

1872.—Liberty and Hutchinson Counties, late Union County, were
visited by locusts late in August this year. Locusts occurred in Pem-
bina County during 1871 ard 1872, according to Mr. Emmerling.

1873.—In June a smali number of locusts came from the westward and
alighted near Sisseton Agency and deposited eggs, ‘‘ from which came, in
the spring of 1874, an innumerable multitude.” (Rev. S. kh. Riggs.)

In Union County a cloud of locusts was observed by Mr. Codington,
who adds that ** Locusts this year did great damage over a considerable
portion of Southeastern Dakota, as far northward as in Minnehaha
County. In October I rode across the country from Canton, in Lincoln
County, to Vermillion, in Clay County, and observed a large number of
fields that had not been harvested because the locusts had destroyed
the grain.” Mr. J. J. Donnelly tells us that in the latter part of July or
early in August, 1873, he saw a swarm of locusts flying in the direction
of Fort Garry from the headwaters of James River. A lake was filled
with their bodies, making the water so putrid that he had to drive the
cattle thirty-five miles to get good water for them. Locusts appeared,
we were told, at Strawberry Island, 140 miles east of Fort Buford, in
1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, but there were none in 1877. Col. W. Thompson
informs us that locusts appeared at Fort Rice (now Fort A. Lincoln) in
1873, 1874, 1875, and 1876, but none hatched in 1877. The more settled
portions of the Territory were also visited this year. Dr. Elliott Coues,
U.S. A., naturalist to the Northern Boundary Commission, writes me
that in 1873 he observed swarms of locusts on Mouse River, in Northern
Dakota.

1874.—This was also a locust year in Dakota, although there are no
records at hand giving particulars as to invasions. In Capt. W. Lud-
low’s report of a reconnaissance of the Black Hills of Dakota, in the
summer of 1874, if is stated that grasshoppers were observed at Fort
Lincoln in June; July 10, immense numbers were seen on the North
Fork of Grand River; July 30, grasshoppers appeared at a point eight
or nine miles from Harney’s Peak, and were seen August 7 in the creek
valleys of the hills.

At the Sisseton agency locusts “ destroyed all the gardens and wheat-
fields in a circle of five miles about the agency.” (Rev. S. R. Riggs.)

Mr. Codington writes that 1874 ‘“‘ was the year of most marked devas-
tation.” In Brookings County they appeared July 17, ‘‘coming down
like a thick snow-storm,” and left the 19th; but swarms continued to
fly overhead, and desc2nding again the last day of July in greater num-
bers than before, eating everything green; the devastation extended
through nearly all the southeastern counties of Dakota. The poverty

90 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

and suffering were by no means mythical, as some have seemed to be-
lieve.

1875.—During this year immense swarms appeared in Dakota. At
Bismarck they appeared June 6 until July 15, inflicting great damage
on all crops except potatoes. At Yankton and Fort Sully they were
abundant and destructive. The weather-signal observer at Fort Sully
reports large flights June 23, passing over during the morning, going
north and northwest at an estimated elevation of about fifty feet to as
high as they were visible with field-glasses, possibly a mile; none alight-
ing. This swarm, as near as could be ascertained by telegraph at the
time, came from the Minnesota infested region, along the line of the
Sioux City and Saint Paul Railroad, in a continuous cloud, probably
1,000 miles long from east to west and 500 miles from north to south.
How much farther north of this post unascertained and not conjectured.
(Riley’s Eighth Report.)

Lieut. L. C. Hunt writes from Fort Totten as follows: ‘In the summer
of 1875, grasshoppers hatched in the vicinity of the post took wing in
June, and left in the beginning of July.” (Whitman’s Report, p. 18.)
‘This year [1875] they have passed over this part of the country, going
in a southeasterly direction. One day they lit down in considerable
numbers and there is reason to fear that they deposited their eggs,”
(Rev. S. R. Riggs, Sisseton agency). They did, and a few were hatched
there in 1876, writes Mr. Whitman. At Grand Forks the locusts came
from the north on or about the 10th of July, and, after remaining three
days, arose and flew southeast. (Hector Bruce.) Merrick Moore writes
from Jamestown: ‘*Grasshoppers hatched in this county in the year
1875, and the country north and northwest of this place for a long dis-
tance was alive with young hoppers. Those hatched here took flight
about the 10th day of July, taking a southwesterly direction. Other
swarms from the northwest passed over this place high up, bearing a
south course. I cannot recall the dates, but they were from about the
20th of July till late in August. Immense swarms appeared, came into
Brookings County from Minnesota (Redwood Falls) July 28, on the 30th
were seen to be copulating, and August 1 and 2 deposited eggs. It was
found that partial destruction had extended down the valley of the Big ©
Sioux River, but nowhere except in the south part of Brookings County
had the eggs been deposited. The region of the ovipositing extended ©
eastward into Minnesota.” No further trouble from locusts was ex-
perienced in 1875. (Codington; see also Appendix).

1876.—This was also a bad year for Dakota. The young hatched out
in the northern and eastern portion of the Territory (Bismarck, Pem-
bina), and flying swarms in July and August, and September 1 and 2, were
observed at Bismarck, Pembina, Yankton, and Fort Sully, as well as at
the following towns: Buffalo, Clay, Hanson, Minnehaha, Richland, and
Stutsman. (Monthly Rep. Dep. Ag. 1876.) Whitman states that the
young hatched in two eastern counties.of Dakota and along the Red

CHRONOLOGY: DAKOTA, 1877. om

River. Tn the Little Missouri Valley, on the border of Montana, millions
of unfledged locusts were observed May 29. (Whitman’s Rep., p. 17.)
Along the Northern Pacific Railroad, from Bismarck to Fargo, large
swarms were noticed. At Fort Totten some hatched in 1876; swarms
visited the region in July, but laid no eggs, and did littledamage. Most
of the swarms observed in the eastern counties seemed to have come
from the northwest, no locusts having this season bred on the James
River. The last of July Southeastern Dakota was overrun by locusts,
and, on an average, half a crop was saved. (Ccodington. )

Capt. W. R. Massie, of the Missouri River steamer Red Cloud, informed
us, from personal] observations, that locusts “hatched out all the way
between Bismarck and the Black Hills” in June, 1876. Locusts were
observed at Strawberry Island, 140 miles east of Fort Buford, flying at
the end of June or early in July, 1876. (S.S. Hughes.)

Extract from letter of Dr. Charles E. McChesney, Fort Sisseton, to

Mr. Whitman: “I believe locusts hatched to a very large extent in the

valley of the James River in 1876, as I know they did on the Coteau and
just off the lowlands for ten miles to the west of this post, which was as
far as I visited in that direction last year.” ‘Locusts came here to-day
in immense numbers from the northwest.” (Yankton: Professor Aughey.)

1877.—Scattered bands of locusts were observed June 21 at Bismarck,
and were observed until August 11. (U.S. Weath. Signal Office), which
came from the southeast, and were observed as far east as Jamestown,
June 18-20. Little or no damage was done this year so far as heard
from.

‘Locusts hatched in this vicinity in considerable numbers, but did
but little destruction.” (Dr. McChesney, Sisseton agency.) Rev. 5S. R.
Riggs writes, September 28, 1877, from Sisseton agency, as follows:
“While I was on the Missouri River, near Fort Sully, there was an
alighting of hoppers about the 10th of this month. They came on the
west wind. For several days they were flying, but not in great num-
bers. They came down and seemed to increase from day to day for
several days, until they were very abundant, but, as it was, did but little
hurt. On the way over, as we came eastward, we found them on the
Missouri Coteau, somewhat annoying in traveling, but in no large num-
bers anywhere.”

At Fort Totten a few locusts were seen in July three or four times.
‘No eggs have been left in this immediate vicinity.” (Capt. A. A.
Harbach.) None were seen withia seventy-five miles of Lower Brule
agency.

At Fort Sully, Capt. Leslie Smith, United States Army, reports, un-
der date of October 6, that “no locusts were discovered as having hatched
in this vicinity. Swarms were first seen flying north on the 22d of June,
and they continued to fly in a northerly direction in immense clouds
until about the 10th of July, when they stopped flying past here. None
of the swarms alighted. Grasshoppers have been quite numerous along

92 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the river bottom in this vicinity during the past month, but I am of the
opinion that they have been driven in here by prairie-fires that have
burned the country for many miles around this post. I observe them
copulating quite extensively up to the present date. We had quite a
severe frost on the night of the 2d and 3d instant, making ice half an
inch thick, since which time some of them have disappeared. I think
they have sought shelter in the long grass and weeds. They seemed
very ravenous, eating up everything green, and even the small potatoes
left on the ground ungathered. I have just this day, for the first time,
discovered some few of them depositing their eggs, but I do not think
any danger may be apprehended next summer from the small number
in this vicinity.” |

Mr. Whitman reports that very few hatched in Armstrong County,
and some died; in Bramble County, May 18, no locusts or eggs were
- observed; at Scotland, Hutchinson County, eggs were reported within
eighteen miles. ‘ New settlers from Yankton to Lake Kampeska, Deuel
County, did not seea single grasshopper; there are none in this county.
At Grand Forks, “no grasshoppers in this section this year. A few
passed over at different times during the month of July, but none lit.
No eggs here.” In Southeastern Dakota the injury was sporadic and
slight, as reported by Mr. Codington.

THE LOCUST IN MONTANA.

1861.—Mr. P. W. Macadow tells us that he observed locusts in Silver

Valley, on the Prickly Pear Creek,in large swarms, about the middle |
of July, 1861. He thinks they hatched out there. They also occurred |

in this year at Bozeman.

1862.—In August of this year, Mr. J. D. McCammon, tells us that |
locusts deposited their eggs in the region between Forts Benton and |
Shaw, and east of south a little beyond Fort Shaw, but they did not |
hatch out in the spring of 1863. The winter was very mild, there was |
no snow, and the roads were dusty. In January, 1863, there were very |
heavy warm rains, and he thinks the eggs were destroyed by the un- —

usually mild weather.

In July, 1862, above the Vermillion Hills, they came from the north- |

west in great numbers. (James H. Harkness.)

In August, 1862, Mr. James Gomley tells us he observed locusts, in ,

myriads, between Sun River and Fort Benton, flying in a southerly
direction toward the Sun River from Fort Benton. They ate up the
tall grass so that there was none left for the cattle.

In 1862 large numbers of grasshoppers were observed on Grasshopper

Creek, near Bannock City. (James Stuart, contributions of the Hist. |

Soc. of Montana.)

1863.—Young locusts in great abundance were observed on the—

Yellowstone River, near where Bear River empties into it, April 26,
1863. (Stuart, Hist. Soc. Montana.) Mr. J.J. Healy states that he saw

CHRONOLOGY: MONTANA, 1864-1871. 93

in Prickley Pear Caiion, in 1863, flying from the east ; they were very
destructive to the foliage of trees, &c.

1864.—The locust years at Canton, Meagher County, were 1864, 1865,
1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1875. In 1876 no
winged locust, plenty of young; and 1877. (W. J. Tierny.) Locusts,
then, have appeared at this point for fourteen consecutive years.

1865.—Dr. Lamme, of Bozeman, told me that in 1865 the locusts came
to Bozeman late in the season from the northeast, and laid eggs which
hatched in 1866. Mr. B. Kline also states that the locusts occurred at
Bozeman in 1865 and 1866. At Beartown, thirty miles west of Deer
Lodge, locusts came in 1865 in a thick swarm from the northeast. Mr.
J. J. Healy, who lives in the Sun River settlement, informed us that
locusts came into that valley in July and August, 1865, and laid eggs
which hatched out in 1866.

' 1866.—Mr. George McCullum states that in the Upper Missouri Valley,

near Crow Creek, locusts appeared in 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869 (this was
the worst year), 1870, 1871, and 1872. None were seen in 1873; but they
appeared again in 1874 and 1875 (this was one of the worst locust
years), and in 1876 half of the crop was lost. Locusts were abundant
and destructive at Bozeman in 1866. (P. W. Macadow.) In the spring
they eat up the wheat in the Prickley Pear Valley, south of Helena.

Mr. Chauncey Barbour, editor of the Missoulian, stated to me that in
1866 locusts came into Bitter Root Valley, at Missoula, from the north
and northeast and south, from British America, down the Flathead
River and over the Main Divide in August, and the eggs laid by them
hatched in 1867, and the young were very destructive. None were after-
ward seen from 1868 to 1874 in Missoula, or to the north or west, until
1875. At Fort Benton they abounded in 1866 and 1867; there were
but few in 1868 and 1869. At Hamilton, Gallatin County, no eggs were
deposited in 1866, within one hundred miles east or west, north or south,
from that locality. (John Potter.) But young hatched out this year
in abundance.

Mr. Granville Stuart, of Helena, informs us that he went to Montana
in 1857, but he saw no locusts till 1866, when they appeared in dense
Swarms of unknown extent. They have hatched out in different locali-
ties ever since, but not in the same place. The locust years at Deer
Lodge were 1866, 1869, 1872, 1874, 1875, 1876. This information extends
up to the spring of 1877.

1867-18638.—Locusts arrived in the Sun River region in 1867 and 1868,
always coming from the northeast and east, and departing in a westerly
and southwesterly direction. (J. J. Healy.)

1869.—Mr. RB. M. Goin, of Sterling, observed locusts at this locality
in 1869, and also in 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876.

1870.—We were told by a person in Bozeman that locusts were seen in
masses on the snow-banks on the Yellowstone Mountains.

1871.—At Fort Benton locusts occurred in abundance in 1871, 1872,

94 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

1873, 1875, and 1876, doing the most damage in 1875. (James M. Ar- |

noux.)

1872.—Locusts hatched out at Fort Benton in 1872. None were, how-

seen seen at Fort Shaw in June, 1872.

1873.—A swarm of locusts was observed July 10, 1873, in the valley |
of Davis Creek, in the Yellowstone bad lands, by Messrs. W. F. Phelps |

and J. A. Allen, as we learn from the former.

1873.—W. Clark states that in this year locusts occurred from Fort
Buford westward and up the Yellowstone River. Mr. B. Klein observed |
a very few locusts in Bozeman in 1873. Mr. J. J. Healy states that lo- ©
custs came into theSan River Valley in 1873 and laideggs, which hatched f
out in 1874; swarms came in 1875, which hatched out in 1876; the young |
on being winged must have departed in 1876, this region being free ~

from then in June, 1877. At Fort Benton, locusts have abounded from
1873 to 1876. At Fort Shaw, 1873, 1874, 1875 were locust years. In
1875 they were most destructive. At Upper Missouri Valley, near Dia-
mond City, the locust years were 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877.
1874.—B. Klein, of Bozeman, states that locusts occurred abundantly
in that settlement in 1874, 1875, 1876. Extensive swarms of locusts

were seen at Fort Shaw in August, 1874, by Lieut. C. A. Booth, United. |

States Army. Noeggs were laid inthis year at Fort Benton. (R. A.
Miller.)

1875.—Dr. James Shaw, post-surgeon at Fort Ellis, states that locusts
migrated there in 1875 and 1876. John Potter also states that dense
clouds of locusts appeared at Hamilton July 4, 1875, and laid eggs, hatch-
ing out the following year from April 4 to 24. Locusts were abundant at
Virginia City July, 1875. (United States weather-signal office.) They
also devastated the plains west of Fort Benton, swarms darkening the
sun at San River.

1876.—Locusts were abundant, though not flying in swarms, in the
Summer of 1876 along the Yellowstone River. (Lieut. C. A. Booth.)

They were observed to be thick on the ground, it being rainy, in July, |

1876, at the mouth of the Rosebud River, and for five miles up the ©

stream, by Mr. William Cody, a scout attached to General Custer’s expe- |

dition. ‘* Officers who passed over the country between the Little Mis-

souri and the Yellowstone Rivers during the spring state that at va- |

rious points in that region young locusts were found in immense numbers.
Shortly before the 23d of July migrating swarms of locusts appeared in
the vicinity of General Crook’s camp ; myriads of grasshoppers filled the
air, appearing like an immense drifting snow-storm, tending toward
the southeast.” (Whitman’s Report, p. 17.) Locusts hatched in May
at Fort Peck; June 20, swarms arrived from the east. (Hughes.)
Locusts hatched near Helena this year. (James Fergus.) At Hamil-
ton no eggs were deposited in 1876, consequently none hatched in 1877.
(John Potter.) General John Gibbon, United States Army, writes us
that the locusts which visited Fort Shaw in the summer of 1876 “came

CHRONOLOGY : MONTANA, 1877. 95

from the southeast, as we heard of them at Camp Baker, eighty or ninety
miles southeast of here, before they got here, but they do not appear
to have migrated from here at all.”

1877.—Locusts hatched out on the north banks of the Yellowstone
River from Froze-to-death Creek to Clark’s Fork, an area of 100 miles in
length. General Brisbin stated to me that young locusts were observed
by a party of officers eighteen miles east of Fort Ellis. According to
James M. Arnoux, young locusts hatched out in the spring on the Marias
River, near the Badger River trading-post (about longitude 113° 16’), but
were killed by the heavy rains, &c.

The first swarms seen flying in the Territory were return flights from
the east seen at Fort Peck by Mr. 8. 8S. Hughes, acting Indian agent at
Wolf Point, whostates that ‘ large swarms like masses of clouds arrived
June 18, from a point due east ; some were seen on the21ston the ground,
having either dropped by the way or been forced back by the west
wind, but were hatched in the vicinity of Fort Peck or Wolf Point this
spring.”

O.C. Mortson reports locusts as hatching out at Benton, but the young
were killed by the wet weather. ‘‘ Ninety miles south of Fort Benton
they were in large numbers, coming from the east,” August 4, 1877.
August 13 and 14, moderate swarms arrived larger ones appeared one
hundred miles south.

W. OC. Gillett reports July 15, 1877, that no locusts were at Helena
at that date, ‘“‘but in the eastern portion of the Territory they report
some as coming.”

R. N. Sutherlin reports that no eggs were laid in the Missouri Valley,
about Diamond City, in 1876; that swarms came July 24, 1877, into the
valleys of the Madison, Gallatin, Missouri, Crow Creek, Jefferson, and
Sun River, and an immense amount of eggs were deposited about the
10th of August. There was no damage to crops in Deer Lodge and Mis-
soula Counties, and no eggs were deposited there.

Dr. 8. S. Turuer writes from Fort Peck, June 30, that the locusts are
“numerous here at present; have been copulating for several days.
They were hatched here before my arrival.”

In passing through Montana, from Franklin to Fort Benton, in June,
no young were observed or heard of, and the inference to be drawn is
that few eggs were deposited in the previous summer in Central Mon-
tana, except in the Bitter-Root Valley. Eggs must have been deposited
numerously along the Yellowstone and its tributaries to afford the supply
of locusts that, in July, 1877, swarmed in Central Montana.

Mr. G. W. Norris, superintendent of the Yellowstone National Park,
writes us (under date of February, 1878,) that, in passing up from Bis-
marck to the Yellowstone Park, he saw locusts, “the first of the season,”
_| on Custer’s battle-field, July 5. ‘Their line of flight was a little south of
;| west,as I passed out of it at the month of the Big Horn, and again
j || entered it at Pompey’s Pillar, July 12, and continued in it, but reaching

96 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

its front at the mouth of Shield’s River, the 17th. I then left themin |
a strong west wind, steering up Shield’s River, and also through Boze- |
man’s Pass to the Gallatin Valley, while I passed through the gate of the
mountains to Bottler’s Park, which, with the National Park, they did not
enter, nor have they but once, viz, in 1875, since 1868. From July
22-24, I saw them numerous and destructive in the Gallatin Valley,
where it was estimated that they destroyed at least one-third of the gar-
dens, oats, and barley, but much less of other products. They soon after
scattered and strangely vanished, laying few eggs, nor did I learn of any
being deposited anywhere upon my return down the Yellowstone and
Missouri to Bismarck, and along the Northern Pacific Railroad to Du-
luth, and hence think there is little prospect of damage from them this

year.”
THE LOCUST IN IDAHO.

It may be regarded as a general rule that when Northern Utah is ©
visited by locusts, they have mainly come from the Snake River Valley
in EKastern Idaho. Facts regarding the history of the locust in this
Territory are very scanty, and additional data are extremely desirable.

Mr. W.N. Byers gives us the first published information on this point.
He says: ‘‘In 1852, I first observed the insect in question in the valley |
of the South Fork of the Columbia River, not far from Fort Hall. A |
swarm lasting two or three days passed over from west-southwest,
moving with the wind, at times darkening the sun, covering houses,
cattle, and wagons, against which they were driven. The Digger and
Snake Indians were gathering them for food.” (Hayden’s U.S. Geologi-
cal Survey, Wyoming, for 1870.) Mr. J. K. Lum tells us that late in |
July or early in August, 1852, he saw locusts in the Bear River Valley, |
and westward near Fort Hall (at Portneuf Cafion and Soda Springs in |
the Montana road). Mr. W. L. Morton also told me that in 1852, in |
traveling on the emigrant road in Bear River Valley, between Blue |
Springs and Lost Springs, he was one hour passing through a swarm of |
locusts flying northward.

That the locust has periodically infested the Snake River Valley |
about Boise City is intimated in the following statement by Drs. Jaquett |
and Moffatt, United States Army, in ‘“‘ A Report on Barracks and Hos-
pitals, with Descriptions of Military Posts”:” “The most formidable |
foes of the agriculturist in this region are the cricket or grasshopper,
or both, in countless numbers during the month of May or June.
Their track, when in full force, is marked by the utter destruction of all
verdure.”

At Boise City, according to Rev. William Bollard, eggs were laid by —
locusts in 1869 and 1870; the swarms traveled west. The locust years |
at Boise City were 1869, 1870, and 1877.

According to our observations the locusts hatched out in more or less

10Circular No. 4, War Department, Surgeon-General’s Office, Washington, December 5,1870. 4°, p. —
426,

CHONOLOGY : IDAHO, WYOMING. 97

abundance from Franklin to the Montana line along the stage-road.
July 20, 1876, Mr. Wood saw a large swarm of locusts near Camas Creek,
on the stage-road to Montana, flying south of east. Mr. J. B. Porter,
of Helena, states that July 20, 1876, while stopping for refreshments at
Sand Hole, on the stage-road south of Pleasant Valley (this is a station
not far from Camas Creek and north of Market Lake), a swarm of locusts
came with a roar like a cloud, obscuring the sun, flying nearly from
north to south, and over an hourin passing. In early June, 1877, we were
informed by the Right Rev. Bishop Tuttle that locusts bred in consid-
erable numbers this spring at Boise City. Later in the season they
proved, according to our informant, Mr. C. C. Wheeler, very abundant
and destructive to crops in the Bruneau Valley, southwest of Boise City.
The 2d of August they were observed at the upper or southwest portion
of the Bruneau Valley.

THE LOCUST IN WYOMING.

1842.—Frémont," July 21-28, 1842, encountered a swarm of locusts
in the North Platte Valley, at the present site of Fort Fetterman. He
says, “This insect has been so numerous since leaving Fort Laramie
that the ground seemed alive with them, and in walking a little moving
cloud preceded our footsteps. They had probably ceased their flight,
and were preparing to deposit theireggs.” (P.50.) ‘The great drought
and the plague of grasshoppers had swept it so that scarce a blade of -
grass was to be seen, and there was not a buffalo to be found in the
whole region. The Indians had been nearly starved to death, and we
could find their road marked by lodges which they had thrown away in
order to move more rapidly, and by the carcasses of the horses which
they had eaten, or which had perished by starvation.” (P. 53.)

1846.—“ The late Mr. J. B. Wall, collector of Monterey, informed me that
in a journey trom Oregon to Missouri, in 1846, his party encountered in
July, on the plains near the north fork of the river Platte, myriads of the
grasshoppers, which all appeared to be travelling northward, and proved
extremely annoying to the train for many days. Bryant, in his ‘What
J saw in California,’ relates that on his passage to California, under
dates of July, 1846, their company of emigrants also encountered im-
mense swarms of grasshoppers on the prairies near the Platte.” (A.S.
Taylor, Smithsonian Report for 1858, p. 204.)

1847.—Mr. A. L. Siler writes us that Mr. William Casto told him that
he saw locusts on the Cache la Poudre, between Larimer and the North
Platte River, in 1847. This locality would appear to be within the
limits of Wyoming, but may be situated within the Colorado line.

1855 or 1856.—Mr. W. M. Hinman writes to the Smithsonian Institu-
tion, under date of June 10, 1861: ‘Five or six years ago they were
bad in Utah; the next year they were bad at Fort Laramie.”

1! A report on an exploration of the country lying between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mount-
ains, on the line of the Kansas and Great Platte River. Washington, 1843.

(One

98 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

1857.—“In August, 1857, large quantities came with a southwest |
wind and stopped at the United States saw-mill near Laramie Peak.” |
“TI think it was about the 26th, 27th, and 28th they came. They were |
very plenty, but did not destroy much; for a week or more they were
cohabiting.” (W.M. Hinman, in a letter dated June 10, 1861, addressed
to the Smithsonian Institution.) A correspondent of the New York ©
Tribune, in aletter dated Fort Kearney: August 31, 1857, writes, ‘“‘ Last
Friday a swarm passed over the fort which darkened the sun so as to
render it possible to gaze at it with the naked eye. Wesaw this swarm
at a distance of ten or twelve miles, at which it resembled a cloud of |
smoke.” (Smithsonian Report for 1858, p. 203.)

1870.—Professor Thomas, August 20-23, while travelling with a party
of Hayden’s United States Geological Survey, up the North Platte,
between Fort Fetterman and Red Buttes, observed vast numbers of
locusts, many of them pairing.

1873.—Capt. W. J. Jones states in his *‘ Report upon the Reconnais-
sance of Northwestern Wyoming,” made in the summer of 1873, that in
the Green River Basin “the region is infested with great swarms of
grasshoppers.” Mr. Louis Wyatt, of Greeley, Colo., told me that in
the middle and last of August, 1873, he saw great numbers seventeen
miles west of Cheyenne. In August of the same year he rode through
immense numbers flying east through Bridger’s Pass. ‘In 1873 I found
them in different parts of Western Wyoming, between Fort Bridger
and the Yellowstone Lake; but on the plains bordering the Stinking
Water River, in July, they were more abundant than I had ever seen
them elsewhere before.”” He also saw them in July in the Wind
River Valley, as he writes us.

1874,—Locusts were seen flying at Laramie City; but few breed here.
Colonel Shattuck informs us that the locust hatched this year thickly in
the Laramie Valley, and indeed “ all over the Laramie plains.”

1875.—August 8, at Cheyenne, locusts were observed in great numbers
moving from the northwest. (U.S. Weather Signal Service.) August
10, 1875, it was reported from Laramie City that vast clouds of locusts
were flying southward. (Riley’s Highth Report.)

1876.—At Cheyenne grasshoppers batched out in the spring, and were
reported to the Agricultural Department as alive May 14, and abund-
ant August 7-31, and a few were seen flying October 3. Mr. Dobbin,
the United States signal observer, said young hatched out in abundance
and the winged ones were seen very thickly June 27. August 7 and 8,
swarms came in abundance, the main body arriving on the 8th and were
-seen till October 3. Mr. Benj. Eaton tells us that locusts hatched this
‘year in great abundance on Laramie plains. At Camp Brown, in Little
‘Wind River Valley, a fine farming region, locusts were very abundant.

At the Black Hills they bred, and flew afterwards in great quantities.
(B. Eaton.) Mr. Robert E. Strayhorn told us that while attached to

43 J D. Putnam, in Packard’s report cn the Locust, &c. Hayden’s annual repert for 1875, p. 601.

CHRONOLOGY: COLORADO, 1864 1872. 99

General Custer’s expedition, in July and August, 1876, he saw about the
Ist of July, on Goose Creek, at the baseof the Big Horn Mountains, vorth-
west of Fort Phil. Kearney, a swarm of locusts tike clouds of smoke,
which were mistaken for a prairie fire. They were passing to the south-

east. He also, May 29, saw the young about one-half grown on Sage
Creek, thirteen miles Sent of Fort Fetterman.

1877.—Mr. E P. Snow told us that May 20 he saw a ines number of
young locusts which had hatched out in Pleasant Valley, nine miles
south of Custer. None were observed breeding at Cheyenne this year.
Mr. Davis tells us that locusts were seen in the Black Hills at Belle
Fourche, and on the Spearfish River, June 16 and 17, flying toward the
west. A few locusts were observed in June at Camp at Red Cafon,
forty miles distant from the Black Hills. (Capt. W.S. Collier, U.S.A )

From a point fifty miles north of Laramie City to Custer, especially in
' Red Caiion, young locusts were observed in abundance. (Colorado
Farmer, May 31.)

At Rock Creek Station, August 3 and several weeks after, locusts flew,
coming in all directions ,the largest swarm from the east. At Como
Station a small flight of locusts passed over July 15, flying in a southeast
direction. (W. EH. Carlin.) Large numbers were reported at Fort Reno
during June. (Capt. E. M. Coates, United States Army.) Great num-
bers of locusts hatched on Hay Creek. (Dr. A. P. Frick, United States
Army.)

THE LOCUST IN COLCRADO.

The earliest records of locusts in Colorado do not extend back of the
year 1864, as previous to this there were very few if any farms.

13864.—Large swarms of locusts invaded Colorado from the northwest
and north, late in August. (Byers and Arnett.)

1865.—The young, hatching from eggs laid in the previous autumn,
*‘ destroyed nearly allthe crops.” “August 5, 1865, an army of grasshop-
pers came and harvested the oats almost entire, leaving but a small
amount of wheat, and nothing else.” (Arnett.)

13866.—‘In 1866 they came, I think, on the 9th of September; they
deposited a large amount of eggs in 1866, which did much damage in
the spring of 1867.” (Arnett.)

1367.—A large portion of the farming region of Colorado was invaded
this year, the swarms, according to the information received from Mr.
Byers, coming from the west over the range.

1869.—The locusts this year were, according to Professor Thomas,
“comparatively abundant in Colorado, and even in San Luis Valley,”
and a few were seen south of the Raton Mountains.

1872.— During this year locusts are reported to have been abundant
in Middle Park, on Parry’s Peak, above timber-line, and among the
mountains at Empire City, and were quite plentiful on the plains be-
tween Denverand Boulder. (J.D. Putnam.) Several persons at Greeley

100 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

told us that iccusts were abundant in that region in September of this
year.

1873.—Locusts hatched out in large numbers in the spring about
Greeley, but we have been unable to learn that any considerable injury
was done to crops.

1874.—This was a notable locust year in Colorado. Great swarms
were observed by Professor Robinson at Golden City and Denver in
July; much damage was done July 8-11 at Valmont, and they extended
south to Caton City. (J.D. Putnam.) Eggs were deposited in great
numbers in North Park “countless numbers of young appearing there”;
(Byers), showing that,in 1875, Colorado was probably visited through-
out nearly its whole extent.

1875.—The farmers of Colorado probably suffered more this than any
other year from the attacks of young locusts, which hatched from eggs
laid by the swarms which visited the agricultural portion of the State in
the previous year. At Boulder the injury was light; at Caribou (eleva-
tion 9,167 feet) the first crop was destroyed. They abounded all over
Northern and Central Colorado, in the plains and among the mountains,
as far south as the La Plata. The winged locusts in August were very
abundant about Denver and Greeley. From the 20th July to the end
of August swarms repeatedly passed over Denver. (United States
Weather Signal Observer.) At Manitou hordes were observed by Mr.
Uhler, August 13-16, and he saw large numbers at Caifion City. The
writer observed them about Denver, in the mountains about Caribou,
Nederland, Georgetown, Idaho Springs, and Manitou, as weli as on the
summit of Pike’s Peak in July and early August. At Boulder a swarm
came from the northwest late in August, and at Greeley swarms arrived
from the west and northwest August 25, laid eggs for three days, and
left on the 28th August. (J. Max Clark.)

1876.—The locusts hatched in abundance this year from eggs laid in
the previous summer, but crops were saved wherever proper exertion
was made. In bharvest-time, August 2 and 3, swarms arrived from tbe
north and north-northeast, and flew in a southwesterly direction, aud
when last heard from had reached the headwaters of the South Arkan-
sas and Rio Grande Rivers, especially from near Grenada to Caion
City, the last swarm depositing vast quantities of eggs. During the
whole month swarms arrived, and it is sapposed by Mr. Byers that all
were immigrants, the earlier swarms coming from Wyoming, and the
Jater ones from Western Dakota, Eastern Montana, and perhaps from
British America. Mr. Arnett gives the following summary of the inva-
sion in this State: ‘‘ Now, the only difference in their visitations in 1864,
1865, and 1866, between that of 1874, 1875, and 1876, is this: In 1874
they came thirty-five days sooner than in 1864; in 1875 they came ten
or twelve later than in 1865; in 1876 they came forty-two days earlier
than in 1866. From 1867 to 1874 we had but few losses from them.
A light band occasionally did a little harm. Their movements in all

CHRONOLOGY : COLORADO, 1876-1877. 101

respects, in 1864, 1865, and 1866, have been precisely duplicated in 1874,
1875, and 1876, and from this I conclude we shall have six or seven years’
rest.” Mr. Holly reports that Saguache Valley suffered from two differ-
ent swarms in 1876. i

‘In Lake County is an extensive section of cultivated land lying .

along the main Arkansas. For four years the ranchmen have been
-¢eaten out of house and home’ by the hoppers. In 1876 strong hopes
were entertained that they would be exempted from the dreaded scourge,
but in July and the first weeks of August vast swarms came trom the
southwest in such numbers as to preclude any attempt to prevent their
ravages. Every green thing was eaten except peas (a portion of the
crops had been harvested). The insects remained about fifteen days
and passed off to the east. The adjoining county of Park suffered con-
siderably, especially the pasturage. The valley of the San Juan River,
both in Colorado and New Mexico, as far as the boundary-line of Utah,
suffered very little in 1876, and the early brood of locusts in 1877 dis-
appeared without doing material injury. * * * I returned from the
San Juan Valley by the way of Conejos and Costilla Counties. These
extensive sections are principally devoted to pasturage, and have not
been much injured. Late crops have, however, uniformly been cut off.”
(Mr. Holly. See App. 7.)

1877.—As eggs were deposited in immense numbers the previous sum-
mer, it was feared that the crops would be universally cut off in the
spring and early summer of the present year. Happily, owing to
the unusually heavy rains, accompanied by a light fall of snow, to-
gether with cold weather late in April and early in May, the young,
which hatched by millions in the spring, were destroyed in the same
manner as in Kansas and Nebraska. Parasites and insect enemies
also aided in the work of destruction, so that little injury was committed
by the young locusts, and Colorado raised a large crop of wheat. This
refers to the plains on which Greeley and Denver and neighboring
towns are situated. In Lake County, where there is an extensive area
under cultivation along the Arkansas, and where the damage was great
last year, few locusts hatched the present year. In Park County, mostly
devoted to grazing, the injury has been very slight.

The San Luis Valley, which is devoted to agriculture and stock-rais-
ing, has suffered little, and Ute Valley has also, as is usually the case,
been singularly free. In the Wet Mountain Valley, which is specially
subject to injury, the farmers had to fight locusts early in the season ;
and the injury in the valley of the Costilla, where fields were ravaged
by the young locusts, was greater than in any other part of the State.
The severe injury extended southward into New Mexico, where the val-
ley of the Taos has been swept clean. Yet, on the opposite side of the
mountain, the President of the New Mexico Stock and Agricultural As-
sociation reports no injury, the young insects having disappeared.

13 Colorado Farmer, September 7, quoted in Packard’s Report on the Rocky Mountain Locust, &c.,
Hayden’s Report of the U. S. Geological Survey for 1875, p. 622.

102 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

While in the lower plains and valley regions of the State the condi-
tions have been so similar to those which prevailed toward the Missis-
Sippi, they have been quite different in the higher plateaus and parks.
At altitudes at from 8,000 to 9,000 feet above the sea, the principal hatech-
ing occurred in May, and was later in proportion as we ascend, until in
the passes, with an altitude of 12,000 or 13,000 feet, the insects batch in
July. At such great heights the mature dead are often to be found in
large quantities under stones and other shelter, and their young occur
in great numbers. As no agriculture is carried on in these parks and
passes, no effort is made to destroy the insects. .

For the first time, however, in the history of the State, dense
swarms of locusts came from the south (probable return flights from
Texas and Indian Territory and perhaps Kansas), entering the northeast-
ern corner of the State at Julesburg May 28 and 29. There are no pre-
vious records of such flights from this direction or from such a point of
the compass. Nothing definite was heard from these flights afterward,
except reports of locusts alighting at Deadwood, Black Hills; and their
force was probably expended or scattered over the plains. Similar
northward-bound swarms were observed about the same time at Wal-
lace and Evans, Kansas, and about the second week in June flights
from the south reached Deadwood, in the Black Hills.

In the second week in June there were also flights of locusts over the
eastern part of the State, which are said to have come from the south.
At La Porte, in Larimer County, there were ‘ swarms from the northwest
to southeast in August, but I think they came only a short distance.”
At Pueblo ‘‘a few swarms were observed in the early part of July, pass-
ing over from the north or northwest. None of them came down.” A
few locusts were observed at Larkspur, in Douglas County, but none
at Colorado Springs ; and at Georgetown our correspondent states that
‘“no swarms from the north, northeast, or northwest passed over this
district.” At Denver “there were no fresh swarms from the north, north-
east, or northwest. In the latter part of July they passed over here for
two days, flying northeast.”

THE LOCUST IN UTAH.

Utah was for the first time, so far as known, visited in 1851, as we were
informed by Brigham Young, late president of the Latter Day Saints.
Ogden was also visited the same year and much damage was done. (F.
A. Brown.)

1852.—Locusts were observed on the plains of Northern Utah and
Southern Idaho about the first of August, 1852, by Mr. W. N. Byers.
No information, however, has been obtained by settlers in Utah relative
+o the movements of the locusts this year.

1853.—Mr. A. L. Siler, of Ranch, Kane County, says that locusts flew
into the Sait Lake region in this year, coming from the east, in July.

1854.—Ogden and Logan, Salt Lake City, Nephi, and Spanish Fork,
Utah County, are reported to have been visited this year.

CHRONOLOGY: UTAH, 1855-1867. 103

1855.—Locusts were more wide-spread and destructive this year than
apy other, perhaps, excepting the year 1867. Reports of their devasta-
tions have been received from residents of Plain City, Weber County,
which afterward enjoyed a respite for twelve consecutive years, 7. €.,
until 1867. Salt Lake City and Nephi were also afflicted by them. They
also appeared in Spanish Fork City, at Beaver, in Southern Utah; they
came in August, 1855, and destroyed nearly the entire crop; but the crops
were good in 1856. Payson was visited in 1855, and damage was done
by locusts in 1866. It is evident that Northern and Central Utah were
overrun by them this year. “After the crops were destroyed, there
was not time to get grain from any quarter. The people had to husband
their supply to keep the wolf from the door until another harvest; a
great many living upon roots, greens, and, in fact, anything that would
sustain life. The harvest of 1856 furnished plenty; the grasshopper
war was over.” (Salt Lake Herald.)

1856.—Ogden suffered this year and for each successive year until and
including 1870 (John I. Hart); also Salt Lake City and Payson. It thus
appears that Northern Utah, 7.e., from Ogden to Idaho (Cache and Malade
Valleys), has suffered for sixteen years in succession, from 1854 until
1870, but in Central and Southern Utah, 7. e., south of Salt Lake City and |
vicinity, there are no reports of destructive locusts during the years 1857-
1863.

1857.—The locusts “ate everything green in Salt Lake Valley.” (Iowa
Homestead.)

1863.—No reports of destructive locusts south of Ogden ; at this time
they were noticed each year from 1863 until 1870.

1864.—Swarms of locusts visited Salt Lake City and vicinity, and
Ogden. :

1865.—Swarms appeared at Beaver, in Southern Utah, in the autumn.

1866.—Beaver was again visited by swarms, which laid eggs, and their
young appeared in 1867, and locusts abounded in the years 1867, 1868,
1869, 1870, and 1871, smallcrops being raised. Payson was visited in 1866,
and suffered for five successive years, 7. ¢e., until 187!. Logan and Smith.
field, Cache Co., suffered this year more perhaps than other settlements
outside of Cache County.

1867.—This was, like 1855 and 1860, one of the worst locust years in
Utah. The trouble extended from Cache County, where half the grain
was devoured, to Salt Lake and in the desert county of Juab at Nephi,
as well as south tothe town of Beaver. At Saint John’s, Tooele County,
| great swarms came late in the summer, large numbers hatched in 1868,
| and swarms appeared in 1869, and many young appeared in the spring
of 1870; this year being the most calamitous. At this settlement some
farmers did not raise a crop for seven successive years. ‘These locusts
arrived in the northern part of this Territory the summer before last and
_ deposited their eggs. These generated the following spring, and immi-
grated to this city and surroundings last autumn; they deposited their

104 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

eggs here, and this last spring they hatched out in numbers beyond caleu-
latior.”"* Their progeny was destructive about Salt Lake City in 1868.

1868.—Besides the points already noticed, locusts arrived at Heber,
Wasatch County, in a swarm “like a cloud.” They were also destruc-
tive at Salt Lake City and vicinity, and at Croydon.

1869.—Cache County, and Salt Lake City, Croyden, Morgan County,
as well as the other settlements previously mentioned, were visited this
year. |

1870.—This was a calamitous year in Cache, Weber, and Wasatch
Counties, 7. é., in Northern Utah; Ogden, Weber, and Plain City, being
visited by them. Professor Thomas states that locusts abounded in the
Territory in 1870 and for three years previous. In this year locusts
apparently prevailed throughout the entire extent of the Territory.

1871.—After abounding in Northern Utah the locusts may usually be
expected the following year in Central and sometimes in Southern Utah.
Southern Utah was infested by them more this year than any other
known. They were observed in Kanab and Hebron, Washington
County. At dsilve: Reef but few eggs were deposited, but they did
much damage to orchards, vineyards, and gardens. At Paragoonah
locusts laid eggs in abundance in 1871 and in 1872; one-half thecrops were
destroyed by their progeny. (Dr. E. Palmer.) Locusts also abounded,
according to Professor Thomas, in the northern parts of the Salt Lake
Basin, particularly in Box Elder Caton and Cache Valley. Salt Lake
Basin, early in August, he found to be swarming with myriads of these
grasshoppers, and even after we had passed eastward on the railroad to
the heights near Aspen Station, I noticed the air filled with their snowy
wings, but could not tell exactly the course they were taking, but
thought they were moving southwest.”

1872.—We have no information from unpublished sources that the lo-
eust did any damage this year, but swarms are reported in a Utah
paper as leaving the Territory in August and September, 1872.

In 1873 and 1874 there were no locusts observed in Utah. In July,
1875, a few indigenous locusts (Caloptenus spretus) were observed by the
writer at Lake Point, Salt Lake. None were observed by Mr. J. D.
Putnam at Spring Lake Villa, about 70 miles south of Salt Lake City.
Mr. Alexander Stalker, of Franklin, Utah, informed us that the locusts
flew into Malade Valley in 1875.

1876.—Swarms of locust, early in October, settled down at Logan and
Smithfield, Cache County, Croydon, Morgan County, and at Salt Lake
City, extending at least three miles south of the city.

1877.—The young hatching from eggs laid the previous autumn did
some injury to fields at Farmington; several fields of wheat were in-
jured. at Saint John. Much damage was done in Cache and Malade
Valleys. If the wet weather had not destroyed a large percentage of
the young, esnecia!ly in Morgan, Davis, and Salt Lake Counties, as well

14 California Farmer, August 20, 1868.

CHRONOLOGY : NEW MEXICO, ARIZONA, NEVADA. 105

-as Cache and Malade Valleys, serious damage would have resulted,

showing that the invasion was a formidable one in 1876.

We find, in conclusion, that while Southern and Central Utah are
more or less exempt from locust invasions, Malade and Cache Valleys
and Weber County have been infested fourteen out of the past nineteen
years.

THE LOCUST IN NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA.

That it is common and destructive at times in New Mexico is shown
from the statement published in the Monthly Report of the Department
of Agriculture, at Washington, D. C., for July, 1876, where it is stated
that the corn and oats were injured and the wheat-crop balf destroyed
by the “grasshopper,” which must be C. spretus, as Taos is near the
Colorado line. Mr. Thomas reports a few specimens of C. spretus
from New Mexico and Arizona in collections made by Lieutenant
Wheeler’s Expedition during the last four years, and he himself found
ia few specimens south of Raton Mountains in 1869. In 1875, however,
‘Lieutenant Carpenter, as he writes me, did not see any swarms in the

‘region extending from Fort Garland to Santa Fé. “TI could not learn,”

he adds, “‘ that they had ever been troublesome in Northern New Mexico.”

nan ott ma

Mr. B. Eaton, of Greeley, intormed us that locusts were very abund-
ant in Taos thirty-five years ago, and in 1864 and 1865 they eat up the
crops in Taos.

In Northern New Mexico Lieutenant Carpenter found this species
(identified by Mr. Scudder) on Taos Peak, Sangre de Cristo Mountains,
at a height of 13,000 feet (above timber-line), in July, 1875. (Seudder,
in Wheeler’s Annual Report for 1866. See Packard’s report to Hayden.)

Mr. Holly reports that the portions of New Mexico adjacent to Colo-
rado have been injured very little. ‘+The president. of the New Mexico
Stock and Agricultural Association informed me that no trouble was
experienced by his colony (in Colfax County) in 1876, and up to June

_ 15, 1877, were entirely free, while on the opposite side of the mountains

the Taos Valley had been swept clean.” Mr. Holly writes that incur-
sions next year of grasshoppers are feared in the San Luis Park and

adjoining sections from this direction.

THE LOCUST IN NEVADA.

Mr. Daniel Bonelli writes us, under date of June 26, 1877, that Saint
Thomas, Lincoln County, Nevada, was visited by what may have been
this species in 1870. Hesays: ‘ The particular locust you are inquiring
after does not seem to thrive here, not having visited this region since
1870, at which time a large swarm came from the northwest and laid
egos in a sandy mesa in August, while the heat in the shade was 116°

and in the sand hills in the sun 160°; all the eggs meited like lead in

hot coals, and that class of ’hopper (itocky Mountain locast) bas not

appeared since.” Saint Thomas is about 40 miles southwest of Saint
George, Utah. Locusts were abundant in Utah this year.

106 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The following facts regarding the occurrence of Caloptenus spretus in
Nevada, in 1871, were observed by Mr. Thomas:

I saw C. spretus in 1871 in abundance along the Humboldt River in Nevada, most of
the way from where the Central Pacific Railroad strikes it (going west) to the sink
or place where it disappears. At one point they were quite abundant, and evidently
preparing to migrate, flying up in the air, their wings presenting that peculiar glassy
snowy appearance with which you are no doubt familiar. This, if I recollect rightly,
was west of Humboldt Station; they were quite abundant at that station (Humboldt),
where we dined (going west), but were not migrating there or then; those referred
to as seen west of Humboldt being seen as we returned east. You probably remember
that saline or alkaline belt at the northwest extremity of Great Salt Lake; just beyond
that I began to observe them, and from thence—not continuously, but at certain
points—from there to, and a short distance west of, Humboldt Sink. The collections
made by Wheeler’s party in Southeast Nevada had no specimens which I could posi-
tively say came from that section. That year (1871), as we went out (June) we saw
but few specimens in Salt Lake Valley, but they were quite numerous when we re-
turned from California in August. They were also numerous in Cache Valley and
Southern Idaho; in moderate numbers west of the range in Moutana as well as east.!®
(Packard’s Report.)

In 1877, for the first time within the knowledge of the settlers, locusts
invaded tbe northern limits of Nevada. Mr.C.C. Wheeler states that on
the 5th and 6th of August they appeared in Nevada, flying in great
Swarms, eating the crops in the Owyhee Valley, seven miles northwest
of Cornucopia, Nev. These swarms most probably came from Bruneau
Valley in Idaho, the distance from Cornucopia to the Bruneau Valley
being only about one hundred miles in a northeast direction.

THE LOCUST IN OREGON AND WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

West of the Cascade Mountains no migratory locusts, however, have
been known to exist, according to W. Byron Daniels, of Vancouver, Wasb.,
and D. M. Utter, of Olympia. The only authentic accounts of past ray-
ages I could obtain was a statement made to me by Mr. J. K. Lun, that
a grasshopper of an unknown species was very abundant at Skookum-
chuck, Lewis County, Washington Territory, in August, 1856, eating the
heads of wheat. It was not observed elsewhere. Grasshoppers are said
by A. S. Taylor (Smithsonian Report, 1858) to have been destructive in
Oregon in 1852 and 1855. As the species are not mentioned, nor the
locality, it is not improbable that Taylor referred to a local species (per-
haps Caloptenus atlanis or femur-rubrum, or both) west of the Cascade
Mountains.

We have more authentic information regarding the appearance of the
genuine Rocky-Mountain locust in Oregon and Washington Territory,
east of the Cascade Mountains, thongh there are no data to show that
Caloptenus spretus has occurred west of longitude 118° 30’ west. From
J. A. Willson, Indian agent at Fort Simcoe, Washington Territory,

ee oe ee

361t will be exceedingly desirable to trace the distribution of C. spretus southward of the present
known limits, for it is not at all unlikely that itinhabits the northern cdge of the Mexican plateau, since
Major Powell informs us that he found a locust, as he thought this species, numerous within twenty
miles of the Mexican boundary on the Uolorado River.

eee

i

CHRONOLOGY: OREGON, WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 1/7

situated on the eastern side of the Cascade Range (longitude 120° 56’),
and due north of Celilo, I learn that that locality has not been troubled
with locusts. Mr. D. S. Baker, president of the Walla Walla and Co-
lumbia Railroad, writes us that the Valley of the Walla Walla River
‘has not since its settlement, in 1860, been seriously affected by Rocky-
Mountain locusts. The Pataha River country, some forty miles (north-
east, near Lewiston) distant from here (Walla Walla), year before last
(1875), as well as last year (1876), was visited in some small districts with
grasshoppers, injuring some crops materially.”

In Jordan Valley, Baker County, Oregon, a swarm of locusts “five
miles wide and five miles long” appeared July 29, 1877, destroying nearly
all (ninety per cent.) of the grain in the valley, and deposited their eggs
August 10. (W. F. Gwinn.) Still more direct information is afforded
by a letter (dated November 10,1877) from Mr. Henry Heisy, of Clarks-
ville, Baker County, Oregon, who says that on or about the first of Au-

gust the forerunners of swarms of grasshoppers appeared, which came
in full force on the 13th August, darkening the sun. They came from

the southeast, and departed the middle of October in a northwesterly

direction, having deposited eggs October 1. Previous to this year there
had been no locusts in that section ‘“ for the last ten years.” Philip Ritz,
of Walla Walla, writes us as follows: ‘‘ We have never been visited by
the grasshoppers within fifteen years that I have lived here to do any
damage, but a number of emigrants which came here late last summer
told me they saw myriads of them in the air flying north, and a few speci-
mens which they examined were the identical grasshopper of Kansas
and Nebraska.” Mr. J. H. Kunzie, of Umatilla, writes: «‘No ’hoppers
within a circuit of 100 milesaround this locality. Boise City, AdaCounty,
Idaho, and Lewiston, Idaho, and thereabouts, are the only locations where
*hoppers are at home.”

At Camp Harney the locust abounds occasionally, as stated by Drs.
Styer and Byrne, United States Army, as follows: ‘ Owing to the occur-
rence of severe frosts during each month of the year, together with im-
mense swarms of crickets and grasshoppers, it has been found impossible
to cultivate a garden with any surety of success. For two seasons the
attempt was made and the result proved but a total loss. (Surg. Gen.’s
Rep. on Barracks, &c, with description of military posts, 1870, p. 438.)
This is the most western point to which the locust has been traced, 7. e.,
longitude 118° 30’.

Dr. J. H. Bartholf, United States Army, writes from Camp Harney,
Oregon: “* The Rocky-Mountain locust has not been here or in this re-
gion thus far this year nor the three preceding years.” In July and
August, 1877, the locust appeared in swarms in the Burnt River Vailey,
a few miles southeast of Baker City. (See Appendix.)

16 This locality is about 175 miles south of Umatilla, in longitude 114° 30’ W., latitude 45° 30’ N., and
situated in the eastern flanks of the southern extremity of the Blue Mountains. Its clevation is 4,200
feet above the sea.

108 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
THE LOCUST IN BRITISH NORTH AMERICA.

North of Montana.—A large proportion of the locusts which fly into
Montana about Forts Benton and Shaw come from north of the United
States boundary-line, and the years in which the locusts have abounded
on the northern side of the Upper Missouri River, in Montana, were
probably locust years in British America north of this region.

‘‘A correspondent at Carleton House, on the Saskatchewan, in speak-
ing of the grasshopper, thus writes: ‘The day in which you say they
made their appearance at Red River I left Carleton House for Fort Pitt,”
and all the way up they were very numerous, and about the latter end
of August they were flying south in great numbers. They were also
last autumn at Fort Pelly,in the Swan River district, and no doubt
they have deposited their eggs in all the barren ground (prairie) between
Fort Pitt and Red River. They did net extend to the Winnipeg River,
but myriads of them were drowned in Lakes Manitowaba and Winne-
peg.” (This was apparently either in 1864 or 1865.)—(Letter of Donald
Gunn to 8. H. Seudder, dated April 17, 1868.)

1873.—Locusts laid eggs in the region about Forts Browning and
Belknap, and flew in a westerly direction. (James M. Arnoux.)

1874.—During the summer of this year, Dr. Elliott Coues, U.S. A.,
naturalist of the United States Northern Boundary Survey, as he writes
us, “¢saw vast Swarms in 1874 about one hundred miles north of Fort
Benton.”

1876.—Mr. James M. Arnoux, of Fort Benton, informed us that in
June and the fore part of July, 1876, locusts occurred in swarms from
an immense region about Fort Benton, extending from latitude 47° 50’
to latitude 48° 30’ (approximately), and from longitude 109° westward
to the base of the Rocky Mountains in longitude 113° 36/, being espe-
cially destructive about the headwaters of the Marias and Milk Rivers,
in approximate longitude 113° 30’, where they ‘“ were so thick and hun-
ery as to eat the bark off of the willows.” The movements of the
swarms were directly east, an exception to the ordinary rule, said Mr.
Arnoux, as about Fort Benton they usually fly from the nor. heast in a
southwest direction. (It is obvious, however, that north of the bound-
ary-line the locusts most usually fly, when in sufficient numbers to
nigrate, toward the south and east, as none are known to exist in
swarms in the forest region west of the mountains in British America.)

At Belknap, ninety-six to one hundred miles north of Fort Benton,
and at Fort Browning, one hundred and fifty miles northeast of Fort
Benton, there were this year observed swarms of locusts, which, at the
end of June and early in July, were observed flying eastward. In this
same year locusts were said by Mr. Arnoux to extend north by west
several hundred miles from Fort Benton toward Fort Edmonton, but they
were most abundant from eighty to one hundred miles north of Fort

17 Fort Pitt is situated on the North Saskatchewan, in latitude 53° 31’.

CHRONOLOGY: BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. 109

Benton. May 24, 1876, a foot of Snow fell in this region, but the young
locusts were not killed. Mr. Riley states that at Fort McLeod vast
numbers of the young insects were observed by travelers. (Ninth Re-
port.)

1877.—Mr. J. J. Healy tells us that locusts hatched at Fort McLeod,
in British America (latitude 49° 35’, longitude 113° 40’ W.), in February,
1877, the weather then being very warm. As Mr. Healy is familiar with
the Rocky Mountain locust, and as they abounded in this region in 1576,
we are disposed to think that the above statement refers to this species.

At Bismarck we saw Col. A. 8. Sweet, who had that day talked with
‘the Rev. Abbott Martin, of Standing Rock, who had just come from
Sitting Bull’s camp at Wood Mountain, in British America, sixty miles
‘north of the Montana line, and who stated that there were no locusts

seen there up to June 8, the date of bis departure.

Manitoba.—The earliest notice of swarms of locusts in this district is
| to be found in Henry’s Journey from Lake Superior to the Pacific Ocean
| (1799-1816). The following paragraphs were extracted for the use of
ithe commission by Mr. James Campbell, librarian of the library of Par-
| liament:

1800.—Lake Winnepeg, Sunday, August 17, 1800, the beach was covered with grass-
| hoppers which had been thrown up by the waves, and formed one continued line as far

as the eye could see. In some places they lay from six to nine inches deep, and now
were in a state of putrefaction, which occasioned a horrid stench.

1808.—Pembina River, June 25, 1808. I found great swarms of grasshoppers, which

still continue here, and have destroyed the greater part of my vegetables in my kitchen
garden; in particular, the onions, cabbage, melons, cucumbers, carrots, parsnips, and
beets. They also attacked the potatoes and corn, but these had acquired sufficient
strength at the root to resist and sprout up again, whilst plants of a weaker nature had
been destroyed. These swarmsof grasshoppers appear about the 15thofJune. They gen-

erally come in great clouds from the southward, and spread destruction wherever they

pass; even the very trees were s‘ripped of their leaves. They pass on northward until

| millions are drowned in Lake Winnepeg, and cause a most horrid stench, a3 I have
already observed.

The locust-years in Manitoba, or that portion of British North America
lying between longitude 95° and 102° W., according to Mr. G. M. Daw-
son, were the following: 1818, winged locusts; in 1819 the young ap-
peared ; from 1820 until 1857 none were noticed ; in 1857 locusts arrived,

but the source was not stated; in 1858 the progeny of the 1857 swarms
were injurious. In 1564 fresh swarms arrived from the west, in July ;
their progeny were troublesome in 1865. In 1867 swarms appeared in
August, and their progeny in 1868. Mr. J.J. Donnelly told me at Fort
Benton that in 1871 and 1872 the grasshoppers died in heaps and ridges
at Fort Garry. In the year 1872 he said that they flew from Saint Jo-
seph, on Pembina River, northwest toward Fort Garry. In 1872 swarms
apreared in August, and their progeny in 1873. In 1874 immense
swarms arrived July 17th. In the summer of 1875 the progeny of the
1874 swarm hatched in great numbers over almost the entire area of
Manitoba, and westward at least as far as Fort Ellice, on the Assine-

110 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

boine River (longitude 101° 20’). In many districts the destruction of
crops was well-nigh complete. These broods flew southeast, or south,
in July and early August, flying into a country of thick woods, swamps,
and lakes.

Foreign swarms from the south crossed the forty-ninth parallel with a wide front
stretching from the ninety-eighth to the one hundred and eighth meridian, and are
quite distinguishable from those produced in the country from the fact that many of
them arrived before the latter were mature. These flights constituted the extreme
northern part of the army returning northward and northwestward from the States
ravaged in the autumn of 1874. They appeared at Fort Ellice on the 13th of June and
at Qu’Appelle Fort on the 17th of the same month, favored much, no doubt, by the
steady south and southeast winds, which, according to the meteorological register at
Winnepeg, prevailed on the 12th of June and for about a week thereafter. After their
first appearance, however, their subsequent progress seems to have becn comparatively
slow and their advancing border very irregular in outline. They are said to have
reached Swan Lake House, the most northern point to which they are known to have
attained, about July 10, while Fort Pelly, farther west, and nearly a degree farther
south, was reached July 30, and abont seven days were occupied in the journey thence
to Swan River Barracks, a distance of only 10 miles. It is more than probable that
the first southern swarms were followed by others, which mingled with them, or even,
in parts of Manitoba and the country immediately west of it, with the indigenous
brood. From a few localities only in Manitoba, and those in its western portion, is
the evidence pretty conclusive as to the arrival of foreign swarms from the south.
Burnside, Westbourne, Portage la Prairie, Rockwood, and Pigeon Lake may be men-
tioned as affording instavces.

Many of the grasshoppers observed, according to reports received by Mr. Riley, in
Dakota, at Fort Thompson, Yankton, Fort Sully, Springfield, Fort Randall, and Bis-
marck flying northward and northwestward at various dates in June and July, no
doubt eventually found their way north of the forty-uinth parallel. Those seen at
Bismarck about June 6 and 7 probably belonged to the earliest southern bands above
referred to, and, judging from the dates given by Mr. Riley, may have been produced
in Nebraska, or more probably even still farther south. A portion of the southern and
eastern army probably reached Montana, and may even have penetrated in diminished
numbers into the districts in the vicinity of Bow River.

A considerable number of locusts appear to have hatched at about the same date as ‘|
in Manitoba near the extreme western margin of the plains, especially in the country ©

near Bow River. Foreign swarms arrived at Fort McLeod from the southwest, depos- —

iting eggs; and most of those hatching near Bow River, and farther north, seem to
have gone southeastward early in August. No very definite or wide-spread movement
of swarms appears, however, to have occurred during the summer of 1875 in this region,
nor, if we may judge from the very meager accounts received, in the corresponding
portion of Montana.

During the summer of 1875, the conditions described in the Notes for 1874 as oceur-
ring in the region west of the one hundred and third meridian were reproduced in
Manitoba, and over a great area of the Western and Southwestern States, with results

even more’ disastrous to the crops than those of the winged invasion of the previous —

year. We do not hear of any access of fresh swarms to Manitoba from the west or
northwest, nor is it probable that any such occurred, notwithstanding the fact that in
various parts of the province flights are reported to have passed over from northwest
to southeast. From the dates and descriptions given, it seems certain that these were
only those from the more remote parts of the province itself, and in many cases the |
broods hatched in any locality mingled with those coming from a little distance, and |

departed at the same time.
The most remarkable and exceptional feature in connection with the appearance of

CHRONOLOGY: BRITISH AMERICA. 111

the locusts in 1875 is the extensive invasion of the wooded region east of Manitoba by
the swarms produced in the province. This is the more noticeable when contrasted
with the immunity enjoyed by Prince Albert on the Saskatchewan, alluded to in last
year’s Notes, which is owing to its separation from the general area of the plains by a
belt of timber. On writing to Mr. Clarke, of Carleton House, on the subject, he informs
me that this protecting belt of fir-timber is only four miles in width, and extends com-
pletely across between the north and south branches of the Saskatchewan. Judging
from the above remarkable fact, and the known habits of the locust, I do not think that
the incursion made into the forest-country can be looked upon as anything but excep-
tional, and perhaps showing that the locusts had-lest their reckoning. Nor do I believe
that it should discourage the cultivation of belts of woodland, which promises to effect
in time a general and permanent amelioration of the grasshopper plague.

Broadly. sketched, the movements of the locusts in 1875 conform to a general plan.
All those hatching in Minnesota, Manitoba, Northern Dakota, and in the high western
region of the plains, at least as far south as Colorado, on obtaining their wings, went
southward, and this in some instances regardless of the direction from which their
parents had arrived in the previous year. Swarms produced in Nebraska, Missouri,
Kansas, Texas, and Indian Territory flew northward and northwestward, returning on
the course of their parents, which had flown southeastward from that quarter. This
movement can be traced over an immense area, from the northern borders of Texas
almost to the Saskatchewan River.

Evidence appears to be fast accumulating to show that the general and normal di-
| rection of flight for any brood is to return toward the hatching-grounds from which
: their parents came, and it would seem that to complete the migration-cycle of the locust
two years are required. The tendency which the swarms show to migrate on reaching
maturity cannot be wondered at, as it is so commonly met with in other animals, and
may be assisted by the mere lack of food in the district which has for a long time sup-
ported the young locusts. The fact, however—let us call it instinct or knowledge—
that the young, while amenable to the migratory tendency, show a determination to
exercise it in a direction exactly opposite to the preceding generation is most remark-
able. (Dawson.)

1876.—Professor Dawson writes us that, “during the summer of 1876,
the grasshopper was scarcely seen in Manitoba, and a fine crop was
harvested all over the province. Manitoba is safe for next summer,
unless invaded. I have reason to believe, however, that during last
summer the locust was very abundant in the far West, on the plains
east of the Rocky Mountains, and north of the forty-ninth parallel.
With regard to this region, however, I have only general information.”
(Packard’s Report for 1875.)

In Mr. G. M. Dawson’s notes on the locust in the northwest in 1876,
(Canadian Naturalist, vol. viii, No. 7,) it is stated that July 26th large
Swarms were seen east of the Little Saskatchewan; they afterward flew
southward into the United States. A little west of Winnepeg the
young had just hatched, June 19th. On July 16th they were drifting
past Fort Ellice, in clouds, to the southeastward, and they were ob.
served flying August 4th-11th, at a place about 40 miles northwest of
Ellice. ‘ No grasshoppers seen on the way from Ellice to Battleford in
August, though abundant in this region of country during July. Very
abundant toward the foot of the Rocky Mountains and in the whole
upper part of the South Saskatchewan Valley, where they are said to
have eaten up all the grass, driving the buffalo eastward to the vicinity

112 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

of the Touchwood Hills, Souris Valley, ete. They did not appear at
Fort Galgarry, Bar River, N. W. T., in the summer of 1876, but were
reported as abundant on the plains to the eastward. From Fort Walsh,
N.W.T., they hatched about the middle of May, and remained until the
iniddle of August, when they flew northwestward. Other swarms arrived
on the wing from Montana about the middle of July, and passed on to
the northwest without leaving eggs. At Fort Pitt there were no grass-
hoppers within a distance of 300 miles west. Locusts were observed in
hugh swarms 150 miles south of Carleton Home. At Swan River Bar-
racks and Livingston they hatched and remained till August 7th, when
they flew northeastward. Flights from the southwest arrived about
June 2d and also July 20th and 27th, and August 8th. All the crops
were destroyed. For twelve years before July, 1875, no grasshoppers
had been seen there. The young hatched northwest of Lake Manitoba
and at Manitoba House about June Ist. At Oak Point, Lake Mani-
toba, locust were seen flying southeastward, and the dead were washed
up in meadows a foot thick on the shore of the lake.

In 1877 Mr. Riley ascertained that there were very few specimens to
be found in Manitoba, as he only met with a few stragglers. Capt.
Stewart Moore, of Prince Albert Mission, who had just come from Ed-
monton, Northwest Territory, reported them as flying from the south
early in July, as far northwest as the vicinity of Battle River; Mr. A.
Fuller reported them as occurring some distance north of Fort Carleton ;
Mr. W. J. Scott, of Battleford, who traveled from this place to Winne-
peg, in June, found no locusts in the country, thus making the pre-
sumption strong that the later flights observed came from farther
south.

TABULAR VIEW OF LOCUST-YEARS.

Following is a tabular view of the years in which the Rocky-Mount-
ain locust has appeared, from the earliest date known, up to and in-
cluding the year 1877.

As may be seen by reference to the foregoing data, in most of these
years the actual loss to crops was more or less slight. The years in
which losses were sustained by the young hatching in the spring, and in
which there were afterward in that season no invasions, are starred.
The years in which more or less severe damage was done are in fall-
faced type.

It is evident that the apparent increase in the number of locust-years,
after and including 1866, is due to the larger pepulation of the West, and
to the fact that there were greater facilities for travel, so that definite
information could more readily be obtained. There are no facts tending
to show that the locusts themselves have been any more numerous of
late years than previous to, for example, the years 1866 and 1867.

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CHAP TEE Ae

STATISTICS OF LOSSES.

The subject of this chapter is so intimately connected with that of
the following that it may in fact be considered a part of it; for noth-
ing can be presented which will show in a stronger light the blight-
ing effect of locust visitations upon the agriculture of the West than the
immense loss these cause. But in order to present the subject in as
clear a light as possible, it has been thought best by the commission to
devote a special chapter to it. As will be seen by an inspection of the
figures here given, the losses experienced in the border States have been
very heavy; indeed, we should not be using too strong language if we
were to say they are startling. Although we were Satisfied from pre-
vious examination of the subject that they were large, we have been
somewhat surprised at the figures which a careful collation of the statis-
tics bring out. Large as the figures show the direct loss to the crops to
be, they fall far short of representing the entire loss occasioned by the
locusts. The check to business, improvements, and the various indus-
trial enterprises; the effect these visitations have of stopping immigra-
tion and driving away capital, bring upon these new States a greater
loss than that sustained by the crops. A full statement of the subject
should therefore include all the losses occasioned by these things, but
this can scarcely be reduced to figures or ascertained in dollars and
cents; hence our only method of conveying a correct idea in reference
thereto is to introduce statements from those who have had experience
in the locust-ravaged districts during such visitations.

On account of the great difficulty of obtaining reliable data, where no
special arrangement has been made for this purpose—as is generally the
case—it is impossible to do more than make an approximate estimate of
the actual loss sustained ; still we believe what we here give may be
relied upon as probably as nearly correct as statistics in reference to
crops and agricultural products usually are. In Minnesota some at-
tempts have been made to gather statistics in reference to the portion
and value of the crops destroyed in that State since 1873; but with this
exception we are not aware that any effort has been made in any of the
visited States or Territories to obtain such statistics.

We have, therefore, within our reach but two methods by which we
may arrive at an approximately correct estimate of these losses. First
by combining the local estimates of the loss so far as they have been
givep, and using the per cent. thus obtained as a basis of calculation.
But the result of such a calculation would after all be but little better
than a guess and of no real value. Instead, therefore, of attempting to
ascertain the aggregate by this method, we will present the statements of

STATISTICS OF LOSSES. 115

local observers showing the ravages of the locusts in their respective |
sections, which will convey a more vivid and clear idea of the suffering
and distress occasioned by these calamitous visitations than can possi-
bly be obtained from a mere inspection of statistics and figures. The
estimate of the losses will be made by the second method, which consists
in comparing the yield of a locust year with that of a year when there
was no locust visitation, as, for example, 1874 with 1875, and eliminating
as far as possible all losses occasioned by other causes.

Most of our readers will remember very distinctly the reports of des-
titution and suffering in the border States in 1874, occasioned by the
destruction of the crops in these States by the grasshoppers. It was
felt to be a national calamity, which called for assistance from the be-
nevolent and sympathizing throughout our country. So great, in fact,
was the calamity and so urgent the necessity for some action that the
legislatures of some of these States were convened in extra session for
_ the purpose of providing some means of relief.

Although it is now apparent that much that was unwise and deroga-
tory to the best interests of these States was done by overzealous
workers, and that the methods of affording relief were in many cases
not the best, yet the universal feeling that relief was needed is evidence
of the severe loss sustained by the people in the locust-visited area.

The following extract from the Third Annual Report of the State
Board of Agriculture in Kansas will give some idea of the immediate
effect of the locust-visitation in that State in 1874:

About the 25th of July, one of those periodic calamitous visitations, to which the
_trans-Mississippi States are liable once in from eight to ten years, made its appearance
in Northern avd Northwestern Kansas, the grasshopper or locust. The air was filled
and the fields and trees were completely covered with these voracious trespassers. At
one time the total destruction of every green thing seemed imminent. Their course
was in a southerly and southeasterly direction, and before the close of August the
swarming hosts were enveloping the whole State. The visitation was so sudden that
the people of the State became panic-stricken. In the western counties, where immi-
gration for the last two years had been very heavy, and where the chief dependence
was corn, potatoes, and garden vegetables, the calamity fell with terrible force. Starv-
ation or emigration seemed inevitable unless aid should be furnished. At this critical
period the State board of agriculture undertook to collect correct data relating to the
effects of the prevailing drought and devastation of crops by locusts and chinch-bugs.
In the mean time Governor Osborne had issued his proclamation convening the legis-
lature in extra session on the 15th day of September.

The following replies to the circular sent out by the board of agri-
culture to the different counties will give an idea of the destruction of
crops by the locusts:

Barton County.—‘‘ Grasshoppers appeared July 26 and destroyed all the corn and
garden vegetables, together with the present year’s growth of fruit trees of all kinds.”

Brown County.—“ Appeared August 15; stripped the corn and nearly destroyed the
ear; took all the foliage from fruit trees, and seriously damaged the fruit.”

Clay County.—“ Made their appearance in different portions of the ccunty from the
25th to the 30th of July. Nearly all green crops were destroyed; fifty per cent. of the
fruit crop ruined.”

Cloud County.—The most terrible calamity that has ever befallen Northwestern Kan-

116 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

sas has just swept over us like the devouring locust of Palestine. The land was as the
garden of Eden before them, and behind them a desolate wilderness.

Decatur County.—*‘ Grasshoppers destroyed the corn crop and drought the wheat, oats,
barley, and potatoes.”

Ellis County.—** Destroyed everything growing except the grasses.”

Ellsworth County.—‘‘ Destroyed corn and everything green except sorghum and broom
corn.”

Edwards County.—“ Crops entirely destroyed, not one bushel of vegetables or grain
being saved for man or beast.”

Harvey County.— Nearly total destruction of corn and vegetables.”

Jefferson County.—“ Destroyed all corn, fodder, and vegetables; late corn entirely and
early corn to a considerable extent. Fruit trees stripped and fruit badly damaged.”

Jewell County.—‘ Destroyed all crops not mature, except sorghum.”

Lincoln County.—‘‘ Destroyed corn and vegetables.”

Lyon County.—“ Destroyed all green crops and vegetation.”

Marion County.—‘‘ Destroyed nearly all the corn and vegetables.”

McPherson County.— Nearly a total destruction of corn and vegetables.”

Mitchell County.—“ Entire corn crop and vegetables destroyed.”

Morris County.—‘ Corn nearly ruined; vegetables entirely so; fruit and shade trees
badly damaged.”

Norton County.—“‘ Crops entirely destroyed.”

Osborne County.—*‘ Corn crop destroyed; also vegetables, hedges, and young fruit
and forest trees.”
_ Ottawa County.—‘‘ Entirely destroying the corn crop, vegetables, and fruit.”

Pawnee County.— Total destruction of crops.”

Reno County.—‘‘ General destruction of late crop.s”

Republic County.—“ Corn crop and vegetables totally destroyed, and fruit trees
seriously damaged.”

Riley County.—* Destroyed nearly everything green.”

Russell County.—‘‘ Completely devastated the country.”

Rush County.— We have nothing left but our teams, which we will have to sell or ~
starve unless we receive aid.”

Shawnee County.— Destroyed nearly everything they were capable of destroying.”

Smith County.—‘ Entirely destroyed cora and nearly all kinds of vegetation.”

Wabaunsee County.—‘‘All the corn destroyed except some of the earliest which had
ripened: vegetables, fruit trees, and this year’s growth of trees were also destroyed.”

Washington County.—‘“‘Almost entire destruction of corn crop, vegetables, and fruits.”

We have no such complete returns from counties in the other Western
States and Territories as from Kansas, but in a large part of Nebraska,
Minnesota, Dakota, and the northwestern section of lowa, the destruc-
tion of crops in 1874 was about the same as Kansas.

Gov. C. K. Davis, of Minnesota, writing to the Secretary of War, says:

“The locusts have devoured every kind of crop in the northwestern part of Minne-
sota. (They did the same thing last year, inthe same area.) Many thousands are now
suff-ring for food, and I am using every public and private source to send immediate
supplies of food.”

The commissioner of statistics of the same State, in his report for
1874, says that the locusts destroyed more than 50 per cent. of the crops
in the following counties: Brown, Clay, Cottonwood, Jackson, Lae qui
Parle, Lincoln, Lyon, Martin, Murray, Nobles, Redwood, Renville, Rock,
Watonwan, and Yellow Medicine.

The following quotations from the correspondence given in Professor

DAMAGE IN MISSOURI IN 1875. : iby

Riley’s eighth report as State entomologist of Missouri present a some-
what vivid picture of the ravages of the locusts in that State in 1875:

“‘In Saint Joseph the grasshoppers are reported as the sands of the sea, and sweep-
ing everything before them.”

Aitchison County—“ The locusts are taking everything green as fast as it appears
above the ground in this part of the county.”

Bates County.“ It is actually alarming and distressing to see all our crops and pas-
tures eaten off until they are as bare as in midwinter.” ‘The grasshoppers have de-
stroyed the country.” “There is scarcely a green thing left in the country. All of our
crops are destroyed.”

Buchanan County.—“‘I think by the time the hoppers leave here they will have de-
voured everything green. The crops are about all destroyed now, together with the
pastures and meadows. The country would present the appearance of winter were it
not for the foliage of the timber. The leaves are all stripped off the hazel bushes.”

Cass County.—‘‘ Those persons at a distance and out of range of the plague can have
but a faint idea of our situation, nor can they comprehend the fearful ravages made
by these pests. They have already eaten up the wheat and oats, and are taking the
corn that is planted as fast as it appears above the ground. Our gardens and meadows
have been totally despoiled, and our once beautiful flower-flecked prairies now look as
desolate and barren as the desert. Our stock will either have to be sent off or starve,
as there is nothing for them to eat. The influence of the plague is being severely felt
in our cities and towns by all classes. Business is becoming stagnated, work of all
kinds is on' the decline, and gloom and despondency fill almost every heart.”

Clinton County.—“ All the meadows, both clover and timothy are absolutely destroyed,
and nothing but frequent and heavy rains will save the blue grass. The devastation
is much heavier and more universal on the west and south sides of the county. The
hazel and undergrowth are leafless as in winter; all the small fruits of every descrip-
tion are destroyed.”

Gentry County.—They ate all the wheat that was on high land, also, oats and corn ;
all garden vegetables and a great portion of the fruit. Imagine every green thing on
the face of the earth eaten entirely up, the meadows and blue grass pastures as bare
of vegetation as the center of a State road that is traveled a great deal, and you can
probably form some idea of our condition at the time.

Henry County.—“ The locusts have already destroyed a large portion of the crops in
sections of this county, and still continue their work of devastation. The western and
northern part is almost a desert, there being scarcely a vestige of onything green
remaining to be seen.”

Jackson County.— Pastures have been stripped of foliage, oat, and wheat fields have
been swept, gardens are bare of any growing vegetable, and the corn-fields are alike
destitute of any indications that anything has been planted. The small fruits are
irrevocably gone, and the larger fruits are now becoming a prey to their devouring
powers. Theyswarm into the houses, hopping and climbing in every place that is not
absolutely closed against them.”

Saint Clair County.—“ The grasshoppers have eaten up all the flax, all the wheat,
and corn, and now are attacking everything green even grass, and three weeks hence
will witness a country as barren as the grim deserts of Africa.”

We could multiply quotations and extracts from various sources, and
from our own correspondence the past season, but these will suffice to
convey an idea of the terrible havoc this insect scourge inflicts upon
the farmers of a district which it invades in full force. We give them
for this purpose as no amount of statistics and figures would ever
convey a correct idea of the sufferings of a locust-ravaged pioneer
settlement.

118 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The statements from our own correspondents will be found in Ap-
pendix 20.

In order to arrive at something like a correct estimate of the absolute
loss to crops by locust ravages we have concluded to take the chief
crop—corn—in the four States, Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, and Iowa,
in the years 1874 and 1875, the first a locust year, the second a full crop
year, as a basis. We select these States because they are known to
have suffered severely in 1874, and for the reason that the statistics of
their crops are given in the annual reports of the Department of Agri-
culture without any special reference to the point now under considera-
tion and hence are free from any suspicion of a disposition to exaggerate
the losses.

Loss on the corn crop in Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, and Missouri in 1874,
as shown by reference to the statistical tables in the reports of the Agri-
cultural Department for 1874 and 1875.

Although it is true, as a general rule, that in these western States
each year’s crop shows an increase over that of the previous year on
account of the increased acreage, yet in this case, a comparison of the
crop of 1874 with that of 1875 will not lead us into any great error ou
this account, as the severe shock received by agriculture in these States
in 1874 could not easily be ovecome in a single season, moreover, con-
siderable loss was also occasioned by the locusts in 1875; in fact, the
wheat crop of 1874 was fully equal to that of 1875, because the former
was generally harvested before the locusts arrived, while the latter was
seriously injured by the young insects.

We are fully aware of the fact that 1874 was a very dry year and
that crops throughout the whole country suffered very materially from
this cause, and that on this account the difference between the crop of
1874 and 1875 cannot all be attributed to the locusts, in those States
visited by them. But, as will be seen by the statistics which follow, we
have endeavored to eliminate from the estimate the proportion of the
loss attributable to the dry season. To do this correctly we have had to
make a special case of Illinois from the fact that it has been shown by
estimates from two entirely different sets of data that the loss on corn
in this State in 1874 by the chinch-bug was, at least, equal to 52 per
cent. of the crop of 1875.

Departments’ estimate of the corn-crops of 1874 and 1875.

1874. 1875.
Bushels. | Bushels.

TOW eee sie. See ek Lodi ee eter 115, 720, 000 160, 000, 000
AY (FSIS ee ee ROE aN DWT TS ok oe Sae 46, 049, 000 122, 600, C00
Herne tire tele oe isle 5 Ee Se ee PRIN: TA 16,065,000 | 76, 700, C00
NCD EASA ee ok SES ooo cone enti Spek « win data eee ee 3,500,000 | 28, 000, 000
EP OGD ge ss chr c ices hie oP ae oraislae came de enn eee | 181,334,000 | 392, 700, 01.0

181, 334, 000

Agerefate loss on corn in these States. .:.. 220-222. b0. case oe eee s «oan ee | oe ee 211, 366, 000

ee a eg A a se a a ee

LOSS TO THE CORN CROP. 119

Taking the crop of 1875 as a basis this shows a loss of 53.8 per cent.
occasioned by locusts and drought.

If we now take the loss on this crop in all the other States (except
Illinois) as representing the per cent. of loss occasioned by the dry
weather, and deduct this per cent. from the per cent. of loss in the above
named Western States, we may fairly consider the remainder as that
caused by the locusts.

The total crop of corn in the United States in 1874 and 1875, as given
by the department reports, were as follows:

1874. 1875.
_ ei
Bushels. Bushels.
TOURER PSL T o WL o ease REO ete es Ske Fone Oe on eo 850, 148, 500 1, 321, 069, 000
Deduct crops of the States mentioned and Illinois ...-.....-...-...--- 314, 913, 000 672, 700, 000
Aircore cotecof the other Stabesicesssmicwiacs cemcaqeetee ae) sete ereaiieeenauece 535, 235, 500 | 648, 369, 000
D890, 235, 500
A geregate loss on corn in all the other States ...... .--5-- cceceeseccee|------t ee en eene 113, 133, 500

Taking the crop of 1875 as a basis, this shows a loss of 17.4 per cent.

| Deducting this from the 53.8 per cent. loss in-the Western States named
it gives 36.4 per cent. as the portion lost, which is attributable to the
locust visitation in 1874. Taking 36.4 per cent. of 392,700,090 bushels,
the total corn crop of these States in 1875, it gives 142,942,800 bushels
as the aggregate loss by the locusts. Estimating this at 28 cents per
bushels, the average price for these Western States, as given in the re-
port for 1875, and we have a money loss of 40,023,984 dollars, or in round
numbers, forty millions of dollars on the corn-crop alone in a single
year in four Western States.

Lest this may be considered as an unfair method of arriving at the
correct loss, as it does not take into consideration the difference in acre-
age, let us see what it amounts to by this method.

The total acreage in corn in these four States in 1874, according to the
department report for that year, was 8,721,076, the average yield of corn
per acre in these States in 1875 was 37.9 bushels, in 1874 it was 16.4
bushels, showing a difference of 21.5 bushels per acre. The proportion
of loss by the locusts was 36.4 per cent. out of 53.8 per cent. or about
68 per cent. of the whole loss. A loss of 21.5 bushels per acre on
8,721,076 acres gives an aggregate of 187,503,134 bushels; 68 per cent.
of this is 127,502,133 bushels. At 28 cents this gives a money loss of
35,600,597 dollars, the two results differing only about 11 per cent.

Minnesota and Texas are omitted from these estimates because this
crop was fully as large in these States in 1874 as in 1875, and the loss in
the former in 1875 from locusts and cold season was greater than in
1874.

The loss on wheat in 1874 was generally less than in 1875 as it was
mostly harvested when the locusts arrived in the former year, and suf-
fered from the young in the latter. This to a large extent was also the

120 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

case with other small grains. The Joss on the potato crop, however,
was heavy as appears from the following exhibit taken from the same
reports heretofore referred to:

Crop of 1874. | Crop of 1875. Loss.
Bushels. Bushels. Bushels.
Iowa oe ane ene ee cen eee cece ee eee ene eee eee ee ee: 4, 806, 600 8, 700, 000 3, 894, 000
IMAISSOULI; 22). a3 eet week me eae. pions eeeeee eee 2, 022, 000 6, 300, 000 4, 278, 000
Kansas Eieeeee ee eae eins ale cela = Sneiciseem ae aie eee 1, 116, 000 4, 420, 000 3, 364, 000
INGDIASKS eos. Ssscsce ces ace ws eoncce sane een ee eee ore 275, C00 1, 950, 000 1, 675, 000
AP ET OR RGO: 5 o-oo na wan! won sicimein cio ane ane eeee eee 8, 219, 000 21, 430, 000 13, 211, 000

The loss in those States as shown by these figures amounts to
13,211,000 bushels, worth according to the average price in this section
in 1875 (27 cents), $3,556,970 ; 68 per cent. of which is $2,418,739.

In Minnesota the difference in the potato crops of the two years was
a little over 2,000,000, of bushels.

The loss sustained by the destruction of gardens, which suffer more
perhaps in proportion to their value than anything else, when aggre-
gated amounts to a much larger sum than would be supposed. As bear-
ing upon this point and sustaining this view, we present the following
ingenious method of arriving at the loss by the destruction of gardens
in the locust-visited counties in Texas in 1877, as given by Serg. C. A.
Smith, Signal-Service officer at Galveston:

From the preceding, which I take as fair examples of the remaining devastated coun-
ties, I conclude that the damage to the grain crops in the 64 counties visited cannot ex-
ceed 5 per cent. Gardens everywhere appear to have suffered to a much greater extent
than the grain crops. They were reported as having been entirely destroyed in a large
number of cases, and were badly damaged wherever visited. Assuming that a large
percentage recovered from the ravages of the insects as in the case of the grain, I will
estimate 25 per cent. as totally lost. Taking the population of the 64 counties for the
year 1870 as a basis, and dividing it by five to get the approximate number of families,
and we have for the latter 84,304; assuming that one-half of these families have
gardens worth $75 each, that an average of 25 per cent. were destroyed, and we have
$790,350 as the approximate damage to gardens.

Extend this method of estimating this item of loss to all the other States
and Territories visited by the locusts in 1874 or 1877, and it will readily
be seen that the aggregate amount is very far from being an insignifi-
cant sum; nor can we consider the calculation an exaggerated one.

Applying the same method of calculation to the visited portion of
Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas, and inelud-
ing that for Texas, we have a loss on gardens alone in 1877 of a little
over $4,000,000.

Let us suppose that the loss on other crops (except potatoes), gardens,
orchards, stock that died from want of food, &c., amounted to but one-
half the loss on the corn crop; this would be, taking the lower estimate
on corn as heretofore given, something over $11,800,000. Adding to-
gether these three items—

|

}

LOSS TO OTHER CROPS. 121

PASS ON GOLN «okies «a srceeeinee aap - ER eer ee OUR es outs o ESL EE ERLE eeea - $35, 600, 597
BUOSStON: POTATOES 2. <5 <:cte os mera aetna echt ape oie, aio Ses lain ee anemia kee 2, 418, 739
BOSS ON: OF HET CrOPS can acum ae meena a alaa ae Salers neiniel enim cle cia eyomat xi aren cinta’ 17, 800, 000

55, 819, 336
and we have an aggregate loss in the four States mentioned, for the
year 1874, by the locusts, of about $56,000,000.

This estimate we believe is fully sustained by the facts, and if erroneous,
it is not because the losses are exaggerated, but for the reason that they
are understated. It is certainly much less than any made from local
estimates.

But the actual amount destroyed by the locusts does not give the
absolute financial loss to the people of these States. All over and above
what is necessary for home consumption changes hands or form, and
with each change increases in value. In other words, every dollar’s

‘worth of corn thrown into market or converted, by the time it or its

resultant leaves the State, has at least doubled in value. Not that the
actual price or value of a bushel of corn is doubled, but that the labor,
business, trade, &c., it bas put in motion has resulted in adding the

‘value of another bushel to the material wealth of the State, and perhaps

{

if we were to say of two bushels, we should not be beyond the fact.

_The farmers themselves scarcely felt the effect of these losses financially

more than the business men and mechanics of these States, and we think
it no exaggeration to say that the absolute financial loss by this second-
ary effect was fully equal to the direct loss on crops; perhaps even more.
If the depreciation in the price of real estate be taken into consideration
it was certainly more, but as this will be recovered when the cause of
alarm passes away, we have thought best to omit it entirely from the
estimate.

Calculating in this way, we see that the actual loss to these four
States in a single year by this terrible scourge amounted to at least

- $100,000,000.

The loss in Minnesota for this year, although severely felt by the
farmers of the western counties, is comparatively small when considered
with reference to the production of the whole State. It was estimated
by the commissioner of statistics for that State as follows:

WL Reh) a Le SSI RS eR a oe Re Ce $2, 000, 000
SEN as aeeae ae. anes ea steven om fey sees Feed lo. . oa ss ee aeeee ee 518, 000
ERD gs cadet 2x Peart YAS ond oe ot ea CHI so SR etd othe bid ida rhs dc, pe AEE 256, 000
MHOD CLEOPR. oa om rastacid die = eae raced oid d 332 o) Faocind dias « Sates cadet 2 250, 000

MO beal ees Meira Naat cae anise a ein «orate <[nie < cele o'ciewelee Cacelaeeeteme 3, 034, 000

We have no satisfactory statements of losses in any of the other
States or Territories for this year, and hence can only guess at them
from the very imperfect data we have been able to obtain from published
reports and our own correspondeuts during the past year. The follow-
ing statements and estimates in reference to the losses in other years

122 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL CUMMISSION.

will afford some assistance in making up a general estimate of the
amount sustained during the years 1874-1877:

Statistics of losses in Minnesota occasioned by locusts in the years 1875 and 1876, as shown
by the report of the commissioner of statistics of that State.

1275. 1876.
Bushels. Bushels.

GWiktGate -t 8 scepter sont aia ieee Fie se Ate) Sere ae ee med 2, 024, 972 3, 315, 240
CE TOC HES ea ee ene a Ae eee Rae Sm eet eee AT OY ee ee eee 1, 127, 770 2,251, 374
CORne jah eS Se Oe Be a eae ri Se a te eee 790, 981 1, 205, 169
IB AION sda i aaliaie einiie Salas b aislats Sue eects Gites aes Rete Oe eee 41, 059 159, 368
We) G58 5 0e DOB AB EDAD ODS ORO DUEIZS UE SOCOL EEC SESS OO BOGE R CC OUMS aReana oanSe 1,131, | 225 Soe2eseeee
BOK WHECMb saci oe oa anes ote ie meals pe eiocloe ele eee ea ee eee 16,450! | 22822 So eee
PROTATOES esate soi 26 ees oie oe Oe Ee cine eee ee ee ee ee ee 130, 826 | 222seeeeee eee
OMNSSsnisen cao cc eek cas pocetc ce sma wale a osiweee ane eee See eee eee eee 7, VL | eee ee
DO tals Uo eeae css oe ss race ee ee ee ee 4, 141, 230 7, 031, 151

Mr. Riley, in his eighth annual report as State entomologist of Mis-
souri, from the data he was able to collect, estimates the loss occasioned
by the locusts in the counties of Western Missouri, in 1875, on grains
alone, as follows:

Atchison, $700,000; Andrew, $500,000; Bates, $200,000; Barton,
$5,000 ; Benton, $5,000; Buchanan, $2,000,000; Caldwell, $10,000; Cass,
$2,000,000; Clay, $800,000; Clinton, $600,600; DeKalb, $200,000 ;
Gentry, $400,000; Harrison, $10,000; Henry, $800,600; Holt, $500,000 ;
Jackson, $2,500,000; Jasper, $5,000; Johnson, $1,000,000; Lafayette,
$2,000,000 ; Newton, $5,000; Pettis, $50,000; Platte, $300,000; Ray,
$75,000; Saint Clair, $250,000; Vernon, $75,000; Worth, $10,000.
Amounting in the aggregate to something over $15,000,000.

We have no Satisfactory statements of losses in any of the other States
or Territories, for this or either of the subsequent years, nor have we
any data by which to estimate the aggregate losses for either of the years
1874, 1875, 1876, or 1877, in Colorado, Montana, Dakota, or Utah. But
it is fair to presume that in the entire locust-visited area, during these
years, the total loss would fall but little, if any, short of $200,000,000.
If this had been distributed over a number of the thickly-settled States,
its effect upon the industries of these States would have been but slightly
felt ; but when we remember that it was borne almost entirely by Min-
nesota, the western half of Iowa, the western section of Missouri, Ne-
braska, Kansas, the western part of Texas, and some of the sparsely-set-
tled Territories, containing a pioneer population, generally of small
means, we can better appreciate the immense suffering it must have
entailed and the severe shock given thereby to the agriculture of the
West.

AGRICULTURAL BEARING OF THE SUBJECT. 123

oH ATP RAV.

AGRICULTURAL BEARING OF THE LOCUST PROBLEM.

This particular aspect of the “locust problem” is the one of most im-
portance to the people at large, to the citizens of the infested districts,
and to our national authorities; it is also, doubtless, the one in which
Congress feels the most interest; in fact, if embraces the chief object
for which the commission was created. Here we are expected to meet
and answer the questions, What has been and what is likely to be the
effect of locust visitations upon the agricultural development of the

great West? Itisnot difficult to answer the first of these questions.

This has already been done, in part, in the foregoing chapter, but will be
further considered in a more general manner in this. But the second is
the one in reference to which there is most anxiety, and in regard to
which the people and our national authorities are most desirous of
obtaining information.

We will therefore consider these questions briefly in the order given,
but, at the same time, desire that it be understood we cannot undertake
to answer fully the second until we have completed our investigations,
as there are some important links in the history of these insects which
are yet in obscurity.

The direct injury to the agricultural districts of the West is somewhat
fully shown in the preceding chapter. The manner in which an injury
is inflicted often has a much more disastrous or paralyzing effect than
the injury itself. Ten per cent. loss on the wheat or corn crop of a State,
if caused by excessive rains or dry weather, or, if it be the result of
some secret insect foe, as the wire-worm, grub-worm, or chinch-bug, will
excite no alarm; but, if an invading swarm of locusts swoop down sud-
denly and unexpectedly upon an agricultural district and in a few hours
destroy one field in ten, a feeling of alarm at once takes hold of the en-
tire farming community, and the paralyzing effect is far greater than if
twice the amount had been destroyed by some slow and more usual pro-
cess. If this is repeated for two, three, or four years in succession the
discouraging effect is increased in like ratio. But, if instead of a loss
of ten per cent. an entire crop is destroyed, a feeling of alarm takes hold
not only of the farmers but of the entire population of the visited area,
especially if it be a newly-settled district, as our Western States and
Territories. In oriental countries, where the people have long been ac-
customed to such visitations and have learned to expect them, the par-
alyzing effect, as a matter of course, is not so great; but our western
districts are occupied by a population heretofore unaccustomed to such °
jnjuries, and hence the shock which the agriculture of those sections

124 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

receives is much greater than it would be if, by long experience, the
people had become eccustomed to such visitations.

The struggling pioneer who has managed, with his limited means and
with no force but himself and family, to break the sod of a forty-acre
tract and plant his corn, and then sees it swept away in a single day by
a swarm of hungry locusts, is necessarily greatly discouraged. If this
is repeated for two or three years in succession, or even in the course of
a few years, he is forced to give up the contest and seek a home in some
other section.

Hundreds and thousands of exactly such cases as this were to be
found in the border States during the series of locust visitations which
occurred between 1873 and 1877. The tales of their hardships told in
letters sent back to their friends had their effect, and for a time the tide
of emigration not only ceased but turned back, and hundreds, perhaps
thousands, of homes were left untenanted, and fields uncultivated. Nor
is it strange that such should be the case; the only wonder is that,
under the circumstances, so many continued to struggle so long and so
bravely.

As a natural consequence, business of all kinds was in a great degree
suspended, improvements stopped, and the development of the country
checked. Although rich in material and life-sustaining resources, and
abounding in fertility and productive forces, they were in a great degree
negatived or rendered valueless for these four years by the visitations
of an insect scarcely more than an inchin length. So widespread was
the devastation and so severe the scourge that State and national aid
was deemed necessary to assist in staying it. Asa result of this feeling
the legislatures of some of the western States were convened, and the
meeting of governors at Omaha, heretofore mentioned, was called. The
following extract from Governor Pillsbury’s address at the Omaha meet-
ing sets forth in strong colors the distress and uneasiness we have al-
luded to:

I shall not attempt any details of the prolonged visitation of the destructive insects,
from which several States are now suffering. Most of you are doubtless familiar with
the sad experience of many localities in your several States, where the people have suf-
fered continuously, to the last extremity of endurance. In my own State the ravages
have thus far been confined to a comparatively small belt along our western and north-
ern borders, but within this area many localities have suffered an almost total loss
of crops for four years in succession, and with these people the question is fast assum-
ing the vital alternative of exterminating the pests, or being exterminated by them.

The following brief extracts from the committee report, resolutions,
&c., of that meeting indicate the general feeling and views of those
present on this point:

The Rocky Mountain locust, or grasshopper, by its migrations from Territory to Ter-
ritory and from State to State, destroying millions of dollars’ worth of the hard earn-
ings of the western farmers, crippling the progress of the border States, and retarding
the settlement of the Territories, has become a national plague. Its injuries are of such
magnitude that no effort should be left untried that will be likely to diminish or ayert
them. (From committee report.)

a

EFFECT IN THE FUTURE. 125) -

The scourge of the grasshoppers or locusts has become so alarming, during the last
two years, as to seriously threaten the prosperity of many of the States and Territories,
(From Governor Pennington’s resolution.)

These facts, together with the statement of the losses sustained as
given in the previous chapter, make it evident that the locust visitations
in these States and Territories have been a serious drawback upon the
agricultural progress of the West.

WIAT IS LIKELY TO BE THE EFFECT IN THE FUTURE.

The favorable result of the agricultural operations last season, brought
about in great part by the character of the weather, but in part by the
determination with which the farmers contended with their insect foes,
_ has to a great extent restored confidence. Emigration has again set in,
| and ‘the older residents baving learned by experience means of protect-
ing their crops against the ravages of the young locusts, now feel them-
- selves more able to cope with the difficulty than formerly. Yet a repeti-
. tion of the invasions so recently ended, unless long deferred, would be a
severe blow to the agriculture of these western sections, and would cause
those seeking new homes to hesitate long before running the risk of
having the results of their toil and labor destroyed by this severe
scourge.

We firmly believe, as we have again and again asserted, and which so
far the facts seem to bear out, that the locusts can never become per-
manent residents of the border States; that the long series of visita-
tions so recently ended was unusual and is not likely to be repeated for
a long time, most probably not in the present century. Our belief, as a
matter of course, is based upon the evidence furnished by the past
and not upon any prophetic knowledge of the future. If we could fore-
tell the character of the seasons for these coming years, we could then
predict with more certainty the movements of the locusts. If there is a
succession of dry years like those recently passed we may look for a re-
currence of invasions.

A knowledge of the history and habits of the species has a tendency
to remove much of the alarm they excite, and when the past season
closed without fresh swarms from the native breeding grounds, thus
verifying our predictions, and the people saw that the series of visita-
tions had come to an end, there was a very evident feeling of relief; not
only because of a crop saved, but because it was an evidence that the
locusts had not become permanent residents.

The benefit arising from the appointment of this commission was ex-
perienced more immediately and palpably in this connection than any
other. Although the object for which it was authorized was to investi-
gate the history and habits of the locusts and suggest such remedies as
would be most effectual in counteracting them, yet the members felt it
incumbent upon them to devote attention first to the immediate danger

126 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

apprebended from the young insects, and so far as possible to allay the
fear and apprehension of invading swarms. And they feel warranted
in saying that in this respect their efforts were crowned with more
favorable results than could have been expected.

The relation of the locust problem to the condition of the country as
to humidity or aridity is so intimate that it cannot be thoroughly under-
stood without a knowledge of the latter, nor is it likely that a complete
solution will ever be found so long as the arid condition of a large por-
tion of the West remains as it is.

The migratory habit of locusts, whether in the Eastern or Western
Continent, is now known to be directly or indirectly attributable to the
arid condition of the area in which they originate. It is only in broad
and extensive and comparatively barren regions that we find them per-
petuating their race and maintaining their migratory habits. Such
areas form the great hives in which they multiply and from which they
pour forth the vast hordes that fall upon the more fertile surrounding
districts. This fact has been known and understood for ages past 5 and
numerous facts, gathered in recent years, show that where man by his
folly has converted fertile districts into barren areas, these, likewise,
become the home and prolific hives of the migratory locust.

As is shown elsewhere, the eastern limit of the movements of our
migratory species is along the eastern line of Minnesota, middle line of
Iowa, and western border of Missouri; but if from any cause these
States should ever become as arid as the plairs lying west of them, then
the locust-swarms will be seen moving eastward across the Mississippi
in search of more fertile fields. It is evident, therefore, that the final
and complete solution of the locust problem depends to a certain extent
upon the possibility of modifying, to some degree at least, the aridity of
the great plains of the Northwest, which undoubtedly form the native
breeding-grounds of these insects.

By most persons this will be considered equivalent to saying that the
locust problem will never be solved. It would scarcely be proper for us
here to enter into a discussion of the question of the possibility of modi-
fying the condition of the dry area, but we cannot refrain from placing
upon record our protest against any such conclusion as this. That man,
with a mind that can bring art, science, and mechanics to the perfection
now visible on every hand, must be forever unable to convert the des-
ert into fertile fields, or to redeem the waste places of earth, we cannot
believe, unless we are shown that the moisture which once supplied these
areas has forever taken its departure from our globe.

To what extent these dry areas of the West can be supplied with water
and rendered fertile must be determined by those who are proficient in
this particular branch of science; but, that large sections can be re-
deemed by proper efforts, if made on a scale of sufficient magnitude, we
have no doubt.

By utilizing all the water that flows down from the mountains for the

MODIFICATION OF WESTERN COUNTRY. 1,7

purposes of irrigation ; by collecting in reservoirs the winter supply and
distributing it in the growing season, a very large section of these plains

might be brought under cultivation, and extensive forests grown where

now the surface is naked and barren. Every field brought into cultiva-
tion, every grove planted, and every square yard added to the water
surface of these dry regions, is just so far a step toward the ultimate
solution of the locust problem; and the nearer these can be brought to
their native home the more effectual will they be in rooting them out.
If extensive efforts in this direction were made in British America,
north of Montana, also in Eastern Montana, Western Dakota, and the
regions around the Black Hills, it would not only be of immense bene-
fit in supplying new agricultural fields for emigrants from Northern
Europe, but would be a great step toward the final solution of the locust
problem. It would also be a most effectual method of settling the In-
dian question in this region. Just what can be done in the way of re-
deeming these areas we cannot say, but wlien their settlement depends
upon it, and the welfare of a much larger area south and west also de-
pends upon it, certainly the question is worthy of consideration by our
national authorities.

The day is not far distant when our national government will be
compelled to meet this important question and to test the ability of
man to accomplish the work.

The progress of settlement westward must necessarily be slow when
it, as is now beginning to be the case, impinges upon the sterile area;
it can only push onward when the front line is backed by a dense popu-
lation and farms studded with groves. It is possible that if there were |
no other impediments to overcome than this sterility, formidable as it is,
the gradual filling up of the border area with an active population
would modify the conditions sufficiently, at least, to allow the pushing
into and redemption of a belt of considerable breadth. But when to
this difficulty is added the devouring locust the hope of success is
greatly diminished.

It requires no high degree of scientific attainments or profound
knowledge of physical laws to arrive at a conclusion in reference to
the point we are discussing. If the conditions remain as they are, and
the locusts are not annihilated they will continue to reproduce and mi-
grate. As the arable areas of the West will soon become absolutely
necessary for our rapidly growing population, it follows that without
some modifying influence in one or the other of these directions, toward
a change of conditions or toward annihilation, there is no hope but for
a continual warfare on the part of the western farmers with these in-
sect foes. Learning the history and habits of the species will do much
good in the way of enabling the agriculturist to contend to much bet-
ter advantage; to take advantage of every favorable influence and to
be far more successful in defending bis crops than he-could possibly be
without this knowledge. It will also enable him to so modify his

128 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION,

method as to reduce the loss and the cost and labor of defending his
crops toa minimum. It will, in a great measure, do away with that
feeling of alarm the locusts usually inspire. But still the warfare will
go on indefinitely. While it is almost certain that, on account of the
wide-spread area of the West in which the migratory species appears
to be indigenous, including in its bounds a large extent of mountain
country, it will be impossible by any practicable means to utterly exter-
minate it, yet there are strong grounds for believing that a complete
knowledge of its history, habits, and habitats will render it possible to
prevent, in a great measure, its disastrous incursious into the Missis-
sippi Valley.

We may say truly that one step has been accomplished, for the expe-
rience of last season has sufficed to convince the farmers and citizens of
the locust-visited sections when another contest comes they will-be able
to defend their crops from the young insects.

We feel justified, therefore, in affirming that, although favorable sea-
sons for their development will in all probability cause their return at
irregular periods, they will never cause such alarm in the future as they
have in the past; and that, although they may occasionally cause a tem-
porary check to, they never can entirely bar, the agricultural progress
of the vast area they lately so fearfully ravaged.

Simply fighting these insects fortunately does not exhaust the reme-
dies in the power of the agriculturists of these sections. The facts ascer-
tained render it quite probable, in fact almost certain, that even should
the incursions of the locusts continue to occur in the future, and no
means of preventing this be found, a modification in the methods of
farming or a change in agricultural operations can be adopted which
will render the effect of these invasions comparatively harmless.

As a rule, which has few if any exceptions, the invading swarms do
not make their appearance in the Mississippi Valley until the latter part
of July or first of August. By this time wheat, barley, and oats have
generally reached perfection and been harvested. This fact renders it
possible to anticipate these swarms and prevent serious injury by rely-
ing chiefly upon these crops when there is reason to fear their incur-
SIONS.

If the hatching grounds from which these swarms usually come can
be definitely ascertained, and the national government, by means of the
Signal-Service Corps or otherwise, will take measures to give notice in
advance of heavy egg-deposits in this area, the farmers, by planting
small grains, may thus prevent any serious injury by them when they
arrive. This remedial measure applies more particularly to the central
and southern sections, as Nebraska and Iowa and southward. In these
sections it appears to be also true as a general rule that the young
locusts acquire wings and commence migrating sufficiently early in the
season to allow corn of rapid growth to be produced after they depart.
Hence when the ground is full of eggs and young locusts are expected

NEED OF JUDGMENT IN PLANTING. 129

in large numbers in the following spring, corn should be relied on as
the chief crop.

By adopting this plan of alternating the crops according to the locust
status, the injurious effects of both visiting hordes and resulting broods
would be very materially lessened.

This plan, as a matter of course, is less applicable in the northern sec-
tion, where the growing season is shorter and where wheat and small
grains come to perfection later in the season. But it is thought by Mr.
Taylor, of Manitoba, that by selecting the variety of corn of quickest
growth it may be pushed forward to perfection by the time the locusts
usually make their appearance. Be this as it may, still it is possible
that even here, by a judicious system of cropping, much of the loss
which would otherwise be occasioned by these iusects may be avoided.

As a general rule the pioneer population of these Western States and
Territories consists of individuals of small means who are compelled for
the first few years to devote most of their attention to breaking sod,
pieparing a habitation, and producing food for themselves and stock.
Corn is chiefly relied upon, as the seed costs but little, and it affords
food for both man and beast, and in the broad timberless sections may
also be used for fuel. Wheat is the chief crop by which money can be
obtained to purchase clothing and other necessaries which cannot be
produced on the farm. It is therefore next to impossible for these per-
sons during the first few years after they settle to alternate their crops.
But those who have been longer in the country and have made sufficient
headway may do this and thus prevent the general distress occasioned
by locust invasions. It would also be wise for those who are in a posi-
tion that will enable them to do so, to diversify their agricultural opera-
ions more than is the custom in these sections. Pease, and the varioust
root-crops, such as turnips, potatoes, rutabagas, mangel-wurzel, &e.,
which answer well for food for stock, are generally less injured than the
grains, aud should be partially relied upon in years when it is probable
the locusts will appear.

The broad prairies of the Northwest are naturally adapted for grazing
and seem to be intended for the great wool and beef producing area of
that part of the United States east of the Rocky Mountain range; and
if this fact were fully appreciated and acted upon as it might be, one
great step toward meeting the difficulty would be made. The grass-
hoppers do but comparatively little injury to the grass, and hence the
stock-raisers and herdsmen look with comparative indifference on these
visitations. The meat and wool markets are no more likely to be over-
stocked than the wheat and corn markets, and as the cholera has ren-
dered the raising of hogs an uncertain and precarious business, the meat
supply must come chiefly from the pasture of our country. Here, then,
is presented one method at least of partially meeting the difficulty.

We present these thoughts, not with a view of urging their adoption
exactiy as given, but for the purpose of suggesting to the farmers of the
West plans by which the difficulty may be in part, at least. overcome,

9G

130 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

even should no method of preventing locust invasions be found. These
plans, as a matter of course, may have to be modified as experience will
show to be necessary ; and what is applicable in one section may be un-
Suited to another—this can only be ascertained by experience.

Among the questions propounded in the circular (No. 1) which we
sent out in the early part of the season, were the following:

‘No. 12, crops which suffered most.”

“No. 14, crops which suffered least.”

The answers to these questions, so far as received from Minnesota,
Towa, Nebraska, and Dakota, will be found in Appendix 20. From
these it appears that crops which suffered most stand about in the fol-
lowing ratio:

Wheat, 100; barley, 33; oats, 30; corn, 26.

Those which suffered least as follows:

Pease, 100; corn, 53; sorghum, 33; oats, 30; potatoes, 2.

While this method of aggregating the replies may and perhaps does
present a generally correct idea as to the comparative injury to crops,
the ratio cannot be relied upon for several reasons, among which we may
mention the following:

ss crop generally grown in one section is seldom grown in another.
Some crops are much less common than others, and hence are not so
often mentioned in the replies. If we take Minnesota, from which most
replies were received, and where wheat and pease are more largely pro-
duced in proportion to corn than in either of the other States named,
‘the ratio will stand as follows:

Injured most.—Wheat, 100; oats, 37; barley, 37; corn, 9; flax, 9.

Injured least.—Pease, 100; oats, 38; corn, 31; sorghum, 21; potatoes. 17,

In Nebraska the ratio is as follows:

Injured most.—W heat, 100; corn, 32; barley, 14.

Injured least.—Corn, 100; sorghum, 66; pease, 33; wheat 33.

It is evident, from all the facts we have obtained, that wheat suffers
‘most from the young insects, to which, as a matter of course, the replies
alluded to apply; but that corn suffers most, from the invading swarms,
of the field crops.

The replies are evidently intended to apply chiefly to the question of
‘preference in plants shown by young insects. In reference to this point,
‘we may State, as the result of our inquiries and observations, that they
are excessively fond of the vegetables grown in gardens; of the field
crops they appear to give a decided preference to wheat and barley over
corn and oats. As between the last two the testimony is conflicting,
but it appears to preponderate to the view that oats are preferred to
corn. There appears to be no doubt that pease suffer least of any field
crops; sorghum and broom-corn appear to stand next in the list of those
least liable to injury. The native prairie grass suffers but little from
the attacks either of the young or invading insects, while, ou the other
hand, cultivated grapes appear to be almost as liable to injury as the
small grains.

BREEDING GROUNDS OF THE LOCUST. 131

GORA Bk V.

PERMANENT BREEDING GROUNDS OF THE ROCKY
MOUNTAIN LOCUST.

Previous to the year 1877 our knowledge of the extent of the breed-
ing grounds of the Rocky Mountain locust (Caloptenus spretus) was vague
and unsatisfactory. It was known that the swarms invading the Mis-
sissippi Valley mainly came from portions of Wyoming, Montana, and
the region in British America lying north of this territory, but to attempt
to map out the area and to determine its extent was impossible. From
the data obtained, either directly by the Commission or from its corres-
‘pondents, we are enabled to present a more or less definite statement
regarding the extent of the region, and to indicate it upon a map, which,
besides showing the geographical distribution of the species and its
migrations, indicates the annual or permanent breeding grounds of this
locust, its less permanent or subpermanent breeding grounds (Subper-
manent Region), and the region only periodically visited, ¢. ¢., the Tem-
porary Region.

PERMANENT REGION.

The area in which the locust breeds each year in greater or less num-
bers is approximately 300,000 square miles; further explorations may
increase this area, particularly in Idaho and Montana.

It is not to be inferred that the locust breeds continuously over the
whole extent of this area each year, as it is to be understood that the
locust within its native, permanent habitat is essentially migratory in
its habits, and while for a series of years it may deposit its eggs in a
given river valley, in some park, or in some favorable area on the
plains lying about the mountains; in a certain year, or for several
years in succession, it may desert its customary breeding grounds for
adjoining regions, or cross a low range of mountains and breed in a
more distant valley. Moreover, the true breeding grounds in this area
are for the most part confined to the river bottoms, or sunny slopes of
uplands, or to the subalpine grassy areas among the mountains, rather
than continuously over the more elevated, dry, bleak plains. For ex-
ample, over the great range of the plains east of the mountains, where
the buffalo grass alone grows, we have no evidence that the larger
Swarms originate, and where they do, at times, it will be probably found
that the locusts hatched in the prairie land bordering the streams in-
tersecting the plains, rather than on the drier, less fertile plains them-
selves. In Central Montana the breeding grounds are, for example,

132 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

known to be situated in the valleys of the Yellowstone, the Upper Mis-
souri, the Sun and Marias Rivers, the Gallatin, Madison, and Jefferson
Rivers, aud the adjacent grassy plains or prairies bordering their tribu-
taries. All these levels lie below an altitude of 5,000 or 6,000 feet, and
usually not over 3,000 to 5,000 feet.

The approximate area in which the locust permanently breeds lies
for the most part directly east of the tras or main Rocky Mountain
Range, the breeding grounds west of the range being comparatively
limited. Perhaps one-fourth or one-fifth of the area lies in the lower
canons, parks (old lake basins), and valleys situated among the Rocky
Mountains. This area lies mainly between longitude 102° and 1149
west of Greenwich and latitude 53° and 40° north.

Such, in general terms, are the limits of the native and permanent
breeding-grounds of this locust, and from which the destructive swarms
issue in comparatively slight numbers west and south, but in certain
years enormous quantities east, to ravage the States lying west of the
Mississippi River and east of the Great Plains. |

To enter more into detail, and beginning with that portion of British
America lying north of Montana, the Commission have no doubt but
that all the region lying south of the forest line and south of the 53d
parallel of latitude, including the lower half of the valley of the North
Saskatchewan as far north as Fort Pitt, is annually inhabited by the
Rocky Mountain locust.

In the northwest, the limits do not quite reach Fort Edmonton. On
the west, the line follows the eastern flanks of the Rocky Mountains,
theugh it is possible that the western barrier above the 50th parallel of
latitude may be the Selkirk Mountains.*

The eastern limits of the permanent breeding grounds we may set
down approximately as longitude 104°9-105° west of Greenwich. The
region between this line and the Rocky Mountains is a treeless, elevated
plateau, rising gradually from an elevation of about 2,000 feet (Fort
Buford is 2,017 feet elevation) to 4,000 or 6,060 feet (Fort Shaw is 6,000
feet, Fort Ellis 4,747 feet, Helena 4,296 feet, Gallatin City 4,132 feet
elevation). It is possible that we have drawn the eastern limits of this
area too arbitrarily, and that it may follow the line of the Coteau of the
Missouri, at least within the limits of Dakota. The northern and eastern
limits of the plains are indicated on the map by the line indicating the

northern limits of the true prairie land, but there is reason to believe’

*8North of the 49th parallel the Rocky Mountains are now known to extend to the Peace River, and
even farther northward, to near the mouth of the MacKenzie, and to maintain throughout much the
same geological character with that of their southern portion. The Pureell, Selkirk, Columbia, Cari-
boo, and farther north the Omineca Mountains may be taken collectively as the representatives of the
Bitter Root Ranges of Idaho. The interior plateau of British Columbia represents the great basin of
Utah and Nevada, but north of the southern sources of the Columbia this region is not self-contained
as to its drainage, but discharges its waters to the Pacific.—[{G. M. Dawson’s general note on the mines
and minerals of economic value of British Columbia, Geological Survey of Canada, 1877.] _ :

19 This and the southern limits of the true forests are taken from dat. published in Palliser’s wap and
reproduced in a map of the country to be traversed by the Canadian Pacific Railway.—{Sanford Flem-
ing, engineer in chief, 1876.]

PERMANENT BREEDING GROUNDS. 133

that the locust breeds in the belt of land lying between the northern
limits of prairie and the southern limits of true forests, also indicated
on the map.

Tbis region of the Great Plains extends southward, embracing the
area drained by the Missouri River and its tributaries and headwaters,
west of the 203d meridian, and including the entire Yellowstone Valley
except the Belt Mountains and their spurs, the wooded region and
mountains about the Yellowstone Lake, and the Wind River Mountains
southward, also including the more elevated portion of the plateau from
which the Black Mountains rise.

Although the Rocky Mountains, Bitter Root, and Wind River Ranges
are excluded partly because we know little of those mountains, which
have not been explored by entomologists, yet there are doubtless a good
many cations, river valleys, and parks lying at their base where the
locust may locally abound, and from which in years of unusual abun-
dance swarms may pass out to join those originating in the areas where
they are known to multiply to an exeess.

Of the large area forming over half of the Territory of Idaho, and
lying between the Bitter Root Range and the valley of the Snake River,
we know nothing whatever. No naturalist, much less entomologist,
has explored this region, which is mainly drained by the Salmon River,
though there are small settlements scattered through it, such as Lemhi,
Florence, Elk City, Millersberg, Oro Fino, and Coeur d’Alene Mission
on the north, from whence we have been able to obtain no information
whatever as to the presence or absence of the locust. The origin of the
swarms of locusts that have in certain years locally devasted the region
about Lewiston, Walla Walla, and the Pataha Valley is not certainly
known, though we suppose that they have originated in the Snake
River Valley, south of latitude 45° 30’, though some of them may have
hatched in the Bitter Root Valley, or even in the valleys on the western
flanks of the range. There seems good reasons for regarding the entire
valley of the Snake River, from near its headwaters near Henry’s Lake
and the Teton Range to a little below the mouth of Powder River, in
Oregon, as more or less permanently inhabited by the locust, excepting
the dry and barren region northwest of Great Salt Lake, concerning
which we have no information.

We have ventured to indicate on the map a large area of the Snake
River Valley, west of the 14th meridian, as a permanent and native breed-
ing ground, from data, however, much more meager than we could
desire.

Of the region indicated on the map and lying directly north of
the Great Salt Lake, we bave such tull and satisfactory information,
derived from the personal examination of two of the Commissioners, that
we feel sure that the limits are accurate so far as drawn, though the area
may prove to be larger than we have ventured to indicate. Records
from the year 1851 show that with rare exceptions the Malade and

134 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMCLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Cache Valleys have been annually more or less devastated. The swarms
have invariably originated in the region to the north, in the valley of
the Gallatin, Madison, and Jefferson Rivers. The area extends south-
ward to Salt Lake City. The remaining portion of Utah is more or less
barren, dry, and sandy, affording no pasturage sufficient to yield food to
large numbers of locusts, or grasshoppers of any sort. Nearly all that
visit the Salt Lake Valley come from the Bear River, Cache and Malade
Valleys, while a few probably originate in the region east of the Wah-
satch Mountains, and some may fly over from Western Colorado.

The State of Nevada affords no feeding grounds for the iocust, for
the same reason that they do not breed in the greater part of Utah, viz,
the hot, dry, barren soil affording no grassy plains or fertile river-bot-
toms for the maintenance of extensive swarms of locusts, except in the
valley of the Owyhee River, a limited tract in Northeastern Nevada.
For the same reason Arizona and New Mexico are not the permanent
abode of the Rocky Mountain locust.

A large and important area remains to be described, viz, that watered
by the upper North Platte River and its tributaries, especially that por-
tion of the Platte called the Sweetwater River, east of the 104th meri-
dian. This area also includes the plains and valleys lying north and
south of the Union Pacific Railroad, the valley of the South Platte west
of longitude 105° 30’, and the upper Arkansas River, west of the same
meridian. West of the Rocky Mountain Range the area probably in-
cludes the head-waters of the Yampah or Bear, the Snake and Green
River Valleys, north of the 41st parallel. South of this parallel the
region, which with our present information on a map of this size can be
only approximately drawn, includes the Rocky Mountain Range. In this
range the permanent breeding grounds are restricted mainly to the ele-
vated (8,000 or 9,000 feet) North, Middle, and South Parks, and to valleys
lying below them, as well as to the areas more favorable to the propaga-
tion of the grasshopper lying among the foot-hills of the Rocky Moun-
tains and the plains immediately adjacent. As a matter of fact, the
farming regions lying near the range, as at Greeley, Denver, and the
neighboring towns, are exposed to visitations in those years when the
locusts multiply unduly in the permanent area, and it is doubtful just
where the line between the foot-hills and plains in which these towns
are situated should be drawn. Without much doubt, most cf the swarms
which devastate the farming portion of Colorado aie mostly foreign to
the State, and originate in Wyoming; while a few, sometimes, however,
large and destructive, fly over the range from Western Colorado.

In conclusion, it will be seen that the areas marked on the map as
forming the native or permanent breeding grounds of the Rocky Moun-
tain locust comprise nearly all the available farming regions in the im-
mense area of the United States lying between the 104th and 120th
meridians. We shall be compelled to look squarely in the face the un-
pleasant fact that the sections in this area best adapted to agriculture,

THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN LOCUST A SUB-BOREAL INSECT. 135

and especially the raising of grain, are those where the locust breeds in
greatest profusion, and where the climatic conditions are all favorable to
its propagation.

On the other hand, it seems obvious that the more that is done by
farmers in the future in destroying the young locusts within this perma-
nent area, the more likely will their combined efforts, carried on from
year to year, tend to the ultimate destruction of the locusts. And it
follows that the more extensively this region is settled, the more will
the locusts diminish in numbers. It is, then, only a question of time,
and of immediate effort on the part of the present generation of farmers.

Another fact is established and proved by study of the distribution of
the breeding grounds of this species of locust. While Caloptenus femur-
rubrum, the common red-legged locust, and C. atlanis, the lesser red-leg-
ged locust, have an immense natural range, breeding annually in abund-
ance from Middle Florida to near the Arctic Circle or northern limit of
forests, on the east and westward ranging as far south, approximately, as
the 40th parallel in Utah and California, C. spretus is permanently re-
stricted to an area north of the 40th parallel, only extending southward
along the Rocky Mountain Range, or periodically visiting the Great Basin
south of this parallel. On the other hand, its more extensive and con-
tinuous breeding grounds lie north of the 42d parallel and on the ele-
vated plateau of the Rocky Mountains above an altitude of 2,500-3,000
feet. It breeds in destructive numbers in the Rocky Mountains south
of this parallel, between 5,000 and 8,000 feet elevation. North of the
53d parallel it does not probably extend, and it is not so boreal and even
subarctic an insect as the two previously named species, both of which
occur on the summit of Mount Washington, in New Hampshire, while
C. atlanis ranges as far north, on the Pacitic Coast, as the Yukon River.

It would be safe to regard Caloptenus spretus or the Rocky Mountain
Jocust as a north subtemperate or sub-boreal insect, viz, an inhabitant
of what is called by naturalists the north subtemperate zone of life, situ-
ated between the annual isothermals of 50° and 36°.” In vertical distri-
bution it may be said to breed from an altitude of about 2,000 feet up as
far as 10,000 feet, or near the timber line in the Rocky Mountains, though
few probably breed in great numbers above an altitude of 8,000 feet.
The elevated plains of Colorado, Northern Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming,
where it breeds so abundantly, correspond in a general way to the rather
lower plains of Northern Montana and British America. The Rock’y
Mountain locust, then, like the antelope, the Rocky Mountain sheep, the
prairie dog, the bison (as now restricted in its range), pouched mar-
mot, and a number of peculiar birds, reptiles, insects, crustacea, and
many trees and plants, is a form purely characteristic of the central

20 The boreal zone, in North America, comprises the Canadian and American subarctic zones. While
CO. femur-rubrum (and probably C. atlanis) ranges from the subarctic zone, through the bereal, Cans dian,
Alleghanian, Carolinian, and Floridan belts, 0. spretus ranges permanently through what corresponds in
the central region of the continent to the Alleghanian or subtemperate and Carolinian or temperate
zones or divisions. There are some features in the animal life of this central province which strikingly
recall the forms characteristic of the steppes and plateaus of Northeastern Asia.

136 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

zoogeograpbical province of North America, not occurring in the Pacifie
province or in the eastern or Atlantic provinces, except in the latter
periodically.

SUPERMANENT REGION.

IJ. The region in which the locust breeds less permanently, but is
liable to be invaded each year when it multiplies in excessive numbers
in its truly permanent breeding or hatching grounds, lies immediately
east of the 104th or 105th meridians, on the elevated plains east of the
Rocky Mountains. The altitude of this area constantly diminishes east-
ward until in elevation and the character and contour of the soil it fades
into the region intermediate between the plains and the prairies of the
western edge of the Mississippi Valley.

The eastern limits extend north of the 45th parallel to the 97th
meridian approximately. From Fort Ransom, on the Cheyenne River,
the line demarking the eastern limits curve southward and westward to
Pueblo City, Colo. This region includes a large portion of British Amer-
ica between the United States boundary line and latitude 53° north, and
between the 97th and 104th or 105th meridians. It includes nearly all
of Dakota, the western third of Nebraska (now mostly unsettled), the
extreme northwest corner of Kansas, and comprises the northern half
of Colorado, east of the Rocky Mountains.

Between the permanent and subpermanent breeding area there are no
natural barriers, one region shading imperceptibly into the other, the
limits between them being arbitrarily drawn.

TEMIFORARY REGION.

III. This region is represented on the map by the dotted area east
of the great plains. South of the 42d parallel, and west of the limits of
the subpermanent breeding grounds, the region is nearly correct; but in
Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana the limits are only approximately given,
and are liable to future correction.

CHA PALE Teak:
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

As the preceding chapter, on the “ native breeding grounds,” contains
as complete a statement of the nature and extent of these as we are
able to give from our present information, and the chapter on ‘ migra-
tions” contains a somewhat full account of the movements of the swarms
within the area overrun by them, we shall devote this chapter simply to
tracing the extreme limits of the migrations, or, in other words, the
bounds of the locust-visited area, and to an explanation of what we term
the ‘‘ subpermanent region.”

EASTERN LIMIT OF SPREAD. 137
THE EASTERN LIMIT OF MIGRATIONS.

As will be found stated elsewhere, the eastern limit of their range, al-
though marked by no permanent, natural barrier, such as a mountain
range or large body of water, is probably as well detined and as rigidly
fixed as it is by the forest-clad Sierra of Nevada on the west. Although
the highest ranges and loftiest peaks of the Rocky Mountain belt from
British America to New Mexico seem to offer no impediment to their
movements, and to form no part of the boundary-line of their native
breeding grounds or migrations, yet we can mark along the level or un-
dulating prairies of Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Indian Territory, and
Texas, almost with the precision of a surveyor, the utmost limit of their
movements eastward. Why a swarm driven by a northwest wind, when
approaching this limit, should drop down rather than move onward to
the east of the Mississippi will be discussed elsewhere. All we have to
deal with here is the fact which authorizes us to fix this line as the east-
erp boundary of their movements, not of one or two years, but gener-
ally. If it were the limit of the flight of invading swarms, we might
conclude that it simply marked the terminus of their flight, and hence
had no real limital value, but when resulting swarms are seen in hundreds
of cases stopping at it, although not exhausted or wearied by length of
flight, we may reasonably conclude that this is the limit of their range,
whether we can assign a Satisfactory reason for it or not.

It is due to the memory of Mr. Walsh, formerly State entomologist of
Illinois, to state here that he was the first who expressed the belief that
these locusts would never cross the Mississippi River. This opinion
was stated in the following language, in October, 1866 (Practical Ento-
mologist, vol. i, p. 5):

I do not think that it is at all probable that these Colorado grasshoppers will ever
eross the Mississippi, as the Colorado potato-bug has done, and pass onward to the
Eastern States. In the latter case there were physical obstacles to the eastward spread
of the insect previous to the settlement of the Rocky Mountain region. But in the
case of the Colorado grasshopper there was no such obstacle; and as they [have] not
heretofore spread eastward there is no reason to believe that they will do so hereafter.

In his “‘ first annual report” as acting State entomologist of Illinois,
published in 1868, isa somewhat lengthy article on these insects, in
which he discusses more at length this subject, fixing the eastern limit
of their range in lowa in Polk County, or ‘115 miles” west of the Mis-
sissippi. He mentions also their eastern extension in Minnesota to
Anoka County; in Southern Iowa, to Clarke and Page Counties; in
Northwestern Missouri, to Nodaway County; in Texas, to Red River,
Hunt, Austin, and Lavaca Counties. As will be seen hereafter, three
of these counties, Anoka, in Minnesota; Clarke, in lowa; and Red River,
in Texas, mark the extreme eastern limit in their respective latitudes,
and the others adjoin or lie near the most eastern counties to which the
_ locusts have since extended their migrations.

The eastern limit in Missouri is defined in Mr. Riley’s account of the

138 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

invasion of 1874, as given in his seventh annual reprot. With the
exception of a single county, visited in 1877, the migrations have not
extended east of the line as marked on his map in that report.

We will now give alist of points along the eastern limit to which we
have positive knowledge that the migrations of the locusts have extended;
a few points further east have been mentioned as among those visited,
but the testimony in reference to them is too doubtful and uncertain to
be used in fixing this eastern line. In connection with the points men-
tioned, the authority from whom the information has been obtained is
given in all cases, except where the facts have been ascertained by the
Commission since its organization. Where limits previously fixed were
reached by swarms in 1877, we have relied upon our own data; hence in
such cases no authority is mentioned. This arrangement will enable the
reader to note the points along this line which the Commission has been
able to determine from observations made in 1877. It will also enable
him to mark the eastern range of flights for that year.

British America.—According to Prof. G. M. Dawson, movements
toward the northeast have extended to the southern end of Lake Winni-
peg. From the reports received and recorded by him it is quite probable
that their migrations at this northern extremity of the visited area have
extended as far east as the 96th meridian. He also records their appear-
ance in 1875 at **Northwest Angle,” Lake of the Woods. The swarm
seen passing this point moved onward toward the southeast.

Minnesota and Wisconsin.—From the Lake of the Woods southward
to the line of the Northern Pacific Railroad, with the exception of Indian
villages on the reservations, there are no settlements, consequently no
data from this area have been received, except some verbal reports that
swarms of grasshoppers have been seen (no date given) at Red Lake and
Leech Lake stations. From the latter point southward the line through
these States is represented by the following counties: Cass, Aitkin (Thom-
as, observation ia person in 1872), Benton, and Sherburne, Anoka
(185657 Walsh), Ramsey, Dakota, Pierce (Wisconsin), Dodge, and the
extreme southeast corner of Mower.

Towa.—The following counties in Iowa indicate the eastern limits
of the migrations in that State: Eastern line of Mitchell, Floyd, Butler,
and Grundy ; Tama and Poweshiek; Warren and Clark (1867, Walsh);
and Taylor. <A flight over Appanoose County in 1876 is reported, but
this is very doubtful. Mr. Walsh also mentions reported flights in the
neighborhood of Dubuque, but the evidence is not entirely satisfactory
in reference to the flights or the species. It is possible that now and
then a light swarm may be driven beyond what is the usual limit, vut
we are not tracing these at present, our object in this chapter being to
fix as accurately as possible the true limits of their geographical distri-
bution.

Missouri.—The following counties along the eastern limit of their move-
ments in Missouri were visited in 1877: Polk, Dade, Lawrence, and

NORTHERN LIMIT OF SPREAD. 139

Barry; the rest of the line through the State is that which was desig-
nated by Mr. Riley, in his seventh. report, as the eastern limit of their
incursion in 1874, which passes through the following counties: Harri-
son, Daviess, Caldwell, Ray, Lafayette, Pettis, Benton, and Hickory.

Arkansas.—In Arkansas, only the extreme northwest portion appears
to have been visited since 1867, at which time, according to the Monthly
Report of the Agricultural Department, they penetrated to Montgom-

ery County. Since then, Mr. Riley’s reports up to 1876, and our own
- correspondence for 1377, show that their incursions into this State have
extended only over Carroll, Benton, and Washington Counties.

Indian Territory.—The data in reference to movements in Indian Terri-
tory are very meager : that they have reached the eastern boundary as
far south as Washington County, Arkansas, since 1867 is certain; that
they have also extended east of Fort Gibson is also known positively.
_ The next point south of this reached since 1867, of which we have any
certain knowledge, is Grayson County, Texas. But in 1867, when their
inigrations extended eastward to Montgomery County, Arkansas, they
also reached Red River County, Texas; hence, in all probability, includ-
ing all of Indian Territory.

Texas.—Through Texas the line may be designated by the following
counties: Red River (1867, Walsh, and Monthly Rep. Agl. Dept)., Hunt,
(Walsh); Anderson, Grimes, Harris, Austin, Colorado, Lavaca, Vic-
toria, Goliad, and Live Oak.

We have been unable to trace them into any of the coast counties in
this State, or to the Mexican line on the Lower Rio Grande; yet it is
quite possible that swarms have been driven to the gulf shore southwest
of Galveston; but the southeast limit of their range appears to be quite
constant in the second tier of counties, seldom reaching nearer than
thirty miles of the coast, as we are informed by the United States signal-
service officers located in that part of the State.

By noting on a map the localities given it will be seen that the east-
ern limit of their range is marked by the following line: From the south-
ern end of Lake Winnepeg, by way of the Lake of the Woods, to Pierce |
County, Wisconsin; thence almost directly south to Poweshick County,
lowa; thence south west to. Worth County, Missouri; thence, south through
Montgomery County, Arkansas, to Houston, Texas, curving westward
from this point to Live Oak County. The various bends or flexions in
this line are in all probability due to the forests with which the line
from the middle of Lowa southward appears to correspond. That this
is the case in Southern Iowa and Missouri is certain; but in Minnesota
this rule does not appear to hold good, at least to the same degree as
farther south. In Manitoba the eastern and also the northern limit cor-
responds very closely with the timber line.

140 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

NORTHERN LIMITS.

According to Professor Dawson, who has devoted much attention to
the study of the history, habits, and movements of the locusts in British
America, “northward they appear to be limited by the margin of the
coniferous forest which opportunely follows the line of the North
Saskatchewan River.” In the Northeast they have evidently passed
beyond this line, as they have been seen at Swan Lake House and ocea-
sionally at Cumberland House, showing that in this direction they
occasionally penetrate to the northern end of Lake Winnipeg. West-
ward from this point the limit line appears to bend southward, passing
between Prince Albert and Fort Carleton, following very nearly the
d3d parallel by way of Battleford and Fort Pitt, running a little south
of Fort Edmonton, the Battle River Valley being sometimes infested
by the locusts. From near Fort Edmonton the line curves around and
follows the eastern flanks of the Rocky Mountains down to Fort McLeod,
in longitude 113° 40’, latitude 49° 35’. The northernmost limits, then,
extend to Fort Pitt, in latitude 53° 40’ (approximate), and the general
northern limits of the range of C. spretus extends nearly to the south-
erp limits of the forests which lie partly upon the 53d parallel, but,
in greater part, between longitude 104° and 114°, above the pro-
jected route of the Canadian Pacific Railroad.24_ We know nothing of
the species of Caloptenus which probably inhabits the fertile area
between Athabasca and Peace Rivers. Mr. H. Scudder has a speci-
inen of Caloptenus atlanis from the Yukon River, and while it is proba-
ble that the boreal and subarctic region, north of latitude 53°, is inhab-
ited by Caloptenus atlanis and femur-rubrum, which thus range from the
Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans, it is probable that the long-winged
migratory spretus does not range beyond the line of coniferous trees
lying along the north shore of the north branch of the Saskatchewan
River.

WESTERN LIMITS.

North of latitude 44° the westernmost point in which the Rocky-
Mountain locust is known to breed abundantly at certain seasons is in
the Missoula Valley, which lies on or near the 114th meridian.

Between Missoula and Lewiston there are no locust breeding grounds,
so far as we know; still, as locusts were known in 1875 and 1876 to

21Since the above was put in type we have received from the author Mr. G. M. Dawson’s N: tes on thie
Locust in the Northwest in 1874 (Cunadian Naturalist, vol. viii, No.7), in which Le states: * The range
of the locust is really limited to the north by the southern margin of the forest-clad country, and may
be roughly defined by a line nearly as follows: From the intersection of the 96th meridian and 49
parallel of latitude to the south end of Lake Winnepeg, tkence to Manitoba Lake, aud following this
lake and Winnipegosis Lake; from the north end of the latter westward to the Forks of the Saskatch-
ewan, till the wooded country at the base of the Rocky Mountains is attained.’ He quotes Mr. S. D.
Mulkins, of Battleford, who says: ‘‘ From all the information I can collect, I cannot find that the grass-
hopper has ever visited any of the Hndson Bay Company’s posts north of Jatitnde 53°. I have never
heard that they have ever penetrated to the Peace River country. . . . At Fort ala Corne, Prince
Albert Mission, Turtle Lake, Lac la Biche, Lac la Nun, and Lac Ste. Anne, they have never been seen;
and these places are all on the verge of the great forest or just within its southern limit.”

WESTERN AND ‘SOUTHERN LIMITS. 141

commit local ravages on the Pataha River, at a point 40 miles northeast
of Walla Walla, there seems no doubt but that scattered broods inhabit
the valley of the Snake River, and may originate in the south, near Fort
Boise, or even fly over the Bitter Root Mountains from Central Mon-
tana. It is more probable that the whole valley of the Snake River,
where the soil is fertile, is inhabited by locusts, from its source in the
Rocky Mountain Range. Lewiston is said to have been visited by lo-
custsy and a large swarm appeared during the past summer in Baker
County, Oregon; but the westernmost point to which the locust is
known to have reached is Camp Harney, about 175 miles south of
Umatilla, in longitude 118° 30’ west, latitude 43° 30’ north. At this
point it has oecasionally abounded, so that in certain years it has been
impossible for the garrison to cultivate gardens. Beyond this meridian
the Rocky Mountain locust has not been traced. It is not probable that
flights have ever been borne by winds to the eastern flank of the Cas-
cade Range in Oregon and Washington Territory, as the desert, hot,
dry, grassless region which forms the western edge of the Great Plains
of the Columbia, as have been observed by us, is much like the desert
region of Nevada, with nothing but sage-bushes to sapport locust-life.
It is not probable that any swarms pass over the Cascade Range or the
Sierra Nevada, and indeed there are positive facts to the contrary, as
will be seen in our chapter on the migration of the locust.

The next well-established locality in the western limits of the Rocky
Mountain locust is a point on Humboldt River, a little west of Hum-
boldt Station, where it was observed in considerable numbers by Mr.
Thomas in 1871. Nospecimens of Caloptenus spretus have been found
in the southern portion of Nevada, except that it has been reported at
Saint Thomas, near the Utah line, and not very far from Saint George,
Utah, where we know the species has been observed. It is evident,
therefore, that the migrations of this species in this latitude do not ex-
tend farther west than the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, and then
only as straggling swarms from Northern Utah or Southern Idaho, and
chiefly along the line of the Central Pacific Railroad.

SOUTHERN LIMITS.

The data we have been able to obtain for determining this line are very
limited in number, and by no means satisfactory ; in fact, we may say
that, so far as locust movements are concerned, this is almost terra incog-
nita. All we can say in reference to this line is that they have been
known to cross the Rio Grande at Eagle Pass, and penetrate a mile anda
half into Mexico; that they have been observed in Western Texas as far
as thesettlements have extended; that they have penetrated New Mexico
on the northeast as far as Las Vegas and Fort Union, and have passed
down in the mountain region from Colorado to Taos, and possibly
farther south.

142 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

According to Mr. Taylor’s account, as given in the Smithsonian Re-
port for 1858, New Mexico was overrun by them in 1855; but so far we
have been unable to procure any data by which to verify this statement ;
ou the contrary, all the facts ascertained seem to contradict it. State-
ments have heen made in reference to their migrations down the Rio
Grande to the vicinity of the Hornado del Muerto, while on the con-
trary it is asserted they have never been seen at Santa Fé. Both of
these are doubtless incorrect. :

We have no positive evidence in reference to the locusts in Arizona
further than that they have been seen in the neighborhood of Saint
George, Utah; but the negative evidence indicates pretty clearly that,
with the exception of the northern border, this territory is not subject to
the visitations of the Rocky Mountain locust.

We may therefore give the boundary so far as now known, about as fol-
lows: From Eagle Pass, Texas, to Santa Fé, N. Mex., thence west along
the 36th parallel of latitude to Southeastern Nevada.

SUBPERMANENT REGION.

East of the mountains, between what we have described in the pre-
ceding chapter as the ‘‘Permanent Breeding Grounds,” and the more
eastern section or temporary region which is visited only at irregular
periods, is an irregular and not easily defined area, which forms a kind
of debatable ground, which cannot be distinctly classed with either of
these regions. As will be seen by reference to the chapter on migra-
tions, the movements in the sections north of Nebraska and Iowa do not
appear to be so regular as those of these States and the area south of
them. In other words, as we move northward the characteris‘ic dis-
tinctions by which we are enabled to define the permanent breeding
grounds and area periodically visited gradually fade away, and we enter
an area where, although apparently not in their native habitats, the
locusts appear more at home than farther south and southeast, 2. e., they
appear to be able to continue with considerable vigor for two, three, or
four years in succession. There are some reasons for believing that the
Coteau of the Missouri and the Coteau des Prairies have some infiu-
ence in this matter, but the facts ascertained are not sufficient for us to
assert this with confidence. That the species is boreal in its habits and
characters is now admitted as beyond controversy ; hence it is to be ex-
pected that as we move northward, where mountains are not necessary
to furnish the climatic conditions they require, the distinctions between
permanent breeding grounds and visited areas will be less marked.
This middle or subpermanent area is necessarily a shifting one, depend-
ing more or less upon the character of the seasons. Without attempt-
ing to give it any definite boundary, we may state that, so far as we
lave been able to ascertain, these conditions are found in Western Mani-
toba, Eastern Dakota, Eastern Colorado, and Northwestern Nebraska.

CHARACTER OF DIFFERENT FLIGHTS. 143

Cia Avheleeen VL T.

MIGRATIONS.

The locusts are the only insects which may be properly termed mi-
gratory. It is known that certain butterflies pass in swarms from one
place to another, but such flights are local. Swarms of Danaus archip-
pus, 4 common butterfly, have been seen in the Mississippi Valley either
in the spring or autumn, but not flying long distances. In the Old
World the migratory locust is known to fly for a distance of four or five
hundred miles into central Europe from its permanent breeding-area in
Asia. The flights taken by locusts in North America may extend over
a distance of between one and two thousand miles, from their native
breeding-places in Montana, for example, to Kansas and Missouri, and per-
haps Texas. As arule the flightis undertaken only during a part of the
day, and in fair, clear weather, so that the desire for food, cloudy, rainy
weather, and adverse winds may keep them from rising and taking
wing. In a favorable day they rise early in the forenoon, from eight to
ten o’clock, and settle down to eat by four or five in the afternoon. The
rate at which they travel is variously estimated from three to fifteen or
twenty miles an hour, determined by the velocity of the wind. Thus
insects which begin to fly in Montana by the middle of July may not
reach Missouri until August or early September, a period of about six
weeks elapsing before they reach their destined breeding-grounds.

In order to avoid circumlocuticn in speaking of the various kinds of
flights of the Rocky Mountain locust, the Commission has been com-
pelled to adopt certain terms by which to designate them.

Invading swarms.—This term, when used in reference to their move-
ments east of the mountains, applies to those swarms or hordes which

_ move down from their native hatching-grounds in the West and North-
west, into those sections where they are not permanent residents. It is
only applied to those hatched in their native habitats, and not to those
swarms which having hatched in the visited area move northward or
northwest and then return, as is often the case.

Returning swarms.—This term is used to designate those swarms
which, having hatched in the invaded district where they are not per-
manent residents, and having acquired wings, led, apparently by some
natural instinct, return to their native home in the Northwest and West.

Local flights—This is a term used to designate the movements of
those hatched in the invaded district, to and fro, from point to point in
that district. Itis not so accurate and definite in its application as the
other terms mentioned, as it is applied to those movements to the north
and northwest, no matter how general they may be, if the swarms ap-
|' pear to fail in their efforts to reach their native home. But notwith-

144 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

standing this indefiniteness it includes a very large number of move-
ments not embraced by either of the other terms, and comprises most
of the movements east of the mountains in 1877.

The height at which swarms move.—To determine this with any exacti-
tude is almost an impossibility, as the swarms do not move in broad
sheets, as many who have never observed a flight imagine, nor are they
generally in a compact body whose boundary is well defined, forming a
clear line; but more like a vast body of fleecy clouds, or still more cor-
rectly, a cloud of snow-flakes; often having a depth that reaches from
comparatively near the ground to a height that baffles the keenest eye
to distinguish the insects in the upper stratum. Professor Aughey has
made some attempts at measuring the height of swarms, and in some
instances has succeeded in ascertaining pretty correctly the elevation
above the surface, and also the depth of the swarm. But the only im-
portant question to be decided in reference to this point is, whether they
can and do fly at an elevation so great as to carry the entire swarm out
of view on a clear day.

There are some very strong reasons for believing that such is the case,
and as it enables us to account for some hitherto unexplained facts we
are disposed to assume that it is true, at least it is a point worthy of in-
vestigation.

The Signal Service officer at Bismarck states that he observed aswarm
on one occasion flying above the (cumulus) clouds. Correspondents in
in their reports of flights often speak of them as being “ very high.”

In numerous instances they have been brought into view by field-
glasses when invisible to the natural eye; and it was ascertained iast
summer that they could be seen distinctly through smoked glass when
scarcely visible with the natural eye.

But the strongest evidence in favor of the view that they very prob-
ably do often fly at an elevation above the plains of the boarder States
which renders them entirely beyond the natural vision is the fact that
they can fly at that height. That it is no uncommon thing for cranes
and wild geese to fly north and south along the Mississippi at a height
which carries them entirely out of view is well known, as their notes
can frequently be heard overhead when the eye searches in vain for
them. At what elevation these move it is impossible to tell, but it is
not probable that it is much, if any, over two miles; and it is reason-
able to suppose that a height which would render them invisibie would
render a swarm of locusts invisible, as the latter are seen not so much
as a mass as individuals.

Mr. W. M. Byers states that in 1868 *“‘from the middle to the 25th of
August I was upon the Snowy Range east of Middle Park and on
Long’s Peak. There was a large daily flight of full-grown grasshoppers
from west-northwest reaching apparently to the highest limit of vision
when on the highest peaks.”

Mr. J. D. Putnam was on Parry’s Peak in 1872 during the time a

|
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INFLUENCE OF WEATHER ON FLIGHT. 145

swarm was passing over. He states that ‘“‘they could be seen filling
the air like snow-flakes to a great height above the extreme summit of
the peak, 13,333 feet.”

It is evident from these facts that they can fly at an elevation of
15,000 feet above the sea-level, or about two miles and a half above the
general surface of Kansas and Nebraska; and far out of sight of the
keenest vision.

As they are natives of the dry, elevated table-lands of the Northwest

and the region of rarefied air, itis more than probable that one object in
leaving the abundant pasturage they find amid the fields and prairies
of the border States is to search for a drier and more rarefied atmos-
phere; and led by instinct to seek for this in the upper regions, they con-
tinue to ascend until they reach the limit of their power of upward
flight.
_ If this be true it will explain their often sudden and mysterious ap-
pearance at points far within the bounds of the settled areas without
anything having been seen of them along the line they came. It will
fully and sufficiently account for the difficulty of tracing individual
swarms along the line of their march.

Liffect of a change of wind or weather on flights.—A large number of
facts have been collected which go to prove that as a very general, or, as
we may perhaps truly say, universal rule, a sudden change of wind brings
a flying swarm to the ground. From the fact that very often with a re-
turn of the wind to its former direction they rise and move on in the
course they were going when stopped, it has been taken for granted
that they have a desire to move in a given direction, and will therefore
only rise and fly when the wind is blowing in a direction that will enable
them to carry out this purpose. The very large number of instances
noted where they have been stopped by contrary winds and refused,
apparently with a dogged determination, to move until the wind was
right to carry them on in their original course, would seem to be suffi-
cient to confirm this theory. That it has, at least, some foundation in
fact we think must be admitted; yet we are satisfied it is used to ex-
plain numerous movements and phenomena which are due to other and
wholly different causes.

That a sudden change in temperature to a lower degree will as surely
bring a flying swarm to the ground asa change of wind, is now admitted
by all who have studied or observed the habits and movements of these
insects. This is probably one great reason why they so generally come
down at the approach of night, as the temperature usually falls very
rapidly on these Western plains as the sun disappears. Whether they
ever wheel round in the air and move back on their course without first
coming down it is impossible to say, but so far no case of the kind has
been observed of which we have received any account. Some of the
movemeuts in Minnesota during the past year led Mr. Whitman to think
such a thing possible, as it would enable him to explain certain facts

10 G

146 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

otherwise shrouded in uncertainty; still, he did not feel warranted in
venturing more than the suggestion that such might possibly be the case.
Although all direct observations of which we have any knowledge seem
to contradict this idea, yet there are some facts in reference to the flights
along the eastern limit of their range which are difficult to explain un-
less we suppose a change in direction without alighting; such, for ex-
ample, aS swarms flying in an eastcrly direction at this limit, which are
never heard of beyond it or on the east side of it; also, swarms seen
coming from an easterly directiou at points along this limit which were
never heard of before being seen passing westward. It is true that a
large number of such cases can be accounted for by the very probable
Supposition that those going eastward came down unnoticed, which we
found to be a very common occurrence, even to a degree which could
scarcely be believed by those who have not had an opportunity of observ-
ing the fact. Others can be accounted for in other ways, yet after all
these eliminations there are still some cases left which can scarcely be
accounted for without supposing a change in the direction of flight with-
out alighting.

As is Shown further on, there are instances where two swarms were seen
moving in different directions at the same time, one in an upper current
and the other in a lower ; also, to one case where a swarm was flying south
in an upper current, while a lower current was moving in an opposite
direction. It is by no means unreasonable to suppose that in some eases
the swarm descending or ascending gradually reverses its course or moves
with the other current. In reference to the double flight which he ob-
served on July 26 at Ponca, Nebr., Professor Aughey remarks, “ that
at the point or line where the two currents met the locusts seemed to
intermingle.”

The solution of these minor problems is of the greatest importance,
for their determination virtually determines the chief theory in relation
to the locust migrations. If their alighting is caused by the difference
in temperature of the opposing winds or some other atmospheric condi-
tion than simply the direction in which it moves, it follows as a matter
of course that they do not drop simply because they are prevented from
moving on in the direction they wish to go—a point on which the theory
of the “returning swarms” chiefly hinges. We are satisfied that the
facts so far ascertained in reference to these points, taken together, in-
dicate very clearly that their pauses cannot be fully explained by differ-
ences in temperature or simple atmospheric changes, and that the only
reasonable explanation which can be given for many of their stoppages
is, that they are prevented by opposing winds from moving on in the di-
rection they desire to go. Still, on account of the very important bear-
ing it has upon the locust problem, and upon the possibility of our pre-
dicting with certainty their movements in advance, we think it deserves
a more thorough study and additional investigation.

|
SBN

FLIGHT AT NIGHT. T47

As bearing upon the point now under consideration we quote the fol-
lowing from Mr. Byev’s letter elsewhere mentioned:

Along toward noon, on bright warm days, they rise by circular flights, each seeming
to act individually, to a considerable height, and then all sail away, with tolerable
regularity, in one general direction. If there is no wind many of them continue whirl-
ing about in the air, like bees swarming, but away beyond, myriads can be seen mov-
ing across the sun toward the southwest, looking like snow-flakes. If there is a change
in the atmosphere, such as the approach of a thunder-storm or gale of wind, they
come down precipitately, seeming to fold their wings and fall by the force of gravity,
thousands being killed by the fall if it is on stone or other hard surface. If not inter-
rupted by such causes they descend during the afternoon.

It is proper to call attention here to the fact that Mr. Byers is speak-
ing of the phenomena of their flights close to and immediately east of
the Rocky Mountains, where there is often an upper current of air mov-
ing eastward or southeast, while the atmosphere near the surface of the
ground, protected by the mountain-wall, may be comparatively undis-
turbed—a condition not found on the plains, where the mode of rising
is usually different from that here described.

Each Commissioner has had the pleasure of witnessing, in the mount-
ain region, this habit of the locusts, of circling upward behind some
shielding ridge, apparently for the purpose of ascertaining the condition
or direction of the upper current, and suddenly dropping when it proved
from some cause unfavorable.

Flights during the night—We have received but few reports bearing
on this point; in fact, it is not likely that flights, under any circum-
stances, could be seen at night. Still, there are good reasons for believ-
ing that these are by no means uncommon.

On one occasion, Professor Aughey, while traveling at night, near
midnight encountered a sudden change of wind, and, at the same time,
hosts of falling locusts. We have also received an account of a well-
attested case of a swarm coming down at eleven o’clock in the night
af a station in Nebraska a little west of Crete. A large number of in-
stances have been reported where swarms were observed flying late in
the evening, which, so far as could be ascertained by diligent inquiry, did
not come down in the vicinity of the place where last seen. There are
also reports of numerous cases where they were observed on the ground
early in the morning, yet none were seen the day before. In addition
to this strong testimony on the point, there are other facts in reference
to their movements which cannot be explained on any other supposi-
tion.

We are satisfied, therefore, from all the facts we have been able to
ga‘her bearing upon this point, notwithstanding the very general opin-
ion of the people in the locust-area to the contrary, that flights at night
are by no means uncommon. This, in connection with the fact that
they can and probably do often fly at such an elevation as to be
invisible, will fully account for their repeated mysterious appearance
when it is impossible to hear anything of them along tke line they come.

148 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

MIGRATIONS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN LOCUST PREVIOUS TO 1877
IN THE STATES EAST OF THR ROCKY MOUNTAIN PLATEAU, L E.,
EAST OF LONGITUDE 105° (APPROXIMATE),

I. Migrations into the States late in the summer and early in the
autumn.—The following are all the facts positively known regarding the
course taken by the swarms entering Texas, Indian Territory, Arkan-
sas, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, lowa, Minnesota, and Dakota, previous
to 1877. For most of the data we are indebted to Walsh’s First Annual
Report on the Injurious Insects of the State of Lilinois, and Riley’s Sev-
enth, Eighth, and Ninth Reports on the Injurious Insects of Missouri.

1821.—Swarms of locusts entered Missouri flying from the northwest.

1864.—Swarms entered Iowa and Minnesota from the northwest.
None are reported to have flown into the region south.

1865.—They flew into Minnesota from the west and northwest.

1866.—There was a general invasion from west and northwest. In
Texas, in Collins County and at Uvalde, the flights were from the north-
west, the wind being northwest.

In Missouri they apparently came from Kansas into Cass County, and
Northwestern Missouri was * overrun from Kansas and the Far West.”
In Holt County late in September they came in millions from the south-
southwest and west.

In Kansas the locusts first entered the State appearing in the frontier
settlements September 12. According to the Leavenworth papers, Sep-
tember 1, at Council Grove, a tremendous shower of grasshoppers
came from the south, completely filling the air as high as one could see
and looking like a driving snow-storm. In Northwestern Kansas they
filled the air so as to obscure the sun. They were traced fora distance
of 200 miles above Fort Kearney. The Leavenworth papers reported
that a vast army of grasshoppers reached Lawrence from the west.
The prevailing winds in the State during August and September were
westerly. (Walsh in Practical Entomologist, i, 3, 4.)

In Nebraska, according to several observers, quoted by Mr. B. D. Walsh,
the locusts late in the summer of 1866 came from the west or from a
northerly direction. An observer at Peru, Nebr., reported to the
Agricultural Department that ‘*in October last the grasshoppers came
from the northwest and deposited their eggs.” It is obvious that these
swarms came from the Rocky Mountain plateau, and probably the
valley of the Upper Missouri and Yellowstone as well as the North
Platte, and their tributaries.

1867.—In this year the migrations were late in the summer, and were
more wide-spread than in the previous year. Into Dallas County, Texas,
the locusts flew from the west and traveled east ; in Lampasas County
they flew toward the southeast, é. ¢., from the northwest; and in Coryell
County, from the north.

In Missouri they were commonly supposed to have come from the
Rocky Mountain region.

DIRECTION OF INVADING SWARMS PRIOR TO 1877, 149

In Kansas they flew very generally from the northwest. At Council
Grove they were observed passing to the southeast in great numbers;
at Holton, Kans., they seemed to have come from the northeast, as Walsh
states that according to an observer at Holton, ‘* they can be seen by
millions passing to the southwest,” but this may have been a local varia-
tion in their flight.

In Nebraska the swarms came from the same general direction as in
the year previous, namely, from the northwest. An observer at Rich-
land states that August 29-31, for a period of two and a half days, there
was a constant influx of grasshoppers from the northwest.

In Iowa the invasion of locusts came from the westward, according to
Mr. Walsh, who quotes from two independent sources, the statement
that ** the Kansas grasshoppers, which for six weeks past have grad-
ually made their way eastward, appeared at Osceola, Clark County, early
in October.” At Algona they came September 39, in large numbers, and
‘seemed to come from the west or southwest.” In Pocahontas County
they came from the southwest September 10.

1868.—This year locusts appeared in Riley County, Kansas, flying ap-
parently from the northwest, August 7; a southeast wind prevented
their leaving on the 8th. (It is possible that the swarms came from
Iowa and Minnesota, rather than from the west.)

In Iowa the flights were from the northwest, as it is stated that a
strong wind from the northwest carried the locusts August 8 into Page
County.

In 1873 locusts entered Texas in September from the north, the wind
being northerly.

In 1874 all the accounts indicate that the flights were from a general
northwesterly course. We can find no records relative to flights in
Texas absolutely indicating that the swarms came in any other diree-
tion than from the north or northwest.

In Missouri the flights are stated by Mr. Riley to have been from the
Rocky Mountain region. The general direction from which they came
was from the northwest, the reports showing remarkable agreement in
this respect. The greatest deviation from this course occurred in the
more eastern or last counties visited, when the army became pretty
well thinned out and demoralized, and flew about with less uni/ormity,
being more governed by the wind. The dates at which they are reported
from the different counties are interesting, and show that the insects
advanced at an average rate of not more than three miles a day. That
they travel at afar greater speed, every one who has witnessed their
migrations is aware, and this low average rate is due to the fact that
the insects were no longer as vigorous and numerous as they had been
in the country to the west. Another interesting fact is deducible from
the returns, viz, that the rate of advance was greater in the counties
first invaded than those last reached—a fact indicating that the insects
were getting more and more exhausted and less desirous of flight the

150 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

farther east they came. They reached Holt County on the 8th of
August, and all the counties in the same line, north and south, from
Worth to McDonald, were reached during the latter part of the same
month. They then continued to make short flights, and finally reached
their extreme eastern limit toward the last of September. ‘The corre-
spondents do not agree as to whether the wind has much influence on
their fight; but the majority of the reports show that, as is the nature
of the insect in other States, it only flew in dense swarms when the
wind was from the northwest.

In Kansas the locusts appeared “in overwhelming hordes from the
plains of Colorado on the west, and the fields of Nebraska on the north.”
‘They have destroyed the entire corn-crops of Central and Western
Kansas and left thousands of people in absolute destitution. They have
tarried with us longer this year than usual, having been detained by
adverse winds from making their usual annual southerly migration.
They do not trouble us unless stopped in their course south by currents
counter to the direction of their flight. In Franklin County they came
about August 23d; a north wind brought them.”

Nebraska was entirely overrun in 1874, the locusts coming in legions
from the north and northwest during the last of July, namely, about the
20th. In Otoe County they appeared late in July and left on the 7th
August. “The wind was blowing from the southwest at the time of
their arrival, but I think there was an upper current of wind from the
north, which carried the greater part of them past, not more than one
in ten (apparently) coming down.” (Quotation in Riley’s seventh report.)

We can discover no tacts opposing the view that in 1873 and 1874
the swarms which afflicted Iowa came from the northwest; there are no
direct facts recorded as to the direction of the flights; but there are no
facts indicating that they came either from the south or southwest or
northeast.

In Minnesota clouds of locusts in July, 1874, came from Dakota and
British America, and the year previous swarms came apparently from
the northwest; there are no data showing that they came in 1873 from
a direction different from that assumed in 1874.

While Dakota was overrun in 1873 and 1874, we have no authentic
data regarding the course of the flights or the winds at the time of migra-
tion.

In 1875 Eagle Pass, Tex., was visited by swarms moving from the
north in September (United States Signal Office), but north of this State
up to the United States boundary line there was no general invasion
from the northwest. From Dakota the locusts migrated from the middle
of July until the middle of August, moving in a general south and, at
times, southeast course.

In 1876 there were fresh arrivals in Texas from the north and north-
west. At different points in Texas from September 8 until late in No-
vember the flights were from points varying from north to northwest.
(Packard’s Report to Dr. Hayden, 1877.)

DIRECTION OF FLIGHT IN 1876. 151

“At Dallas, at noon September 20, 1876, the air was filled with the
first swarm of locusts; by 5 o’clock in the afternoon none were in the
air. Previous to this date up to the night of the 19th the wind had
been south; it changed on the 20th to the northwest, and this wind
brought the locusts in a swarm which must have been many miles long
and broad, and from 1,000 to 2,000 feet high, as far as the eye could see.
At 10 o’clock, September 21, the air was again filled as at noon of the
preceding day, the northwest wind still blowing, and the grasshoppers
passed on as the day before, until 4 p.m. On the 22d the wind veered
to the south, and the locusts flew during the day in large numbers irreg-
ularly about, like a swarm of bees. This continued until noon of the
23d, when a southwest wind bore a large number to the northwest.”

They passed across Indian Territory from the north from the middle
of September onward, appearing at Fort Gibson September 16 to 28.

In Benton County, in the extreme northwest of Arkansas, swarms in
the autumn passed over from the northwest, but none settled.

In Missouri, according to Mr. Riley, the locusts entered the northwest
corner of the State from the north and northwest early in September,
and were to some extent prevented from extending farther by south
winds. ‘They entered the southwest counties from the southwest nearly
a month later, invading Newton and McDonald by September 23, and
reaching the middle of Barry by the first of October, and Cedar by the
middle of this month. It is quite clear that the eastern limit of the
swarms which came from the north and northwest was receding west-
ward after they reached Northwest Missouri, and that Southwest Mis-
souri, Southeastern Kansas, and Northwestern Arkansas would have
escaped had it not been for west and southwest winds that brought
back insects which had reached south of these points.” The locusts
arrived a month later than in 1874, and in this respect the invasion of
1876 more nearly resembled that of 1866.

In Kansas the swarms flew in the main from the north and northwest.
‘¢ The insects came into the northwest part of the State late in July and
early in August, and were seen flying about in many directions, but
mainly southward, during the whole month. Early in September the
swarms thickened, and the wind blowing almost a gale from the west
on the 7thand 8th of the month, and strong from the west and north-
west for two or three days subsequently, the insects during that time
swept down in darkening clouds over the greater portion of the State
from the 98th meridian to beyond the 96th.” (Riley’s ninth report.) “I
came through Kansas from Colorado (Denver) on the 5th and 6th Sep-
tember. Caloptenus spretus at that time extended about 100 miles east
of the mountains, last of which point no trace of it was to be seen dur-
ing daylight on the 5th. Next morning we struck locusts in small num-
bers at Brookville (Saline County), 180 miles west of Kansas City; in
full force at Salina, 12 miles farther east; and found the east front of
this line 4 miles west of Abilene, in Dickinson County, and about 150

fhe

Map a,

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s

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SHOWING MIGRATION
OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN LOCUST /
—— in 1874 —

Arew ravaged, tne 1874,

und vlich srttered proat,

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_Leeport of the OS Entomological Commission.

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RATION

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SHOWING MI¢

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Area moet ravaged and
where eqga were laid.

Jomo 0 led 10 Joo Io ¢

MIGRATIONS WITHIN THE PERMANENT REGION. 153

1874 the course was from the west and northwest. This would indicate
that they flew from the great plains lying mainly between the north
and south branches of the Saskatchewan River, beyond longitude 105°
(approximate). In 1875 the young which hatched from eggs laid the
previous autumn flew in a general southeast course, the same as that
,pursued by their parents, and this direction of their flight took them in
rge numbers into the region about the Lake of the Woods, where
they could do little harm, while small, unimportant swarms entered
i Tinnesota. In 1875, 1876, and 1877 no swarms arrived in Manitoba
/ om the regions lying westward or northwestward.

From the foregoing facts, we may conclude that the whole tier of
States from Texas to Minnesota, as well as the Manitoba settlements,
are in locust years always invaded by foreign swarms of locusts, start-
ing mainly from the region which we have described as the permanent
breeding-grounds. The return flights which we are now to consider,
are the young hatched from eggs laid the previous summer and autumn
by the foreign swarms.

MIGRATIONS OF THE LOCUST WITHIN THE PERMANENT BREEDING-
. GROUNDS.

Montana.—In Montana and that region of British America lying north
of this Territory, the course of the migrations have been ascertained
with a good degree of certainty, and we begin with the northernmost
portion of the permanent breeding area, because it is in Montana that
most of the swarms that fly into Eastern Idaho and Utah, as well as,
perhaps, Wyoming, and sometimes even Colorado, usually originate.
We will arrange our data by years and localities, and then draw gen-
eral conclusions from the observations made since the settlement of
Montana.

In 1862, between Sun River and Fort Benton, swarms were seen in
August flying in a southerly direction toward Sun River from the diree-
tion of Fort Benton.

In 1863 they were seen at Fort Benton flying from the east, and at
this point the locusts always come from the northeast and east, and de-
part in a west or southwest course. In 1873, locusts laid their eggs at
Fort Benton and flew west and south.

In 1873, 1874, 1875, and 1877, locusts visited Fort Benton, flying from
the northeast, more generally east and southeast, and departing generally
in a southwest course. In 1876 the course was from the northwest,

‘immense swarms nearly depopulating the country about Fort Benton
and the whole region northward to near Fort Edmonton, a distance of
about 200 miles, and flew east. At Forts Belknap and Browning all
were observed to fly east at the end of June and early in July, flying
‘eastward as soon as they were fledged. These were undoubtedly the
swarms that invaded Minnesota, Iowa, and Nebraska late in the sum-
‘mer of 1876. That this exodus of locusts extended into the basin of the

154 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Yellowstone and its tributaries, the Big Horn River, Powder River,
North Fork of the Big Cheyenne, which drain the larger part of the
Territory of Wyoming, is shown by the observations of Lieutenant Car-
penter, United States Army, communicated to the Commission. The
source of the swarms that invaded the States lying east of the 103d
meridian is clearly shown to have been mainly from Eastern Montana,’
and the region lying north up to the North Saskatchewan, and 4
northern half of Wyoming.

On the other hand, Eastern Montana was visited in 1875, and a!
in 1877, by large swarms from the east and southeast, and these again
were evidently the locusts which bred in the. States east of the 105d
meridian in 1875 and 1877, from eggs laid in those States by the locusts
which invaded them in 1874 and again in 1876.

For example, at Fort Shaw large swarms which were much more de-
structive than the local swarms seen in 1873 and 1874 were from the
east, and, from information received at Fort Benton, a large area of East-
ern Montana was invaded by locusts which must have come from the
southeast of the Territory, and most probably were in large part return
swarms from the border States.

While the general movement at Forts Benton and Peck on the Mis-
souri River in 1876 was eastward and southeastward, locusts were ob-
served at both points flying from the southeast and east; these may
have been of local origin.

In 1877 the locusts flew from the east at Fort Peck June 20. These had
evidently come from Minnesota. These are not to be confounded with
the swarms that arrived August 13 and 14. At this date moderate
swarms arrived from the east-southeast. Mr. O.O.Martson writes that
‘they were previously heard of 90 miles south of Fort Benton coming
from the east. The swarms which visited Fort Benton the middle of
August were probably an offshoot from the large swarms which arrived
about that time south of us about 100 miles, the mountain-ranges having
separated them.” These swarms were probably those which invaded
the Gallatin Valley and originated in the bad lands of the Yellowstone.

At Helena the locusts, so far as observed, arrived from the east over
the Belt Mountains, from the direction of the Yellowstone River. On
the other hand, at Deer Lodge Mr. Granville Stuart informs us that,
while the prevailing winds are west and northwest, the Jocusts always
come with north and northeast winds; these would bring them from the
Sun River Valley (Fort Shaw).

The Lower Missoula Valley, lying west of Helena and Deer Lodge, was
invaded in 1866 by swarms from the north and northeast and east, some
passing apparently from British America down the Flathead River and
over the Rocky Mountain divide in August. None were seen afterward
from 1868-1874.

In 1875 another invasion, as Mr. Chauncey Barbour informs us, came

22 Namely, that portion of Montana lying north of lat.tude 45°, and east of longitude 113°,

MIGRATIONS IN MONTANA. 155

from the east. The swarms flying west had reached Helena July 8 to
10, and by the 17th or 18th July had nearly reached Deer Lodge, when
they began to lay their eggs July 18. They reached Missoula about the
Sth or 10th of August, when they began to deposit their eggs. In the
spring of 1876 the young hatched out, moving in a southerly direction,
and by the 20th or 25th of June acquired their wings and went south,
remaining in the valley four or five days, and deposited their eggs at the
head of the Bitter Root Valiey about the middle of July. The next year
(July 5, 1877) the locusts which hatched from eggs laid the previous
summer were observed departing to the southwest.

South of Helena the flights, as observed at Hamilton and Bozeman and
Virginia City, are usually from the east, over the high Belt Mountains
which bound the Missouri and Gallatin Rivers on the east. At Bozeman
the universal testimony from various persons showed that the main
breeding-place of the locusts which afflict the Gallatin Valley is the
Yellowstone Valley, which lies due east, though sometimes swarms
arrive from the Judith Basin. They fly over the Belt Mountains, and
the farms which lie close under the foot-hills do not usually, if ever, suf-
fer, as the locusts are borne for a mile or two beyond the base of the
mountains before alighting.

At Bozeman, in 1865, the locusts came late in the season from the
northern and departed in a southwest direction. In 1866 they came
both from the Yellowstone and Judith Basins, having been traced thence
by emigrants. In 1576, however, instead of departing in a southwest
course toward Virginia City, as they usually do, they seemed to join the
general movement southeast, in the direction of the border States, 7. e.,
across the plains. Mr. R. M. Goin, of Bozeman, informed us that the
locusts which infest Bozeman hatch in the bad lands of the Yellow-
stone, due east of Bozeman, and, when fledged, fly over the Belt
Mountains, usually appearing at Bozeman about the LOth of July. In
one summer they flew south from Stirling, and he saw swarms all the
way from Stirling to Franklin, Idaho, or, as he expressed it, * they
went ahead of him from Stirling to Franklin.”

At Diamond City the swarms which had come from the east into the
Missouri Valley went southwest, and landed in Jefferson Valley, accord-
ing to Mr. S. W. Sutherlin. Virginia City, according to Mr. J. H. Ba-
ker, is visited by swarms which invariably come from a little north of
east. The citizens first hear of them in the Madison and Gallatin Val-
leys, and if locusts hatch out in Sun River they are apt to have them
at Virginia City. They depart in a course which takes them to Tay-
lor’s Bridge on the Snake Liver, a little north of Fort Hall.

It thus appears that in the arable portions of Central Montana, east
of the Rocky Mountain Divide, the main source of locust-swarms is the
region of British America lying directly north and east and the Judith
and Yellowstone Valleys, separated from the Gallatin, Jefferson, and
Upper Missouri Valleys by the Belt Mountains. In years of unusual

156 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

abundance, as in 1874 and 1876, and when other circumstances favor,
they do not fly west and southwest, but there is a general movement
eastward beyond the plains to the border States. On the other hand,
Montana is liable to be visited by ‘return flights” of locusts which
have hatched in the border States. Thus, when the border States are
invaded, it would appear as if the Northwest, namely, Montana, North-
ern Wyoming, and British America, is partially depopulated, and it
would seem asif this general exodusfrom the permanent breeding-ground
was an exceptional phenomenon. [or example, in 1877, while great
numbers hatched in Colorado, Utah, Idaho, and the border States, Cen-
tral Montana and British America north of it were almost entirely free
from locusts, and this was most probably due to the exodus of locusts
from this region in 1876.

Whether the swarms which entered Central Montana, in the year 1877
originated in the Judith and Yellowstone Basins, or flew from the bor-
der States, we do not know, but we are disposed to think that they were
of local origin. Still, swarms fiying from the southeast were observed
July 20, on the Little Big Horn, by Lieutenant Carpenter.

The fact has been established, we think, that the swarms which usu-
ally invade Central Montana originate in the region east of the Belt
Mountains and in British America. They lay eggs in the Sun River
and Gallatin Valleys, for example, and the following year their progeny,
as a rule, infest Eastern Idaho and Northern Utah, and the year fol-
lowing perhaps Central and Southern Utah. At any rate, as shown on
our map, the main source of supply of the locusts which infest Utah,
and the region about Franklin, Idaho, is Central Montana; Central
Montana receiving its locusts primarily from Eastern Montana and
Bri ish America.

It is impossible to lay down general laws, as the movements of the
locusts are as variable and uncertain as the direction of the winds and
the condition of the weather in that mountainous country. We have
only attempted to give the general facts of the migrations, and find it
impossible to lay down absolute laws in the present state of our knowl-
edge.

It would also appear that the region east of the Belt Range, and possi-
bly the Big Horn Mountains, may form a dividing line, east of which
the locusts fly east, and west of which they fly west; certainly the Belt
Range is not a barrier to their westward flight, although the Bitter Root
Range appears to be, deflecting the swarms southward into Eastern and
Southern Idaho and Northern Utah.

Wyoming.—This Territory is so thinly settled, and consequently obser-
vations on the migrations of the locust so scanty and incomplete, that
it is difficult to draw any general conclusions as to the movements of
the swarms that breed in such great numbers in the larger river valleys.
The most reliable observations tend to show that the swarms fly in a
general southeast, sometimes east course. By reference to the arrows

MIGRATIONS IN WYOMING AND COLORADO. 157

on the third map, which represent actual observations, involving no
theory, the fact that the flights are in the main from the northwest will
seem tobe supported. Whilesome swarms have been observed traveling
northward and northeastward, the great majority are reported to travel
eastor southeast. In 1873 immense numbers flew east through Bridger’s
Pass. In 1875 vast numbers were observed at Laramie City flying south-
ward and southeastward. Previous to this year Mr. Thomas saw a
swarm flying at South Pass alittle north of east, and another near Fort
Fetterman due east. In August, 1876, Lieutenant Carpenter, U.S. A.,
and Mr. Strayhorn, saw swarms flying toward the southeast over a large
portion of Northeastern Wyoming, east of the Big Horn Mountains and
north of the Black Hills, which separated the swarms, the locusts flying
in a general southeast course on each side of that group of peaks. At
Laramie and Cheyenne the locusts nearly always come from the north-
west, and thence fly southward along the base of the Rocky Mountains,
passing over Denver. Lieuterant Carpenter is very explicit in bis state-
ments that no swarms fly directly south from the Black Hills into Colo-
rado, but that they fly directly southeast into Nebraska.

In the Wiud River Valley, in 1876, swarms were seen by Lieutenant
Carpenter flying southeast; it would thus seem that probably over most
of Wyoming, iu 1876, there was a general exodus of locusts toward the
the southeast into Nebraska and Kansas, as well as Colorado.

In 1877, July 20, Lieutenant Carpenter observed in the Little Big
Horn Valley locusts flying in a northwest course into Montapa. These
may have originated in extensive hatching-grounds noticed by him
about Fort Reno in the late summer of 1876.

Colorado.—This State is so mountainous east of longitude 104° 30/
that the movements of the locusts are uncertain and difficalt to gener-
alize. As a rule the injurious Swarms are supposed to come from the
north and northwest, and sometimes directly across the Rocky Mountain
Range from the Middle Park and the Snake and Bear River Valleys.

The observations in Colorado have mostly been made at or near Den-
ver, So that over most of the State the movements of swarms have not
been observed.

In 1864 the destructive swarms came from the northwest. In 1867

a swarm from the west side of the range poured into Middle Park. In
1874 the swarms cawe from the north and west. The next year flights

of locusts visited Denver, presumably from the North Park, and at
Greeley they came from the north and northwest. Departing swarms
usually pass to the south and southeast, and in Texas it is supposed
that the foreign swarms came from the Rocky Mountain regioa of Colo-
rado. Sometimes, however, the swarms pass southwest over the mount-
ains.

Mr. Holly (see Appendix 7) reports that one year, in the upper
valley of the Rio Grande, the locusts came from the west across the
_rapge in immense numbers. In the Saguache Valley the course of the

158 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

flight was northeast across the Saguache Mountains to Lake County.
On the main Arkansas River, in Lake County, they fly east. These
flights are more or less local and evidently determined by the variable
winds in this mountain region. It seems, however, to be a matter of
fact that a large proportion of the locusts which devastate the arable
portions of Colorado appear late in July and during August, just as
the harvest is over, from the northwest and west, and that by the early
part of September they reach Texas, and continue to pass across the
plains in a general southeast course until early in November.

Eastern Idaho and Utah.—In considering the migrations of the Iocust
in the Upper Snake River Valley and in Utah, we should bear in mind
that this region is a southern continuation of Central Montana, this being
apparently the main source of the locusts which invade Utah. Our
observations in Idaho are quite satisfactory, as on the stage-road from
Franklin to Virginia City we were enabled to gather considerable infor-
mation. From various sources it seems well established that the locusts
invariably fly south from the region of Virginia City, past Market Lake
and Fort Hall into the Bear River and Malade Valleys. At Franklin
we were told that the swarms always come from the north. Mr. J. B.
Hunter told us that in driving cattle for a distance of about 200 miles
south from Virginia City, swarms of locusts kept moving ahead of him,
flying either southeast or southwest, but never in a northward course.
At Franklin the parents of the young locusts observed by us early in
June were said to have come from a region 200 miles north, namely,
Central Montana; they appeared from a point a little east of north in
September, 1876. It thus appears that when they are abundant one
year in Central Montana, they fly south into Northern Utah, Cache and
Malade Valleys and lay their eggs. The young hatching out the sue-
ceeding year, or becoming fledged, fly south into the Salt Lake Valley,
For example, the locusts which hatched out in Salt Lake Valley were
said to be the progeny of those which bred in Malade and Cache Valleys
the year previous.

At Logan City, in the Bear River Valley, and at Smithfield. they were
observed to come from the north. At Plain City, Weber County, in.
1867 they came from the northeast, and departed in forty-eight hours
in a southwest direction, which took them over Salt Lake, when by a
change of wind many perished in the lake. At Nephi, in Central Utah,
and at Saint George, on the southern border of Utah, they arrive usually
from the north. For two successive years, according to Mr. Siler, the
flights in Southern Utah were to the north; these were probably return
flights, the progeny of those which came the preceding years from the
north.

MIGRATIONS OF THE LOCUSTS IN THE LOWER SNAKE VALLEY.

The course of the flights in the Lower Snake Valley is mainly, so far as
we have been able to learn, in a general westerly direction. We heard

RETURN MIGRATIONS FROM THE BORDER STATES. 159

of large numbers of locusts hatching in the spring in the Snake Val-
ley about Boise City, and that swarms appeared, August 2, in the valley
of the Bruneau. Three or four days after large swarms appeared about
100 miles southwest of this point in Nevada. The valley of the Jordan
River was apparently invaded from the northeast, while the Burnt River
Valley was visited from the southeast, the direction of Boise City. The
region around Boise, then, appears to be a small center of distribution
for swarms moving westward. Of the origin of the locusts which have
invaded Lewiston and Patoka Valleys we have no information.

RETURN MIGRATIONS FROM THE BORDER STATES (TEXAS TO MINNE-
SOTA) PREVIOUS TO 1877.

The data on this subject are scanty previous to 1875.

In Texas, in 1858, the young took flight north from the 10th to the
16th of April.

In 1867 the flights out of Kansas early in June were to the west or
northwest; while in Missouri they were reported, June 8, as going west
and southwest from Saint Joseph; at Kansas City, June 26, millions flew
_ northeast.

In 1869 locusts flew into Andrew County, June 18, from the south,
with a strong south wind; on the 23d, a fresh south wind blowing, they
rose and went on.

In 1873 Minnesota was visited in June by swarms from the south west.

The movement out of the States lying south of the 44th parallel of
latitude in a general north and northwest course was, in 1875, almost
universal. From Texas we have not full data. From Fort Gibson, Ind.
T., they departed during the month of May in a generally north and
west direction. On one day at the end of May “millions of locusts flew
westerly” from Fort Gibson.

From Missouri the flights during the month of June up to the 20th or
25th of June were to the north and northwest. The locusts first took
flight in Kansas from the extreme southeast of the infested region, on
May 28 and 29, the swarms passing over the State in a northerly and
northwesterly course.

Mr. Riley, in his Eighth Report, states that “the testimony of a vast
majority of observers is conclusive as to the general northwesterly di-
rection of their flight. The few cases on record of their moving in other
dire*tions are attributable to strong adverse winds, or to the fact that
they were merely making short aerial excursions preparatory to the
grand flight. It was noticed that when they flew to the south or east
it was at a much lower elevation than when apparently returning to
their native habitat.”

Prof. F. OH. Snow, of Lawrence, Kans., states that ‘when the wind is
strong they fly with the wind. If the wind is light they fly toward the
northwest by what seems to be a natural instinct. Thus, on June 7,
with a southwest wind moving, according to the university anemometer,

160 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

at the rate of three miles an honr, the locusts were flying in vast num-
bers in a direction a little to the north of west nearly in the face of the
wind. On June 12, also, with a northeast wind blowing at the rate
of four miles an hour, they were flying in greater numbers than ever
before in a northwest course at right angles to the direction of the wind.”
Having once taken wing, there are on record, adds Riley, but two or
three instances of their alighting within the borders of the State.

In Nebraska the locusts left the State between the 7th of June and
the 6th of July. The course of the swarms was invariably to the
northwest, except during the prevalence of strong adverse winds or ab-
solute calms, and in such cases they commonly alighted to await more
favorable winds.—(Riley.) Reports received from Nebraska City state
that the flights were to the north, coming from the south, probably Mis-
souri, with a south wind.

According to the observations of Professor Aughey, prepared for the
Commission, the first flight of locusts north was over Plum Creek, on the
Union Pacific Railroad. At Kearney, May 31, immense clouds of locusts
passed over in a northerly direction. June 14, enormous numbers of
locusts flew north at the rate of eight miles an hour. The hegira ex-
tended from 100 miles east of the Missouri to Kearney. At Lincoln,
June 16, locusts were seen going north by the “ countless billions”; the
wind was from the south, the thermometer 100° I*. “The locusts began
to rise at 8.30 a. m., and the numbers rising increased all the forenoon.
At 12.30 I observed a nimbo-stratus cloud in the zenith, and I could see
with my glass that the locusts reached that height. I measured the
west line of the university grounds, and with transit quadrant took the
angle at each end of this line on the sharp end of this almost stationary
cloud. This made the height of the locust-column 5,230 feet, or within
50 feet of one mile. I allowed 50 feet, however, for a rising-space above
the surface of the earth. Otherwise the column could have been called
a mile thick.” As to the size of a swarm observed June 16, Professor
Aughey thus writes:

The column extended to-day from at least 100 miles east of the Missouri to Fort Kear-
ney, and was at least 300 miles long east and west. As it averaged at least one-half
mile high, though here it was nearly double that, and continued, in round numbers,
from nine to three o’clock, the number of locusts was simply enormous and incalenla-
ble. As there were at least 27 locusts fer every cubic yard, the number ina cubic mile
was 27,878,400. Taking the half of this number and multiplying it by 300, the length
of the column east and west, we have 4,151,460,000. Now, as they were as thick as
this for at least six hours, and as they moved at least five miles an hour, this number
must be further multiplied by 30, which will give 124,543,800,000 locusts which moved
this day. But,as they were moving much faster and longer, and the coluinn was much
higher than in this estimate, the probabilities are that it would be much nearer the
truth to double this number for the actual quantity that moved over Lincoln this day.
And then it must be further multiplied to cover the extent of country north and south

It is somewhat uncertain over what nortkern and southern area they were moying on
this day, but enough is known to justify the further mutiplication by at least four.

The locusts had left the State by June 26.

RETURN MIGRATIONS PRIOR TO 1877. 161

Serious incursions into Iowa from the States south began to be made
about the 10th of June, and lasted from that date till about the middle
of July. The western counties of the State suffered considerably from
the swarms that were almost constantly passing over, many of which
alighted.

Minnesota was also invaded by swarms from Nebraska, Kansas, and
Missouri, which deposited their eggs in this State. The swarms take
various directions, but still many of them leave the State, passing into
Dakota and toward the Northwest. Mr. Whitman remarks in his report
as follows on the return migration in Minnescta and the Northwest:

Whether or not it is a general rule that the locusts on acquiring wings seek the di-
rection from which their parents had come in the preceding year (a rule which the ex-
perience of Minnesota fails to substantiate), it is certain at least that in 1875 ** the main
direction taken by the insects that rose from the Lower Missouri Valley country ws
northwesterly.” (Riley’s Eighth Annual Report, p. 105.) These swarms were traced

by Professor Riley, moving northerly from the end of May through June and into July,
and passing various points in Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana.

They passed northward over Bismarck at various times between June 6 and July 165.
‘(Same Report, p. 86.) But a still more definite statement as to the final destination or
these northward-moving swarms is found in an editorial of the Winnipeg Standar/, of
August 19, 1£76, entitled ‘‘ Locust flights.” It istherestated that in 1875 “the locusts.
which hatched in Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska, in an area of 250 miles from east to
west, and 390 miles from north to south, took flight in June, and invariably went north--
west, and fell in innumerable swarms upon the regions of British America, adjvining
Forts Pelly, Carlton, and Ellice, covering an area as large as that they vacated on the-
Missouri River. They were re-enforced by the retiring column from Manitoba, and it.
seemed to be hoping against hope that the new swarms of 1876 would not again descend.
upon the settlements in the Red River Valley. Intelligence was received here that the
insects took flight from the vicinity of Fort Pelly on the 10th of July, and then fol--
lowed a fortnight of intense suspense.”

There is, of course, in all this a failure to connect by any direct chain.
of continued observations the swarms that left the Mississippi Valley in
1875 and those which finally disappeared in the region of the mountains.
and in British America; still less is it shown that those swarms were:
the parents of those which are known to have hatched in the same regions.
in 1876, or even that those which are known to have hatched there were:
those which descended upon the lower country in July and August. But:
there is, at least, a strong series of probabilities.

In Dakota locusts which flew from the States to the southeast arrived:
about the 28th of Jnne, and passed on in a northwest course. On the:
same date vast swarms passed over Yankton, going in a northwesterly
direction; light clouds passed over Sully, Fort Randall, and Springfield,,
in the same direction and on the same date. At Bismarck locusts ar-
rived from a general southerly direction, and by July 15 had all disap,
peared, ‘“‘moving north and west.” It would thus appear that in 1875-.
as in 1877, the return flights from the Southern States, lowa, Kansas,
aud Minnesota, in many cases pass over Dakota into Montana, aud
probably British America.

blog

162 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION,

RETURN: MIGRATIONS EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS IN 1877 OF THE
LOCUSTS HATCHED FROM EGGS LAID THE PREVIOUS AUTUMN.

The facts here stated and the records of flights found in the appen-
dix show clearly that in the region south of Minnesota, the locusts, as
soon as they acquire wings, are disposed from some cause to move north-
ward. From the time they commenced to fly at Bastrop, Tex., April
19, until the 8th of July, when a swarm was observed at Glencoe, Nebr.,
moving south, the direction of the flights was, with very few exceptions,
northward, varying in a few cases to westward. In Minnesota the case
was different, although there were long flightsin June to the northwest,
yet the rule can scarcely be said to apply here, for the exceptions are too
numerous. From the facts heretofore ascertained in reference to their
habits this movement was anticipated and predicted. The movements
‘in previous years had already led to the conclusion that by some law
governing them there is a tendency in the resulting broods hatched in
‘this visited area to return to the native habitats from which their pro-
genitors came. That the broods of 1875 and 1876 hatched in the area
south of Minnesota, did move in this direction is conclusively shown by
the data furnished in Mr. Riley’s reports for 1875 and 1876, and in the
‘papers on locusts by Messrs. Dawson and Whitman.

As will be seen by examining our circular No. 1, a copy of which will
‘be found on p. 3 in this report, our first and second questions related
‘to the flights of locusts and the direction of the wind at the time
‘These questions have been more generally answered than perhaps any
others in the circular, and enable us to give more fully than has ever
before been done the movements of locusts east of the Rocky Mountains,
‘and especially in the invaded section, which we have designated the
‘temporary breeding-grounds.”

The past season has been an unusually favorable one for studying
‘the “local flights” or limited migrations, from the fact that these have
occurred to an extent hitherto unknown in these border States and ad-
jacent Territories. The amount of material collected for the purpose of
solving the various problems connected with these flights is very large,
and although it may not suffice to dispel all the mystery connected with
them it has enabled us to explain much that has hitherto been a matter
-of doubt and uncertainty, and to lay down the general laws which gov-
-ern them.

Strange as it may seem to those who have not carefully studied the
characteristics and habits of the species, yet it is true that it is possible
-in almost every instance to distinguish an invading from a local swarm
although moving in the same direction and apparently from the same
point. Those who have had considerable experience with them are
generally able, from an inspection of the insects alone, to decide with
reasonable certainty this point. But there are other and still more im-
portant methods of determining it.

RETURN MIGRATIONS IN 1877. 163

It may appear of but little importance to the farmers and agricul-
turists of Kansas or Nebraska, on whose fields a swarm of locusts has
fallen, to know whether they are from the plains of Montana or from
the prairies of an adjoining State; but if a careful study of their habits
shows it to bea general rule that the invading swarms are always, or nearly
always, destructive in their operations, and that the local swarms are sel-
dom injurious, then this knowledge is important.

One object of the Commission has been to study carefully this point
for the purpose of ascertaining whether there is any difference in this
respect between the invading swarms and those which are local or return
ing swarms; not only on account of its direct importance to the agricul-
turists of the invaded States, but also on account of its bearing upon
the question of their continued vitality in these States.

Early in the season, when rumors of flying locustscame from the south,
_ the Commissioners in the field were asked to express an opinion as to
the result; each, when asked, expressed his opinion without hesitation,
and allowed it to be published far and wide: ‘ We do not apprehend
any danger from them. In fact this is precisely what th e Commission
anticipated, and is one of the strongest possible corroborations of the
theory held, that these insects can never become permanent residents
of this part of the Mississippi Valley.”

The result has confirmed to the fullest extent this opinion, and our pre-
dictions have been fulfilled in a most remarkable manner. Although
from the middle of June to the last of August swarms were constantly
moving over Minnesota, Dakota, Iowa, Nebraska, and Kansas, some
days covering an area equal to any two of these States, yet in all that
time, though visited by myriads after myriads, scarcely a dozen fields
in all these States were reported as injured. It may therefore be stated
as a general rule, that returning and local swarms do but little injury.
It is possible that with a different season the result may be different,
but so far as the facts heretofore ascertained are concerned, they point
to the same conclusion; therefore, with the experience of the past season
added, we are justified in giving this as one general rule in reference to
their habits.

And right here we beg leave to call attention to the necessity of study-
ing carefully what, to many, may at first appear as trivial and unim-
portant. Each law ascertained in reference to this species, whether im-
portant in itself in an economic or practical sense, is important as an
aid or stepping-stone toward the discovery of other laws.

The discovery of this law in reference to the habits of the different
swarms has already been the means of dispelling, in a large degree, the
fears the farmers and citizens of these border States entertained in
reference to the local swarms. The announcement last season that
large swarms had been observed about the middle of May flying north-
ward over North Platte, in Lincoln County, Nebr., sent a thrill of alarm
throughout that entire State. The fear of such swarms has now de-

164 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

parted. Shortly afterward adverse winds drove back these hordes, or
others from the north part of the State, or the neighboring portions of
Dakota and Minnesota. The hearts of the Nebraska farmers sank once
more. TheCommission replied to such as appealed to them at this time,
‘No ‘invaders’ have left the Northwest; these are but ‘local flights,’
and little if any danger is to be apprehended from them.” The fear of
local swarms, even though they are from the north, is therefore, to a
great degree, at least, gone.

We mention these facts here simply as illustrations of the importance
of studying carefully every part of the history of these insects.

It has been quite satisfactorily ascertained that no ‘invading swarms”
visited the border States in 1877. That numerous swarms from the
north entered or passed over almost every part of the*locust area of
these States is true, but that none of these were hatched in their native
breeding-grounds we think will be clearly shown by what is hereafter
stated, and by the record of flights given in Appendix 13.

In reference to “ returning swarms,” in the sense heretofore explained,
the data for 1877 are somewhat incomplete, as but few reports have yet
reached us from British America, to which section a portion would be
likely to wend their way if intent on reaching their original hatching-
grounds; and so far but one or two points in Western Dakota have been
heard from. But even without these data there are reasons for believ-
ing the return to the native habitats was not so general as was com-
monly supposed it would be by those who hold that as a rule the re-
sulting broods go back to their native home.

In the early part of the fiying-season the departing hordes from that
portion of the visited area from Nebraska to Texas, with but few excep-
tions, moved northward, as it was supposed they would do; but later
in the season, with a change of wind, they turned southward, and the
flights in this direction were almost as heavy and as long continued as
those which had moved northward. As there is satisfactory evidence
that these southward-moving hordes were not invading swarms from the
Northwest, they must have consisted in a great measure of those which
had previously moved northward. That some did pass onward is shown
by the reports of northward flights over Bismarck, of swarms alight-
ing in Western Dakota, of flights seen at Cypress Hills, Battletord,
and some other points in British America. Yet the fact that none passed
to the north of the international boundary east of Bismarck, and that
there were such heavy flights southward east of the Missouri, in Da-
Dakota and Minnesota, leads to the conclusion that but a comparatively
small portion of those hatched in the visited area ever succeeded in
reaching their native hatching-grounds. That a considerable portion
may have and probably did pass on to the north on the west side of the
Missouri, where there are no settlements from which we could receive
reports, is more than likely ; and the few accounts we have received
from this section indicate that such was the case.

——

LOCAL FLIGHTS IN 1877. 165

For these reasons the movements of the locusts east of the mount-

- ains, in 1877, must be largely included in the category of “ local flights,”

in the broad sense, that is to say, flights whose limits are within the
visited area or temporary breeding-grounds.

LOCAL FLIGHTS.

As before stated, the past season has been a very favorable one for
studying ‘local flights” or limited migrations, and the means adopted
by the Commission for collecting data upon this point have resulted in
accumulating a very large amount of material.

We give, in Appendix 13, in an abbreviated form, the answers on
this point received from our numerous correspondents, in order that ail
who desire to do so may have an opportunity of studying this subject
for themselves, and thus be able to test the correctness of our conclu-
sions.

In order to give an idea of the amount of material collected in refer-
ence to these flights, we give here a summary or rather brief notes of
the replies received to our circular No. 1, relating to two days, July 3
and 20, remarking only that the flights from the more Southern States
had almost entirely ceased at this season.

In these records the direction of the wind wherever mentioned is to
be understood as that from which it was blowing; and where flights
are mentioned without giving the direction, they are to be understood as
going with the wind. The language of the correspondent has been re-
tained as nearly as possible.

Record of flights for July 3, 1877.
DAKOTA.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County: First appearance, only a few going west at noon.
Gary, Deuel County: Fly west.

Medary, Brookings County: Wind south, strong; light swarms go north.

Dell Rapids, Minnehaha County: Wind southeast; quite a number alighted.
Forestburg, Bramble Connty : Cloudy; none seen.

Rockport, Hanson County: Southeast wind; fly very high, and numerous.

MINNESOTA.

Elbow Lake, Grant County: Wiad southeast; considerable number go northwest.

Herman, Grant County: Go northwest on the 3d, 4th, and 5th—most on 4th.

Brandon, Douglas County: Fly west; air full of them.

Burnhamville, Todd County : Some left to west-southwest.

Round Prairie, Todd County: Raised in great numbers and went west-southwest.

Long Prairie, Nicollet County: Wind east; partly clear; fly with the wind, in mod-
erate numbers.

Morris, Stevens County: Began to fly at 9; go west; wind southeast; clear and
warm; began to alight about 1 o’clock.

Westport, Pope County: Fly a little south of west ; extensive movement; very high.

Fairhaven, Stearns County: Go southwest in great numbers.

Paynesville, Stearns County: Go west very thick; many of ours joined them; many
came down, but most of them rose again.

166 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Saint Wendall, Stearns County: Go west; many.

Clear Lake, Sherburne County: Wind northwest; go southeast.

Ortonville, Bigstone County: First seen; a few go west.

Lac-qui-parle, Lac-qui-parle County: Go northwest; immense quantity.

Baxter: Wind little south of east; good breeze; large numbers go northwest.

Montevideo, Chippewa County: Wind southeast; fly very thick northwest.

Dassell, Meeker County: Warm, bright; wind easterly, very light. Locusts went
southwest till 1.30; then west. Large swarms rose, and a continuous line passed from
11 to 3 o’clock.

Manannah, Meeker County: Upper flight, west of southwest ; lower flight, west.

Corinna, Wright County: Go due south; air seemed full as far as the eye could
reach.

Cokato, Wright County: Took flight.

Stockholm, Wright County: Commenced flying to west.

Granite Falls, Yellow Medicine County: Come down in small swarms at 11 o’clock;
at 12 rising and filling the air; go northwest.

Beaver, Renville County: During a greater part of the day a swarm as innumerable
as the sands of the sea-shore took its flight over this section, going in a westerly diree-
tion.

Vicksburg, Renville County: Forenoon cloudy; clear at noon; wind east by south-
east; hoppers go with the wind.

Palmyra, Renville County: Go westerly; high.

Brookfield, Renville County: Southeast wind; swarms go west and southwest.

Hale, McLeod County: Wind southeast ; immense swarms go with the wind.

Penn, McLeod County: Those that lit on the Ist left, going northwest.

Marshfield, Lincoln County: Go northwest; first swarm seen; light movement.

Marshall, Lyon County: Go west freely, alighting in the evening.

Tracy, Lyon County: Go west; did not alight.

MINNESOTA.

Charleston, Redwood County: Go west-northwest, high, and very fast, from i2
o'clock to 3.30. First flight.

Walnut Station, Redwood County: Small flight to west aad northwest, from 11 o’clock
to 2.30. A few alighted.

Lamberton, Redwood County: Locusts came in with east-sortheast wind.

Cottonwood, Brown County: Go southwest in the forenoon, and northwest in the
afternoon.

Linden, Brown County: Wind east on the 3d, 4th, and Sth; took most of them away.

Albin, Brown County: Fly west, wind east.

Saint Peter, Nicollet County: Large flight southwest.

Ridgeley, Nicollet County: Fly west in great numbers; our own go with them.

Currie, Murray County: Fly west.

Windom, Cottonwood County: Fly west, very high.

Buttertield, Watonwan County: Light southeast wind. Locusts commenced passing
over; many alighted.

Madelia, Watonwan County: Continuous flightall day to a little south of west.
Those of ours that had wings joined them.

Luverne, Rock County : Goa few degrees west of north in considerable numbers.

Kanaranzie, Rock County: Air full; as many come down as leave; alight in the
evening and leave in the morning ; go northwest.

Township 103, range 47, Rock County: Fly northwest.

Bigelow, Nobles County: Clear; light southeast wind; fly thick from 11 to 4.

Worthington, Nobles County: Fly northwest at noon, quite heavy.

Graham Lake, Nobles County: Large numbers go west, few come down.

Adrain, Nobles County: Some fly, a few alighted.

LOCAL FLIGHTS IN 1877. 167

Delafield, Jackson County: Wind south of cast; go northwest mostly; very high;
none alighted.

Christiana, Jackson County : Go a little north of west ; a few alighted about 3 o’clock

Tenhassen, Martin County: Wind south-southwest in the afternoon, moderate, very
warm ; fly northwest.

Pipestone, Pipestone County : Go southwest at 10 in the forenoon, none alighting.

Bigstone Lake, Bigstone County: Fly northwest, many alighting.

NEBRASKA.

La Platte Valley: Flying east of north. Heavy rains.
Omaha, Douglas County : Flying very high to northwest at 11in the forenoon. Wind
southeast, clear.

IOWA.
Tabor, Fremont County: Go north and northwest.

KANSAS,

Claytonville, Brown County: Fly northwest; wind south.
Record of flights for July 20, 1877.

DAKOTA.

Walhalla, Pembina County: Light northwest wind; sunshine; fly southeast; not
many.

Caledonia, Traill County: north wind for five days past; good many gosouth; none
have passed from south this season.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County: Light northwest winds; warm; a frightful swarm
came about 9 a. m.; those that were here joined the flight at once, making a dense
swarm from about 40 feet high to as high as the eye could reach. By 11 a. m. the lower
ones were from 150 to 200 feet high, and continued much the same to3 p.m. None
alighted.

Gary, Deuel County: Strong wind; fly southin great numbers; very high.

Medary, Brookings County: north wind; clear; immense swarms go south all day ;
the few scattered on the prairie rise and leave.

Dell Rapids, Minnehaha County: Wind northeast; a great many go southwest.

Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County: Fly seuth; few alighted as yet. The greatest quan-
tity of hoppers that has yet been seen passed over to the southeast. A few came down
about 6 miles south of here, but did no damage.

MINNESOTA.

Moorhead, Clay County: Fly south and southeast very thick.

Audubon, Becker County : Wind north 10 degrees west; air full—highest I ever saw ;
some stragglers alight.

Detroit, Becker County: Wind northwest ; very pleasant; began to fly at 10 a. m.,
and all we had here left us; an immense quantity passed.

Township 136, range 45, Wilkins County : Wind northwest and very unsteady; hop-
pers fly; those of our hatch rise that are large enough; they rise most numerously
when the wind comes in gusts.

Fergus Falls, Otter Tail County : Commenced flight to southward.

Elbow Lake, Grant County: Fly southeast; wind northwest; more than at any time
this season.

Long Prairie, Todd County: North winds; cool and clear; go south thick.

Saint Wendell, Stearns County: Wind nearly north; great numbers fly nearly south;
some came down.

168 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Saint Cloud, Stearns County: Fly south in great numbers; a few alight.

Becker, Sherburne County: The lass left here; go southwest; good breeze from
northwest.

Benson, Swift County; Fly west of south in great numbers; few alight.

De Graff, Swift County: Fly east; none alight.

Lac qui Parle, Lac qui Parle County: Fly south of southeast; thick; wind north-
west.

Baxter, Lac qui Parle County: Wind northwest; clear and warm; vast numbers fly
very high southeast.

Montevideo, Chippewa County: Wind northwest; no hoppers, scarcely.

Kandiyohi, Kandiyohi County: Good many fly southeast ; only a few drop.

Willmar, Kandiyohi County : Many fly southeast.

Manannah, Meeker County: Those that remained after the flight of the 10th few
northwest. (?) [It is probable this should be southeast. ]

Palmyra, Renville County: Passed over southerly. None seen for two weeks past.

' Pipestone, Pipestone County: Wind north; fly thick.

Windom, Cottonwood County : Fly south.

Mount Lake, Cottonwood County: The last passed south at 2.30 p. m.

Madelia, Watonwan County: Fly south; wind northwest.

Butterfield, Watonwan County: From 15th to 20th wind west and northwest; to-day
changed to north, and nearly all left; go south.

Saint James, Watonwan County: Ail left here to-day.

Mankato, Blue Earth County: Millions fly high at 11 a. m.; go south.

Wilton, Waseca County : Large numbers fly south; very few have alighted here.

Waseca, Waseca County: The hoppers in this section arose and flew to south-south-
west.

Luverne, Rock County: Immense swarms go south, alighting but rarely, at 12.30 p.
m.; fell in small numbers in places to south and east ; upper regions filled with hoppers.

Magnolia, Rock County: Large swarms fly south-southwest and southeast, varying
with the wind. Many alight in southern part of the county.

Kanaranzie, Rock Couaty: Fly south; largest swarm seen yet; none alighted.

Little Rock, Nobles County: Immense swarms go south; a few cripples fall.

Adrian, Nobles County: Winds north; fly very high aud thick.

Worthington, Nobles County: Flying in clouds; few come down in this vicinity.
Wind north, tending east; quite a good many fly as near west as the wind will allow.

Bigelow, Nobles County: Wind north; clear; large swarms flew south.

Brownsbury, Jackson County: Immense numbers go south; wind from the north.

Jackson, Jackson County: ‘“‘Are flying 9 miles deep as we go to press.”—Republic.

Hunter, Jackson County: Go south; most numerous I have seen this year.

Hector, Renville County: Wind northwest.

Glencoe, McLeod County: Fly very thick southeast.

Penn, McLeod County: A few scattering ones go south.

Benton, Carver County: Great numbers fly southwest; wind from north.

Carver, Carver County: Large swarms fly in a southerly or southwesterly direction;
‘some alight near town.

Shakopee, Scott County: Wind northwest to north; clear; fly in great numbers
southeast to south, from 10 to 3.

Marshfield, Lincoln County: Wind north; immense swarm came in sight about 11
o’clock, flying south till sundown.

Marshall, Lyon County: Pleasant; air full; go southeast all day.

Lamberton, Redwood County: Wind from north and northwest. From the 8th till
the 20th the flight has been steady and culminated in a grand rush on the 20th; the
heaviest flight I ever saw.

Albin, Brown County: Few flying; wind north-northwest; no coupling or laying
‘yet.

LOCAL FLIGHTS IN 1877. 169

Saint Peter, Nicollet County: Very thick, and most of them very high; all go south-
east.

Le Sueur, Le Sueur County: Passed over to south in greater numbers than at any
previous time; were at a great height, and the sun was almost darkened by the im-
mense mass.

Le Sueur Centre, Le Sueur County: Heavy flight to south; some few dropped near
night on some farms,

Waterville, Le Sueur County: All left from all around here and went south; none
lit.

Morristown, Rice County: Fly little west of south; more than ever before. Went
east in large numbers; most of those hatched here went with them.

Blue Earth City, Faribault County: Clouds fly over, south; only a few stopped in
this vicinity.

Winnebago City, Faribault County: “Air full from 9 o’clock a. m. to 60’clock p. m.
Fly southeast. Began to fly at 9.30 alittle east of south, with good breeze—dense num-
bers as the eye could see. Flew till 3 o’clock.”—[ Pioneer Press. “Alighted quite
thick.”—[ Despatch.

Alden, Freeborn County: Left here, and the air was full, thicker than I ever saw
before, flying from 11 a. m. to 3 p. m.; wind north-northeast; some commence to
couple.

Freeborn, Freeborn County : Began to fly at 1l a.m. Go southeast toeast. Air full
till 4 o’clock. Some alight, but none leave.

Albert Lea, Freeborn County: Fly south at lla.m. Strong wind.

Geneva, Freeborn County: First flight left here in large numbers, to southeast.

IOWA.

Algona, Kossuth County: A large number are said to have alighted around Algona.

Carroll City, Carroll County: Large swarms fly over to southeast for two hours.

Dakota City, Humboldt County: Weather clear, wind northwest. Hoppers fly south-
east in afternoon, some alighting.

The record of the 3d contains reports from sixty-five different points,
scattered over Minnesota, Dakota, lowa, Nebraska, and Kansas; that
of the 20th, from seventy different points. As a matter of course, the
record of each day during the flying season is not so full as these twe,
yet quite a number embrace as many points, anda few days perhaps more.
At the commencement, the reports are few and scattering, and as we
approach the close of the season they again decrease in number. Dur-
ing the entire season, something like two thousand reports in reference
to flights east of the mountains have been received.

A careful study of the record of these two days here given will reveal
several important facts ; and as an illustration of our method of using
this material, we call attention to some things to be learned therefrom.

That of the 3d, although relating to an area extending from Central
Kansas to Northern Minnesota, shows that the flights at all points, ex-
cept two, were in the direction of the northwest quarter of the compass,
varying from north to a little south of west, the variation from a north
course being greatest in parts of Minnesota and Dakota. It also shows
that in every instance where the direction of the wind is noticed the
flight is with the wind; and in one case, at Manannah, Meeker County,
Minnesota, where there were upper and lower currents moving in difter-

170 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ent directions at the same time, the movements of the locusts in the
different currents corresponded therewith.

At one point, where the day was cloudy, none were seen on the wing.
At several points a note is made of the fact that the local brood arose
and joined the passing swarm. Where the hours are noted, they show
the flight to have been during the middle part of the day, or at least
between 9 a. m. and 4 p. m.

Although, as will hereafter be seen, there are exceptions to what here
appear to be general rules, yet the rules hold good to a very large extent
throughout the entire record, except as to the general direction of the
flight, which, as will be seen on the 20th,was southward.

The first flight of the season, of which we have any notice, was at
Bastrop, Tex., on the 19th of April,?? to the north. The first in Indian
Territory, of which there is any record, was at Camp Supply, May 23,
to the northwest; but as the accounts from this Territory are very
meager, it is not at all likely that we have received notice of the first
observed. The first noted in Kansas was in Trego County, May 17, to
the northwest. The first in Nebraska was at Amazon, Franklin County,
May 15, to the north. The first in Minnesota, of which any reliable ac-
count has been given, was at Raymond, Stearns County, June 5, to the
southeast. The first in Dakota was at Medary, Brookings County, June
9, moving southeast.

A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE FLIGHTS EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS
IN 1877, BY STATES.

Texas.—The first flight reported was observed, as heretofore stated, at
Bastrop on the 19th of April, moving northward. This was followed by
another, on the 25th of the same month. A somewhat general and very
heavy flight occurred on the 1st of May, notices of which were received
from Calvert, Salado, New Braunfels, Dallas, and Austin. This move-
ment, which is supposed to have carried off most of the locusts hatched
during the spring in this State, was also to the north. A few slight
swarms were observed after this up to the 10th of May, but the great
body of the insects undoubtedly left about the first of the month. In
the latter part of August swarms began to return southward ; immense

numbers were observed at this time passing over Robertson County; >

others were seen at Bexar, in the latter part of September (28-30),
and others at Bastrop, as late as October.

Missouri.—The locusts which hatched in Jasper and adjoining counties
in the southwestern part of the State departed toward the north and
northwest during the latter part of May and first of June. Those in the

extreme northwest section left in the latter part of June and first few

wo Se

23 Since this was written, additional notes have been received from Texas, through the Signal Service Bu-
reau, which may show an earlier date for the first flight. As these are tobe found in Appendia No. 3,
reader can easily make the correction, if necessary.

SUMMARY OF FLIGHTS FOR 1877. a |

days of July. It was probably the swarms from this section which were
observed about this time in Fremont County, Iowa, moving northward.
In August and September swarms were observed passing southward
over Holt, Nodaway, Atchison, Jasper, and Barry Counties.

Arkansas.—The only accounts of flights we have received from this
State are from Benton County, in which it is stated that in September
some swarms passed over from the northwest.

Indian Territory—We were very desirous of obtaining notices of
flights from this Territory, for the purpose of ascertaining whether it
was possible to trace particular swarms in their movements, the possi-
bility of succeeding being rendered much more likely in the case of an
early swarm, starting from the extreme south and moving north, than
at a later date, when the movements became more general. But it was
impossible to obtain correspondents in this Territory in the sections
where such swarms were likely to be observed. There is some evidence
that flights to the north were observed in the early part of May in some
portions of the Territory; but it is too indefinite to be of any value,
except as showing the direction of the movement. At Camp Supply,

locusts were observed moving north on May 23, and at the same place

they were seen moving south on the 11th of September.
Kansas.—Flights were observed in Nebraska two days before any
movements were noted in this State. The first swarm observed here of
which we have any notice was on May 17th, in Trego County, in the
western part of the State; this moved north-northwest. Other swarms
going northward were observed in Ellis and Labette Counties on the
2ist and 23d of the same month. On the 26th and 27th extensive
swarms passed northward over the western part of the State which
were observed at Kit Carson, Monotony, also in Phillips and Greenwood
Counties. On the 12th, 13th, and 14th of June, the large body of those
hatched in the State commenced to migrate, and although a large por-
tion moved toward the north, yet this was by no means universally the
case. Although the counties in which flights were observed on these
days are all in the northeast part of the State and hence in the vicinity
of each other, yet the direction of the flights varied from north to south-

_ west, a few going almost directly south at one point. On the 12th, in
_ Saline, they moved northwest, and in Clay, south. On the 13th, the

movement was entirely to the west and southwest, except in Brown
County, where they went northeast. These we have reason to believe
came down in the vicinity of Sioux City, Lowa, in the afternoon of June
14, On the 14th it was entirely toward the north. After this but few
flights were observed until in July ; at least but few notices of movements
have been received by the Commission, which occurred during this time.

: Between the 18th and last of this month they began to return toward
the south. Im August there were movements in both directions, but
| chiefly southward ; this was continued at intervals through September.

Nebraska.—A small flight passed over Franklin County as early as

| May 15, going north; another over Dodge County on the 17th, going

172 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

northeast ; on the 18th a large swarm was observed at Kearney, going 1
north; on the 26th and 27th very heavy flights passed over Ogalalla |
and North Platte toward the northwest. After this, until about the mid-
dle of June, flights are reported almost daily as passing over some part
of the State, chiefly Platte, Colfax, Keith, Phillips, Lincoln, and Butler
Counties, generally moving north, but in one or two instances westward. —
In July, from the 8th to the 15th, occasional swarms were seen passing |
northwest in the extreme eastern part of the State. i

There was really no one general movement of the locusts from this
State. South of the Platte they began to move in the latter part of
June (25 to 30), and later farther north and east, some not departing
until in August.

The movement toward the south commenced early in July, as a report
from Mr. Dodge, of Glencoe, Dodge County, dated the 8th, states that
‘‘the Jocusts have been flying a little east of south for several days.”
Professor Aughey, our assistant for Nebraska, observed what was in
all probability the same swarm passing south over Lincoln City on the
9th, flying, as he remarks, “high and in a heavy column.” From the
11th to the 14th the movement was northward. On the 15th it was
again toward the south, and continued generally in that direction for a
week or ten days, and then again changed to the north. From this time
until the 5th of August the flights were mostly toward the north, but
irregular and variable. About this time (from 5th to 8th) the unusual
phenomenon of locust swarms flying in opposite directions at the same
time and place was observed on several different days in the area em-
bracing Knox County, Nebraska, Yankton, Dak., and Sioux City,
Iowa. Professor Aughey, who had visited this section on behalf of the
Commission for the purpose of noting the locust movements, fortunately
happened to be in this region at this time, and witnessed this unusual
occurrence, which will be more fully noticed and explained hereafter.

After this until the last of September swarms were passing over in
various directions, but generally toward the south.

Jowa.—The first flight observed in this State of which we have received
any account was on the 14th of June, in the extreme northwest part, be-
tween Le Mars, in Plymouth County, and Sioux River. There are good
reasons for believing that these came from the northeast corner of Kan-
sas and the extreme southeast corner of Nebraska. It is almost certain
that they did not come from any part of Iowa, and it is certain that
locusts left Brown County, Kansas, on the 13th. These came down in
the vicinity of Sioux City, where they remained some days. Those
hatched in the extreme southwestern part of the State commenced leay-
ing Fremont County on the 22d of June. Between this date and July
10 most of those hatched in the State took wing, moving northward.
About the middle of July the southward flights commenced and con-
tinued, with intervals of northward movements, until September. As
will be seen hereafter, the northern or central part of Iowa was prob-

SUMMARY OF FLIGHTS FOR 1877. 173

ably the turning ground of the swarms blown back and forth north-
west and southeast across Minnesota during the middle and latter part
of the summer.

Minnesota and Dakota.—As the flights in this State and Territory are
intimately connected, and have been studied together, we will give a
summary of them together.

In reference to these our records are very full and complete, owing to
the fact that Professor Whitman, who was our assistant for Minnesota,
had been studying the locust problem for some years previous to 1877,
and had arranged a system of correspondence which enabled him to
obtain daily accounts during the flying-season from every locust-visited
county in Minnesota, as well as from some of the adjoining counties of
Dakota.

The first swarms observed in Minnesota, of which we have any defi-
nite account, were seen June 5 in Stearns and Blue Earth Counties flying
southeast. On the 9th, swarms were seen in Brookings County, Dakota,
and Nicollet, Ramsey, and Benton Counties, Minnesota, flying southeast.
On the 14th and 15th, the wind changed, and those from the south be-
gan to pass over the southwest corner of Minnesota and southeast corner

of Dakota. But even at the risk of being considered somewhat prolix
in this part of our report, we will introduce here Professor Whitman’s

very interesting summary of the flights in this State and Territory:

There was a considerable flight over some of the eastern counties of Dakota about
June 10. A very few alighted in Becker County (Audubon) and remained there, and
were seen coupling about July 1.

About June 16 and 17 there was a heavier flight northward across some of the south-
eastern counties of Dakota. At one point it was two and a half days in passing. It
also extended, but not heavily, over points in Nobles (as far east as Worthington),
Rock, Murray, and Lyon Counties, over Morris and Fergus Falls. Some of these reached
the Northern Pacific Railroad, in Dakota, at Worthington, Jamestown, and Bismarck.
These two flights were undoubtedly from some southern hatching-grounds.

Our own hatch flew with daily increasing numbers and in various directions from
about June 22d to the 26th, 27th, and 28th, on which days there was a quite extensive
flight to the southeast. This extended mostly along the Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad
and the Minnesota River, but was also extensive over Saint Cloud.

June 29 and 30 were unfavorable days for flying, or rather for observing flights, and
the records are fewer:

July 1 was a most favorable day for flying. As the wind was generally very slight
and changeable, the directions taken vary a great deal. Reports from forty-one points
give flights in nine different directions, some moving in no particular direetion, and
others moving in opposite directions in different parts of the day.

July 2.—Fewer swarms observed, going generally east and southeast.

July 3.—Flying northwest, west, and a little south of west at forty-eight points.
Wind generally light, and swarms flying very high. Movement extensive from the
Iowa line to Pope and Grant Counties on the north, and to Marshfield and Orton-
- ville on the west, where flying swarms appeared for the first time.

July 4, 5, and 6.—Very nearly a repetition of July 3. The alighting of parts of these
westward flights on these four days, from Morris over into Dakota, was stated at the
time in the Pioneer Press, and seems to be the only continued alighting occurring in
any movement that has taken place so far.

July 7.—Wind changing to northwest. Very few flights reported in any direction.

174 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

July 8.—Swarms returning, moving generally a little east of south. Movement re-
ported at forty-six points between Otter Tail and Todd Counties on the north ; Sher-
burne, Carver, Scott, and Waseca Counties on the east, and Freeborn, Jackson, Nobles,
and Rock Counties on the south.

July 9 and 10.—Nearly a repetition of July 8, except that the direction changed
more to southwest, the wind changing to southerly on the latter date in many places.

July 11 and 12.—Movement reversed again; flying northwest in abundance on the
11th and in still greater number on the 12th. Movement extended from Detroit,
Becker County, to Sioux City, on the west.

July 13.—Weather generally unfavorable for observation; flying northeast at a few
points.

July 14.—Ditio.

July 15.—Change of wind; flying southeast ina few places.

July 17.—Wind generally northwest; flying southeast in a few places.

July 18 and 19.—Wind northwest, generally cool and cloudy, and very few observed.

July 20.—Grand movement; swarms observed at fifty-six points, flying southeast,
south and southwest; swarms represented in most cases as extremely large, flying very
high; moving from 9 a. m. to 6 p. m. at Winnebago City, and until sundown at Marsh-
field; seen at various places from Audubon to Sioux Falls on the west, from Saint
Cloud to Albert Lea on the east, and at Carroll City, Iowa, on the southwest.

July 21.—Nearly the same, but flying in fewer numbers. Seen at Morristown at 8
a.m.

July 22.—Change of wind to southerly ; flying northwest in great numbers at Audu-
bon, Detroit, Moorhead, Marshall, and Worthington.

July 23.—Wind southerly ; no heavy flights reported except at Worthington, where
they flew very high until late.

July 24.—Wind southerly ; few reported.

July.—The wind southerly ; flying north very thick over Hector, in Renville County.

July 26.—Wind southerly ; few or none reported.

July 27.—Wind changing to northwest; flying at Detroit, in large numbers, a little
south of east.

July 23.—Another heavy movement to east and south; reported as moving east at
Sioux City, southeast over Rock, Nobles, and Jackson Counties, south at Mountain
Lake, southeast over points in Todd and Stearns Counties, and nearly south at Audu-
bon and Crookston.

July 29.—Change of wind; seen flying northwest over Freeborn, Winnebago City,
Kasota, Le Sueur Centre, Saint Wendall, and Paynesville (Stearns County), Benson
(could be seen till almost sundown), Lac-qui-parle, Moorhead, Audubon, and Crooks-
ton; and probably further reports will add many other points where northeasterly
movements were seen.

Very few reports have been received since July 30, but they show that a change of
wind on July 31 and August 1, to northwest, brought the great flight of August 2 to
the southeast.

The alighting between July 3 and 6 has been already noticed; as for any that bas
occurred extensively since then it is hard to find. On the 8th, 9th,;and 10th there was
quite a number of places here and there where considerable numbers dropped; since
then it has been very light and scattering, and the numbers alighting are very insig-
nificant compared with those that pass along.

To sum up, July 1, the air was thick with locusts over a considerable portion of the
State. July 3 to 6, they moved across the State to the northwest, and turning at Mor-
ris and westward; on July 8 to 10 crossed the State to the southeast; July 11 and 12,
crossed the State to the northwest ; July 20 and 21, after the wind had been blowing
from the northwest for four days, they crossed the State again to the southeast (and
after some return movements to the northwest at various points for a week); July 28,
crossed the southwestern corner of the State, again to southeast, and after some flying
to northwest; August 2, again crossed the State to the southeast in full force.

|

NORTHWESTWARD COURSE OF EARLY SUMMER FLIGHTS. 175

Where have been the turning-points of all these movements? Apparently they must
have been either in Dakota and Iowa or up in the air. As for Iowa the records of
flights will be collected, I presume, by others. As for reports received from Dakota,
they do not help the matter much so far. The movements have been nearly the same
as in Minnesota, except that they began a day or two earlier. To all appearances, the
grasshoppers have spent the greater part of the time in the air since July 10.

The early movements of 1877 (omitting those in Minnesota) therefore
coincide precisely with those of previous years, and apparently justify
the conclusion that this northward flight is governed by some permanent
law, and will, under ordinary circumstances, be the course taken by the
broods hatched in the area designated. Whether the facts are sufficient
to warrant the opinion, now so generally entertained, that it is a law of
their nature to return to their native habitats is another question and a
very important one. It may be well, therefore, to present here the pros
and cons on the point which we have so far been able to gather by our
own observations and study of the species.

1st. We have the fact sufficiently established that in the region desig-
nated the first movements of the resulting broods are toward the north
or northwest, and in the direction of the section which is now very gen-
erally conceded to be the native hatching-grounds of the swarms which
visit the border States.

2d. The flights of the resulting broods in Colorado are often westward
across the mountains in the direction from which a large portion of the
invading hordes which visit that State come.

3d. We have, if not absolute proof, at least satisfactory evidence that
in 1875 the departing swarms from a large portion at least of the area
designated. moved northwest into Eastern Montana and British America,
thus reaching the region from which we have good reason to believe
their progenitors came.

4th. In 1876 invading swarms from the northwest poured down in
vast numbers upon the fields and farms of the bordering States
and deposited their eggs over a widely-extended area. In 1877 we see
the resulting brood starting baek in the same direction as those of 1875,
thus apparently forming a biennial cycle in their life-history.

5th. As if led by some mysterious instinct to know that in this cli-
mate their progeny will be a degenerate and feeble race, these returning
swarms as a general rule refuse, or at least fail, to deposit their eggs in
this region.

These are certainly strong arguments in favor of the theory men-
tioned, yet there are some facts which appear to stand opposed to it,
and although it is very plausible, cause us to hesitate before deciding
that it has been fully established. This question of migration, especially
in its relations to meteorology, will, however, be considered further on
in the present chapter and also in Chapter VIII.

SOUTHWARD FLIGHTS IN 1877.

As may be inferred from the data in Appendices 12 and 15, the south-

176 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ward movements in 1877, after the 10th of July, nearly equaled in extent |

the northward movements prior to that date.

MOVEMENTS IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS AT THE SAME TIME.

These are of two kinds—contrary movements over large areas on the
same day, and flights in different directions at the same time and place.

It will be seen by inspecting the records given in Appendix No. 13,
and even that of the two days heretofore given, that it is no uncommon
thing for flights on the same day to vary at different points from north-
east and north round westward even to southwest, and likewise in the
southward flights from southwest and south around to east. Hence we
have throughout considered all movements northeast and around the
northwest quarter of the compass to west as northward movements,
and those around the southeast quarter of the compass as southward
flights. Movements in these opposite general directions on the same
day are not so common, yet so far as single points of observation are
concerned they are not infrequent, and in several instances occurred in
the same or adjoining counties.

Professor Whitman states that on the 1st of July reports from forty-
one points give flights in nine different directions. As a rule, these
variable flights occur on warm, still days, when -there is no gencral
movement of the air in any one direction.

There were a few days in 1877 in which there were movements in dif-
ferent directions over large areas. For example, on the 5th of July,
locusts were flying north, northwest, and west (or northward) in South-
western Lowa, Southwestern Minnesota, and Eastern Dakota, and south-
ward or southeast over a broad belt running northwest and southeast
through the middleof Minnesota. The 2dof August furnishes an instance
of three different currents, two southeast and one northwest. In South-
eastern Dakota and as far east into Minnesota as Nobles County, the
movement was to the northwest. Through the central parts of Minne-
sota and Northwestern Iowa the flights were southward ; in Nebraska
and Kansas the movement was chiefly to the southwest. At some of
the points in Minnesota the flights in opposite directions were quite
heavy; in Nebraska tiey were light and irregular. As a matter of
course, the direction of these movements depended entirely upon the
direction of the wind, and it would scarcely be worth while to mention
them were it not for the bearing they have upon the question of the
‘return flights.”.

Flights in opposite directions at the same time and place were not of
frequent occurrence, but were occasionally observed. They were always
one above the other, and doubtless in different currents of air; some-
times in directly opposite directions, sometimes one column crossing
the other obliquely. Those heretofore alluded to as having been ob-
served by Professor Aughey were moving in almost precisely opposite
directions, one northward and the other southward, on July 20, 21, 25,
and 26, at Dakota City, Nebr.; also, between Yankton and Sioux City

DESTINATION OF EASTERN SWARMS. Dy fof

August 6. In reference to the last, he remarks that ‘ the lower current
was moving a little east of north in considerable numbers. An equally
heavy column was moving toward the south above the one last men-
tioned.

Our correspondent at Menannah, Meeker County, Minnesota, observed
the same thing on the 3d of July.

The correspondent at Tenhassen, Martin County, Minnesota, states
that on the 5th of July an upper swarm flew west while a lower swarm
was moving northwest very thick. A similar case occurred at Delafield,
Jackson County, Minnesota, July 6. Rev. 8S. R. Riggs, missionary at

- Sisseton agency Dakota, states in a letter to Professor Whitman that

- ——————E—_——x---

on the 6th of July he “ observed that while the surface wind blew pretty
strong from the south the fliers were moving toward the southwest,
probably on a counter current higher up.”

TO WHAT EXTENT DID THE RETURNING SWARMS IN 1877 PASS ON-
WARD TO THEIR NATIVE HATCHING GROUNDS?

The direction taken by these swarms in May and June, as heretofore
stated, was northward, generally northwest or a little west of north. If
the object of these flights was to reach the hatching grounds from
which their progenitors came, then to accomplish it they must pass into

_ the Northwest Territory of British America or the northwest part of

_ Dakota and eastern part of Montana, unless the country about the
_ Black Hills of Dakota is found to be a permanent breeding ground, in
_ the sense heretofore explained, which is rendered probable from facts

ascertained during the past year. It is impossible to answer this ques-
tion definitely at present, as but few reports have been received up to
this time from British America. Still we may arrive at a tolerably
correct conclusion from our own observations and the data we have

obtained. Mr. Riley while in Manitoba, during the latter part of
August, ascertained that no swarms had visited that province in 1877

up to that time. From Captain Stewart Moore, of Prince Albert Mis-
sion, who had just come from Edmonton, Northwestern Territory, he as-
certained that locusts flew from the South early in July as far north-
west as the vicinity of Battle River. Mr. A. Fuller also reported them
some distance north of Battleford. Reports were also received showing
that swarms were observed passing northward in the vicinity of Cypress
Hills. While these reports show that some did succeed in reaching

their permanent breeding grounds, yet the indications furnished by the

reports themselves and the absence of other reports leave a very strong
impression that this return was insignificant compared with that of
1875, and this impression is deepened into conviction from what we

know in reference to their movements south of the international

boundary.
Those that left Western Texas about the 1st of May were probably

| the same that terminated their flight at Black Hills in the latter part of
| the same month, and there deposited eggs. This supposition is ren-

12 G

178 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

dered almost certain from the fact that it was between the date of de-
parture from Texas and arrival at Black Hills that swarms were first
seen passing over various parts of Hastern Colorado, Western Kansas,
and Western Nebraska. It is possible that these composed a part of
the swarms which, in the latter part of July, moved northwest from
Black Hills into Montana, but it is more likely that these were com-
posed of locusts hatched in this locality. That all which left the coun-
try south of Kansas previous to the time those in that State began to
move—1-15 of June—did not-go to the Black Hills region is evident
from the fact that swarms are reported as passing northward over
Kearney, Hall, Merrick, Butler, and Dodge Counties, Nebraska,
between the 16th and 25th of May. That none of these continued their
northward course through Dakota is proved by negative evidence as
positively as such evidence will prove anything in a case of this kind.

Letters from the southern part of Dakota, at points along the Missouri,
from Sioux City to Fort Randall, state positively that no swarms were
seen until 14th to the 16th of June. Farther up, on the eastern border
of the Territory, in Brookings County, a swarm or two were seen about
the 9th or 10th, but the report leaves the direction uncertain; a small
number are reported flying at the same time in Ramsey County, Minne-
sota, with the same confusion as to direction; on the same day aswarm
is reported in Benton County, Minnesota, moving southeast.

The last two are doubtless errors, and those seen in Brookings Coun-
ty, Dakota, were probably moving northeast, as it is certain a swarm
came down in Becker County, Minnesota, on the 10th, where they re-
mained until July1. Mr. Packard returned from Montana by way of
the Missouri River and the Northern Pacific Railroad in the latter part
of June, reaching Bismarck the 28th. Seme swarms were reported as
passing northward at some points west of Bismarck, though apparently
not very heavy or many in number. The first which passed over Bis-
marck, so far as he could learn, and as our correspondence shows, was on
the 20th, though a large flight was said to have passed over Standing Rock
on the 18th, moving westward, which was evidently a part of the great
flight that reached Sioux City on the 14th. A part of this flight (which
passed Sioux City on 14th June) reached points on the Northern Pacifie
Railroad in Dakota from 18th to the 20th. None are reported at Fort
Totten until in July, and then in small numbers flying over back and
forth, north and south, but none of these reached Manitoba or passed
into British America. It is certain, therefore, that no part of the earlier
flights passed on to British America, Dakota, or Montana, unless they
stopped on the way and afterward joined the June flight which left the
latitude of Northern Kansas between the 10th and 15th of the month
(June). The light column which passed over Southeastern Dakota and
moved on to Becker County, Minnesota, probably belonged to the early
flight, but, as has been shown, these had proceeded no farther northward
up to the 1st of July.

a

DESTINATION OF DEPARTING SWARMS. T79

We will now trace the June flights northward in order to ascertain
their probable destination, and to see what portion if any succeeded in
reaching the native breeding-grounds of the species.

Without stopping to note the various sections from which swarms
arose between the 10th and 15th, we may state that our reports show
that on the 14th the front of the column moving north had reached the
latitude of Sioux City, Iowa, and extended from Blue Earth County,
Minnesota, on the east, to Western Kansas on the west. But as none
are reported in Nebraska west of Platte County, and an east wind had
driven those in Kansas westward on the 12th and 13th, it is probable
the advance was in two wings, separated by a broad interval. On the
16th the east wing, somewhat disturbed by a slight adverse wind in the
region of the Couteau des Prairies, presented an irregular line, the ex-
treme eastern flank being much the farthest advanced, reaching Otter 'Tail
County, Minnesota, on the 17th, while Southeastern Dakota is reached
on the 16th, the western column reaching the Platte River on the same
day. As we have already traced the western column to the Black Hills
we may omit further mention of it. On the 18th a few reached the
Northern Pacific Railroad at Worthington, Barnes County, Dakota,
going north, while a heavy flight crosses the Missouri at Standing
Rock, moving westward. But in Minnesota the course is changed, and
from Otter Tail, in the north, to Brown County in the south, they fly to
the southeast; on the following day there was a slight movement to-
ward the west, but so far as the Minnesota section was concerned, from
this time forward until the close of the season they flew back and forth,
increasing in numbers until July 20, but never reaching farther north
than some point between the Northern Pacific and the international
boundary.

In Dakota, the return south was a little later, but few passing north
of the railroad until we proceed westward to Bismarck. At this point,
light swarms passed to the northwest on the 20th and 21st; the flight
ceasing on the 22d, when a few came down, and was not renewed again
- until July 21.

So far as Minnesota is concerned, and also all that part of Dakota east
of the couteau of the Missouri, it is quite certain that no swarms of any
consequence passed beyond to British America; but that all or nearly
all that reached this region from the south in June, returned to the south,
died, or were driven off in some other direction. The crossing westward
at Standing Rock indicates the passage of a portion of the June flight
into Western Dakota, but there is nothing to show or to indicate that
this westward movement was general; in fact, all the other reports from
Dakota show the movement to have been generally toward the north
and northwest.

It is proper to state here that after the 22d up to July 7, while the
movements in Minnesota were chiefly to the south, except the northward
and westward flights of the 3d to the 6th of July, locasts eontinued to

180 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

fly northward in greater or less numbers in Southeastern Dakota, but
none of them reached the Northern Pacific Railroad, so far as we have
been able to learn, except a light swarm that came down in Trail County,
on Red River.

On the 7th, the wind changed in Central Dakota and blew toward the
south, carrying with it those observed moving in that direction in Ne-
braska on the 8th and subsequent days.

The chief movement of the locusts hatched in Nebraska, in the region
of the Platte, occurred between the 1st and 6th of July. The flights
were toward the north, but these must have been driven back on the 8th,
Sth, and 10th. On the 12th the flights in this State were again to the
north and continued in this direction until the 15th, when they again
changed to the south, continuing in this direction until the 20th, when
the great southern flight occurred over Minnesota, Southeastern Dakota,
Jowa, Nebraska, and Kansas. The next day (21st) the flight northward
over Bismarck began again and continued until the 28th, when it changed
to southeast.

The change in direction from south to north which occurred in Ne-
braska on the 12th, began in Dakota on the 11th. On the 10th the
flights throughout the southern portion of this Territory were toward
the south; during the night there was a rain-storm and a change of wind,
and on the 11th the movement was toward the northwest, except at
Cheyenne Agency, on the Missouri River, where a swarm was observed
moving westward. This movement, observed at Cheyenne Agency,
corresponds in the direction taken with what was observed at Standing
Rock on the 18th of June. Although neither of these flights appears to
have been part of a general movement westward, yet they render it
quite probable that a portion at least of the swarms which moved north-
ward into Dakota, which could not be traced beyond its bounds in that
direction, turned westward on the local currents which are probably
flexed here by the Couteau of the Missouri.

A report from “Dog Foot Station” (supposed to be Dog Tooth Sta-
tion, 30 miles west of Bismarck, on the road to the Black Hills) states that
on the 22d of July the locusts were thick there and still coming from the
southeast. If this is correct, these may have been the swarms which
were seen passing westward at Standing Rock and Cheyenne Agency.
Bat it is quite as probable they were swarms which had moved north-
west, on the west side of the Missouri, where there are no settlements
or stations from which reports could be received.

Taking all these facts, in reference to the flights, into consideration,
aud also the additional fact that but comparatively few locusts were
hatched in Dakota, from which to recruit swarms movirg south, we are
led to the conclusion that but a comparatively small portion of the
locusts hatched in the States south of Dakota, in 1877, ever succeeded
in reaching their native hatchinvg-grounds. While the tendency to re-
turn appeared to direct their early movements, this year as in 1875, yet

|

;

GENERAL DEDUCTIONS RESPECTING FLIGHTS. 181

the attempt to carry out this desire, if it existed, was certainly not
pursued with the same determination as in that year. In fact, the flights
during 1877 present phenomena not observed in any previous year.

GENERAL DEDUCTIONS.

The facts ascertained by the Commission, in reference to flights east
of the Rocky Mountains, together with previously recorded observations,
justify us in drawing the following conclusions. Some of these con-
clusions we are satisfied may now be considered as established rules;
the rest are yet uncertain, and are given as what the data ascertained
seem to indicate as rules, but which more complete evidence may show
to be erroneous.

1. That they seldom migrate except when the atmosphere is in motion;
in other words, when there is some wind, and that they move with
the wind. The facts ascertained warrant usin giving this as a rule,
which has few or no exceptions. It is evident that they depend
almost wholly upon the wind to move them, using their wings to sus-
tain themselves in the air; usually turning their heads toward the
wind and drifting backward. When the wind is very slight, they usu-
ally turo their heads with the wind and aid with their wings in moving
onward.

2. That as a very general rule the resulting broods in the Border
States and the plains east of the mountains move northward, immedi-
ately after acquiring wings, toward the regions from whence their progen-
itors came; that south of Dakota and Minnesota this appears to be
almost invariably the direction of the early flights; that in these (Da-
kota and Minnesota) and northward, where the insects acquire wings
Jater in the season, the direction of the earlier flights is not so uniform.

3. That at the time they acquire wings south of Dakota, the direction
of the wind is usually toward the north or northwest; yet not to such an
extent as to entirely govern or explain the locust movements; hence
there are strong reasons for believing that there is some other cause for
this teudency to move northward at this time.

4. That later in the season, after those in the more northern regions
have acquired wings, the direction of the flights is generally south-
ward; the general direction of the wind at this time is also southward,
but is by no means uniform or constant.

5, That so far as can be ascertained those swarms moving northward
in the early part of the flying season, which reach their native breeding-
grounds, do not again return to the visited area; while those which do
not reach these, as a general rule, do return southward, often moving
back and forth a number of times in the northern section.

6. That these latter swarms, although apparently at the mercy of the
winds, appear toconfine their movements generally to the areaoverspread
by their progenitors of the previous year, not strictly, but in a broad
sense.

182 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

7. That such swarms, as a general rule, are not disposed to deposit
their eggs in the visited area, and hence usually perish without oviposit-
ing; and also that swarms returning to their native breeding-grounds,
although stopping on the way, are not disposed to oviposit until they
reach these grounds.

8. That a sudden change of wind or temperature and increase of moist-
ure usually brings down flying swarms.

9. That timber-belts have a tendency to obstruct their movements
and limit their migrations.

10. That the eastern limit of their range, as heretofore given, appears
to be fixed by permanent laws governing the movements of the species,
which, so long as the climatic conditions remain as they are, will prevent
further progress eastward.

11. That the insects often fly at night.

12. That they can, and frequently do, fly so high as to be out of sight.

13. That their flights may be continued for several days, over a distance
of several hundred miles. |

THE CONNECTION OF METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA WITH THE MI-
GRATIONS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN LOCUST.

Anything that can, with our present knowledge, be said on this sub-

ject, is necessarily vague and unsatisfactory. That there is an intimate |

relation between the periodical visitations of the locust and the periodi-
cal return of seasons of undue dryness and heat, seems to be probable.
That there is an intimate connection between the direction of the
wind and the temperature and state of the atmosphere, and the course
taken by the locust in its migrations, is also most probable. For exam-
ple, it is a matter of general observation, that in Missouri, Indian Ter-
ritory, and Texas, namely, the Western Mississippi States, south of the
fortieth parallel, the locusts in August and September come with a
northerly, but more usually northwesterly wind from the Rocky Moun-

tain plateau, and in the spring and early summer, when the winds are ©
from the south and southeast, return several hundred miles in a gene- —
ral northwest or northerly direction. This general law seems pretty —

well established, but in places where the winds are very variable, as in
Colorado and in Minnesota, it seems impossible to lay down any gen-
eral law at present. And in this report we merely propose to state the

few facts known bearing on this subject, and leave it for future investi-

gation to confirm or disprove the suggestions we have made.

First, then, as to the recurrence of years of unusual dryness and
heat.

The data! on which to base any conclusions are very meager. The
locust region has been so recently settled that, with few exceptions, no
records extend back more than thirty years, and in those exceptions
ee ae

24 These data have been collected and arranged for the Commission by Mr. J. S. Kingsley, Salem, Mass.

oe

a

CONNECTION OF METEROLOGY WITH MIGRATIONS. 183

the data seem not over trustworthy. From the Army Meteorological
Register, for twelve years, from 1843 to 1854 inclusive, Washington,
1855, we take the following data:

1843. This year, in Minnesota, Kansas, and Indian Territory, was
cold and dry.

1844, Was of nearly average temperature; dry in Minnesota, but wet
in Kansas, and to a less extent in Indian Territory. |

1845. Was rather warm, moderately dry in Minnesota and Indian
Territory, but very wet in Kansas (an error here?). In this year swarms
are reported in Wyoming, and Idaho, and Texas.

1846. Was warm in Minnesota; elsewhere moderate; moderately dry
in Minnesota and Indian Territory. Very dry in Kansas. There are
doubtful accounts of a swarm of locusts in Kansas this year.

1847. Was rather cool and quite dry; locusts were reported in Wyo-
wing this year.

1848. Was of nearly average temperature and rather dry.

1849. Closely resembled the preceding year in temperature, but was
everywhere very wet. Locusts are reported in Texas, and doubtfully in
Minnesota.

1850. Average warmth; wet in Northern Minnesota; rather dry in
Texas, Indian Territory, and Mexico.

1851 was rather warmer than the average. Minnesota and Texas were
rather dry. Indian Territory and Southern Kansas more so, while in
Northern Kansas the rainfall is 40 per cent. larger than the average.
Locusts reported this year in Utah.

1852. Of average temperature. Nebraska a little warmer; Minne-
sota, dry; Nebraska, Northern Kansas, and Texas, less so; Southern
Kansas, Indian Territory, and New Mexico, wet. Locusts reported in
Idaho and Utah.

1853. Average temperature. New Mexico, quite warm; Nebraska,
wet; Minnesota, rather dry; Indian Territory and Southern Texas
more so; Northern Texas, Kansas, and New Mexico of average dryness.
Locusts in Montana and Utah.

1854. A warm year. Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska, and New Mex-
ico, moderately dry; Indian Territory and Southern Texas, wet. Locusts
in Utah, Nebraska, and Texas.

The data at command for the succeeding years are exceedingly meagre,
being mostly incidental references to the weather in various works, and
in the answers to the circulars of the commission.

1855 was very dry, ‘the driest known for ten years.” Locusts are
reported from Texas and Utah, and doubtfully from Minnesota and Wy-
oming.

1856. In Minnesota occurred the only drought known between 1837
and 1862; closely resembled 1876. Locusts are reported in Texas, Kan-
sas, Iowa, Minnesota, Wyoming, and Utah.

1857. A cold backward wet spring in Minnesota. Locusts in Texas,
Kansas, Nebraska, lowa, Minnesota, Wyoming, and Utah.

184 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

1860. Drought and hot winds are reported from Kansas. Locusts }
in Kansas and Utah. i
1862. Dry in Minnesota. Locusts in Montana. }
1864. Very dry in Minnesota and Kansas. Locusts in Kansas, Ne- |
braska, Iowa, Minnesota, Dakota, Montana, Colorado, Utah, and New
Mexico. |
1874. The summer dry in Kansas and Missouri. The entire valley
of the Republican River suffered from drought and heat, and through- —
out Nebraska it was the driest and hottest summer for ten years. Lo- —
custs reported from Texas, Indian Territory, Missouri, and in the autumn
throughout the whole West. |
1877. Cold, wet. Locusts (the locai hatch) everywhere killed by the
wet and cold weather.
The following tables present numerically the temperature and rain-fall —
data relating to these years: |

185

TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL FROM 1843 TO 1854.

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186 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

As to the periodicity in various meteorological phenomena, “ some
observations,” writes Prof. Elias Loomis, “ made in tropical countries,
indicate a periodicity in various meteorological phenomena, correspond-
ing to the changes of the solar spots, and some observations made
in the middle latitudes seem to point to like conclusions; but in order
to establish such a conclusion it is necessary to make a very extensive
comparison of observations, since the rain-fall at any one place is af-
fected by so many causes which we call accidental ; that is, whose law is
not understood.”

The most extensive collection of observations of rain-fall in the United
States was made and published by the Smithsonian Institution in its
Contributions, No. 222, March,1872. Mr.C. A. Schott has discussed those
observations with reference to periodicity (page 142), but does not ar-
rive at any positive result.

From a later publication™ we make the following extracts:

The character cf the secular variation in the mean annual temperature, as exhibited
on the accompanying plate, is that of aseries of irregular waves representing a suc-
cession of warmer and colder periods, during which, however, the mean temperature
deviates only about one or two degrees, in excess or defect, from its normal value. Ir-
respective of minor irregularities, which have te some extent been eliminated, some of
the single progressions appear quite systematic ; thus, for instance, at New Haven, the
temperature steadily declined from 1802 to 1817, it then increased till 1827, after which
it again decreased, reaching a decided minimum in 1836. These undulations, when
compared for a number of stations exposed to similar climatological conditions, ap-
proach to parallelism over large tracts of country, and exhibit considerable uniformity
in their general character.—(Page 310.)

Thus from Maine to Georgia these waves are of a broad and well-defined shape, as at
New Haven; but they become somewhat changed in their appearance over the vast
area watered by the Mississippi and its tributaries. Here the modulations become
more narrow and numerous, as at Fort Snelling. * * * Onour west coast, as might
have been expected, a new feature is developed, subject, perhaps, to less irregularities
than in any other part of the country. * * *

The degree of parallelism of the curves is sufficiently close to warrant an additional
consolidation of results for a few characteristic stations, for further study; one typical
curve will be given for the Atlantic coast, and another for the Mississippi Valley.

The first is composed of the long series of mean annual temperatures at Brunswick,
Me.; Salem, Mass.; New Haven, Conn.; and Philadelphia, Pa., to represent during
ninety-one years the type of the secular change for those Eastern States which are
situated between the Atlantic and the Alleghany Mountains. * * * (Page 311.)

The second type curve is made up from the stations: Fort Snelling, Minn.; Musca-
tine, lowa; Fort Leavenworth, Kans.; and Fort Gibson, Ind.T. * * * (Page 313.)

The distinguishing features * * * of these two type curves appear well-marked.
The longer waves of the Atlantic stations show: Principal maxima in 1802, 1826, 1846,
1865, and principal minima in 1785, 1816, 1836, 1857 ; the average interval being about
twenty-two years. The shorter waves of the interior States show: Principal maxima
in 1827, 1833, 1839, 1845, 1854, 1860, and principal minima in 1831, 1836, 1843, 1848, 1856,
1867 ; the average interval being about seven years. ‘These undulations, however, are
not sufficiently regular or sufficiently distinct, being mixed with subordinate fluctua-
tions, to serve as a basis of prediction; all that can be claimed for them is a general
expouent of the character of the secular change.—(Page 314.)

For the purposes of comparison and study we give also the following
tables of meteorological data, for which we are indebted to the Chief
Signal Officer of the Army, and which relate to the recent years, for
which we have also abundant information as to the locust invasions:

25Tables, Distribution, and Variation of the Atmospheric Temperature in the United States. a
By Charles A. Sehott. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. XXI, No, 277, 1876.

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METEROLOGICAL DATA FROM 1871 TO 1876.

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195

METEROLOGICAL DATA FOR 1877.

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‘WINDS AND MEAN TEMPERATURE FROM 1872 TO 1877. 199

Synopsis of the monthly mean temperature and prevailing winds in the locust area, 1872-1577,
from the preceding data, as furnished by the Chief Signal Oficer United States Army.

——_—

May.
1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877.
| (ae uae
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| Davenport, Iowa......--. 61.5 | NW] 59.6] NE | 64.5| SW |60.9| E | 62.4] SW | 622|] E
PETG Ry Pee en ane l(bee dan |p ceo ne | taskalnecea| So gned lancome asi | S|) oo SE | 56.9) §S
_ Breckenridge, Minn....-.. 53 SE | 52 SE | 60.2 | SE | 56 SE | 56.3} SH | 584) SE
Cheyenne, Wyo..-...-..--- 52 I OLS We S176. GW Fa We SONG: ie AVE OOP SS
HIOMVer Colors. -.. <0 2462 LSTA) USE MP SSS ST qa NE ST WG) Sei ovale eee | OOs0 S)
PECL NY INAS aie oem oe ae eninice|| Se ola [newt ral etareeialll a .cierate 65.4) N | 64.5) E | 62.7 S)
. heer trloson: rnd. Eo.) 2-5... eR INOKAG a0) 70.3 a0) 67.6 | SE | 69.6 | SE | 68.2) Sk
. Fort Sully, Dak.......... 58.3 | NW | 54.5 10) 63.2 | SE | 60.1) NW] 61.7] SHE | 58.6] SH
| eitenbnk Tows .<n.-.ssce. 64.5 | W | 6L.5 i 67.2 S 62.9 | SE | 63.9 Ss 62.3} SE
Leavenworth, Kans...... 65.6 | SW | 63 Ss 67.3 Ss 65.8 Ss 65.5 S 63. 8 Ss
METATAELLOS I OUT) eo oa te ae eee tot ee sete cee elec wa | none 61.3 | SE | 59.6 | SE |} 57.9) SE
raat NGDY. =... S25 2-) 6L SSE | 59 N 66. 6 S 63.2 | SE | 63.6 Ss 60.7] SH
§ Saint Pau), Minn .....-.. Be OW edo. em IN, oe. 2) |) INE iOS. Bal Ser OOF 2h Sie |) 62 SE
4 Santa Fé, N. Mex........ 53. 1 N 56 SW | 59.8 re 59.2 | SW | 55.9 | SW | 54.4) SW
Wemrcnone Dak os cece sel see elo so: 51.2] NE } 62.1 r) 61.2 | NW] 61.6) SE | 588)] SE
_ Fort Benton, Mont....... Sol SW. | 524) Hw | 59.0) He] 58.0.1 W--| 568 | SB! ool te
Seen, Dak <occeccses|e-co eos 2.4] SE | 55.3 | NW | 53.3) SE | 54.6] NW 56.8] SE
DO OLGY 2 - cclccoeeslenisace |e eace loses cteace 61.6 | NE | 60.1 | NE | 56.9 | NW] 56.7 | NW
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June.
1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877.
‘ ; S S) } 2) a>) o
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| Davenport, Iowa...-.-....- 73.2 | SW | 77.9 | SW | 73.2 | SW | 62.6 | NW| 69.4 | SW | 69.2 | SW
SHINN te Ese eet en eeee een ceca heel cb | eu o'| soba 61.4] W | 60.9| E 59 NW
Breckenridge, Minn...-.. 65 SE | 69.5] SE | 65.9 | SE | 60.8] SE | 63.1 | NW | 58.9 | NW
Cheyenne, Wyo..--......- Slee Wi P6925. NV) Go... |) WW: 63.7 | W | 60.8 W =| .59 Ss
mouver, Colo...5.:.-:---- 67.3 Ss 63.9 Ss 70 Ps) 70. 4 Ss 65.9 Ss 65 1 Ss
LAD Pe DS COS a sR eS FS eS |S | | ere bere Ses 75.4| S |-7152))4SE |70.6 | SE
WerextOsOn, LNGsk 2c! | scoot eee koe 70.6 | SE } 78.6] SE | 77.9 S Wr Gr NV liiono Ss
Fort Biliy, DAK.» --5-... 70.3) SE 74.2) SE | 70.2] SE | 66 SE | 681] NW | 63.6 | NW
POOR. LOWS. 62% ncaa. if (2 P Ss 77.9 | SE | 76.9} SW) 71.4] SE | 70.1 | NW) 71.7 | SW
Leavenworth, Kans...... T.2 LDSW | iD Ss 77.4 NS) 76.7 S ile Ss 71.9 Ss
EEE UE, NODE sats laae olsen eulecae ouIMaes oh [ye ckce lS eabote 69.9 | SE | 67.9| N | 66.2 Ss
ined NOD. <2 .5-sc00c5 7 | SSE 7449S 173.2 8 aileed Ss 68.6) N | 69.1) N
Saint Paul, Minn ........ 67.9 | SE | 73 SE | 68.7 SE | 63.6 | SE | 66.3 | NW| 63.7 | NW
Santa Fé, N. Mex........ 66.9 | SW | 65.6 N 69.3 | SW | 67.9 | SW | 66 SW | 66.6 | SW
RIERA DIME oso ton Mee le Lene ob 72.6 Ss 70.7 | SE | 66.1) SE | 65.7 | NW | 65 SE
Fort Benton, Mont....... 63.7 | SW | 64.1) SW | 63 SW | 62 AV NGoRSH|o Wel) Sc. Wee
Pembin», Dak BOE ety (ene A oe ee 66.1 | NW | 64.4] SE | 59.2] SE | 60.5| NW] 55.7) NW
0 UD EP Snes Peer Peres 68.1 | NE | 69.1 | NE | 69.9 | NE | 65.9 | NW
ROMER Socios nic Sos ae eR E Stee ah oak | oeta eee eee Me de Nig tI Cale oe
IM ets. 35 22225 a Vem essa acta [be sm dol ebow loca belseoeraaleco a). (7p Mel BETS Bd ieee ee Eo
Sg eS Be OS Ree a, Pee 68.9) S| 67.9) S | 64 | Ne eee 5 | aes

200 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Synopsis of the monthly mean temperature and winds in the locust area, §c.—Continued.

July.
187 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876 1877.
cS) © S ) S S
Station. = 2 = = = B
3 a = = a S
5 3 5 a 5 5
=" a = = = a
a | =| g =| A
2 ; 2 ; $ 1 a) oe ; s n
H/F |e )/E| 812 )8)E | & | eee
Davenport, lowa--------- 76.3 | NW | 75.6 | SW | 78 SW | 74 Ee | 75.9 |-SiWi eis aa
‘Bismarck. (Daley. 2 sah el|easeecll gece oll ee seal | ae eee | ee 69.3 | NE | 70.3 | NW | 70.9 Ss
Breckenridge, Minn....-- 67.1 | SE | 67.6] SE | 70.2 Ss 67.7} N | 70.9 | SE | 69.5) SE
Cheyenne, Wyo...---.---. G45 |) We 6927 We as 5 64 Ss UPR: Ss 70.2 PS)
envy er, Colo: = 425.25. s=- 69.3 Ss (kay ts 76. 1 NS) 68.1 Ss 76.4 Ss 73.8 Ss
Nadre City. Kans. 2525-24} ooseecl| geass |ooee || se eee eee alee 75.5 | NE | 79.6 | SE | 77.5} -S
roeré Gibsons Ind s/E 2 aos4|- eee 4 eee €0.7 | SE | 83.1] SE | €0 S gL E | 7&2 Ss
Fort Sully, Dak......-.-- 73.5 | SE | 74.3] SE | 79.2| SE | 73.9 | SE | 75.6] SE | 74.9 | NW
iKeokuke WOwaiese-= sos - 72.6 | NW | 76.3} SE | 80.5 | SW | 76.3 | SW | 76.5 E 76.7 | NW
Leavenworth, Kans...... 78.4) SE | 77.5 NS) 82. 8 Ss 77.6 Ss) 72.9 Ss 76.3 NS)
North Platte, Nevrecsosc4l.=ec0| soe a sere eee oe ee eee 72.5 | NE | 76.3 | SE | 75.5 Ss
Omaha, HNebr S2s-.= s2s25- he SE | 75.7 Ss 80 SSW | 74.4) SE | 75.1 Ss 76 5
Saint Paul, Minn ........ TY Ss 71 SE 4s) SE iegs8cl NAVale- 2s. eee 73.6 Ss
Santa Fé, N. Mex .....--. 67.6 | NE | 71 SE | 71.1 E 65.2 | SW | 69.2 E 638.6 | SW
Mankton pak. 222 hise cee dlaeeee | secre 74.7 Ss 72.2! SW | 71.8] SE | 73.3 Ss 73.4 | SE
Fort Benton, Mont..-.-.--.. 61.4 | SW | 69.8 | SW | 75.1 W || 74:5.)"° W | 6856 | Wie eee <
‘Pembina Dake J. ee ond cece al somes 65.2 | NW | 69.9 | NW | 64.9 | SW | 67.4 | NW | Gel Ss
walt Lake, City: <<: 52.4.4) seca] 2. 4/e os | soseee 73.2| NW | 74.7] N | 76.9 | NW} 782) NW
BOISe Citys: sass sk See cie dees a Ge seed letease al ae aoe | eeece a aeee a | aeeeeel eee ep AeEND | naties b= 74.9) NE
VMN a ATI Sante eed sedpec anal eeneee eae | ee eps | ecpete mis bee eee | Places | co wat 84.5 Ss 82 SE
Colorado|Springsy 2. S-acn4) esccce ees sl eeee et onan 73.2 | NW | 64.6 | SE | 72 IN ln2s52 see
| =
August.
1872 1873 1874. 1875 1876 1877
i) S S 3 3 S |
Station. 2 = = 5 | = :
~ ~~ = — ad —
S = s = = S
o 5 5 S S 5
r¥ a oF a =F rer
| 8 S| = = a
£ oe Wes E 2 | ore
SB Sei Bo Bo) Se eee
Davenport, Iowa-.--.-.---- 74.6 | SW | 78 SW |74.4|/ E | 69.9] S | 74.9] SE | 72.38 | NW
Bismarck: Dak: s- 224.4322 )4es 2 aoa eee 6 | ee ee leaee 66.2 | NW } 68 NW | 69.7| NW
Breckenridge, Minn-..---- 65.1 | SE | 67 SE | 67.8 | SE | 63.8 | SE’) 67.7 | SE ol6>.9seee
Cheyenne, Wyo..-..----- 65.1] W | 431] W | 686] W | 63.2} NW] 66.5 | NW] 67.9} S
Denver: Colo. t= ..226.s5ee 69.8 Ss 70.9 Ss 73 Ss 69 Ss 70. 1 Ss 70.9 | NW
Dodes City, Kans... 2-2|-s2 oS e-a eee [ee eee eo 74.6 | S)'| 77.2) (Seis
inoEt GIDSON, Inds Ee.2e- 5). Sxe-8 | eoeeee 13.8] E | 86.1] E | 74.6) SH 481.41 SE betes
Heri sully, Dak: -2oso.>-- 72.2| SE | 75.5 | ESE | 76.1 | SE | 71.4 N 73.1|] SE |727| SE
Keokuk -Wowalc2-o-.e2-) THO: SIRS) 7 SWiliGs80 he a LG Ss 76.2} § 74.4) N
Leavenworth, Kans .....- 78.4| SE | 79.2 Ss 81.3 NS) (eeal S 78.2 Ss 5a Ss
INeT th Platte, NObE )...2-)|). 322-0 |e easels eelbeee ee pose leaeeee 41.7) SE | 28) 5SE aie ae
Omahay Nebr s<-. 2.52425 75.6 | SSE | 77.1 Ss T.3 Ss 70. 2 Ss 75. 4 Ss 43.2 S
Samt Panl, Minn --..-..- 69. 2 Ss 70.7 | SE | 70.5| SE | 66.6} SE | 69.9| SE | 72.2| NW
Santa Fé, N. Mex......-.. 67 Ss 66 SW | 69.9} SW | 66.5} SW | 65.2] SW | 68.4 E
patnktenw Makes. 2. . Jan.b |e se ele eee TTL E 74.2} SE | 638.3] SE | 72.1] SE | 71.2 Ss
Fort Benton, Moat..-..--. 65.5 | SW | 69.3 |. SW) /'69.L | SW | G89) W | ).22 523) 2eee ee eee =2-*
Romp Daler. =e nk | ooe - | oo 64.4 | SE | 67 SE | 64.3] SE | 63.7] SE | 64.3 | NW
Salirbaei@iby ss: 22. -25-- | face © |Socecoleeeeee ----| 74.7| SE | 76.2] N | 726] SE | 76.3) NW
Boisai@ity, 4. 25 8 = 2 ssase<- [oe wen |e hb ee ae ee eee ee ee | eee S| seer 73.9| NE
Wim avAMiz -n sc iccccaa |-oecck| cc sells aeeee Cee Boece | eaenee aee oe | cee Soar Ss 78.11 aN
Colorado (Springs: :-e 25 -()|-o2- 2 | cence esac ee eee 710.3.| NW'| 65.3.) N 7 |i so. Scihe seen erae

— Ne arr Eneenereeeremeeerel

errr are rary eee

WINDS AND MEAN TEMPERATURE FROM 1872 TO 1877. 201

Synopsis of the monthly mean temperature and winds in the locust area, §c.—Continued.

September.
1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877.
© >) © o >) 0)
Station. = Z| = 5 5 5

~ ~ ~ ~ Sed ~

=] o 3 & oS 3

3 3 ay 3 5 5

i=") Q = = a =

S| S| 8 S| S| |

SW is ie g Soy lieelae

Sec beeper Buea ses Eaahl alie
‘Davenport, Iowa..-.------ 64.6 | SW | 62.3 | SW | 65.5 | SW | 61.7 | SW |...-.-]....-. 67.3 | SW
BISMarck WOK essere eel eee scene Becerra tec ieieralesateren BS! Tb WY oabadellacsdod 60.5 | W
Breckenridge, Minn..... HSIsa eS 4O PENI Vel ewan Sent DoN4) Te ONDW?s [cece ieeceee 585] S
Cheyenne, Wyo-.---.---- Bs |), NAN | BD |looaaoe 54.2 | W | 56 WOW, leododollecadec|| Gb || ANY
Wenver Colo. -- eee 60. 1 Ss 59. 8 S 59 tS) 61.7 Sti 3282) eee. 61.9 | SE
Nea Se CG ye ISS se ate Gre 5 | eaten (meet eeecere tee eee tal eee HS TM SS eee celi ke code 68.4] S
Hort Gibson, Ends Ws sacs ian ce | eee OVOT SI. |hGle Sy le SIT| eae aalivaaeeya lenses lee ee A 70.5 | SE
Fort Sally, Dak........-- PAA ISO |) SS I ISIN | SS) SO} | Gi] OSE ede ancllescoae 64.7 | SE
Keokuke lowas oss. ss--. 67.7 | SW | 65.4 Ss 66.8 S) 66. 6 Sn pete lances: 70. 1 Ss
Leavenworth, Kans...... 68.2] S | 63.9 | NW] 67.1 Ss) | Gb8 Steeles ee ees 67.9 Ss
North) Platte sNebrtss2 sit 22 ss eeoe | aes eae vanaek oaadd GAS S38) loececlecosas 64.6 | NE
OnrahawNeb risa. eee ee 62.8 | SE | 60.6 iS) 63 S 62. 9 Sila lees eres 66. 6 Ss
Saint Paul, Minn.--.-..-.-.. GYOO! looser 54.1 | NW | 60.9 | SE | 57.2) SE |......]..... 64 SE
Santa Fé, N. Mex....... 60 SE | 61 SW | 60.5 E BORNE SINWA, foe eraves| Weteteree 61.4] SH
Mankton Dak 2. 5.d0 cee ttee el teers 60 NWO || Nan CONOR IENEWa acme cen cee 64.7 S
Fort Benton, Mont....--- Say il |) SY || SLA VY |] AD SY | GOO | ONY Wrocopallesoaocllsocacelldascce
Rembina. Wake Facces sees eeeeel meeee 46.8 | NW | 56.2 | NW | 52.7 | NW | 51.9 | NW | 55.4 Ss
ali hake OLty ess sete ool pecan lesa isle eerste ice rate = 62.6 | NW | 68.8] NE | 65.6 | NW | 65 NW
POISOICIUY = comic se slarcecetece [le ctetersre | ecersteterarl eoete ere ce [ere eee ees sy [Pv crerere | erst al | oR eae |. creer es carafe 61 )
BYR Ae AUG Ze /veie a) e ee tetel| Prateeice ee cineto Salo nee ll Wereroe eters [mick erate arene 76 S 68.3 Ss
WolOrado Splines! a. enema |eeeeee | eee leet el ceeeiee 56d SOF |Pat.9 Ne Ie see se | see cere [ oes [teste ase

The following thoughts on the subject are taken, with some omissions
and alterations, from Mr. Packard’s Report to Dr. Hayden.”

We have shown that the exceptional years when the locust migrates
are periods of unusual heat and dryness, conditions unusually favor-
able to the excessive increase of insect life, as is the case with the
Eastern and California locust, the grass army-worm, the grain-aphis,
and the chinch-bug. When the early part of the season, the spring and
early weeks of summer, are warm and dry, without sudden changes of
temperature, insects abound, and enormously exceed their ordinary num-
bers. When two such seasons occur, one after the other, the conditions
become still more favorable for the undue development of insect life. It
is well known that in the Kastern States the summers of 1860 and 1874
preceding the appearance of the army-worm and grain-aphis, were un-
usually warm and dry, and favorable not only for the hatching of the
eggs laid the year previous, but for the growth and development of the
larve or young. Look now at the conditions for the development of
locust life on the hot and dry plains—Montana, Wyoming, and Utah.
We have no extended meteorological records from these regions at hand,
but from the data we have given it is more than probable that the years
preceding the migrations of the locusts were exceptionally warm and
dry, when the soil was parched with long-sustained droughts, as we

26 Report on the Rocky Mountain Locust and other Insects, etc. $th Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Ter.
for 1876, 1877, pp. 640-647,

~

202 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

know that the corresponding species east of the Mississippi River
abounds during dry summers following dry and warm springs.

Given, then, the exceptional years of drought and heat and the great
extent of territory, and we have as the result vast numbers of young
hatched out. The year previous having perhaps been warm and dry,
the locusts would abound, and more eggs than usual would be laid.
These would, with remarkably few exceptions, hatch, and the young
soon consume the buffalo grass and other herbage, and move about from
one region to another, following often a determinate course, in search of
food. In about six or seven weeks they acquire wings. Experience
shows that the Western locust as soon as it is fledged rises up high in
the air, sometimes a thousand feet or much higher. They have been
seen to settle at night on the ground, eat during this time, and toward
noon of the next day fill the air again with their glistening wings. As
more and more become fledged, the vast swarm exhausts the supply of
food, and when the hosts are finally marshalled, new swarms joining
perhaps the original one, the whole swarm, possibly hundreds of square
miles in extent, begins to fly off, borne by favorable westerly and north-
westerly winds, in a generally easterly and southeasterly course.

Though the winds may vary and counter-currents exist, and storm-
gusts from due north, such as often sweep over the plains, ard local
southerly breezes may retard their flight, the course of the swarms east
of the Rocky Mountains is either eastward or southeasterly. The rela-
tions between the average direction of the winds and the migrations of
the locusts have, however, never been sufficiently studied, either, so far
as we are aware, in Europe or in this country. And yet, if we would
intelligently study the causes of the excessive increase and migrations
of the locust, we must examine the meteorological features of thecouutry,
ascertain the periods of drought and undue rain-fall, the average direc-
tion of the wind for the different months, in order to learn how far
they correspond with the phenomena of insect-life. That there are me-
teorological cycles, dry and hot seasons recurring at irregular intervals,
while the general average may remain nearly the same century after
century, is supported, though it may be vaguely, by observed meteor-
ological facts.

The question then arises, Can metevrologists predict the coming of sea-
sons of undue heat and drought, and consequently can we predict locust
years? It is probable that we shall, after the lapse of years, be able to
foretell with a good degree of certainty locust invasions, and be able to
provide against the losses thus incurred.

The return migration.—By simultaneous observations for a number of
years over the region liable to be visited by migratory hordes of locusts,
added to the knowledge we already possess, it will not only be possible
to predict the course of certain swarms from their breeding places, and
their probable destination—so that when swarms start from Montana or
Wyoming their arrival in Colorado may with some certainty be pre-

1 Nm Rte ret Ne pen som eeteeee

METEROLOGY AND MIGRATIONS. 203

dicted; and, again, their arrival in the States east of the great plains
be announced with a certain degree of precision, as indeed could now
in some measure be done from the experience we have already had—but
we may be able to foretell the course taken in the return flight of their
progeny in the early part of the succeeding season. It remains to de-
termine the causes of this return migration, this completion of the ‘ mi-
gration cycle,” as Mr. Dawson terms it. It is evident that in this case
the desire for food is not the cause, for food is many times more abundant
in the Mississippi Valley than on the plains whither they return. The
solution of the problem, we think, must be sought in the direction of the
prevailing winds during the spring months up to the middle of June—
the time when they become winged.

South of latitude 40° the locusts fly before the first of July from the
southeast. In Texas, Missouri, and Kansas, and probably Nebraska,
this is the universal experience, and south of latitude 40° the winds in
the spring are universally southerly ; on the other hand, later in the
season, the prevailing winds are northerly or northwesterly.

North of the fortieth parallel, in Iowa and Minnesota especially, the
locusts do not return as a body to the northwest, though many do, and
careful observations by experts are needed to determine the relation be-
tween the prevailing direction of the winds and the variable and uncer-
tain course assumed by the native-born broods of the Rocky Mountains.
Granting, therefore, this setting-in of southerly and easterly winds,
which may last until the locusts are winged, when they rise on the
wing into the air they are known to move in a general northwest direc-
tion. It is known from the observations made during the past season
that they are borne along by these southeasterly winds, and pass
over on to the plains from Texas to Colorado, Wyoming, and Ne-
braska, as is stated in chapter VIII, to which the reader is referred for
a discussion of the immediate or more special causes of migration.
The cause is seen, then, to be entirely independent of the question of sub-
sistence ; possibly the reproductive instinct; as well as the adverse
features of a damp, hot, debilitating climate, like that of Texas and the
border States, as compared with the native breeding places of their
parents, which cause them to become uneasy, restless, to assemble high
jo the air, and seek the dry, hot, elevated plateau of the northwest.
Should this be so, the cause of their migrations is probably purely me-
chanical. We may expectin the future as in the past that south of lati-
tude 40° the spring and early summer migrations from the eastern limits
of the locust area will be always toward the northwest, and that the
July, August, and early September migrations from the Rocky Mountain
plateau will be in a general easterly and southeasterly direction.

The following remarks on the connection between meteorological phe-
nomena and locust migrations have been communicated by Mr. Cleve-
land Abbe, who writes as follows:

It is impossible for me to satisfactorily investigate the question of locust migrations
as affected by the weather without going into a very extensive review of the whole of

ad

204 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the locust-life, which is itself directly or indirectly influenced by the weather at every
stage, from the deposition of the egg through the life of the young and the maturo
insect, up to the period of its migration and final deposition of new eggs in a new
locality.

From the data given in the preceding part of this chapter it has been made probable
that locust visitations are coincident with years of little rain, but it still remains an
open question whether the weather has directly affected the insect or only indirectly
through its influence upon the crops and the parasites. It is difficult to separate these
two modes of action without going into minute details as to the relations between the
_ daily life of the insect and the weather actually prevailing; all generalities as to
monthly or annual means of temperature, rain-fall, winds, &c., or as to the sun-spot
period, as affecting the growth and migration of the locust, are very likely to contain
errors due to our own want of a correct guiding theory, based on a knowledge of the
peculiarities of the locust.

It would be perfectly practicable to prepare a series of daily maps showing the
weather, winds, &c., of each afternoon over the locust areas, and on these maps also
graphically present daily systematic reports of locust-life, migrations, &c. This is the
most thorough method of searching for the general laws that we are now desirous to
find. A series of such maps and reports would, in one season, show most positively
what atmospheric features directly, and what indirectly, affect the locust. In the ab-
sence of such minute study, I offer the following result :

I note the following three epochs of locust migration, i. ¢.:

1. A slow change of locality during the hottest portion of the day, evidently dictated
entirely by the scarcity and search for food; this occurs while unfledged (before the
fourth molt—Riley’s Report, 1876, p. 100), and is especially active during May and a
part of April.

2. Later in their life occurs the grand migratory movement of large bodies in a uni-
form direction, and to considerable distances. This is repeated daily from 9 a. m. to
sunset, if the weather is favorable, and is followed by deposition of eggs in the new
country and the death of the female. This migration takes place within two weeks
after the fourth molt, and continues through June and July.

3. The broods hatched out in foreign or low lands apparently attempt, when their
migration begins, to return to the original breeding-grounds near the Rocky Mountains.

In general, the most important climatic element affecting migration is believed to
be the wind. It will, however, not do to confine ourselves to the “prevailing wind,”
by which is technically meant that one which has occurred most frequently during
the month, nor to the mean movement, nor to the resultant movement of the wind,
but we must study the relative frequency of the winds from each point of the compass
and their individual characteristics as to relative humidity, temperature, velocity,
rain-fall, &e.

I have, therefore, compiled the following tables of wind-frequency for May to Sep-
tember and for 1874, ’75, and ’76, from the summaries published in the annual reports
of the Chief Signal Officer for 1873 to 1877, inclusive.

In future investigations the tables may be enlarged by addition of the numerous
stations now maintained in Texas, for which the wind-frequency is not given in the
annual reports referred to, for the years 1874, 7/5, 76.

——

TABLE OF WIND FREQUENCY FROM 1873 TO 1877. 205

Table of wind frequency, or number of times each wind was observed at the hours of 7 a. m.,
2 p.m., and 9 p.m., compiled from the annual reports of the Chief Signal Officer, 1273, 1874,
1875, 1876, and 1877.

Station. Date. N. |N.W} W. |S.W.| S. |S.E.] EH. | N. FE. /Calm.

(DeBismarcky Wakes seceeeeeeee May, 1874 5 22 4 il 4 23 5 18 1

>| 16 17 10 4 Q1 6 9 9 1

6 17 15 3 2 8 23 11 14 0

eNuULTY pL SG eae pore lett mtcel lier aecjealtatejars nelle tore sie) (eras ove" l wrayereisiel|(clereveiesell elmierevere

>| il Q1 4 3 13 6 23 9 0

6 18 28 5 by) 6 8 6 10 4

LYLE Seems ee eee | esol eaicctel tema cell ievolne ici cine ome lists emilee eters

5) 14 14 8 9 it 10 6 21 0

6 10 19 1 7 19 13 10 u 9

Aug., 1874 3 15 25 14 7 9 10 10 0

5 16 21 6 4 15 10 6 14 1

6 10 13 Q Q 17 il 6 9 18

Sept., 1874 11 5 12 8 5 10 20 13 6
3) |p Pal 22 4 6 10 5 9 il OD.

6 12 14 1 0 2°) 10 4 17 30

(2) Breckenridge, Minn......... May, 1874 | 22 8} 0 3 8 Q7 9 9 2

5| 18 12 6 3 15 24 4 9 2

6 14 9 8 4 G 2Q4 16 12 0

June, 1874 11 8 5 5 19 24 6 9 3

5 | 14 1i 5 3 20 28 0 3) 4

6 15 19 17 5 9) 17 i) 6 1

July, 1874 | 22 9 1 4 26 14 1 4 12

5 | 22 12 2 9 13 12 2 12 )

6 14 8 6 3 9 30 12 9 2

Aug ,1874| 11 6 3 7 18 19 2 7 20

|) ks 13 1 a 8 30 1 6 4

6 9 10 10 6 5 3d 12 3 1

Sept., 1874 7 16 8 D 30 19 0 3 2

on ele 20 1 i 11 19 1 9 10

6 13 27 7 4 1 18 14 3 3

(3) Cheyenne, Wyo .......------ May, 1874 9 11 18 4 13 12 9 7 10

+) 8 24 21 7 15 7 5 fs) 1

6 13 17 15 10 14 4 5 4 1

June, 1874 |} 11 15 16 6 17 7 10 1 7

i) 9 16 27 6 18 6 3 4 1

6 17 16 ie} 11 10 8 5 5 0

July, 1874 | 1 Op | eles 2 | 25 6 5 6 12

i) 15 21 10 6 18 11 6 4 2

: 6 6 16 13 15 25 6 5 7 0

Aug., 1874 9 iL 30 13 18 4 +) 0 3

9} il 23 12 13 17 10 0 ie 0

6} il il 18 17 15 8 8 5) 0

Sept., 1874 14 13 26 11 16 6 1 Q 1

5) || alg 27 6 9 14 11 6 3 3

6; 18 21 10 10 a 13 0 8 3

(4) Colorado Springs, Colo ...... May, 1874 | 15 6 5 5 14 9 4 5 30

a! | O47 11 8 8 19 15 1 2 2

6 20 13 8 8 3 26 i) 5 5

June, 1874 6 9 6 4 34 13 1 4 13

5 24 13 9 3 11 18 4 4 4

6 22 11 0 3 9 Q1 4 17 3

July, 1874 0 34 7 7 19 12 5 5 4

2 22 14 3 5 9 29 2 3 6

Aug., 1874] 9 | 35 Senden leat 0 0 0 4

i) 27 18 6 2 10 15 3 +9) 7

Oleoso64 loaned |(Seaos|lsooaca)|leoened| Sseacollooocdelldcboaollesacass

Sept., 1874 31 13 3 2 4 33 0 1 3

5 | 39 9 1 4 8 20 2 2 i)

Gr lvemeac|tsopoas lisence FeCBG| bo esoolloc Rese leoete ole lines ores| Satan

(5) Davenport, Iowa ..........-. May, 1874 | 14 11 5 22 14 9 13 4 1

5 6 12 8 10 12 14 15 3 13

6 4 9 3 24 7 7 14 10 15

June, 1874 3 8 18 19 10 9 17 1 5

3 6 13 4 13 8 8 20 14 4

6 4 13 13 20 16 Q 6 10 6

July, 1874 7 12 11 24 12 8 8 7 4

5 8 I 8 17 6 7 15 10 13

6 5 7 5) 19 13 7 17 13 7

Aug., 1874 9 5 3 18 6 u 33 10 2

5 8 11 8 il 18 6 5 7 19

6 9 8 4 9 16 22 13 6 6

Sept., 1874 7 9 12 22 9 11 8 9 3

5 7 14 9 23 10 4 14 8 1

6 9 17 6 8 4 9 19 9 9

206 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Table of wind frequency, or number of times each wind was observed, §c.—Continued.

Station. Date. N. |N.W.| W. |S.W.| S. |S. E. | BE. x. E.|Calm.
(6) PPenver; COlO.c 2. ese aeneceene May, 1874} 11 16 5 8 18 19 4 12 0
+) 10 11 6 4 25 8 8 h 14

6 19 9 x 4 24 8 4 10 13

June, 1874 6 7 3 6 19 20 9 12 2

5 12 8 2 5 23 11 9 13 7

6 16 10 4 4 21 5 9 13 8

July, 1874 16 7 4 7 29 12 4 14 0

i) 10 14 6 8 25 9 7 12 2

6 8 8 7 3 39 11 6 z 9

Aug.,1874| 12 8 5 Ae Rr 8 9 9 1

5 24 9 3 1 22 1l 8 14 1

6 15 7 9 4 35 4 4 5 10

Sept., 1874 13 2 3 4 30 12 10 15 1

5 14 14 3 4 20 14 6 13 Q

6 il 8 7 5 24 3 4 19 9

Muenodse City WKans osesseee see Wey ZA USE! eesesc|lasone- | scdeoe|avecce| Soe a5) cocce2|seeses | een ee
& Sr ha oe yl tod 8 5 O. i} SaNe | aes 4 9 0
6 15 10 5 2 9 18 Q2 11 1

June, 1874"). =. es) sscce5|eadeec|ec sce nose es| sented oe see eee an

D 12 2 7 9 43 6 1 10 0

6 13 14 11 6 6 2 14 4 0

Srl aa icy 2] eer eee’ | Pears | ce a PARES pera eee aoe eT

i) ize 0) 2 12 19 9 7 27 9

6 5 0 5 2 13 26 32 4 1

Wig, 18714 || «cme Seisicin| sens ol osose =| cree ee le estees| | eae Oe eee

+) 1 0 1 1 33 93 14 15 0

6 9 3 3 1 33 24 16 4 0

Sept, 1874 "| so2<2) ct cose avon ae cee eee aoe ee ee eee See ees

i) 19 4 0 8 39 1 7 12 0

6 13 7 0 3 19 7 12 15 4

(8) Dubuque, TOW eee eee May, 1874 4 13 2 3 11 13 5 ik 35
D 7 13 9 9 10 28 4 6 7

6 4 12 3 22 10 14 11 10 7

June, 1874 1 6 rd 1t 12 6 5 5 37

5 4 14 12 5 5 21 14 x 8

6 4 14 15 22 13 9 4 6 3

July, 1874 4 rd die 8 14 6 5 4 38

5 8 10 10 9 10 7 13 9 17

6 4 11 6 g 21 9 10 10 14

Aug.,1874 | 10 9 3 4 9 9 9 | 12 28

5 9 15 13 9 14 10 5 2 16

6 ) 13 6 6 18 30 2 5 11

Sept.,1874| 3 | 12 5 Tila ts 9 6 0 30

+) 7 17 10 6 17 7 8 6 12

6 6 25 2 2 il 9 11 11 13

(9) Fort Benton, Mont .........- May, 1874 | 14 6 13 15 4 4 22 5 10
5 5) 8 2 28 8 Q 9 Q 8

6 12 14 9 18 6 15 6 3] 10

June, 1874 9 3 17 Q1 17 0 9 6 8

5 12 7 21 13 3 8 11 4 11

6 6 8 13 23 2 7 14 5 12

July, 1874 9 2 2) 11 9 Q 12 7 12

5 7 5 17 15 4 4 14 9 18

6: | scsesclss2 cect t Soh ee eal ee ee eee

Aug,, 1874 10 1 17 =O 5 ch QL 6 10

5 10 6 16 138 2 4 11 12 14

G | seccuel cose ccc enclecce sal ece soe) Secemet anon | ole emehee see

Sept., 1874 8 8 t 37 6 1 5 2 24

5 9 8 11 13 5 0 ip 7 25

Yel SE S5) SR Gates Ceres eect Cenc Conn icae meses oos

( : Rs heh ed May, 1874 | 11 1 6 5 | 20 | 24 | 14 1 el
10) Fort Gibson, Ind. T y =| ai A i 5 49 30 is 1 9
6 3 9 4 2 19 39 13 0 2

June, 1874} 5 2 3 6-| “or. ee eae 3 5

5 7 7 0 7 32 31 3 0 3

: 5 4 4. 18 14 16 15 10 3 6

July, 1874 7 2 3 6 23 28 12 5 7

2 5 7 2 6 12 | 23 29 8 0 6

6 0 4 5 6 15 23 33 6 1

Aug., 1874 6 1 2 13 20 17 25 3 6

5 12 12 2 4 8 32 10 3) 10

6 1 1 Q 1 6 34 30 17 1

Sept.,1874 | 11 7 2 4°) 11° | 245) Big D) 10

5 1l 6 4 3 th 10 15 2 9

6 9 ‘a 12 a 6 2 23 6 2

TABLE OF WIND FREQUENCY FROM 1873 TO 1877. 207

Table of wind frequency, or number of times each wind was observed, §-c.—Continued.

Staticn. Date. N. |N.W.| W. |S.W.| S. |S.E.] EH. | N. E./Calm.
(11) Fort Sully, Dak ............ May, 1874 | 18 10 7 1 8 24 10 7 ‘8
5 12 15 4 0 9 19 8 4 22
6 10 23 5 1 18 24 3 6 3
June, 1874 14 16 10 5) 10 22 4 i) 4
i) if) i 8) 3 2 2 25 19 4 7
6 | 20 35 3 0 8 18 0 2 4
July, 1874 19 13 3 4 10 23 11 3 2
i) 9 10 15 0 U 26 13 2 11
6 14 13 4 2 21 30 1 1 2
Aug., 1874 11 10 7 1 is) 36 12 1t 0
i) 1N7/ 14 11 1 2 26 9 2 il
6 11 14 4 3 6 42 Q 11 0
Sept., 1874 6 20 5) 12 12 20 4 3 8
i) 19 22 Q 2 +) 20 4 1 10
Gl Ol 16 2 0 2 25 15 6 3
(12) Keokuk, Iowa ...........-. May, 1874! 10 8 5 12 20 11 li 9 oy
5 7 15 4 8 18 21 11 -5 4
6 4 11 M1 11 17 11 8 14 6
June, 1874 10 5 11 15 17 11 9 3 8)
5) i 5 13 i) 15 16 8 5 12
6 10 14 13 13 15 4 4 14 3
July, 1874 8 Q IL 15 ‘16 8 8 17 8
a) 4 5 3 22 6 7 9 13 24
6 8 5 9 14 10 12 17 9 9
Aug., 1874 | 14 2 3 12 6 17 17 12 10
5 5 17 8 9 15 il 5) a 16
6 13 4 4 i) 24 18 14 9 2
Sept., 1874 6 11 i) 13 22 14 6 i) 8
5 il 10 6 14 16 i) i) 9 14
6} 21 15 5) 9) 13 17 3 2 9
(13) La Crosse, Wis...-.-----.-- May, 1874 | 18 8 6 8 33 5 4 11 0
5 10 1l ri i) 27 13 1 13 2
6} 14 7 9 10 23 9 5 9 2
June, 1874 4 7 7 17 30 6 3 9 2
5 10 15 5 13 16 17 3 10 1
6 12 12 13 14 27 7 2 2 1
July, 1874 10 13 i) 17 3L 8 2 3 4
5 13 8 19 13 18 10 2 6 4
| 6 15 9 4 11 36 6 1 6 5
' Aug., 1874 19 t 3 9 25 1} i) 6 8
5 14 9 13 1 36 8 2 6 4
6 13 9 4 3 49 9 2 2 2
Sept., 1874 8 14 5 5 40 3 2 3 10
5 21 4 10 i) 30 9 3 5 3
Gripe 10 5 3 27 4 5 10 5
(14) Leavenworth, Kans ......-.. May, 1874 | 18 6 1 3 34 9 2 8 * 10
5 9 14 3 4 26 15 4 4 14
6 7 6 5 u 30 14 6 11 7
June, 1874 6 1l 1 13 3l 12 2 3 1L
i) 9 7 2 3 43 8 4 Hi) 4
6 14 13 3 12 25 4 2 4 13
July, 1874 13 1 0 6 43 9 5 5 11
5 9 3 1 12 22 10 9) 14 17
6 6 3 2 6 3l 10 4 5 26
Ang., 1874 17 6 2 4 22 15 8 4 15
i) 12 1L 0 4 20 1L 2 2 3t
6 5 3 0 3 23 16 6 4 238
S: pt.,1874| 9 9 1 Dr all ayaa iat 7 1 23
5 13 8 1 4 3t 7 3 6 14
6 11 18 2 1 26 8 3 2 19
(15) North Platte, Nebr.......-. NEW ay ee oleae ene Beecenl orice. | Soceep| Seneen Eee atlasmatc see
5 8 15 8 i) 10 2) 6 4 It
6 19 8 5) 8 9 39 3 13 i
Vine; LSA seen. |ascns~ los sees oeeetee Sdgc0a|seonn5 'cecadie CSCO =
5 3 19 6 6 10 1y 5 17 Lt
6} 20 | 15 7 4 Toots 3 6 11
ey, USCA seroma ae dee tee Saale eee | be nents leaseital nemise warce .
5 2 ra 2 8 7 14 2 16 5)
i) 5 4 0 17 24 16 14 4
Aug., Ui e5 t oaee Sol esas |S coec a ose Onl obec cel Woserdl SECO EEHCR ese ©
5 5 2 1 3 25 7 17 | 23
a “ 2 oF itl 4) 15 9 4
Sept Oda oo Soe: eae a| cee een ee ame Saleen aT ae
5 9 3 7 4 5 14 19 iby 26
Gal 13 8 1 5 2) 1 19 10

1

208 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Table of wind frequency, or number of times each wind was observed, §c.—Continued.

Station. Date. N. |N.W.| W. |S: W.| S. S.E.| E. | N.E. |Calm.

(16) Omaha, Nebreess-seneeeesee May, 1874 | 18 u 4 d 25 13 5 4 13
D 7 12 1 8 19 22 6 2 16
6 14 8 3 7 29 10 vf ib! 4
June, 1874 9 16 5 7 35 9 3 1 5
5 8 12 5 iL 16 17 3 3 £5
6 22 15 3 5 23 9 0 4 9
July, 1874 | 13 1 O°} ge i) ror 8 4 5 8
5 16 9 2 9 iil 17 Q 8 19
6 il 8 2 5 28 16 9 6 8
Aug., 1874 16 3 il 7 19 15 2 9 QL
5 18 10 3 8 23 14 7 3 fh
6 12 4 0 2 34 23 2 Q 14
Sept., 1874 | 20 9 D) Oil 95 |i 1 3 10
5 15 13 3 9 26 13 4 2 5
6; 20 19 0 3 11 10 8 3 16
(17) Pembina, Dak..............| May, 1874 1 38 0 2 0 23 1 24 4
: 5) ie 22 5 3 5 33 4 4 10
6 11 15 7 4 9 13 7 9 18
June, 1874 0 22 0 Ui 0 oil 1 i hel 12
5 5 21 v4 6 3 33 2 5 8
6 12 Q1 a 8 7 12 1 12 10
July, 1874 0 37 2 5 1 3% 0 6 8
; 5 14 16 8 11 18 10 2 5 9
6 3 17 9 5 Q4 13 2 3 17
Aug., 1874 0 24 0 8 0 36 0 6 19
5) 133 18 5 7 9 19s} a4 6 12
: 6 9 14 8 1 We 23 Q 0 19
Sept., 1874 0 Q7 0 13 0 32 0 2 16
+) 13 14 12 5 10h 9 5 6 15
6 Il 24 12 4 1e +) 7 6 3
(18) Pike’s Peak, Colo ........-- May, 1874 | 17 14 25 12 13 4 4 2 Q
5 8 14 Q9 36 3 0 0 3 0
6 7 15 27 24 2 Q 2 14 0
June, 1874 2 9 34 32 8 “ 1 0 0
5) Q 17 26 34 5 0 0 x ib
6 15 ae 22 16 3 Q 1 7 2
July, 1874] 7 he re ec eae 6 g | 19 1
5 Q2 17 Q2 12 3 Q 0 14 1
6 9 14 1y 26 3 1 4 16 1
Aug., 1274 3 8 17 3l 20 4 6 3 1
5 26 21 7 23 0 1 1 14 0
6 3 4 34 37 4 Q il 8 0
Sept., 1874 18 13 17 20 4 3 4 11 0
5 10 15 15 19 2 1 0 Q1 7
6 9 il 44 17 3 1 0 4 1
(19) Sal Lake City, Uitah—.-. 35. May, 1874 18 11 6 7 16 12 3 19 6
5 Q 8 9 9 5 15 16 15 14
6 8 19 Q 10 5 11 2 9 27
June, 1874 7 18 1 Q 12 17 7 22 4
3) 8 16 il 5 u 12 15 10 6
6 13 9 Q 1 2 4 19 19 21
July, 1874 5 Q3 1 4 9 11 ral 14 19
b) 24 14 2 8 7 12 6 16 4
6 15 19 7 2 2 17 6 6 16
Aug., 1874 jo 8 0 7 10 17 11 14 Q1
5) 7 16 2 6 12 4 4 Q7 5
6 15 19 5 0 10 Q1 8 7 8
Sept., 1874 a 26 i lke 0 5 10 3 16 Q2
5 12 15 3 Ff 12 9 7 18 7
6 6 33 3 Q 6 15 9 3 8

|
(20) Santa Fé, N. Mex..... ~ ---| May, 1874| 6 | 10 a} qal 12. |) ae omaee 7
: +) 14 4 6 23 14 9 12 5 6
6 6 10 5 20 8 16 12 10 6
June, 1874 7 7 7 16 8 20 11 § 8
5 ils: 4 8 TY) i) eile 14 10 6 4
6 4 8 5 19 3 10 12 10 17
July, 1874 | 15 3 2 8 13 19 19 7 7
: 5 Ng 6 5 14 13 il 9 7 il
6 5 7 Lo ile) of a 14 26 10 3
Aug., 1874 ibe 10 4 16 6 14 12 7 rf
+) 6 10 3} 16 12 11 19 11 5
6 12 6 3 14 | 8 16 15 10 9
Sept., 1874 4 4 ‘9 Tiss) 2 8 12 25 12 5
5 | 43 7 AS ice a ee ee i 1 5
G | oes eral 25" | “10 | 9 | 32 | 20 | 20 8

INFLUENCE OF WIND ON MIGRATIONS. 209

Table of wind frequency, or number of times each wind was observed, §-¢c.—Continued.

Station. Date. N. |N.W.| W. |S.W.| S. S.E.| E. | N. EB. |Calm.
(21) Saint Louis, Mo............ May, 1874 | 16 12 2 13 25 14 8 2 1
5 8 10 9 14 19 9 15 7 2

6 8 5 Oriana 19 6 15 8 4

June, 1874 10 4) 5 16 29 11 7 4 3
5 8 8 11 18 21 9 5 8 2

6 5 10 12 26 17 7 7 5 1

July, 1874 Q1 4 8 13 26 3 5 11 %
i) 6 9 14 Q2 13 8 6 10 i)

6 7 5 8 17 26 7 10 12 1

Aug., 1874 16 7 i) 4 19 14 16 It 1
5 12 10 9 15 24 5 4 il 3

6 6 4 8 10 36 9 11 8 1

Sept., 1874 12 6 4 33 Q7 24 9 3 Q
5 11 10 5 2Q1 14 ra 5 17 0

6 20 13 3 16 19 1 is) 9 4

(22) Saint Paul, Minn...... ..-..| May, 1874 | 20 12 7 5 16 14 8 9 5)
5 6 i 6 7 8 30 3 6 10

6 16 13 5 10 8 18 ra 11 5

June, 1874 8 9 6 6 16 26 11 5 3)
5 10 11 12 7 9 20 12 Q 7

6 8 22 11 15 8 1# 3 3 1

July, 1874 rG 19 6 9 12 22 6 3 9
5 11 18 7 14 15 11 3 6 8

6 13 11 2 7 11 23 2 Hi) iL

Aug., 1874 12 9 3 6 5 31 15 7 5
5 9 17 5 6 10 Q7 3 5 11

6 3 11 9 2 16 30 7 2 8

Sept., 1874 vA 16 5 13 17 21 4 2 5
5 16 14 6 5 10 24 3 3 9:

6 15 22 6 0 stat 12 ri 9 8:

(23) Virginia City, Mont........ May, 1874 4 il Z 13 8 13 10 3 24
5 4 iil 18 20 1 13 0 0 19

6 Q 5 13 11 7h 10 5 5 350

June, 1874 6 16 10 15 6 a 3 1 26
5 0 8 13 11 7 18 3 8 22

6 iI 6 21 7 U 19 5 4 20:

July, 1874 0 6 11 14 12 11 9) 5 29:
5 1 8 8 4 ra 19 jl 15 20

6 1 11 11 9 9 10 6 9 Q7.
Aug., 1874 5 4 7 9 15 15 6 5 27
5) 1 3 U7 3 6 17 6 11 Q9:

6 2 5 14 8 5 12 8 6 33

Sept., 1874 0 6 14 9 4 11 6 3 3t
5 1 10 14 5 3 31 9 7 10

6 0 a 12 7 4 15 5 5 38

(Ra) eviankton) Dake .c scsesccee ce May, 1874 8 13 7 10 20 8 9 16 2
5 5 22 3 9 16 18 3 6 11

6 7 9 5 5 13 Q33 15 U 9

June, 1874 2 15 7 9 15 23 8 10 1
5 8 15 7 8 i) 20 10 12 5

6 6 | 30 5 7 10 10 9 6 7

July, 1874 5 10 4 22 7 16 9 16 4
5 11 11 3 6 11 183 13 10 15

6 4 7 2 5 31 Q1 7 7 9

Aug., 1874 6 10 1 5 6 27 1/3) 17 6
5 8 17 2 6 15 Q1 6 5 13

6 6 9 7 4 2Q4 25 10 5 3

Sept., 1874 vy) 20 Q 11 11 16 7 9 12
5 14 15 6 7 15 11 5 ra 10

6 5 3L 6 Q 9 13 15 6 3

_ Instudying the preceding table we must bear in mind, on the one hand, the charac-
teristics peculiar to each wind and each portion of our country; and, on the other, the
_ needs and p:culiarities of the locust. Of these latter, I apprehend that the important
points accord with the following three hypotheses :

| 1. During the unfledged state the locust is killed by too low temperature or much
}\rain. Now, the strong winds tend to scatter the insects further in the direction.toward
which they blow, and the cold and wet winds kill off the insects, preventing their in-
crease on the side toward which they blow; the result is an apparent migration, which
} is simply an excess in the spreading of the insects by the strong winds.

2. A moist atmosphere, or one of rather high ‘‘ relative humidity,” prevents the wings

214 G

210 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

of the locust from properly drying after his fourth molt, but a clear, sunny day not
only promotes this, but, if accompanied by a dry atmosphere, there is produced a rapid
evaporation, a nervous irritating dryness and stiffness, or some other state that stimu-
lates the locust to take recourse to flight. Once on the wing, however, he is borne by
the prevailing wind. The migration thus initiated by the dryness of the wind is con-
trolled by the strength of the wind, while it seems due to the volition of an intelligent
animal in search of distant green pastures in the lower lands to the southward. The
dry winds of the West are generally the N., NW., and W.

3. Conversely, the locusts hatched in moist lowlands find their molting stages re-
tarded, and the full-fledged insect being uncomfortable with his partially-stiffened —
limbs and wings, takes to flight as a relief, and is again borne along by the wind; but i
it is now a moist wind that is bearing him onward.

The moist winds in the lower States (Missouri, &c.) are from the SW., S., and SE.;
and as these are also largely prevalent, they produce the appearance of a return mi-
eration. The enfeebled condition of these lowland-born insectsis apparently made up |
for by the greater frequency and strength of the winds; but only a few, and these, of ©
course, the strongest, ever regain the Rocky Mountain breeding-grounds. Itis,then, —
the relative humidity of the air that determines whether the locust will fly or not.
Its nature is adapted to a certain range of atmospheric moisture; air drier or damper
than this is uncomfortable to it.

These hypothetical views find some support in the following table, in which I have
given, for each of our three epochs in locust-life, the year during which favorable and
unfavorable winds were specially frequent at each locality, and by which, therefore, a
judgment can be formed as to whether the years in question were any of them likely
to be on the whole favorable to a grasshopper invasion. The conclusions are, of course,
qualitative only and not quantitative, on account of the want of numerical data for
the relative humidity, &c.

211

FAVORABLE WINDS FOR LOCUST MIGRATIONS.

9. °C, ‘PLET “MS:S:as CLET SANT SANONT Sine eae cer Sheps | Pee es omen 9, ‘CL8T THES OSS) ieee ee STOUR Atel | eceeers as TINOSsTPL

9.'G.‘PLBL [MAS ?S? Os: ayo BS ees 5S pa hi estes poe SS eee are «Se PLOL TOTS SONS ales Se WosqIy) J10,T (01) | AtozIOT, UeLpUy

TSE Se Seen arate tea be CL8T 'N ade. Sie eee ome s 9, 'G. “PLEE ISN eee mae a 9A VJULE (0B) [--- OOLXOT ALON
Cie Ea ae a Be; | eager ne ene cg me ag OE a Fe Net NC Soo Seep cai ay ag Pee bo SRE wa Sia See capone Sep he, GAS geik ciee ikid | Oe ee Seb Sey ace area eh ae nee NE | Pao ea eae a atl YVIT FOYT (8,)
eee ee SSS Se Senor 2 G, ‘PLST PANGCENGOPOUNGS «| tice. ar nae See in mos 9, ‘C, ‘FLBT TORS BANG ee dorma(y (9)

Bie sleds ai ose ia nice tl [anisteisielein'= Seles ae CLET "M: MN? N 9. ‘SL8T SINT bona geet | Se ees ceciia tas Giclee le eaee Secs ---soutidg opedcepeg (pb) fort: "==" Opvlojop
9. ‘C, ‘PLET TAS *S? AAS 9281 TANS ANNIRE ING pelos ees as eaee ne 9. ‘GS, ‘PLET SN SO SoG OSG Phas eae yNyooy (eT)
9L8T SS: AS 9, GLET “AX? AAN Pee an ce age (eet a ee ees 9, ‘G, “PLRT PANS ESS Cig | ieee nn oubnqua (8)

9, ‘PL8T "S: AAS 9. ‘PL8L STARec ANNES oles Seances at lal gas begmeieneese | UMS, aT SHINS OS STG ESE SER qaoduoae( (¢) |-7" >" oer Te eAAOy
PLAT. AS *S OL8T “AAN + NU he Foote AED wy ( eaiocehal= Sires 9. ‘GS. ‘PLET Br DEWC Sieber tana (siamese bs 2 vyemUgd (91)

CLET "as QL CARINE PAIN > ae Se ne ee eee Oe 9, ‘C181 ASS. “Ui 2 OMIT GON (C1) [7-787 7 VYSVIGON
GLET 'S _ 9L8T PANG EANGN ND G. PLET “AAN ? N 9, °G, ‘PLET GUS aS alkane | ie nee Qy1oMMaAvory (FT)

9, “CL8T ‘HW? HS:S OL8E “AA? MN? N CL8T “N 9L8T 1G OOS tae | | eee a AYO oSpod (2) [> 7777777 SVSMBIT
mace Ree Heh ie eee aS 9, ‘SL8T "MAN * AN GLET "A? AN PLAT ‘ais ssoreeesss-omuesoy() (g) [-77 7°77 sTTUIOA AA
Sasa re sine a Ee fines. apace Oleg. PLSE | SACNC= ON LNG | pe ie ela a ecoe 9, ‘S, ‘PLET ‘Hi AS? SG jo-77 AHO ONT 91¥S (GT) [7-777 Stree Ne

G, ‘PLET ‘aS 9, SL8T PNONG: NOs a SS eee sae as Proce as PLAT Qa Sie aro eee OSSOID BT (G1) [°777 7" * UISMOOSTAL

G, ‘PLET ‘a: as 9L8T ARN AMINE 2 INC ee pa ee eee Bl ln a gee Be 9. SG, “PLE TERS) BAWINE SINC Se a [Nv JULES (eG)

9, °C, ‘PLET ‘as:s QL3T BEANO SE ANGNT ASAIN lll Gaetaiabits per elt oe NET reclame ter pe 9, °C, ‘PLET TURNING 2S BAGS OS ee "- eSpldaoyoorg (@) |777777 vZOsOUUTPL
BE shea ee ee eS = ages fae “AA NC G, ‘PLET “MN? GON QLRT SORES SS can we WORYUVA (fe)
Ee earns eeekl Race raed Ean 9, °C G ‘LET “MN? N? ON PL8I “MN * aN CLT HS a ae Bale, CED)
SOS Ee pe ee Hee: Seg ees 9, ‘PL&T TACN = NU eS igeee. ae Y eo elie 7 Oke ae = . 9L8T BEANS as Soren | ieee ssee* ATING yLOof (TT)
ST a eater iar a a ra eG 9, ‘PLET "AA? MAAN rh ee ee Diet stele oie ete oe te coe 9, 'S. ‘PLOT. “aT aS ts Sn ee SOLU UIST ET (1) Se see a OOS CE:
ee i Ts es 2 || ape Woes eae See 9, SG, PLAT “M:? AN per ee ee (ere Ce eR « CLET “MS: AX seocees AWD VIUISITA (£6)
Na lati a sal | ne tac 9. ‘S, “PLOT “MN: AX? AAS G. “FLT “MAN * N ? ON GL8T “MAS * AL morseoss TOMO” FLO (6) po" VUL_MOYL

“AVTL “*SPUTM “ACIN “SpUIA
I u MA ) ide B
Galena questions | iapenane Fault uljaouboriy JOM IO plog urquonborg | Arp TO alae Ay
Ur guonboay |murMolqrioaAty| ur gaonboaiy | meas o[qev10408 9) A$ | =
"OT VIOALJU *O[QUIOAT IT
*MOTIVIG *OPRAS
*81SNOOT PULTAMOT JO UOTIVAISIFL ‘S}]SNOO] purpdn jo MoywVasiyy *SJSNOOT puspogun jo Surproaidg
tS "oO e L

‘suoypaibuu 48nd0) 07 a)Qnuoavfun 40 a)Qv.L0avf Kyjuanbruf adam spuin Yorn Ud 809d

212 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

CECA PAE ie elabale

HABITS AND NATURAL HISTORY.

Numerous original observations on the habits and natural history, on
the transformations and on the enemies of the Rocky Mountain locust,
have been recorded in Mr. Riley’s last three entomological reports to the
State of Missouri, in our second bulletin, which was largely prepared
therefrom, and in his ** Locust Plague in the United States,” as well as
in other publications. In this and some of the succeeding chapters we
shall have frequent occasion to use these facts, and prefer to do so as
far as possible in the language in which they were originally recorded;
but to avoid repeated reference to the same works, we shall simply
use quotation marks, and the reader will understand that where other
authority is not given, passages in quotation marks are from said wri-
tings. We do this the more readily that the Missouri reports are with
difficulty obtained, and have had but a very limited circulation outside
the State.

In treating of the habits of this insect we must needs do so from our
own as well as the general experience; and since this has been almost
entirely in the Mississippi Valley, the facts and generalizations that
follow should be understood as applying more particularly to this region.
We shall also have frequent occasion to use the terms Permanent, Sub-
permanent, and Temporary regions, that have already been explained (pp.
131-6), and are set forth in map1. In treating of the habits and natural
history of this insect, one thing has more particularly impressed us, viz,
the difficulty of making absolute statements that will cover all seasons
and all localities. The insect is so variable in its habits, and the con-
ditions of climate and plant-growth are so different in different parts of
the country affected, that what applies in one year or to one section will
niot apply in all years or to all sections. Hence the necessity of the
regional classification just referred to, and the difficulty of laying down
rules that have not exceptions.

DESTRUCTIVE POWER OF LOCUSTS.

No one who has not witnessed the ravaging power of locusts can fully
conceive of or appreciate it. The organization and habit of the typical:
locust admirably fit it for ravenous work. Muscular, gregarious, with
powerful jaws, and ample digestive and reproductive systems; strong
of wing and assisted in flight by numerous air-sacs that buoy—all these
traits conspire to make it the terrible engine of destruction which history
shows it to have been under conditions favorable to its excessive mul-
tiplication. Insignificant individually but mighty collectively, locusts

DESTRUCTIVE POWER OF LOCUSTS. 2S

fall upon a country like a plague ora blight. The farmer plows and
plants. He cultivates in hope, watching his growing grain, in graceful,
wave-like motion wafted to and fro by the warm summer winds. The
green begins to golden; the harvest is at hand. Joy lightens his labor
as the fruit of past toil is about to be realized. The day breaks with a
smiling sun that sends his ripening rays through laden orchards and
promising fields. Kine and stock of every sort are sleek with plenty,
and all the earth seems glad. The day grows. Suddenly the sun’s face
is darkened, and clouds obscure the sky. The joy of the morn gives
way to ominous fear. The day closes, and ravenous locust-swarms have
fallen upon the land. The morrow comes, and, ah! what a change it
brings! The fertile land of promise and plenty has become a desolate
waste, and old Sol, even at his brightest, shines sadly through an atmos-
phere alive with myriads of glittering insects. The suffering in the
country invaded in 1874, and the dreadful desolation the following spring,
are sufficiently fresh in the minds of Western farmers, while the details
given in Chapter III convey a fair idea of the magnitude of the loss in-
flicted.

Falling upon a cornfield, the insects convert in a few hours the green
and promising acres into a desolate stretch of bare, spindling stalks
and stubs. ‘Covering each hill by hundreds; scrambling from row to
row like a lot of young famished pigs let out to their trough; insignifi-
cant individually, but mighty collectively, they sweep clean a field
quicker than would a whole herd of hungry steers. Imagine hundreds
of square miles covered with such a ravenous horde, and one can get
some realization of the picture presented in many parts of the country
west of the Mississippi during years of locust invasion.

‘‘ Their flight may be likened to an immense snow-storm, extending
from the ground to a height at which our visual organs perceive them
only as minute, darting scintillations, leaving the imagination to picture
them indefinite distances beyond. ‘When on the highest peaks of the
Snowy Range, fourteen or fifteen thousand feet above the sea, I have
seen them filling the air as much higher as they could be distinguished
with a good field-glass.’” It is a vast cloud of animated specks, glittering
against the sun. On the horizon they often appear as a dust tornado,
riding upon the wind like an ominous hail storm, eddying and whirling
about like the wild, dead leaves in an autumn storm, and finally sweeping
up to and past you, with a power that is irresistible. They move mainly
with the wind, and when there is no wind they whirl about in the air like
swarming bees. If a passing swarm suddenly meets with a change in
the atmosphere, ‘such as the approach of a thunder-storm or gale of
wind, they come down precipitately, seeming to fold their wings, and fall
by the force of gravity, thousands being killed by the fall, if it is upon
stone or other hard surface.’” 8

27\Wm. N. Byers, Am. Entomologist, I,p. 94.
28 Wim. N. Byers, Hayden’s Geol. Sury., 1570, p. 282.

214 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

An idea of the vast numbers that will sometimes descend to the ground
may be formed by the following occurrence related to us by an intelli gent
and reliable eye-witness, Col. H. McAllister, of Colorado Springs, Colo.:
In 1875, early inAigust, a swarm suddenly came down atthat place. The
insects came with the wind, and alightedinarain. The ground wasliterally
covered two and three inches deep, and glittered ‘‘as anew dollar” with
the active multitude. In rising, the next day, by a common impulse,
their wings would get entangled and they would drop to the ground
again ina matted mass. ‘In alighting, they circle in myriads about
you, beating against everything animate or inanimate; driving into
open doors and windows; heaping about your feet and around your
buildings; their jaws constantly at work biting and testing all things
in Seeking what they can devour. In the midst of the incessant buzz
and noise which such a flight produces, in face of the unavoidable de-
struction everywhere going on, one is bewildered and awed at the col-
lective power of the ravaging host, which calls to mind so forcibly the
plagues of Egypt.

‘‘The noise their myriad jaws make when engaged in their work of |
destruction can be realized by any one who has ‘fought’ a prairie fire, —
or heard the flames passing along before a brisk wind, the low crack-
ling and rasping—the general effect of the two sounds is very much the
same. Southey, in his Thalaba,? most graphically pictures this noise
produced by the flight and approach of locusts:

Onward they come, a dark, continuous cloud
Of congregated myriads numberless,

The rushing of whose wings was as the sound
Of a broad river, headlong in its course
Plunged from a mountain summit, or the roar
Of a wild ocean in the autumn storm,
Shattering its billows on ashore of rocks!

‘‘Nothing, however, can surpass the prophet Joel’s account of the ap-
pearance and ravages of these insects. Omitting the figurative parts,
it is accurate and graphic beyond measure:

“¢A day of darkness and of gloominess, a day of clouds and of thick
darkness, as the morning spread upon the mountains; a great people
and a strong; there hath not been ever the like, neither shall be any
more after it, even to the years of many generations. A fire devoureth
before them; and behind them a flame burneth; the land is as the gar-
den of Eden before them, and behind them a desolate wilderness ; yea,
and nothing shall escape them. The appearance of them is as the ap-
pearance of horses; and as horsemen, so shall they run. Like the noise
of chariots on the tops of mountains shall they leap, like the noise of a
flame of fire that devoureth the stubble, as a strong people set in battle
array. Before their face the people shall be much pained; all faces
shail gather blackness. They shall run like mighty men; they shall
climb the wall like men of war; and they shall march every one on his

2T7., 169.

RATE AT WHICH LOCUST SWARMS MOVE. 2S

ways, and they shall not break their ranks. * % * They shall
run to and fro in the city; they shall run upon the wall; they shall
climb up upon the Beusch they shall enter in at the windows like a
thief. ”

Persons in the East have often smiled incredulously at our statements
that the locusts often impeded the trains on the western railroads. Yet
such was by no means an infrequent occurrence in 1874 and 1875—the
insects passing over the track, or basking thereon so numerously that
the oil from their crushed bodies reduced the traction so as to actually
stop the train, especially on an up-grade.

While the destruction of crops by the winged insects is often sudden
and complete, the unfledged insects still more effectually, though more
slowly, denude a country of vegetation, sometimes rendering the ground
as bare and desolate in midsummer as it is in the Mississippi Valley in
midwinter. The little creatures are often so thick, soon after batching,
that they blacken everything, and their hopping, as one passes through
a field or piece of prairie, gives the impression, at a short distance, as
suggested by Mr. Whitman, of heat flickering in the air.

The migratory habit and ama destructive power belong essentially
to the Rocky Mountain locust.

As will appear from the two concluding chapters of this work, there
are three or four very destructive and migratory species of locusts in ~
Europe and Asia. There are also several other species which some-
times become very destructive, and still more rarely migrate from place
to place in this country. Yet the Rocky Mountain locust is essentially
the migratory and destructive species of North America, as none other
compares with it in the vastness of its movements or the injury which
it inflicts.

RATE AT WHICI LOCUST SWARMS MOVE.

The rate of migration of the winged insects will depend entirely on
circumstances. The history of the past four years shows conclusively
that the rate of progress of invading swarms from the permanent breed.
ing-places will average about 20 miles a day. It is, however, exceed.
ingly irregular, and greatly dependent on the velocity of the wind.
Bad weather may impede, or adverse winds divert flight.

‘¢One noticeable feature of the invasions is the greater rapidity with
which the insects spread in the earlier part of the season, while in full-
est vigor, and the reduction in the average rate of progress the farther
east and south they extend. The length of their stay depends much
upon circumstances. Early in the summer, when they first begin to
pour down on the more fertile country, they seldom remain more than
two or three days; whereas, later in the season, they stay much longer.
In speaking of the advent and departure of these insects, I use relative
language only. ‘The first comers, when—after having devoured every-
thing palatable—they take wing away, almost always leave a scattering
rear-guard behind, and are generally followed by new swarms; and a

21G REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

country once visited presents for weeks the spectacle of the insects
gradually rising in the air between the hours of 9 or 10 a.m. and 3
p. m., and being carried away by the wind, while others are constantly
dropping.” :

In short, the rate of spread is greatest during the first ten or fifteen
days of their winged existence, or before the females become occupied
with egg-laying. The invading insects are then passing the extensive
plaius and thinly-settled regions of the Northwest, where there is little
inducement for them to halt, and the rate at such times, with strong
and favorable wind, may reach a maximum of from two to three hundred
miles a day. |

The rate of spread of departing swarms from the temporary region is,
as may be gathered from Chapter VII, very much the same. Itis most
rapid and direct early in the season when the insects first begin to leave
more southern latitudes, and becomes more slack and inconstant as
Summer advances.

Extended flight does not take place till four or five days after the first
insects become winged. For the first two or three days the newly-
winged individuals mingle with the larve and pupe, eating ravenously
and making short flights of a few yards or rods, as if to try their wings,
recalling fully the habit of native, non-migratory species. Then for a
while they rise one by one higher in the air and float along with the
wind, and finally, when weather and wind are favorable, all that are
strong and mature enough rise as with a common impulse during the
warmer morning hours and move off vigorously in one direction till
they are soon out of sight. ‘' They begin to rise when the dew has
evaporated, and generally descend again toward evening. A swarm
passing over a country yet infested with the mature insects, constantly
receives accretions from these, and is, consequently, always more dense
in the afternoon than in the forenoon. In rising, the insects generally
face the wind, and it is doubtful if they could ascend to any great height
without doing so.”

The velocity of flight which, for many reasons, is quite distinct from
the general movement understood by ‘rate of spread” or ‘*migration,”
is naturally greater and will average about 10 miles an hour. It is
also. greatly dependent on the wind. Mr. S. 8S. Clevenger, of New
Auburn, Minn., gives the average rate at 15 miles for that locality (App,
22); while the reports of other correspondents (App. 13) give the range
from 4 to 40 miles, the more common rates mentioned being 12, 15, and
20 miles per hour. Mr. Brown Lusted, of Winnepeg, Manitoba, tells us
that in 1867, when he was traveling from Saint Cloud, Minn., to Mani-
toba, the locusts were moving in the same direction, at from 30 to 39
miles a day. Professor Aughey’s observations for 1877 (App. 8) give
the rate per hour at 4 miles and upward; but he has himself expressed
to us the belief that his estimates are somewhat low. We have our-
‘selves never witnessed them flying so slowly as 4 miles per hour, which

DIRECTION; TIME OF APPEARANCE OF INVADING SWARMS. 217

must be considered the minimum rate where there is no impediment.
When tacking against the wind, they may move not more than one
mile,” while the maximum rate, in a strong wind, may reach as high as
50 miles or more per hour.

DIRECTION OF INVADING SWARMS.

While there may be, during an invasion, local flights in all possible.
directions (except, perhaps, due west), the general movement east of
the mountains is conspicuously toward the south and southeast. The
more local and irregular flights are generally made for food, but the
more extended, southward movements are in obedience to other laws,
discussed in the preceding chapter, and also on p. 250. West of the
main Rocky Mountain range the rule of flight appears to be from the
higher plains and plateaus, where the insect normally breeds, to the
lower and more fertile valleys; and the greater irregularity of the pre-
vailing winds and more broken nature of the country preclude the same
regularity in directions of flight that, on the whole,. prevails east of
the range.

TIME OF APPEARANCE OF INVADING SWARMS.

‘In endeavoring to deduce general conclusions respecting the time of
year that the 1874 swarms reached different parts of the country, great
difficulty was experienced in sifting those accounts which referred to
the progeny of the 1873 invasion, and those which hatched within the
insect’s native range, and came from the extreme Northwest. The same
was true of the fresh 1876 swarms, and those which hatched in Minne-
sota.”

As a rule, the insects which hatch in the temporary region acquire
wings, aud leave before the fresh swarms from the mountain region
appear. In the more northern regions, as in Minnesota and Manitoba
westward, the insects hatched on the ground acquire wings the latter
part of June and in July. The period is earlier as we go south, until in
Southern Texas they are able to fly in April. The time of appearance
of invading swarms from the permanent region is in inverse ratio, 7. e.,
earlier to the north and later to the south. Thus, while on the confines
of the permanent region it is almost impossible to distinguish between
the insects which hatch there and the fresh swarms from the Northwest,
the difference becomes more and more marked toward the south and
east.

‘In 1874, swarms appeared during June in Southern Dakota; during
July in Colorado, Nebraska, and Minnesota; during the latter part of
this month in Jowa and Western Kansas. During August they came
into Southeast Kansas and Missouri; and by the middle of October they
reached Dallas, in Texas. In 1876 they came later.”

30Mr. D F. Weymouth, of Lyon, Marshall County, Minn., records their going West in 1865, in ‘‘the
} teeth of a strong wind, making scarcely a mile an hour.” See also p. 160; ante,

218 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
FLIGHT AT NIGHT.

‘Tt is the very general experience throughout the country subject to
invasion that the winged insects rise as soon as the sun begins to dis-
sipate the dew, and that they come down again toward evening as the
sun’s rays lose their power. It is a question, therefore, whether they
ever continue flying during the night, and one which future investiga-
tion will doubtless settle. Iam of the opinion that during the warmer
midsummer and early fall season, when the insects are departing from
their northwest hatching-grounds, they must not infrequently continue
flight from necessity ; for the descent of a swarm borne along ina strong
current of air, at an altitude of over a mile above the earth, will depend
more on some change in strength or direction of the current than on any
other condition of the atmosphere.”

The experience we have been able to gather during the year on this
point is confirmatory of the views expressed in the above passage, and
in addition to the evidence brought forward in Chapter VII (p. 147) we
may cite the following facts:

Two years ago the locusts were seen to rise about sundown, three miles north of this
place, and to alight in Oak Township, this county. In August, 1874, Messrs. H. Lamb
and L. Conger were at work on the steeple of the Methodist Church, in this town.
Looking toward the sky they observed immense swarms of locusts going southwest for
three consecutive days. They continued to pass up to6 p.m., when the men left
work, and none were heard of as alighting short of Mitchell and Smith Counties, in
Kansas. The weather.was dry, clear, and windy. The parties do not remember the
exact days of the month, as they made no notes, but they are reliable, intelligent
men.—(W. R. Follett, Malvern, Iowa, July 15, 1877.) .

In one case, where the ’hoppers were very numerous, a person burnt a straw stack
at night, and in the morning bushels of dead ones were found in and around it; per-
haps they were drawn to it as the moth to a candle.—(W. J. Newell, Athol, Sioux
County, lowa, July 2, 1877.)

I never knew the insects to travel in sight during the night. They cannot, or will
not, move in a heavy damp atmosphere. But that they remain in the atmosphere dur-
ing the night seems almost certain, probably at a great height. There must bea
period from the time the winged insects take flight until the time they commence de-

positing eggs when they remain for days and nights very high in the atmosphere out

of sight. This seems evident from the fact that when they first commence flying, and
until they are all gone, they rise in immense swarms during the early part of the day,
but seldom many come down again.—(E. Snyder, Atchison, Kans., June 26, 1877.)

Mr, G. G. Hay, of Saint Andrews, Manitoba, informed us while stay-
ing with him that in traveling, in 1868, to Saint Paul, he noticed on one
occasion that as soon as the sun was up the air was filled with locusts,
though those which had descended the previous day did not rise for
several hours afterward on account of the heavy dew. Mr. N. V. Mc-
Dowell, of Worthington, Minn. (App. 17), states it as his experience that
they fly all night with favorable wind, We were also informed at the
conference of governers, in 1876, by a reporter of the Omaha Herald,
whose name we have forgotten, that in order to test this question he
had sent up a kite at night, covered on one side with tar, and that when

|
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I
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HEIGHT OF FLIGIIT: HABITS AT NIGHT. 219

it was brought down it was literally covered with locusts. The most
convincing experience, however, is that of Professor Aughey’s, given in
Chapter VII. In camping on the Bow River, in August, 1866, the wind,
which was blowing from the northwest, suddenly changed to north soon
after midnight, and locusts were heard pattering on his tent, and the
insects were found thick the next morning where none had been seen
the day before.

Singularly enough we get no information from European writers on
the question of flight at night.

That locusts are capable of long-sustained flight is evident from the.
well-authenticated instances of their being observed at sea hundreds of
miles from land. One of the most striking instances is that recorded by
Master E. G. Wiswell, of the Harrisburg. When this vessel, November
| 2, 1865, was in latitude 25° 28’ north, longitude 41° 33’ west, on her way
_ from Bordeaux to New Orleans, the nearest land being about 1,200 miles,

_ she was boarded during a heavy rain-storm by large numbers of locusts
that filled the air and covered the sails. The specimens were subse-

quently determined to be the Huropean Acridium perigrinum by Mr. 8.
H. Scudder, who records the facts.

HEIGHT OF FLIGHT.

This subject has already been considered in Chapter VII (p. 144).
There is no doubt whatever that the insects often move over a coun-
try entirely above the reach of human vision. In ordinary flights we
observe only the lower individuals, and in looking toward the sun we |
may always observe others, farther and farther away, until the glitter-
ing specks are lost to sight. In cloudy weather they are not noticeable
unless very dense, so as to darken the atmosphere, until within about
1 000 feet ; yet it is well known that they fly at times nearly, if not full,
two miles above ground, as they have been seen flying toward the plains
as high above the highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains as a good tele-
scope would resoive them.

GENERAL HABITS AT NIGHT.

Regarding the general habits of the species at night, a glance at the
experience obtained in answer to our circulars (App. 17) is sufficient:
to show that it differs widely and is cften contradictory. This is not
surprising, aS so much in the habits and ways of our locust depends on
conditions of the weather, season, &c. We have had an extensive ex-
perience both with the unfledged and full-fledged insects, and the result
of it is that, as a rule, the young insects are quiet. at night, either hid-
ing under some shelter upon the ground, or roosting away from the
ground. The former is more apt to be the case in cold, the latter in wet
weather. In cool weather even the mature insects do not feed at night,
but when the weather is warm and dry these are often as ravenous dur-

220 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION,

ing the night as during the day. Gerstaecker remarks of the European
migratoria that it feeds most at night.

As the insects advance in age the roosting habit becomes greater,
and for a few days after getting wings the mature insects delight to
gather away from the ground, especially on trees.

INTERVAL BETWEEN ACQUIRING FULL WINGS AND EGG-LAYING.

This will of course vary according to surrounding conditions, and may
be said to average from two to four weeks. Txact data are with great
difficulty obtained, since it is always impossible to know the exact age
of winged insects when captured, and the species is not easily reared
from the immature states in confinement, especially east of its naturai
range. Mr. Whitman, who at Saint Paul, Minn., is just within its range,
has made the only exact experiment that bears on this point, and gives
it in the following words, in his special report for 1876:

On the 25th of June I shut up in wire-gauze cages nine pupe of the Rocky Mount-
ain locusts. The bottoms of the cages were filled with earth packed hard, and the
insects appeared to thrive in confinement. By the 2d of July they had all become
perfect insects. By the 8th of July they commenced coupling, and were seen repeat-
ing the act for several days. On the 15th and 16th, two of the females went through
the form of depositing eggs, and I marked the place of deposit on the edge of the cage.
The coupling was repeated again as before, until the 3d cf August. At that date the
coupling ended, and the locusts: becaine almost inactive,and were seen to eat very
rarely afterward.

The following facts from notes made by us on other species common
around Saint Louis, will also throw light on the subject. In two in-
stances where the eggs were obtained from the same individuals that
were observed to go through the last molt, the interval varied from
about one to three weeks in species of the same genus; while in the
others, which are approximately correct, it varies from one to six weeks.

Caloptenus atlanis, Riley.—Mature insects first noticed July 12. Eggs deposited July 18.

C. femur-rubrum, Burm.—Lecame winged August 29. Eggs laid October 3.

C. iurida, Dodge.—First winged insects captured August 25. Eggs deposited Septem-
ber 17. E

C. bivittatus, (Say.)—First winged insects noticed July 7. Eggs deposited August 31.

C. differentialis, Thom.—First winged specimens obtained July 19. Eggs laid Septem-
ber 9.

Pezotettiz viola, Thom.—Mature insects first noticed August 18. Eggs laid by same
specimens on the 24th of August.

P. unicolor, Thomas.—Attained maturity about the 1st of September. Eggs laid by
same specimens on the 24th same month.

Chrysochraon viridis, Scudder.—Mature insects first noticed July 7. Eggs deposited
August 20.

Tragocephala viridifasciata, Gize——Mature insects captured May 2. Eggs deposited
June 11.

(idipoda carolina, (Linn.)—Mature insects captured July 12. Eggs deposited August 6

O. sulphurea, Burm.—Mature insects captured September 19. Eggs deposited Septem-
ber 28.

O. phenicoptera, Germ.—Mature insects captured June 20. Eggs deposited July 13.

SEXUAL HABITS OF LOCUSTS. 221

Eucoptolophus sordida, Burm.—Mature insects first noticed September 19. Eggs deposs
ited September 24. ;
E. costalis, Scudd.—Mature insects first noticed September 20. Eggs laid Septem-
ber 24.
Acridium americanum (Drury.)—Mature insects captured June 14. Eggs deposited June
24,
SEXUAL HABITS.

There are various questions coming under this head that have a scien-
tific bearing, but do not materially concern the farmer. We shall treat
them very. briefly. The love-season may be said to commence just as
soon.as all the parts of the full-winged individuals have become hardened
and perfected and to endure till near death. Nevertheless, the most
active and ardent period occurs during the first two or three weeks
after maturity, and it is during this period, also, that the migrating in-
stinct is most developed. Jivery one who has closely observed these
insects 1s aware that they are salacious in habit. We have often noticed
(in Caloptenus differentialis, C. femur-rubrum, and C. atlanis) a pair in
our vivaria that were in copula at evening still together the following
morning, and in some instances till toward noon, thus showing that
coition may last from 12 to 18 hours. It also ordinarily takes place in
a very few days after maturity. The following notes by Mr. Packard
bear on this point:

SaLEM, Mass., July 31.—A couple of C. bivittatus found in copula was put in confine-
ment, and remained united from 10.45 a. m. until 5.30 p. m., when I went away. The
next morning at 8.30 they were separate.

On the same day two pairs were taken in copula and thus remained in confinement

from 11.45 a. m. until 5.30 p. m., when I went away.
Another pair remained in confinement in copula from 10.30 till 1 p. m.

The female frequently moves about and feeds during the act, but the
male, which either rides upon her or hangs more or less at the side,
remains motionless unless at the approach of another male, when he
moves the hind legs and goes through the fiddling process. We have
known the males to perish in the act, and late in the season, when the
last locusts were overtaken by a severe frost or snow-storm which de-
stroyed them, we have seen many of them perish in pairs.

That coition is frequently repeated there can also be no doubt, as this
is the general experience regarding European species; and we have
known females which had already oviposited to receive the male again.
It is also quite common for the male to wait on the female while she is
in the act of ovipositing. That-the locusts are polyandrous there can be
just as little doubt; for though actual observation is wanting, it is not
uncommon to find the same female attended by other males, even while
yet coupled. Korte, who made very careful observations on the Euro-
pean migratoria in confinement, records*! that one female coupled, be-
tween August 26 and September 11, with six different males, and laid

3} Die Strich-, Zvg-, gder Wancerbetshrecke, vom Eie an beobachtet. Berlin, 1829.

222 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

eggs on September 12. She then coupled again several times, and laid
a second time September 17. Under similar conditions she laid alto-
gether at six different periods before dying.

WHERE THE EGGS ARE LAID.

“The eggs may be laid in almost any kind of soil, but by preference
they are laid in bare, sandy places, especially on high, dry ground,
which is tolerably compact and not loose. It is often stated that they
are not laid in meadows and pastures, and that hard road-tracks are
preferred ; in truth, however, meadows, and pastures, where the grass
is closely grazed, are much used for ovipositing by the female, while on
well-traveled roads she seldom gets time to fulfill the act without being
disturbed. Thusa well-traveled road may present the appearance of
being perfectly honey-combed with holes, when an examination will
show that most of them are unfinished and contain no eggs; whereas a
field covered with grass-stubble may show no signs of such holes and yet
abound with eggs.” In fact, wherever holes are noticed, it may generally
be taken for granted that they contain no eggs, for the mother covers
well the hole when she has time to properly complete her task.

‘¢ Furthermore, the insects are more readily noticed at their work along
roads and road-sides than in fields, a fact which has also had something
to do in forming the popular impression. Newly-plowed land is not
liked; it presents too loose a surface; but newly-broken sward is often
filled with eggs. Moist or wet ground is generally avoided for the pur-
pose under consideration.”

We have noticed that in the Permanent breeding-region, wherever the
vegetation is scant the females show a decided preference for the shaded
base of shrubby plants, among the roots of which they like to place
their eggs; whereas in the Temporary region, where the vegetation is
generally so much ranker, exposed situations, or those comparatively
bare of vegetation, are preferred. The experience of 1876 proved very
conclusively, also, that they are instinctively guided toward cultivated
fields, where the young will find good pasturage; for the eggs were
noticeably thickest, and hatched most numerously in 1877 in cultivated
areas. In the Cypress Hills region of British America, as Mr. J. G.
Kittson informs us, the high lands and protected slopes of the hills are
preferred. The soil of the mountain-region, where the insects perma-
nently breed, is mostly of a compact, scantily-covered, gravelly nature,
and the notion that they lay most in pure sand is an erroneous one.

Sandy soil that is compact, especially when having a south or east
exposure, is much chosen, but in loose and shifting sand the eggs would
perish. In 1876, it was generally remarked that the insects were more
indifferent than usual in ovipositing, and that eggs were much more
frequently laid in low, and even wet, land than in former years.

The mass seldom reaches more than an inch below the surface, except
where some vegetable root has been followed down and devoured, and

MODE. OF EGG-LAYING. | | 223

the insect leaves her eggs before emerging; in this way the mass is
sometimes placed a foot below the surface. In abnormal vr unhealthy
conditions, the eggs may be laid in exposed places without any hole, in
which case they doubtless never give birth to young. In other cases,
the female will fill her hole almost entirely with the sebific matter. Nor
are the eggs invariably laid in the ground, for while we know of no ex-
ceptions to this normal position in spretus, yet Mr. Boll informs us that
around Dallas, Tex., in 1876, the eggs of differentialis were very numer-
ously placed under the bark of elm and hackberry logs that had been feiled
on low land. We have also received from A. W. Hoffmeister, of Fort
Madison, Iowa, the eggs of a species of Stcnobothrus, and the young that
hatched from them, the eggs having been thrust into holes made by
some carpeuter-bee in a fence-post; while Chidealtis conspersa habitually
bores in dead wood.

MANNER IN WHICH THE EGGS ARE LAID.

‘‘The female, when about to lay her eggs, forces a hole in the ground
by means of the two pairs of horny valves which open and shut at the
tip of her abdomen, and
which, from their peculiar
structure, are admirably
fitted for the purpose. (See
Fig. 2, where b, c, show the
structure of one of each
of the upper and lower
valves.) With the valves
closed she pushes the tips
into the ground, and by a
series of muscular efforts
aud the continued opening
and shutting of the valves
she drills a hele, until in a fre. 1: Rocky Mounrarm Locust.—a, a, a, female in differ-

i : ent positions, ovipositing; b,egg-pod extracted from ground,
few minutes (the time vary- with the end broken open; c,a few eggs lying loose on the

: = ground; d,e, show the earth partially removed, to illustrate
Ing W ith the nature of the an egg-mass already in place, and one being placed; /. shows

soil) nearly the whole ab- where such a mass has been covered up. (After Riley.)
domen is buried. The abdomen stretches to its utmost for this purpose,
especially at the middle, and the hole is generally a little curved, and
always more or less oblique (Fig. 1, d). Now, with
hind legs hoisted straight above the back, and the
shanks hugging more or less closely the thighs, she
commences ovipositing.”

When the hole is once drilled there exudes from the
tip of the body a frothy, mucous matter, which fills up oil ener rE
the bottom of the hole, and bathes the horny valves. Tan Locust—Aral
This is the sebific fluid which is secreted by the sebific showing horny valves.
or cement gland described with the other anatomical meatal

details given in Chapter IX. By repeatedly extricating and studying

UY AG, Na eS ,
Wem 4 t Yh
Ul i

D
ORK

224 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Specimens in every possible stage of oviposition, we have been able to
ascertain the exact method by which the egg-mass is formed. The pro-
cess has never been accurately described by other writers, and the general
impression—upon which figures like those of Gersticker’s” are founded—
is that the eggs are extruded from between the distended hooks or
valves. If we could manage to watch a female from the time the bot-
tom of her hole is moistened by the sebific fluid, we should see the
valves all brought together, when an egg would pass down the oviduct
(lig. 3,7) along the ventral side, and, guided by a little finger-like style
(the gubernaculum ovi, g), ‘‘ pass in between the horny
valves (which are admirably constructed, not only for
drilling but for holding and conducting the egg to its
appropriate place), and issue at their tips amid the
mucous fluid already spoken of. Then follows a period
of convulsions, during which more mucous material is
elaborated, until the whole end of the body is bathed
in it, when another egg passes down and is placed in
position. These alternate processes continue until the
fullcomplementof eggs arein place, thenumberranging

from 20to 35, butaveraging about 28. The mucous mat-

Fic. 3.—OVIPOSITION s Z x : a

oF Rocky Mountain ter binds all the eggs ina mass, and when thelast is laid,
Locust. (After Riley.) : :

the mother devotes sometime to filling up the somewhat
narrower neck of the burrow with a compact and cellulose mass of the
same material, which, though light and easily penetrated, is more or less
impervious to water, and forms a very excellent protection (Fig. —, d).”
When fresh the mass is soft and moist, but it soon acquires a firm con-
sistency.

‘* During the operation the female is very intent on her work, and
may be gently approached without becoming alarmed, though when sud-
denly disturbed she makes great efforts to get away, and extricates her
abdomen in the course of a few seconds, the time depending on the
depth reached.”

The legs are almost always hoisted straight above the back during
the process, as Shown in the figure (Fig. 1), with the shanks hugging
more or less closely the thighs. Sometimes, however, especially when
the abdomen is fully buried, the ends of the hind feet may rest firmly on
the ground, as has been observed by Mr. Packard in the case of femur-
rubrum.

‘‘The time required for drilling the hole and completing the pod will
vary according to the season and the temperature. During the latter
part of October or early in November, 1876, when there was frost at
night and the insects did not rouse from their chilled inactivity until 9
o'clock a. m., the females scarce had time to complete the process during
the four or five warmer hours of the day; but with higher temperature
not more than from two to three hours would be required.”

32 Die Wanderheuschrecke, Berlin, 1876, Taf. I, Fig. 4.

fn acetate tt tient gnats

ally containing seven. They

ARRANGEMENT OF THE EGG-MASS. 225

We have been for weeks with the insects where they were so thickly
ovipositing that the light, clay-yellow ground would be darkened by
them, and have laid on a closely-grazed sward for hours with specimens
in the act all around, and have repeatedly verified all that we have
here described.

PHILOSOPHY OF THE EGG-MASS.

‘‘To the casual observer, the eggs of our locust appear to be thrust
indiscriminately into the hole made for their reception. A more careful
study of the egg-mass, or egg-pod, will show, however, that the female
took great pains to arrange them, not only so as to eeonomize as much
space as possible, consistent with the form of each egg; but so as to best

- facilitate the escape of the young locust ; for if, from whatever cause,

the upper eggs should fail to hatch, or should hatch later than the lower
ones, the former would offer an impediment to the exit of the young in
their endeavors to escape from these last, were there no provision
against such a possibility.
The eggs are, indeed, most
carefully placed side by side
in four rows, each row gener-

ae

Qn
2 eo
CHRP
RY VEE
> <r sting &
a eos

oblique a little crosswise of
the cylinder (Fig. 4, a). The
posterior or narrow end,
which issues first. from the

s bys : Fic. 4: EcG-MAss oF RockY Mountain Locust—a, from
ovid uct, 1S thickened, and the side, within burrow; b, from beneath; c, from abuve,

generally shows. two pale enlarged. (After Riley.)

rings around the darker tip (Fig. 4, b). This is pushed close against

the bottom of the burrow, which, being cylindrical, does not permit

the outer or two side rows to be pushed quite so far down as the

_ two inner rows, and for the very same reason the upper or head ends
of the outer rows are necessarily kent to the same extent over the
_ inner rows, the eggs when laid being somewhat soft and plastic. There
is, consequently, an irregular channel along the top of the mass (Fig. 4,

ce), which is filled only with the same frothy matter that surrounds
each egg, which matter occupies all the other space in the burrow not
occupied by the eggs. The whole plan is seen at once by a reference to
the accompanying figure, which represents, enlarged, a side view of the
mass within the burrow (a), and a bottom (bd) and top (c) view of the
same, with the earth which adheres to it removed.”

This same quadrilinear arrangement of the eggs occurs, also, in the
egg-mass of the Red-legged and Lesser locusts, and in most of the spe-
cies of medium size which we have studied, including several different
genera. Yet it is by no means constant iu the same genus, since, as we
shall see in Chapter XI, the eggsof Caloptenus differentialis (P1. IV, Fig.

| 1) are irregularly arranged. This irregular arrangement also occurs in

15 G

226 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the eggs of Gidipoda phancecoptera and Acridium Americanum, and in
these species the cement which binds the eggs together is more copious
than in the others.® In one narrow-bodied species (Hucoptolophus sord-
idus) the eggs are arranged in but three rows.

Even in the pods of those species which have the eggs irregularly
arranged the head ends point either mostly outward (differentialis) or
luward (Americanun), so that the young locusts may either push out at
the sides or through a central space.

The length of the neck, or that portion containing no eggs, varies not
only in different species but in different.masses of the same species.

DOES THE FEMALE LAY MORE THAN ONE EGG-MASS?

This is a question often asked, but which the average farmer has no
means of definitely answering. “ It is the rule with insects, particularly
with the large number of injurious species belonging to the Lepidoptera,
that the eggs in the ovaries develop almost simultaneously, and that
when oviposition once commences it is continued uninterruptedly until
the supply of eggs is exhausted. Yet there are many notable excep-
tions to the rule among injurious species, as in the cases of the common
Plum-curculio and the Colorado potato-beetle, which oviposit at stated
or irregular intervals during several weeks, or even months. The Rocky
Mountain locust belongs to this last category, and the most casual ex-
amination of the ovaries in a female, taken in the act of ovipositing, will
show that, besides the batch of fully-formed eggs then and there being
laid, there are other sets, diminishing in size, which are to be laid at
fature periods. This, I repeat, can be determined by any one who will
take the trouble to carefully examine a few females when laying. But
just how often or how many eggs each one lays is more difficult to de-
termine. With spretus I have been able to make comparatively few
experiments; but on three different occasions I obtained two pods from
single females, laid at intervals of eighteen, twenty-one, and twenty-six
days, respectively. I have, however, made extended experiments with
its close congeners, femur-rubrum and atlanis, and in two cases, with
the former, have obtained four different pods from one female, the lay-
ing covering periods of fifty-eight and sixty-two days, and the total
number of eggs laid being 96 in the one case and 110 in the other. A
number of both species laid three times, but most of them—owing, per-
haps, to their being confined—laid but twice.”

Yersin concludes, referring to the European migratoria, that eggs are
laid thrice, at intervals of about a month, while Kriinitz, Keferstein;
and Stoikowitsch ** also declare that they are laid in three different
masses. Professor Whitman, in his 1876 experiments. had a female

83 The species occurring around Saint Louis in the eggs of wh‘c1 we have noticed the same quadri-
linear arrangement.as in thes» of spretus, er>, as‘¢o from theseslrcady mentioned Caloptenus b.vittatus,
Pezotettiz violt, P. unicolor, Chrysocraon viridis, Tragoccphala viridifasciata, Cidipoda carolina, Gi. sul-
furea, and Eucoptolophus costalis.

34See Koppen, p. 36.

INTERVAL BETWEEN DIFFERENT EGG-LAYINGS. 227

which laid about the middle of July, and died September 9, without lay-
ing again, though eggs were found in the ovaries at death. The time
between the first and second laying, observed by Korte, was six days.
Mr. Aughey (App. 8), from experiments made in 1876, found the interval
still shorter, ranging from two to three days; but he requests us to add
that other experiments, not recorded, showed a much longer interval
between the periods, extending in some cases to twenty days. It would
thus appear that there is the greatest diversity in the time intervening
between the periods of egg-laying, and that the number of egg-masses
formed by one individual is by no means constant. It is natural to sup-
pose that there will be great difference in individual prolificacy, and we
are also of the opinion that there is great difference in this respect in
different generations—those that hatch in the Permanent region being
more prolific than those which hatch in the Temporary region. This
opinion is not only warranted by the general experience of farmers, but
also by experiment. Ascompared with those of 1876, the autumn flights
of 1877 were for the most part intestate, and it was very generally
noticed that they laid no eggs. (App. 12.) There is, as we have seen
in the preceding chapter, the best of reasons for believing that these
flights were not from the Permanent region, but consisted mainly of
insects that had bred in the Temporary region.

It is well known that the reproductive organs are easily affected by
any sudden change of climatic conditions which animals may be sub-
jected to, and that sterility is one of the most frequent consequences of
such change. It was upon this general rule that the late B. D. Walsh,
knowing nothing of the return migration, based the theory that the
Rocky Mountain locust could never thrive in the temporary region, but
would become intestate and perish there. In 1876 we had measurable
success in getting spretus to lay eggs in confinement. In 1877, though
we wade far more strenuous efforts with the insects that hatched in
Texas and Kansas, yet we signally failed. Of many thousands which
‘we hatched in Saint Louis and endeavored to rear under the most favor-
able circumstances in vivaria containing growing grain, most of them
died in from three to eight days from hatching. We succeeded in bring-
ing a few through the third and two through the fourth molt. At
Carbondale, Ill., from Minnesota eggs, Mr. Thomas had better luck, and
reared several to the winged condition. We repeatedly dispatched liv-
ing specimens both of the pupz and the mature insects from Texas,
Kansas, and lowa, to our office-clerk, Mr. Th. Pergande, Saint Louis;
but with no more favorable results, as he entirely failed to obtain eggs,
and the females, when dead, were found, upon examination, to contain
none. This want of fecundity, though not universal, was quite general
with the insects of 1877, and is in keeping with the general experience
as to the sickly and degenerate nature of the brood. :

It is quite manifest, therefore, that in answering the question we have
just asked we can doso only in a general and qualified manner. Thenum-

228 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ber of eggs produced by a well-developed locust will range from 100 to
150, if we consider species generally. We have counted 171 in one mass
of Caloptenus differentialis ; from 120 to 130 in those of @dipoda phane-
coptera, and about 120 in that of Acridium Americanum. The great
probability is that the eggs of such species are all laid at once. In spe-
cies like spretus, which rarely lay more than 30 eggs in one mass, it were
natural to infer that different layings take place, even did the facts at
hand not prove such to be the case. In 1876 the insects were pushing
continuously southward from the middle of August till the end of Oc-
tober, and during most of this time they were laying eggs. In fact,
throughout the country invaded, from Minnesota to South Texas, they
continued laying till frost, and we know from examinations that many
of them perished before all the ova had been disposed of. Stragglers
were even noticed in Texas as late as December.

To sum up the inquiry, we would give it as our belief that the laying
season normally extends from six to eight weeks; that if may be short-
ened or lengthened by conditions. of weather and climate; that fecun-
dity is materially affected by the same conditions; that the average
number of egg-masses formed is three; and that the average interval
between the periods of laying by the same female is two weeks.

THE HATCHING PROCESS.

All that pertains to embryology proper will be found in Chapter
IX, and we shall make here but a brief reference to the character of the
egg in order to more clearly illus-
trate the process of hatching. ‘‘Care-
fully examined, the egg-shellis fonnd
to consist of two layers. The outer
layer, which is thin, semi-opaque,
and gives the pale, cream-yellow
color, is seen by aid of a high mag-
nifying power to be densely, minute-
lv, and shallowly pitted; or, to use
still more exact language, the whole
surface is netted with minute and
more or less irregular, hexagenal
ridges (Fig. 5, a, b). It is a mere
covering of excreted matter, sim-
ilar in nature to the mucous or
sebific fluid already described, which
binds the eggs together. The inner
layer (or chorion) is thicker, of a

Fic. 5.—Ecc or Rocky Movxrar Locusr.—a, deeper yellow, and perfectly smooth.
Sat Wehisauaenified, or ehosanes hell 4usene: It is also translucent, so that, as
ae ta ce tr aaa the hatching period approaches, the

form and members of the embryon may be distinctly discerned through

PROCESS OF HATCHING. 229

it. ‘The outer covering is easily ruptured, and is rendered all the more
fragile by freezing; but the inner covering is so tough that a very
strong pressure between one’s thumb and finger is required to burst it.
How, then, will the embryon, which fills it so compactly that there is
scarcely room for motion, succeed in escaping from such a prison? The
rigid shell of the bird’s egg is easily cracked by the beak of its tenant;
the hatching caterpillar, curled within its egg-shell, has room eneugh to
move its jaws and eat its way out; the egg-coverings of many insects
are so delicate and frail that the mere swelling of the embryon affords
means of escape; those of others are so construeted that a door flies
open, or a lid lifts by a spring, whenever pressure is brought to bear;
in some two halves open, as in the shell of a musele; whilst in a host
of others the embryon is furnished with a special structure called the
egg-burster, the office of which is to cut or rupture the shell, and thus
afford means of escape. But cur young locust is deprived of all such
contrivances, and must have another mode of exit from its tough and
sub-elastic prison. Nature accomplishes the same end in many differ-
ent ways. She is rich incontrivances. The same warmth and moisture
which promote the development of the living embryon also weaken the
inanimate shell, by a process analogous to decomposition, and by a gen-
eral expansion consequent upon the swelling of the embryon within.
Thus, the eggs when about to hatch are much more plump and some-
what larger and more transparent than they were when laid. At last,
by the muscular efforts of the nascent locust, and the swelling of its
several parts, especially about the head and mouth, the shell gives way,
generally splitting along the anterior ventral part. The whole process
may, in fact, be likened to the germination of a hard-covered seed, when
planted in moist ground, and, precisely as in this latter case, there is
in some loose soils a certain heaving of the ground from the united swell-
ing of the locust eggs. All the eggs in a given mass burst very nearly
at one and the same time, and in that event the lowermost individuals
await the escape of those in front of them, which first push their way
out through the neck of the burrrow (fig. 4, d) provided by the parent.

“They all escape, one after the other, through one small hole, which
in the field is scarcely noticeable. Such is the usual mode of batching;
but when the young from the lower eggs hatch first, or when the upper
ezgs perish and leave the lower ones sound—as is not unfrequently the
case—the exit is nevertheless easily made along the channel already
described (Fig. 4, ¢).”

When once the shell is ruptured the nascent larva soon succeeds, by
a series of undulating movements, in working free therefrom and making
its way to the light in the manner just described. Once on the surface
of the ground it rests for a few minutes, generally lying on the side.
Its members are still limp and directed backward, and it is yet enveloped

35 For fuller details respecting the mode of the escape of the nascent locust frcm the egg, the reader
is referred to Chapter 1X.

230 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

in avery delicate film or pellicle (amnion, see Chap. IX), which must be
cast off before the little creature can move with alacrity.

By continuance of similar contracting and expanding movements which
freed the animal from the earth, this film in a very short time splits
along the middle of the back near the head (strictly the prothorax), and
is then worked off behind, and finally kicked from the hind feet in
a little white crumpled pellet, that has justly been likened by some of
our correspondents to a diminutive mushroom. These little pellets in-
variably lie close around the hole in the ground from which the young
locusts issued. The pellicle begins to split, under ordinary conditions
of warmth, within a minute from the time the locust is fairly out of the
ground, and is shed in from one to five minutes, according to circum-
stances. Pale and colorless when first freed from this pellicle, the full-
born locust is nevertheless at once capable of considerable activity, and
in the course of an hour assumes its natural dark gray coloring. Mr.
Packard observed (Report to Dr. Hayden, 1877, p. 634) that specimens
which hatched at 11 a. m. began to turn dark at 3 p. m., thus showing
that the time may vary; but numerous close observations which we
have made on single individuals show that an hour seldom passes after
the amnion is thrown off before the gray color is acquired.

‘‘ From tbis account of the hatching process, we can readily under-
stand why the female in ovipositing prefers compact or hard soil to that
which is loose. The harder and less yielding the walls of the burrow,
the easier will the young locust crowd its way out.

‘¢ Though the covering which envelops the little animal when first it
issues from the egg is quite delicate, it nevertheless, in the struggles of
birth, undoubtedly affords much protection, and it is an interesting fact
that while, as we have just seen, it is shed within a few minutes of the
time when the animal reaches the free air, it is seldom shed if, from one
cause or other, there is failure to escape from the soil, even though the
young locust may be struggling for days to effect an escape.

‘¢ While yetenveloped in this pellicle, the animal possesses great forcin g
and pushing power, and if the soil be not too compact, will frequently
force a direct passage through the same to the surface, as indicated at the
dotted lines, Fig.4e. Butif the soil is at all compressed it can make
little or no headway, except i: hrough the appropriate channel (d). While
crowding its way out the antenne and four front legs are held in much
the same position as within the egg, the hind legs being generally
stretched. Eut the members bend in every conceivable way, and where
several are endeavoring to work through any particular passage, the
amount of squeezing and crowding they will endure is something re-
markable. Yet if by chance the protecting pellicle is worked off before
issuing from the ground, the animal loses all power of further forcing
its way out. The instinctive tendency to push upward is also remark-
able. In glass tubes, in which I have had the eggs hatching in order
to watch the young, these last would always turn their heads and push

i
;

CONDITION OF SOIL MOST FAVORABLE TO HATCHING. 231

toward the bottom whenever the tubes were turned mouth downward ;
while in tin boxes, where the eggs were placed at different depths in
the ground, the young never descended, even when they were unable
to ascend on account of the compactness of the soil above.”

WIIERE AND UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS OF SOIL THE YOUNG HATCH
MOST FREELY.

As may be gathered from a series of experiments recorded in Chapter
XIII, the eggs will hatch under the most varied conditions. As a rule,
the soils and locations preferred by the female in ovipositing will be
those in which the young will most freely hatch, viz, compact and sandy
or gravelly knolls and hillsides, with a south or southeast exposure.

The experience ot 1877 (App. 18) shows also that hatching takes place
very freely in late-mown meadows or prairies, or grazed pastures, where
the exposure of the ground permits ready oviposition, and the warmth
of the sun. In dry, well-drained, and compact soils of a light nature
the eggs are much better preserved than in heavy clays and loams,
where they are more subject to mold and rot. The experience of 1877:
is rather misleading on this point, and indicates the necessity of gener-
alizing, not from the experience of one, but of many years. The insects
were most numerous, and seemed to hatch most numerously in the low
lands and in sheltered situations along river-courses. The facts are that
in such situations those which did hatch survived in larger proportions
than did those which hatched in more exposed places, because the former
were better protected from the cold rains and storms of spring.

TIME OF HATCHING.

Here, again, we cannot take the experience of any one year as a guide,
but find the necessity of generalizing from all past experience. In much
of the locust area there prevailed such late warm weather in the autumn
of 1876 that considerable numbers of the young hatched prematurely,
and such is very generally the case. We had aiso some unseasonably
warm weather in January and February, 1877, during which large num-
bers hatched. These all subsequently perished. During the latter part
of March and early in April the hatching was general, but there
followed a period of cold, rainy weather, which checked the hatching
and destroyed a large number of the insects that had hatched. May
and June were characterized by abundant rains and storms, alternating
with warm, sunny weather, causing the hatching to Le irregular, and in
some gases quite retarded. It would not be incorrect, therefore, to say
(App. 18) that in one and the same neighborhood the hatching com-
menced on the Ist of February, and did not cease till the end of June,
thus covering a period of five months. Yet this is exceptional, and it
has been much more regular and the period more restricted in previous

years.
Those eggs which are laid earliest the previous year will also hatch

232 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

earliest (App. 1), and since, as we have already seen (ante p. 228) the egg-
Jaying covers an average period of six or cight weeks in the same locality,
and lasts generally till frost, it follows that the eggs pass the winter in
every state of development—some with the fluids elearand limpid; others
with the embryo fully formed and ready at the first approach of spring
to hatch. This we found also to be actually the case, for many hun-
dreds of egg-masses examined during the winter of 1876—77, from divers
parts of the infested region, showed every state of development.

In the same locality hatching wiil take place—ccteris paribus—first
on light dry soils and on south and southeast exposures; latest on low,
moist, and shaded or tenacious ground.

We see, therefore, that the hatching will not alone vary according to
temperature and the earliness or lateness of the spring, but that it is
quite variable under the same conditions. In every instance there will
be a few hatching when the first hatched in the same locality are getting
wings, and we give it as a general rule that the bulk of the eggs hatch
out in the different latitudes about as follows :

In Texas, from the middle to the last of March.

In the southern portions of Missouri and Kansas, about the second
week in April.

In the northern parts of Missouri and Kansas and the southern sec-
tions of lowa and Nebraska, the latter part of April and first of May.

In Minnesota and Dakota, the usual time of hatching ranges from
early in May in the southern portions to the third week in the northern
extremity.

: In Montana and Manitoba, from the middle of May to the first of
une.

In short, the bulk of the insects hatch in ordinary seasons about the
middle of March in latitude 35°, and continue to hatch most numer-
ously about four days later with each degree of latitude north, until
along the forty-ninth parallel the same scenes are repeated that occurred
in Southern Texas seven or eight weeks before.

From a number of experiments which we have made on the eggs we
conclude that, with a constant temperature of 85° F., with favorable
conditions of soil, the eggs will hatch in from four to five weeks after
they are laid, and in a temperature of 75° I’. in about six weeks. Mr.
Riley has had the eggs of Caloptenus atlanis (laid in July) hatched in.
from three to four weeks ; those of £ragocephala viridifasciata (laid in
June) in three weeks ; and those of Acridium Americanwm (laid in July)
in rather more than a month.

HABITS OF THE YOUNG OR UNFLEDGED LOCUSTS IN THE TEMPORARY
REGION.

‘¢ The habits of the young insects as they occur in the temporary region,
and particularly in the country south of the forty-fourth parallel and
east of the one hundredth meridian, are as follows: Although possessed —

| HABITS OF YOUNG LOCUSTS IN TEMPORARY REGION. 233

of remarkably active powers from the moment they leave the egg, yet
so long as provision suffices for them on their hatching-grounds the
young remain almost stationary and create but little apprehension. As
soon, however, as the supply of food in these situations is exhausted,
they commence to migrate, frequently in a body a mile wide, devouring,
| as they advance, all the grass, grain, and garden-truck in their path.
The migrating propensity is not developed until after the first molt, and
_ often not till after the second cr third. Up to that time they are con-
_ tent to huddle in warm places, and live, for the most part, on weeds, and
especially on the common Dog-fennel or May-weed (Maruta) where it is
| present.

‘‘The young locusts display gregarious instincts from the start, and
congregate in immense numbers in warm and sunny places. They thus
often blacken the sides of houses or the sides of hills. They remain
thus huddled together during cold, damp weather. When not traveling,

_ and when food is abundant, or during bad, rainy weather, they are fond
of congregating on fences, buildings, trees, or anything removed from
the moist ground. They also prefer to get into such positions to un-
| dergo their different molts. In fields they collect at night or during
. cold, damp weather, under any rubbish that may be at hand, and may
_ be patined under straw, hay, &c., scattered on the ground. Old prairie-
_ grass affords good shelter and where a wheat-field is surrounded with
_ unburned prairie, they will gather for shelter along the borders of this
last.”

It is more particularly while they are yet small, or in what are de-
scribed in Chapter X as the first, second, and third stages, that the young
locusts hide at night, and, Fane fia reall weather, at day also. In

windy weather they are fond of gathering and secreting under any shel-
ter, or in crevices and inequalities of the soil. At such times farmers too
often conclude that the pests have perished and vanished; but a few
hours of pleasant, sunny weather will bring the insects to sight again
and dispel the delusion. When very vigorous and numerous they grad-
. ually move across a field of small grain and cut it off clean to the ground
as they go, appearing to constantly feed. But when diseased or sickly,,
- as in 1877, they gather in bare and sunny spots and huddle and bask
' without feeding. The very cold, wet weather that is prejudicial to them
is beneficial to the grain, and under such circumstances it generally
grows so rank and rapidly that they make little impression upon it.

| It is when they are abundant and vigorous enough to bare the ground
| of vegetation, and this principally after they are half-grown, that the
habit of migrating in large bodies is developed. In 1877 scarcely any
| disposition to migrate was shown, and this was in strong contrast with
/ what occurred in 1875. In a year like this last, when they are vigorous
-and abundant, their power for injury increases with their growth. “At
first devouring the vegetation in particular fields and patches in the
vicivity of their birthplaces, they gradually widen the area of their

234 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

devastation, until at last, if very numerous, they devour every green
thing over extensive districts. Whenever they have thus devasted a
country they are forced to feed upon one another, and perish in immense |
numbers from debility and starvation. Whenever timber is accessible |
they collect in it, and after cleaning out the underbrush, feed upon the }|
dead leaves and bark. A few succeed in climbing up into the rougher- |
barked trees, where they feed upon the foliage, and it is amusing to see |
with what avidity the famished individuals below scramble for any
fallen leaf that the more fortunate mounted ones may chance to sever.
This increase in destructiveness continues until the bulk of the locusts
have undergone their larval molts and attained the pupa state. The |
pupa, being brighter colored, with more orange than the larva, the insects
now look, as they congregate, like swarms of bees. Irom this time on }
they begin to decrease in numbers, though retaining their ravenous |
propensities. They die rapidly from disease and from the attacks of |
natural enemies, while a large number fall a prey, while in the heipless
condition of molting, to the cannibalistic proclivities of their own kind. |
Those that acquire wings rise in the air during the warmer parts of the
day, and wend their way as far as the wind will permit toward their
native home in the Northwest. They mostly carry with them the germs
of disease or are parasitized, and wherever they settle do comparatively
little damage.” ;

DIRECTIONS IN WHICH THE YOUNG LOCUSTS TRAVEL.

The young insects when migrating move, asa rule, during the warmer
hours of the day only, feeding, if hungry, by the way, but generally
marching in a given direction until toward evening. They travel in
schools or armies, to no particular or constant point of the compass, but
purely in search of food—the same school one day often pursuing a dif-
ferent course from that pursued the day previous. On this point the
experience of 1875 as well as of 1877 is conclusive, though the bulk of the
testimony as to their actions, when hatching out in the more northern
States, is to the effect that the prevailing direction taken is south or
southeast, while in Southern Texas it is just opposite, or north. A per-
son traveling along a road may often see one army marching in one
direction to the left and another in the opposite direction to the right,
and we have repeatedly had such an experience.

If, from any reason whatsoever, the vanguard of a column changes
its course, the changed direction is in some way communicated in wave-
like form to those in the rear. Usually, the front of a column is not
easily diverted, however, but will pass through such obstacles as open
fences rather than change course. Sometimes two schools going in dif-
ferent directions will cross each other, the individuals of either keeping
to their particular course and presenting a singular.spectacle as they
hop past one another.

It is recorded in Europe that few things, not even water, stop the

RATE AT WHICH YOUNG LOCUSTS TRAVEL. 235

armies of the young locusts when on the march, and Dongingk relates
having seen them swim over the Dnjestr for a stretch of 14 German
miles, and in layers 7 or 8 inches thick.°° We have had similar experi-
ence with our own species. In 1875, near Lane, Kans., they crossed the
Potawotomie Creek, which is about four rods wide, by millions; while
the Big and Little Blues, tributaries of the Missouri, near Independence,
the one about 100 feet wide at its mouth, and the other not so wide,
were crossed at numerous places by the moving armies, which would
march down to the water’s edge and commence jumping in, one upon
another, till they would ponton the stream, so as to effect a crossing.
Two of these mighty armies also met, one moving east and the other
west, on the river-bluff, in the same locality, and each turning their
course north and down the bluff, and coming to a pernendicular ledge
of rock 25 or 30 feet high, passed over in a sheet apparently 6 or 7
inches thick, and causing a roaring noise similar to a cataract of water.
(Riley’s Kighth Report, p. 118.)

The experience of correspondents as to the movements of the young
(App. 15) is very conflicting, as it naturally would be from what
we have already said. One man will notice the insects moving with
the wind, and conclude that it is the rule for them to do so; another,
against the wind, and draw an opposite conclusion.

RATE AT WUICH THE YOUNG TRAVEL.

‘When about half-grown they seldom move at a greater rate than
three yards a minute, even when at their greatest speed over a tolera-
bly smooth and level road, and not halting to feed. They walk three-
fourths this sistance and hop the rest. Two consecutive hops are sel-
dom taken, and any individual one may be run down and fatigued by
obliging it to hop ten or twelve times without a rest.”

According to Sydow, the young of the European migratoria travel,
when at their most rapid gait, a German mile in four hours. Even tak-
ing the shortest German mile, or nearly four English miles, we very
much doubt the accuracy of this statement, for though the migratoria
is a larger species than spretus, we cannot believe that it travels nearly
ten times as fast, and we have again and again timed our own spccies.

THEY REACH, IN THE TEMPORARY REGION, BUT A FEW MILES EAST
OF WHERE THEY HATCH.

“At the rate at which they travel, as just described, they could not
extend many miles, even if they continued to travel in one direction
from the time of batching until maturity. ‘They travel, on an average,
not more than 6 hours per day; and their unfledged existence termi-
nates in from 6 to 8,say 7 weeks. Itis very easy to calculate from these
facts that if they continued in one direction from the time they hatch
until they acquire wings, they could not extend 30 miles. In reality, .

36 Koppen loc. cit., p. 43.

236 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

however, they do not travel every day; and where food is abundant
they scarcely travel at all.”

Moreover, as we have just shown, the migratory propensity is seldom
manifested during the first or second larval stages, and if is, in fact,
largely dependent on conditions of health and vigor of the insects, and
on the amount of food supply. We have learned of no cases where the
young have extended, during growth, ten miles east of the hatching
limit.

As we shall presently show—and the fact is more fully brought out
in Chapter VI—the insects, when they get wings in the Temporary re-
gion, especially in early summer, instinctively fly to the north or north-
west, and do not extend to do damage farther east. Those, also, which
acquire wings later in the sammer in more northerly regions, and which
fly more to the south, never extend any great distance east of where
they hatch; those developing on the eastern confines of the species’
range (Map I), passing southwestwardly, and those born toward the
mountains southeastwardly. In 1875, afew stragglers were carried as
far as the center of Missouri by being swept into the Missouri River,
and drifting on logs and chips during the annual rise in July. But
whenever scattering individuals are carried in this or any other way
beyond the eastern limits we have laid down, they soon perish. Most
of them are diseased or disabled, and if they lay eggs, these hatch in the
autumn and perish at the approach of winter.

,» NOT LED BY “KINGS” OR ‘ QUEENS.”

‘¢The idea that the young locusts are led in their marches by so-called
ckings’ or ‘queens’ has been at different times very prevelent. It is,
however, quite unfounded. Certain large locusts, belonging to the
genera Acridium and Qidipoda, hibernate in the full-grown, winged
state, and not in the egg state, like the Rocky Mountain species. Always
with us, their presence is Simply more manifest in the spring, when the
face of the earth is bare. Hopping with the others or falling into ditches
with them, they give rise to this false notion, and it is an interesting
fact, as showing how the same circumstances at times give rise to sim-
ilar erroneous ideas in widely separate parts of the world, that the same
idea prevails in parts of Europe and Asia.

Fic. 6.—AMERICAN ACRIDIUM. (After Riley.)

ish line along the middle of

color being dark brown,

TIME WHEN WINGS ARE ACQUIRED. 237

‘‘The two species which are most often thus found with the young

locusts, and supposed from their size and conspicuousness to be guides,

are the American Acridium (Acridium Americanum Drury, Fig. 6),
and the Coral-winged Lo-
cust( Gidipoda phenicoptera
Germ., Fig.7). The former
is our largest and most ele-
gant locust, the prevailing

with a broad, pale-yellow-

Fic. 7.—CORAL-WINGED Locust. (Aitter Riley.)

the back when the wings

-areclosed. Therest of the body is marked with deep brown, verging to

]

black, with pale reddish-brown, and with whitish or greenish yellow;

‘the front wings being prettily mottled, the hind wings very faintly

greenish, with brown veins, and the hind shanks generally coral-red with
black-tipped, white spines. The species is quite variable in color, size,
and marks, and several of the varieties have been described as distinct
species. The coral-winged locust is also an elegant species, the colors
being brown-black, brick-yellow inclining to brown, and a still paler,
whitish gray; the hind wings varying from vermilion-red to pink, with
more or less yellowish-green, and with a broad external dusky border,
broadest and palest at tip. The hind shanks are yellow, with black-
tipped spines. This species is also quite variable.”

TIME OF YEAR WHEN WINGS ARE ACQUIRED.

The time elapsing befween birth and the acquirement of full wings
varies according to season and weather; cold, wet weather retarding, warm,
dry weather accelerating development. At Saint Louis, in an inclosure
outdoors, we have obtained the mature insect in 72 days from hatching,
and the first pupal or fourth stage in 29 days from hatching, indoors.
Mr. Whitman, from a single experiment made in 1877, found that ex-
actly 60 days elapsed from birth to maturity, in confinement. In South-
ern Texas, in 1877, the locusts began to fly by the middle of April; from
South Iowa northward, from the middle of May to the middle of July.
The average period, at Saint Louis, between hatching and maturity, of
C. femur-rubrum, we have found to be 70 days; of C. atlanis, 80 days;
of Acridium Americanum, 70 days. In 1875, when the hatching and de-
velopment of spretus were more regular and nermal than in 1877, the
interval was from 42 to 60 days, and we may put the average interval,
under favorable conditions, at 50 days. By adding these 50 days to
the time given (ante, p. —), when the bulk of the insects hatch in differ-
ent latitudes, we get the time of year when the great body of them will
acquire wings, and by allowing 5 days more for the migrating propensity
to become fully developed, we can calculate, within a few days, the time
when the winged insects will be most numerously leaving any part of

238 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the temporary region, viz, from the 5th to the 10th of May, in latitude
35°, and about 4 days later with each degree farther north.

DIRECTION TAKEN BY SWARMS DEPARTING FROM THE TEMPORARY
REGION.

While the swarms that invade the fertile parts of the West in late
summer and autumn move, as we have just seen (p. —), conspicuously
to the south and southeast, the departing swarms in early summer
from the temporary region move as conspicuously to the north and |
northwest. In short, as we have set forth in Chapter VII, there is a re-
turn migration toward the breeding-grounds of the immediate parents.

In the more western and northern parts of the locust region, east of
the mountains, as in Minnesota, Dakota, and Colorado, the direction of
the departing swarms will be less constant, and according as they de-
velop late, or are the progeny of swarms that came from other directions
than the northwest, they will either be carried by the wind or will in-
stinctively leave in other directions.

DESTINATION OF THE DEPARTING SWARMS.

What eventually becomes of the insects which thus wend their way
on the wing toward the northwest in early summer? Whither do they
go? These are questions constantly asked by people in the locust re-
gion. The history of the return flights of 1875 shows conclusively that
those insects which were healthy and vigorous enough to sustain long
flight, reached what we have termed the permanent breeding-grounds.
The records as givenin Mr. Riley’s Eighth Report clearly prove that they
reached into Northwest Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana, and the fol-
lowing passage from an article by Prof. G. M. Dawson in the Canadian
Naturalist, on the movements of locusts that year, gives the points
which they reached north of the boundary line:

Foreign swarms from the south crossed the 49th parallel with a wide front stretching
from the 98th to the 108th meridian, and are quite distinguishable from those pro-
duced in the country, from the fact that many of them arrived before the latter were
mature. These flights constituted the extreme northern part of the army returning
northward and northwestward from the States ravaged in the autumn of 1874. They
appeared at Fort Ellice on the 13th of June, and at Qu’Appelle Fort on the 17th of
the same month, favored much, no doubt, by the steady south and southeast winds,
which, according to the meteorological register at Winnipeg, prevailed on the 12th of
June and for about a week thereafter. After their first appearance, however, their sub-
sequent progress seems to have been comparatively slow, and their advancing border
very irregularin outline. They are said to have reached Swan Lake House—the most
northerly point to which they are known to have attained—abont July 10; while Fort
Pelly, farther west, and nearly a degree farther south, was reached July 20th, and
about seven days were occupied in the journey from there to Swau River Barracks, a
distance of only ten miles.

In 1877, as is shown in Chapter VII, the northward flight seems to
have been less persistent toward the boundary line, and while there is

RETURN SWARMS FEEBLE AND DISEASED. 239

reason to believe that some of the insects reached as far as the North
Saskatchewan, the movement was by no means so constant nor So gen-
eral as in 1875.7

The locusts which reach beyond the 50th parallel by the middle of
June must needs have developed many degrees south, and even were
there not actual observations to prove it, such facts strongly indicate
the destination of the swarms from the more southern country to be the
Northwest.

The insects which leave the Temporary region are always greatly in-
fested by parasites, and are constantly dropping and perishing on their
northward course, a fact established by our own personal observations as
well as by general experience. Many of them also perish, just as do
the young, from disease and the effects of storms. We may very
justly conclude, therefore, that a large proportion of the insects which
depart from the Temporary region perish on their way toward the native
breeding-grounds of the species, and that those which do not so perish
reach the high plains regions of the Northwest, whence their parents
had come the previous year. ‘ They are carried back with favoring
winds, in thinned and weakened ranks, and those that did not start
with the germs of disease, and which escape from other vicissitudes,
doubtless succeed in reaching those conditions which favor the contin-
ued perpetuation of the species. They do comparatively little harm on
the way, and are not, by any manner of means, to be likened to the
more disastrous swarms from the opposite direction in the fall.”

The return movement is mostly over the thinly-settled plains regions,
and the diseased and debilitated insects may drop and die by myriads
in such country without being observed, and we may rest assured that
this is one way in which they vanish; that this is, in fact, the destina-
tion of a very large proportion of the returning insects.

DO THE RETURN SWARMS BREED ?

It is quite important for us to know whether the insects that hatch in
the Temporary region continue to breed when they get to the Permanent
region; because, if the permanent breeding-grounds are recruited from
the insects which hatch and develop to the southeast, there is all the
greater incentive for our farmers to destroy the young insects. The
more effectually these are destroyed, the less frequent in this event will
be the invasions from the nosthwest. From the facts at hand there can
be no doubt that a portion of the returning locusts do thus breed, and
it is our opinion that the propagation of the species is the prime object
of the northward flights. It is doubtful, however, whether the issve

37 The Detroit Record published last falla statement made to Mr. W.J. Wheeler of that town. to the effect
|) that the ‘‘ Lake of the Woods” was * covered with dead grasshoppers, and all aleng the southeast shore
‘}) the dead ‘hoppers were over two feet thick.” There is nothing improbable in this report, which would
! indicate that the eastward wing of the northward flights largely perished in that way; but we have
4) been unable to get corroboration of the fact, and Mr. L R. Bentley, of Saint Frances, who was on the
‘l} Wood and Rainy Rivers from June, saw nothing of the sort.

240 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

survives to propagate when hatching out the same season, or whether
any but those which reach sufficiently northern latitudes to insure the
keeping of the eggs through the winter, are instrumental in perpetuating
the species.

Ina year like 1875, when vast and heavy swarms succeed in reaching
the Permanent region, they no doubt lay eggs, and their issue the follow-
ing year is very apt to invade the fertile country again, especially if, as
was the case in 1876, they are joined by others whose parents had
hatched the previous year in said Permanent region. In a year like
1877 (and that of 1867 was very similar), comparatively few of the de-
parting insects got back to breed, the great bulk of them perishing on
the way.

DO DEPARTING SWARMS FROM THE TEMPORARY REGION EVER RE-
TRACE THEIR COURSE?

This is a question more difficult to answer, but which must be an-
swered, from present knowledge, in the negative at least for those
which depart from south of the 42d parallel. A few scattering in-
dividuals were observed passing southward in Missouri, Kansas, and
Texas, in the autumn of 1875, and while their small size and dark color
indicated that they had not come from the far northwest, the lateness
of the season precluded their being the same individuals which in early
summer had flown from the same States. There are, in fact, good rea-
sons why all those which breed south of latitude 42° should not return
after once leaving the country in which they hatch?" Those of them
which do not perish will have laid their eggs before the winds set in to
the southeast, and should they return to oviposit where they developed
the eggs would prematurely hatch and the second generation of young
perish. This reasoning applies with less and less force as we go north
and west, or, in other words, as we approach the permanent region, and
the probability is that in what we have termed the Subpermanent region
many of the insects which depart toward the north, subsequently re-
trace their course. The records seem to indicate that such was the case
in 1877, and the autumn flights which we have reported (App. 12) were,
in all probability, composed of insects reared in said subpermanent
country; for they were neither as disastrous, as injurious, nor as fecund
as those which in previous years have come from the farther northwest.

THE SPECIES IS ESSENTIALLY SINGLE-BROODED.

Some writers, and notably Mr. G. M. Dodge, of Glencoe, Dodge
County, Nebraska, have strenuously advocated the belief that the Rocky
Mountain locust produces two generations annually, and as it is our
desire to get at the facts in such a case, since they have an important
bearing on the general problem, we present Mr. Dodge’s arguments as
the strongest that can be made in favor of such a view; for he has had

37a Mr. Thomas dissents from this conclusion, believing that swarms often retrace their course, even
when ceparting from §. of the 42d parallel.

THE SPECIES ESSENTIALLY SINGLE-BROODED. 241

much experience, and his opinion deserves consideration. The question
can also be best discussed in reply to Such an argument:

GLENCOE, DoDGE COUNTY, NEBRASKA,
October 18, 1877.

DEAR Sir: I have frequently taken occasion to express, through the medium of
various publications, my belief in the double-brooded character of the Rocky Mountain
locust, and during several years’ experience with this insect I have seen no good reason
for changing my opinion.

It is an undisputed fact that instinct in insects is chiefly displayed in providing for
the reproduction of the species. Why should this not be the case with our locust? It
is plain that the locust is guided by instinct in its migrations, from the following facts,
which I can substantiate by my own notes and those of other observers.

1. The migrating locust always leaves its breeding-grounds as soon as it has gained
sufficient strength to take long flights, providing it is not delayed by storms or con-
trary winds. That this movement is not made on account of hunger is shown by the
fact that it passes over large tracts of luxuriant vegetation without alighting, and when
obliged to stop for rest or food, immediately resumes its flight if wind and weather
continue favorable. An instance is seen in the conduct of those hatched in Missouri
in 1875, which flew away to the northwest, leaving almost untouched the growing
crops of the border States. .

2. They fly north in the first part of the season, and south in the latter part, and no
amount of adverse weather can turn them back on their course.

When flying north they go indifferently with a southeast or southwest wind, and
vice versa when flying south; but a head wind always brings them down, and however
g7eat their apparent anxiety to move on, they invariably wait for a wind that will
bear them upon the same general course that they first took. A distinction must here
be made between their flight wben migrating and their movements in search of food.
During the latter, they fly near the ground to any point of the compass, frequently making
a simultaneous movement over large areas. But this is not migrating, although it un-
coubtedly occasions many of the conflicting reports that annually appear in regard to
their course of travel. The habit of waiting for a favorable wind must have been
observed by all who have seen the locust on its travels, and it shows that its course of
migration is governed by fixed rules, wholly independent of the prevailing winds, ex-
cept as they may serve to bear it toward the desired point. .

Taking any given year, I find that winged locusts begin to arrive here in May (in one
instance as early as May 12) and continue to pass over from the south until the middle
or latter part of July. They begin arriving from the north sometimes as early as July
1, and continue to fly over at intervals until late in autumn.

In 1873, one of these southern swarms, being compelled to alight here by rainy
weather in May, deposited many eggs, which hatched in June of the same season. The
young became full-fledged and flew south about the middle of August. It is evident
that the parent swarm was hatched that spring in the north; and the fact that a see-
ond brood was produced from their eggs that season shows that the species is double-
brooded under favorable conditions. Such conditicns are obtained by the habit of
migrating from a southern to a northern climate.

If the swarm that halted here had continued its flight with favorable weather hun-
dreds of miles farther north, the second brood would have been produced just the same.

Every year, as all observers know, immense swarms go north in the spring, and I do
not doubt that their progeny, reared upon the tender pasturage of the north, constitute
the swarms that annually move south in the late summer and fall.

Probably the annual migratory movements are performed upon the plains with more
regularity than in the Mississippi Valley, where storms and changeable winds serve to
impede their progress. It may not be possible for this species to invariably mature two
broods in one season, and in that case nature may have provided for the preservation

16 G

242 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

of the eggs over winter. Many insects that are double-brooded in the south are single-
brooded farther north. But I regard the attempt to produce a second brood as the
only motive for locust migrations.

If I am correct, there is nothing easier, as I have frequently suggested, than to pre-
dict the course of these migrations and, by means of signal-stations, to advise the
farming community, months beforehand, of the direction from which swarms may be
expected to come and the time of year when such flights will occur.

Thanking you for your courtesy in offering me this opportunity of bringing my views
before the public in a permannet form, I remain,

Yours, very truly,
G. M. DODGE.
Prof. C. V. RILEY.

We concur with all that Mr. Dodge says regarding the migratory
movements, but the force of the argument in favor of double-brooded-
ness depends on the facts stated regarding the occurrences in 1873.
Knowing that the evidence is overwhelmingly in favor of normal single-
broodedness, but feeling that the rule did not preclude exceptions, we
appealed to Mr. Dodge for reasons for the confident statement that the
young which hatched in June, 1873, were from the eggs laid in May,
and not from eggs laid the previous autumn, since hatching, in that lati-
tude, from eggs laid the previous fall, is often delayed from one cause
and another till into June. Mr. Dodge replied that he did not make the
observations himself, not having moved to Nebraska till August of that
year, but that he was in correspondence at the time with an intelligent
person, from whom he obtained the information. We have, therefore, no
absolute and positive evidence that the young locusts observed in June
were from the eggs laid in May. Supposing, however, that they were,
there is still no evidence that the second generation became fledged
and flew south in August, because the winged insect which Mr. Dodge
found there when he arrived may have come from some other source,
since, as will be seen in Chapter II, there was a pretty general invasion
from the northwest in the autumn of that yearover parts of Colorado,
Wyoming, Dakota, Nebraska, and Iowa.*

That a second generation may exceptionally be produced the same
season in the Subpermanent region from eggs laid by insects that de-
veloped farther south, we have no doubt whatever; for we found a small
proportion of the return insects that were flying over Nebo, Nebr., on
the 23d of June, last year, to contain well-developed eggs; and, aside
from Mr. Dodge’s conclusions, Mr. Whitman informs us that in a letter
received from Mr. W. H. Woods, of O’Brien, O’Brien County, Iowa, the
locusts are reported to have come there, in 1873, in comparatively few
numbers from the south and southwest. They came June 4, and depos-

38 An additional fact may be recorded Heres In the fall of 1873, after the insects had passed from the
north over half of Emmett County, Iowa, Mr. E. B. Soper, of Easterville, writes: ‘'The wind changed

and blew for six days from the south. The insects refusing to be carried back, kept to the ground and
laid many eggs.”

Te

\

REASONS WHY THE SPECIES IS SINGLE-BROODED. 243

ited eggs and left June 7. On July 8, the young hatched and were
thick, but they did but little damage, and soon left, no one knew whither. We
have a similar statement from Professor Aughey. In 1865, the insects

_ which hatched in Dakota County, Northeastern Nebraska, did not leave.

They laid eggs which hatched the same season, and the young all per-
ished.
We have also most conclusive evidence from Mr. Ii. B. Soper, of

| Esterville, Emmett County, Iowa, of the second brood in 1873 coming

to naught. His account, as that of a resident, has weight, and accords
with history. He writes us that the locusts came from the southwest
in June, about the 23d; they did much damage; laid in July, scattered
and passed on, some, however, remaining. Many of the young hatched
through the autumn and perished, but the bulk of them did not hatch
till the spring of 1874, from the last of April to the middle of May,
when the greatest damage was done. Mr. G. F. Blanchard, of Fremont,

| Nebr., (App. 8), also records the insects that came there from Texas in

June, 1873, as laying eggs. The eggs hatched, but no further account
is given of the young.
While, therefore, we admit the possibility of a second generation, we

| believe that it is exceptional, and that the insects composing such sec-

_ ond generation seldom, if ever, attain maturity or perpetuate their kind.
_ That the species is essentially single-brooded, will appear from the fol-
_ lowing generalizations:

1st. It is sub-boreal in range and comes to perfection only where the

_ winters are long and severe and the summers short.

2d. In years of disastrous invasion from the northwest, in late summer
and autumn, the insects have not prevailed to the south during the

| spring.

3d. In years when the insects hatch and prevail in the Temporary
region, the exodus therefrom in early summer is virtually complete, and
there are no disastrous incoming swarms into the same region later in
the season.

4th. Where the species has been observed to breed, as in Minnesota
and northerly regions, for two or three consecutive years, but one annual
generation is produced.

5th. The insects which reach Manitoba in June and July from the

» south lay, but the bulk of the eggs remain unhatched till the following
_ spring. The same holds true in Minnesota, for the records show that

the eggs laid in June and July, 1873, mostly remained unhatched till

| 1874.

Single-broodedness is, then, the rule. Like all rules, it has its excep-

tions. Many insects that are monogoneutic in northerly latitudes
|: become digoneutic farther south ; yet most of the locusts that we haye
: studied, are monogoneutic even in the latitude of Saint Louis. Calop-
) tenus atlanis, the nearest allied to spretus, is one of the exceptions, for
| we have proved it to be double-brooded. This fact indicates that if

244 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

spretus could establish itself under similar climatic influences, it would
also be digoneutic, and the premature hatching of its eggs in autumn,
when laid in southerly regions, is nothing but a step toward digoneu-
tism. But the record shows that it cannot so establish itself, and that
it can breed permannetly under those conditions only which induce
single-broodedness.

THE SPECIES CANNOT PERMANENTLY DWELL IN THE TEMPORARY
REGION.

Intimately connected with the question we have just considered, is
the consideration of the present statement. That the disastrous inva-
sions into the Mississippi Valley, like those of 1866, 1874, and 1876,
have their source in what we designate as the Permanent region, is

abundantly proven from what has preceded in Chapters Il and V. Itis |
matter of common observation that the insects that participate in such |

invasions are longer-winged and paler than those which develop in the

Temporary region, and this fact accords with the records, in placing |

their origin in the high dry plains regions of the Northwest; for natu-
ralists find it to be a very general rule that paleness of color and increase
of size and of wing-power are characteristic of animals inhabiting the
said region.

The comparatively sudden change from the attenuated and dry at-
mosphere of the elevated plains and plateaus which constitute the Per-
manent region to the more humid and low prairie region of the Missis-
sippi Valley proper, is injurious to the species, though its conse-
quences are not manifest with the invading insects, except, perhaps, in
limiting their eastward progress. The first generation, however,
hatched in the low, alluvial country, is more or less unhealthy, and the
insects do not breed here, but quit the country and get back, as far as
they are able, to more congenial breeding-grounds. If the weather be
particularly wet and cold they perish in immense numbers, and thereis
every reason to believe that even the bulk of those which attain maturity
are intestate and perish without procreating, because the large major-
ity of those which drop on the return to the Northwest contain no eggs.
In the Subpermanent region, or as we go west and northwest, the spe-
cies propagates, and becomes localized more and more until we reach the
country where it is always found. Nothing is more certain than that the
species is not autochthonous in Texas, West Arkansas, Indian Terri-
tory, West Missouri, Kansas, Western Iowa, Nebraska, or even Minne-
sota; and whenever it overruns any of those States, it sooner or later
abandons them. “

‘We may perhaps find, in addition to the comparatively sudden
change from an attenuated and dry to a more dense and humid atmos-
phere, another tangible barrier tothe insect’s permanent multiplication in
the more fertile country to the southeast, in the lengthened summer sea-
son. .As with annual plants, so with insects (like this locust) which pro-

DEGENERATION OF THE SPECIES IN TEMPORARY REGION. 245

duce but one generation annually and whose active existence is bounded
by the spring and autumn frosts, the duration of active life is propor-
tioned to the length of the growing season.”

Hatching late and coming to maturity in July and August, in its na-
tive haunts, the species, when born in the southeast country, is in the
condition. of a subalpine or boreal annual plant grown in a southern cli-
mate. Such a plant will rarely hold its own in the changed climate.
If it lives at all, it grows more rankly, blossoms prematurely, and
deteriorates. For want of the proper ripening influence of autumn,
the seeds either fail to mature, or, if they mature, they germinate out
of season, and the plant perishes in the second generation. Our locust
must and does deteriorate under the same circumstances, and the
power of migrating back to a congenial climate alone saves it from per-
ishing.

Had the insects which hatched in Texas, Missouri, Kansas, &c., in
1875 or 1877 remained there to propagate, their eggs would all have
prematurely hatched the same season: the young would have been still
more feeble than their parents which hatched in spring, and would
most of them have perished before they had had time to procreate and
provide for the continuance of the species. It has often occurred to us
that the species might, in the Temporary region, become profoundly
modified in the course of two or three generations in the direction of
atlanis ; and that in this way and through miscegenation with allied
indigenous species its extinction from said region might to some extent
be accounted for; but the evidence is against this supposition, and
such influences play a very unimportant part, if any, and should not be
considered factors in the problem. All that can leave do so, and those
which do not, eventually perish. The fact of deterioration, debility,
and disease in our Rocky Mountain locust when in the southeast
country is very generally recognized by farmers, while all close ob-
servers recognize it. The following opinions of well-known naturalists
in the locust region may go on record in this connection:

Mr. Riley is of the opinion that the grasshoppers run out in a few generations after
they leave their native sandy and gravelly soil. My experiments, so far as they go,
verify that opinion. For several years I have caught grasshoppers during early sum-
mer that came fresh from the direction of the mountains, and by attaching their legs
with fine silk threads to a small spring-balance, found that their physical strength was
twenty-five to fifty per cent. greater than that of grasshoppers treated the same way
that were hatched in Nebraska or in States farther eastward or northward. The same
result was reached by caging them and ascertaining how long they would live without
food and also by vivisection. In some places, also, the eggs that were laid in different
years since 1864 did not hatch out. The changes from extreme wet to dry and from
cold to hot weather, or some other unknown causes, seem to sap their constitutional
vigor. Were it not for this, long ere now these grasshoppers would, from their enor-
mous numbers, have desolated the whole country as far east as the Atlantic.—(Prof.
‘Samuel Aughey, of the University of Nebraska, in the Lincoln (Nebr.) Journal.)

I have observed hundreds of winged locusts fall to the ground during flight, either
already dead or soon dying. These, upon examination, have generally proved to con-

246 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

tain no parasites, and I judge that their death was in consequence of impaired strength,
this second generation, raised in an unnatural climate, not equaling in vitality the first
generation, and succumbing to the fatigue consequent upon extended flight.—(Prof. F.
H. Snow, of Kansas State University, in Observer of Nature.)

Anxious not to let the occasion pass without fuliy testing the ability
of the species to sustain itself and multiply in the Lower Mississippi
Valley country, we made experiments the past summer both at Saint
Louis, Mo., and Carbondale, Ill. At the former station, aside from the
indoor experiments alluded to in discussing the breeding habits of the
Species, and in which we hatched many thousands of eggs from Kansas,
and vainly endeavored to bring the insects to maturity in spacious
vivaria, we also conducted an extensive experiment in the openair. We
built a tight inclosure, 12 by 12 feet square and 34 feet high, and so lined
with sloping zine around the edges that no unfledged locust could escape.
There was plenty of grass and weeds in the inclosure, and we hatched
therein many thousands of young spreti. The inclosure was watched
carefully. Most of the insects died in the second and third stages, and
one solitary female, small, feeble, and with colorless hind thighs, acquired

full wings, but died soon after being brought indoors. At Carbondale ©

the experiment, in cages, and with eggs from Minnesota, was more suc- |

cessful. A number of the specimens became winged, and some lived till
the latter part of September, but laid no eggs.

~

DO THE INSECTS WHICH HATCH IN THE TEMPORARY REGION EVER |

REMAIN, AND, IF SO, DO THEY LAY EGGS?

The exodus of the winged insects from those portions of the Tempo-
rary region so sorely ravaged in the spring of 1875 was so complete,
that by August, with scarcely an exception, none were to be found
south of the 42d parallel. Those which remained were loaded with

parasites and soon died. The question whether any of the insects re- |

main in the country indicated, and whether, if so, they lay eggs, is interest-

ing and important. With a view of getting at the facts for 1877, as_

well as of forming a correct judgment of the prospects for 1878, Mr.
Riley sent out the following circular question to his correspondents:

Did any of the locusts remain in your locality after the departure of those which
hatehed and developed with you; and, if so, were any of them noticed to lay eggs?

The replies to this question (App. 14) indicate how very generally the
insects left, and how those which failed to do so died from disease and
parasites, and laid no eggs. Mr. G. F. Gaumer writes (December 15,
1877) from Lawrence, Kans., as follows: |

Early in August I made a trip through the southern counties, via Fort Scott, to Inde-

pendence, stopping at several points on the route, and returned over the Leavenworth, |

Lawrence and Galveston Railroad to Lawrence.

|

|

Although I repeatedly sought for C. spretus, yet I failed to discover any. Not even | T

a diseased or disabled individual was found. Since that time I have received many |

boxes of specimens from regions where spretus hatched in abundance, but in no
instance have they ever contained specimens of that insect.
2

fh

Te

EGGS NOT THICKLY LAID FOR TWO CONSECUTIVE YEARS. 247

My correspondents in various portions of the State are generally agreed that no mi-
gratory locusts remained over the summer. The few who have reported otherwise
| mistook native species for the true insect.

Mr. Riley went south to Dallas, Tex., and west to Manhattan, Kans.,

‘latein the autumn, with a view of making especial observations on this
point, and failed to find any specimens of the Rocky Mountain locust
‘remaining, though the Red-legged and Lesser locusts were sufficiently —
common; the last species quite so in parts of Kansas, and ovipositing.
The experience of 1877 corresponds, therefore, with that of 1875, and
‘we may safely conclude that, with scarcely an exception, the insects
‘which hatch in the Temporary region south of the 42d parallel do not
iremain to lay eggs. So general is the rule, that where the insects are
|reported as remaining to lay, it may be assumed as highly probable that
ithe Lesser locust has been mistaken for its large congener. The rule
| holds less true north of the line indicated.

|} EXTENSIVE AND THICK EGG-LAYING SELDOM OCCURS TWICE CONSEC-
UTIVELY IN THE SAME LOCALITY.

The history of the Rocky Mountain locust indicates that in the Tem-
porary region its eggs are never laid thickly and extensively in the
same locality for two consecutive years. Exceptionally, in restricted
locations, eggs may thus be laid for two years consecutively, but the
second laying is more apt to come to naught, and the issue from it to
perish. This rule will hold less true in the Subpermanent region, and
probably will not apply at all to the species in its permanent confines,
though even there, wherever eggs are so thickly laid that the resulting
insects devour all the vegetation where they are born, these must of
necessity migrate to procreate.

We shall propound this rule and the probable explanation of it very
much in the language in which it was first stated by Mr. Riley before
the National Agricultural Congress at its Chicago meeting last autumn:

In mapping out the country in Kansas and Missouri in which eggs
had been laid most thickly in 1876, we were struck with the fact that
the very counties in which the young insects had been most numerous
and disastrous in 1875 were passed by or avoided, and had no eggs of
any consequence laid in them in 1876. The fact was all the more obvi-
ous because the insects did much damage to Fall-wheat, and laid eggs
all around those counties to the north and south and west. From the
exhaustive report on the insect in Minnesota, made by Mr. Allen Whit-
man, it was also very obvious that those portions of that State which
had been most thickly supplied-with eggs in 1875, and most injured by
the young insects in 1876, were the freest from eggs laid by the late
swarms of the latter year, notwithstanding counties all around them
were thickly supplied. We were at first inclined to look upon these
facts as singular coincidences only ; but instances have multiplied. A
remarkable one has been furnished by Governor A. Morris, of the North-

248 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

west Territory. In 1875 the locusts hatched out in immense numbers,
and utterly destroyed the crops in the province of Manitoba. Now, in
1876, they were very numerous over all the third prairie steppe of British

America, and largely went to make up the autumn swarms that came

into our own country that year. Governor Morris started late in July
of 1876 from Winnipeg northwest to make a treaty with certain Indians,
and during the first five or six days of August he encountered innumer-
able locust swarms all the way from the forks of the two main trails to
Fort Ellice. The wind was blowing strong from the west all the time—
just the very direction to carry the insects straight over into Manitoba.
The governor watched their movements with the greatest anxiety, fear-
ing that the Province would again be devastated as it had been the
previous year. Yet, during all the time he was passing through the
immense swarms, they bore doggedly to the south and southeast, either
tacking against the wind or keeping to the ground when unable to do
so. Nothing was more remarkable than the manner in which they per-
sisted in refusing to be carried into Manitoba. A few were blown over,
but did not alight, and the Province seemed miraculously delivered.
Mr. Whitman tells us, again, that in settling in 1877 the insects avoided
those counties in Minnesota in which they had hatched most numerously
and done greatest injury, but selected such as had not suffered for some
years past.

We are inclined to believe that there is more than mere coincidence
in these occurrences, and will venture to offer what appears to us a
plausible explanation of them. In treating of the natural enemies of
this locust, we shall presently show that the matnre insects are seriously
affected by a little six-legged mite, and that the eggs are preyed upon
by another and larger eight-legged mite. We have long believed that
' the former was the young of the latter; but only the present year, by
breeding hundreds from the egg to the mature condition, and studying
these mites in all their transformations, have we been able to demon-
strate the fact. (See Chap. XI.)

The life-history of this little animal, differing so much in its infancy
and maturity that naturalists have classed it in two distinct genera, has
much belonging to it of purely scientific interest; but how much more
interesting does it now become to our Western farmers! Every careful
observer knows how generally the locusts, whenever they abound un-
precedentedly, are infested with and debilitated by the little red mites
under the wings. Let us imagine those mites dropping by dozens from
every locust throughout a given region that is being ravaged, each mite
lying in wait to presently pounce, in altered form, upon any locust eggs
that it can find; and we cease to wonder that Caloptenus spretus quits
such a country whenever its wings have become strong enough to enable
it to do so, or that flying swarms avoid such localities in descending to
oviposit. We may wonder at the instinct that guides them, but no

more than we must ever wonder at the many to us equally incompre-

NO EGGS LAID IN THOROUGHLY DEVASTATED REGIONS. 249

hensible instincts which guide most animals in the preservation and
perpetuation of their species. Why, one single leaf like this from the
book of Nature throws a flood of light on the habit which the locusts
display of roosting above ground, and of many of their other doings ;
and that book is full of just such lessons to those who carefully and
intelligently turn and scan its pages.

What is true of the Locust -mite and its influence on the movements
and doings of the locust is true, though ina less and varying degree,
of the other insect enemies mentioned in Chapter X1, for wherever the
locust unduly abounds, there its natural enemies also riot in plenty and
rapidly multiply.

_As the rule we have thus stated is a most encouraging one for the
farmers of the Border States, if it can be established, we have endeav-
ored to get the general experience by requesting replies to the question:
‘¢Have you ever known the eggs of this Rocky Mountain Locust to be
thickly laid for two consecutive years in the same ground or in the
same locality ?”

The replies to this question, which we have brought together (App.
23), bear out the general statement, for the large majority of the answers
are in the negative, and some of the correspondents have lived in the
West for 20 and 25 years. No attempt was made to get numerous re-
plies from Colorado and Minnesota, or from the Northwest, because it
is well known that the eggs are often laid there for consecutive years.
It is equally true, however, that in those sections where the insect may
prevail and hold its own for two or more years in succession, it is sel-
dom so numerous as to keep the earth bare of vegetation in midsummer,
and whenever it is so numerous even in Minnesota, the rule seems to
hold true, according to Mr. Whitman’s experience, as already given.

The rule we wish to lay down may, perhaps, be more safely stated
thus: That whenever the young insects abound to such an extent as to keep
the earth bare of vegetation in summer (implying thick and extensive egg-lay-
ing the previous year), there will be no eggs laid in such devastated regions
the same year. This means that a year of utter locust devastation like
that of 1875, in many parts of the West, is pretty sure to be followed by
one of perfect immunity from the pests. |

CAUSES OF MIGRATION.

Many writers on the migratory locusts of the “Old World” and on our
own species have, naturally enough, discussed the causes of migration.
We aré of the opinion that most authors have erred in endeavoring to
ascribe these migratory movements to any single cause, and that sev-
eral influences play with varying force, and either singly or combinedly.
We must also recognize the fact that the influences bearing on migra-
tion fall into two distinct categories, viz, remote or general, and imme-
diate or special. The remote influences are climatic and meteorological,

250 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

and have been considered in Chapter VII. It is, therefore, of the imme-
diate causes that we shall speak in this connection. Were we asked
to give any single explanation of the phenomenon we should answer,
excessive multiplication ; for this is evidently the immediate cause, and
the others here considered are mostly secondary or but consequences of ©
this one. Of these secondary exciting causes we would instance the
following as worthy of consideration: -

1. Hunger.—W henever food is lacking, whether through the excessive
droughts that are not uncommon in the insects’ permanent habitat, or
through such excessive multiplication of the species that all vegetation *
is devoured before the life-course of the individual is completed; there
must needs be the strongest incentive to migrate. Such we find to be
the case, under like circumstances, with many animals normally non-
migratory. Hunger, then, may become an incitation to migration, even
where there is not excessive increase,

2. The procreative instinct.—From extensive observation we are con-
vineed that there is a natural tendency in the species to seek for fresh
breeding-grounds away from the location of birth; yet, even were there
-no instinctive tendency of the kind, we may find a sufficient incentive for
movement from one place to another during the season of procreation
in the well known salacious habits and ardor of the males. Whenever
the insect is very abundant, the females are much annoyed and disturbed
during the act of oviposition, as several males will be constantly attend-
ing her; and it is more than probable that she is often driven to take
wing in consequence.

3. Increase of and annoyance from natural enemies.—No one who has
witnessed the excessive abundance in which some of these natural
enemies of the locust at times prevail, can for a moment doubt that they
often prove a valid cause of migration. ‘The Tachina-flies, especially,
have been known to follow the locusts in dense clouds, and we have
seen them so thick in parts of the West that not a locust could rise from
the ground without being pursued by several; and there is no escape
from their pursuit until the persecuted victim gets high in the air.

4, Instinctive impulse.—Though at first we were unwilling to allow any
instinctive guidance in the migrating movements, the more we study
the question the more we ate inclined to consider as a factor in the
problem a certain instinctive prompting to that which is best for the
preservation of the species. The persistent movement in a given direc-
tion notwithstanding adverse winds, so often recorded in this report;
the fact that there is a well marked eastern limit line; and the return
migration from the Temporary region, are not, to the same extent, sus-
ceptible of any other explanation. Hunger, or excessive multiplication,
though we grant them to be important causes of the migration from the
Permanent region, generally have little to do with this return migra-
tion ; because, as we have seen, the insects ail leave, whether few or |
many, and they pass over great stretches of luxuriant vegetation, both

CAUSES OF MIGRATION: FOOD-PLANTS. 251

wiid and cultivated. The uncongenial climate of the Temporary region
doubtless prompts the insect to get back to more congenial regions, and
we must allow a certain amount of instinctive guidance akin to that pos-
sessed by migratory birds.

FOOD-PLANTS.

‘The Rocky Mountain Locust may be said to be almost omnivorous.
Scarcely anything comes amiss to the ravenous hosts when famished.
They will feed upon the dry bark of trees or the dry lint of seasoned
fence-planks ; and upon dry leaves, paper, cotton and woolen fabrics.
They have been seen literally covering the backs of sheep, eating the
wool; and whenever one of their own kind is weak or disabled from
whatsoever cause, they go for him or her with cannibalistic ferocity,
and soon finish the struggling and kicking unfortunate.® They do not
refuse even dead animals, but have been seen feasting on dead bats and
birds. Few things, therefore, come amiss tothem. Yet where food is
abundant they are fastidious and much prefer acid, bitter, or peppery
food to that which is sweet.”

It is quite evident, also, from the facts we have collected, that the
insects act somewhat differently during different years in this matter
of choice of food-plants, for at one time they will be particularly severe
on some plants that had been passed by on a previous occasion. While,
therefore, experience is often naturally conflicting as to their preferences
and dislikes, the following resumé of our notes made during the past
four years will prove interesting :

‘¢ Vegetables and cereals are their main stay. Turnips, rutabagas,
carrots, cabbage, kohlrabi, and radishes are all devoured with avidity ;
beets and potatoes with less relish, though frequently nothing but a few
stalk-stubs of the latter are left, and sometimes the tubers in the ground.
donot escape. Onions they are very partial to, seldom leaving anything
but the outer rind. Of leguminous plants the pods are preferred tothe
leaves, which are often passed by. Cucurbitaceous plants also suffer
most in the fruit. In the matter of tobacco their tastes are cultivated,
and they seem to relish an old quid or an old cigar more than the green
leaf. Tomatoes and sweet potatoes are not touched so long as other
food is accessible.” Mr. W. D. Donaldson, of Headsville, Tex., reports
a case in Limestone County, in that State, where the insects, in 1876,
were noticed to fall greedily upon a tobacco-patch of second growth,
and where they died soon after eating thereof. Other cases of the in-
jurious effect of tobacco upon them have been reported to us. It is
more than probable, however, that the insects would also have been
found to die elsewhere with further investigation, and that the death
of those in tobacco-patches resulted from other and more natural causes,

2 Mr. D. T. Ward, of Irving, Kans., even assnred us that he batched three egg-masses in February,
1877, and that the young, which were kept in a bottle, fed upon one another until one of them became

winged. Our own experience and experiments forbid belief in the truth of the statement, and wecite
it more to show how unreliable statements often become from a tendency to exaggeration.

252 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

since late in the autumn they are constantly dying from exhaustion
and senility. At all events the evidence is not sufficiently general and
uniform as to the hurtful effects of tobacco to permit us to accept it as
a demonstrated fact. Horse-radish is rarely touched.

Of cereals, corn is their favorite; if young and tender, every part is
devoured to the ground; if older and drier, the stalks are mostly left;
the silk is, however, the first part to go. An impression prevails in
Colorado that white corn is more proof against the insects than other
kinds. All other cereals are to their taste, except sorghum and broom-
corn, which are often left untouched.

Speaking of the immunity often enjoyed by sorghum, Mr. Seth H.
Kenny, of Morristown, Minn., himself a most successful grower of this
crop, writes:

I have been for eighteen years a grower of sugar-cane. Last fall made over 600
pounds good brown sugar from cane. I received first premium at State fair and the
thenks of Chamber of Commerce at Saint Paul, April 2, and this last spring Iam happy
to say they do not trouble this crop. I have one acre peas; they are full of hoppers;
they eat the pigeon-grass, but do noi touch the peas; yet they eat the leaves off my
small apple-trees ; eat one-third acre onions after Ihad them weeded. They have eaten
some strawberry-vines that were newly set this spring. :

It has been very generally remarked in Minnesota that the bearded
varieties of wheat are less damaged by the winged insects than the
smooth varieties, and in 1877 the Red Osakee suffered less than the
Fife. Oats and winter-rye more often escape than other small grains.
All the tame grasses are devoured with avidity. Wild prairie-grass
is relished when young and tender, but usually little injured when ma-
ture. Yet cases are on record by travelers in the Northwest, even dur-
ing the last century, of the wild grass being so effectually mown down
by these locusts as to render it difficult to find feed for horses ; and Mr.
R. M. Probstfield, who has resided at Moorhead, Minn., since 1859, re-
lates that in 1864 the locusts cleaned off the wild grass, and stripped the
trees of leaves to such an extent that the timber wore a wintry aspect.

The insects are fond of Buckwheat and Flax, but less fond of the
Castor-bean. Indeed, statements have been repeatedly circulated in the
agricultural press that this plant is proof against the locust; but they
are incorrect and delusive. The plant is not liked, and ordinarily is
passed by or merely nibbled at. The flower is more often devoured
than any other part, but the whole plant is not unfrequently ruined.
There is a general belief that this plant also acts as a poison on the
locusts, but we have been unable to obtain any positive evidence of the
fact, and the belief probably arose in the same way as that regarding
tobacco.

Last summer we met with several instances where Hungarian grass
~ had been sown on wheat land where the wheat had been badly injured ;
but the grass was so much liked that the locusts never allowed it to
come up. The young insects in spring sometimes kill out a blue-grass
pasture, but more generally it recovers from their attacks, and wild

Se

FOOD-PLANTS: THOSE PREFERRED. 253

grasses always do. ‘* Young corn is eaten down so often and so deeply
into the ground that it is frequently destroyed. Potatoes are not killed
by being eaten down, and generally make a crop after the insects leave,
without replanting. This is especially the case when they are planted
deep, and where the vines as they grow are at first kept covered with
earth, which they can be with impunity. The blossoms and stems of
peas are left after the leaves are stripped, and parsnips sometimes
remain untouched.”

Next to vegetables and iene: they relish the leaves of fruit-trees ;
they strip apple and sweet cherry trees, leaving nothing but the fait
hanging on the bare twigs. The leaves of the peach are generally left
untouched, but the flesh of the unripe fruit is eaten to the stone. Pear
trees, according to Professor Gale, suffered less in 1874 than any other
kind of orchard tree at the experimental farm of the Agricultural Col-
lege at Manhattan, Kans. The tender bark of twig and branch and
trunk of all these trees is gnawed and girdled, and these girdled trees
present a sad picture as one passes through the ravaged country during
the subsequent winter. Sour cherry, apricot, and plum trees are less
affected by them, while ripe fruit is seldom touched. Mr. Donaldson,
of Headsville, Tex., gives as a singular fact, that with him the insects
did not eat the young peaches on his trees that were on branches lean-
ing below the horizontal. Grape vines generally suffer more from the
girdling of the fruit-stem than from defoliation.

Of berries, raspberries seem to be the most exempt, and this is inter-
esting when we reflect that wild raspberries are common in the north-
west country. Strawberries and blackberries suffer more, strawberry
beds being frequently ruined. Flowering shrubs generally suffer, espec-
ially Rose and Lilac.

‘Forest and shade trees suffer in different degrees, and some, when
young, are not infrequently killed outright. In 1874, Honey-locust, Red-
cedar, Box-elder, Osage-orange, Elm, and Oak, were either untouched or
but little injured, while the following trees were preferred in the order of
their naming: Ash, Willow, Cottonwood, Balm of Gilead, Silver-leaved
and Lombardy poplars, Black-ash, Black-locust, Black-walnut, Hickory,
Ailanthas, Maple, Sumach, and evergreens.” In 1876 it was observed
that the Coffee-bean, Beech, and Soft-maple were more particularly un-
touched. Itis generally supposed that evergreens are avoided, but they
suffer all the more that they are so much more sensitive to defoliation
than deciduous trees. Hemlock, Arbor-vits, the pines, and especially
the Norway spruce, are often stripped. The Red-cedar more often es-
capes, and is, for that reason, called the tron-clad evergreen by some of
our Western nurserymen. The Austrian and Scotch are also less affected
than other pines. Our experience in 1877 would indicate that of all
trees the blue-ash is most liked, for we found it everywhere badly eaten,
even where other trees were untouched.

Of wild, herbaceous plants, Mayweed or Dog-fennel (Maruta) is a

254 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

favorite, but Smartweed is liked aboveall. Indeed, the black bindweed
(Polygonum convolvulus, L.), which is very common in Minnesota, where
it is otten called wild buckwheat, is so universally preferred by the locusts
that some farmers have thought seriously of cultivating it around their
fields as a lure, to draw the insects off from the cultivated crops and
thus facilitate the killing of the pests. Among the wild plants least
liked may be mentioned Cocklebur, Helianthus, and Purslane, but more
particularly the milkweeds (Asclepias) and the Dogbane (Apocynum).
An occasional Salvia trichostemmoides and Vernonia noveboracensis were
also left untouched in the general ruin by the young insects in Missouri in
1875. But the plant of all others that is exempt from the attacks of these
ravenous creatures is a low, creeping glossy-leaved herb for some time
known to botanists as the Amarantus blitum and supposed to have been
introduced from Europe. Mr. Sereno Watson has, however, lately
described it by the name of A. ( Pyxidium) blitoides,* and it is common
and indigenous to the valleys and plains of the interior from Mexico to
Northern Nevada. It is fast spreading eastward.

Mr. Riley found this plant unmolested in Missouri ‘‘even where the
insects were so hard pushed for food that they were feeding on each
other and on dead leaves, the bark of trees, lint of fences, &€., and
where they were so thick hiding amid its leaves that a to a hundred
occurred to the square foot.”

The dislike these insects show for leguminous plants is well known, and |

a crop of peas will often succeed where they abound, when all else is
ruined. This is the case alike in Texas and British America, for Mr. J.

G. Kittson, of Fort Walsh, N. W. T., writes of his experience in 1877:
‘‘ Peas are the last vegetable the locust will touch. In Swan River the |
Mounted Police garden had a large patch of peas in rows, and only the |
outer three rows were damaged, and this was only when the insect had |
attained its full growth and there was nothing else to feed them.” Mr. |
G. M. Dawson has wisely suggested that this dislike may afford an ex- |
planation, on Darwinian grounds, of the prevalence of such plants on

the Northwestern plains.

To sum up, where the insects are abundant, the prairie-grass, the wild |
weeds mentioned as disliked, and the leaves of most of the forest-trees |
generally remain green; but the little Amarantus is the only plant —
which we have so far found proof against the insects under all circum- |
stances. A marked preference is always shown for plants that are un- |
healthy or wilted, and a dislike for those in low, wet, or marshy places, |

In concluding these notes on the food-habits of locusts, we will briefly

refer to a rather prevalent belief that the newly hatched-lecusts live for |
many daysondew. The belief has originated independently in different |

parts of the world, is mentioned by Anacreon and Hesiod, and. perpet-
uated by later poets. It is doubtless due to the facts that, if the
weather be cool, the young insects huddle together and can live for

40 Proc. Am. Ac. Sc. & Arts, Vol. XII, p. 273.

|

ALARM CAUSED BY HARMLESS LOCUSTS. 255

several days without feeding; that the nibbling and fretting.of these
young is hardly noticeable ; and that, as we have abundantly proved the
past summer, these insects are fond of drinking at all stages of growth.

UNNECESSARY ALARM OFTEN CAUSED BY COMPARATIVELY HARMLESS
LOCUSTS.

During years of locust trouble the sense of apprehension is always
keen; and many harmless species are looked pes with suspicion by
qnaes especially who live beyond the limit of ~~
the range of the migratory species, and have .
no personal acquaintance with it. The large,
short-winged locust herewith figured is not in-
frequently supposed to have some connection
with the destructive spretus. Itis the Brachy-
peplus magnus of entomologists, and may be
popularly called the Clumsy Locust. Itis one
of our largest and clumsiest species, incapable
of flight, and never doing serious injury. Itis
common on the plains of Western Kansas and
Colorado, and has been found in West Missouri. |
It is prettily marked, as in Fig. 8, and occurs &
in two distinct varieties, one in which a bright
yellowish-green prevails, and the other in
which fleshy tints and pale brown predomi-
nate. There can be no connection between
its appearance and that of spretus.

Reports are frequent during the mild weather pe

of winter that ‘‘the grasshoppers have appear- f{ Ny
ed,” and during very mild weather, suchas we 4, 9. Tae Giusy Locust.
neue in the winter of 187677, the young of the (After Riley.)
Rocky Mountain locust do sometimes prematurely hatch; but in the
great majority of cases the reports of the appearance of this pest in winter
are based upon mistaken identity. Wehave repeatedly had specimens
of these young locusts sent to us under the impression by the sender
that they were the genuine spretus. One of the most common of the
locusts which-thus give rise to erroneous impressions is the Green-striped
locust (Tragocephala viridifasciata), a very common species, ranging from
Maine to Florida, and from the Atlantic to Nebraska. It passes the
winter in the immature condition, sheltering ia meadows and in tufts of
grass, and becoming active whenever the weather is mild. It is some-
times found in winter in the early larva stages, but more often in the
pupa state, and becomes fledged toward the end of April.’

‘‘Tt differs generically from the Rocky Mountain locust, which hiber-
\pates in the egg state. This Green-striped locust, as its name implies,
has, when mature, a broad green stripé on the front wing, and by its
‘narrower, humped and keeled thorax or fore-body (Fig. 41), may at once

256 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

be distinguished from the dreaded Rocky Mountain pest. Like so many
other species of its family, it occurs in two well-marked varieties, one in
which, in addition to the
stripe on the front wings,
the whole body and hind
thighs, above, are pea-
green; the other, in which
Fic. 9.—GREEN-STRIPED LocUsT:—4, larva; b, perfect insect. this color gives way to pale-
Gree oy) brown. In both varicties
the hind wings are smoky, with the basal third greenish.”
Different species of the genus Stenobothrus are also quite often mis-
taken for spretus in winter and early spring. They are tolerably common
: in the Western country where spretus oc-
curs, and they hibernate in the partly-grown
condition. We figure the young and
winged form of a species (S. maculipennis,
Scudd.) that in the unwinged state was
quite generally supposed to be the young
of spretus in Minnesota, last February.
‘‘The species of the genus Tettix also
Se, mALEE Ents MACULIFEN- hibernate in the half-grown and sometimes
larva, )(Emerton.dct.) in the full-grown condition, and are fre-
quently supposed to be the young of spretus. These insects are very
active, and are at once distinguished by the small head, great breadth
across the middle of the prothorax, which extends to a tapering
point to or beyond the tip of the abdomen; by the front of the breast
forming a projection like a stock-cravat, into which to receive
the lower part of the head, and by the short, rudimentary,
scale-like front wings. They fly with a buzzing noise like a
flesh-fly. Our most common species (Tettix granulata, Seud-
der, Fig. 11) may be called the Granulated Grouse-locast.
Like the other species, it is very variable in color and orna-
mentation, the prevailing hue being dark-brown beneath and
Fic.11— paler above. A well-marked variety has a small, pale spot on |
Cnwted the rudimentary front wings, and a larger conspicuous one on |
Boi top of the-hind thighs.” |
Even insects belonging to a different order are not infrequently the
cause of unnecessary alarm. In the spring of 1875 the meadows were
reported as being destroyed around Champaign and Jacksonville, Ill, |
by what was supposed to be the young of spretus, but which proved §
upon examination by competent persons to be little Jassoid leaf-hop-
pers, allied to the common grape-leaf hoppers—insects belonging to a
different order (Hemiptera) from that which includes the locusts (Or-
thoptera). They were, indeed, grass-hoppers, inthe sense of hopping about
among the grass, but they were not the so-called grasshoppers (locusts)

ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY. 257

that at the time were proving such a plague in parts of Kansas and
Missouri. In February, 1876, the wheat and oats fields in parts of Texas
were being badly damaged by small insects that were similarly supposed
to be young locusts, but which, in reality, were also leaf-hoppers; two
species, more particularly the Diedrocephala flavicephala, Fitch, and aJuas-
sus allied to immicus, Say, being concerned.

CHAPTER IX.
ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY.

In order to properly understand the habits and physiology of. the lo-
cust, in connection especially with its great voracity, powers of flight,
and the injuryit receives from its internal and external parasites—
questions of so much importance in studying its natural history and re-
lations to agriculture—it has been thought that a brief general account
of its external and internal anatomy, as. well as the minute anatomy of
the digestive system, would be of considerable practical value.

!

EXTERNAL ANATOMY.

On making a superficial examination of the locust, any one will soon
perceive that its body consists of an external crust, or thick, hard in-
tegument, protecting the soft parts or viscera within. This integument
will be seen to be at intervals segmented or jointed, the segments more
or less like rings, which in turn are subdivided into pieces. These seg-
ments or rings are most simple and easily comprehended in the abdomen
or hind body, which is composed of 10 of them. The body is composed
of 17 of these segments, variously modified and more or less imperfect
and difficult to make out, especially at each extremity of the body, namely,
in the head and at the end of the abdomen. These 17 segments, more-
over, are grouped into 3 regions, 4 composing the head, 3 the thorax,
and 10 the hind body, or abdomen. On examining the abdomen, it will
be found that the rings are quite perfect, and that each segment may
be divided into an upper (tergal), a lateral (pleural), and an under (ster-
nal) portion, or are (Fig. 12, A). These parts are respectively called
tergite, pleurite, and sternite, while the upper region of the body is called
the tergum, the lateral the plewrum, and the ventral or under portion
the sternum.

As these parts are less complicated in the abdomen, we will first de-
scribe this region of the body, and then describe the more complex thorax

-and head. The abdomen is a little over half as long as the body, the

tergum extending far down on the side and merging into the pleurum

without any suture or seam. The pleurum is indicated by the row of

spiracles, which will be noticed further on. The sternum forms the
17 G

258 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ventral side of the abdomen, and meets the pleurum on the side of the
body.

In the female (Fig. 12, B), the abdomen tapers somewhat toward the end
of the body, to which are appended the two pairs of stout, hooked spines,
forming the ovipositor (Fig.12,Byr,7’). The anus is situated above the

Le

Larim (7).
Tae 4

lus ~—

Fic. 12.—EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF CALOPTENUS SPRETUS: the head and thorax dis-
jointed. (Drawn by J. S. Kingsley.)

upper and larger pair, and the external opening of the oviduct, which is
situated between the smaller and lower pair of spines, and is bounded
on the ventral side by a movable triangular acute flap, the egg-guide
(Fig.12, Be,g,and Fig.14). Above the opening of the oviductand between
the two pairs of spines forming the ovipositor is a sharp fork (the furcula
supra-vulvalis), which is really the third pair of blades of the ovipositor,
and well developed in the bee. At the time of egg-laying, the abdomen
may be lengthened nearly twice its usual proportions.

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE LOCUST. Pats)

The end of the male abdomen is blunt, ending (in our Rocky Mountain
species) in a turned-up, notched tip. Immediately in front of the notch

Head

Yemucr_-\- -
Prothorax

Femur

Metathorax Mesokhorax

Abdomen

(Dissected and drawn by J. S. Kingsley.)

Fic. 13.—MALE CALOPTENUS SPRETUS.

is a convex piece or flap,
free anteriorly and _at-
tached posteriorly and on
the sides to the ridge form-
ing the upper edge of the
10th sternite. When about
to unite sexually, the tip
of the abdomen “is de-
pressed, the hood is drawn
backward, uncovering the
chitinous penis. (This hood
may be called velum penis.)
In front of the hood is the
supra.anal plate with lat-
eral processes, which may
be called infra-anal flaps
(or uro-patagia, Fig. 12, up),
concealed by the cerci. At
the base of the supra-anal
plate, which is broad and
shield-shaped, and pointed
in front, isthe fork or supra-
anal furcula (furcula supra-
analis, Fig. 12, f).

The thorax, as seen in
Fig. 12, consists of three
segments, called the pro-
thorax, mesothorax, and
metathorax, or fore, mid-
dle, and hind thoracicrings.
They each bear a pair of
legs, and the two hinder,
each a pair of wings. The
upper portion (tergum) of
the middle and hind seg-
ments, owing to the pres-
ence of wings and the neces-
sity of freedom of move-
ment to the muscles of
flight, are divided or dif-

ferentiated into two pieces, the seutum and scutellum* (Fig. 12), the
former the larger, extending across the back, and the scutellum a

41 There are in many insects, as in many Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera and some Neuroptera, fonr
tergal pieces, i. ¢., preescutum, scutum, scutellum, and postscutcllum, the first and fourth pieces being

usually very small and often obsolete.

260 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

smaller, central, shield-like piece. The protergum, or what is usually
in the books called the prothorax, represents either the scutum or both
scutum and scutellum, the two not being differentiated.

The fore wings are long and narrow, and thicker than the hinder,
which are broad, thin, and membranous, and most active in flight,
and folded up like a fan when at rest and tucked away out of sight
under the fore wings, which act as wing-covers.

Turning now to the side of the body under the insertion of the wing
(Fig. 13), we see that the side of each of the middle and hind thoracic
rings is composed of two pieces, the anterior, episternum, resting on the
sternum, with the epimerum behind it ; these pieces are vertically high
and narrow, and to them the leg is inserted by three pieces, called re-
spectively coxa, trochantine, and trochanter (see Fig. 13), the latter form-
ing a true joint of the leg.

The legs consist of five well-marked joints, the femur (thigh), tibia
(shank), and tarsus (foot), consisting in the locust of three joints, the third
bearing two large claws with a pad between them. The hind legs, es-
pecially the femur and tibia, are very large, adapted for hopping.

The sternum is broad and large in the middle and hind thorax, but
small and obscurely limited in the prothorax, with a large conical pro-
jection between the legs.

The headis mainly, in theadult locust, composed of asingle piece called
the epicranium (igs. 13 and 134, EK), and which carries the eyes, ocelli, or
simple eyes (Fig. 134, e), and antenne. While there
are in reality four primary segments in the head of all
winged insects, corresponding to the four pairs of ap-
pendages in the head, the posterior three segments
after early embryonic life in the locust become obso-
lete, and are mainly represented by their appendages
and small portions to which the appendages are at-
tached. The epicranium represents the antennal seg-

ment, and, most of the piece represents the tergum of
wintiethcne toro the segment. The antenne, or feelers, are inserted in
pis opeea, L front of the eyes, and between them is the anterior
labrum; 0 0, ocelli; ¢, ocellus, or simple eye, while the two posterior ocelli are

eye; a, antenna; md,

mandible; mz, portion gjt+p j = : \
pee oa aa eae situated above the insertion of the antennz. In front

bythe labrum; pumas; of the epicrapvium is the clypeus (Fig. 13), a piece nearly
palpus. (Kingsley del.) tyice as broad as long. To the clypeus is attached a
loose flap, which covers the jaws when they are at rest. This is the up-
per lip or labrum (Fig. 13). There are three pairs of mouth-appendages:
first, the true jaws or mandibles (Fig. 12), which are singlejointed,
and are broad, short, solid, with a toothed cutting and grinding edge,
adapted for biting. The mandibles are situated on each side oi the
mouth-opening. Behind the mandibles are the maxille (Fig. 12), which

are divided into three lobes, the inner armed with teeth or spines, the

INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE LOCUST. 261

middle lobe unarmed and spatula-shaped, while the outer forms a five-
jointed feeler called the mawillary palpus. The maxille are accessory
jaws and probably serve to hold and arrange the food to be ground by
the true jaws. The floor of the mouth is formed by the labiwm (Figs. 12
and 13), which in reality is composed of two second maxillx, soldered
together in the middle, the two halves being drawn separately in
Fig 12.

Within the mouth, and situated upon the labium, is the tongue
(lingua), which, as observed in O. femur-rubrum, is a large, membran-
ous, partly hollow expansion of the base of the labrum; it is some-
what pyriform, slightly keeled above, and covered with fine, stiff hairs,
which, under a one-fifth lens, are seen to be long, rough, chitinous
spines, with one or two slight points or tubercles on the side. These
stiff hairs probably serve to retain the food in the mouth, and are, appa-
rently, of the same structure as the teeth in the proventriculus. The
base of the tongue is narrow, and extends back to near the pharynx (or
entrance to the gullet), there being on the floor of the mouth, behind the
tongue, two oblique slight ridges, covered with stiff, golden hairs, like
those on the tongue.

INTERNAL ANATOMY.

The esophagus (Fig. 14, @) is short and curved, continuous with the roof
of the mouth. There are several longitudinal irregular folds on the
inner surface. It terminates in the center of the head, directly under
the supra-cesophageal ganglia, the end being indicated by several small
conical valves closing the passage, thus preventing the regurgitation of
the food.

The cesophagus is succeeded by the crop (ingluvies). It dilates rapidly
in the head, and again enlarges before passing out of the head, and at
the point of first expansion or enlargement there begins a circular or
oblique series of folds, armed with a single or two alternating rows of
simple spine-like teeth. Just after the crop leaves the head the rugs
or folds become longitudinal, the teeth arranged in rows, each row
formed of groups of from three to six teeth, which point backwards so
as to push the food into the stomach. In alcoholic specimens the folds
of the crop and wsophagus are deep blood-red, while the muscular por-
tion is flesh-colored. It is in the crop that the ‘ molasses” thrown out
by the locust originates, as we have found the fluid in opening the crop
of living specimens, and it consists of partially digested food. The crop
terminates a little behind the insertion of the middle pair of legs.

The proventriculus is very small in the locust, easily overlooked in
dissection, while in the green grasshoppers it is large and armed with
sharp teeth. It forms a neck or constriction between the crop and true
stomach. It may be studied by laying the alimentary canal open with
a pair of fine scissors, and is then seen to be armed with six flat folds,
suddenly terminating posteriorly, where the true stomach (chyle-stomach,

262 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ventriculus) begins. The chyle-stomach is about one-half as thick as the
crop, when the latter is distended with food, and is of nearly the same
diameter throughout, being

= BS EOP Ey much paler than the reddish
Pease Zee crop, and of a flesh-color.

Sera From the anterior end arise
Segtes- six large gastric ceca, the ante-
a aos rior division surrounding the
ae posterior third of the crop
<ee long, pea-shaped, whitish, and

=

containing a whitish, emul-
sion-like fluid. When dis-
tended, they touch each other.
Bach cecum sends back a
posterior division, separated
by a slight constriction from
the anterior division; they are
long and slender, and rest or
float freely in the body-cavity,

yyeduids ‘wg §

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aorsuvs peoovydosa-vayt

IWLOA PUB LOLLOJ AV ‘T]]O00

20—"WOUTNU MUON SONTLIOIVG FO AWOLVNV TVNUGLINT—'pt

OVA LO OLVOL

3 AIvAtes Ys !doxo ot

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{[} 0} S0A.100 Jo sured 90144 Surpuos ‘
[900 YILM ‘somo [vo

‘sytomsos ywaruropqe ‘ot-T {(AeAae gyno gon
ONpIAo “ao fsoqny Aavurim ‘un fAawao ‘ao $

eS = while the anterior divisions

2258 are bound down to the digest-
pegee%s ive canal. These ceca are
c= ESS a Jeet dilatations of the true chyle-
Bo Szghs 3 stomach, and probably serve
of, fhae Ss to present a larger surface
Be anees from which-the chyle may
Bae ee escape into the body-cavity
E2528 =2 and mix with the blood, there
see 5 ES . being in insects no lacteal ves-
Soreees 7 Ih sels or lymphatic system.
“ee8 Boy WY ) Within the anterior division
58 oe oaks KC S are from 8 to 10 longitudinal
See ee”. any. folds. (In a living transpar-
Fe 2 a] A Ry : ent dipterous larva, probably
ee =. erat bs 4 4 Hf. one of the Mycetophilide found
ee ee ee RSH living in flower-pots, we have
pogescse = | | 2, observed the digested food
Eee 6 & (\ = oscillating back and forth
Bene = a lf e from the stomach into the two
es g 5 5 aE = & large, long, simple ceca. The
a aa ae stomach was filled with food,

and it appeared as if the chyle were passing into the ceca.)

The stomach ends at the posterior edge of the fourth abdominal seg-
ment in a slight constriction, at which point (pyloric end) the urinary
tubes (vasa urinaria, Fig.14, wr) arise. These are arranged in 10 groups

INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE LOCUST. ~ 263

of about 15 tubes, so that there are about 150 tubes in all; at their inser-
tion the tubes radiate from the center, and thereis a well-marked space
on the circumference of the canal between the groups of the tubes. These
vessels are very long; when stretched out about as long as the body, but
are usually much convoluted and wound around the alimentary canal, a
few reaching as far as the head. These are excretory organs, and cor-
respond to the kidneys of the vertebrate animals. The terminal por-
tions of a few only of these tubes are represented in Fig. 14.”

The intestine (ileum) lies in the fifth and sixth abdominal segments ;
it gradually diminishes in thickness, and while the surface of the chyle-
stomach is smooth, with fine longitudinal muscular fibers, the surface of
the intestine has about 12 or 15 large longitudinal ridges, with a few
smaller ones.

Behind the intestines is the colon, which is smaller than the intestine
proper, and makes a partial twist. Itssurfaceis smooth. The colon sud-
denly expands into the rectum, with 6 large rectal glands on the outside,
heldin place by 6 muscular bands attached anteriorly to the hinder end
of thecolon. In cross-section through the middle of the mass of glands
they are seen to be hollow, their cavities independent of that of the rec-
tum, though there is an intimate communication between the two. The
nature of these glands is unknown. They are lined with epithelial cells
and are secretory in their function, and, as Chun observes, they probably
compensate for the want of epithelial secretory cells in the lining of the
rectum. The rectum turns up toward its end, and the anus is situated
just below the supra-anal plate in the male, while in the female it is
placed between the supra-anal plate and the upper pair of spines of the
ovipositor.

In closing our account of the digestive canal, we should briefly describe
the salivary glands (Fig. 14, sal.) These are rather difficult to find, as
they lie on the floor of the thorax and are partly covered by muscles and
various tissues. The two ducts may be found passing back from under
the infra-cesophageal ganglion, and pass straight backward, ending just
in front of the insertion of the third pair of legs, and dividing into no
large branches. <A small lateral twig with scattered follicles lies in the
prothorax on the outside of the main duct. Behind thisis a second mass
of follicles like a bunch of grapes attached to two small twigs, one on
each side. There is a third large assemblage of follicles lying on each
side of the second thoracic ganglion, under the metascutum. The two
main ducts, according to Mr. Burgess’s observations, as seen in his
drawing (Fig. 14), unite just before opening into the base of the mouth
near the tongue. Our observations were made on Caloptenus femur-
rubrum, as were those of Mr. Burgess. The salivary glands are much
simpler and smaller in the locusts than in any other family of Orthop-
tera.

42 We are indebted to Mr. E. Burgess, of Boston, Mass., for the drawing of Fig. 14, made expressly
for, and free of expense to, the Commission.

264 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Having described in avery general way the digestive canal of the
locust, we may state in a summary way the functions of the different
divisions of the tract, following the conclusions of Prof. F. Plateau.“
The food after being cut up by the jaws is acted upon while in the crop
by the salivary fluid, which is alkaline, and possesses the property, as
in vertebrates, of rapidly transforming the starchy elements of the food
into soluble and assimilable glucose. The digestive action carried on
in the crop (ingluvies) then, in a vegetable-feeding insect like the locust,
results in the conversion of the starchy matters into glucose or sugar.
This process goes on very slowly. When digestion in the crop has ended,
the matters submitted to an energetic pressure by the walls of the crop,
which make peristaltic contractions, filter gradually through the short
small gizzard (proventriculus), directed by the furrows and chitinous pro-
jections lining it. The apparatus of teeth does not triturate the food,
which has been sufficiently comminuted by the jaws. This is proved by
the fact, says Plateau, that the parcels of food are of the same form and
size as those in the crop, before passing through the gizzard. The six
large lateral pouches (cceca) emptying into the commencement of the
stomach (ventriculus) are true glands, which secrete an alkaline fluid;
probably aiding in digestion. In the stomach (ventriculus) the portion
of the food which has resisted the action of the crop is submitted to the
action of a neutral or alkaline liquid, never acid, secreted by special
local glands or by the lining epithelium. In the ileum and coton active
absorption of the liquid portion of the food takes place, and the intes-
tine proper (ileum and colon) is thus the seat of the secondary digestive
phenomena. The reaction of the secretion is neutral or alkaline. The
rectum is the stercoral reservoir. It may be empty or full of liguids,
but never contains any gas. The liquid products secreted by the uri-
nary tubes are here accumulated, and in certain circumstances here
deposit the calculi or crystals of oxalic, uric, or phosphatic acid. In-
sects, says Plateau, have no special vessel to carry off the chyle, such
as the lacteals or lymphatics of vertebrates ; the products of digestion,
viz, salts in solution, peptones, sugar in solution, and emulsionized
sreasy matters, pass through the fine coatings of the digestive canal by .
osmosis, and mingle outside of this canal with the currents of blood
which pass along the ventral and lateral parts of the body.

Into the pyloric end of the stomach empty the urinary tubes, their
secretions passing into the intestine. These are organs exclusively
depuratory and urinary, relieving the body of the waste products. The
liquid which they secrete contains urea (?), uric acid, and urates in
abundance, hippuric acid (2), chloride of sodium, phosphates, carbonate
of lime, oxalate of lime in quantity, leucine, and coloring matters.

The nervous system.—As observed in Caloptenus spretus, C. femur-

43 Recherches sur les Phénoménes de la Digestion chez les Inseetes. Bruxelles, 1874.

NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE LOCUST. 265

rubrum, and OC. bivittatus, the nervous system does not vary at all, at
least so as to afford any specific characters. The following general
account of the nervous cord is
based on: that of the Rocky
Mountain locust, while, in work-
ing out the minor points, such as
the nerves of the end of the
abdomen and the sympathetic
(vagus) nerves and ganglia,
specimens of C. femur-rubrum
were used.

The nervous system of the
locust, as of other insects, con-
sists of a series of nerve-centers,
or so-called brains (ganglia),
which are connected by two
cords (commissures), the two
cords in certain parts of the
body in some insects united into
one. There are in the locust 10
ganglia, 2 in the head, 3 in the
thorax, and 5 in the abdomen.
The first ganglionis rather larger
than the others, and is called the
brain. It iscompressed from be-
fore and behind, being quite
deep, while the other ganglia
are more or less lens-shaped and
flattened vertically. The brain
rests upon the cesophagus,
whence its name, supra-cesoph-
ageal ganglion. From the brain
arise the large, short, optic
nerves (Fig. 14, not lettered, but
represented by the circle behind
the brain, sp; Vig. 15, op), which
go to the compound eyes, and
from the front arise the three
slender filaments which are sent
to the three ocelli (Fig. 14, oc).
From immediately in front, low
down, arise the antennal nerves
(Fig. 14, at).

The infra-cesophageal (7), as its name implies, lies under the, cesopha-
gus at the base of the head, under a bridge of chitine, and directly
behind the tongue. It is connected with the supra-cesophageal ganglion
by two commissures passing up each side of the cesophagus. Irom the

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266 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

under side of the infra-cesophageal ganglion arise three pairs of nerves,
which are distributed to the mandibles, maxilla, and labium. The man-
dibular nerves project forward and arise from the anterior part of the
ganglion, near the origin of the supra-cesophageal commissures, while
the maxillary and labial nerves are directed downward into those organs.

The first thoracic ganglion is considerably larger than the infra-cesoph-
ageal, and lies on the floor of the body opposite the insertion of the fore
legs, and under the center of the protergum. The second thoracic gang-
lion is larger than the first, and lies a little behind the insertion of the
middle pair of legs, in the mesothoracic segment. It sends off a pair of
large nerves to the hind legs, the nerves arising a little in advance of
the middle of the ganglion. Five pairs of small nerves are distributed
(two to the organs of hearing) to parts, &c. lying in the base of the ab-
domen. Other nerves are distributed from the two thoracic ganglia to
the muscles of flight and walking. Of the five abdominal ganglia the
first is small and white, while those anterior to it are red; it is situated
in the third abdominal segment. The second abdominal ganglion lies
in the fifth abdominal segment. The third abdominal ganglion lies in
the seventh segment, the fourth in the eighth segment, and the fifth in
the ninth segment. The fourth and fifth are near together, and
the fifth is considerably larger than the fourth, while the commissures
connecting them are much thicker than in the rest of the abdomen,
those between the second thoracic and first abdominal ganglia being
very small. (The remaining description is drawn up from dissections of
C. femur-rubrum.)

The last or fifth abdominal ganglion sends off a lateral nerve (Fig. 14,
thrown off just above the letters sb), which is distributed to the sebifie
gland and bursa copulatriz. From the posterior edge of the ganglion
four nerves are distributed to the muscles of each spine of the ovi-
positor in the female, and small nerves are distributed to the large air-
sacs, There is considerable variation in the distribution and number of
these nerves. The ganglion lies directly over the point of junction of
the two ovarian ducts which unite to form the common oviduct, and it
partly covers the sebific (or sebaceous) gland.

The sympathetic ganglia are three in number; one situated just behind
the supra-cesophageal ganglion (Fig. 15, as), resting on the cesophagus,
and two others situated each side of the crop, low down. Each of the
two posterior ganglia is supplied by a nerve from the anterior ganglion.
Two nerves pass under the crop connecting the posterior ganglia, and
from each posterior ganglion a nerve is sent backward to the end of the
proventriculus. A pair of nerves pass under the esophagus from each
side of the anterior sympathetic ganglion, and another pair pass down-
ward to a round white body, whose nature is unknown (Fig. 15, w).

The heart.—This organ (Fig. 14) is imperfectly understood in the locust,
and, indeed, in the Orthoptera generally. So far as we could discover,
the heart is a long tube, lying in the abdomen, dilating at six places
along its course, and ending in a conical point near the end of the ab-

—

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF THE LOCUST. i 267

domen; it is held in place by fine muscular bands, as usual; it was not
traced beyond the base of the abdomen.

The trachee and dilated air-sacs or respiratory organs.—AS the air-tubes
and air-sacs are intimately associated with the great powers of flight
possessed by the locust, particular attention has been given to their topo-
graphical anatomy. The following description is based on a study of
living specimens of Caloptenus femur-rubrum and Cidipoda sordida, as
they had to be conducted in the laboratory at the close of the field-work
in the West.

All insects breathe by means of a complicated system of air-tubes
ramifying throughout the body, the air entering through a row of spir-
acles, or air-holes, or breathing-holes (stigmata), in the sides of the body.
There are, as a rule, in locusts two pairs of thoracic and eight pairs of
abdominal spiracles. The first thoracic pair (lig. 16) is situated on
the membrane connecting the prothorax and mesothorax, and is covered
by the hinder edge of the protergum (usually called prothorax). The
second spiracle is situated on the posterior edge of the mesothorax.
There are eight abdominal spiracles, the first one situated just in front
of the auditory sac or tympanum (see I’ig. 13), and the remaining seven
are small openings along the side of the abdomen, as indicated in Fig.
16. From these spiracles air-tubes pass in a short distance and con-
nect on each side of the body with the spiracular trachea (Fig. 17, 8, Fig.
16, S), as we may call it. These spiracular trachez begin at the posterior
spiracle, and extend forward into the mesothorax, there subdividing into
several branches. Branches from them pass to the two main ventral
trachex (Fig. 16, V), and to the two main dorsal trachee (Fig. 17, D, Tig.
16, D). The main tracheal system in the abdomen, then, consists of six
tubes, three on a side, extending along the abdomen. The pair of ven-
tral trachez extend along the under side of the digestive canal; the dor-
sal trachee rest on the digestive canal. These six tubes are connected
by anastomosing trachee, and, with their numerous subdivisions and
minute twigs and the system of dilated trachee or air-sacs, an intricate
net-work of trachee is formed.

The system of thoracic air-tubes is quite independent of the abdomi-
nal system, and not so easy to.make out. The tubes arising from the
two thoracic stigmata are not very well marked; they, however, send
two well-marked trachee into the head (Figs. 17, c, 16, c), which subdivide
into the ocular dilated air-tube (Figs. 17, 0 c, 16, 0 c) and a number of air-
sacs in the front of the head.

The series of large abdominal air-sacs, of which there are five pairs
(Fig. 17,3-;), arise independently of the main trachezx directly from
branches originating from the spiracles, as seen in Fig. 16. They are
large and easily found by raising the integument of the back. There is
a large pair in the mesothorax (Fig. 17, 2), and two enormous sacs in the
prothorax (Fig. 17, 1), sometimes extending as far back as the anterior
edge of the mesothorax. All these sacs are superficial, lying next to the

‘

268 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

HG. 17. Fie. 16.

Fic. 16.—SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF AIR-TUBES (TRACHEH) AND AIR-SACS.—Side view of the body.
.V, main ventral trachea (only one of the two shown) ; 5, left stigmatal trachea, connecting by vertical
branches with D, the left main dorsal trachea; c. left cephalic trachea ; oc, ocular dilated trachea.
From the first, second, third, and fourth spiracles arise the first four abdominal air-sacs, which are suc-
ceeded by the plexus of three pairs of dilated trachex, I, II, III, in Fig. 17. Numerous air-saes and
Heroes are represented in the head and thorax. The two thoracic spiracles are represented, but not
-ttered. J

Fic. 17.—D, left dorsal tracnea; S, left stigmatal trachea; I, II, II, first, second, and third pairs
of abdominal dilated trachez, forming a plexus behind the ovaries ; 1, pair of enormous thoracic air-
sacs; 2, pair of smaller air-sacs; 3-7, abdominal air-sacs; oc, ocular dilated trachea and air-sacs; ¢,
cuphalic trachea. The relations of the heart to the dorsal trachez are indicated. (Drawn by Emerton
from dissections by Packard.)

AIR-SACS TIIAT ASSIST FLIGHT. 269

hypodermis or inner layer of the integument, while the smaller ones are,
in many cases, buried among the muscles. Between the first and sec-
ond thoracic sacs is a pair of small ones with numerous others still
smaller. From the dorsal trachez arise series of. minute subcutaneous
air-sacs. Besides these ordinary air-sacs there is in the end of the ab-
domen, behind the ovaries, a plexus of six dilated air-sacs (Figs.16 and 17,
I, U1, I11), which are long, spindle-shaped, and are easily detected in
dissecting. Behind them, in the extreme end of the abdomen, are three
pairs of small rounded air-sacs, and there is.a complicated system of
dilated tracheze among the muscles of the ovipositor. Between the six
gastric ceca are six dilated air-tubes.

The system of dilated trachez and air-sacs in the head is rather com-
plicated, and the following description is based on vivi-dissections of
Caloptenus femur-rubrum and Gidipoda sordida. Of the air-sacs there is
a median ope (not represented in the figures) in the posterior edge of
the head, and buried between the muscles and resting directly on the
crop. Between the eyes are two large sacs (seen in Fig. 17), arising from
the main cephalic trachez; these air-sacs connect with an unpaired
median transverse sac. Under the eyes are four sacs connected
together by tracheze, and in fact this whole region contains a large num-
ber of subcutaneous air-saes. The main cephalic trachee subdivide, and
send two brancbes around the eye under the cornea (Figs. 16 and 17, oc,
ocular trachez), and from these ocular trachex are sent off numerous
subcutaneous sacs. On the vertex between the eyes and insertion of
the antenn are nine sacs of unequal size, one median, one being larger
than the eight others. There is also a pair of sacs on the extreme ver-
tex and two pairs behind the eyes; a little in front of the antenne are
four well-marked median round sacs, and two much smaller ones.
Along the front edge of the clypeus is a large transverse dilated trachea,
from whica four trachez, two on each side, the external ones the small-
est, pass down to the front edge of the labrum, and send off a number
of small spherical sacs, so that in the labrum alone there are about 16
air-sacs. We have found 53 air-sacs in all in the head of the locust.
The lateral region between the base of the jaws and the vertex is quite
free from air-sacs, aS we have not detected more than four or five quite
small ones.

In the legs (described from . sordida) two trachez pass down each
side of the femora, sending off at quite regular intervals numerous much-
branching transverse twigs; there is one large and a very small trachea
in the tibia, and the main one extends to the extremity of the last tarsal
joint. There are four slender air-sacs at the base of the femora.

Mode of breathing—By holding the Red-legged locust in our hand
we observed the mode of breathing. During this act the portion of
the side of the body between the stigmata and the pleurum (Fig. 12,
A) contracts and expands; the contraction of this region causes the
spiracles to open. The general movement is caused by the sternal

270 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

moving much more decidedly than the tergal portion of the abdomen.
When the pleural portion of the abdomen is forced out, the soft pleural
membranous region under the fore and hind wings contracts, as does
the tympanum and the membranous portions at the base of the hind
legs. When the tergum or dorsal portion of the abdomen falls, and the
pleurum contracts, the spiracles open; their opening is nearly but not
always exactly co-ordinated with the contractions of the pleurum, but

as aruletheyare. There were 65 contractions in a minute in a locust which.

had been held between the fingers about ten minutes. It was noticed
that when the abdomen expanded the air-sacs in the first abdominal
ring contracted. This would indicate that the air rushes into the spir-
acles during the contraction of the abdomen, and that the air-sacs are
not refilled until the spiracles are closed; thus the air in the air-sacs is
perhaps constantly changing.

The locust an aéronaut.—It is evident that the enormous powers of
flight possessed by the locust, especially its faculty of sailing for many
hours in the air, is due to the presence of these air-sacs, which float it
up in the atmospheric sea. Other insects with a powerful flight, as the
bees and flies, have well-developed air-sacs, but they are less numer-
ous. In a grasshopper (Truxalis), as figured by Marcel de Serres, the

air-sacS are aS numerous as in the normal Acrydi, but they are more ©

developed in the locust family (Acrydii) than in the green grass-hoppers
(Locustaric).

It will be seen that, once having taken flight, the locust can buoy
itself up in the air, constantly filling and refilling its internal buoys or
balloons without any muscular exertion, and thus be borne along by
favorable winds to its destination. It is evident that the’ process of
respiration can be best carried on in clear, sunny weather, and that when

the sun sets, or the weather is cloudy and damp, its powers of flight are |

lessened, owing to the diminished power of respiration.

The male reproductive system.—As observed in C. spretus and more care-
fully in C. femur-rubrum, each testis is closely united to the other, so
as to form a single mass of tubular glands, arranged vertico-obliquely,
and interpenetrated by simple and dilated trachee. The mass rests on
the intestines, and is situated in the third, fourth, and fifth abdominal
segments. The anterior end of the testicular mass is rounded and held
in place by a broad, thin band, one on each side; two similar bands are
situated a little behind the middle of the mass.

From the under side, and alittle in advance of the middle of the mass,
two straight small ducts, as long as the testicular mass, pass obliquely
to the sides of the body, at the posterior end of the seventh segment
of the abdomen; these are the vasa deferentia. Each vas deferens with
its mate forms a convoluted mass of tubes, comprising 20 folded bundles
(epididymis of Dufour), and two single, long, convoluted tubes, the
vesiculee seminales.

44T¢ was noticed in a species of Gryllus or cricket (G. neglectus?) that there are no air-sacs, but dilated

trachez somewhat like those in Caloptenus. It is evident that in those Orthoptera which do not take
long flights there is no need of air-sacs. They are most developed in those insects which fly most.

THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM. PAPI

In C. femur-rubrum, the epididymis forms a longer, slenderer bundle
than in C. spretus or C. bivittatus. |

The vesiculz seminales are lodged in the 6th and 7th segments of the
abdomen. The two vesicule unite over the fifth abdominal ganglion
and form a thick, very short duct (ductus ejaculatorius), which passes into
a large spherical muscular mass (preputium), behind which is the large
intromittent organ (penis), which forms a short chitinous cylinder, com-
plicated in structure, and differing considerably in the four common
species of Caloptenus (C. spretus, atlanis, femur-rubrum, and bivittatus),
and affording excellent specific characters. The penis can be seen in
place without dissection by drawing back the orbicular convex piece
called the velum penis. The penis is armed with hooks and projections.
The organ and its armature are much alike in C. spretus and C. atlanis ;
0. femur-rubrum differs from both, while in C. bivittatus it is like that of
C. atlanis.

The female reproductive system.—The ovaries (Fig. 14, ov) form a large
mass, just before oviposition, distending the abdomen somewhat, and
crowding the intestine a little out of place. The ovaries consist of two
masses of tubes, each mass tied to the other by slight bands, with air-
sacs and trachez ramifying among them. There are from 17 to 22 tubes
arranged in two rows in each ovary in Caloptenus femur-rubrum ; in one
C. spretus we counted 50 tubes in each ovary, making 100 in all. Each

_tube averages about 8 millimeters in length, and contains about 10 rudi-
mentary eggs, besides the nearly ripe ones (though only from thirty to
one hundred eggs are laid). These tubes lie along the intestine and
extend into the prothorax. They communicate, though not freely, there
being apparently a thin membrane opposed to the free passage of the
eggs, with the common ovarian duct, which is greatly prolonged, enter-
ing into a long, somewhat twisted, slender tube, which connects with its
fellow, and serves to hold the two ovaries together. The two tubes pass
down on each side of the intestine, and unite to form the oviduct, which
lies on the floor of the abdomen. Itisaslongasaripeegg. Above the
opening of the duct, and directly communicating with it, is the bursa copu-
latrix,,a capacious pouch lined within with several narrow, longitudinal,
chitinous bands. Behind the bursa copulatriz lies, partly resting under
the fifth abdominal ganglion, the sebific or colleterial gland (Fig. 14, sb),
which is flattened, pear-shaped, a little over half as long as a ripe egg.
From the under side, a little in advance of the middle, arises the sebijic
duct (Fig. 14), which, after making three tight coils next to the ganglion,
passes back and empties into the upper side of the bursa copulatriz,
dilating slightly before its junction with the latter. The sebific gland
secretes a copious supply of a sticky fluid, which is poured out as the
eggs pass out of the oviduct, and agglutinates the eggs into a mass,
forming a thin coating around each egg, which from mutual pressure of
the eggs causes the tough coating to be pitted hexagonally. The above
description will apply to C. spretus, C. femur-rubrum, and C, bivittatus,
the parts within not differing specifically.

272 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The external parts consist of the ovipositor (Fig. 12, B, and Fig. 14),
which is formed of two pairs of spines (rhabdites) adapted for boring
into the earth, and the egg-guide (Figs. 12 and 14, eg), a triangular flap,
guarding the under side of the opening of the oviduct.

Organs of special sense.—It is difficult to explain many of the actions
of our migratory locust, from the fact that it is hard for us to appreci-
ate the mental powers, instincts, and general intelligence of insects.
That they have sufiicient intellectual powers to enable them to main-
tain their existence may be regarded as an axiom. But insects differ
much in intelligence and also in the degree of perfection of the organs
of sense. The intelligence of insects depends, of course, largely on the
development of the organs of special sense.

The sense of sight must be well developed in the locust, there being
two large, well-developed compound eyes, and three simple ones (ocelli)
situated between the former, supplied with nerves of special sense.

The antenne are, in the locust, organs of touch. The palpi are not
only organs of touch, but probably, as in some other insects, are en-
dowed with the sense of taste, enabling the locust to discriminate
between the different kinds of food, and select that best adapted to suit
its wants. It is possible that the labial nerves send branches of special
sense to the tongue, but this is a subject which has not been worked out
as regards the Acrydit.

The ears are well developed in the locust, and we know that the sense,

of hearing must be delicate, not only from the fact that a loud alarum
with kettles and pans affects them, but the movements of persons walk-
ing through the grass invariably disturb them. Besides this, they pro-
duce a fiddling or stridulating sound by rubbing their hind legs against
their folded wing-covers, and this noise is a sexual sound, heard and
appreciated by individuals of the other sex. Any insect which pro-
duces a sound must be supposed to have ears to hear the sound pro-
duced by others of its species.

The ears (or auditory sacs) of the locust are situated, one on each side,
on the basal joint of the abdomen, just behind the first abdominal spira-
cle (Fig. 13). i

The apparatus consists of a tense membrane, the tympanum surrounded
by a horny ring. ‘On the internal surface of this membrane are two
horny processes, to which is attached an extremely delicate vesicle filled
with a transparent fluid, and representing a membranous labyrinth.
This vesicle is in connection with an auditory nerve, which arises from
the third thoracic ganglion, forms a ganglion upon the tympanum, and
terminates in the immediate neighborhood of the labyrinth by a collec-
tion of cuneiform, staff-like bodies, with very finely-pointed extremities
(primitive nerve-fibres?), waich are surrounded by loosely aggregated
ganglionic globules.”—(Siebold’s Anatomy of the Invertebrates.)

The following account of the histology of the digestive system of the
locust is appended. It has been prepared by Dr. Charles Sedgwick
Minot, of Boston, Mass.

aa... se

THE MINUTE ANATOMY OF THE LOCUST. 273

REPORT ON THE FINE ANATOMY OF THE LOCUST.

By CHARLES SEDGWICK MINOT.

Most attention has been directed to the structure of the digestive and
reproductive organs. As the nature of the work required the use of
fresh materials from living specimens, and as I was unable to secure in
Boston living locusts from the Rocky Mountains, I have been obliged
to make my observations upon the New England species, Caloptenus
Jemur-rubrum. This, however, was a matter of little importance, for the
interior structure of the Eastern species is almost the same as that of
the Rocky Mountains, so that an anatomical description of the one ap-
plies almost word for word to the other.

The investigation has been supplemented by some comparison with
other insects in order to determine, as far as the time at my disposal
allowed, in what points the structure of the locust is peculiar.

I must first remark that every digestive canal in quadrupeds and
snails, as well as insects, consists of four physiologically distinct parts.
In the first place are found the organs for the mechanical seizure of the
food and swallowing, the jaws, mouth, and csophagus. They serve to
seize the food, often to tear it up mechanically, and to transport it to
the interior of the body where it is to be digested. In the locust
these organs form a very complex system. In the second place
comes the stomach and parts where the digestive juices, properly so-
called, are secreted. In this portion the chemical nature of the food is
altered, rendering the mass suitable for absorption, which takes place
in the third part of the digestive canal. The second and third parts are
often not separated from one another, but we find in the wall of the in-
testine the organs of absorption and the digestive glands lying along:
side one another. J inally, in the fourth part, which is usually the termi-
nal end of the tract, the effete and indigestible masses are accumulated
and are finally expelled, being of no further use in the economy of the
animal. This terminal portion is usually called the rectum, the Latin
word for straight. This term was originally applied to man, in whom
this portion of the intestine is straight. Since then it has been em-
ployed for the analogous parts in animals, and often serves to designate
a structure which is very far from being straight. The rectum is well
nigh invariably supplied with muscles, by means of which it accom-
plishes the act of expulsion of the feces. |

We will now proceed to describe the peculiarities of these four divi-
sions in the locust. We begin by an account of the general course of the
digestive tract from the mouth to the anus.

The digestive canal begins in the head with the cavity of the mouth,
bounded inferiorly by the jaws and other appendages, and above by the
buceal plates; it extends upward and forward from one-fifth to one-
fourth of the way through the head. Its walls are black, in this respect
entirely different from the rest of the canal.

18 G

:
274 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The csophagus is distinctly marked off from the buccal cavity,
though the direct continuation of it. The csophagus runs at first up-
ward and forward, and then, making an elbow, continues upward and
backward until it attains the middle of the upper half of the head, just
above and bebind the brain, or supra-esophageal ganglion, where it
gradually widens both its transverse and vertical diameters to form the
crop, where the digestion proper begins, according to Professor Felix
Plateau. The crop is marked off anteriorly by a slight constriction.
The walls of the cesophagus, and, indeed, of the whole digestive canal |
as far as the ventricle, are of a brownish-red color, and thrown up

|
}
|

‘into folds covered by a hard chitinous layer, and armed with projecting
Spines and processes. In the csophagus the ridges run nearly longi-
tudinally, and are not so high nor so well'marked as in the crop.

The crop is that part of the intestinal canal which extends back-
ward from the csophagus through the three thoracic segments. It
consists of two parts. The anterior, larger, and horizontal division lies
in the posterior portion of the head and in the prothorax. Its diameter
is especially variable, for its walls are capable of great distension. When
filled with food its diameter becomes greater than any other part of the
digestive tract; when empty, on the other hand, it contracts, and may
become of less size than the ventricle. The posterior portion of the
crop has hardly more than half the diameter of the front division ; it
tapers slightly backwards, as it descends through the two hinder seg-
ments of the thorax, and terminates in the rudimentary proven-
triculus (Kaumagen), which can be recognized by the six large folds or
chitinous teeth. In the grasshoppers this organ is very much reduced
in size, and appears, rather, merely as the terminal portion of the crop
than as an independent structure. It is interesting to note this analogy, -
because in most other members of the order of Orthoptera the Kauma-
gen is very large, distinct, and of a very complicated structure.”

The anterior division of the crop is characterized by transverse ridges,
the crests of which are covered by very hard chitine, which is thrown
up into short, stout, and sharp spines that point backward. The office
of the spines is evidently to aid the passage of the food down the diges-
tive canal, and to prevent its regurgitation. The ridges are all trans-
verse, but the anterior ones are wider than the others. - Hach ridge ex-
tends only one-third or one-half of the way around the crop, and finally they
incline from above backward, while the posterior ridges are longer, nar-
rower, and more nearly vertical in their course. At the point where the
second division of the crop begins, there intervenes between the two
parts a space in which the ridges are very irregular, running straight
for very short distances only, and forming numerous sharp angles. In-
this manner the direction of the ridges from being transverse becomes
first slightly, then very irregular, until they finally become longitudinal, |
which direction is characteristic for the posterior division of the crop.

45See American Naturalist, July. 1877, and Dr. Wilde’s Untersuchungen tiber den Kaumagen der
Orthopteren. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, 1877, Heft 1, p. 135.

t

|
|
|
|

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\}
\}
|
|
|

THE MINUTE ANATOMY OF THE LOCUST. 275

The ridges all terminate just in front of the six large ridges or teeth
which mark the proventriculus.

Dr. von Basch, in his treatise on the digestive tract of the Berean
cockroach (Blatta orientalis),*® considers the whole series of divisions
above mentioned to form collectively the anterior segment of the digest-
ive organs. This view is, however, prcbably erroneous, for reasons that
need not be detailed here. Professor Plateau has already shown that
active digestion begins in the crop. The mouth and esophagus can
alone be considered merely as organs for the mechanical seizure and
preparation of the food. The blades of grass upon which the grass-
hopper feeds are cut up into small oblong pieces, which are further di-
vided in their passage through the esophagus. But the chemical pro-
cesses of digestion begin even in the mouth, for the salivary glands
have their openings there, and their secretion has the power, according
to both Basch and Plateau, of converting into sugar the starch which
green plants always contain so abundantly. It will thus be seen that,
strictly speaking, there is no part of the digestive canal which serves
solely to masticate the food, but itis nevertheless proper to call the ceso-
phagus and mouth the organs for the mechanical preparation of the
food, for their walls do not, as far as we know, contribute at all to the
digestive juices.

Far different is the case with the crop, which performs a double fune-
tion, for not only does it continue the mechanical division of the food,
but it also mixes it with an alkaline brown secretion, which it is sup-
posed is poured ont by the glandular walls of the crop itself. At any
rate, the chemical changes in the food which render it suitable for ab-
sorption go on mainly in the crop, and not in the ventricle proper.

The function of the proventricle (Kaumagen) is stated by F. Plateau,
and I think correctly, to have been misinterpreted by earlier writers,
inasmuch as it is not an organ of mastication, but really only a filter and
sort of valve, which allows the food to strain through when it has been
sufficiently triturated.

The next division of the intestine is the stomach, or ventricle, which
has very delicate glandular walls. The true structure has not been fully
recognized by previous writers. It lies ventrally in the first to the fifth
abdominal segment; it is nearly cylindricai, being somewhat enlarged
anteriorly to receive the opening of the proventricle and to connect with
the diverticula. In a median section, only one of these diverticula, or
blind pouches, appears, though there are several others which lie on
either side of the stomach. The shape and general anatomy of these
appendices have been described in detail by Dr. Packard. I will here
remark that they are decidedly different in their structure from the ven-
tricle itself, and they prepare, according to Prof. Felix Plateau, an
alkaline secretion. In transverse sections of the pouches, there appear

46 Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie, xxxiii (1858), p. 234.

47 Mémoires de l Académie des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, tome xi, 1875,
gme mémoire.

276 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

projecting folds, formed by delicate epithelial cells; the folds resemble
somewhat those that are found in the ceca of sharks, for instance.

The lining membrane of the ventricle is formed by cylindrical cells,
which form little glands, separated from one another by walls of con-
“nective tissue, in a manner the details of which are reserved for my
final report. The posterior limit of the stomach is marked by very pe-
culiar structures, which, to my knowledge, have never before been
described. They are particularly interesting becatise they present pe-
culiarities which are not otherwise united in one organ. They are folds
which project forward, twelve in number, and encircling the cavity of
the intestine. When I first discovered them, I thought that I must by
some mistake have examined, not the intestine, but the terminal por-
tion of the digestive tract, where somewhat similar organs are found,
and have long been known under the name of rectal glands (Rectal-
driisen). The intestinal folds are sharply limited, each with a convex
border anteriorly, while posteriorly they gradually fade out. They are
covered by large cylindrical cells, which in some cases are completely
filled with pigment granules. These singular folds are found in the
same position in Caloptenus spretus and C. femur-rubrum as in @dipoda
sordida, and their character is essentially the same in the three species.
I anticipate that they will be found to occur in the grasshoppers and
locusts generally, and perhaps even in many other insects.

Behind the folds, the intestine still continues straight onward in its
ecurse for about three segments. The histological character of this
portion is singular, inasmuch as the epithelial cells which form its lining
are of various sizes, some of them being large and others small, those of
the same size forming longitudinal bands and slight folds. Next follows
the colon, which ascends backward in a nearly straight line. Its
lining membrane is thrown up into irregular folds, and has a brownish
color. There is, however, no cuticula, as in the crop. These folds
probably serve mainly as a filter, and to retain the food until the
digestible part is absorbed.

The whole of the digestive tract between the proventricle and the |

rectum, that is to say, the ventricle, diverticula, intestine, and colon

together, completes the process of digestion, and carries on that of |
absorption. In what manner this absorption is accomplished is still |

unknown.

The rectum is nearly straight and horizontal in its course, except
terminally, where it turns upward to form the dorsally placed anus. It
varies in size according to the amount of matter accumulated in it. Itis
especially characterized by the presence of six broad, longitudinal folds,
and by the marked development of its muscular walls. In it the last

traces of moisture in the digested masses are apparently absorbed, after |
which the ball is expelled through the vent. The rectum represents the |

fourth and last of the physiological divisions of the digestive tract.

The composition of the walls of the intestinal canal is essentially upon |}

eee

EMBRYOLOGY OF THE LOCUST. 277

one plan throughout. The lining membrane is a layer of epithelial cells,
which are of various forms, characteristic for each division of the canal.
This layer may or may not have anu interior cuticula or thin homogene-
ous coat secreted by the cells. In all the front part of the canal, the
cuticula is thick and resistant, and serves to form the hard ridges and
spines in the esophagus, crop, and proventricle. In the stomach, the
cuticula is very thin and delicate, and I think, but am not sure, that it
is there pierced by numerous minute pores, through which pass fine cilia.
In the diverticula, the cuticula is somewhat more developed. On the
intestinal folds, it is armed with very numerous and very delicate spines.

Outside of the layer of epithelial cells there comes first, at least in
some parts, a very thin basement membrane, next to which follows the
layer of connective tissue, and finally the muscles, which form a circular
and a longitudinal coat, both of which are unequally and variously de-
veloped in the different segments of the tract.

The muscular and the connective layer are permeated by innumerable
fine air-tubes, or trachee. The trachez themselves present the same
histological peculiarities as those of other insects, and as I have described
in my article on the trachez of the water-beetle (Hydrophilus) of Kurope,
published in the Archives de Physiologie in January, 1876. Externally
there is a layer of flat epithelial cells, which secrete the spiral threads
and inner chitinous coats.

My observations have also extended to other parts of the body, par-
ticularly to the genital system, and I shall be able in my final report to
communicate many new observations on these organs. It does not
seem to me, however, desirable to enter further into details at present,
as it would be difficult to give any satisfactory account without the aid
of figures. I have been able to trace some of the principal stages of
development of the eggs and spermatozoa, but must reserve the discus-
sion of them until later.

EMBRYOLOGY OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN LOCUST.

It was hoped that we should be able to give quite a full summary of
the principal changes in the life of the locust before leaving the egg,
but it has been found impracticable to do this. We therefore present
the following description of the egg, and of the embryo just before
hatching, taken, with some corrections and onissions, from Mr. Packard’s
Report on the Rocky Mountain Locust.“

The egg is curved, cylindrical, 0.21 inch (54 millimeters) in length, more
_ pointed at the posterior than the anterior end. The posterior end is
contracted just before the extreme tip, which is smooth, the more or less
regular pits in the crust which covers the chorion, or egg-shell, being
here obsolete. Welhave been unable to discover any micropyle, or pas-
sage for the spermatozoa. The posterior end points downward in the
egg-mass, so that the exit of the young locust from the anterior end is

48 Report on the Rocky Mountain Locust and other Insects, &c., loc. cit.

278 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

thus rendered easier. Thechorion is the egg-shell, and is a dense, rather
thick, horny membrane. It is covered by a hard crust secreted by the
Sebifie gland. This crust is pitted hexagonally. The ripe embryo is pro
tected within the egg by two membranes. The outer is the serous mem-
brane, and is of the form of and lies next to the chorion, while the inner is
the amnion, and envelops the body and each separate limb. While this
membrane in most insects is structureless, we have found that in the
locust it is composed of convex cells, the membrane seen in outline
being rough, like the cornea of an insect’s eye. Although we have
not seen the larva actually burst its way out of the egg in more than
two instances, yet on the examination of between fifteen and twenty
deserted egg-shells, we have, without an exception, noticed in them
one, more usually two, slits extending from the head end to the middle
of the egg. The egg-shell is without doubt burst open by the puffing-
out or expansion of the membrane connecting the head and protho-
rax, just as the common house-fly, or flesh-fy, bursts off the end of its
pupa-case by the puffing-out of the front of the head. In one case, we
saw a large piece of the egg-shell (chorion) fly off from in front of the face
while the face of the embryo puffed slightly out, and in another instance
the whole anterior end of the shell came off. In the locust, we have
observed, as will be seen farther on, that the amnion is ruptured by the
forcible expansion of the membrane behind the head, the larve before
walking lying on their backs or sides and forcing this membrane out-
ward. This action probably begins before the shell is burst, and seems
amply sufficient to, burst the chorion and serous membrane. The outer
crust deposited from the sebific gland is fragile and easily broken and
peeled off by rubbing the egg between the fingers, leaving the chorion
beneath. The pressure thus exerted must be a lateral one, and suffi-
cient to rupture the dense chorion.

On removing the living embryo from the egg-shell (Fig. 18), it is found
that it lies with the legs folded on the side of the
body, the fore and middle pairs folded directly
across the thorax, while the hind pair are laid |
along each side of the abdomen. The antenne lie ©
on the face, each side of the clypeus and labrum,
or upper lip. The eyes are dark reddish, and the
head, limbs, and cross-lines on the back of the
body are reddish mixed with yellow. Beneath, the
body and legs are white. By putting the eggs in
: alcohol, the shell becomes more transparent, so
Fic. 18.—Embryo locnst that the head, eyes, limbs, and reddish portions of

My neon mon (After the body become visible. Length of embryo at

specimens received from Mr. S. D. Payne, Kasota, Le Sueur County, |
Minnesota, March 1, 1877. Hither during the night of the 13th or early |
in the morning of the 14th of March, nearly all the larve (the eggs hay- |

time of hatching, 0.21 inch. Described from living |

METAMORPHOSES OF THE LOCUST. 279

ing been kept in a warm room) hatched at the same time. The egg-
shell * bursts open at the head end, wben the larva, soon after extricating
itself from the egg, casts off a'thin pellicle (the amnion, or Faltenblatt), as
we have seen in the larve of the flea, currant saw-fly, and other insects.
Before the skin is cast, the locust is almost motionless, and by slight move-
ments of the body in about five minutes draws itself out of the amnion.
The process of extrication is as follows: While the larvalies nearly motion-
less it puffs out the thin, loose skin connecting the back of the head with
the front edge of the prothorax. The distension of this part probably
ruptures the skin, which slips over the head, the body meanwhile curving
over until the skin is drawn back from the head; when the latter is
thrown back, the larva withdraws its antenne and legs, and the skin is in
a few seconds pushed back to near the end of the abdomen; finally, its
hind tarsi are drawn out of the skin, and in a moment or two more the
young locust frees itself and walks actively off, sometimes, however,
with the cast skin adhering to the end of the abdomen. one

Before the molting of the amnion, the body and legs are soft and
flabby; immediately after, the young locust walks firmly on its legs, and
even hops with agility. As we have shown on p. 229, in describing the
later stages of the hatching process, the amnion is not shed till the
young animal reaches the surface.

ie Aedes Btn Ip ee
METAMORPHOSES.

THE SIX STAGES OF GROWTH.

Wehave already seen (p. 237) that the Rocky Mountain locust requires
on an average, about seven weeks, from the time of hatching, to attain
fall growth. Belonging to an Order in
which the transformations are incomplete,
the young locust differs but little in gen-
eral structure from its parent. The most
striking differences are the want of wings,
and the less flattened, narrower prothorax,
which rises from tbe sides more in the
Fic. 19.—Rocky Movntatw Locust.—a, shape of a roof. The abdomen is also

a, newly-hatched larve; 6, full-grown ; 4
larva; c, pupa. (After Riley.) more roof-shaped. The perfect winged

49 Mr. Riley is of the opinion (see his ‘‘ Locust Plague in the United States’’) that in cases where there
is requisite heat to insure development, but insuflicient moisture to weaken the egg-shell, the terminal
spines of the hind tibiw and ‘the tips of the mandibles may assist in rupturing the shell. To use his
own words: ‘‘Ordinarily all these parts are sheathed in the delicate pellicle (amnion). But just in
proportion as the hatching is retarded for want of moisture, after the embryon is once fully developed
in that proportion the jaws and spines harden; and it would seem that by the muscular contractions
and expansions of hatching, which bring the ventral parts with great pressure against the shell, there
might be slight friction of the horny points which would wear through the delicate amnion and facili-
tate the rupture of the shell.”” He was led to this opinion by having a number of eggs hatch where
they had been kept perfectly dry for three months, and by noticing in many cases a transverse rupture
at the points in contact with the horny parts mentioned. Ordinarily this action of the spines and
jaws does not take place, since the spines at the hatching period are soft, and it cannot be considered
as at all proved, even in the exceptional instances stated.

280 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

form is gradually assumed through a series of five molts, at the first four
of which the wing-pads become more and more apparent, and at the last
of which, from the pupa (Fig. 19, c) to the perfect state, the thorax be-
- comes flattened, full wings are acquired, and the insect ceases to grow,
except as the female abdomen becomes gravid and heavy with eggs.
Yet with each molt, aside from the colorational changes, certain minute
and less striking structural changes invariably take place, by observing
which we may always know the comparative age and the particular
stage of growth of any individual. These stages are well illustrated in
Plate I, and we will briefly indicate the more minute structural differ-
ences in each:

First stage (Pl. I, Fig. 1).—This, which may be called the first larval stage, is charac-
terized by the speckled gray coloring, the proportionally large head, and by the anten-
ne, which are short and thick, having from 12 to 13 joints, never more; the last number
the most frequent, and joints 4, 5, 6, and last shorter than the others. The meso- and
metanotum are subequal in length and together nearly as long as the pronotum. Aver-
age length 4.3™™,

Second stage (Pl. I, Fig. 2).—With the first molt, the general color darkens; the black
marks intensify and the face becomes pitchy-black. There is often a conspicuous pale
stripe along the middle of the ridged back. The antenne& are 16-jointed, the 6th, 7th,
8th, and 9th joints of the preceding stage dividing toward base. The pronotum ex-
tends more or less over the mesonotum, so as to be longer than this last and the
metanotum together, and the lower edges of these two are full and rounded, giving the
first indication of wing-pads. This may be called the second larval stage. Average
length 6.8™™,

Third stage (Pl. I, Fig. 3).—With the second molt we get the third larval stage, in
which the pale and dark colors still more strongly contrast and the face becomes still
more pitchy. The pronotum entirely covers the mesonotum and not unfrequently a
part of the metanotum ; while the lower edges of these are subacutely produced into
true wing-pads, the front one but slightly narrower than the hind one. The antennz
are still 16-jointed but with the joints more equal in length. This may be termed the
third larval stage. Average length 9™™,

Fourth stage (Pl. I, Fig. 4).—With the third molt the pronotum, instead of having a
straight transverse border, is much produced behind and now entirely covers and hides
the other notal joints. The wing-pads, instead of extending downward, are turned up,
so that their upper ends meet on the narrow back ; the hind pair triangular, with a pale
disc, and partly overlapping the front pair, which are narrower and longer but do not
extend so far; the bases of both being hidden by the prouotum. Antenne with 19 or
20 subequal joints. Average length 14™™,. This may be known as the first pupal stage.

Fifth stage (Pl. I, Fig. 5).—With the fourth molt the pronotum is still more produced
behind, and the wing-pads, though retaining the same positions, are as long as the
pronotum, the front pair more hidden by the hind pair but extending nearly as far.
The antennz have 22 joints. Average length 17™™. This is the true or second pupal
Stage. Z

Sixth stage (Pl. I, Fig. 6).—The perfect winged insect, defined in Chapter I. The an-
tennz have from 23 to 26 joints, those of the 2 generally one more than those of the ¢.

European authors differ as to whether there are three, four, or five
molts in the European migratory species; but we have watched spre-
tus from the egg to the imago, and thousands of mounted and alcoholic
specimens of all ages show the stages enumerated. The transition from
the second to the third, however, is sometimes not very marked, and it
is not improbable that, as is the case with many other insects, the num-
ber of molts may vary according to the amount of nutrition and rapidity
of development.

The sexual characters are not well marked, and the sexes are conse-
quently with difficulty distinguished, in the first three stages. In the
~_—~“#ee Képpen, “ Usber dio Heuschrecken in Sidrussland,” 1062, pp-22, 2 | lu

‘THE PROCESS OF MOLTING DESCRIBED. 981°

first pupal stage the differences become apparent, and in the true pupa
the parts are sufficiently well formed to permit coition, which, as we have
had evidence, exceptionally takes place thus prematurely.

In giving measurements of the different stages we have taken as
near as possible the period of growth between each stage. The depth
of coloring varies greatly in the immature stages, and the pale medio-
dorsal line, so conspicuous on some of the larvae, is entirely wanting in
others. The ground-color after the first stage varies from pale-yellowish-
gray, the common and typical color, to orange-brown, and even black,
and from pale yellow to pure green. A marked green variety (var. viri-
dis Kiley) occurs, in which the normal pale yellowish-gray parts are
bright green, the green being first distinctly noticeable in the third lar-
val stage and enduring to maturity. We have never seen this green
variety among the fresh arrivals from the mountain regions, but it is
conspicuous among its brown companions when hatching in the Tempo-
rary region, and constitutes ordinarily about one in a thousand, though
Sometimes a much larger proportion, of the progeny of invading swarms.

THE PROCESS OF MOLTING.

Like all creatures which suffer exuviation or the shedding of skin,
our locust quits feeding for a while and remains quiet during the pro-
cess. The first three or larval skins are almost invariably shed on or
near the ground, the young insects congregating under grass in little
hollows or depressions, or under any shelter that offers for the purpose.
The cast-off exuvie are often very abundant in such sheltered places,
and are not infrequently mistaken for dead locusts. The last two or
pupal molts, on the contrary, more often take place above ground, the
insects at these stages of growth preferring to fasten to some elevated
object. Immediately after each molt the whole body is soft and color-
less, aS it was immediately after hatching.

In order to illustrate the interesting process of molting, we will trace
an individual through the last molt—from the pupa to the winged in-
sect—as it is the most difficult and, on account of the larger size of
the animal, most easily watched. The other molts are very similar in
mode of execution.

‘When about to acquire wings the pupa crawls up some post, weed,
grass Stalk, or other object, and clutches such object securely with the
hind feet, which are drawn up under the body. In doing so the favorite
position is with the head downward, though this is by no means essen-
tial. Remaining motionless in this position for several hours, with
antennz drawn down over the face, and the whole aspect betokening
helplessness, the thorax, especially between the wing-pads, is noticed to
swell. Presently the skin along this swollen portion splits right along
the middle of the head and thorax, starting by a transverse, curved
suture between the eyes, and ending at the base of the abdomen.

282 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

‘‘ Let us now imagine that we are watching one from the momentof this
splitting, and when it presents the appearance of Fig. 20, a. AS soon
as the skin is split, the soft and white fore body and head swell and
gradually extrude more and more by a series of muscular contortions;
the new head slowly emerges from the old skin, which, with its empty
. eyes, is worked back beneath, and the new feelers and legs are being
drawn from their casings and the future wings from their sheaths. At
the end of six or seven minutes our locast—no longer pupa and not yet

oi aiay scat
~ eSE

Oy

imago—looks as in Fig. 20, b, the four front pupa-legs being generally
' detached and the insect hanging by the hooks of the hind feet, which
were anchored while yet it had that command over them which it has
now lost. The receding skin is transparent and loosened, especially
from the extremities. In six or seven minutes more of arduous labor—of
swelling and contracting—with an occasional brief respite, the antennse
and the four front legs are freed, and the fulled and crimped wings
extricated. The soft front legs rapidly stiffen, and, holding to its sup-
port as well as may be with these, the nascent locust employs whatever
muscular force it is capable of to draw out the end of the abdomen and
its long hind legs (Fig. 20, c). This in a few more minutes it finally does
and with gait as unsteady as that of a new-dropped colt, it turns round
and clambers up the side of the shrunken, cast-off skin, and there rests
while the wings expand and every part of the body hardens and gains
strength—the crooked limbs straightening and the wings unfolding and
expanding like the petals of some pale flower. The front wings are at
first rolled longitudinally to a point, and as they expand and unroll, the
hind wings, which are tucked and gathered along the veins, at first curl
over them. In ten or fifteen minutes from the time of extrication these
wings are fully expanded and hang down like dampened rags (Fig. 20, d).
From this point on the broad hind wings begin to fold up like fans
beneath the narrower front ones, and in another ten minutes they have
assumed the normal attitude of rest. Meanwhile the pale colors which
always belong to the insect while molting have been gradually giving
way to the natural tints, and at this stage our new fledged locust presents

DIFFERENCES IN EARLY STAGES OF ALLIED LOCUSTS. 283

an aspect fresh and bright (Fig. 20, e). If now we examine the cast-off
skin, we shall find every part entire with the exception of the rupture
which originaliy took place on the back; and it would puzzle one who:
had not witnessed the operation to divine how the now stiff hind shanks
of the mature insect had been extricated from the bent skeleton left
behind. They were in fact drawn over the bent knee-joint, so that .
during the process they were doubled throughout their length. They
were as supple at the time as an oil-soaked string, and for some time
after extrication they show the effects of this severe bending by their
curved appearance.

“The molting, from the bursting of the pupa-skin to the full adjust-
ment of the wings and straightening of the legs of the perfect insect,
occupies less than three-quarters of an hour, and sometimes but half an
hour. It takes place most frequently during the warmer part of the
morning, and within an hour after the wings are once in position the
parts have become sufficiently dry and stiffened to enable the insect to
move about with ease; and in another hour, with appetite sharpened by
long fast, it joins its voracious comrades and tries its new jaws. The
molting period, especially the last, is a very critical one, and during the
helplessness that belongs to it the unfortunate locust falls a prey to
many enemies which otherwise would not molest it, and not infrequently
to the voracity of the more active individuals of its own species.”

DIFFERENCES IN THE IMMATURE STAGES BETWEEN THE ROCKY
MOUNTAIN, THE LESSER, AND THE RED-LEGGED LOCUSTS.

The imaginal differences which characterize these three common and
allied species, so often confounded with each other, have been given in
Chapter I. In this connection, we will indicate those differences which
will permit the separation of the three species in the earlier or immature
stages. Spretus, though palest when mature, has the most black in the
immature stages, and its black face is quite characteristic. One who has
great familiarity with thése three species in life can distinguish them at
any stage (they all three go through the same number of molts), and can
even distinguish between the exuvie, those of spretus being darkest,
those of atlanis most gray and uniformily speckled, and those of femur-
yubrum palest, with the black streaks more strongly contrasting.

Spretus.—In the first stage, spretus has a decidedly ferocious look, the head being pro-
portionally larger than in the other species. The colors are brown, gray, and dull white,
the general tint being light gray, and the insect presenting a mottled and’ speckled
appearance. Of the dark dots and marks, the most conspicuous and presistent (for
some specimens are much darker than others) are, one behind the eyes, a subquadrate
one on the side of the metathorax, a crescent streak on the sides of the swollen end
of the hind femora, and two spots on the bulbous base of the hind tibie. In the
second stage tbe face, with very rare exceptions, is pitchy black, the top of the
head showing the three characteristic rows of transverse black marks on a rust-
brown ground, the outer rows curving around the eyes, and the middle one broadest,
and divided by a narrow medial pale line; the rust-brown color continues, with more
irregular black marks, on the prothorax, narrowing toward its middle; on each side of
it the anterior part of the prothorax is black, relieved below by a conspicuous, arched
pale line, and this again with a more or less distinct dark lateral mark beneath. The

284 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

cheeks are mottled with rust-brown and edged behind with yellow; the head beneath
and palpi, except a black rim around tips, are pale yellowish. The other colors are
much asin the matureinsects. With each succeeding stage the broad and pale streaks
of prothorax intensify, and as soon as the hind wing-pads are turned up over the front
pair, viz, in the fourth stage, the pale spot at the base, which becomes so conspicucus |
in the pupa, is visible. The black face after the first molt is quite characteristic, and
often endures to the pupa state. (See Pl. I.)

Atlanis.—Aside from its smaller size, throughout its growth, this species may be dis-
. tinguished as follows: Jn the first stage it is more uniformly and distinctly dotted
with black, the legs being strongly dotted and banded, and the hind thighs being
darker and showing much more distinctly the pale transverse streaks. In the second
stage, the color is more livid or rosy, with a more strongly contrasting yellow venter.
In the subsequent stages, these colorational differences still prevail, and the face is not
black as in spretus; the pale spot on the hind wing-pads is less conspicuous in the
fourth stage, and the pupa is distinguished not only by its smaller size and different
color, but by the narrower, more obsolete black marks of the prothorax and by the
wing-pads being considerably shorter and smaller, the hind pair livid, with only rarely
a touch of black at base, and with the pale spot subobsolete. The pale streaks on the
outside of the hind thighs are a)ways conspicuous. It presents, in fact, a marked con-
trast to the pupa of spretus. Atlanis invariably has a pale face—yellow or greenish,
speckled with gray-brown; and, just as invariably, the outside of the hind thighs more
mottled with pale oblique streaks through the black. (See Pl. IIT.)

Femur-rubrum.—tin size, intermediate between the other two, this species is never-
theless easily distinguished from either. In the first stage, the spots of body and
bands of legs are subobsolete, and the hind thighs have no transverse streaks. In the
subsequent stages, it is distinguished by the generally paler and greener hue; by the
black being more solid and intense and contrasting more with the pale colors; by the
wing-pads having no pale spot (or very rarely a faint indication of it), and by the
outer black mark on hind thighs showing no pale streaks. The face is pale through-
out and less speckled than in ailanis, and the upper white mark running from the side
of the prothorax is more conspicuous on the head behind the eyes than in the other
species. (See Pl. IT.)

CHAP hor
INVERTEBRATE ENEMIES.

THEIR VALUE.

The good offices of the larger vertebrate animals, in assisting man to
overcome the devastations of the Rocky Mountain locust, will be set
forth in the succeeding chapter. Under the present head we shall con-
fine our attention to those smaller animals, belonging principally to its
own Class, which, though often invisible or scarcely perceptible, yet carry
on their good work most effectually. It is a law in nature that every
animal necessarily meets with checks of one kind or another to its undue
multiplication. Even the slowest-breeding species would soon overrun
all habitable parts of the globe to the exclusion of others, were the coun-
teracting influences—the struggle between species for supremacy—that
keep it within bounds, by any possible means removed ; while the more
prolific species would do so in an almost incredibly short space of time.
Most plant-feeding insects are so prolific that, unchecked, they would
very soon annihilate the particular plants upon which they feed, and we
find them beset with many checks, not the least important of which are
their insect parasites and devourers. Let the plant-feeder once become
unduly multiplied, and these, its natural enemies, invariably multiply in
increasing proportion, until, in their turn, they get the upper hand, and

INSECT ENEMIES OF THE LOCUST. 285

bring about a natural balance. It is because of the great fecundity of
insects, whether phytophagous or carnivorous, that there often occur
such comparatively sudden changes from excess to scarcity. A particu-
lar plant-feeder will swarm to an alarming and injurious extent one year
and be scarcely heard of the next. The locust shares with other species
in this particular. A period of excess is sure to be followed by a period
of scarcity, due largely to the increase of its natural enemies. This was
very fully illustrated last year; for on all sides the abundance of these
natural enemies was observed. Not to speak now of birds and other
larger enemies, it was matter of common remark in Minnesota that in
many localities where the locust eggs were laid in unusually great num-
bers, the hatching the following spring was nothing like so extensive as
was anticipated, on account of the destruction occasioned by grubs,
mites, &c. From every State and Territory where eggs were thickly
deposited, similar experience has been obtained. The locusts, after
hatching, were attacked to an unusual extent by the various enemies
to be presently enumerated, while careful observers in British America
had already noticed, in 1876, that the locusts which occurred there were
so loaded with parasites that they died without laying eggs; and the
immunity from locust injury enjoyed there in 1877 is attributed largely
to this cause.

It has been our privilege to watch quite closely the working of these
more minute locust enemies during the past few years, and their useful-
ness is altogether underrated, for the simple reason that their work too
often goes on hidden and unobserved. Considering the great abundance
in which they sometimes occur, and their great assistance in keeping
our Rocky Mountain locust in check, it is surprising how little is said of
or attributed to insect enemies of the European migratory locusts by
European writers. Gersticker, speaking of migratoria, says that it has
no insect enemy worthy of mention, and cites only field crickets, a large
locust (Locusta viridissima, L.), a Mantis, and the hair-worms. K6ppen
adds ants and a ground-beetle (Calosoma); but it is plain that neither
of these late writers have had much personal experience in the matter.

The invertebrate enemies of our locust may, to facilitate reference, be
divided into, 1st, those which affect the eggs; 2d, those which affect
the active locust.

ANIMALS THAT DESTROY TOE EGGS.

The Anthomyia Egg-parasite (Anthomyia angustifrons, Meigen,
Fig. 21).—This is, perhaps, the most common and wide-spread of all the
different egg-enemies, and in the fall of 1876 it destroyed on an average
about ten per cent. of the eggs in Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska, and
in some localities a much larger percentage. It was clso quite common
in Iowa and Minnesota, and, as we learned during the past year, occurs
in Colorado and Texas. It is doubtless this species which our corre-
spondents in many cases refer to by the general term of “grubs,” ‘‘white

286 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

worms,” &c., as the cause of the non-hatching of eggs (App. 18), and the
following extracts have reference to the work of the same:

Recently a white worm or maggot has been discovered in the locust eggs laid in this
vicinity, and so general are the grubs that we really look for a great diminution in
next year’s locust crop. About
the time the *hoppers began
laying eggs we had a hard,
soaking rain, and since then
we have had ceveral more—
the last this morning. By
this time the ground is well
soaked with water and the
eggs were and are laid in
earth that is quite moist. It
is about two weeks since the
7hoppers first reached Man-
kato; they have laid many
eggs, and already this worm
or maggot has developed and
seems to be on the increase,
being found in the egg cells,
where it sucks or destroys the egy. Some cells that I have opened have had two and
three worms in them.—[J. C. Wise, Mankato, Minn., August 20, 1876.

On the 9th I sent you a box of locust-egg parasites, and to-day I will send you some
more of different sorts or different stages of development, or both. I find them more
plentiful to-day than before. The ground seems to be full of them, from five to twenty
of the small white worms in a single cell, one generally, though sometimes two, of the
large white ones inacell. The reddish-colored ones, I suppose, are in a different stage
of development, though the same parasite. In every cell in which I have found any
of those sent you, the eggs were nearly or quite destroyed. But there is another and
a far more destructive enemy, viz, the hot sun, which is hatching them ont by the
million, though the parasites may continue their work after 15 ceases to operate. I
shall be happy to do all I can to aid you in your investigations.—[C. E. Treadwell,
Rockport, Atchison County, October 16, 1876.

Yesterday we discovered on a warm southern exposure that our locust eggs were
hatching out maggots. We break open the cocoons, and the eggs on exposure to the
sun for a few moments crawl away a worm. In warm places along the hedges the
earth is alive with them. Is this a new development of the locust question? It
would seem to be a confirmation of the theory you promulgated, as I understood it at
the time. I secured a few of the perfect cocoons, which I inclose for your examina-
tion. We suppose these will do as the others do upon exposure to the sun.

The people here are quite excited over the matter, hoping it may be a solution of the
problem for next year, at least, and have deputed me to lay the matter before you.
Any information you can give us in regard to this, our latest, development will be
thankfully received and acknowledged.—[S. M. Pratt, M. D., Hiawatha, Brown County,
Kansas, October 30, 1876.

Various reports have been circulated in regard to the destruction of the eggs of the
Rocky Mountain locust (Caloptenus spretus) by a worm. I am happy to state that
these reports were substantiated yesterday by Mr. McLockhead, of Deer Creek, Kana-
waka, twelve miles west of this city, who brought me a box of earth in which the
eggs of the “hopper” had been abundantly deposited. To-day a similar box was
secured from W. B. Barnett, esy., of Hiawatha, Brown County. In both of these in-
stances a large proportion of the eggs have been destroyed by a small, white larva.
Many of the egg-cases, which ordinarily each contain from twenty to thirty eggs, had

Fic. 21.—ANTHOMYIA EG6&-PARASITE.—4d. fly ; b, pupa; ¢c, larva from
side; d, head of same from above—all enlarged. (After Riley.)

THE ANTHOMYIA EGG-PARASITE. 287

no eggs in them, but were full of these worms or larvx, each one of which took the
place of an egg which it had destroyed. Some of the egg-cases contained only two or
three larvee with more than twenty sound eggs.—[Prof. F. H. Snow, in Lawrence
(Kansas) Journal, November 1, 1876.

I have just returned from quite an extensive trip to the Upper Minnesota. I send
by mail a few larve and pupa, in two little paste-board boxes, of Anthomyia, I pre-
sume. I found them. thick in a strip of rich, black soil, where the hatching was sud-
denly arrested by a heavy rain on the 20th; and as the ground was low, the water
stood there for several hours. On digging, I found plenty of cases where the ’hoppers
had emerged from the shell (but not from the skin), and had stopped there, apparently,
without strength to go any farther; but on digging them up and letting them stand
in the sun for a few minutes, they came out all right. The larve that I send were
very thick in these nests, sometimes half a dozen in one nest, and had eaten many of
them out clean.—[Allen Whitman, Saint Paul, Minnesota, May 30, 1877.

Large numbers of the flies and of the worms were reported in differ-
ent parts of Kansas last spring by our special assistants, and we never
dug for five minutes among the locust eggs, anywhere in our travels
during the month of May, without finding this parasite in various stages
of development. Yet previous to 1876 no such enemy of these eggs
had ever been recorded.

‘This good little friend, which simultaneously prevailed over so large
an extent of country, is a small white maggot (Fig. 21, c) of the same
general form of the common meat maggots or ‘ gentles,’ but measuring,
when full grown and extended, not quite one-fourth of an inch in length.
The head, with some of the anterior joints of the body, tapers and is
retractile, and the jaws consist of two small hooks joined to a V-shaped,
black, horny piece, which, as it is retracted or extended, plays beneath
the transparent skin. The hind or tail end is squarely docked off, and
contains two smal! yellowish-brown, eye-like spots, which are the prin-
cipal spiracles or breathing pores.

‘‘ These small maggots are found in the locust-egg-pods, either singly
or in varying numbers, there sometimes being a dozen packed together
in the same pod. They exhaust the juices of the eggs, and leave noth.
ing but the dry and discolored shells; and where they are not numer-
ous enough to destroy ail the eggs in the pod, their work, in breaking open
a few, often causes all the others to rot.”

When full grown, this maggot contracts into a stiff, cylindrical
puparium, rounded at both ends, and of various shades of brown in color
(Fig. 21, b). Within this hardened case the true pupa is formed, and
‘in the course of a week in warm weather, and longer as the weather
is colder, there issues a small, grayish, two-winged fly (Fig. 21, a), about
one-fourth of an inch long, the wings expanding about one-half of an
inch, and in general appearance resembling a diminutive house-fly, ex-
cept that the body is more slender and more tapering behind, and the
wings relatively more ample. More carefully examined, the body is
seen to be of an ash-gray color, tinged with rust-yellow, and beset with
stiff, bristle-like hairs, those on the thorax stoutest, and those on the
abdomen smaller but more uniformly distributed. The wings are faintly

288 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

smoky and iridescent. There are three dusky longitudinal stripes on
the thorax, most distinct anteriorly, and another along the middle
of the abdomen, most distinct in the male, which also differs from the
female in the larger eyes, which meet much more closely on the top of i
the head than in the female, and in the face being whiter.” i

The species passes the winter mostly in the pupa state, though |
doubtless also to some extent in the per-
fect state. It may be found in all stages
of growth during the autumn months until
just before winter sets in, and again during
the spring months.

‘“The flies of this genus are character-
ized by the shortness of the antennae, and
by the attenuated abdomen. The charac-
= ters given to it are, however, by no means
aes: fi Sipe lily to Set, CLES uniform, and as the species generally bear
Corts.) a very close resemblance to each other, and
there have been a large number described in Europe (many of them very
imperfectly), it becomes almost an impossibility to properly determine
them. As the sexes often differ materially, it is also, except where they
are reared from the larva, difficult to connect them; and as the colors
often become sordid and dull in the cabinet, many of the described
Species have no real existence.”

The flies frequent flowers, and often congregate and play in swarms
in the air. Their eggs are white, smooth, oval, about 0.04 inch long, and
are dropped near the food of the larva. In the larva state, these insects
mostly feed on leguminous plants, and the carnivorous habit is excep-
tional. The species affecting the Cabbage, the Onion, the Radish, &e.,
have received different names, as brassice, ceparum, raphani, &c., but
it is doubtful whether they are all good species. The egg-feeding species
under consideration was originally described by Mr. Riley as a variety
(calopteni) of A. radicum, L.; but through the kindness of Mr. R. U1.
Meade, of Bradford, England, who has paid especial attention to the
genus, and who has examined specimens we sent him, we iearn that if
is the A. angustifrons of Meigen.*! Compared with A. radicum (Fig. 22
the epistoma is less prominent, the abdomen narrower and not so dis-
tinctly marked with black along the middle and, transversely, at the
sutures; while the male has, along the whole length of the inner or
anterior sides of the hind tibiz, a characteristic row of fine, rigid hairs,
of even length, like a fine comb.

ANTHOMYIA ANGUSTIFRONS, Meigen.—Egg.—Oval, smooth, white, 0.04 inch long.

Larva.—Skin unarmed, U.24 inch long when extended, of the normal form, the man-
dibular hooks black, quite conspicuous, and diverging at base. Prothoracic spiracles
elongate. Aval spiracles minute, yellowish-brown, with the 8 fleshy surrounding
tubercles, small.

5IIt is the Aricia fuscipes, Zett., and belongs to the subgenus Chortophila, Macquart.

—— ee eee

GROUND-BEETLES THAT ATTACK LOCUST-EGGS. 289

Pupa.—Pale-brown, rounded at each end, with the prothoracic spiracles and lips ante-
riorly, and the anal spiracles and lower tubercles posteriorly, showing as minute points.

Imago, 2.—Average expanse 0.48 inch. General color ash-gray with a ferruginous
hue, especially above, and a more or less intense metallic reflection. Face with “white
reflections below; eyes smooth. brown, encircled by the ground color, and this behind
and on forehead bordered by a brown line; 2 similar lines at back of head from upper
corners of eyes and approaching to neck ; forehead dusky-brown, becoming bright
yellowish-red toward base of antenne, and the brown forking at right angles around
occiput. Trophi and antenne black, the style simple and somewhat longer than the
whole antenne. Thorax with three dusky longitudinal lines, obsolete behind ; legs
black, with cinereous hue beneath; wings faintly smoky, with brown-black veins,
the discal cross-vein straight and transverse, the outer one bent and more oblique ;
balancers crumpled, yellowish. Abdomen with faint dusky medio-dorsal spots, broad
at base, tapering and obsolescing toward end of each joint.

In the g, aside from the larger eyes, strovger bristles, and narrower, less tapering
abdomen with its additional joint—all characteristic of the sex—the face is whiter, and
the medio-dorsal dark mark of abdomen continuous, and the hind tibia are armed on

the inner side with a pectinate series of fine hairs.

Described from 25 specimens of both sexes, reared from locust-egg-feeding larvee.

The Common Flesh-fly (Sarcophaga carnaria, L.).—The red-tailed
variety (sarracenie) of this ubiquitous insect, described and figured
further on as preying on the locust, also attacks its eggs. Itis a larger
maggot than the preceding, and contracts to a darker pupa, which is not
similarly rounded at each ené, but has the hind end truncate, and the
front end tapering. It sucks the eggs, as does the Anthomyia larva, but
the parent fly is probably attracted principally to those which are addled
or injured, as the pods in which we have found it have very generally
been in a fluid state of decay.

Ground-beetles and their larve.—That many ground-beetles (Cara-
bide) feed upon the eggs as well as upon the locusts there can be no
doubt whatever, though few instances have been observed. One species,
however, the Agonoderes dorsalis,” Lec. (Fig. 23),
has been observed to settle in swarms in fields
containing locust-eggs, and to busy itself devour-
ing them. The following letter from Mr. W.
eee i Claytonville, Kans., under date
of April 28, 1877, refers to this little beetle, which
will be aie PelGanived from the figure, the colors
being yellowish-brown and black:

On Sunday afternoon, April 15, the air was laden with
those beetles; they came with a warm northwest wind,
and I observed that they disappeared under the surface as
soon as they fell.

A few days afterward I went into a field that was plowed
last fall for wheat, and abandoned because of the immense
number of eggs it contained. I scratched a handful of earth to search for eggs, and
found more than a dozen of these little beetles. I examined this field very closely, but
found no beetles where I found no eggs. I also examined other fields and found the
same result. I went to that same field again to-day, and found only very few eggs, and

those few broken and half consumed. I could scarcely find a whole cocoon; the
beetles are only where the eggs are, and in walking over the ground you rarely see one.

HARPALUS (?) LARVA.—While few of the perfect ground-beetles have
been observed preying on locust-eggs, two larvae were quite commonly

Fic. 23.— AGONODERES’ DOR-
SALIS. (Emerton, del.)

52Supposed to be the Carabus comma of Fabr.

19 G@

290 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

found at this workin 1876. One of these (Fig. 24, a) is evidently the larva
of some species of Harpalus, and proba-
bly of H. herbivagus Say, which is quite
common in the locust regions. It was
described in 1876.°%° It is an active
creature, with powerful head and jaws,
which, together with the prothorax, are
light brown, the rest of the body being
pale, and gradually tapering to the end,
which is furnished with a stout anal
proleg and two 4-jointed appendages.
We have failed in our efforts to rear
this larva to the perfect state, and can
give but a more detailed description of
it for the scientific reader.

Color, yellowish - white; prothorax and head
highly polished yellowis2- brown; the jaws
darker. Head broad, depressed, and rugose in

Fic. 24. er actante © Lopen Gaon Se front; jaws broad, robust, dark, and with but
on Locust Eces.—a, larva frm above; b, Oe Strong middle tooth; antenn 5-jointed,
head, from beneath; ¢, leg—enlarged. (After joints 4 and 5 scarcely equaling 3 in length; max-

Riley.) ille elongate, subcylindrical, with a “4-jointed
outer and a 2-jointed inner palpus; mentum elongate, its base s ldered with the lower
head ; labrum also elongate and with 2-jointed palpi; all trophi armed with stiff hair.
Prothoracic joint swollen, wider than head, twice as long as succeeding joint, horny, avd
witb adarker anterior border, limited by a transverse stria posteriorly, - and marked with
fine longitudinal striz. Legs, except cox, dark brown and thickly beset with short,
spinous bristles of the same color. Abdoinen tapering to end, with no horny plates,
but each joint with two transverse rows of stiff yellowish hairs, the posterior rows
strongest. Stigmata lateral, pale, the first pair on an anterior mesothoracie fold.
Anal proleg stout, the cerci 4-jointed (join-s 3 and 4 small and imperfectly separ.ted)
and reaching but ‘little beyond it; eyes small, dark, and just behind base of antenne.
Length of largest Specimens 0.58 inch.

Many specimens feeding on eggs of Caloptenus spretus.

THE EGG-FEEDING AMARA (Amara obesa Say *).—Another larva of
about the same size, and belonging to the same family as the preceding,
was also found, in 1876, prey-
ing on the locust eggs. It
may easily be distinguished
from the other by a series of
broad, smoky or dark brown,
horny plates along the back,
and by somewhat paler horny
pieces along the sides and be-
neath (Fig. 25,a). The pro-
thorax is narrower, and the
body bulges at the middle;
the legs are pale, and the
anal cerci are quite short.

Fic. 25.—AMARA OBESA.—4@, larva; d, under side of one ef This plated larva was again

its middle joints; e, its head beneath; f, its leg; g, i's anal
cerci and proleg from side; b, pupa; ¢, peetle. (After Riley.) found in large numbers, in

83 9th Mo. Ent. Rep., p. 97, 1876. See, also, Packard’s Rep. to Dr. Hayden, 1877, p. 662.
54 Belongs to Zimmermann’s subgenus Celia. He considers it the same as the European patricia Dej.,
but Chaudoir insists taht it is different.

GROUND-BEETLES THAT ATTACK LOCUST-EGGS. 291

1877, preying on the locust eggs, especially in Minnesota; and the fol-
lowing letters from Mr. Seth H. Kenney, of Morriston, Rice County,
Minnesota, through whose kindness we have been able to study all its
transformations, have reference to it:

I herewith send you some grubs, such as have eaten large quantities of grasshopper

eggs, and have extended all over our farms in this vicinity. Ihave found them eating
the eggs, and where the eggs were laid most plentifully there the grubs are the thick-
est. Isend you by mail two boxes, one full of soil, and quite a quantity of eggs and
live grubs of all sizes, and some that have evidently begun to change into the beetle.
The ground is dug and thrown to the surface by these grubs; and I send some of the
soil a3 they throw it up, because it is singular. How they could become so pientiful,
unless the eggs that make them are laid with the locust eggs, it is difficult to conceive.
—[May 12, i877.
_ The ground where these beetles occur is full of holes, from 4 to 6 inches deep, and
just large enough to admit them. ‘Now, I find no pellets near these holes, and I there-
fore conclude that the beetles do not make the pellets, but that the grubs do. I kept
some beetles in a glass vessel with some grass over Sabbath, and when I examined
them they had fought and devoured each other, until only one and the fragments of
three were left.—[June 11, 1877.

The eggs must be laid during the summer months, and the larvee
which we have found of various sizes, but principally full grown, as late
as November, must often hibernate and feed for awhile again in spring.
In this, however, there will be found no regularity, and some of the
more advanced larve doubtless produce beetles in the autumn, as the
beetles of the genus are often found hibernating. The pupa (Fig. 25, b)
is formed in a simple cavity in the ground, and lasts in midsummer from
two to three weeks before changing to the beetle.

Authors differ as to the food-habits of the beetles of this genus, some
believing these are phytophagous, others that they are carnivorous.
The facts here recorded leave no doubt as to the carnivorous propensities
of the species in question, and they are in accordance with the general
habits of the family. It by no means follows, however, that the beetles
may not at the same time be plant-feeders also, for we have good author-
ity that a species (Zabrus gibbus, Fabr.), belonging to an allied genus, is
at times quite injurious to wheat, while Mr. Zimmermann,” in a valuable
memoir on the genus, shows that they feed upon the pith and stems of
eramines and on succulent roots as well as on soft insects. Indeed, the
two habits are much more often combined than entomologists generally
admit.

The beetles of the genus generally hide during the day under stones,
elods, grass, &c. The habit of the larvae, noticed by Mr. Kenney, of
throwing up little pellets of earth, is quite curious, and we can only ac-
count for it by the soil being unusually wet and adhering to different
parts of the body, from which, in being detached, it gets rolled by the
jaws into the pellets mentioned, which are irregular in shape and aver-
age about 1.5™™ in diameter.

AMARA OBESA.—Larva.—Color dull whitish; heaviest and widest about the middle
of the body, tapering rather suddenly from joint 10; head, and prothorax above, gam-

ary 55 Rev. Ent. de Silbermann, II, p. 189.

292 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

boge-yellow. Joints 2-12 each with a dorsal transverse corneous plate of a somewkat
deeper brownish-yellow ; a medial impressed line on all the joints, and two distinct
impressions each side of it on all the plates; a lateral substigmatal series-of ovoid
tubercular plates, and 7 ventral ones, on each abdominal joint, arranged asin Fig- 25, a,
varying in size so aseither to be well separated or contiguous, those on joints. 11 and
12 coalescing. Head flattened, depressed ; mandibles moderately stout, with a small
middle tooth; antenne not reaching beyond mandibles, 4-jointed, the 3d bent inward,
the 4th outward ; maxilla with 2d joint slightly shorter than the basal, with tapering 4-
jointed outer and 2-jointed inner palpi; mentum short; Jabium faintly bilobed, the
terminal joint black; the palpi 2-jointed, the terminal joint small and bent inward ;
inside of 2d maxiilary joint and tip of labium armed with setz. Prothoracic joint
rounded, faintly striate at front and hind borders ; legs pale, with an X-shaped black
mark at outside of cox, which are stout ; trochanter very short from above; tarsus
distinctly 2-clawed, and nearly as long as tibia ; ; stigmata pale, lateral, the first pair on
a fold on the front "edge of the mesothorax; anal proleg horizontal, yather obliquely
truncate beneath, not much longer than joint 12, the cerci not reaching beyond it, and
faintly triarticulate, with the tip black. Average length, 14™™,

Pupa.—Unarmed, long, with the tips of tarsi broadly and distinctly bifid.

Described from many ‘locust- egg-feeding specimens.

Other Carabid larve no doubt prey upon these eggs, since we have

Ae) 718) jh

Fic. 26.—HARPALUS? LARVA.—B, under side of head; h, 7,
j, under side of different joints of body. (After Riley.)

discovered two species, distinct from either of
the above, feeding on the eggs of other er Dese ee
Fic. 27.—PENNSYLVANIA
locusts. We introduce the figure of a larger Grovnn-nerrLe.—a,anterior tarsus
< : : and notched tibia; 0, beetle. (After
Species (Fig. 26), and its probable parent, the Riley.)
Pennsylvania Ground-beetle (Zarpalus pennsylvanicus De Geer, Fig. 27).
Blister-beetle larve —Of all the different insects that feed on
the eggs of our locust, these, though not the most common or effective
in checking locust increase, are nevertheless the most interesting; first,
because of the singular changes which they go through; secondly,
because their larval habits remained so long unknown, notwithstanding
the frequency with which the beetles themselves recur in great numbers
on different plants. The habit of feeding on locust eggs in the larva
state, though suspected by Mr. Riley in 1876, was first demonstrated by
him in 1877. These blister-beetles are all elongate in form, and possess
the property, in common with the Spanish-fly of the shops, of drawing
blisters on the human flesh. Many of the species show great partiality
to the Potato, and were for a long time considered the most formidable
enemies of thisesculent. The Striped blister-beetle (Fig. 30; Pl. 1V, Fig.
10) is familiar to most farmers, in the more Southern States especially,
and swarms at times on potato and tomato vines. The Ash-gray blister-
beetle (Fig. 31, a) ranges farther north, and attacks (besides the Potato)
the Honey-locust, various kinds of beans, lucerne, apple-trees, beets, Xe.
The Margined blister-beetle (Pl. IV, Fig. 11), aside from attacking j
potato and tomato vines, is often injurious to the egg plant, the Ken- i
tucky coffee-tree (Gymnocladus canadensis), spinach, and other garden >

LARVAL HABITS OF BLISTER-BEETLES. ysis

plants. The Black blister-beetle (Zpicauta pennsylvanica De Geer) is
enother common species, occurring late in the summer and in autumn
on various wild plants, as Solidago, Lupatorium, &e.

All these beetles lay eggs in the ground in the vicinity of locust-eggs,
and their young, at first slender, with long legs, and active, eat into the
locust-egg mass (PI. IV, Fig. 1, 2). Here they remain until they have
devoured all or nearly all the locust-eggs, having changed, meanwhile,
into clumsy, short-legged grubs (PI. IV, Fig. 5). Now forsaking the
remnants of the egg-mass, the grub penetrates the earth near by and
changes to the coarctate larva (PI. 1V, Fig. 8), then to the pupa (PI. LV,
Tig. 9), and finally to the perfect beetle.

In a paper published last November ia the Transactions of the Acad-
emy of Science of Saint Louis (vol. iii, pp. 544-565), Mr. Riley gave an
extended account of the transformations and habits of some of these blis-
ter-beetles, together with the natural history of certain other genera in
the same family, in order to show, by way of comparison, the differences
in habit that are coupled with similarity of development. Though
written more particularly for the entomologist, we shall reproduce the
larger part of the paper as appropriate in this connection, adding a few
facts, in brackets, ascertained since its publication; and omitting the
detailed descriptions, which the scientific reader will find in the original
paper.

In addition to the species mentioned in this paper we have, since its
publication, found the triungulin of the Black Blister-beetle (Zpicauta
pennsylvanica) in the egg-mass of spretus, and have received, in the cara-
bidoid stage, the larva of some other species from Mr. 8. H. Seudder,
taken ten years ago at Sudbury, Vt., in the egg-clusters of another
locust (OChloéaltis conspersa, Harr.), a species which oviposits in dead wood
that is rather soft, and sufficiently moist, drilling therein a cylindrical
hole for the purpose, packing the eggs in the sawdust resulting, and cap-
ping the mass with a ‘black glutinous secretion, excessively hard,
smooth, and shiny.”°® The fact that such eggs are also attacked by
blister-beetle larvz indicates how general the locust-egg-feeding habit

is in such larvez.

ON THE LARVAL CHARACTERS AND HABITS OF THE BLISTER-BEETLES BELONGING TO THE
GENERA Macrobasis LEC. AND Epicauta FABR., WITH REMARKS ON OTHER SPECIES OF
THE FAMILY MELOID&.

[From the Transactions of the Ac. Sc. of St. Louis, vol. iii.]

The larval habits of the European Cantharis of commerce, as also those of its con-
geners in our own country and in other parts of the world, have hitherto remained a
mystery, notwithstanding the frequency with which the beetles occur, their great
abundance at times, and their commercial value and interest. The same remark holds
true of the allied genera Macrobasis, Epicauta, and Henous, the species of which have the
same valuable vesicatory properties as Cantharis. Some of these species are very com-

66 A full account of the nidification of this species will be found in Mr. Scndder’s ‘Distribution of
Tnsects in New Hampshire.” Final Rep. Geology of N. H., 1874, p. 372.

294 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

mon in the United States and quite injurious to vegetation, swarming at times on po-
tato-vines, beans, clematis, and other plants. Their great numbers and destructive
habits make it all the more remarkable that so little has hitherto been discovered of
their early life. Harris, who evidently had hatched the first larva of the Ash-gray
blister-beetle (Macrobasis unicolor Kirby), says: ‘‘The larve are slender, somewhat
flattened grubs, of a yellowish color, banded with black, with a small reddish head
and six legs. These grubs are very active in their motions, and appear to live upon
fine roots in the ground; but I have not been able to keep them till they arrived at
maturity, and therefore know nothing further of their history.” (“Insects injurious to
Vegetation”, p. 138.) Latreille, according to Westwood, states that the larve live be-
neath the ground, feeding on the roots of vegetables (Introduction, vol. i, p. 301), but
the statement is evidently founded on conjecture. Ratzeburg, who well describes the
method of oviposition of the European Cantharis vesicatoria, and roughly figures the
first larva (Forst Insecten, 11, Col. Taf. ii, fig. 27 B), believed that it was a plant-feeder
in the immature state. Olivier describes what is possibly the second larva, as a soft,
yellowish-white, 13-jointed grub, with short, filiform antenne, and short, corneous,
thoracic legs—‘“‘ living in earth” (Traité Llém., etc., M. Girard, Col., p. 618); but his
account is very loose, and may apply to any number of other coleopterous larva. Au-
douin, who studied the Cantharides intently, making them the subject of his thesis in
his medical examination, was obliged to confess that absolutely nothing was known of
their larval history. This is about all we learn from the older writers, and the opinion
was general among them that, like their parents, the blister-beetle larvze in question
were vegetable feeders ; and Mr. William Saunders, of London, Ont., in a paper on the
same subject, read at the 1¢76 meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Society, could
add nothing more definite.

In 1874, Laboulbene mentioned the fact (Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 1874, lxxxiil), that
some one (name not given) had seen the European Cantharis vesicatoria issuing from
ground in the neighborhood of which there were wasps (guépes—no specitic reference
given), and rashly concludes that the former were parasitic on these. Still more re-
cently, M. J. Lichtenstein, of Montpellier, France, has endeavored to discover the lar-
val habits of this species. He has succeeded, by furnishing the larve of C. vesicatoria
with artificial nourishment composed of the filled stomachs of honey-making bees, and
especially of Ceratina, in tracing the development from the triungulin to the coarctate
larva, which last differs from those of the other species considered by me, in freeing
itself entirely from the second larva skin. JIe has thus established the fact that Can-
tharis agrees with the other species of the family in its hyper-metamorphosis; but its
natural habits remain as much as ever a mystery, though the indications are that it
develops in the nests of some bee. These facts, as well as analogy, pointed to a para-
sitic life and partly carnivorous, partly mellivorous diet for our own allied species,
since the life-history of two genera in the family, viz, Meleé Linn. and Sitaris Latr. has
been fully traced. Indeed the young of all vesicants belonging to the Meloida, so iar
as anything has yet been known of them, develop in the cells of honey-making bees,
first devouring the egg of the bee, and then appropriating the honey and bee-bread
stored up by the same. They all are remarkable, in individual development, for pass-
ing through seven distinct stages, viz, the egg, the first larva or triungulin, the sec-
ond larva, the coarctate larva or pseudopupa, the third larva, the true pupa, and the
imago.

History or MELO:#.

The history of Meloé may be briefly summed up as follows :—The newly hatched or
first larva (now generally called triungulin) was first mentioned in 1700 by the Holland
entomologist Geedart, who hatched it from the egg. Frisch and Réaumur both mis-
took it for a louse peculiar to bees and flies. DeGeer, who also obtained it from the
egg, mentions it in 1775 as a parasite of Eymenoptera. Linnzus called what is evidently
the same thing, Pediculus apis; Kirby in 1802 described it as Pediculus melitte, and
Dufour in 1828 named it Triungulinus andrenetarum. Newport in 1845 (Trans. Linn. Soe.,

LIFE-HISTORY OF THE OIL-BEETLE. 295°

vol..xx, p. 297) first rightly concluded that it was carried into the nests of bees, and
described, in addition, the full-grown larva from exuvial characters, and the coarctate
larva and pupa which he found in the cells of Anthophora retusa. Ho failed, however,
to fill the gap between the first and full-grown larva ; and this Fabre first inferentially
did in 1858 (Ann. d. Sc. Nat., Zool., t. ix, p. 265) by tracing the analogous stages of
| Sitaris.

The female Meloé is very prolific. She lays at three or four different intervals, in
loose irregular masses in the ground, and may produce from three to four thousand
| eggs. These are soft, whitish, cylindrical, and rounded at each end. ‘They give birth
| to the triungulins, which, a few days after hatching—the number depending on the
| temperature—run actively about and climb on to Composite, Ranunculaceous, aud other
| flowers, from which they attach themselves to bees and flies that visit the flowers.
| Fastening alike to many hairy Diptera and to Hymenoptera which can be of little or
no service to them, many are doomed to perish, and only the few fortunate ones are
| carried to the proper cells of some Anthophora. Once in the cell, the triungulin falls
upon the bee-egg, which it soon exhausts. A molt then takes place and the second
| larvais produced. Clumsy and
| with locomotive power reduced
toa minimum, this second larva
| devours the thickened honey
| stored up for the bee-larva. It
| then changes to the pseudo-
| pupa with the skin of the sec-
| ond larva only partially shed ;
| then to a third larva within the
| partially rent pseudo - pupal
| skin, and finally to the true
| pupa andimago. These differ-
| ent changes of form are known
| by the name of hypermeta-
| morphoses, the term first given
| them by Fabre to distinguish Fic. 28.—MELo#.—a, first larva; b, claws; c, antenna; d, max-

them from the normal changes illary palpus; e, labial palpus; f, mandible; g, an abdominal
| from larva to pupa and imago, joint; h, imago, 9 ; ti, antennaof ~. (After Riley.)
experienced by insects generally. The triungulin or first larva (Fig. 28, a) is character-
| ized by a prominent labrum, very stout thighs, unarmed shanks, three broad arid sub-
| spatulate tarsal claws, feeble and reduced trophi, untoothed jaws, 3-jointed antenne?
ending in a long seta, and four anal set, the two inner ones longest. When the abdo-
| men is shrunken the general aspect is very much that of Pediculus, and it is hardly
| surprising that some of the early describers so determined it.

HISTORY OF SITARIS.

The history of Sitaris is also well known and agrees very closely with that of Meloé.
| Its first larva was figured many years ago by Westwood (Introduction, &c., Fig. 34, 5)

5? My figure isfrom specimens affecting the mature honey-bee at San Diego, Cal. Itcorresponds very
| closely with Newport's original figure and description of that of the European J. ecatricosus, and he-
longs doubtless to one of onr Pacific coast species, probably Jf. barbarus, Lec. Itis2™™. long. The
head is produced in front, with a strong labrum, beyond which the smooth jaws do not reach; the an-
} tenn are 3-jointed, and similar to those of cicatricosus; the mouth-parts are diminutive, the maxillary
| palpus 3-jointed, the 3d joint longer than the others together and tipped with a few short, weak points;
} the labial palpus is two jointed; the cox@ are armed with a few very strong spines; the femora are very
stout and faintly imbricated; the tibia are unarmed, and the tarsal claws subspatulate, the middle one
} pale, 4 longer and twice as broad as the two outer ones, which are dark, articulate, close togeiher, and

curve slightly outward. The first pair of stigmata are disiinct!y dorsal and on the mesothoracic joint.
1 The dorsal hind border of the abdomina! joints is armed with 8 spinous hairs, the 4 intermediate «nes
| only half as long as the others. Newport is evidently wrong in considering the jaws articulate in
thems¢lves, while Candéze is wrong in describing the antenne as 5-jointed (Mém. dela Soc. Roy. des Sc. ,
viii, p- 530, Liége, 1853). Packard's figure of what is in all probability 1. angustico'lis Say, fails to iv-
dicate the characteristic mesothoracic spiracles, and probably makes the two outer anal set too short—
these anal appendices being in reality nothing more than prolonged spinons hairs, such as ocenr on the
} other joints. Lhe form of the abdomen varies, contracting somewhat with age. Newport remarks on
| the similarity of the triungulins of Meloé violaceus, M. prose rabeus, and M. cicatricosus being so great
that he could discover no differences. Judging from figures sent me by M. Lichtenstein, very slight

| differences occur in the relative length of the antennal joints, and none other. .

i

296 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

from specimens obtained from Audouin, who found the female Sitaris in the cells of
Anthophora inclosed in its thin pseudo-pupal and second larval skins, which Audouin

erroneously took to be the pellicle of the devoured bee-larva. But the complete life

history of the genus was first given by Fabre in 1857 (Ann. d. Sc. Nat., Zool., t. Vii, p.
299; t. ix, p. 265), who studied the S. humeralis Fabr., while that of S. colletis V.-M. has
been more recently given by M. Valery-Mayet, of Moutpellier, France (Ann. Soc. Ent.
de Ir. 1875, p. 65), from whom I have specimens in all stages. The former species in-
fests the nests of Anthophora, the latter those of Colletes. In the former the newly
hatched larvee hybernate in huddled masses in the galleries of the bee; ia the latter
they hybernate in the bee-cell, slowly feeding while the temperature permits ; but such
differences doubtless depend on the reiative earliness in the autumn that the eggs are
laid. The first larva or triungulin (Tig. 29, a) agrees very much in the head, tarsal]
and general characters, with that
of Meloé, but differs in several im-
portant particulars, and especially
in having a pair of pre-anal spin-
terets, from which is secreted a
serous sticky fluid, which aids
the animal in holding firmly to
the bee that is to carry it into the
nest. A pre-anal pair of claspers
also assists in this work.6s The
hypermetamorphoses are very
similar to those of Meloé, The

Fic. 29.—Sitaris.—a, first larva; g, anal spinnerets and friung ulin, atte eee ae
clasps of same; b, second larva; e, pseudo-pupa; f, thirdlarva; contents of the bee-egg, molts, and
€, Fupajy d, imago; ¢. (After V-Mayet.) thereafter floats upon and devours
the honey —the pseudo-pupa, third larva, and true pupa all forming in due time within
the second larval skin. The female does not feed, and on account of her heavy abdo-
men travels but a short distance from the bee-burrows where she developed.

HISTORY OF HORNIA.

While the natural history of none of our North American species of Meloé has been
traced or recorded, they will, beyond all doubt, be found to agree with their European
congeners in their partial parasitism on mason-bees. In examining the cells of Antho-
phora abrupta®® Say, [ have so far failed to discover that Meloé is parasitic upon that spe-
cies, but Meloé is, in reality, very rare around Saint Louis. I have, however, found on
four different occasions in the Fall, within the sealed cells of the bee mentioned, a very
interesting and anomalous Meloid ( Hornia minutipennis, Riley), which may be taken to
represent the typical partial parasitism of the family in the United States. There is
a tendency in the family to wing-reduction, but in no hitherto described species is the
reduction carried to such extremes as in this (Pl. 1V, Fig. 13), both sexes having the
elytra as rudimentary asin the 9 of tue well-known European glow-worm (Lampyris
noctiluca). Another characteristic feature is its simple tarsal claws, which, together
with the rudimentary wings and the heavy body, show it to be a degradational form.
Anthophora abrupta, its host, builds mostly in steeply-inclined or perpendicular clay
banks, and, in addition, extends a tube of clay from the entrance. The burrow has
usually two branches which decline about an inch from the surface of the bank, and
6 or 8 cells are arranged end to end. By means of saliva the inside of the cell is ren-

58The small size (about 1™™ long) and the hairless and spineless nature of this larva contrast
strongly with the other triungulins considered in this paper. ‘Lhe tarsal claws are somewhat narrower
than in Meloé, and unicolorous. <A few soft lateral hairs are represented on the abdominal joints in the
figure, but they are scarcely perceptible under the strorgest microscope. Nor do any hairs or spines
‘appear in any of the subsequent stages, even on the true pupa. The pseudo-pupa lacks the promi-
nent lateral ridge so strikingin thecthers. The stigmata are so faint in the triungulin that Mayet could
not resolve them; but with proper light ani specimens rendered transparent I have discerned them
in the same positions asin Ifeloé. The mandibles are toothed.

59_ A, sponsa, Smith.

LIFE-HISTORY OF BLISTER-BEETLES. | 200

‘dered impervious to the moisture of the honey and bee-bread stored in it for the young.
It is evident, therefore, that this clumsy Meloid will have difficulty ia crawling out of
or about the cells, and it is probably subterranean and seldom, if ever, leaves the bee-
gallery. It can climb and drag its body, but with some difficulty, up a steep surface,
and, as it does not leave the bee-cell till spring, when the Anthophora tubes are very
generally broken and have fallen, it may possibly wander a short distance from the
mouth of the bee-burrow. The triungulin is yet unknown, but the ultimate stage of
the second larva as well as of the coarctate larva, as shown by the distended and unrup-
tured skins, exhibits the ordinary family characteristics, the legs and mouth-parts
being atrophied in the former, and merely tuberculous in the latter. The lateral ridge,
as found in EZpicauta and Meloé, is not conspicuous, and in this respect, as well as in
the final transformations taking place within the two unrent skins, the insect ap-
proaches Sitaris. In the hairless and unarmed surface of the second larva, and of the
third larva and pupa, as shown by careful examination of their shrunken exuviz, the
insect also resembles that genus.

[The male, which we have figured, is characterized by two series of subquadrate
semi-corneous, dorsal abdominal plates which are lacking in the female. The beetle
is fully formed in autumn, but remains within the distended larval exuviz until the

following spring, when it works out of them backwards. As warm weather approaches,
both sexes become quite active, with a strong tendency to burrow whenever they get a
chance. The abdomen of the male shrinks somewhat, while its surface hardens and
becomes firmer. During the early part of May we have had cne female lay, loosely in
the ground, as many as 680 eggs. Over two weeks were occupied with the laying, and
the abdomen steadily shrank nnotil it was not more than one-third as large as in our
figure of the male. The eggs are pale honey-yellow, ovoid, 1.1™™ long, and rather
more than one-third as wide in the middle. The triungulin has not hatched at this
writing, May 13th. ]

HISTORY OF EPICAUTA.

It is generally stated by writers on the hive-bee that the Oil-beetle (Meloé) is one of
its parasites. The possibility that our more common blister-beetles were similarly par-
asitic on bees, taken in connection with the frequent complaints from apiarians of the
wholesale death of bees from causes little understood, led me, some years since, to pay
attention to the biological characteristics of the blister-beetles, in the hope of ascer-

_ taining whether or not they really bear any connection with bee mortality. From
these investigations I am satisfied that Meloé is only parasitic on the perfect hive-bee,
as if is on so many other winged insects that frequent flowers, and that it cannot well,
in the nature of the case, breed in the cells of any social bee whose young are fed by
nurses in open cells.

Ibave had no difficulty in getting the eggs or the first larva of several of our vesicants,
and described some of them at the Hartford (1874) meeting of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science; but these young larvze refused to climb on to plants
furnished to them, or to fasten to bees or other hairy insects. Nor would they nourish
upon honey, bee-bread, or bee larve on which they were placed. They showed a pro-

clivity for burrowing in the ground, and acted quite differently from those

of Meloé or Sitaris, which not only readily attach to bees in confinement,
but which, in the case of Meloé, I have known to so crowd upon mature
hive-becs as to worry them to death and cause extended loss in the apiary.

Explorations into tbe nests of solitary bees gave no clew, and, in fact, the

immense numbers in which the more common blister-beetles occur ren-
dered a parasitic life upon such bees highly improbable. In sweeping
plants and flowers with the net, I had never met with any of the first larvxe

- -¥16.30.—Epr. With which I had become familiar, as already indicated ; while I had on

CAUTA VITTATA: several occasions, in digging ground where there was no trace of bee-
pee Meet nests, met with the curious pseudo-pupa so characteristic of the family.

While analogy and the law of unity of habit in epecies of the same family pointed,

a

298 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

therefore, to a parasitic life, I began to conclude, from the facts just stated, that the
parasitism was of another kind, having satisfied myself by various experiments that
the triungulins did not feed on roots. Few discoveries arestumbled upon. We findasa
rule that only which we anticipate or look for. Late last fall, in digging up the eggs
of the Rocky Mountain locust (Caloptenus spretus) at Manhattan, Kans., the psendo-
pupz were not unfrequently met with. The thought at once occurred to me that
locust-eggs might be the proper food for these blister-beetle larve, and it was encour- |
aged by the fact that the Meloids abound most in those dry Western regions where the . })
Acridide most prevail, and by a pretty distinct recollection, which my notes support, |)
that the years when the vesicants were most injurious to potatoes had been preceded
by dry falls, during which there had been much locust injury and, necessarily, unusual
locust increase. The suspicion thus raised that these blister-beetles preyed in the
preparatory states upon locust eggs was confirmed last spring by finding the larve
of d.fferent ages within the egg-pods and devouring the eggs of Caloptenus spretus. Mr.
A. N. Gedfrey had, also, no difii-
culty, under my directions, in
finding them last May at Manhat-
tan; while they. were sent to me
among other locust-egg parasites
by Mr. Seth H. Kenney of Mor-
ristown, Minn., and from Saint
Peter’s, in the same State,by Prof.
Cyrus Thomas.

From such larve preying upon

Fic. 31.—MACROBASIS UNICOLOR.—a, normal, gray form; b, the €s3s of SP uetEe I have reared
black (murina) form; c, d, male and female autennz of either. the unicolorous form of Lpicauta
Seer) cinerea (Forster), or the Margined
biister-beetle ;° the Epicauta pennsylvanica (DeGeer),® or the Black blister-beetle ; the
Macrobasis unicolor (Kirby),® or the Ash-gray blister-beetle; and the form of it de-
scribed as murina by LeConte, or the Black-rat blister-beetle.

Since then I have found it very easy to trace the larval habits and development of
the two more common potato-feeding species around Saint Louis, viz, the Striped blis-
ter-beeile (Epicauta viltata Fabr.)® and the Margined blister-beetle (marginaia Fabr.)
just alluded to.

Careful examination of locust-eggs in the vicinity of potato-fields frequented by these
beetles showsa varying proportion of the egg-pods affected, ard in some locations nearly
every pod of the Differential Locust (Caloptenus differentialis) will contain the Zpicauta
larva. The eggs of this locust
are laid in large masses of 70
to about 100. The pod is but
slightly bent, rather compact
outside, while the eggs are ir-
regularly arranged, and capped
with but a shallow covering of
Fic. 32.,CALOPTENUS DIFFERENTIALIS. (After Riley.) mucous matter. It is the egg-

pod of this species which the larve of the two biister-beetles in question prefer ; for

Se ee ee ee eee
6 The black, gray-margined form, very appropriately described by Fabricius as marginata, is referred
to cinerea Fors er by modern systematists, and specifically united with it by Dr. Horn Yet the fact
remains that the two are not ordinarily, if ever, found commingled. The margired form is very com-
mon ig potato-fields in Missouri. It shows little variation and is found almost invariably in conjonction
with vittata, but not with ths unicolorous form in question, which is most common farther west and
occurs abundantly without the margined furm—all which is against the specific union of the two.

61 — qtrata Fabr.

62 — cinerea Fabr., Fabricii Lec., murina Lec., debilis Lec. I accept Dr. Hern’s conclusion that the
last two are but poorly developed forms of this species. Yet the murina form is not due to rubbing
or injury, but issues from the pupa without a trace of gray scales on the elytra.

63 —lemniscata Fabr. Dr. Horn retainslemniscata as a distinct spe ies in his Revision already re-
ferred to. The outer stripe in the bi-vittate specimens divides up in others so as to give the tri-vittate
character on which lemniscafa is founded. Bath extremes and every possible variation between them
occur constantly together in the same potato-field in Missouri, and there are no other differences of spe-
cific value.

LIFE-HISTORY OF BLISTER-BEETLES. 299

while they will feed upon those of other species in confinement, I have so far found
none in the deeper-necked, narrower, more compact egg-pods either of Caloptenus femur-
rubrum, C, atlanis, or Gidipoda sulphurea, in which the eggs are regularly and quadri-
linearly arranged as in those of C. spretus.

Not only have I found a large proportion of the egg-pods of C. differentialis naturally
infested with these Epicauta larve, but I have succeeded in hatching and rearing num-
bers in-doors, and have them even at this writing (October 30), by hundreds, in all
stages from the first larva to the pseudo-pupa. The larval habits of the genus may be
illustrated by reciting those of one of the species, viz, vittata.

From July till the middle of October the eggs are being laid in the ground in loose,
irregular masses of about 130 on an average—the female excavating a hole for the pur-
pose, and afterward covering up the mass by scratching with herfeet. In confinement
she sometimes omits both these instinctive acts and oviposits on the surface of the
ground. She lays at several different intervals, producing in the aggregate probably
from four to five hundred ova, judging from examinations made on the ovaries of some
that were gravid. She prefers for purposes of oviposition the very same warm sunny
locations chosen by the locusts, and doubtless instinctively places her eggs near those
of these last, as I have on several occasions found them in close proximity. In the
course of about 10 days—more or less, according to the temrgerature of the ground—
the first larva or triungulin hatches. The hatching takes place without the aid of any
ruptor ovi, for the egg-shell is so delicate that it easily splits, from mere expaxsion,
along the back near the head, and breaks and shrivels up with the escape of the larva.
These little triungulins (PI. IV, Fig. 2), at first feeble and perfectly white, sson assume
their natural light brown color and commence to move about. At night or during
cold or wet weather all those of a batch huddle together with little motion, but when
warmed by the sun they become very active, running with their long legs over the
ground, and prying with their large heads and strong jaws into every crease and crev-
ice in the soil, into which, in due time, they burrow and hide. Under the microscope
they are seen to fairly bristle with spinous hairs, which aid in burrowing. As becomes
a carnivorous creature whose prey must be industriously sought, they display great
power of endurance, and will survive for a fortnight without food in a moderate
temperature. Yet in the search for locust-eggs many are, without doubt, doomed to
perish, and only the more fortunate succeed in finding appropriate diet. Upon the
slightest disturbance they curl up in a ball with the head bent pretty closely on the
breast.

Reaching a locust egg-pod, our triungulin, by chance, or instinct, or both combined,
commences to burrow through the mucous ueck or covering, and makes its tirst repast
thereon. Ifit has been long in the search, and its jaws are well hardened, it makes
quick work through this porous and cellular matter, and at once gnaws away at an
egg, first devouring a portion of the shell, and then, in the course of two or three days,
sucking up the contents. Should two or more triungulins enter the same egg-pod, a
deadly conflict sooner or later ensues until one alone remains the victorious possessor.
By the time the contents of an egg are consumed, the body of the parasite has percep-
tibly increased so that the white sutures between the segmental plates show con-
spicuously, especially as there is a tendency on the part of ihe animal to curve its body,
and bring the sutures more into relief. A second egg is attacked and more or less com-
pletely exhausted of its contents, when a period of rest ensues, the triungulin skin
splits along the back and there issues the Second Larva (Pl. IV, Fig. 4)—white, soft,
with reduced legs and quite different in general anpearance from the first. This molt is
experienced about theeighth day from the first taking of nourishment. The animal now
naturally lies in a curved position (Pl. IV, Fig. 4, d), but if extracted from the egg-pod,
will stretch itself and move with great activity, reminding one very strongly of many
Carabid larvie, for which reason I would designate this as the Carabidoid stage of the
second larva. After feeding for about another week, a second molt takes place, the
skin, as before, splitting along the back and the new larva hunching out of it until the

300 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

extremities are brought together and released almost simultaneously. This kind cf
molting, which is characteristic of our blister-beetles up to the psendo-pupal state, is
exceptional among insects,,the skin being ordinarily worked backward from the head.
The modification at this molt is slight. The mouth-parts and legs become rudimentary
and the body takes on more fully the clumsy aspect of the typical Lamellicorn larva,
for which reason I designate this as the Scarabqwidoid stage of the second larva.

Another six or seven days elapse and the scarabidoid skin is rent and shed with but
slight modification in the form and characters of the animal. In this, the U/limate
stage of the second larva (Pl. IV, Fig. 5), the creature grows apace, its head being con-
stantly bathed in the rich juices of the locust-eggs, which it now rapidly sucks or more
or less completely devours. [Upon disturbance the larva always emits from the mouth
a considerable amount of milky fluid.] The color is more yellowish than it was before,
and the power to stretch and travel on the venter on an even surface is still retained.
In another week it forsakes the remnants of the pabular mass, and, by burrowing a
short distance in the clear soil, avoids the deleterious decaying influences of these egg
remnants. [An examination of such egg-masses as have been gutted and deserted by
these larve shows no trace of excrement, and indicates that the feces are trifling
in quantity, and of a fluid nature. Fragments of the egg-shells are pushed up to the
top of the mass as fast as the larva devours their contents, and, together with an occa-
sional cast-off head, form the only rejectamenta.] In thesoilit forms a smooth cavity,
within which it lies stretched on one side, motionless and gradually contracting. The
skin separates and becomes loose at the end of the third or fourth day, when it splits
on the top of the head and thoracic joints and is worked toward the extremity, but
never fully shed. The mouth-parts and legs are now quite rudimentary and tuber-
culous, the soft skin rapidly becomes rigid and of a deeper yellow color, and we have
what has been called the semi-pupa (Pl. IV, Fig. 8). The term pseudo-pupa given it
by Fabre is more appropriate, and I should prefer myself to call it the Coarctate Larva,
for it is nothing but a rigid and dormant larval stage, having its counterpart in the
well-known ‘“ flaxseed” stage of the Hessian-fly larva and in the so-called coarctate
pupa of the Diptera generally. A similar dormant but less rigid larval stage occurs
with many Tenthredinidz in Hymenoptera, and in fact, tte summer dormancy of cer-
tain Lepidopterous larve and the winter dormancy of others is analogous. We find
something similar, therefore, in all the Orders undergoing complete transformations,
but in no insects is the change so marked.and exceptional cr the freeing of the subse-
quent larva from the coarctate larva so striking as in these Meluidx. The insect has
the power of remaining in this coarctate larval condition for a long period, and gener-
ally thus hibernates.

In spring the coarctate larval skin is, in its turn, rent on the top of the head and
thorax, and there crawls out of it the Third Larva, which differs in no respect from
the ultimate stage of the second larva already mentioned, except in the somewhat re-
duced size and greater whiteness. The coarctate skin, when deserted, retains its
original form almost intact. The third larva is rather active, and burrows about in
the ground; but while there seems to be noreason why it should not feed, nourishment
is not at all essential, and all my specimens have, in the course of a few days, trans-
formed to the true pupa without feeding. In the transformation to pupa (PI. 1V, Fig. 9)
the third larval skin is worked into a wrinkled mass behind, as is also the skin of the
true pupa when shed. The pupa state lasts but five or six days, and before the wings
of the imago are fully expanded, or the abdomen contracted, the general aspect of
Ipicauta forcibly recalls the mature Henous.

64 None of the observers of Meloé or Sitaris mention the two molts which the second larva undergoes,
though these doubtless occur in those genera as they do in Epicauta. Only by the most carefal watch-
ing from day to d2y of a number of specimens have I been able to observe these melts; for the exuyize
are genera:ly devoured as soon as they are cast, and this fact doubtiess accounts for their not having
been observed in the two genera first mentioned.

6 The coarctate larva is, properly speaking, the third, and that following it the fourth; but just as I
have preferred to designate as special stages of the second larva the stages between the first and
fourth st so I prefer to call the last larva the third, to conform to the nomenclature now generally
employed. .

LIFE-HISTORY OF BLISTER-BEETLES. 301

Like all parasitic® insects that nourish on a limited amount of food and possess no
power to secure more, the blister-beetles vary greatly in individual size in the same
species, and the larve have the power of accommodating their life to circumstances,
and of assuming the coarctate larval form earlier or later according to the size of the
egg-mass which they infest. I have had some interesting illustrations of this in my
experiments with them. In an average sized egg-pod of the Differential Locust, how-
ever, there are more than enough eggs to nourish the largest specimen of Z. vittata, and
a few are usually left untouched.

The period of growth, from the first feeding to the coarctate larva, averages, as will
be gathered from the foregoing, about a month; yet in the month of September, out-
doors, under screens where I have had the Differential Locust oviposit for the experi-
ment, I have known the full larval growth of vittata to occupy but 24 days. As this

‘species occurs in the beetle state as early as Juno in the latitude of Saint Louis and as

late as October, there are possibly two annual generations here and farther south.
LARVAL HABITS OF MACROBASIS AND HENOUS.

The characteristics of the triungulins of the blister-beetles, represented by Epicauta
and Henous, are remarkably similar, and point to unity of habit.67 The same holds true
of the characters of the second, coarctate, and third larva, and of the pupa of Hpicauta
and Macrobasis. They are precisely alike; so that, while appreciable differences may
be found in the triungulins, it is doubtful whether the subsequent developmental
stages will indicate specific or even generic differences in species of similar size in these
three genera.

That the eggs of Hpicauta may exceptionally hibernate is possible, but, from their
delicate nature, improbable., That the triungulins frequently do.so there can be no
doubt, especially in species like the Black Blister-beetle, which is found on the flowers
of Solidago, Eupatorium, «&c., till the end of October, and continues laying till frost.
I have, at the present time (November 5), many of these last that are quietly huddled
together, and, with winter temperature, will doubtless remain so; while others have
worked in between the locust-eggs, there evidently to remain without feeding till
spring opens. I have also found as many as five triungulins of this species curled up
in the deep red mucous matter that surrounds the eggs of Gidipoda phanwcoptera, all
numb and torpid, and evidently hibernating.

RESUME.

From the foregoing history of our commoner blister-beetles, it is clear that while
they pass through the curious hypermetamorphoses so characteristic of the family,
and have many other features in common, yet Lpicauta and Macrobasis differ in many
important respects from Meloé and Sitaris, the only genera hitherto fully known bio-
logically. To resume what is known of the larval habits of the family, we have:

Ist. The small, smooth, unarmed, taperiug triungulin of the prolific Sitaris, with the
thoracic joints subequal, with strong articulating tarsal claws on the stout-thighed
but spineless legs, and, in addition, a caudal spinning apparatus. Tho mandibles
scarcely extend beyond the labrum; the creature seeks the light, and is admirably
adapted to adhering to bees but not to burrowing in the ground. The second larva
is mellivorous, and the transforniations from the coarctate larval stage all take place
within the unrent larval skin. We have—

2d. The more spinous and larger triungulin of the still more prolific Meloé, with long
caudal sete, but otherwise closely resembling that of Sitaris in the femoral, tarsal,
and trophial characters, in the subequal thoracic joints, in the unarmed tibize, and in
the instinctive love of light and fondness for fastening to bees. The second larva is
also mellivorous, but the later transformations take place in the rent and partly shed
skins of the second and coarctate larve. We have—

6 An insect is not properly parasitic that simply feeds on eggs, but the term is permissibls and even

necessary to characterize and distinguish those species which develop within and are confined to a
locust egg pod from the predaceous species that are not confined but pass from one pod to another,

® The slight differences between some of the species are pointed out in the original descriptions.

302 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

3d. The larger and much more spinous triungulins of the less prolific Epicauta, Macroba-
sis, and Henous; with unequal thoracic joints, powerful mandibles and maxille, shortened
labrum, slender femora, well-armed tibiz, slender, spine-like, less perfect tarsal claws,
combined with an instinctive love of darkness and tendency to burrow and hide in the
ground. The second larva takes the same food as the first ; its skin is almost entirely
cast from the coarctate larva, while the subsequent changes are independent and
entirely free of the shell of this last.

WHAT IS KNOWN OF THE LARVAL HABITS OF OTHER MELOID GENERA.

Mylabris, Fabr. (nec. Geoff.), according to V.-Mayet, is much less prolific than any
Meioids so far observed. Tie egg is 25 mim. long and $ as wide, with a tolerably
thick shell, and the embryo more fully bent within it. The triungulin has many of
the characters of Zpicauia, judging from the publishe d description (Ann. Sec. Ent. de
Fr., 1376, p. exevi), which is, however, not sufficiently detailed as to the trophi. I
doubt not that the genus will be found to infest locust-eggs.

Horia, Fabr., from what little is known of it, would seem to have a similar partial
parasitism to Meloé, but on Carpenter bees.

Tetraonyx, Latr., was found by Guérin-Meneville in places frequented by bumble-

bees.

The eggs of Apalus, Fabr., as well as its triungulin, are said to resemble those of
Meloé. ,

Zonitis, Fabr., is known to develop in the cells of Osmia and Anthidium, and to have
a coarctate larva much like that of Sitaris.

Soldier-beetle larve.—The larva of the Two-lined Soldier-beetle
( Telephorus bilineatus, Say, Fig. 33,a) was found by Mr. J.I. Salter, of Saint
Cloud, Minn., devouring the eggs, though by no
means so common as the blister-beetle larve.
This larva was first described, in 1871, by Mr.
Packard; and its carnivorous -habit first made
known the same year by Mr. Riley, who found
" that it preyed upon the common apple-worm.
Fic. 33.— Two-LINED SOLDIER .

porns i larva; 2, bend and Exp The beetle has brown-black wing-covers, and
bee.lé. (After Riley.) a reddish-yellow head and thorax; the latter
having two short, black longitudinal marks. Itis found early in spring |
on various fruit-trees, upon |
which it doubtless feeds,
as Mr. Packard records its
feeding on the newly ex-
panded leaves of the birch.
The larva is of a rich vel-
vety-brown color and will
doubtless prey on many
soft-bodied insects. Mr. N. |

Coleman, of Bloomfield, Ct.,
sent us specimens, in the | —
spring of 1876, taken, under | bd F
Fic. 34.—Head of larva of Two-lined Soldier-Beetle, greatly peculiar circumstances, in a f
enlarged; «, upper; b, tnder side. (After Packard.) well, where they must have E

been fecding upon small animals in the crevices between the bricks, from 1

Fa

VIELE y

t

PEA EZ RINIS 2mm ter ert Eon: 7 Soper may

ere
ua

SEN ae

LARV&Z THAT FEED ON LOCUST-EGGS. 303

which they occasionally fell into the water and instinctively adhered to
the bucket. We quote his account:

In the latter part of November, 1875, I found an occasional larva on the bucket of
water as I drew it from the well. At first I thought they were caterpillars; but the
more I studied the less I could make any decision. One or two at atime were drawn
up occasionally till Christmas—that day I drew up forty or fifty at once. I supposed
I had secured all, but where they kept themselves I could not imagine; for a few days
before I lost the bucket, and had to fish for it a long time. January 17 I drew up
several larve, and a few days after two or three more came up. On January 25, 28, and
31, one or two were drawn up each day. February 2 I drew up two quite small ones;
and en the 13th a few moro of the large ones came up. Marcu 6, some more of the full
grown; March 7, some about half grown; March 31, some more larvz; April 1, some
more still; April5, do. Tho woll was frozen over quite hard several times during the
winter; in March the water came up to within three feet of the top. Now, what are
they? How have they lived, and where, during the winter ?

I tried several times to keep some of them in a vessel of water, but they all died

within a few days each time. Please let me hear from you as soon as convenient, as I

am quite curious to know what they are.

) TELEPHORUS BILINEATUS, Say.— Larva (Fig. 33, a).—Body 12-jointed, joint 1 longest,
4 shortest, the rest of about equal length; flattened ; tapering slightly at each end;
velvety; of arich deep brown above, pale below; intersections deep and broadening
from sides to middle of dorsum; two deep longitudiual lateral furrows, and two, less

! deep, ventral ones; medio-dorsal pale line continuous on the thoracic joints but show-

_ ing only on the sutures of the rest; joints 2 and 3 each with a large sunken suboval

_ brown spot each side of dorsnm; these spots with a pale center; in a line with these
on all the abdominal joints but last, is a more or less distinct, slightly sunken, pale

line, and still another parallel with it further out on the side. Between these pale
lines, on every joint but the last, is a slightly elevated, dark, bead-like tubercle which
might readily be taken for spiracles; but these last, which are dark and quite small, are
placed on the anterior edge of the firsteight abdominal joints, in the upper lateral furrow,
and between the first two thoracic joints—there being nine pair in all; anal joint with a
moderate proleg. Legs rather short, pilose, the tarsus terminating in a prominent and

| sharp claw. A paleanal pseudopod. Head flattened, divided superiorly a little beyond
the middle by a trausverse suture, the basal portion of an opaque, velvety, sooty-
black; the anterior portion polished, forming three well-defined lobes, with the ante-
rior edge irregularly broken ; eyes prominent, placed laterally immediately before the
occipital suture; antennz inserted in a deep sockct, 2-jointed, the second four times
as long as first, and bearing a small subjoint at tip; labrum not visible [Packard
describes it as ‘‘ broad and perfectly square in front, with a median notch dividing
the edge into two slight lobes.” As Walsh describes that of Chauliognathus as being
retractile, it is probably retracted in my specimens, which are alcoholic]; mandibles
faleate, with a strong tooth a little beyond the middle of the inner edge; beneath,
the anterior edge is deeply and semi-circularly cut out;
mentum extending between maxillz for two-tirds their
length; maxille large, projecting beyond labinm, espe-
cially on the inside, where they seem to be produced into

a slight point; maxillary palpi 3-jointed, the second twice

as loog as the first, the third rudimentary ; labium small,

formed of a basal quadrate piece and two pazlpigerous
pieces that are soldered together; labial palpi 2-jointed,
the second rudimentary.—[ fourth Mo. Ent. Rep.

Asilid larve.—We have on several occasions
found a large Dipterous larva (Fig. 35, ©) prey-
ing upon the eggs of our locust, which larva we
recognized as that of Hrax Bastardii which we
had reared in previous years. A specimen Of ¥16.35—ERaxBasranvi.—a, fly,
the same species received from Minnesota, where ” P&P % larva. (Atter Riley.)
| it was also found preying upon locust-eggs, was kept for some time by
| Miss Emma A. Smith, of Peoria. We have, also, a larger larva of the
ame family, and, doubtless, that of some true Asilus, which was found

~

304 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

at the same work. The Asilid-flies have been justly styled the hawks
of the insect world. They pounce upon many kinds of insects, and as
we shall presently see, are very fond of locusts. Their larval habits are
but imperfectly known, but so far as known they are said by most authors
to be vegetarian, Harris having reared the Silky Asilus (Asilus sericeus,
Say) from larvee feeding on the roots of rhubarb. The egg-feeding habit
here recorded would show that the carnivorous habit of the mature
flies belongs likewise, in some species at least, to their larve.

ERAx Bastarpi.—Larva.—(See Fig. 35, c.) Length 1.05 inches. Only twelve joints, the
three anterior and the three posterior ones tapering gradually, the rest of equal width ;
slightly depressed ; translucent yellowish-white ; the chitinous covering tolerably firm,
however; aswollen lateral ridge ; two rufous dorsal spiracles on joint 1, and two similar
ones on joint 11. Head dark brown, very retractile, pointed, divided at tip into two
mandibulate points, and haviag two unguiiorm appendages; analsegment with two de-
pressed longitudinal lines above, ridged on anterior edge, and with a central depressed
line below. It makes use of its head in crawling.

Pupa (Fig. 35, b).—Stout, honey-yellow; the leg and wing-sheatts soldered together
though separated from the abdomen ; eyes large and dark ; head with two large brown
spines in front, and a lateral set of three rather smaller ones; thorax with two small
thin rounded dorsal projections, and a set of two small lateral spines just behind the
head; abdomen, with each segmené 11d¢_ din the middle and furnished on this ridge
with aringof brown blnot thorns sloping backward ; anal segment with a few rather
stouter spines.—[ Second Mo. Ent. Rep.

Click-beetle Larvee.—We have discovered three distinct larve of
this family preying upon the locust eggs. One of these (Fig. 36, a) is by far
ZS the most common, and was found with the same
habit on several occasions by Mr. A. N. Godfrey,
of Manhattan, Kans. These larve are popularly
kuown as wire-worms, and there are many Gif-
ferent species, seme of which are well known to
be grievous pests to the farmer, by destroying
the roots of various cultivated plants. We have,
ee ieee RCN ae ee, however, long known that some species were
feeds on locust-egzs; 6, heal carnivorous,” and the egg-feeding habit of the
jrom beneath; c¢, anal joint i _ ‘ i 2
from above; d. e, anal joints of three in question is confirmatory evidence. We
other species with the same :
habit. (After Riley.) have failed to rear any of them to the perfect ,
state, and they do not accord with any described species that have been |
determined.” Fig.36, a, shows the more common species, with (0b, ¢) its —
head and anal joint; d, e, the anal joints of the other two. Be
Ichneumonid (?) Larva.—“ Next to the Anthomyiaegg-parasitein im
portance is a much larger, more sluggish, yellowish grub (Fig. 37, @),
measuring about half an inch when extended, which is found within or ©
beneath the locust eggs, lying in a curved position, the body being bent ©
so that the head and tail nearly touch each other. It is a smooth grub, fe

68 Mr. Riley has reared Hemirhipus fcscicularis (Fabr.) from Jarve preying on those of Cyllene pictus
(Drury); Elater luctuosus Lec. from lary that fed on those of Dendroides canadensis Latr., and Cuew-
jus clavipes, Fabr. He has also bred Melanotus communis Gyll. trom a Black oak badly intested with
Chrysobothris femorata.

69 The larva of Elater luctuosusis dark brown, with the anal joint punctate, diminishing to a point, and
terminating ina sharp thorn. That whie4 Fitch considers Mclanotus communis has three blunt den‘ a-
tions and four longitudinal impressions on the anal joint. somewhat as in Fig. 36,¢. That which he be-
lieves to be Agriotes truncatus Melsh. (the A. obesus of Harris, and described in full by Dr. G. H. Horn
in Can. Ent. vol.iv, Fig. 4, as A maneus Say), has a smooth, rather pointed anal joint, with two con-
spicuous dorsal spots. That of Hemirhipus fascicularis is brcad, with a narrow, upturned anal joint,
having a few rounded thorns and two terminal sharper and larger ones. That of Ludius attenuatus
has a perfectly smooth and polished ahal joint.

INSECTS THAT FEED ON LOCUST-EGGS. 305

with a very small, brown, flattened head, with the joints near the head
swollen, and the hind end tapering, and with deep, translucent sutures
beneath the joints, which sutures show
certain venous marks and mottlings,
especially along the middle of the back.
It exhausts the eggs, and leaves noth.
ing but the shrunken and discolored
shells.”

This parasite has been found in Min-
nesota, Iowa, Kansas, and Missouri,
and in 1876 destroyed about one per

cent. of the eggs. The following let- Fic. 37.— UNDETERMINED EGG-PARASITE
. oF Rocky Mountain Locust.
ters refer to it:

The other day, as I was strolling through the fields, I stopped to examine some eggs.
I found the ground in spots quite full of white grubs, worms or maggots, whatever
they may be called. Many of them were in the egg-pods, busy at work. I collected
a few, and sent to you in a small vial by mail for your examination. The ground was
high and dry where found.—[S. D. Payne, Kasota, Le Sueur County, Minn., Septem-
ber 28, 1876.

I think the Silky Mite has done good service in destroying eggs in one or two coun-
ties, particularly Nobles. But we are getting, in addition, continual newspaper reports
of white grubs destroying the eggs. I started out to see for myself, and have found
a number, which I send you.—[A. Whitman, Saint Paul, Minn., September 7, 1876.

Though we have endeavored to rear quite a number of them to the
perfect state, we have met with no success. The characters of the grub
show it to be Hymenopterous, and probably of the family Ichneumon-
ide. It hibernates in various stages of growth, and we have found the
larva unchanged throughout spring and early summer, and have kept
a few alive from the fall of 1876 to September, 1877, all dying in the
end unchanged and without spinning a cocoon. The larva of Pimpla
instigator is said by Motchulsky to prey on the eggs of European locusts.

ICHNEUMONID (?) LarvA.—Average length, 0.50 inch. Body curved, glabrous, tapering
posteriorly, swollen anteriorly. Color opaque whitish, with translucent yellowish mot-
tlings,and some venous marks at sutures, especially along medio-dorsum. Sutures deep.
A lateral row of swellings. Head small, flattened, dark brown, in five pieces, consisting
above of a frontal ovoid piece and two lateral pieces of somewhat similar form, and
each bearing near tip a minute, two-jointed palpus; beneath of two broad, subtriangular
jaws, having forward and lateral motion, and each, also, bearing near the center, in a
depression, a two-jointed feeler. A spiracle each side in a fold between joints 2 and 3,
and another on each side of the penultimate joint, 12. None otherwise perceptible.

Miscellaneous Species.—In addition to the foregoing insects that
attack the eggs, different species of ants have been reported to do
so to some extent. We have also found certain Myriapods, and espe-
cially a species of Mecistocephalus within the egg-mass, and have wit-
nessed the common White Grub (larva of Lachnosterna fusca) actually
feeding upon the eggs, thus giving another conclusive proof that an
essential vegetable feeder will exceptionally take to soft animal food.

Mr. S. H. Seudder (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xii, p. 99) has re-
corded the rearing of a Chalcid-fly (Fig. 38) from the eggs of the Carolina
locust; and we have received from R. B. Potts, Worthington, Minn., an

20 G

306 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

egg-mass of our Rocky Mountain locust, every egg of which contained
a Chalcid pupa. These pupze were too dry to permit of rearing the

ee imago, but they were probably of the same
a ¢ species as that reared by Mr. Scudder. Itis
a black, deeply pitted fly (Vig. 38, a), about
5™™ Jong, belonging to the subfamily Hury-
tomides. It does not fully correspond with
any of the genera defined by Westwood,
Walker, or Snellen Van Vollenhoven. We
hesitate to found a new genus on a single
Fic. 38.—CaLoprenosia ovivora— sex, but in order to christen the insect, we

a, female; b, her antenna. (After nae ee Se
Riley.) subjoin a brief definition:

CALOPTENOBIA, nov. gen.— 2, body elongate; strongly rugoso-punctate. Head as
broad as thorax; ocelli barely distinguishable, widely apart; antennz 12-jointed (scape
-++ 11), the scape nearly as long as the flagellum, whi: h is curved, slightly clavate, with
joints 3, 4,5, shortest, the others subequal, the terminal one faintly divided. Thorax
elongate; collare narrow; prescutum large and swollen; scutellum small and rounded
. behind; metanotum concave behind, with the sides dilated and forming almost a qua-
drangle. Pedicilshort and stout. Abdomen flattened, fusiform, 6-jointed; joint 2 exca-
vated anteriorly, joint 3 as long as 1 and 2 tc gether, the terminal joint very small and
indistinctly separated. Wings not reaching to tip of abdomen when closed ; hind pair
with a fringe of sparse cilia on inner border. ¢ unknown.

C. ovivora, n. sp.— ¢ , color pitchy black, with sparse gray pubescence. Legs, scape,
and basal joint of flagellum honey-yellow. Wings hyaline. Head and thorax broadly
and confluently rugoso-punctate. Abdomen longitudinally striate. Length 5™™.

Four specimens from eggs of Gidipoda Carolina.

Finally, the Locust Mite, which we shall now consider, is, in the mature
State, one of the most effective destroyers of the locust eggs.

ANIMALS THAT PREY UPON THE LOCUST AFTER IT IS BORN.

Red mites.—There are at least two species of red mites, and prob-
ably more, that attack the Rocky Mountain locust, the most common
of which is—

THE Locust MITE (Trombidium locustarum Riley).—One of the most
interesting as well as one of the most important of our locust enemies
is what we may popularly call the ‘‘ Locust mite.” It forms a true link
between those articulates which prey on the eggs and those which prey
on the locusts, since it combines both traits. Referred to in previous
writings under the name of the Silky mite, its natural history was first
fully made out by Mr. Riley during the past summer. It differs so
much in infancy and maturity that it has been referred to distinet
genera, and was always known under two different names. During
either period it proves a bitter enemy to the locust. In the mature form
it lives in the ground, feeding upon all sorts of soft animal and decom-
posing vegetable matter. When the locust fills the ground with its eggs
this mite flourishes upon the abundance of food which these afford,
sometimes teeming to such an extent as to give the ground a scarlet
hue. How numerous and how beneficial to man this mite may be as a
destroyer both of the locust and its eggs is well illustrated by the state-
ments of correspondents in the appendices ‘App. 18) where it is so fre- |

|
|

|

RED MITES AS LOCUST ENEMIES. 307

quently referred to as the “red mite,” the “little red bug,” &c., as
well as by the following extracts :

The course of the locusts was brought to a sudden halt by the operation of some
parasite, appearing in the shape of small red mites, which attach themselves to the
body, under the wings, where they suck the carcass to a dry shell; the dead bodies of
the grasshoppers almost covering some plants, where they have taken hold of a leaf or
stalk, and clasped it, with a dead embrace ; many others fall to the ground to die, too
weak to rise again. In a half day’s examination, where they were very thick, we
failed to find more than two grasshoppers not so attacked, and this was not local: for
a distance of thirty miles across the country they were found similarly affected.—[ Edi-
torial correspondence of the Prairie Farmer, August 21, 1869.

_A discovery has been mado of greatinterest. A small red bug or spider, about the
size of a small kernel of wheat, is found in great numbers, creeping into the holes to
the grasshopper eggs and eating the contents of the eggs voraciously. Great numbers
were found in the act of eating the eggs, with empty egg-shells in the same nest.
The extent of the little friends is not limited, but they have been seen in many locali-
ties in different directions in this place. Mr. J. D. Johnston, Antrim, proved conclu-
sively that these red bugs are making sure work among the eggs.—[ Madelia (Minn.)
Times, 1874.

Last evening, when we reached Worthington from Lake Shetek, there was quite an
excitement in Worthington, owing to the fact that the citizens were generally con-
vinced that a red parasite was destroying the grasshopper eggs. JI examined the mat-
ter carefully myself, and became convinced that the destruction of the eggs in that
immediate vicinity was well assured; but I determined not to write you and excite
any hope until a further and more complete examination could be had. We therefore
furnished our Bohemian friends with a bottle of the eggs and their pests, and the com-
mission left in high spirits. We postponed further investigation until this morning,
when I left and prosecuted the examination with vigor. The farmers in the vicinity
knew nothing of these signs of deliverance until the visitors from Worthington reached
them, and I feel safe in saying to you that in a circle of ten miles from Worthington
there will scarcely be an egg left by to-morrow night. I send you a bottle herewith
containing the cones and the parasites. We could scarcely find a cone or sack, except
as they were indicated by the parasite on the surface ; and each cone, which was not
entirely destroyed, had from five to fifty of the red laborers at work upon the eggs.
We found scores of cells with no eggs left, except the shells. * * I stopped
for fifteen minutes one and a half miles west of Wilder, where Section-Foreman Smith
took me to that portion of his farm where eggs were deposited. We could find none
by general digging, but wherever we found, as we frequently did, the red parasite on
the surface, we found the cone beneath, with the parasite at work consuming the eggs.
? 4 * Iam aware that two years ago this parasite was found working upon the
egos at Madelia and other places, but here we have the remedy almost as soon as the
eggs are laid, while in the former instances the parasite was only discovered in the
spring.—[ Letter from Ex-Governor Stephen Miller, written from Windom, Minn., Au-

_ gust 15, 1876.

We send herewith a box of grasshopper eggs, together with the “ silky mite,” of
which so much has been said. You can see asample of the work they are doing. They
are over the ground and in it wherever eggs have been laid. They suck the eggs, leav-
ing the bare shell. We have talked with farmers from all parts of the county, and
they all tell the same story—not a cell to be found that is not partially or wholly de-

_ stroyed. We have personally inspected them in more than twenty different places, and

are satisfied that in this county the eggs of the festive g.h.area “total wreck.” Allow

_ us to suggest that you call for a report from every county in the State that has been
| infested by them.—[Letter to Pioneer Press and Tribune, from Bell & Gruelle, Worth-

ington, Nobles County, Minnesota, August 16, 1876.
I send, inclosed in a circular tin box, mailed with this, some dirt containing grass-

308 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

hoppers’ eggs, and also the red mite or spider that sucks them, as you will perceive on
examination. I trust they will be received in good order. I send them atthe request
of A. Whitman, of Saint Paul, of this State, with whom I am corresponding some-
times on this grasshopper matter.—[Letter from R. B. Potts, U. S. N., Worthington,
Minn., August 18, 1876.

We have received a copy of the Yankton Press and Dakotaian, of April 25, contain-
ing an article calling attention to the fact that a parasitic insect is devouring the eggs
of the locusts all over Southern Dakota. The insect is described as a ‘little red bug,”
and also as the same parasite which is found on the bodies of fully-grown and migrating
locusts. This is evidently a mistake, the two being entirely different insects in habits
and appearance. The “little red bug” is known as the “silky mite,” and is described in
Riley’s Seventh Report under the name of Trombidium sericeum. Its habit of eating the
eggs of the locust was reported as early as 1874. It is also described in Riley’s Ninth
Report, which has just been issued. In the locality mentioned it is so numerous that
scarcely a sac of eggs has escaped, and farmers are very much encouraged concerning
their crops.—[ Country Gentieman, May 10, 1877.

During the fall of 1876 reports were received from various quarters, especially the
southwestern counties, denoting the presence of the Silky mite in great numbers, while
various larve were discovered at work upon the eggs almost everywhere. The Silky
mite was found to be still more numerous in the spring, sometimes so thick as to redden
the ground, and in localities where it had not been seen in the autumn. Of replies to
the inquiry of the Entomological Commission, ‘‘ proportion of eggs that failed to hatch,
and probable cause of failure,” nine out of thirteen (in Minnesota) express the opinion
that a large percentage (one-half or more) failed to hatch, and the cause generally
assigned is the Silky mite. Testimony on this point can apply with exactness to only
such little cases as come under each man’s particalar notice, but the replies, taken with
similar reports, denote that considerable quantities of the eggs were destroyed before
hatching.—[Allen Whitman, Saint Paul, August, 1877.

In conversing with a gentleman this evening, he says: ‘‘ What grasshoppers remain- |
ing here are now being destroyed by a bug, a small, ‘red bug,’ which are now upon
their wings sapping the life out of them. They are about the size of a chintz bug.”—
[E. D. Barton, Sarcoxie, Mo., July 12, 1877.

The warm spell has hatched out a great number of the little silky mites. In fact, |
many farmers tell here that the ground is red with them in places.—[A. Whitman, |
Saint Paul, Minn., April 17, 1877. 3

A reliable man from the next county to this (Emmett) informed me that his garden
soil was red with the little insect often spoken of, and that they were going for the
eggs with a vengeance.—[John Walker, Emmettsburg, Iowa, April 17, 1877.

I have found many red parasites on the locusts, larger ones on those in the pupa
state than on those that had more fally developed wings. ° Have found no internal
parasites.—[G. M. Houston, Harrisonville, Mo., June 8, 1875.

The red parasite seems to feed more upon the indurated mucous sac inclosing the eggs
than upon the eggs themselves ; yet, I think, where the covering is destroyed, the eggs,
in most instances, do not hatch. The red parasite is the first to attack the young. by
depositing its eggs [young mistaken for eggs] upon them. I have seen so many of
these upon young locusts that they sucked all the vitality out of them.—[J. G. McGrue,
Audubon, Minn., June 20, 1877.

There is some insect that appears to deposit small red eggs, from one to a dozen or
more, under the wings of the grasshoppers. I have seen. them in large masses, and
have found them on those with their wings just starting. I find, also, that at least
nine-tenths of the full-fledged ones have them, and that they are dying all the time in
great numbers in consequence.—[G. Z. Craig, Diamond City, Jasper County, Missouri.

NER SNE Te SRE STB Pur i
sent Sait aoe yh) vr nhs DA hal WA Charged e Perag os ee es t
ey OA eta Ore — “—— vs :

In spring, the female lays between 300 and 400 minute spherical, |
orange-red eggs in the ground (Fig. 39, a). They are usually from one

Carta

7

tRidetinte th htt

TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE LOCUST MITE. 309

to two inches beneath the surface and ina slightly agglutinated mass,
which, however, easily becomes scattered upon disturbance of the soil.
From these eggs, in due time, there hatch little orange mites (Fig. 39, b),
which differ from the parent in having but six legs. The six-legged
form belongs to Latreille’s genus Astoma, erected when naturalists had
no suspicion that it was purely a larval form. The specific name locus-

_tarum was first proposed for it by B. D. Walsh,” but Dr. Le Baron
afterward gave it the name of Atoma gryllaria,” in connection with a
_ detailed description.

Active when they first hatch and impelled by instinct, these little six-

be
Fic. 39.—TROMBIDIUM LOCUSTARUM.—a, female with her batch of eggs (after
Emerton) ; 0, newly hatched larva—natural size indicated by the dot within
the circle; c,egg; d, e, vacated egg-shells (after Riley).
legged specks crawl upon the locusts and fasten to them, mostly at the
base of the wings or along their principal veins, just as a tick fastens
to a dog ora sheep, ortoman. Thus attached to their victim, they suck

~. y

Fic. 40 —TROMBIDIUM LOCUSTARUM.—a@, mature larva when about to leave the wing of a locust; b,
pupa; c, male adult when just from the pupa; d, female—the natural sizes indicated to the right; e,

palpal claw and thumb; /, pedal claws; g, one of the barbed hairs; h, the striations on the larval skin
(After Riley.)

its juices and swell until the legs become invisible. It is in this condi-
tion (Fig. 40, a) that they are most often noticed, presenting to the ordi-

70 Practical Entomologist, i, p. 126.
1 Le Baron’s Second Illinois Ent. Report, 1872, p. 156. The author employs the term Atoma, which,

‘| though at first employed by Latreille, is corrected to Astoma in his Genera Crustaceorum et Insect-

orum, i, p. 162 (1806).

Rl ae Hii

310 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

nary observer the appearance of a bright red oblong-ovoid body grow-
ing from the wing. They are so firmly attached by the mouth, so
immovable, and with the legs so short and hidden, that persons unfa-
miliar with their true nature might easily mistake them for some natural
growth or excrescence. That they are often so numerous as to weaken
and kill their victim, reports, as well as our own experience, clearly
prove. Professor Aughey, of Nebraska, has observed that these red
mites increase on the locusts immediately after a rain, and it is not im-
probable that they hatch more freely or move more freely in wet weather,
though the true explanation of the facts observed may also be found in
the repose of the locusts during such weather, and the greater ease with
which the mites consequently crawl upon them. They are most numer-
ous on the winged locusts, though also found upon the young, unfledged
insects, especially the pupe.

In due time, these swollen bodies let go their hold and drop to the
ground, where, clumsily and with difficulty, they crawl under the first
shelter afforded by some bit of loose earth, or a stone. Here they re-
main quiet for two or three weeks, gradually swelling and changing form.
During this change, the pupa state is assumed, but not by shedding any
skin, as do true insects in going through their transformations. New ©
legs, feelers, and mouth-parts form under the old skin, which, with its —
now useless legs, distends so as barely to cover the new parts, whichare
all appressed to the body very much as in the pupa of a beetle (Fig. 40,
b). Finally both the distended larval skin and the new one that incases ~
the pupa burst, and release a creature quiet different from the former —
Astoma—in fact, none other than the 8-legged Trombidium (Fig. 40, ¢).
We thus see that from the time this mite hatches, through all its growth ©
and changes, but one molt takes place. The mature form passes the ©
winter in the ground, and is active whenever the temperature is a few ©
degrees above freezing-point.

Only two species of the genus Trombidium have been described in ©
America, viz: scabrum Say, and sericeum Say.” The descriptions in both —
cases are brief, and lacking in structural details and in measurements.
The locust mite under consideration has been hitherto referred to seri-—
ceum, but the characteristic polished anal plate precludes the reference, —
and we define it under the name of locustarum. Since the time when it —
was established by Fabricius, evidently on the characters of the Euro- ©
pean 7. holosericeum, the genus Trombidium has been greatly modified by
different authors. The species have been variously arranged according Ff
to relative length of legs, position of eyes, divisions of the body, &e.
As restricted at present, the genus is thus characterized: Abdomen |
swollen, especially in front, where it is broadest; cephalo-thorax small >
and narrow, with two eyes, superior and barely oe legs 7-jointed,
palpate, with two minute terminal hooks, the front sae longest, the
two front pairs widely separated from the two hind pairs; mandibles un-
a Journ, Ae: Nab. Se. Phil. iij1eai! p, 70,

LIFE-HISTORY OF THE LOCUST MITE. S11

guiculate ; palpi large, free, the penultimate joint strongly ungulate, and
the terminal joint forming a movable thumb upon it. Larva 6-legged,
parasitic ; defined under the generic names Astoma, Leptus, Lepostomus,
and Ocypete. Many species have been described in Europe, but the one
in question differs from all of them as given by Gervais.®

TROMBIDIUM LOCUSTARUM Riley.—Egg 0.12™™ in diameter, spherical, full of gran-
ulations, pale orange-red in color, becoming more pointed at one end before hatching
(Fig. 39, d), the shell splitting across and the severed sides rolling toward each other
when vacated (Fig. 39, e).

Larva.—When newly hatched, pale orange-red, 0.14™™ long, ovoid, the body with
but three transverse sutures, one anteriorly, one between first and second, and another
between second and third pair of legs; dorsum with several transverse rows of about
six piliferous points; head somewhat narrowed, showing four minute swellings, each
giving rise to a rather long hair; mouth-parts small and indistinct, with a dusky,
granular spot at their base; legs 6-jointed, inclusive of fixed coxal piece, the thisd
joint longest, hind pair somewhat longer than the others, all tipped with two well-
developed claws, those on front pair the longest; what appears to be a rudimentary
subcutaneous fourth pair; no anal sete.

Full-grown larva.—1.6™™ long, with the whole body greatly distended and elongated,
the elongation being principally from the posterior dorsal portion, so as to bring to
view four hairs at the end; body showing two principal transverse constrictions, one
about the middle, the other above it, while the whole surface is finely and trans-
versely striate

Pupa.—i7"™ long, one-half as broad. LKither pale yellow or orange-red, polished,
swollen and rounded anteriorly, more tapering posteriorly, the dorsum well arched;
two transverse impressions, at first noticeable but subsequently obliterated; palpi
and legs formed under the larval skin, their ends finally projecting from it and more
or less free; traces of the shriveled larval legs widely separated.

Adult.—When first from pupa the color is orange-red, with a distinct transverse con-
striction about the middle, and a deep transverse impression in the broad fore part.
The species is characterized by the palpal claw consisting of one large hook, with a
second smaller one originating from its middle, and three stout spines from near its
base, and by the thumb being of uniform diameter, armed with rather long hairs ter-
minally, and reaching to or very little beyond its tip; also by a sunken polished plate
at the end of the body dorsally ; the plate but sparsely covered with hairs, elongate,
square in front and broadening behind. The legs have the terminal hooks very short
and blunt, the front pair is longest, the second shortest. Hairs of body barbed,
slightly curved and attenuated. The scissor-like mandibles are faintly toothed within.
With age the color intensifies to scarlet, but the legs, palpi, and ventral surface are
always more pale and silvery than the superior part of the body. The male is smaller
than the female, has more intense color, relatively somewhat longer legs, with the
body more pointed behind and more deeply constricted; the anal plate more narrow ;
ventrally his body is more distinctly constricted toward tip, and more deeply impressed
longitudinally; also with the genital impression more distinct. His body becomes
more creased and impressed with age, while that of the female becomes broader and
more smooth and swollen. Average length of female when full-grown about 3 milli-
meters; male about 2 millimeters.

W de-spread. We have it from Manitoba, Texas, various Eastern States, and from
California. ;

In all the egg-masses we have examined, the number of eggs ranged
between 300 and 400, the mass being irregularly globose, and the eggs
but loosely adhering to each other. We have not been able to ascertain
the exact length of time required for the full development of the larva
after attachment, but it is brief, and seldom exceeds a fortnight, while
the final transformation, after detachment, occupies but three or four
days. Though the motion of the swollen and deteched larva is slow,
the legs move about with considerable rapidity; yet in the gradual
change to pupa they shrink and are partially drawn in. Since De
Geer’s time it has been known that some of the octopod mites are hex-

73Suites 4 Buffon. Aptéres. 1844.

312 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

apods in their early life, and there can be no doubt but that all the
Trombidide have hexapod larve. In addition to the locust mite above
described, we have found another larval form attacking the mature 0.
spretus. It is at once distinguished from the larva of locustarum by the
more prominent head, by the longer, more slender legs, which
are 7-jointed, the joints increasing in length to the penultimate,
which is longest, and by the hairs, whether on the body, legs,
or palpi, being long, tapering, and barbed. It is possibly the
larva of a large species, which we have called Trombidium
giganteum, distinguished by the ‘following characters:

TROMBIDIUM GIGANTEUM Riley.—Adult 8 mm. to 9 mm. long; pyrti-
form, somewhat flattened ; no pronounced constrictions, but various dorsal
irregularities; usually about five pairs of circular depressions connected

ae: by transverse ones on anterior two-thirds, and a triangular series poste-

Ot riorly. Barbed hairs long and tapering, but very dense and even. Color
: YY deep scarlet, the legs concolorous; eyes dark. Characterized by the

Fic. 41. — penultimate palpal joint forming a single claw with a prominent notch,
TROMBIDIUM while the terminal thumb is large, extending one-third its length beyond
Be aldlaxs, the claw, clavate, and with the inner side of its broad end flattened; the
, pedal claws; 5 ; F ae
b, labial claw Claw, as well as the thumb, having sparse hairs; terminal joint of legs
and thumb. squarely docked, with the claws reaching but little beyond the side.
(After Riley.) “Living in the ground. Nine specimens examined.

We have also reared to the perfect state the well-known Astoma para-
site that attacks the common house-fly (Musca domestica) - ok
(aware

in this country, and will add a description of it by way of
comparison, as it may also be found to attack locusts.

The larva (Fig. 42) has the same mode of transformation
as T. locustarum, butis much more active after detachment,
while the gradual shrinking and withdrawal of the larval
legs during the transformation to pupa is much more easiiy ,F!6-42-—Larvaot

é < are S TROMBIDIUM MUS-
observed. The species is distinguished from 7. locustarum Riley) (A fter

by the following characters:

TROMBIDIUM MUSCARUM Riley.—Larva distinguished from that of T. locustarum by the
greater relative length of legs, and by the hairs on the body being
much longer and more conspicuous; also by the more distinct
transverse sutures, of which there are four. Transverse striations
noticeable soon after attachment. Full-grown larva also more
active.

Pupa.—More rounded behind.

Adult.—Average length 1.2 mm.; color bright and pale scarlet;
ie aaa legs very pale and with the terminal joint fusiform and the claws
IUM MUSCARUM._a, la. Huch longer than in T. locustarum, and more nearly as found in the
bial claws and thumb; larva; body rounded, very little narrower behind, with no impres-
b, pedalclaws;c, barbed sions or other marks. Barbed hairs of body sparse, short, blunt,
tuberculoushair. (Af and tuberculous, giving a beautifully echinulate appearance under
Joe line, the microscope. Genital depression circular; penultimate palpal
joint ending in two small, equal, blunt claws, the thumb being very small, tuberculous
and not reaching its tip. No marked sexual differences.

Many specimens examined.

The mode of growth of these mites may be more clearly illustrated by
a brief reference to a common red water-mite (Hydrachna belostome
Riley) which we have studied. The mites of the typical genus Hydrachna
are, in reality, the aquatic representatives of Trombidium, and have a
precisely similar mode of development. We have not had the eggs,
but in Europe they ure known to be laid in spring in holes in soft-
stemmed aquatic plants.

LIFE-HISTORY OF THE LOCUST MITE. 313

The young larva (Fig. 44, b,), like that of Trombidium, is pale red, hexa-
podous, and with the legs 6-jointed, including the coxal joint. It has the
mouth-parts retracted, and is characterized by two dark eye-spots ante-

Fic. 44.—HyDRACHNA BELOSTOM&.—D, newly hatched larva; a, larva soon after
becoming fixed; c, mature larva with pupa forming within; d, adult; e, its
pedal claws; f, palpal claws of larva. (After Riley.)

riorly, and by the swollen second joint of the palpi showing at each
anterior corner. Moving about in the water, these young larve fasten,
often in very large numbers, to different aquatic insects. Water-
bugs of the family Belostomide are particularly subject to attack, and
especially Zaitha fluminea (Say),“* upon a single specimen of which we
have sometimes counted over 500. They are able to fasten to the bug
by means of several sharp hooks at the end of the palpi. Once fixed, the
head and mouth-parts stretch until they become separated by a neck from
the main body, the transparent skin of which rapidly swells and elon-
gates so as to form a bag, with the more solid, dark red parts visible an-
teriorly (Fig. 44, a). The maxille penetrate and extend beneath the
chitinous covering of the host, until they form a long, pointed thread.
The legs curl up, become useless, and are more or less withdrawn, and
the larva gradually passes to the pupa state within this bag, which be-
comes more and more swollen and rounded posteriorly, and finally bursts
to release the adult mite. This bag-like larva was looked upon as an egg
by many old authors, and was made the type of the genus Achlysia by
Audouin. The adult swims actively about in the water, but before
attaining maturity fixes to some plant, and undergoes another molt
without material change of form.

HyDRACHNA BELOSTOMZ Riley.—Larva.—Hexopodous. Elliptic-ovoid. Pale red,
with two dusky eye-spots. Legs 6-jointed, including cox; terminal joint longest;
claws very small. Surface closely and evenly studded with minute points. Palpi
drawn beneath the head, with the second joint greatly swollen, and showing like an
eye at each anterior side of the body; the three terminal joints indistinctly separated,
and each armed with asharp hook. Becoming elongate and more or less pyriform,
with a distinct neck when fixed.

Pupa formed within the bag-like body of larva.

Adult.—Average length when first from pupa l.5 mm.; globular; color dark blood-
brown; body smooth; legs with but few hairs, terminal joint truncate and with two
very minute claws; palpal claws very small and the thumb no longer.

Ground-beetles.—We have seen that in the larva state several of
these insects attack locust-eggs. The perfect beetles are among the

74—Perthostoma aurantiaca Leidy.

314 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

most active pursuers and devourers of the locust itself. The beetles of
this family (Carabide) are essentially predaceous, and most of the larger
species doubtless feed
upon locusts when
they get opportunity.
The species which we
have most often found
at the work are the
Fiery Calosoma (Calo-
soma calidum, Fig. 45,
b) and the Elongate

Ground-beetle (Pasi- ¥ie.46.—Pasnracuus ELoy-
GATUs. (After Riley.)

Fic. 45.—CALOSOMA CALID UM.—a,
larva; b, beetle. (After Riley.) machus elongatus, Fig.

46). In ditches, where the young had collected, we have also found at-
- tacking them, Calosoma externum Say, C. scrutator
(Fabr.), C. wilcoxi Lec., Harpalus caliginosus (Fabr.),
Hf, pennsylvanicus (De Geer), and Elaphrus ruscarius
Say. Mr. H.A. Brous also found Pasimachus punctula-
tus preying on them in western Kansas.
Tiger-beetles.—These are swift-1unning and flying
beetles (Cicindelide) with predaceous habits, their larve
living within cylindrical holes, and entrapping any un-
wary insects that may .
Fic. 47.—Harpatus chance to come within reach
pep eo of their formidable jaws.
These larve are characterized by the large
and flattened head, and by having two tuber-
eles on the back of the ninth joint, each ;
tubercle ending in two recurved hooks, which Fic.48—Cicwprtra sf
5 : = REPANDA. oe
support the creature in any part of its bur-
row. Various species® in the perfect state are known cnet eae
to attack the Rocky Mountain locust; and Mr. J. K. “*
Moore, of Saint Peter, Minn., sent us last summer the Cicindela re-
panda (Fig. 48) with the remnants of various specimens which it had
partly devoured. One
would scarcely sup-
pose, however,that the
stationary larve of
these beetles could
succeed in entrapping
such an active creature
as our locust. Yet at

Fic. 50. —CICINDELA SPLENDIDA.—a, larva; b, head Omaha, Nebr., last Wig. St. —Csene
of same enlarged; c, beetle (Emerton, del.) June, we found that of pena YuLcazas.

the young locusts which were collecting on the steep clay banks

75 Mr. Brous found the following species preying on spretus in Western Kansas in 1876: Cicindeda
pulchra Say; C. scutellaris Say; OC. 6-guttata Fabr.; C. fulgida Say; C. vulgaris Say; 0. cirewmpicta
Laf.; C. formosa Say ; O-punctulata Fabr.

—

a,

WET

TIGER-BEETLES THAT ATTACK LOCUSTS. 315

that abound there quite a number fell victims to the larvze of the
Splendid Tiger-beetle (Cicindela splendida Hentz), the burrows of which
are abundant in such situations. In the course of two hours’ digging
we found 19 young locusts that had been dragged to the bottom of the
® burrows of this species, and were then and there
being devoured. ‘We introduce a figure of this
larva (Fig. 50) and of the beetle, which is a
brilliant species, the wing-covers being of a bur-
nished coppery color, with green reflections, and
the rest of the body either metallic blue or
green.

One of the most interesting species of this
family that preys upon the locust in Western
Kansas is the elegant insect (Amblychila cylin-
driformis Say), which we herewith illustrate
(Fig. 52) and which may be called the Cylindrical
Tiger-beetle. Itis of a tolerably uniform deep
chestnut-brown color, and till quite recently was
Fic. 52,AMBLYCHILA cruunprr CODSidered a great rarity; indeed, the facile

heats princeps among beetles. Unlike the typical
members of its family, this beetle is nocturnal and rather slow in its
movements. Mr. 8. W. Williston, of Yale, who captured large numbers
last summer, wrote us from Monument, Wallace County, Kans., May 17,
as follows, regarding its habits:

I have collected the beetle for several seasons, and have watched its habits. These
are almost precisely the same as in Omus. Their movements are much more sluggish
than Tetracha or Cicindela. They rarely destroy living insects of any kind, but feed
mostly upon effect matter, dead insects, and such live ones as they can capture.

They cannot run as fast as the slowest Cicindela, and pay no attention to a collector
till his fingers touch them.

Prof. F. H. Snow, of Lawrence, Kans., who made some observations
for us last summer in the western part of his State, and who also suc-
ceeded in capturing many specimens, gives the following more complete
account, in a paper read before the Kansas Academy of Science:

I was disappointed to find these insects apparently devoid of that intensely ferocious
nature which had been ascribed to them bysensational writers for the Eastern press,
and which would be suggested by its position at the head of a ravenous family, the
Cincindelide, or Tiger-beetles. I have watched them night after night coming forth
from their hiding-places soon after sundown and beginning their night-long search for
food. Iam satisfied that their sense of sight must be exceedingly deficient, as they
never discover their prey from a distance, however slight, and never capture it unless
stumbling upon it as if by accident. When, however, they do thus stumble upon an
unfortunate caterpillar, grasshopper, or other suitable article of food,a very acute
sense of touch, chiefly concentrated in their long and constantly vibrating antenna,
enables them to seize upon and firmly holdit with their powerful mandibles, while
with their maxille, or secondary jaws, they withdraw the life-juices and soft tissues of
their struggling victim. They also manifest the imperfection of their vision by mak-
ing no attempt to escape from their human captors, allowing themselves to be picked
up asif entirely blind. They are slow in their movements, walking about with great
deliberation over their favorite hunting-grounds, the sloping clay banks. The only

316 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

approach to rapidity of movement observed during the summer was in the case of a
single individual suddenly surprised by the morning sun while at a distance from a
suitable hiding-place which he was making frantic exertions to discover.

In a brief paper contributed to this Academy by Mr. H. A. Brous, at our last annual
meeting, it was stated that Amblychile live in holes which they construct for them-
selves. My own observations do not corroborate this statement. On the other hand,
I found them invariably coming forth at night from holes made by other animals, most
especially from the intricately winding burrows of the kangaroo rat (Dipodomys phil-
lippii), by which the clay banks are often completely honey-combed. In these bur-
rows they take refuge from the direct rays of the sun in the daytime, in company with
other nocturnal genera—Eleodes, Pasimachus, &c. ‘These latter insects undoubtedly
furnish many a midday meal for Amblychile, which are not to be supposed to pass the
entire day in sleep. On one occasion I had an opportunity of watching two of them
in a large abandoned badger’s hole. They were wide awake, and walking about with
vibrating antenne, as if in search of food. I have also kept several living specimens
in confinement, and have carefully watched them for several weeks, but never discov-
ered any disposition to make excavations for themselves, though they would gladly
take possession of holes made for them in the earth at the bottom of the cage.

In regard to food, no living insect seems to come amiss to them. They seem to be
especially fond of all sorts of Orthopterous and Lepidopterouslarve. They willattack
and devour the huge wingless locusts (Brachypeplus) and sword-bearers (Ensicaudes).
I have seen them in the act of conquering and devouring the large Prionus of the plains
(P. fissicornis), and in two instances have seen them eating one another, apparently
with the keenest relish. In confinement they will thrive upon full-grown maple-
worms (Dryocampa rubicunda var. alba), the caterpillars of the Handmaid Moth (Da-
tana ministra), and almost every other insect pest of the orchard and garden.

We have ourselves kept a living specimen, sent us by Professor Snow,
in @ vivarium all through the.
past autumn and winter. It
showed an admirable capacity
for burrowing, and doubtless ex-
cavates its own burrows where
those of other animals are not
at hand_to occupy. Our speci-
men devoured at first at the rate
of two locusts a day, but subse-
quently became much less raven-
ous. It ate at night when the
locusts were least active, and
generally remained quiet and
hidden in its burrow during the
day.
The larva (Fig. 53) of this spe-
cies lives in a large cylindrical
hole, from one to three feet deep,

Fic. 53.—AMBLYCHILA CYLINDRIFORMIS.—a, larva, lat- made in dry clayey banks; and

eral view; 6, same, dorsal view; c, head, prothorax, ] . - letter to
and mesothorax; d, antenna; e, head beneath; f, men- Mr. E. W. Guild, in a let

tum and maxilla; g, leg; h, hook-bearing hump of ‘ f Philadelphia
joint 8. (After Horn.) — Dr. G. H. Horn, 0 phia,

thus describes its habits:
The burrows are found in all gradations of surface, from a perfect level to a nearly
vertical fase, but are in greatest numbers in slopes of about 30°. They are very notice-

LOCUST ENEMIES: ASILUS-FLIES; DIGGER-WASPS. 317

able from their large size and occurrence in clusters. Dry clayey banks are preferred
and all the burrows I have examined enter at right angles to the surface of the soil, and
remain straight for three-fourths of their length, then gradually curving. Itis not un-
usual to see the larve after sundown, or earlier if the day be cloudy. They are, how-
ever, very shy, and I know of but one specimen being taken without considerable digging.
A fuil description of this larva by Dr. Horn will appear in vol. vii of
the Transactions of the American Entomological Society, and we present
the accompanying figure thereof, with its several parts enlarged, from
an advance plate kindly furnished by the author. This larva had pre-
viously been mentioned (Ann. Lye. iv, 1845, p. 143) by Dr. LeConte
as that of Pasimachus.
Asilus-flies.—We have already referred to these flies (p. 303), the
' larve of some of which prey upon the

Baia 4 eggs of the locust. The perfect flies are

+4 f 7 4 very fond of the young locusts, pouncing

borides gi 2 a Sf ppt oe! upon and seizing them, and then flying
Si =

Pia ia = off to some spot where, unmolested,

Fe they can suck the juices of their victim.

, ey 4 Mr. Lawrence Bruner, of Omaha,

i 5 : Nebr., who has had good opportunity

A , of observing, says that the larger species

f i } live almost entirely on locusts during

Fic. 54.—PROCTOCANTHUS MILBERTI. (After the months of June, July, and August.

Riley.) Most of-the larger species” doubtless

have this habit, and one of the most common and ferocious in which we
have observed it is the Proctocanthus milberti™ Macq. (Fig. 54), and
popularly called the Missouri Bee-killer, on account of its habit of de-
stroying bees in the Southwest. These insects fly with a buzzing noise,
and have a sufliciently powerful beak to produce quite a severe sting on
the human band.

Digger-wasps.—These insects by means of their powerful jaws

FIG. 55.— LARRADA SEMIRUFA.— Female. (Emer Fic. 56.—LARRADA SEMIRUFA.—Female, grasping a
ton del.) young locust. (Emerton del.)

76 Mr. Brous found the following species feeding on spretus: Stenopogon consanguineus Loew, a species
with pale yellowish hairs on head and thorax, yellowish-brown wings, and pale rufous legs and abdo-
men j Promachus apivora F.tch; Eraz bastardii (Fig. 29); several allied species of Erax, and a species
of Tolmerus.

7 The Asilus missouriensis Riley, 2d Mo, Ent. Rep. p. 122.

318 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

and spinous legs burrow with great rapidity in the ground, where they
form a sort of nest; provision it with some kind of prey which they
have stung and paralyzed; lay an egg thereunder, and cover up the
hole—the larva when it hatches feeding upon the stored foodthus pro-
vided by the parent. Several species have long been known to capture
locusts and green grasshoppers. We noticed a small black species
(Priononyx atrata, St. Farg.)
that is quite common in Co-
lorado, pursuing and capturing
the pupa of C. spretus, and Mr.
Packard caught a still smaller
Species (Larrada_ semirufa,
Cress., Figs. 55, 56), with black
head and thorax and reddish
abdomen, whileit was in the act
of carryinga spretus larva. One
of our handsomest species
(Spheax ichneumonea I., Fig. 57),
with golden pubescence on head
and thorax and with the legs
and basal half of abdomen rust-
red, has been closely observed by Mr. Packard, and we copy the fol-
lowing account of its.habits from his Guide to the Study of Insects
(p. 167):

In the last week of July, and during August and early in September, we noticed nearly
a dozen of these wasps busily engaged in digging their holes in a gravelly walk. In
previous seasons they were more numerous, burrowing into grassy banks near the
walk. The holes were four to six inches deep. In beginning the hole, the wasp
dragged away with its teeth a stone one-half as large as itself to a distance of eight
inches from the hole, while it pushed away others with its head. In beginning its
burrow it used its large and powerful jaws almost entirely, digging into the depth of
an inch in five minutes, completing its hole in about half an hour. After having in-
serted its head into the hole, where it loosened the earth with its jaws and threw it
out of the hole with its jaws and fore legs, it would retreat backward and push the
dirt still farther back from the mouth of the cell with its hind legs. In cases where
the farther progress of the work was stopped by a stone too large for the wasp to re-
move or dig around, it would abandon it and begin anew hole. Just as soon as it
reached the required depth, the wasp flew a few feet to an adjoining bank, and falling
upon an Orchelimum vulgare or O. gracile (two common grass-green catydid-like grass-
hoppers, about an inch long), stung and paralyzed it instantly, bore it to its nest, and
was out of sight ina moment, and while in the bottom of its hole must have deposited
its egg in its victim. Reappearing, it began to draw the sand back into the hole,
scratching it in quite briskly by means of its spiny fore tarsi, while standing on ifs
two hind pa‘rs of legs. It thus threw in half an inch of dirt upon the grasshopper
and then flew off. In this way one Sphex will make two or three such holes in one
afternoon. The walk was hard and composed of a coarse sea-gravel, and the rapidity
with which the wasp worked her way in with tooth and nail was marvelous.

A steel-blue species (Chlorion ceruleum Drury, Fig. 58), though ordi-
narily using spiders, also employs locusts; and the following extract from

Fic. 57.—SPHEX ICHNEUMONEA. (After Emerton.)

rt

TACHINA-FLIES AS LOCUST ENEMIES. 319

a letter from Mr. William H. Edwards, of Coalburgh, W. Va., gives an
interesting instance of this insect losing its way and being puzzled:

I was greatly entertained one day at seeing this steel-blue dirt-digger ride a locust
up and down the walk of my garden in search of its hole, which it had missed by 20
feet, the hole being in fact in a walk parallel and sim-
ilar to the one it was on, but 20 feet away. The wasp
would ride up and down, stop, turn back, or drop the
"hopper and run about; then mount its prey again, 443
until it found out its mistake by getting at last on to =
the proper walk.

_ Mr. A. N. Godfrey, one of our assistants,
observed this wasp sting a pupa of spretus
and bury it, and upon digging up the pupa
found the wasp egg at the juncture of the
hind femur with the body. Species of the a

genus Scolia are also known to have this rie. 58—CuHorion coruceum. (Af-
same habit. Sone

Tachina-flies.—The animals so far treated of as attacking the
locust either devour it bodily, suck its juices, or are parasitic upon it
externally. There remain those which prey upon it internally, and
which in time exhaust and kill it. The most common of these are the
larve of certain flies belonging to the genus Tavhina—gray-colored, two-
winged flies, having very much the general appearance of the common
house-fly, though usually somewhat larger.

«These Tachina-tlies firmly fasten their eggs—which are oval, white,
and opaque, and quite tough—to those parts
of the body not easily reached by the jaws
and legs of their victim, and thus prevent the
egg from being detached. The slow-flying
locusts are attacked while flying, and it is
quite amusing to watch the frantic efforts
which one of them, haunted by a Tachina-fly,
will make toevade its enemy. The fly buzzes

around, waiting her opportunity, and when the

Fic. 59.—YELLOW-TAILED TACHI- ; E J
NA-FLY. (After Riley.) locust jumps or flies, darts at it and attempts
to attach her egg under the wing or on theneck. The attempt frequently
fails, but she perseveres until she usually accomplishes her object. With
those locusts which fly readily, she has even greater difficulty ; but
though the locust tacks suddenly in all directions in its efforts to avoid
her, she circles close around it and generally succeeds in accomplishing
her purpose, either while the locust is yet on the wing, or, more often,
just as it alights from a flight or a hop. The young maggots hatching
from these eggs eat into the body of the locust, and after rioting on the
fatty parts of the bo@y—leaving the more vital parts untouchec
issue and burrow in the ground, where they contract to brown, egg-like
puparia, from which the fly issues either the same season or not till
the following spring. A locust infested with this parasite is more lan-

320 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

guid than it otherwise would be; yet it seldom dies till the maggots
have left. Often in pulling off the wings of such as were hopping about,
the bodies have presented the appearance of a mere shell filled with
maggots; and so efficient is this parasite that the ground in parts of the
Western States is often covered with the Rocky Mountain locust dead
and dying from this cause.

‘¢‘ Mr. Byers, in speaking of the locusts hatching in Colorado in 1865,
says: ‘That upon attaining about half their full size, they were attacked
by a fly, which, stinging them in the back between the roots of the wings,
deposited one or more eggs, which produced a large white maggot.
The worm subsisted upon the grasshopper, finally causing its death,
when it cut its way out and entered the earth. In this way probably
half were destroyed, often covering the ground, and filling the furrows
in plowed fields with their carcasses. The remainder, when their wings
were sufficiently developed, took to flight, moving southeast, and we
lost trace of them on the great plains.’

‘‘ Mr.S. E. Wilber, of Greeley, Colo., has published an account of what
is evidently the same fly.” In this account, after showing how persist-
ently the fly pursues the locust—leaving it no rest, and so effectually
weakening whole swarms as to render them harmless—he expresses
the opinion that the constant importunities and annoyances of this fly
are the cause of locust migrations.’ We have already expressed our
belief that at times they may prove one of the immediate causes.

Persons who have not lived in the West, where the locust has pre-
vailed, can form no idea of the great abundance of these Tachina flies,
We found them buzzing about so numerously in the mountain regions
last summer as to prove a positive nuisance to travelers, and every
locust as it attempted to fly was pursued by several. It was also very
generally conceded, especially in Colorado, that one of the principal
reasons why the locusts did so little damage in 1877 was because they
were so generally infested with Tachina maggots. We found the same
state of things wherever we went in the Northwest, and in 1875 in parts
of Manitoba, as we were credibly informed by Mr. W. F. Luxton and
others, they so effectually killed off the young locusts that none matured
to fly off. In Minnesota they were so numerous as to follow the locusts
in vast swarms. Mr. J. I. Salter, of Stearns County, having communi-
cated the fact of vast clouds of flies passing over Todd County, we wrote
to ascertain the kind, and received the following account:

As to the flies, they were the fly described in your bulletin as the Tachina-fly. Some
two or three weeks before the final flight of the ’hoppers I noticed thousands of those
flies on my timothy and clover meadow, where the locusts were in great numbers, and
noticed that these seemed to be in fear, restless, and uneasy. I found, by watching,
that they had cause to be, for no sooner would one take wing, or even hop, but it
would be attacked by those flies. Finally, the locusts rose en masse and left, and shortly

after (I have now forgotten how soon) the flies left in a cloud or swarm, nearly all. I
saw the locusts leave; also the flies. Then about the last flights of locusts, going

78 Popular Science Monthly, iv, p. 745.

WORK OF TACHINA-FLIES. 321

southeast, or shortly after, I saw at two different times, on different days, flights of
what I believed, and still believe, were the same flies before spoken of. My neighbor,
Donald McIntosh, also saw one, if not more, swarms of the flies, apparently following
the locusts. In every instance they took the same course as the locusts.

In warm weather, these flies multiply very rapidly, undergoing all
their transformations in the course of a fortnight from leaving the egg;
but in the cooler seasons the pupal development under ground is much
slower, and the winter is generally passed in the puparium, though we
have known the larve to remain in the ground unchanged all through
the winter.

The following extracts, principally from our correspondence, refer to
these Tachina-flies, and very well indicate the effectual work they some-
times perform:

Also, I will say that the grasshoppers, which a month since seriously threatened to
devour every green thing, have met with a mortal foe and been slain. by millions.
(Don’t think “ millions” toolargea word.) Very few have taken to “themselves wings.
and flown away,” as heretofore, but lie dead in the fields they lately ravaged. A small
fly pierces them and deposits an egg while on the wing (or on the jump), and, like Herod
of old, “‘ they are eaten of worms and give up the ghost.”—[Jos. C. Shattuck, Greeley,
Colo., July 14, 1873.

It seems that the grasshoppers that are so destructive to vegetation in many places in
the central portion of the continent are likely to find an enemy which threatens their
rapid destruction. The Deer Lodge Independent says that a fly has made its appear-
ance, closely resembling the common house-fly, but much larger, and of a gray, mot-
tled color, which deposits its eggs under the wings of the grasshopper. The egg is
inclosed in a glutinous substance, which secures it in its position until the worm is
matured [embryon developed]. It then penetrates the body of the grasshopper, which
speedily dies. Tbe worm then burrows in the ground, and at the end of seventeen
- days comes forth a fly, ready to again commence the work of destruction. Mr.William
Walker, of Dempsey Creek, informs the Independent that twice during the past sum-
mer the grasshoppers threatened to destroy his crops, but the flies killed them so.
rapidly that they did him but little damage. As the grasshoppers were killed before
depositing their eggs, it is generally believed that this plague is ended in the Deer
Lodge Valley.—[ Published in several Montana papers in the summer of 1874.

A great many of the locusts seemed to be punctured on the back, and on pulling their
heads off after death (many were found dead) from one to three ordinary-looking mag-
gots would be found. Many farmers fear it might be an introduction of a new plague.
May not this gentleman with his little gimlet in time prove the destroyer of the hate--
ful locust ?—[R. P. C. Wilson, Platte City, Mo.

I saw a’hopper kicking about asif he could hardly move; I pulled him to pieces and’
found that he contained a footless grub half an inch in length. In a short time more
were procured, placed in a covered tumbler, where, in a little more than two weeks,
the grubs changed to Tachina-flies, very much resembling the common house-flies.
* * * When we remember what an enormous number of eggs (fly-blows) a fly will
- Jay, and that each, in about a month, will be a perfect fly, it is seen that it would take
' but a few generations to clean out an army of grasshoppers.—[Oscar J. Strong, Rolfe,
Pocahontas County, Iowa, in Western Farmer, February, 1869.

Two years ago there was a fly that stung the locust when about half-grown, and
killed large numbers. The fly laid an egg that soon developed into a maggot that ate
out the inside of the locust, leaving only ashell. I gathered some of the maggots while
they were within the locust, and put them in a glass. In about four days they went
into the pupa state, looking something like a kernel of rye, but a little more plump,

2146

322 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

and in about ten days they hatched out into a fly about the size and appearance of the
house-fly.—[C. O. Perkins, Oswego, Labette County, Kansas, June, 1877.

Very many have been killed by a large maggot, apparently the larva of a Sarco-
phaga carnaria. The maggot is about one-fcurth of an inch in length. They seem to
attack the locusts at or near the time of the last molt, though sometimes the pupz are
attacked. The locusts, when affected, become torpid, and hop with difficulty. When
these are examined, one or more maggots are found at work in the thorax. After the
locust is killed, the maggots continue at work until every particle of the viscera is con-
sumed, leaving only the empty skeleton remaining. One dead locust was found to con-
tain eight of the fully-grown maggots.—[A. N. Godfrey, June, 1877.

Myriads of locusts were destroyed by cold, heavy rains, and by a small fly producing
maggotsin them. Flies of this kind very numerous.—[James Moore, Bastrop, Tex.,
May 8, 1877.

Upon examination of the young ’hoppers we find several very small-looking worms,
which seem to develop with the ’hopper, and when it (the ’hopper) gets a little older
this worm seems to have increased in size so much until we find them eating their pas-
sage out of the *hopper, after which the ’hopper dies in a very short time. When it
comes out it looks something like a maggot from a dead carcass. We find from three

to six of these worms in a ’hopper, and, as before stated, the *hopper very soon dies “i

after this worm is out, and it was the immense number of the dead ’hoppers on the
prairies that led to the discovery of the phenomena described. It being an entire new
feature here makes us somewhat interested, especially as we hear the report of dead

"hoppers from various portions of the State. Some time after leaving the hoppers, this |

maggot (or whatever it may be) burrows into the ground, and this is as far as we
know anything of it at present; when it goes into the ground it has attained a size of
about one-quarter of an inch in length and very thick in proportion, and somewhat
ribbed as it contracts and expands in moving. My object in writing you is to get
your opinion as to what this werm may turn to, as some here think it will produce
more “hoppers, others think some kind of a fly. There is one thing certain, if they
keep on at the present rate of destruction the ’koppers will be a scarce animal in a
couple of weeks. We shall be pleased to have a reply from you on this subject, as it
may benefit a suffering community.—[A. W. Risien, Groesbeck, Tex., April 25, 1877.
Some time since “ Will,” our special correspondent, gave our readers an account of
the wonderful destruction of grasshoppers by the Tachina-fly in the Bitter Root coun-
try. We notice that his statements of the investigation are corroborated by Professor
Riley in his new book. But his investigations went still further than Professor Riley’s.
He estimated these flies produce from 70 to 100 maggots each. These maggots, after

devouring the ’hopper, burrow into the earth, but the question is not yet settled as to
when the fly issues from it. Professor Riley says: “They issue and burrow in the —

ground, where they contract to a brown, egg-like pupa, from which the fly issues,

7 Eas bab ET ei sO SC

either in the same season or not until the following spring.” Mr. J. L. Humble, of :

Bitter Root, who is aiding us in the investigation, writes under date of August 21:

“Agreeably to promise, I write to inform you of the results of my experiments with _

the grasshopper and his natural enemy—the fly. I saw flies sting a number of “hop-

pers (6), aud caught them and put them under a glass vase. In twenty-four hours ©

from the time they were stung, the worm had entered the body of the grasshopper;

and in twelve hours more (doubtless the hopper thought it an age), the grasshopper

yielded the last spark of vitality to the uncompromising greed of his internal foe.”
Now, if these flies destroy: from 70 to 100 *hoppers during their lifetime, killing the

hopper in 36 hours from the time the eggs are laid, and a new fly issues therefrom, we |

have grounds for a hope that the plague may eventually be destroyed, or so greatly

diminished that the ravages will not be felt.—[Rocky Mountain Husbandman, Diamond

City, Montana, September 6, 1877.

There are a few left now, but they seem very weak, and many I find dead; and on
examining them find a worm which eats the inside of the ’hopper and leaves only a
shell.—[Stephen Bradley, Agenda, Kans., July 12, 1877.

FLESH-FLIES THAT ATTACK LOCUSTS. 320

In 1869 large numbers of the grasshoppers were destroyed by a parasite eating their
vitals. It comes from an egg deposited by a blackish fly. Many have died from the
same cause this year.—[Jas. S. Cantwell, Smithfield, Cache County, Utah.

On the 24th ultimo I first noticed that the ’hoppers were getting wings, and now
four-fifths of them are winged. A great number of them are dying from the effects of
a grub or maggot which devours the inside of the ’hopper, leaving but little more than
the shell.—[W. J. Newell, Athol, Iowa, July 2, 1877.

There are doubtless many different species of these Tachina-flies that
attack our locusts, but by far the most common is the Anonymous

' Tachina-fly (7. anonyma Riley), which attacks also a large number of
‘other insects.” The Yellow-tailed Tachina-fly (Hxorista flavicauda
Riley, Fig. 59), which more particularly attacks the army-worm, will
| serve to illustrate these insects.

Flesh-flies.—These flies also attack the locust. They greatly resem-
ble the preceding in general appearance, but may be distinguished by
the style of the antenne being
hairy instead of smooth. Judg-
ing from the accounts of corre-
Spondents, and the well-known
habit of breeding in dead and de-
composing animal matter which
these flies possess, they are most
attracted to those locusts that are
feeble or already dead, and are
fond of laying their eggs on speci-
mens which have just molted, and
are yet pale, soft, and helpless.

| Fic. 60.—SARCOPHAGA CARNARIA; greatly enlarged. Fic. 61.—SARCOPHAGA CARNARIA—pupa-
(After Emerton.) rium; greatly enlarged. (After Emerton.)

These flies lay elongate and delicate eggs, which hatch very quickly.
| They sometimes hatch, in fact, within the oviduct, so that the fly gives
‘| birth to living larve. These are distinguished from those of the Tachina-
flies by being more concave and truncated at the posterior end (see
| Fig. 62,6). The Tachina larva is rounded posteriorly, with a small spi-
-|racular cavity, easily closed, and having a smooth rim; it contracts to
|.a pupa, which is quite uniformly rounded at each end. The Sarcophaga
| larva is more truncate behind, with fleshy warts on the rim of the spi-

| prothoracic spiracles show as they never do in Tachina.

79 See Mo. Ent. Repts. 4, p. 129; 5, p. 133.

324. REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The species most commonly infesting our locust is the common Flesh-
fly (Sarcophaga carnaria L.),a wide-spread species and general scavenger,
common alike to Kurope, America, and Australia, and probably to other
quarters of the globe. Its larve infest different kinds of locusts and the |
common Mantis;* and they generally leave nothing but the bare shellof J}
their victim. They develop very rapidly; and, like the Tachina mag-
gots, burrow in the ground to go through their transformations. The
accompanying figure of a variety (sarracenie Riley), which feeds on the
dead insects caught in those curious
traps, the Trumpet-leaves (genus Sar-
racenia), will serve to illustrate these
transformations. .

Another species that attacks the }

phora erythrocephala, Meig., also very

Fic. 62.—SARCOPHAGA caRNARrIA var. sarra- COMMON and wide spread, and easily

CENILS.—da, larva; 6, pupa; ¢, fly, the hair-lines Felten F P : :
showing average natural lengths ; d, enlarged distinguished from the preceding by its

head and first joint of larva, showing curved blyecolor. Thetollowingextractsrefer

hooks, lower lip (g) and prothoracic spiracles ;

e, end of body of same, showivg stigmata(f) to these flies:

and prolegs and vent; h, tarsal claws of fly,

with protecting pads; 7, antenne of same—en- — A certain blue or green fly has been more

larged. (After Riley.) : : : :
largely instrumental in destroying the insects ©

than any other cause, so far as known. They operated by depositing an egg oreges

about the junction of the thorax with the abdomen, which produced a worm that >

destroyed life in a short time. They were most active about the time of the second §

molting. A few specimens of the flies (found dead) are forwarded. I also sawa §

small spider destroy one, but cannot say whether many were killed in that way.—

[Daniel Parker, Calvert, Tex., April 26, 1877.

During the stmmer I noticed that many of the large yellow grasshoppers (Caloptenus
differentialis) were infested by the maggot of a species of fly very nearly resembling, if
not identical with, the common Flesh-fly (Sarcophaga carnaria). Many of the grass- ©
hoppers were almost completely eaten out when found, retaining just sufficient strength i
to hop feebly ever the ground. I estimate that this particular species of grasshopper |
was diminished in numbers at least one-tenth, possibly one-eighth, by these new §
friends. It is to be hoped that these new parasites will increase rapidly. Professor J
C. V. Riley informs me that the Migratory Locust (Caloptenus spretus) is also infested
by asimilar one. Thus far, however, I have failed to detect any in the specimens col- 1
lected in this vicinity.—[ Professor C. E. Bessey, Ames, lowa.

As the young locusts began marching, swarms of green and blue flies made their [
appearance, and seemed to accompany them. I soon found numbers of young locusts |
dead with maggots in them, and supposed the flies were following them to blow those
accidentally killed, but during the second molt I discovered the locusts were very }
tender and helpless, and I observed these flies watching them and alighting on them }
as they came out of their casts. Catching one which I had observed attacked by the J
fly, I found half a dozen live maggots busily engaged eating his entrails. By patient
watching, I found that those attacked by the fly would die in from five to ten minutes;
and the maggots, after finishing them, would disappear in the ground, and I suppose, |
in the course of time, comes out a new fly.—[W. L. Coleman, Calvert, Tex., April 24, [
1877.

Ichneumon-flies.—It is an interesting fact that not a single Ichnen-
mon-fly is positively known toattack our locust, nor hasoneever been found |
TE ee ————————EE————— eee

80TLocust Plague, etc., p. 136.

Rocky Mountain locust is the Calli- |

NO ICHNEUMON-FLIES ATTACK LOCUSTS. 325

to attack any of the different locusts or grasshoppers that occur in the
country. We have sought diligently for evidence of the occurrence in
locusts of any of these essentially parasitic insects. By Ichneumon-
flies we intend, not those of the genus Ichnewmon alone, but any belong-
ing to the great family Ichnewmonide. They are known to attack plant-
feeding species of all Orders except the Half-winged bugs (Heteroptera)
and the Straight-winged insects (Orthoptera), to which last the locust
belongs. Westwood, St. Fargeau, Brullé, and other authors who have
paid especial attention to these Ichneumon-flies, all concur in excepting
the Orthoptera from their attacks. Von Motschulsky speaks of having
found a species (Proctotrupes brevipennis, Latr.) of an allied family near
Italian locusts, and infers, without proof whatever, its possible parasit-
ism thereon; but, of the latest and most reliable European authorities,
Gerstiicker and Koéppen, the former states explicitly that no Ichneumon
is known to attack the European locust, while the latter knows of none,
and refers only to rumors of the occurrence of bee-like insects that sting
the locust, and which rumors doubtless have reference to Digger-wasps
or Tachina-flies. Again, Mr. Thomas Bath,” in treating of the injuries
of locusts in Australia, one species of which (given as Gidipoda musica,
Fabr.) in size and general appearance is not unlike our spretus, figures
an Ichneumon-fly (given as Bracon capitata) stinging a locust, and cer-
tain maggots, supposed to be the larvwz of the same, taken from a locust.
But the former is imaginary, unreal, and evidently not from actual ob-
servation, while the latter are evidently the larve, not of an Ichneumon,
but of some Dipterous (doubtless Tachina) fly. Coming to our own
country, Mr. Brous, in 1876, sent us two Ichneumons—a Campoplex and
Pimpla notanda, Cresson—noticed flying about locusts, but without
evidence of their stinging these; and Professor Aughey has sent us a
female Lampronota brunnea, Cresson, which he believes to have bred
from winged specimens of spretus in August, 1874. But his notes lack
in absolute certainty, and he himself has on that account refrained from
referring to the supposed fact ; while the long ovipositor and well-known
habit of some species of the genus of preying on wood-boring Coleop-
terous larve, to reach which the ovipositor is admirably adapted,
strengthen the uncertainty, and render further corroborative evidence
necessary before we can say that any Ichneumon-fly actually preys on
the Rocky Mountain locust.

_ Reports from farmers, of Ichneumon-flies attacking locusts, are not
uncommon, because this term is often erroneously applied to any para-
site, and especially to the Tachina-flies and the Anthomyia egg-parasite,
already treated of. Some writers have even sought to justify its appli-
cation to this last species, on the ground that the term “ichneumon” means
an egg-feeder; unaware of the fact that it has a definite meaning in
| entomology, and that, while originally applied by Aristotle to an Egyp-

81‘* Notes on Observations made during the Late Locnst Plague.” Report of the Secretary for Agri-
culture, Melbourne, 1873.

326 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

tian animal (Herpestes ichneumon, L.) that hunts for and feeds on croco-
dile eggs, it was also applied, both by Pliny and Aristotle, to a wasp |
that hunts spiders and caterpillars, for which reason Linnzus appropri- | |
ately used it to designate the parasitic family we have been consider-
ing.

Hair-worms.—Of all the different enemies of our locust, these
long, thread-like worms are the most
curious and remarkable. Occurring in
—y all parts of the world, and mentioned
—= - even by Aristotle, they are by no means
rare. We have on several occasions ob-
tained specimens from spretus, and a
number of our correspondents have re-
ported the locusts affected by them.
Mr. I. G. McGrue, of Audubon, Minn.,

Fic. 63.—Harr- worms.—a, anterior ex. C@Ven asserts that in that part of the
tremity of the female Variable Gordius (G. country the hair-worms destroy ed as

varius); b, the same of the male; ec, antericr

extremity of the Linear Gordius (G. line- = ie = =
aris); d, side view of the posterior extrem- many locusts, 10 1875, as did any other

ity of the male of the same species; e, an- ; +47
terior extremity of the Robust Gordius (G. easly The locust infested with one

ee on Ferre out, Of these worms may be recognized by
;ting the genital pore (after Leidy). its pale and sickly look, and especially
by the want of color on the hind thighs. The worms are not infrequently
found within the young and unfledged locusts, but far more often noticed
within or issuing from the winged individuals. Ordinarily there is but
one worm, but as many as five have been found, within a single locust.
If we carefully detach the head of a full-grown locust infested with one
of these parasites, just before it would naturally issue, we shall find the
coiled ends thereof protruding from the thorax, and the rest of the
animal coiled up longitudinally around the intestines and among the
viscera, the muscular, secretory, and reproductive organs of the locust
being much wasted, and the worm so closely pressed against or coiled
around them as to almost completely occupy the whole inside of the
poor locust, from the head to the anus, through which last the parasite
eventually issues. ;

These hair-worms are not only very frequently found in different
locusts, grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets, but Professor Leidy even
has one from a cockroach. They likewise occur in many other insects
and smaller animals, as beetles, moths and butterflies, bees, two-winged
flies, spiders, and snails.* As a rule, the worms forsake Lepidoptera
while these are in the larva state, or, more rarely, in the pupa state;
whereas they generally issue from Coleoptera and Orthoptera only after
these have acquired the perfect state. They belong to two different
genera, Gordius and Mermis, differing more in internal structure than in

&Siebold (Ent. Zeit., Stettin, ix, 1848, pp. 295-300; xi, 1850, pp. 332-336) gives a list of Articulates
found infested with hair-worms up to that time, from which it appears that insects of all Orders except
Neuroptera are attacked, while even mites are probably infested.

,

INSECTS INFESTED WITH HAIR-WORMS. S20

external appearance. The commoner species of the former genus are
brown, while those of the latter are white or pale yellow. In reality,
some of those which are pale while within their host become dark after
issuance, and the color alone has no.generic value. We need hardly
allude here to the popular belief that these worms are animated horse-

Fic. 64.—HAIrR-worMs.—g, posterior, tri-lobed
extremity of the female Variable Gordius; h, the
same, with the lobes more divergent, and exhibit-
ing the ext:usion of the cord of eggs; 7, posterior
bi-lobed extremity of the male Variable Gordius,
seen on the ventral surface, and exbibiting the gen-
ital pore; k, dorsal view of the same; l, posterior
bi-lobed extremity of the male Long-lobed Gordius,
seen on the ventral surface, and exhibiting the gen-
ital pore; 7m, the same in the male of the Linear
Gordius; n, portion of the fringe of the latter,
highly maguified; 0, egg of the Variable Gordius,
containing a fully developed embryo highly magni-

hairs. Despite the ready explo-
sion of the fallacy by naturalists,
the superstition is yet very prev-
alent, and we have several other-
wise intelligent correspondents
who persist in the popular faith.
The development of these Entozoa
is, indeed, so obscure and difficult
to trace that their life-history is
yet enshrouded in some degree of
mystery, a fact which has no little
to do with the perpetuity of the
popular delusion. So far as pres-
eut knowledge permits, let us
glance at this curious life-history.
In the American Entomologist and
Botanist for May, 1870, Prof.

fied. (After Leidy.)

Joseph Leidy, of Philadelphia,
published what was then known of these worms, and we quote here some
of his remarks. We are also indebted to Professor:Leidy for a critical
examination and determination of the specimens we have studied.” An
mae g fact is worthy of mention here, as it may be more than mere
coincidence: it is that all the Orthoptera infested with these parasites
that have come under Mr. Riley’s notice (9 in number) are females.

The Hair-worm is, however, a distinct animal, having no further relationship with
a horse-hair than in its general likeness, which is by no means an exact one. When

83 The SOWIE specimens of hair-worms have been found infesting locusts, grasshoppers, katydids,
and crickets:

Gordius seta, Muller (aquaticus of other authors).—T wo specimens (¢ @) from a 2 Phylloptera oblen-
gifolia (De Geer). The ¢ has the dark annulus and pale truncated end, and also the anal bifid char-
acters of G. varius Leidy; but the 2 has not the trifid anal characters of that species, and approaches
rvobustus. Color light coffee-brown. Length of ¢ &4 inches; diameter 0.8 mm.: length of 9 10% inches;
diameter 0.9mm. One ff froma Q Orchelimum glaberrimum; one 9 also from a Q Caloptenus spretus.
All the above in Mr. Riley's cabinet. Specimens of the samo from water often show a transverse capi-
tal carina in the 9, and a dark longitudinal line the whole length of body. Mr. Packard hasa ¢ taken
from Gryllus neqlectus, and has observed two specimens of what was apparently the same species in
Oaloptenus bivittatus.

Gordius robustus, Leidy.—A ¢ from, 9 Anabrus purpurascens Uhler; in Mr. Riley’s cabinet. Length
113 inches; diameter09mm. Very similar to ¢ of preceding specics, though the transverse striz are
more distinct. JTiesing refers it to aguaticus, and it doubtless is specifically the same. Packard re-
cords a 2 from Stenopelmata fasciata, Thomas, taken at Wahsatch, Utah, and Leidy records a 9 from
Orchelimum gracile.

Mermis albicans.—Two specimens from 92 Caloptenus spretus, one 17 the other 11 inches long; diam-
eter 0.6mm. Anterior end quite tapering: neither capital nor anal characters that are noticeable.
One very long specimen, measuring 30 inches, from a Lycosa. One, evidently the same, but incomplete,
from a Q Stenobothrus; and one from a 2 Caloptenus differentialis. Allin Mr. Riley’s cabinet.

Mermis acuminata, Siebold.—This species, according to European authors (Siebold, Meissner, and
Diesing), is but the parasitic non-sexual condition of M. albicans, which they consider the external fer-
tile or sexual condition. Both forms are, however, parasitic. Mr. Riley has two specimens from a 9
Acridium americanum in the pupa state, one of them measuring 16, and the other 114 inches; also one
specimen, 44 inches long, from a 2 Oaloptenus spretus ; also five specimens from the larva of Carpocapsa
pomonella, varying from 3 to 8 inches in lengt». A specimen of what was doubtless the same species
Poa by Professor Leidy protruding from Gdivoda carvlina while the latter was struggling in a

itch.

328 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

sought for in the proper places, as is the case with many other animals, the Hair-worm
is much less rare than is generally supposed. In the latter part of summer or the be-
ginning of autumn, in the search for the
animal, I have frequently found it, while
sauntering along the banks of a river or
creek, in little hollows close to the shore.
It requires some practice to discover it, as
usually it is comparatively quiet in such
situations, and may readily be confounded
with the blackened, decomposing vege-
table fibers occupying similar places.
Sometimes it is found single, and at
‘Fig. 65.—Harr-worms.—The young Variable Gor- others a number are discovered coiled
Sg eee Pap acune ae ; together in a loose but intricate-looking
ratus; q, the first circle of hocklets bordering the knotted mass. Such knots, which had
Sloat howklets at ee gprgtusion of the second cir. passed through the water-pipes and issued
epee circles of the hooklets and style. (shah at hydrants in our city, I have seen on
a two occasions. Similar knots, no doubt,
were the source of the scientific name of the worm, that of Gordius, applied to it by
Linnzus, from the fabled Gordian knot of antiquity. The Gordius, however, not only
resembles the latter in the intricate condition into which it sometimes gets, but its
history is yet in part a Gordian knot to be unraveled.

The worm is perhaps the hardest or most resistant to the feel of any of its order, and
it is tough and elastic.. It is very tenacious of life, and when cut into several pieces
will continue to live and move for some time afterwards.

Linnzus accepted a popular error in regard to the Gordius. In his System of Nature
he says that, “‘if the worm is incautiously handled it will inflict a bite at the ends of
the fingers, and occasion the complaint called a whitlow.” It is sufficient to refute
such a fancy when it is learned that the animal has neither jaws nor other instruments
by which it could either bite or sting. - a bs

Notwithstanding the simplicity of its outward form, its organization is of complex
character, and certain of its peculiarities are of special interest to the physiologist.
For jaws I suspect the forks of the tail of the male have been mistaken. Some Euro-
pean observers have failed to detect the mouth, though Dr. George Meissner, of Got-
tingen, a most accurate investigator, both describes and figures it. Sometimes, and
indeed generally, I have detected the appearance of a minute orifice, or pore, to one
side of the summit of the head in the Variable Gordius, but in other instances and in
other species, including the large Robust Gordius of Kansas, I could distinguish noth-
ing of the kind, the head end appearing as smooth as a watch-crystal, without the
slightest sign of even a depression.

All reliable investigations, in addition to my own examinations, prove the total ab-
sence of anything like a stomach, intestinal canal and vent,in Gordius. The interior
of the body is occupied by a soft, white matter, reminding one of the pith of sassafras
or other plant. This matter consists of polyhedral cells, resembling vegetable cellular
tissue, and forms a continuous mass from one end of the body to the other. Spaces in-
cluded in this cellular tissue are occupied by the genital and other organs. According
to Dr. Meissner, the mouth opens into a short gullet which expands upon the upper end
of the mass of cellular. tissue.

Nutritive liquid matter imbibed by the mouth, or the thin investment of the head
end of the animal, it is evident, can only pass throughout the body of the latter by
endosmosis from cell to cell of the interior cellular structure. The arrangement of
the latter, and the transmission of nutritive liquid, reminds one of the organization
and passage of liquids through the rootlets of a plant.

Nothing like a system of blood-vessels, or nutritive tubes, nor like the tracheal air-
vessels of insects, can be detected in the structure of the worm.

= 9

TM

nt
i

my
Tt
hh

aT

LIFE-HISTORY OF GORDIUS. 329

Whilst parasitic in insects, the Gordius is bathed in a rich and highly aérated nutri-
tive material, and would thus not appear to require either an apparatus for the inges-
tion of food nor one for respiration. Perhaps, too, on account of the absence of a
digestive and respiratory apparatus, when the Gordius first escapes from its abundant
provision of “ aérated bread,” it is stimulated to incessant activity in the water to
fulfill at least its respiratory need. ak

The generative apparatus of the female consists of a pair of ovaries, contained in
the interior cellular tissue of the body, extending the greater part of the length of
the latter on each side, and conjoining in a common receptacle below, which termi-
nates at the genital pore. In the male the testes hold a similar relationship, and ter-
minate in Jike manner.

_Of other interior organs, there is a tubular gland extending through the axis of the
body, and a cylindrical cord, apparently muscular, extending along the ventral side.

The nervous system consists mainly of a cord, without distinct or separate ganglia,
extending along the ventral side, between the muscular cord just indicated and the
general envelope of the body. In the head the nervous cord divides on each side of
the muscular cord, and, according to Dr. Meissner, becomes continuous with a ring
surrounding the gullet. No eyes or other organs of epecial sense appear to exist.

The external integument of the body consists of a thin cuticle of pavement-like
cells, and a thick dermis. This is composed of layers of fibers which pursue a spiral
direction around the body of the worm, alternating or crossing in the successive lay-
ers. Within the thick skin of the worm there is a thicker muscular layer, composed
of longitudinal fibers.

The Gordius is a wonderfully prolific animal. The mode of impregnation I have

~ not observed. In the European Gordius aquaticus, Dr. Meissner observed that the tail

end of the male wound spirally around that of the female, and by its forked extremity
grasped that of the latter, while the genital pores were closely applied together.

The Variable Gordius and the Long-lobed Gordius extrude their eggs in a long, nar-
row white cord, from between the lobes of the tail, as represented in Fig. 64,h. I
observed a Variable Gordius, 9 inches in length by 2-5ths of a line in thickness, com-
mence laying eggs, and continue the process very slowly and gradually during two
weeks. They / were extruded in a delicate cylindrical cord, resembling a thread of
sewing-cotton. At first it broke off, as extruded, in pieces about a foot in length, but,
towards the end of the process, the cord appeared to be less tenacious, and broke off in
pieces a few inches, and even a few lines, in length. The pieces in the aggregate meas-
ured 91 inches; the thickness of the cord was about the 1-10th of a line. The eggs
are very minute, and in the cord were compressed together so as to be polyhedral. In
a transverse section of the cord I counted about 70 eggs, and in the length of 1-40th
of an inch 26 eggs, which, by calculation, gives 6,624,800 as the whole number of eggs
in the cord. The eggs when isolated assume an oval shape, and measure about the
1-750th of an inch long by the 1-1000th of an inch broad.

The development of the young from the egg is readily observed from day to day;
and it takes about a month before the process is completed. The globular mass of
yolk in the center of the egg undergoes segmentation, and increases in bulk until it is
finally resolved into an oval mass of granules, occupying the greater part of the inte-
rior of the egg. Gradually the mass assumes the appearance of a worm doubled upon
itself,as seen in the magnified view (Fig. 64, 0). In about four weeks the Gordius
reaches maturity, and escapes from the egg totally different in. appearance from the
parent (Fig. 65, p, q, r).

The newly-developed Gordius is about the 1-450th of an inch long. The body is con-
stricted just posterior to the middle, so as to appear divided into two portions, remind-
jug one of the two divisions of the body in spiders. The anterior thicker portion of the
body is cylindrical, distinctly annulated, and contains a complex apparatus which the
animal is capable of protruding and withdrawing. The posterior part of the body is
cylindrical, annulated, and rounded at the extremity, which is furnished with a pair

330 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

of minute hooks. The interior exhibits a faintly granular structure, including two
large, clear, globular bodies.

The young Gordius appears not to be able to swim about, but lies at the bottom of
the vessel containing it, slowly progressing through the alternate protrusion, reflection,
and retraction of the oral apparatus, and occasionally swinging the hinder part of the
body from side to side.

The oral apparatus consists of a collar, with two circles of hooks, six in each, and a
proboscis-like style. In the movements of this apparatus, the ends of six hooks are
seen to protrude from the center of the head (Fig. 65, p). These continue to project
and diverge more and more, and then become reflected. As they turn backward, the
ends of the second circle of hooks are observed protruding in the same manner, and then
follows the style (Fig. 65, g). When the latter is fully protruded, the first circle of
hooks is seen at the margin of a collar deeply reflected at the side of the body, while
the second circle of hooks is reflected from the margin of the head (Fig. 65,7). Ina
reverse order the different parts of the apparatus are retracted, to be again protruded
in the manner described.

The newly developed Gordii, under my observation, continued to live about a week
more, and then gradually died.

Dr. Meissner was successful in following the history of the animal a step further.
Having placed in the same vessel with the young Gordii a number of larve of May-
flies (Ephemeride) and Caddice-flies (Phryganeide@), he observed that they entered these
insects, and thus commenced their parasitic life. The worms were observed to pene-
trate the delicate membrane at the joints of the legs of the insects, and gradually to
advance among the muscles and other organs throughout the body. In some of the
insects as many as forty of the young Gordii had penetrated. They afterwards became
quiescent, doubled on themselves, and encysted, so as to resemble their former condi-
tion just before emerging from the egg. In this state they recall to mind the similar
encysted Trichinz in the muscles of man and the hog.

Dr. Meissner observed no farther change in the Gordii, while contained in the insect
larve, nor did he detect them after feeding some of the latter to Water-beetles.

Thus from the young Gordius, which has escaped from the egg and entered upon its
parasitic life in the interior of insect larve, to the parent Gordius, as it is commonly
observed, either as a parasite or living in the water, the circle of the animal’s history
is broken and unknown.

Perhaps the young Gordii remain quiescent in the May and Caddice-flies until these
undergo their last transformation in the air, when they may be seized and devoured
by Ground-beetles, which are ever lurking beneath stones and other objects in the
vicinity of water on the lookout for prey. Once eaten by the beetles, like Trichins
swallowed by the hog, the Gordii may then undergo transformation, and assume the
form of the parent Gordius, which is said especially to infest the Ground-beetles.

M. A. Villot has, more recently,® added to our knowledge of the life-
history of these curious creatures, as will be seen by the following ac-
count of his discoveries, condensed by Mr. Packard :

The eggs (Fig. 66, a) are laid in long chains; they are white, and excessively numer-
ous. The yolk undergoes total segmentation (Fig. 66, b). At the close of this period,
when the yolk is surrounded by a layer of cells, the germ elongates at what is destined
to be the head-end, this layer pushes in, forming a cavity, and in this state it is called
a “ gastrula” (Fig. 66, c). By this time the embryo becomes pear-shaped (Fig. 66, d) ;
then it elongates. Subsequently the internal organs of digestion are formed, together
with three sets of stiff, spine-like appendages to the head, while the body is divided
by cross-lines into segments. The head lies retracted within the body (Fig. 66, e).

In hatching, it pierces the egg-membrane by the aid of its cephalic armature and

81 Monographie des Dragonneaux (Genre Gordius Dujardin), par A. Villot. (Archives de Zoologie
expérimentale et générale, tome 3, Nos. 1, 2, 1874, Paris.)

ALTERNATE PARASITISM OF GORDIUS. 831

escapes into the water, where it passes the early part of itslife. Fig. 66, F, represents
the embryo of Gordius aquaticus greatly magnified. It will be seen how greatly it
differs from the adult hair-worm, having in this stage some resemblance to the Acantho-
cephalus by its cephalic
armature, tothe Nematoidea,
or thread-worms, by its ali-
mentary canal, and to the
larvee (cercaria) of the Tre-
st motodes, or fluke-worms, in
—-Z the nature of its secretory
glands. Butthe hair-worm
differs from all these worms
K and even Mermis, a hair-
worm much like, and easily
confounded with, Gordius, in
baving a complete metamor-
phosis after leaving the egg.
-When in this stage, it in-
cessantly protrudes and re-
tracts its armed head, the
spines being directed back-
ward when the head is out.
In the first period of larval
life the worm lives encysted
in the bodies of aquatic fly-
larve. The vessel in which
M. Villot put his Gordius
_ eggs also contained the lar-
vie of Tanapus, Corethra, and
= Chironomus, small gnat-like
~ flies. He found that each of
these larve contained nu-
Fic. 66.—G orDIUs AQUATICUS.—A, egg; B,egg undergoing segmenta-

tion of the yolk; C, embryo (gastrula) with the primitive stomach an in- MeTOuUS cysts with larve of
fold of the outer germinal layer of cells (ectoderm) ; D, embryo farther Ggrdius. He then removed
advanced ; Ii, larva, with the three circles of spines retracted within

the cesophagus; F,the same stage greatly enlarged to show the in- the larvee from the cysts,
ternal orgaus; c, middle circle of spines, the head being retracted ; m,

muscular layer (?); ¢, beak or proboscis ; 7, intestine; z, Bs embryonal placed them on the gnat-
cells ; f, excretory tube leading from g, the secretory glands; @, ésoph- larva, and saw the larval
agus; v, rectum; 7, anus; G, the second larva, encysted in afish—, . tebn E
(after Villot). H, Gordius varius, end of body of male, much enlarged. hait-worm work its way
I, Gordius aquaticus, end of body of male, much enlarged. K, Gurdius ; he head of the gnat-
aquaticus, natural size. (H, I, K, drawn ‘by J.S. Kingsley.) EOS &

=a

SSSsSe

Kg

<
ale,

f
igh

fe if
vcs re
t -, i ly

Ke,

Qa
3a

Bos

mT,

Ble

m ee

larva through the softer
part of the integument; during the, process the spines on the head, reversing their
usual position, enabled the worm to retain its position and penetrate fartherin. Then,
finding a suitable place, it came to rest and remained immovable. Then the fluids
bathing the parts coagulated, and formed a hard, granulated sac. This sac at first
closely envelops the body, then it becomes looser and longer, the worm living in the
anterior part, the front end of the sac being probably never closed. In this first larval
state, the worm is active.

In the second larval period the young hair-worm lives motionless and encysted in the
mucous layer of the intestines of small fish, which prey on the gnat-larve, A minnow,
for example, swallowing one of the aquatic gnat-larve, the encysted larva becomes
set free by the process of digestion in the stomach of the fish; the cyst dissolving, the
young hair-worm itself becomes free in the intestine of its new host. Immediately it
begins to bore, aided by the spines around the head, into the mucous membrane lining
the inner wall of the intestine of the fish, and then becomes encysted, the worm itself
lying motionless in its new home, with its head retracted and the tail rolled in a spiral.
The cyst is either spherical or oval. (Fig. 66, G.)

302 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The return to a free state and an aquatic life occurs in the spring, five or six months
after the second encystment. It then bores through its cyst and passes into the intes-
tinal cavity of the fish, and from thence is carried out with the feces into the water.
On contact with the water great changes take place.. The numerous transverse folds
in the body disappear, and it becomes twice as long as before, its head-armature dis-
appears, the body becomes swollen, milky, and pulpy. It remains immovable in the
water for a variable period, and then increases in size, the integument grows harder
and when about two inches long it turns brown and begins to move.

Thus the development of the hair-worms of the genus Gordius would
seem to be pretty well made out. Hatchitg in the water; penetrating
the soft larve of aquatic flies and there encysting, the young Gordius
_ is taken into the stomachs of fishes, becomes freed and again encysts
in the mucous layer of the stomach; it finally bores through its cyst
and is passed out with the fish’s feces into the water, in which it takes
on its final growth.

It is difficult to conceive how these parasites could ever infest insects
like locusts, which preferably dwell in dry places, and still more difficult
to understand how they could affect katydids, that dwell high up on
trees or shrubs,® if they are all as essentially aquatic as those studied
by M. Villot. It is true that those beetles which frequent moist ground
(like the Carabide) and those spiders which live in the ground are most
infested; while it has been observed that the bair-worms are most com-
mon during wet weather and more often found in locusts that dwell in
low meadows than in those inhabiting higher and drier regions. Still
these several insects could not well be affected by a purely aquatic para-
site, and the probability is that the hair-worms belonging to this genus
are not particular as to their host, and will develop in soft-bodied terres-
trial as well as aquaticanimals. For it is self-evident that most of those
which infest such insects as we have mentioned cannot possibly reach
water upon leaving their victims.

Now, either these specimens perish without issue if they fail to reach
water, or their young can develop in other soft larve dwelling in or upon
the earth, and the latter supposition seems the most probable from the
circumstances. Yet even on this supposition the mode by which they
get into tree-inhabiting insects and such as never descend to the earth,
remains as much as ever a mystery, and a further effort of the imagina-
tion is necessary to meet the case. We venture the explanation, bold
as it may seem, that the excessively minute ova separate and scatter in
the water and are sometimes drawn into the air by rising currents or
blown into it by winds, either from the surface of pools and ponds, or
of the earth; and that permeating the atmosphere, like the spores of
fungi and many other minute organisms, they are occasionally brought
by rains or heavy dews into contact with those insects and other ani-
mals in which they are known to develop. In pools, ponds, or sloughs
that dry up in summer, there will be Gordius eggs on the surface of the

85 As in the case of Mermis acuminata infesting the Apple-worm.

LIFE-HISTORY OF THE GENUS MERMIS. 330

ground, and if they can bear desiccation without loss of vitality—which
is by no means improbable, as some minute animalcules are well known
to possess this property—the other conjectures are warranted, for most
of the Orthoptera infested by hair-worms are fond of drinking from rain
or dew-drops. The life of these minute creatures is devious and preca-
rious, and but an extremely small proportion of those that are born will,
under the circumstances we have imagined, be fortunate enough to meet
with all the requisitions to successful development; but there is due
provision for the perpetuation of the species, through all such vicissi-
tudes, in any animal so enormously fecund as to bring forth nearly seven
‘mnillion eggs.

The hair-worms belonging to the genus Mermis have a different ana-
tomical structure, and a quite different life-history from those belong-
ing to the genus Gordius. Siebold® found Mermis albicans plentifully
investing the larva of a little white moth with black spots ( Yponomeuta
cognatella, Hiibn.), which larva feeds gregariously on Hvonymus euro-
peus. He also caused them to infest other Lepidopterous larve, as
of Pontia, Gastropacha, &c. The Mermis acquires full growth within
its host, and then forsakes it by boring out with the head. All the
specimens so leaving their victim are sexless, and are characterized
by a mouth consisting of a very small aperture at anterior end, and by
a minute anal point, which is usually curved." Unless they are full
grown when the host perishes, or unless they reach moist earth, these
asexual worms perish, but if full grown, and they succeed in reaching
the surface of moist ground, they at once bore into it, and bury them-
selves out of sight. Here the sexual organs are developed from a fatty
body that the parasitic form contains, and after undergoing one molt
the perfect and sexed form is assumed, and the anal end becomes
rounded and loses the minute point. During this underground life, no
food seems to be required, though several months elapse, and the win-
ter is passed before the animal procreates. The female sexual organs
are in the middle of the body, ending externally in a slightly swollen,
transverse slit. The male genitals are near the end of the body.” The
sexes unite in knots, and the female lays her eggs in the ground. The
young, which are filiform, like the parent, at once worm themselves to
the surface, and enter, as parasites, various soft insects, and mostly
those that are found under leaves, moss, &c., near the ground.

From the above brief summary of the life-history of Mermis, it is much
easier to understand how they come to infest our locusts. Yet even
here we are somewhat puzzled to explain the manner in which tree-
inhabiting and even fruit-inhabiting larvae ® become infested. Siebold

6 Zeitschrift fiir Wis. Zool., v, p. 202. Also Ent. Zeitung (Stettin), 1848, p. 292; 1850, p. 329.

87 An elaborate and admirably illustrated account of the Anatomy and Physiology of Mermis albicans,
by Dr. Georg Meissner, may be found in Zeit. fiir Wiss. Zool., v, 1854, p. 207.

88 As Meissner has shown, there are sexual individuals which in structure seem to approach herma-
phroditism, 7. e., true females with many of the male external characters.

8 Mermis acuminata (Siehold), as we have seen in the note to page 327, infests the larva of Carpocapsa
pomonella, which hatches from an egg deposited on the hanging apple, and lives within the epple from
the time of its birth till it attains fall growth. It has been commonly found infesting the Apple-worm
< merove moe late years in this country. See 5th Mo. Ent. Rep., 1872; Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus.

at. Hist., 1878.

5334 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

believes that the newly hatched worm (which he wrongly styles embryo)
may crawl up the stems and trunks of plants and shrubs by aid of the
moisture or extravasation with which these are sometimes covered for
hours, and even days, in spring; and this belief seems plausible, and is,
in fact, the only way in which, from present knowledge, we can explain
the facts. From the studies of this author, and of Diesing, Meissner,
and others, it has been concluded that Mermis albicans Diesing is but
the mature sexual form of M. acuminata,” which is the asexual form of
the species.°!

Miscellaneous.—In addition to the animals enumerated that feed
upon or within the locust after it leaves the egg, there are doubtless
many others which occasionally destroy it and that do their small part
in helping to keep it in check. Various species of ants have been ob-
served at the work, ana Mr. J. I. Salter, of Saint Cloud, Minn., writes,
June 7, 1877:

Two or three days since I was told by a man owning land about a mile from me,
that the ants in his corn-field were eating the hoppers. I repaired with him at once,
and found it to be a fact. On entering his field, which is quite sandy, I saw at the
foot of the young csrn-plants from one to four holes in the ground made by the ants,
and the little fellows very busy going down and coming up. I soon learned their
tactics. When the young ’hopper got on the young corn, the ants seized him, and four
or five ants soon dispatched him. They then dismembered him and carried him down
into the ground. The ants are very small, and there are millions of them.

Various spiders, a soldier-bug (Apiomerus crassipes, Say), the Carolina
Mantis (Mantis Carolina, L.), and certain dragon-flies (Libellulide), have
also been observed by our correspondents to occasionally prey upon the
Rocky Mountain locust.

CEPA Se = ere
VERTEBRATE ENEMIES.

It is more than probable that the good offices of birds and other verte-
brate animals, wild and domesticated, in destroying locusts, notwith-
standing all that has been said and written upon the subject, have been
underestimated. We are inclined to think that even entomologists,
although contending bravely and strenuously for their feathered friends,
have not fully appreciated their importance in this work, so far as it re-
fers to the locusts. During the past year the attention of the people in
the locust-visited area has been more particularly directed to this ques-
tion than ever before, and the result as shown by the numerous answers

80 First described as Filaria acuminata by Rudolphi.

91 Filaria lacustris is also but the asexual form of the same. As we have found both the albicans and
acuminata forms traly parasitic (see note to page 327), there would seem to be something still further to
ascertain in the interesting life-history of the genus. Siebold gives the following definition of the spe-
cies: ; ie,

Mermis albicans: Corpus longissimum antrorsum attenuatum lacteum. Os terminale minimum.
Cauda rotundata. Apertura genitalis maris pene cornea duplice munita et ante extremitatem cauda-
lem sita. Apertura genitalis feminz haud procul post corporis medium collocata. Ovala simplicia
alba.

VERTEBRATE ENEMIES OF THE LOCUST. 335

received by the Commission to their questions bearing on this part
shows very clearly a waking up to the great importance of securing by
proper protection the aid of birds and other locust-eating vertebrates.

The remarkable and apparently mysterious disappearance in the early
part of the season of such a large portion of the locusts which were
hatehed, and also of eggs which had been deposited the season previous
(1876), was for a time, and is even yet by many attributed almost wholly
to climatic influences and insect and other minute enemies and parasites.
While there can be no doubt that these little invertebrate friends have
aided very materially in this work of destruction, yet the facts ascer-
tained show very clearly that a large portion is attributable to other
causes. Experience has also shown that the destruction by climatic
influences is far less than was generally anticipated, especially of the
eges, which were supposed to be comparatively easily affected by the
alternations of temperature and humidity. To such an extent has the
proof affected public opinion on this point, that it now generally runs
to the opposite extreme, and it is quite common to hear those who
watched the result during the spring of 1877, say that neither changes
in temperature, freezing, cold, heat, or moisture, have any appreciable
effect upon the eggs.

But, aside from theory, the ocular demonstration of the usefulness of
birds as locust-destroyers was so full and complete during ‘the past year
that it was impossible to entertain any longer a doubt on this point.
Even those who believed the remedy inadequate to the evil were forced
to admit their usefulness in proportion to their numbers. Professor
Aughey, who bas made this subject a special study for a number of
years, remarks in his article on the Birds of Nebraska, which will be
found fully quoted elsewhere (App. 2) that ‘‘ during the summer of 1877
many farmers over the locust-covered region of the West were con-
verted to the policy of protecting the birds by observing their insectiv-
orous habits.”

Not only do the extracts from correspondence hereafter given prove
positively the great usefulness of birds in this respect, but the members
of the Commission while in the field had repeated opportunities of veri
fying the truth of these statements. In one instance a farmer took one
of the members to a field to show him how numerously the young
locusts had hatched out, but when he reached the place where they had
been so abundant in the morning, to his amazement, none were to be
| found; the statement by the family that a flock of blackbirds had been
| in the field during his absence afforded an explanation of the apparent
|. mystery.
| In another instance a garden was attacked by an innumerable host of
minute locusts; the owner battled bravely with them for a while, but at
last, giving up in despair, sat down to watch the progress of destruction
| of his vegetables and flowers, when suddenly a flock of blackbirds
| alighted on the young cottonwoods he had planted in his yard. Hay-

336 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ing chirped a song as if to cheer him, they flew into the garden; when
they left, an hour or so after, the dreaded *“ hoppers” were gone and his
garden saved.

In some instances gardens and other small areas of vegetables or
grain were effectually protected by poultry; at Sioux City, Iowa, an
area of some four or five acres planted in vegetables, flowers, and a
little patch of wheat, by poultry (hens with young chickens) distributed
through it. Oneof the Commissioners visited it while the locusts were
very numerous all around, yet inside scarcely one could be found.

Numerous instances have come to our knowledge of areas of several
acres being entirely cleared of eggs by poultry. As will be seen by
examining the extracts hereafter given, certain birds also take part in
destroying the eggs.

The following extracts are from answers to the question in our circu-
lar inquiring as ‘‘To what extent have birds, domestic fowls, and other
animals, domestic or wild, been useful in destroying these insects ?”

DAKOTA.

Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County.—They (birds, &c.) are destroying a great number.

Willowtown, Armstrong County.—All feathered tribes seem to destroy them.

Bon Homme, Bon Homme County.—Domestic fowls have destroyed many; birds have
destroyed more than all other animals.

Saybrook, Clay County.—All kinds of birds and fowls.

Wathalla, Pembina County.—Prairie chickens feed on the eggs; their crops on being
opened appear to contain nothing but locusts, in their season. Domestic fowls, pigs,
and toads feed on them.

Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County.—Birds have destroyed myriads, many fields having
been kept clean.

Jamestown, Stutsman County.—In this section, blackbirds.

Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County.—Birds, &c., prove very destructive, but do not seem
visibly to affect the numbers. At this season (May) the young, as fast as hatched, are
devoured by birds, &c. The birds will usually follow a team all day, going over
breakings where the team disturbs the eggs. Blackbirds and wheat-birds appear to
pick up the eggs.

Madison, Lake County.—Nearly all domestic and wild birds.

Spring Valley, Turner County.—Blackbirds and domestic fowls.

Wahpeton, Richland County—Domestic fowls. I have observed my tame crane gath-
ering them in.

MINNESOTA.

Heron Lake, Jackson County.—A great many eggs and young locusts are destroyed by
all kinds of birds.

Norwood, Carver County.—Domestic and wild birds do much good; domestic turkey
the best.

Worthington, Nobles County.—All wild birds are very useful; the tame ones seem to
tire after a few days.

Albert Lea, Freeborn County—lHens and chickens are of great benefit; will keep a
garden entirely free from ’hoppers.

Dewald, Nobles County.—Birds are of great use, especially the blackbird and its vari-
eties. The prairie-hen and most other terrestrial birds do good service.

Excelsior, Hennepin County.—Domestic fowls are very useful.

Magnolia, Rock County.—They destroy an immense number.

Lenhussen, Martin County.—Domestic and wild birds of all kinds have destroyed con-
siderable.

EFFICACY OF BIRDS IN DESTROYING LOCUSTS. Sue

Morristown, Rice County—Blackbirds, quails, and hens.

Cosmos, Mecker County.—Birds and domestic fowls appear to subsist upon them, but
the difference they make is imperceptible.

Mankato, Blue Earth Cownty.—Blackbirds and robins very destructive, but not enough
birds in the State.

Detroit, Becker County.—The birds destroy countless numbers. Blackbirds are pow-
erful aids. Domestic fowls sometimes save whole gardens.

Becker, Sherburne County.—Blackbirds best ; chickens good ; hogs.

Medalia, Watonwan County.—The best friends we have.

Orr, Jackson County.— Destroyed one-tenth.

aka, Faribault County.—Broods of turkeys and chickens are very destructive. I
had a garden of four acres covered with ’hoppers. I hatched about one hundred tur-
keys and chickens and in a week they had cleaned them out.

Kerkhoven, Swift County.—Chickens, turkeys, and other domestic birds were useful ;
also, the large yellow-headed blackbird.

Homan, Grant County.—Birds have done good work ; blackbirds most.

Moorhead, Clay County.—F rom the crow down to the little wren they are useful.

NEBRASKA,

Platismouth, Cass County—Domestic fowls in gardens, home-lots, &c., are very use-
ful; birds little use.

Hebron, Thayer County.—All kinds of birds and domestic fowls destroy vast numbers.

Farmers’ Valley, Knox County.—Blackbirds, domestic fowls, prairie-chickens, and
quails destroy the eggs and young locusts.

Niobrara.—Very useful in destroying young ’hoppers, but do not touch the winged
ones.

Ponca, Dixon County.—Very little use; the fowls become disgusted with so many.

Genoa, Platte County.—Blackbirds, cowbirds, and domestic fowls destroy large num-
bers of eggs and young locusts.

Tecumseh, Johnson County.—Very largely. Blackbirds have been our most valiant
friends. All birds, as well as domestic fowls, have aided.

Amazon, I’ranklin County.—They have destroyed about one-half.

Friend, Saline County.—Prairie-hens, quails, snipes, blackbirds, &c., are useful.

Hooper, Dodge County.—Blackbirds, snow-birds, prairie-chickens, domestic fowls, &c.

Burr Oak, Otoe County.—All domestic fowls and hogs eat them with avidity.

Farmers’ Valley, Knox County.—Birds, snakes, frogs, toads eat the insects; birds eat
the eggs.

Sunlight, Cass County.—Hogs, prairie-squirrels (gray and striped), chickens, and
birds.

Steele City, Jefferson County.—W olves and skunks eat many ’hoppers.

Arayo, Richardson County.— Hogs and domestic fowls.

Grand Island, Hall County.—Wild and tame pigeons, the eggs and young; domestic
fowls, prairie-chickens, grouse, and quails, in any stage of their development; black-
birds feed on the young.

Pleasant Hill, Saline County. aad

Chapman, Merrick County.—Prairie-chickens, plovers, blackbirds, and larks.

IOWA.

Spirit Lake, Dickinson County.—Birds destroy a great number; grakle, yellow-headed
blackbird, barn-yard fowls, wheat-bird, &c.

Lake City, Calhoun County.—Domestie and wild fowls are very efficient in destroying
the young. My garden was saved in 1874 by about seventy-five chickens.

Fort Dodge, Webster County.—Birds, squirrels (evidently prairie-squirrels), ground-
mice, hogs, and domestic fowls ; blackbirds most.

Dakota City, Humboldt County.—Chickens alone have saved gardens here; turkeys
the same.

Alta, Buena Vista County.—Birds, domestic fowls, and hogs; hogs will plow the
ground for them (eggs).

22 G

338 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

These reports, taken together, give a very correct idea of the value
of birds as locust destroyers, and of the kinds which are most efficient,
as will be seen hereafter by what Professor Aughey says, the plovers
perhaps do not receive as much credit as they are entitled to The
various species of blackbirds, especially the Yellow-headed blackbird
(Xanthocephalus icterocephalus) appear to have been the most efficient
workers. The Prairie-hen or Pinnated grouse (Cupidonia cupido) and
quail (Ortyx virginianus) appear to stand next in order as locust destroy-
ers, and the plovers;, especially the Killdeer plover (gialitis vocifera),
the Ring plover (4. semipalmata), and Mountain plover (Hudromias mon-
tanus) next, So far as the wild birds are concerned. That domestic fowls
are very efficient aids in this work has been proven beyond controversy,
and where they have been kept in anything like the number approxi-
mating to that which is compatible with the farmer’s occupation and
interest, they perhaps stand next to the blackbirds in usefulness. It is
true as stated by some of the correspondents that after a time they tire
and withdraw somewhat from the work of destroying locusts, but if, as
Professor Aughey suggests, they are fed for a time on grain they will
again return to it with renewed vigor. There can be no doubt that where
these are kept in reasonable numbers, with a little care and attention
they will keep the gardens and vegetable patches clear of locusts, except
in cases of sudden and heavy invasions of winged locusts.

Hogs eat a large number, but are probably more useful in destroying
the eggs, of which they are quite fond and for which they soon learn to
search. Among the native mammals which destroy more or less of the
insects or eggs may be mentioned the skunk, the prairie. squirrels, and
even the ground mice. Toads also destroy quite a number of the young
insects.

As bearing more especially upon the question of the usefulness of
birds as locust destroyers, we here insert a paper by Prof. Samuel
Aughey, of Lincoln, Nebr., prepared for the Commission. Although
we might be disposed to slightly modify it in some respects, yet we
agree in the main with the writer in the views expressed, and prefer to
let him speak for himself, that the full force of the valuable and impor-
tant facts mentioned may be felt, and that his earnestness as a bird
defender may have its influence upon all who read this report.

SOME FACTS AND CONSIDERATIONS CONCERNING THE BENEFICIAL WORK OF BIRDS.

Even poultry has been found to be invaluable in destroying locusts and other inju-
rious insects. During the summer of 1877 many farmers over the locust-covered region
of the West were converted to the policy of protecting our birds by observing their
insectivorous habits. Chickens, turkeys, guinea-fowls, geese, and ducks all destroy
locusts, especially the three former. Not a few farmers saved a portion of their crops,
and especially their gardens, from the locusts, by raising an exceptional number of
chickens, and sometimes of turkeys and guinea-fowls, and turning them loose on the
infested grounds. A single old hen, with her brood of young chickens, will, for a
while, live almost entirely on young locusts if they can be obtained. When tired of
them and then fed on some other kind of food for a few days, they will return again

ON THE USEFULNESS OF BIRDS. 339

to the locusts with renewed appetites. In this way a great many fruit-gardens have
been cleansed of locusts. During the spring of 1877 increased attention was given to
this method of disposing of locusts, and though some failures were reported, the great
body of those who had given it a fair trial, testify that within certain limits poultry
enough can be raised to exterminate the locusts. It is not pretended that entire farms
can be saved in this way, but it is claimed that often the gardens and the fields near-
est to their roosting-places are ridden of locusts by this simple and also otherwise profit-
able agency.

It is also probable that the value of chickens and turkeys for the general destruc-
tion of insects is underestimated. Those who have carefully examined the stomachs
of chickens and turkeys taken at random from a farm-yard have often been surprised
at the number of insects that they had confiscated. One turkey that I purchased in
a butcher-shop in Lincoln in October, 1874, had 47 locusts and 23 other insects in its
stomach One that I dissected in October, 1873, had in its stomach 53 of our common
insects. When domesticated they retain the eating habits of their wild state, and
take every insect that crosses their path. I have rarely examined the stomachs of
chickens without finding some insects. The exceptions to this rule have been gener-
ally those that have been kept in confinement. The farmer, therefore, who makes pro-
vision for a large amount of poultry on his lands accomplishes a double purpose: his
profits are to that extent increased, and a large number of insects that would damage
his crops are destroyed.

In the nature of things it is impossible to ascertain absolutely the amount of good
that birds do in destroying insects. No one can say with mathematical accuracy what
the result would have been if all our birds had been destroyed, or if the number had
been double what it is. Only this in general we are sure of, from what has already
been stated, that birds destroy an incalculable number of insects, and in so far con-
tribute to the safety of crops of all kinds, as well as the perpetuity of the spontaneous
vegetation that clothes the earth. Unfortunately the mass of the people have not and
do not observe closely what the birds are doing. Hence they are still the victims of preju-
dice, and their character is rarely appreciated by the great mass of the people. The
following instances of the good work that birds have done no doubt could have been
multiplied a thousand fold if there had been a sufficient number of trained and sym-
pathetic observers:

1. In the spring of 1865 the locusts hatched out in countless numbers in Northeast-
ern Nebraska. Very few fields of corn and the cereal grains escaped some damage.
Some fields were entirely destroyed, while others were hurt to the amount of from ten
to seventy-five per cent. One field of corn northwest of Dakota City was almost liter-
ally covered with locusts, and where the indications were that not a stock would es-
cape. After, and about the time the corn was up, the yellow-headed blackbirds in

; large numbers made this field their feeding-grounds. Visiting the field frequently 1
- could see a gradual diminution of the number of the locusts. Other birds, especially
the plovers, helped the yellow-heads. And although some of the corn had to be re-
p!anted once, yet it was the birds that made the crop that was raised possible at all,

2. During the same season I visited Pigeon Creek Valley, in this county, and found
among the eaten-up wheat-fields one where the damage done was not over five per
cent. The Irishman who pointed it out to me ascribed it to the work of the birds,
chief among which were the blackbirds and plover, with a few quail and prairie-
chickens.

3. In another locality, where the old Omadi road then crossed Omaha Creek, there
were a few old abandoned fields where there were enormous numbers of young locusts
toward the end of May. I see from my note-book that I estimated that about three
hundred locusts hatched out here to the square foot. Some cottonwood and other
timber was near by where many species of birds were breeding at that time and later
| in the season. The birds soon spied out this locust-covered spot and made it their
| feeding-grounds. I frequently stopped at this place as I passed by, both to find out

340 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

what birds existed in the State and to observe their effect on the locust, as I had been
then in the West Lut ashort time. But go there when I would, for at least a month
more or less birds could be seen on these grounds. Among these were various species
of blackbirds, bartramian and other plovers, quails, snipes, curlews, prairie-chickens,
and occasionally larks, and in June occasional crioles, sparrows, bobolinks, and robins.
Over a thousand birds must have been feeding here. Long before the middle of June
arrived most of the locusts had disappeared. And it is remarkable that further down
the river, in a settlement called Plyburg, many of the farms enjoyed a special immu-
nity from locust depredations. It appeared to me then that the large amount of low
and high, sparse and thick timber in that district so allured the birds that their abun_
dance shielded the people in a large degree from the disastrous effects of these locust
visitations. It was a nucleus, a center of dispersion for the timber and lowland loy-
ing birds. The fall previous to this Mr. John Smith, who had corn-fields near Ply-
burg, alone of all the farmers for a great distance around, saved his crops from the
locust swarms of 1864.

4. During this same season (the spring of 1865), many of the bluff-lands west of
Dakota City, especially where there was new or old breaking, became the feeding-
grounds of great numbers of prairie-chickens and plover. There were then very few
settlers there, many of them having left because of the locust invasion of the preced-
ing fall. But to me it was remarkable how rapidly the young locusts disappeared
where the prairie-chickens and plovers were daily feeding. In such spots by the mid-
dle of June hardly a locust was left.

5. At a point about nine miles west of Ponka, on the Niobrara road, the locusts
hatched out as elsewhere in prodigious numbers. Here, however, there were some
fields that the yellow-headed blackbirds, the quails, and plovers visited in such num-
bers that few locusts survived to injure the crops. I saw them at work here, and a
settler afterward told me that the birds scattered over wider areas after the locust
supply began to give out.

6. In August, 1866, the locusts invaded Cedar and Dixon Counties in swarms_that
darkened the sun. At one point on the Lower Bow, between Saint James and the
Missouri, where the ground was covered with them, birds in great numbers in species
and individuals made an apparently simultaneous attack on the locusts. Although
they did not destroy them all, yet they very perceptibly reduced their numbers for that
and the following season. It was amusing to see a large number of swallows glut
themselves with locusts on the wing.

7. In June, 1867, I visited these counties (Dixon and Cedar), where the newly-
‘hatched-out locusts were destroying the crops of cereals and corn; and, although I
could not remain in any one place more than a day, yet I found several localities where
the settlers attributed their immunity from locust losses to the interposition of the
birds; and the ones that were credited with most work of this kind were the plovers,
various kinds of blackbirds, quail, prairie-chickens, curlews, and snipes. One spot I
especially noted. It was near Lime Creek, on the road from New Castle to Saint
James. Having camped here on the creek, I found an old abandoned field near by
where the locusts were exceedingly thick. On my return I found great numbers of
plover and other birds on the ground, and not one locust to ten that had been there
when I passed up a week previous. Within a quarter of a mile on these grounds I
eounted 439 plover, blackbirds, prairie-chickens, and quail. I could come to no other
conclusion than that the birds were the cause of the disappearance of the locusts.

8. In June, 1866, the locusts, whose eggs had been laid the fall previous, had been
hatched out in countless numbers. One field, in a section a few miles southwest from
Decatur, became frequented by an exceptional number of birds. My attention being
directed to it,'I visited the spot, and found that the locusts had nearly all disappeared: |
And though I had not seen this spot earlier, yet I had no reason to doubt the state-
ment of the settlers that the locusts had been as thick there as anywhere in the county. i

9, In the summer and fall of 1874 the locusts appeared in Southeastern Nebraska in |

ON THE USEFULNESS OF BIRDS. 341

unusual numbers even for this region. In Lancaster County, where the road to Mil-
ford crosses Middle Creek, the blackbirds that were passing southward, so persistently
fed on some spots as hardly to leave a locust behind.

10. I happened to be in the Republican Valley, in Southwestern Nebraska, in Au-
gust, 1874, when the locusts invaded that region. Prairie-chickens and quail, that
previous to their coming had a large number of seeds in their stomachs when dis-
sected, seemed now for a time to abandon almost all other kinds of food. At least,
from this onward for a month little else than locusts was found in their stomachs. All
the birds seemed now to live solely on locusts for a while.

No Nebraskian will forget the countless number of young locusts that hatched out
in the spring of 1875. Only where they were removed by causes known or unknown,
were crops produced during this season over the infested region. Among the few
causes operating in the destruction of locusts during that period was the work of the
insectivorous birds. Among the spots that birds frequented was one on the west side
of Salt Creek, not more than two miles from Lincoln. There was a small area of
about three hundred and twenty acres that harbored an immense number of locusts.
The birds, however, made it one of their feeding-grounds, and the locusts lessened daily
in numbers. Within a month hardly a locust was left. Similar instances of the work
of birds were observed farther down on Salt Creek and on Middle Creek.

In the spring of 1877 the locusts disappeared so rapidly from other causes after they
had hatched out, that little opportunity was given to examine what effect the birds
had on them. Yet, on Middle Creek and its tributaries, and in various other places, I
could see that the birds sensibly and rapidly diminished their numbeis. One notable
point. was afew miles down Salt Creek from Lincoln. In May I visited the spot
owing to the reported great numbers of locusts there. I estimated the number when
I visited the place to be about one hundred and thirty-five to asquare foot. Already the
birds had discovered it, and within sight were quail, larks, bob-’o-links, yellow-heads,
plovers, curlews, and a few prairie-chickens. They were all apparently feeding on
these locusts. With my glass I could see them picking up these insects. In a month
hardly a locust was left at this place.

The following letters, giving instances similar to the preceding of the good deeds of
birds, have been received in reply to my inquiries:

Dear Sir: In answer to your inquiries I have only this to say: During the last
season I planted a tract of Mr. Brentlinger’s land, rorth of Omaha Cr ek, in addition
to my own, in corn. It was on new breaking, where the locusts had laid their eggs.
After planting my corn the locusts began to hatch, and in immense numbers, and
threatened to destroy all my corn. The blackbirds, however, in large numbers, com-
menced to feed on the locusts, and devoured them almost as fast as they hatched out.
This gave my corn a chance, and | obtained a good crop, but without the work of the

blackbirds this would have been impossible.—[Jacob Heikes, Dakota City, Nebr,
October 3, 1877.

My Dear Sir: In reply to your inquiry relative to the value of our birds as insect-
destroyers, I will mention one instance that came under my personal observation last
spring. Adjoining my residence in West Point in this State there was a wheat-fie:d.
About the t me the wheat was two inches high young grasshoppers made their appear-
ance in great numbers, and in a short time they had eaten the wheat so that the field
in many places was as bare as a street. About that time I roticed that large flocks of
birds—mostly the common blackbirds—were frequenting this field daily. I soon dis-
covered that they were after the hated’hopper. I went out frequently to make observa-
tions, and I am satisfied that each bird destroyed at least 300 locusts daily. In about
ten days the birds ceased their visits, and upon inspection I found that the ’hoppers had
disappeared also. The wheat sprang up again, and made a good crop.

There are many other similar instances where birds saved wheat-tields from being
destroyed by the grasshoppers in my county, to which my attention has been called by
farmers. I observed that orioles (which, by the way, were very numerous with us this
rae ay are great insect-destroy ers.—[ Senator Crawford, West Point, Nebr., November,
7, 1877. 7

[Mr. Crawford, the author of the abovs letter, is a member of the Nebraska
State senate, and draughted the present law prohibiting the destruction of our insectiy-
orous birds. ]

342 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Yours at hand. . x 3 There was a patch of new breaking just west of
the Methodist church, where the grasshoppers hatched out very early, and where they
literally covered the ground. Many of our people went to see these grasshoppers, and
among others Mr. Miller, a new-comer. We noticed soon afterwards a flock of black-
birds alight on this piece of ground, and being curious to know whether they were de-
stroying any ’hoppers, we went to see, and found, to our surprise, that the ground was
almost entirely cleaned of them.—[Rev. J. F. Kuhlman, Ponca, Dixon County, Nebr.,
Novembr 2, 1877.

DEAR Sir: I had one field of wheat on which the locusts were at work during the
last spring in sueh numbers that it looked as if nothing would be left. The blackbirds,
however, and also the plover, found it out, and came in such numbers that they cleaned
out every hopper, and I got a good field of wheat.—{Elias Brumer, Grand Island, Hall
County, Nebr., September 28, 1877.

DEAR Sig: In answer to your question about the birds and the locusts, I must say
this: Every farmer that shoots birds must be a fool. I had wheat this last spring on
new breaking. The grasshoppers came out apparently as thick as the wheat itself,
and, indeed, much thicker. I gave up that field for lost. Just then great numbers
of plover came, and flocks of blackbirds, and some quail, and commenced feeding on
this field. They cleaned out the locusts so well that I had at least three-fourths of a
crop, and I know that without the birds I would not have had any. I know other
farmers whose wheat was saved in the same way.—[S. E. Goodmore, Fremont, Nebr.,
October 5, 1877. ay ase

DEAR Sir: In answer to your inquiry as to what destroyed the most locusts here, I
have to say that I don’t know as a general thing ; but several of my fields, where they
were thickest, they were destroyed by birds. The plovers, blackbirds, and a great
many o'her kinds, whose names I did not know, came here and lived, or appeared to, off
of my fields. I-shot one whose craw was full of locusts. At any rate, the locusts
gradually disappeared, and though [ do not know positively, I have no doubt that
they were eaten by birds. I have no doubt if there were more birds there would be
less locusts.—[J. B. Kramer, Blair, Nebr., October 6, 1877.

DeEaR Sir: I never noticed the work of birds very much until I read that story of
yours, last fall, in the papers, about the remedy against the increase of insects. I
thought that it was thin, but don’t think so now. This last spring the blackbirds and
plovers, and other birds, lit down in such flocks on my grasshoppered fields that they
cleaned out at least a part of them—enough for me to get good crops of wheat, barley,
and corn. I watched them and could see them eating locusts. I think you are right
in wanting all our birds protected._[ John Marlan, Beatrice, Gage County, Nebr.

Yours received ard contents noted. People here generally believe that the locusts
died a natural death. On my farm, where the birds were thick and fed themselves on
locusts, my crops suffered little damage, but where the birds did not feed I got but
little. I did not notice the work of the birds until this year, and I was led to do it by
your newspaper articles. I am sorry that I know the names of few of the birds that
fed on my farm, but there were several kinds of plover and snipe, blackbirds, yellow-
heads, quail, and prairie-chickens.—[ William Hardle, Delaware, Otoe County, October
9, 1877.

The following examples of birds found with insects in their stomachs and of actual
good work done by them, is confirmation, as far as it goes, of the theory that all birds
are more or less insectivorous. There are few species, if any, that will not under some
circumstances eat insects; and the great body of them preferinsect to any other food.
This is true not only of the birds generally considered as insectivorous, but to some
extent of the granivorons birds. I have frequently obtained young prairie-chickens
that were shot in wheat stubble in August and found to my surprise that there were
more insects in their stomachs than wheat and other grains. The only exception to
this rule has been in the case of those shot on and around wheat-stacks and straw-
piles in winter, in which cases the most of the contents of the stomach were seeds and
grains. I had the same experience with quails. All that I captured in wheat-fields
after harvest had more or less insects in their stomachs; generally more than half
the contents were insects, and the only exceptions were in the case of the few caught
around stacks of wheat or straw in winter.

Few unobservant people have any comprehension of the vast number of insects that
birds actually destroy. During the breeding season this destruction of insects by birds
reaches its culmination. The young of some species will eat about 50, others about
60, some about 55, and some about 75 insects each day. The average cannot be far

ON THE USEFULNESS OF BIRDS. 343

from 60. At this rate five young birds would eat about 300 insects each day, or about
9,000 a month for each month, exclusive of the parents. There have been widely dif-
ferent estimates as to the number of insects that old birds eat, but it ought not to be
difficult to approximate the quantity. Only a small part of the contents of a bird’s
stomach is entire enough to be distinguished and counted. If the balance is composed
as largely of insects, which is more than probable, then the whole number eaten dur-
ing a day by an insectivorous bird must be near 200. I reached the same conclusion
by actual tests. In the fall of 1874 I bought two Bartramian plovers from some boys
who had trapped them, and kept them for a week in a cage before they were set free.
I fed them locusts and other insects, which I counted for four days with the following
result:

Pstiday.: <2. s:seee RSRSReeCeL eee ce tees. snes een tens Sesh eC Vy 277
BRAY om s 22 oe RR eae re, eee eee ee tatete eeieate sie wales 452
BULOAY .. dc20 coh oe roan Soa E ee Pee cae oe scenes ome meee ans lees cece 448
Mahe: hte alt a eae h Ce ait Hoes eaeemee ea tmeeene meee tan dle 439

Potalcless A ey Cates or Sees ta ee ae rece men ceane soaker 1, 616
IVETE DOE Gay hace ea cence ma soe es Soe cela ee een sea el Oe wate eet cela atne cerecte = A04
verace for enoles2s. Fosse ly. Leese OR e828 Mae, Ae ssery PM IO 3S 202

I was compelled to go away or else the experiment would have been continued
longer. About one-fourth of the insects were locusts, and the balance were flies, ants,
beetles,“&c. I gave them whatever insects the boys that I had hired gathered for me.
On the tirst day I failed to get all that they would have eaten, but afterward they
had all that they wanted. My impression, however, is that they ate less than they
would have done if they had been at liberty. But, lest there might be some mistake,
and to avoid all possibility of error on the wrong side, we will base our calculations
on an estimate of 150 insects each day for a mature plover. At this rate 20 old plov-
ers would eat 3,000 insects each day, or 90,000 a month. And suppose, further, that
thess 20 plovers had ten nests, which averaged four young ones each. At 60 insects
each day for each young plover, the 40 would consume 2,400 every 24 hours, or 72,000
a month. The 20 plovers and their progeny, together, would consume 162,000 insects
each month. At this same rate 1,000 plovers and their young would consume in one
month 8,100,000 insects. That many locusts removed in one year from a farm of 160
acres would probably render it capable of producing crops even when these insects
are doing their worst. As there are many birds that eat more insects than do the plov-
ers, aS well as many that eat less, 150 insects a day is probably a fair average for all
insectivorous birds.

Here we meet with still other topics of misapprehension on the part of the general
public. It is as to the abundance of insects and their prolific character. Many can-
not understand how there can be enough insects to feed birds that devour them at this
rate. But it is well known among all naturalists that the lower forms of life are mar-
velous for the number of species and of individuals and for their fecundity.

When I first came to Nebraska, in December, 1864, there were many species of birds
far more abundant than they have been during recent years. I never saw the black-
birds so abundant as they were during 1865 over Eastern Nebraska. As I stated under
the head of Bremer’s Blackbird, vast numbers of them were poisoned around the corn-
fields in spring and fall during these years, so that often piles of them could be seen at
once that had been gathered together. It was done under the mistaken notion that
the blackbirds were damaging the crops, especially the corn. Great numbers of birds
of other species were destroyed at the same time. A single grain of corn soaked in
strychnine would suffice to kill a bird. For several years previous to my coming this
practice had been going on. In asingle autumn, in Dakota County alone, not less than
30,000 birds must have been destroyed in this way. Supposing that each of these birds

344 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

averaged eating 150 insects each day, we then have the enormous number of 135,000,000
of insects saved in this one county in one month that ought to have been destroyed
through the influence of birds. When we reflect, further, that many of these birds
were migratory, and that they helped to keep down the increase of insects in distant
regions, the harm that their destruction has done is beyond calculation. The killing
of such birds is no local loss; it isa national, a continental loss. Besides, this destruc-
tion of birds was not confined to one county; it extended to most of the counties in
Northeastern Nebraska alone, and to some in Northwestern Iowa at least.

This disturbance of the balance of nature must therefore affect crops sooner or later
in the whole Missouri River region, in British America, and in Mexico. And the sub-
ject of the protection of insectiverous birds must, or ought, sooner or later,to become ~
not only national, but international. Many of these migratory insectivorous birds —
breed in British America, and winter along our Southern border or in Mexico. Their —
destruction, therefore, affects the welfare of three nations; for it can be seen fromthe —
data given and the calculations made how important their work must be during the
month that they pass through the United States in spring and fall.

In addition to the destructive agency of poison to which I have just adverted, it is
better known how man, for purposes of gain, to dill his table and so-called pleasure,
has been destroying countless numbers of birds. If a bird could be used to appease
hunger, that has been made an excuse for killing it. Prairie-chickens, quail, plover,
curlews, and snipe have been especial sufferers from this source. The two former
were, a few years ago, trapped, shot, and carried eastward by the car-load. Trapping
is now, fortunately, made illegal, but up to the present year it was still lawful to hunt
chickens and quail with dogs from July to January. Hunting these birds with dogs
was, in my judgment, fully as fatal to them as trapping. It was comparatively easy
for a man with atrained dog to shoot from fifty to two hundred chickens in a day in
August, before the young were full grown and before they had become suspicious.
During the winter of 1877 a law was enacted forbidding the killing of prairie-chickens
and quail and most of our insectivorous birds, but unfortunately there is yet no public
sentiment sufficient to enforce it everywhere. As the law now stands on the statute-
book, it prevents that wholesale capture of birds for shipment that once prevailed.
Vast numbers, however, are yet secretly hunted through the instrumentality of dogs
and guns. It is no longer done openly, and the birds obtained can no longer be pub-
licly exposed to sale, and the probabilities are that they are now about holding their
own. Some of the so-called sporting-men deny that there has been a great destrue-
tion of birds by this means. The following, however, are a few of the public notices
of hunts that have taken place:

[From Omaha Republican of September 8, 1865.]}

On the 6th Captain Hoagland’s party bagged 422 prairie-chickens, 4 quails, 6 hawks,
1 duck, 4 snipe, and 1 rabbit; total, 462. Captain Kearedy’s party bagged 287 prairie-
chickens, 2 quails, 8 hawks, 15 ducks, 6 sn pe, and one rabbit; total, 353. Excluding
the two rabbits, the total number for one day by these two parties was 813 birds.

[From Omaha Herald of September 10, 1866.]
A. Hoagland, esq., of Omaha, killed in one day 192 prairie-chickens.

In the Herald of September and October, in the years 1867, i868, and 1869, aud
down to the present time, there have*been notices of the destruction which these
hunting er sporting clubs have caused among insectivorous birds. |

A few years ago prairie-chickens and quail, as well as snipe, wild geese, and ducks
were exposed for sale during half a year in nearly all the butcher-shops of the State.

The following note from Bohannon Brothers indicates the quantity sold by them :

|

Dear Sir: In answer to your inquiry, let us observe that we did not keep a very |
accurate account of the prairie-chickens sold by us; but during 1874 and 1875 it must
have averaged at least 18 a day for seven months in a year.—[ Bohannon Brothers, Lin-
coln, Nebr., November 2, 1877.

Now, this is one of ten firms in Lincoln engaged in the meat business, and all were,
during these days, engaged in selling prairie-chickens, quail, &c., to a greater or less

ON THE USEFULNESS OF BIRDS. 345

degree. Probably few sold more, and the greater number of them sold less, than
the above firm, but 12 would probably be a fair average for all. This would make
120 prairie-chickens and quail sold per day, or 18,000 for 150 days. Those that
were captured by the sporting-men of the town and not taken to the butcher-shops I
do not include in this estimate. It is safe to conclude that half this number were
captured and consumed in the country; and this would make the whole number from
this source 27,000. But even this is not all. In fall and winter vast numbers were
formerly shipped to Eastern markets, and are still from some sections of the West.
The following statement of 8. P. Benadom, who was formerly engaged in shipping
prairie-chickens, will give some idea of the enormous numbers that were formerly
captured for this purpose:

DeEaAR Sir: In answer to your inquiry I have only this to say: Dur’ng the winter of
1875 I was engaged in shipping prairie-chickens, quail, and other game to the Eastern
cities, principally Boston and New York. I was only shipping about six weeks, and
during that time I sent off 19,000 prairie-chickens and 18,700 quail. About one-half of
these were caught in Lancaster County. I cannot tell how many other parties, who
were engaged in the same business, shipped. But I am satisfied the destruction of
these birds ought to be stopped, because 1 know that they destroy grasshoppers. The
contents of their stomachs show that.—[S. P. Benadom, Lincoln, Nebr., November
5, 1877. ;

The following I have received from Richardson County:

DEAR Str: * * * The number of chickens (prairie) shipped from this place in
1874 was 2,400 and of quail 900. In 1875 there were shipped of prairie-chickens 1,800
and of quail 1,200. What the larger towns of the county sent off I do not know; but
those shipped are a small part of those killed.—[S. M. Willebert, P. M., Humboldt,
Richardson County, Nebr., December 7, 1877.

DeEsR Sir: * * * From the best information that 1 have been able to gather on
the subject, there were about 6,000 prairie-chickens and 2,500 quail shipped from this
point in the year 1874, and perhaps half as many in 1875. The figures are mere ap-
proximations, and I give them as such, as entire accuracy is now impossible.—[ Isham
Reavis, Falls City, Nebr., November 20, 1877.

The above, from Hon. Isham Reavis, shows the large number shipped from Falls
City. The estimates that I have received from Rulo, another. large town on the same
railroad in this county, are only guesses. One guess made them 6,000 and another
3,000, but taking the last figure we can be sure that there were shipped from the three
towns of this county in 1874 not less than 11,400 prairie-chickens and 4,400 quail, be-
sides what were consumed at home.

The following is the estimate from Johnson County, Nebraska, forwarded by Hon. C.
A. Holmes, a regent of the State university :

DEAR Sir: I have made some inquiry concerning the number of prairie-chickens
shipped out of our county. There were shipped from Tecumseh by one firm 6,500
prairie-chickens during the winter of 1874~75. and about 3,500 from Sterling during
the same time. Total, 10,000 from our county. During the same time some quail
were shipped, but not such large numbers, probably about 6,000. But this is an esti-
mate. The number of chickens is ascertained from parties who know.

I knew a great many chickens were shipped, but had no idea that so many were
sent waway. In addition to the number shipped you can easily say that at least 2,000
more were consumed in the county, as people generally lived on game that winter.—
[C. A. Holmes, Tecumseh, Nebr., November 10, 1877,

Sir: In answer to yours of September 30, let me say that I find it impossible to ascer-
tain the number of prairie-chickens shipped from this county in 1874. When I was in
town last week I made some inquiries, and the estimates ranged from 4,000 to 10,000
and about half that number of quail. For 1875 there were nearly as many. But, jndg-
ing from the number that I knew were caught, there must have been not less than 20,000
prairie-chickens destroyed in 1874 in this county alone.—[James E. Bulden, Pawnee
City, Nebr., November 1, 1877.

There were vast numbers of prairie-chickens also shipped from Cass and Sarpy Counties
in these years, but I have not been able, after the most diligent efforts, to obtain esti-
mates that can be depended on. For Cass they vary from 6,000 to 15,000, and for Sarpy

from 5,000 to 11,000. The same can be said of Douglas, Washington, and Burt Counties,

346 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

One estimate of the number shipped from Dakota County for the year 1874 made the
number 7,000,and another 10,000; but wherever I have prosecuted my inquiries in
30 counties of the State the testimony was unanimous that the number of prairie-chick-
ens and quail that were trapped and shipped was simply enormous. And for these 30
counties the average for each county, counting in those that were consumed at home,
must have been at least 10,000 prairie-chickens and 5,000 quail. This is a very low
estimate, but it is best in these calculations to under rather than to over estimate
numbers.

Now, it is well to look at the enormous number of insects that these two species of
birds might have destroyed had they been permitted to live.

Number destroyed in each of thirty counties.

Prairie-chickens. Quail.
10, C00 5, 000
30 30
Destroyed in 30 counties............ ocean eee 300, 000 150, 000
150 150
Insects destroyed in one day, at 150 insects to each
chicken and quail. 22.25.22 See eee eee ee 45, 000, 000 22, 500, 000
30 30
Insects destroyed in one month......-..-..---.--- - 1,350,000, 000 675, 000, 000
6 6
Insects destroyed in six months..............--.. 8, 100, 000, 000 4, 050, 000, 000

4, 050, 000, 000

Total number of insects destroyedin six months 12, 150, 000, 000

It should be observed here that the counties embraced in the above calculation cover
only the eastern one-third of the State; and Isubmit whether, if this caleulation were -
extended into the remainder of the State, Kansas, Missouri, and Iowa, it would not
account for a large portion of the insect-ravages that interfered with the prosperity of
those regions. This calculation should be compared with that made on a previous page
concerning the good work of other insectivorous birds, in order to understand the
damage donc by destroying the natural enemies of insects.

Many of the devotees of bird shooting maintain that such an increase of birds as is
contemplated in order to so limit the development of insect-life as to preserve all forms
of vegetation from their ravages, would in the end be destructive to our crops. There
would not, they claim, be sufficient insects to feed them, and in their absence they
would necessarily attack our grain and corn fields. In reference to this it may be
observed that it is doubtful whether there are any well anthenticated cases where
birds have to any extent been injurious to wheat or corn fields, with the exception of
the crows. The blackbirds that were condemned for openiug ears of corn were really
after the grubs that were destroying it. The prairie-chickens and quails that are
captured in wheat-stubbles and corn-fields are found to have more insects than grains
in their stomachs. The only exception to this rule that has come under my observa-
tion has heen where sometimes prairie-chickens and quail have been shot on wheat
and straw stacks, and in corn-fields in winter. But the grain that is lost in straw at
threshing-time would be lost at any rate, and the quantity that can be stolen from
the outside of a stack in winter is small at best; and the number of farmers who
postpone husking their corn till winter or spring is becoming smaller each year.
The greater part of the thrashing throughout the west is also now done in the fall.
Generally our granivorous birds only take what is left after the agriculturists have
gathered what they could. What the birds take would have been lost at any rate.

There is still another beneficent work that these birds that are partly granivorous
in winter accomplish for agriculture, a work for which they have never received

ON THE USEFULNESS OF BIRDS. 347

credit, and which from its very nature it is impossible accurately to estimate. They
destroy countless numbers of noxious seeds. The difficulty of keeping cultivated lands
elean of weeds is proverbial, and the difficulty, it is claimed, is becoming greater each
year. Cannot this difficulty be traced to the same cause, in part, as the increase of
insects injurious to vegetation? Let any one examine the stomachs of quails and
prairie-chickens in winter and note the character of the seeds that constitute their
food, and it will be found that a large per cent. are composed of kinds that are inju-
rious to agriculture. The following I have particularly noted :

LINCOLN, NEBR., February, 1874.—Four prairie-chickens were examined. The con-
tents of the first were 1 grain of corn, 5 grains of wheat, 38 seeds of polygonums
(mostly P. amphibium), 7 seeds of cassia, and 13 of sun-flowers, and 17 that I failed to
jdentify. The contents of the second were 14 seeds of polygonums, 31 sun-flowers, 3
cassia, 11 verbenas (wild), 4 euphorbias, and 13 wild-rose seeds. ‘The contents of the
third were 13 seeds of the cassia, 29 of wild roses, 12 seeds of polygonums, 2 grains of
wheat, 1 grain of barley, and 34 that I could not identify. The fourth chicken had in
its stomach 15 seeds of the gentians, 33 of rag-weeds, 3 of wild roses, 4 of euphorbias,
and 29 minute seeds that I could not identify. Of the eight quail that 1 examined
during the same month, only one had a few grains of wheat in its stomach. All the
rest were filled with grass-seed and the seeds of weeds, principally the latter. Those
that I examined in the winter of 1875 gave the same average results.

Now, in view of these facts, which could be multiplied to any extent, the assertion
that a great increase of our insectivorous birds would be damaging to any products of
the land cannot be sustained. But even supposing that some damage was done to
crops of cereals, corn, fruits, and the gardens by the occasionally grain and fruit eating
birds, would it not be better to suffer a little loss from them than the destruction of
whole crops from insects? A.S. Packard, jr., estimates that the loss from locusts in a
single year in the Western States amounted to $45,000,000, and from all kinds of insects
$200,000,000. Now, if birds could be produced in sufficient numbers to save one-half
of this loss or $100,000,000 a year, would it nct be better to share one-fourth of this
sum with the birds if this were necessary. But it is doubtful whether the birds would
need even this comparative small amount to be expended on them. All the facts at
our command indicate that the proposed increase would demand the sacrifice of a very
small fraction of the products of the land. Only when the birds do a tithe of the
damage that is now being done by insects, and not till then, should permission be
given for their destruction.

But even if there were considerations which would justify the killing of partially
grain-eating birds (which I do not admit), there are none whatever that can sanction
the destruction of those that are wholly insectivorous. Nearly all, for example, that
belong to the woodpecker, plover, and snipe families are wholly insectivorous, as well
as many that belong to other orders.

I do not mean to say that every bird without exception should be so protected as to
cause its indefinite increase. There may be an occasional exception, but such excep-
tions must be rare indeed. Ex-Governor Robert Furnas, of Brownville, Nebr., reports
that the Baltimore oriole is exceedingly damaging to the finest grapes; that it plunges
its bill into them and thus causes their decay without even eating any, or at least very
few. I have not observed this habit myself, but, as he is a close observer and a friend
of the birds, he cannot well be mistaken. I hope his experience is exceptional, but, if
not, we probably must leave this beautiful bird outside of the protection of the laws.

Unfortunately man often thoughtlessly destroys numberless birds. Sometimes in
May and June, and even earlier, when grouse, quail, plover, and other birds are nest-
ing, the prairies are burnt off, so as to produce tender grass for cattle later in the sea-
son, or for other unknown reasons. In June, 1869, I passed over a small portion of
Wayre County behind a raging prairie-fire. In one hour I found ruined nests of 13
prairie-chickens, 9 quail, 5 plover, and 3 other nests that I did not recognize. In some
seasons many thousands of nests are destroyed in this way. No prairie should be

348 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

burnt off in Nebraska later than the middle of April, or at least the 1st of May, or else
some birds are sure to lose their nests or young. Stringent legislation should be in-
voked to stop such vandalism. The great majority, however, who indulge in such
practices will voluntarily abstain from them without the aid of restraining laws when-
ever they understand the harm that it does.

Like the human race, birds often suffer a great deal from the conduct of their own
kind. Among the birds most hostile to birds are the blue jays. They rob the nests of
other birds of their eggs. Wantonly they often kill even the young and throw them
out of the nest. The increase of jays is, therefore, incompatible with the general in-
crease of insectivorous and other small birds, especially of those that nest on trees and
shrubs. It is hard for the naturalist to give up such a dandy among birds, but, as he
is only a blackleg in fine clothes, the feathered tribes are healthier and safer without
his society.

Perhaps no bird causes such wholesale destruction amorg birds as the cowbird. Its
habit of laying its eggs in the nests of other birds, one only in a nest, and leaving
them to be hatched out and nourished by the foster parents to the destruction of their
own kind merits banishment and death. Unfortunately they are abundant in Nebraska,
but as attention is being directed to their bad habits a limit willsoon be made to their
increase. Even crows and magpies do much less harm to other birds than jays and
cowbirds.

DAMAGE DONE TO INSECTIVOROUS BIRDS BY BIRDS OF PREY.

As will be seen in the part of this paper devoted to an examination of the food of
birds, many of the order Iaptores, or birds of prey, feed more on insects, reptiles, and the
swall mammalia, especially mice, gophers, and ground-squirrels, than they do on birds.
Some indeed never or rarely feed on birds. It is, therefore, a great mistake to destroy
such. The following, however, feed principally on birds, and it will be best to shoot
them. I mention only those that are common to Nebraska, but what are found here
will probably all be found in Iowa and Kansas.

Those that will carefully examine the stomachs of owls-will see that the greater part
of them live principally on insects. In Nebraska the white owl (Nyctea scandiaca) de-
stroys small and large birds, and should be banished, but the remainder generally are
not chargeable with this fault. But the following members of the hawk family are
more or less destructive to birds: Cooper’s hawk (Accipiter cooperi), American goshawk
(Astur atricapillus), prairie falcon (Falco polyagrus), duck-hawk (F. communis), American
merlin (f. richardsoni), sparrow-hawk (fF. sparverius). This last will be seen to destroy
an equal quantity, in bulk, of insects, small mammalia, and birds. The same can be
said of the hen-hawk (Buteo borealis). Swainson’s buzzard (Buteo swainsoni) isin many
sections looked on as an especial foe to birds; but it is doubtful whether it eats any-
thing besides insects, the smaller mammalia, and reptiles. The cases when it captures
a bird must be rare. The American rough-legged hawk (Archibuteo lagopus, var. sancti-
johannis) also live mostly on other than bird-food, although regarded by many as
specially obnoxious. For the sake of having as great a variety as possible of insectiv-
orous birds, if for no other reason, it is certainly desirable to preserve all the birds of
prey that are not injurious to the feathered tribes. For this purpose it is important for
people to learn to distinguish between the useful and the injurious Raptores.

It has been suggested that the general economy of rature in the fertilization of
plants would be interfered with by a general destruction of insects, But in Nebraska,
at least, there are no plants of economic importance that would suffer from such a re-
sult. Even the few species of orchids in this Territory would continue to attract in-
sects enough to perpetuate their kind. I have observed the Buffalo berry (Sheperdia |
argophylla) to be fertilized by insects. But where this shrub is cultivated the stam-
inate and pistillate individuals can be placed close enough to be fertilized by the winds.
Red clover is not yet grown to any extent, and it is doubtful whether this plant is as
dependent on insect agency for its fertilization as some authors have maintained.

CONSIDERATION OF THE ENGLISH SPARROW. 349

THE ENGLISH SPARROW.

Some persons have advocated the introduction of the Erglish sparrow in order to
mitigate our insect plagues. Such a policy, it appears to me, would be highly objec-
tionable. The moral qualities, or what is near akin to moral qualities, of the English
sparrow are bad. Where I have seen this bird in America it has gradually driven off
our small native birds. Around Philadelphia, where it has now monopolized the ground,
I last year renewed its acquaintance. [again revisited some of my old haunts where
in early life I studied our native birds. I could hardly find a blue bird, a robin, or na-
tive sparrow where they were abundant in 1858, 1859, 1860,and 1861. The English
sparrow, however, greeted me everywhere. It was the opinion of all that I consulted
that it had driven off the native birds. Certainly this, to say the least, is unfortunate.
Many kinds of birds not only give more variety, but they certainly destroy insects of
more species than a single one. If we protect our own native birds, and especially if
we cultivate groves of timber where they can find shelter, and banish hunting-dogs,
guns, and traps, in a comparatively few years the balance of nature must be so re-
stored that insects will rapidly decrease and again reach the normal number that pre-
vailed at the first settlement of the country. Besides, it is well known that the Eng-
lish sparrow has become partially naturalized in a small section of Nebraska. Some
years ago, as I have learned from Ion. J. Sterling Morton, the English sparrows were
introduced into Nebraska City, and have multiplied toa considerable extent, but the
number of species of insects that they feed on, as has been anticipated, has beea found
to be small. This of course could have been endured if they were not so hostile to
other birds, native to the soil, that do much better.

Another fact concerning these sparrows, not well known, is that they are only partly
insectivorous; they are more granivorous than insectivorous, and in their native habi-
tats they are often destroyed because of their destructive raids on wheat and other
grain seeds. They have, therefore, far less claim on our protection and care than our
own far more beautiful and more highly insectivorous birds. It is another illustration
of the fact that sometimes we go abroad for that which we have in greater perfection
at home.

The logic of this paper is not affecte1 if the assertion is true that civilization natur-
ally causes an increase of insect life, even though the number of birds :should not be
diminished. If this were true, then it could ba still legitimately claimed that to offset
this increase of insect life increased protection should be given to our birds. Our birds
should be made to increase in proportion to the increase of insect life which civiliza-
tion produces, if this theory is correct. And the argument for the necessity of increas-
ing the number of birds is strengthened by the alleged fact, if fact it be, that the prog-
ress of civilization destroys great numbers of the lower and smaller mammalia, such
as moles and skunks, that largely or entirely feed on insects. These ought not and
cannot, for other reasons, be voluntarily perpetuated. Birds, however, can be substi-
tuted for them with advantage to the beauty, if not to the harmony, of nature.
Here, as elsewhere, the slightest apparent causes often change the ordinary economy
of nature, and man, who is such an efficient agent of change, must sooner or later use
his mental superiority in planning remedies for the ills which his thoughtlessness or
criminality has produced.

WHAT PUBLIC SENTIMENT NEEDS.

Public sentiment is still in need of being corrected on the subject of man’s duty to
brute, and especially to bird, life. Unfortunately, a certain portion of the people still
justify making birds a mark for trials of skill in the use of fire-arms. At certain
seasons of the year a portion of the secular journals contain notices of sbooting-
matches, where thousands of pigeons are butchered to see who can hit oftenest at
short range with a shot-gun. Pigeons are bought for this purpose, and after being
brought to the so-called sporting-grounds and kept cooped until the shooter is ready,
the poor bird is let go to be riddled with shot, if the marksman is sober and skillful

350 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

enough to hit it. The man who shoots the most on the wing within a certain distance
is declared the victor in this noble amusement! No language can express the brutal-
izing influence of such exhibitions. They tend to harden and deaden the keenest sen-
sibilities, and the men who pass through such experiences, and those who witness them,
without moral deterioration, must possess more than ordinary original endowments of
character. They too often train the young who witness such sports to look on acts of
barbarity without a qualm, and the men who indulge in such practices can rarely exer-
cise conscientious scruples against the killing of any kind of birds. In fact, they see
no harm in it, and are amazed that any one else should. The faculty to feel and to see
such wrongs, if it ever existed, is, by such practices, slowly but surely eliminated.
And when such shooting-matches occur, as they often do, at our county and State fairs,
they are supposed to have legal and moral sanction, or at least justification of some
sort, and are of course more wide-spread in their influence for evil. When I asked
some boys who were watching the pigeon-shooting at the last State fair at Lincoln,
Nebr., what they thought of it, they replied that they did not know before that it was
wrong to shoot birds. It is true that generally the moral sense of the public revolts
at such exhibitions, and that they are tolerated because of the mistaken notion that
the managers of fairs must pander to all kinds of tastes in order to make such shows
profitable. But the very tolerance of such brutal exhibitions is evidence of a lack of
the highest moral standards, or else they would be no more endured than open gam-
bling or stealing. The time has certainly come for the higher civilization to eliminate
this vestige of barbarism from our institutions. It is always best to do right, and to
do right here would be a great step toward securing universal love and protection for
our wild birds.

It is remarkable that in this last quarter of the nineteenth century there should be
such large numbers in the most enlightened countries in whom the savage spirit sur-
vives. For shooting wild birds, often maiming and crippling them, inflicting on them
the acutest torture, is no less cruel and brutal than the cock-fighting of Spain and the
bull and other animal contests of imperial Rome. In many respects it is much more
cruel. Birds have a very highly organized nervous system, and must be keenly sus-
ceptible to pain. Almost everything that they do indicates this. Their quick moye-
ments, their marvelous aérial evolutions, their attachments, their maternal instincts,
their evident enjoyment of the beautiful, and the wonderful powers of song that many
possess, all attest their high physical organization and prove the greatness of the cru-
elty that would ruthlessly deprive them of life. The surprise is greater when we reflect
that some men of education, and in other respects of high character, indulge in the so-
called sport of shooting innocent birds. It may be sport, but is it not the sport of a
barbarian and the enjoyment of a savage? No doubt future ages will look on the
wanton killing of birds in this period with the same surprise and disgust that we feel
in reading the stories of the animal contests in the Roman arena.

4

CHAP THR ALE,
REMEDIES, AND DEVICES FOR DESTRUCTION.

In this chapter we shall treat of the available means to be employed
either for the destruction of the Rocky Mountain locust in one state or
anotber, or for preventing its injuries. The instructions of the former
character will apply more especially to what we have termed the Tem-
porary region, or that more fertile country subject to occasional visita-
tion, but in which the insect is not indigenous; the suggestions of the
latter to what we have called the Permanent region.

ENCOURAGEMENT OF NATURAL AGENCIES. 351

During the summer of 1877, we received a number of plans and sugges-
tions for the destruction of the locust; some of them direct, others through
the Department of the Interior. Many of these were sent by persons
having no experience whatever with the insect, and were purely theo-
retical or visionary; while others were intended to gratuitously adver-
tise some pet patent nostrum. We have taken notice of those only
which gave some promise of possible usefulness. Of the machines and
devices for destruction submitted to us, we have endeavored, as far as
time would permit, toe personally examine and test in the field all such
as appeared worthy of trial; and, where personal attention could not
be given, to have such test made by competent parties. We shall illus-
trate or describe all which came under our notice that are in any way
worthy of consideration.

The means to be employed for the destruction of this pest very natu-
rally fall into five divisions: 1, encouragement of natural agencies; 2,
destruction of the eggs; 3, destruction of the young or unfledged
insects ; 4, destruction of the mature or winged insects; 5, preventive
measures.

ENCOURAGEMENT OF NATURAL AGENCIES.

While little practically can be done by man to further the multiplica-
tion of the more minute enemies of the locust enumerated in Chapter
XI, much may be done to protect, and to promote the multiplication
of, the larger animals treated of in Chapter XII[—especially the birds.
These should be protected by most stringent laws, firmly carried out,
restraining the wanton destruction too often indulged in by sportsmen
and others. Some of the States interested in this question have of late
years passed good laws for the protection of these feathered friends,
but the laws are, unfortunately, too often a dead letter for want of
enforcement. One of the most effectual and successful ways of protect-
ing and encouraging many of the smaller birds is to offer a reward for
hawks. This has been done with very beneficial results in Colorado,
and other States would do well to follow her example.

DESTRUCTION OF THE EGGS.

The destruction gf the eggs has been followed, in the older countries
of the East, since Pliny’s time, and has long been recognized in Europe
and Asia as one of the most efficacious means of averting locust injury.
These eggs are laid in masses, just beneath the surface of the ground,
seldom to a depth of more than an inch; and we have already consid-
ered the character of soil and the sites preferred by the females in
laying them. in years like 1874 and 1876 we have known favorable

: locations, for many hundreds of square miles, so thickly supplied with

these eggs that scarcely an inch of the soil could be stirred without ex-
posing them. As a rule, the dead bodies of the locusts strewn about
the ground in autumn are a good indication of the presence of eggs in
such ground, though the eggs may often be abundant without this indi-

352 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

cation. The means to be employed in destroying locust-eggs may be
considered under the following divisions: 1. Harrowing; 2. Plowing or
spading; 3. Irrigation; 4. Tramping; 5. Collecting.

‘¢ There are many questions respecting the manner in which the eggs
of this locust are affected under different conditions, which are cf
intense practical interest, and which are frequently discussed with no
definite result being arrived at, and no positive conclusion drawn.
Such are, for instance, the influence of temperature, moisture, and dry-
ness upon them; the effects of exposing them to the air, of breaking
open the pods, of harrowing or plowing them under at different depths,
of tramping upon them. Everything, in short, that may tend to destroy
them, or prevent the young locusts hatching, is of vital importance.”

With a view of settling some of these questions, and in the hope of
reaching conclusions that might prove valuable, Mr. Riley carried on,
at Saint Louis, during the winter of 1876—’77, a series of experiments,
some of which’ we shall report, in their proper connection, as they were
originally recorded.

By reference to the following meteorological table, the exact temper-
ature at any of the dates mentioned may be ascertained :

Temperature ‘at Saint Louis, Mo., of winter of 1876-77.

1876. Max. | Min. |Mean. 1876. Max. |} Min. |Mean,
INOVem peril 5se- nsec eee 41 30 37 Decemberi29'. sec 4seeeee oe 19 10 14
REF, BALE LAR: AE 44 35 39 300 oe ee ae 4 15
Sy ORM aC OS ay ICS 47 40 44 7 Een Sy Breen rae 34 17 24
They VR Se AN ceed Se 47 25 34
102 e ty hace 36 | 22 | 32 1877
RO ne chats ae we eee 45 31 33 |Oanaty fe occeceea eee 24 13 14
Dit nga hae ee 47 32 S7ivitcs. iced EL oe eee 21 8 15
Cr eh nl ae a she god 42 23 35 Fs POR OBER EF, 26 11 21
3 qaek na Fe 45 31 36 4cclysbiset) ae 42 19 33
DAS cake eee Sane 51 32 41 5 hase aoe ee 42 29 36
Oot Se EOee Lee 47 31 40 Gf .22112-1 Bate 43 32 37
Yan 2 tee a at 38 30 34 7.5 on Soe eee 35 13 21
Oat betes ET e 45 31 39 SALE: Des 13\ (| —44 7
ORF See tarere Bun ees 39 23 23 9.4 52 eee 28 1 19
99 gtk eth frees. 33 Q7 29 fil) L690 nes 35 QL 31
BC) ee Oe aes ee GR Q7 15 16 jh ORR Pa ORE eS. 52 32 40
December 12 See 20 4 14 AD S94). RETA LE ees 32 14 19
Dik oe 5 yh ee ee oe 24 5 16 5 UN een ea a Q7 10 22
S235. Meares 29 12 23 1 Catan a 34 22 31
TAPS AES ook putes oc 34 24 30 [5h ROESE on ae 43 23 33
Bets rey. oe eae 45 24 34 162035. ee ee 23 9 12
fi van Bn eee ses 47 33 38 1% 4. neht.% aS 40 20 35
Y eis at de oe: ape St 47 31 39 s fs eatin. Fc op 0 4G 35 42
<i Laeine eee 40 3 15 AQ 2. gugseetGh. meee 50 39 45
bli danp itn Baa aie it | = 5 2) | aera og oe Bart Se 46 Q1 22
siete Meee aS tease 37 9 31 Me nee Ae Jee 37 19 32
fir eee 55 28 44 9). eee 37 Q3 26
19915 aan 60 36 48 ses: fth tt Peer 32 10 Qt
i pa Eas ne fa 50 38 42 DY ne ERs ie 2 - 31 19 26
14. bjt Le wen 38 18 Q7 OF Othe fh see 48 Q2 36
15. cee 45 12 36 96s. eee ee 51 32 39
16Gb: Gil FR 44 4 12 o7 iii. Wi 2ese 50 31 41
ty ee. See OD kee Q7 18% 20 98 ces cepisac nee eee 57 33 47
1s. LAL ee Q2 2 16 agi bh. Cite 2 eRe. 57 38 49
1 fee Se ig ee 37 18 28 $0. ei yo 65 48 57
Op agil ite 7) Mp EEE 43 Q3 33 31 AU ieee 66 53 59
POR EE eh 43 .| 232 | 34 dh Rebruargs too) o24 23 ee 69 | 50 59
SORA TE CRUSE AMIE. IT: 57 20 26 BES LI ae ae » 56 44 49
Oh Ag oe | 24 13 19 : Weds eee eee SS 48 35 37
hs A he ee IAL 19 11 15 a) el eee 46 32 39
Bireees kak 21 13 18 ene ee 40 28 33
Th ffl daar als ibe 21 13 18 6.2 oe 49 | 34 41
a7 Oe ae ea oe 24 15 21 1 cn ast eee 53 38 46

EFFECT OF HARROWING IN AUTUMN. 393

Temperature at Saint Louis, Mo., of winter of 1876~77—Continued.

1877. Max. | Min. |Mean. 1877. Max. | Min. |Mean.
Ui arial! Reese soee ear oer seca 50 33 CAPT Ve) TET Bt ee eccr cme. are 35 29 32
LOE cetaciss eee 58 37 48 OS cee eee Gre aeons 33 28 3l
0 |) nee ar ec 52 42 52 OG ee eine eciclelata atest 43 28 37
NO: ut. Made bs Jeeemoamee 52 ag 32 ON. aera a nine wie ealajsie wel: 48 28 40
Weise onsen amoementee 36 28 33 0 lee _tetee evctereialeie aie sonoi) ot) |e oy 43
de tcc RR oer 44 30 323 March AU atta. cuctatxteiers Si otarae 47 39 43
TO Sc atc tmneeeeeeee 53 31 44 DoE CO ORO COCA DE 47 37 39
WG: sen oaiocee eects 47 38 40 Deere ees wielaie nels aisare 49 18 29
D728. Co coe eee 50 34 42 Gn Sse aiaialainnics eines 32 14 2
i ho CS Geers JOIST 66 34 53 yeh vctoinsle melee winibie te 40 26 34
19). 20 Soares 58 34 37 Gitomer ctemioes crest. 595 30 46
20: Wa Alea eeeeeeee 48 Q7 39 VIALE Sere Raa 57 36 47
7) ee ee ye 8 Ee 65 34 5L Beeicaehiioweeteie tae stare 5d 18 23
OD Seaton eeeeeaee 53 44 47 Te siaiea a ot crsin eee: 93 9 138
OS. cde eeemwienietee cee 44 33 38 LOGE mem arclerofretet owe 41 16 3l

1. HARROWING IN THE AUTUMN.—To appreciate fully the effect on
the eggs of harrowing in the autumn, it is necessary to understand in
what manner they are affected by freezing and thawing, as well as by
exposure.

Experiments to test the effects of alternately freezing and thawing.—The
eggs in the following series of experiments were obtained early in No-
vember, at Manhattan, Kans., under similar conditions. They were
mostly in a fluid state at the time, and none but good and perfect masses
were used. They were all carefully placed in the normal position at the:
surface of the ground, in boxes that could be easily removed from place:
to place. The experiments commenced November 10, 1876, and ended.
in April, 1877. During November and December the weather was:
severe, while during January and February it was largely mild and.
genial for the season. In March again there was much frost.

The temperature in the office, into which all the eggs when not exposed.
were brought, ranged during the day from 65° to 70° F., rarely reach-
ing to 75°. During the nightit never dropped below 40°, and averaged
about 55°.

Experiment 1.—Fifty egg-masses were exposed to frost from November 10 to January

10, andihen taken in-doors. In twenty days they commenced hatching, and continued
to do so for thirty-eight days thereafter.

Experiment 2.—F itty egg-masses exposed at the same time to frost. Brought in-doors
on December 10. On December 31 they commenced hatching numerously, and con-
tinued to hatch till the 10th of January, 1877, when the remainder were exposed again.
The weather being subsequently mild, some hatched on each warm day until the 26:h.
None hatched thereafter, and upon examination, subsequently, all were found to have
hatched.

Experiment 3.—Fifty egg-masses exposed at same time. Brought in-docrs December
1. Kept there till the 22d without any of them hatching. Exposed again for three
weeks, and then brought in-doors on the 12th of January. They commenced hatching
two days thereafter, and continued till the 29th. Subsequent examination showed
them all to have hatched.

Experiment 4.—One hundred egg-pods exposed at the same time, but alternately
brought in-doors and exposed again every fourteen days. Some commenced hatching

_ during the second term in-doors; others continued during the warm days of the third

exposure, and all had hatched bythe sixth day of the third term in-doors.

Lxperiment 5.—A lot of one hundred egg-masses alternately exposed and brought in-
doors every week. During the first four terms of exposure they were continuously
frozen, while during the next four the weather was frequently mild enough to permit
hatching. They first began to hatch during the fourth term in-doors, and continued to
hatch, except during the colder days when exposed, until the seventh term in-doors,
during which the last ones escaped.

23 G

354 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Experiment 6.—Many hundred egg-masses kept outdoors the whole time, first com-
menced hatching March 2d, and continued for thirty-eight days thereafter.

- Experiment 7.—Many hundred pods kept indoors till December 15, and hatching from
November 28 up to that time, were then exposed, and continued to hatch whenever the
weather permitted, up to April 10.

Experiment 8.—A lot of one hundred pods that had been hatching in-doors from Novem-
ber 19, were exposed to frost January 15, and brought in-doors again January 28, where
pney conbinued hatching till February 10. Every one was subsequently found to have

atched.

Experiment 9.—A lot of one hundred under same conditions as in Experiment 8, up
to January 28. They were then exposed again and brought in-doors February 16, when
they commenced hatching and continued to do so till the 27th. All were found sub-
sequently to have hatched.

Two important conclusions are deducible from the above experiments.
First: The eggs are far less susceptible to alternate freezing and thaw-
ing than most of us, from analogy, have been inclined to believe. Those
who have paid attention to the subject know full well that the large
proportion of insects that hibernate on orin the ground are more ipjuri-
ously affected by a mild, alternately freezing and thawing winter than
by a steadily cold and severe one, and the idea has quite generally pre-
vailed that it was the same with regard to our locust-eggs. But, if so,
then it is more owing to the mechanical action which, by alternate ex-
pansion and contraction of the soil, heaves the pods and exposes them,
than to the effects of the varying temperatures. Second: That sus-}
pended development by frost may continue with impunity for varying}
periods after the embryon is fully formed and the young insect is on the
verge of hatching. Many persons, having in mind the well-known fact}
that birds’ eggs become addled if incubation ceases before completion, }
when once commenced, would, from analogy, come to the same conclu-
sion with regard to the locust-eggs. But analogy hereis an unsafe guide.
The eggs of insects hibernate in all stages of embryonic development,
and many of them with the larve fully formed and complete within.
‘The advanced development of the locust embryo, frequently noticed in
the fall, argues nothing but very early hatching as soon as spring opens.}
Their vitality is unimpaired by frost.

Experiments to test the effects of exposure to the free air.—The eggs in}
the following series were obtained at Manhattan, Kans., in November,
and all under sunilar conditions:

Experiment 26.—A large number of egg-masses were thoroughly broken up and the
single eggs scattered over the surface of the ground outdoors early in December. By}
the 23d of February all had perished, and most of them had collapsed and shriveled.

Experiment 27.—A large number of pods were partly broken up and exposed, as in
Experiment 26. On the 10th of March the outer eggs were mostly dead and shrunken,
but a few of the protected ones were yet plump, the embryon well advanced and
apparently sound. Placed in earth they subsequently hatched. oa

Experiment 28.—A large number of unbroken pods were exposed under similar con-
ditions as in the preceding experiments. By March 10 fuliy three-fourths of the egg
had perished, and by April 1 all had perished. : :

Experiment 29.—Fifty egg-masses were kept indoors in an open-mouthed bottle 1
perfectly loose and dry earth from November 6. Fully eight per cent. of the eggs h
hatched by December 28, when hatching ceased, and a subsequent examination show
the rest to have shrunken and perished. :

It is very evident from the above experiments that we can do muc
more to destroy the eggs by bringing into requisition the universall

EFFECTS OF HARROWING IN AUTUMN. 855

utilizable air than we can by the use ef water, which will be presently
considered. The breaking up of the mass and exposure of the indi-
vidual eggs to the desiccating effects of the atmosphere effectually de-
stroys them, and when to this is added the well-known fact that, thus
exposed, they are more liable to destruction by their numerous ene-
mies, we see at once the importance of this mode of coping with the
evil. |

Harrowing in the autumn, then, or during dry, mild weather in early
winter, will prove one of the most effectual modes of destroying the
eggs and preventing future injury, wherever it is available. It should
be enforced by law, as we shall presently suggest in considering legis-
lative action, whenever the soil in any region is known to be abundantly
stocked with eggs. <A revolving harrow ora cultivator will do excellent
service in this way, not only in the field, but along roadways and other
bare and uncultivated places. The object should be, not to stir deeply
but to searify and pulverize as much as possible the soil to about the
depth of an inch. Where the cultivator is used, it would be well to pass
over the ground again with a drag or a brush harrow for this purpose.
Some of our correspondents have urged, and with some reason, that
wherever land can conveniently be prepared to induce the females to
oviposit in it, as by plowing and then rolling when the insects are be-
ginning to breed, such preparations should be made. A subsequent har-
rowing will be the more easy. In practice, this method will not often be
adopted, becanse it will pay only under exceptional circumstances.

We give here a few of the views of correspondents on the subject of
harrowing expressed during the past year: |

Harrowing has been tried with success, especially when fowls, swine, &c., have been

given access to the ground. In one case, a piece of two acres was entirely freed from
the eggs in this way.—[Robt. Milliken, Emporia, Kans., September 15, 1877.

Harrowing the ground in the fall is always beneficial; it brings many of the eggs
so the surface, where they are picked up by birds and fowls and otherwise destroyed.—
[E. Snyder, Atchison, Kans., June 26, 1877.

The reports of the results of this latter method of destruction are conflicting, varying
accerding to the care expended upon the work, the lateness of the season at which it
was done, and the accuracy with which the results were noticed.

In cases where new breaking thickly filled with eggs was passed over once or twice
with a seeder in November or late in October, a portion of the eggs were left undestroyed,
and these, hatching in the spring, the young devoured the grain as fast as it grew. In
other cases eggs brought to the surface late in the fall retained their vitality (the
young were fully formed in the eggs) during the winter; but afterward, when they
had been fully exposed in February and March to alternate heat and cold, without a
covering of snow, only a small fraction of them could be hatched. In other cases,
where the number of eggs was not excessive, the proportion of eggs left undestroyed
after fall harrowing was too small to cause (of themselves) any serious damage in the
spring. From all the inquiries that I have been able to make during the season, I am
confirmed in the statement made last year, that it is desirable to bring the eggs to the
surface at the earliest possible moment after there is any assurance that the laying
season is over; in other words, they should be exposed to the sun while their contents
are still fluid.—[Mr. Allen Whitman, special assistant.

Some eggs were harrowed up during mild weather in winter and greedily devoured
by tame fowls. Some egg-masses that were exposed in February mostly hatched.—[G.
B. Brown, Guilford, Kans.

Harrowing the ground in the fall is good; every egg-mass that is broken or brought
to the top is used up. Last fall was an unusually wet one, and great numbers of eggs

356 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

were unearthed by the rains, and I will venture to say that of the egg-masses that
were so washed out not one ever has or will hatch. Uncovering the egg-masses in
the fall is fatal to them all.—[A. H. Gleason, Little Sioux, Iowa, May 21, 177.

We want to get the young to hatch as soon as possible in the spring, and then go at
them with the “’hopper dozer” determinedly and unitedly, and we can destroy them.
To that end I believe harrowing is to be recommended for several reasons; first, many
of the eggs are spoiled by the sun and weather; secondly, the birds can get at them
better and devour million’ of them; and, thirdly, those that are not destroyed hatch
early and can be killed before the vegetation gets too rank, as afterward it is far more
difficult to capture them.—[J. I. Salter, Saint Cloud, Minn., June 7, 1877.

I have only one instance of harrowing the ground in fall. My nearest neighbor put
in a piece of new breaking with rye, first using seeder and then harrow. ‘The result
now stands that the rye is good and but few ’boppers. The eggs were raked out almost
or quite as thickly as the grain sown, and they were much thicker just benea*h the
loose top soil. The nature of our soil is a clay loam—yellow-clay subsoil.—[John
Wise, Nebo, Platte County, Nebr., May 5, 1877.

2. PLowine.—Next to harrowing this is one of the most generally
available means possessed by the farmer of dealing with locust-eggs,
and it is well to fully understand how it may be made most effectual in
destroying them.

Experiments to test the effects of burying at different depths, and of press-
ing the soii—The following series of experiments was made with eggs
obtained at Manhattan, Kans., early in November, and similar in condi-
tion to those in the first series. Large tin cylindrical boxes, made of
different depths, and varying from 4 to 8 inches in diameter, were
' used; and in order to hasten the result they were kept indoors at the
temperature already mentioned. The soil in all the boxes was finely
comminuted and kept in uniform and moderately moist condition. It
was gently pressed with the fingers, so as to approach in compactness
the surface-soil of a well-cultivated garden. In each instance the eggs
were placed in the center of the box. A large number of eggs were
buried at different depths out-doors where they were under natural con-
ditions of soil-pressure and temperature. The soil was a tolerably stiff
yellow clay, and was pretty well compacted by many heavy rains, after
the frost was thawed out. The results of the outdoor experiments com-
port with those made in the boxes. The eggs being placed at every
depth from 1 to 18 inches, and each batch covered with a wire screen,
the result was accurately determined. All at 1 inch below the surface
hatched ; about one-third of those at 2 inches managed to escape, and
none from any greater depth. Examined May 12, they had hatched
down to a depth of 12 inches, and worked their way upward, and hori-
zontally, seldom extending morethan 1 inch in the former, or more than
2 inches in the latter direction. Most of those at greater depths were at
that time unhatched. In looser soil they would doubtless have man-
aged to push somewhat farther.

Experiment 30.—Ten egg-masses were placed just 1 inch below the surface in the
center of a box four inches in diameter. The young began to appear January 30, when
it was noticed that every one came up at the side of the box, between the earth and
the tin, where there was more or less shrinking of the former from the latter. Upon
pressing the earth more firmly around the border, the issuing of the young ceased.
Upon examining the eggs, March 7, it was found that they had all hatched. A few of
the young were still alive, and endeavoring to escape; the rest had died in the effort.
They had made no progress upward through the pressed surface, but had pushed
horizontally as the looser earth permitted.

EFFECTS OF PLOWING ON THE EGGS. oot

Experiment 31.—From ten egg-masses, placed 2 inches beneath the surface, the
young commenced issuing from the sides, as in the preceding experiment, January 31.
None issued directly through the surface of the soil, and none issued after the border
was pressed more firmly to the tin. Subsequent examination showed the soil pene-
trated in devious directions, but none of the insects had reached higher than within
three-quarters of an inch of the surface.

Experiment 32.—Ten egg-masses placed 3 inches below the surface. The young
began, January 31, to issue from the sides, as in Experiments 30,31.. Upon pressing
the ground more ‘firm; around the borders, none afterward issued, and subsequent
examination showed that the young had tunneled the earth in tortuous passages to-
ward the sides, and perished there, without reaching nearer than within an inch,of
the surface in the middle of the box.

Experiment 33.—Ten egg-masses placed 6 inches below the surface. On February 1
the young commenced to issue, as in the preceding experiments, from the side, and
continued to do so till the 4th, when the earth was pressed more closely to the tin.
None issued afterward. Subsequent examination showed that some had succeeded in
working their way upward through the soil to within 2 inches of the surface; but
most had reached the sides, and there collected and perished between the tin and the
soil.

Other experiments, made in glass tubes where the movements of the
insects could be watched, all produced results similar to those above
given; and all point to the conclusion that where the newly-hatched in-
sect has not the natural channel of exit (previously described) which was
prepared by the mother, it must inevitably perish if the soil be moder-
ately compact, unless cracks, fissures, or other channels reaching re the
surface are at hand.

‘The actual experience as to deep plowing under of the eggs is some-
what conflicting, and in some light, dry soils a good number of them
will hatch late if turned under a foot; yet, from cur own observations,
and a vast amount of experience gathered together, we recommend it
as profitable. If delayed till spring, it should be done just as the young
begin to hatch, as it is then most effectual. The plowing will be
effectual according as the soil is porous or tenacious, and according as the
surface is afterward compressed by harrowing and rolling. From the
experiments already recorded, it is obvious that, all other things being
equal, a plowing of four to six inches will prove more effectual in spring,
if the ground be subsequently harrowed and rolled, than deeper plowing
with no subsequent comminution and compression.”

The experience prior to 1877 is on record in various publications; but
that of 1877 was most valuable, because, in many instances, township
meetings were held the previous autumn to provide for combined action
in the plowing up of roadsides and other public places where eggs had
been laid. As may be seen by Mr. Whitman’s report (App. 1), the good
effects of plowing the eggs under deeply was very marked in Minne-
sota, wherever the work was thoroughly done. fiven when turned
under to a depth of five or six inches, the hatching, if it occurred at all,
was too late to cause any fear. ‘ Eggs plowed under in corn-land were
found to be unhatched up to the 21st of June, but when brought to the
surface they hatched at once; and, without any question, large numbers
of eggs turned under in heavy grounds never hatched at all. ‘At any
rate, it ought to be learned from the present year, that with a godd
growth of wheat, we have nothing to fear from locusts that come strug-
gling forth during the month of June.”

358 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The following experiences of correspondents are worthy of record
here:

I plowed my orchard in the last days of March, and last week I was plowing some
potatoes and I plowed out a good many ’hoppers, and in two or three minutes they
would kick out and jump. I don’t know how long they can Jive in the ground, but I
don’t think they can get out when they are plowed under.—[C. G. Brooks, Cherryvale,
Montgomery County, Kansas, June 16, 1877.

The effect of plowing under the eggs quite deeply at any time before hatching, either
in the fall or spring, has been to retard the hatching and give birds and other enemies
a hetter chance to destroy them as they hatched. I think many never see the surface
that are turned down with the plow.—[Robt. Milliken, Emporia, Kans., September 15,
1877.

Deep plowing is here the most effectual way of destroying the eggs.—[J. G. MeGrue,
Audubon, Minn., June 20, 1877.

I and my brother plowed a piece of land last fall that the “hoppers had laid their
eggs in, and not one per cent. hatched out. Time of plowing, September 9; depth of
plowing, 6 inches; nature of soil, sandy loam.—[Thomas Nixon, Argyle, Sumner
County, Kansas, November 5, 1877.

The land plowed early last fall by my neighbor, Thomas Benzett, was subsequently
filled with eggs. He dragged and sowed it with wheat. It is now full of locusts. Mr.
A. Burch, another neighbor, plowed late, and he has no locusts. My brother’s farm was
one-half plowed early, the other half late. The former hatched many locusts, the lat-
ter none.—[Seth Kenny, Morristown, Minn., June 9, 1877.

We plowed our land before many of the ’hoppers had hatched. It is high, rolling
land, with considerable sand, and considerably worn from continued cropping for 19
years. We plowed about 15th of May. The largest hatch of the ’hoppers in any one
day was May 27. They continued to hatch in considerable quantities up to June 10.
Some few hatched after this date. But the most disagreeable part of it remains
to be told. June 21 (the season was late for corn) we commenced to cultivate ourcorn, ~
and immediately the young ’hoppers came out by millions. We have about twenty-
four acres of corn in one field,and in the aggregate they make an “ exceeding great
army.” Six acres of this corn was on timothy soil, that was very full of eggs.—[ Lbid.,
July 2, 1877.

Plowing, when properly done,is almost perfect destruction to the eggs.—[J. W.
Bagby, Tabor, Clay County, Kansas, May 10, 1877.

So far as I can judge from my own experience and from observation, plowing the
eggs under in the spring has destroyed most of them.—[T. C. Wells, Manhattan, Kans.,
June 27, 1877.

Plowing under only preserved the eggs to be hatched whenever a favorable oppor-
tunity prcesented.—[ E. Snyder, Atchison, Kans., June 26, 1877.

Yesterday I examined a field closely that had been plowed under in early spring. I
found thousands of nests of eggs hatched out and the young ones dead, having been
unable to work their way out of the ground. There are many such instances here.—
[Sam]. Aughey, Lincoln, Nebr., May 4, 1877.

Believing it to be the duty of every good citizen to contribute all the information he
may possess in relation to the destruction of the locusts, I will send you the practical
experience of an observing farmer in this vicinity. In the spring of 1875, when the
grasshopper committed such ravages in Western M*ssouri, William R. Hornbuckle
relates that he had occasion to break up, for corn, a field that was in clover the year
previous (1874), upon which the locust-eggs were more than usually thick. He plowed
deeply the first of April and turned the eggs under so deep that they never hatched,
or, if they did hatch, he never saw the locusts afterward. He thinks he plowed some
eight or nine inches deep. The use of cultivators never disturbed the eggs. He ex-
amined the ground often during the season and found only the old eggs and no ’hop-
pers. One portion of the clover-field he failed to break until the eggs were hatched.
In this the young locusts came so thick as to make the ground black, and while they
were yet small he turned them under like the eggs, in the first instance. He saw
very few of them afterward.—[Jno. B. Womall, Kansas City, Mo., January 23, 1877.

If the eggs are plowed under very deep in the fall, I believe many will fail to hatch
or the young will not reach the surface when hatched. They should be thrown under
about six inches in sandy, loose soil. Spring plowing has done but little if any good.
It only causes them to hatch later in the season.—[A. H. Gleason, Little Sioux, lowa,
May 21, 1877.

Deep fall plowing seems to have destroyed many of the eggs. Every piece of break-
ing that was not fall-plowed suffered severely ; that which was plowed and hgrrowed
in the fall did not suffer much.—[ W. J. Newell, Athol, lowa, July 2, 1877.

EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION ON THE EGGS. 359

Spring breaking of our lands remained perfectly good till upturned by second plow-
_ ing one month to six weeks later.—[ Jas. Moore, Bastrop, ‘Tex., May 8, 1877.

Deep plowing retarded hatching. After all others were hatched the deeply plowed
land was stirred, which brought on a new crop.—[G. B. Brown, Guilford, Kans.

Plowed in October, 1876; sowed to rye in November, on bottom land, but gravelly ;
cut the rye second week in July (prematurely) because of drought. As soon as the
rye was cut the locust-eggs hatched in large quantities.—[ Experience of M. K. Lever-
son, of Leverson’s ranch, Colorado. From all we could learn the eggs were not turned
under deeply.

3. IRRIGATION.—This is feasible in much of the country subject: to
locust ravages, especially in the mountain regions, where, except in ex-
ceptionally favorable locations, agriculture can be successfully carried
on only by its aid, and where means are already extensively provided
for the artificial irrigation of large areas. Where the ground is light and
porous, prolonged and excessive moisture will cause most of the eggs to
perish, and irrigation in autumn or in spring may prove beneficial. Yet
the following experiments prove that it is by no means as effectual as
is generally believed, and as most writers have assumed to be the case.

Experiments to test the influence of moisture upon the eggs.—The follow-
ing series of experiments was made with eggs also brought from Man-
hattan, Kans. They were dug up in December, and were sound, and
much in the same condition as those in the preceding series.

The water in all but the last three, or Experiments 23, 24, and 25,
was kept in the office at the temperature already stated, and changed
only when there was the least tendency to become foul. In the alternate
submergence and draining, the eggs were submitted to the most severe
hygrometric changes, the warm atmosphere of the room having great
drying power.

Experiment 10.—Ten egg-masses kept under water in-doors from December 5 to De-
cember 26, 1876, the water becoming quite foul. They werethen removed to earth ard
kept fn a hatching temperature. ‘They commenced hatching January 11, 1877, and
continued to d» so till February 5—all taving hatched.

Experiment 11.—Twenty egg-masses kept under water in-doors from December 26,
1876, till January 2,1877; then left dry till the 9th; then submerged again till the
16th, when they were drained again. On tte 20th eighteen young hatched, and others
continued hatching till the 23d, when they were submerged egain. From the 26th to
30th afew hatched under water, successfully gettiog rid of the post-natal pellicle,
and living for some hours afterward in the water. On the 30th they were drained
again, and continued to hatch. On February 6 they were again immersed, and con-
tinued to hatchonthe7th. On the 15th, 22d, 29th, and March 7 they were alternately
drained ard immersed ; but none hatched after February 7, and the remainder proved
upon examination to have been destroyed, most of them being quite rotten.

Experiment 12.—Two egg-masses taken from the lot in experiment 11, on February
7, and placed in moist earth. Every egg subsequently batched.

Experiment 13.—Two egg-masses taken from the lot in experiment 11, on February
22, and placed in moist earth. All hatched.

Experiment 14.—Twenty egg-masses alternately immersed and drained every two
weeks from December 26 till March 6. None hatched, but three-fourths of the eggs
were at this date sound, the embryon full formed and active as soon ag released, but
pale, and evidently too feeble to burst the egg-shell. The rest were killed and more
or less decomposed.

Experiment 15.—Two egg-masses, after immersion for two weeks, were placed in
moist earth. They began hatching twenty-two days afterward, and continued to do
so for six days. It was subsequently found that only seven out of forty-eight eggs
had collapsed and failed to hatch.

Experiment 16.—Two egg-masses immersed for two weeks and drained for two weeks;
then placed in moist earth. Six days afterward they commenced hatching, and con-
tinued to do so for two days. Subsequently examined, twenty-eight out of fitty-four
eggs had perished.

360 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Experiment 17.—Two egg-masses alternately immersed, drained, and immersed again
every two weeks, were placed in moist earth. They commenced hatching two days
afterward, and continued to do so for twelve days. Upon subsequent examination,
twenty-three out of fifty-two had perished.

Experiment 18.—Twenty egg-masses immersed from December 26, 1876, to January
16, 1877; then drained till February 6; then immersed till February 27; then drained
again. On February 3, while dry, they commenced hatching numerously, and a few
continued for two days to hatch while immersed. An examination, March 7,showed
about half of them still alive, the rest rotten. On March 27 they were drained again,
but none subsequently hatched—all having rotted and dried up.

Experiment 18a.—Two masses in same conditions as in experiment 18 till February
27 were placed in moist earth and all the eggs hatched March 7-12.

Experiment 19.—Twenty egg-masses immersed from December 26, 1876, to January
23,1877; then drained till February 20; then submerged again. They commenced
hatching on the 6th of February, and continued two days after the second submerg-
ence. On the 7th of March but about 5 per cent. had rotted. On March 20 they were
drained again, but none subsequently hatched, except five eggs from two pods at once
placed in earth.

Experiment 20.—Two egg-masses immersed for four weeks; then drained for two
weeks; then immersed for one week; then placed in moist earth. They commenced
hatching seven Gays afterward, and continued to do so for six days. Subsequently
examined, one of the masses was rotten; the eggs in the other had all hatched.

Experiment 21.—Twenty egg-masses kept from December 26, 1876, in earth saturated
with moisture. On February 23, 1877, they commenced hatching, and continued to do
so till March 7, when all were found to have hatched, except one pod, which was rot-
ten.

Experiment 22.—T wenty egg-masses, alternately placed every five days, from Decem-
ber 26, 1876, in earth saturated with moisture and in earth which was very dry. Com-
menced hatching February 14, and continued till March 7, when, upon examination,
all had hatched, except nine of the pods, which were rotten.
~ Experiment 23.—Twenty egg-masses immersed and exposed outdoors December 26,
1876. From that time.till April 9 the water was frozen and completely thawed at nine
different times, the vessel containing them, which was of glass and admitted the sun-
light, several times breaking. The changes were as follows: Frozen till January 10;
then thawed till the 12th; then frozen till the 18th; then thawed till the 20th; then
frozen till the 26th; then thawed till February 20; then partly frozen till the 22d;
then thawed till the 26th; then frozen till the 27th; then thawed till March 5; then
frozen till March 10; then thawed till March 15; then frozen till the 16th; then
thawed till the 24th; then frozen till the 25th. Examined on the 7th of March, only
one pod was found rotten; the others apparently sound. On the 9th of April all with
the exception of twelve eggs were found rotten, the masses having become disin-
tegrated and the eggs for the most part lying singly at the bottom.

Experiment 24.—T wo egg-masses under same conditions as in experiment 23 till Feb-
ruary 9, when they were brought in-doors and placed in earth. One was dried up on
the 16th; the other commenced hatching on the 27th, and when examined on March
7 all the eggs in it were found to have hatched. 7

Experiment 25.—T wo egg-masses under same conditions as in experiment 23 till Feb-
Tuary 27, when they were placed in earth in-doors. Examized March 7 they were
found sound, and near the hatching point. On March 20 they commenced hatching.

Experiment 25a.—T wo egg-masses under same conditions as in experiment 23, up to
March 6, were then placed in earth in-deors. They commenced hatching March 23,
and continued till April 3. Subsequently examined, but eight out of the fifty-four
eggs were shrunken and dead.

Experiment 25b.—T wo egg-masses under same conditions as in experiment 23, up to
March 27, were then placed in earth, as above. April 14-20 ten hatched. Subse-
quently examined, the rest were found rotten.

Experiment 25c.—The twelve eggs remaining April 9 from experiment 23 were placed
in earth. Five out of the twelve hatched April 20-26. The rest were subsequently
found rotten.

These experiments establish a few facts that were somewhat unex-
pected. The insect is a denizen of the high and arid regions of the
Northwest, and has often been observed to prefer dry and sunny places,
and to avoid wet land, for purposes of ovipositing. The belief that
moisture was prejudicial to the eggs has, for these reasons, very gener-
ally prevailed. The power which they exhibit of retaining vitality, and
of hatching under water or in saturated ground, is, therefore, very re-

EFFECTS OF TRAMPING ON THE EGGS. 361

markable—the more so when viewed in connection with the results
obtained in the succeeding experiments. That the eggs should hatch
after several weeks’ submergence, and that the young insect should even
throw off the post-natal pellicle, was, to us, quite a surprise, and argues
a most wonderful toughness and tenacity. After they had been dried
and soaked for over six weeks, under conditions that approach those of
spring, we found a good proportion of the eggs to contain the full-formed
and living young, which, though somewhat shrunken, and evidently too
weak to have made an exit, were still capable of motion. The water
evidently retards hatching. An examination of the submerged eggs
that remained unhatched long after others had hatched, which had. been
under similar treatment up to a certain time, and then transferred to
earth, showed all the parts to be unusually soft and flaccid. Yet, when
once life has gone, the egg would seem to rot quicker in the water than
in the ground.

The results of experiments 23-25c prove conclusively that water in
winter-time, when subject to be frozen, is still less injurious to the eggs.

Altogether, these experiments give us very little encouragement as
to the use of water as a destructive agent; and we can readily under-
stand how eggs may hatch out, as they have been known to do, in
marshy soil, or soil too wet for the plow; or even from the bottom of
ponds that were overflowed during the winter and spring. While a cer-
tain proportion of the eggs may be destroyed by alternately soaking and
drying the soil at short-repeated intervals, it is next to impossible to do
this in practice during the winter season as effectually as it was done in
the experiments; and the only case in which water can be profitably
used is where the land can be flooded for a few days just at the period
when the bulk of the eggs are hatching.

4, TRAMPING.—In pastures or in fields where hogs, cattle, or horses
can be confined when the ground is not frozen, many if not most of the
locust-eggs will be destroyed by the rooting and tramping.

5. COLLECTING.—The eggs are frequently placed where none of the
above means of destroying them can be employed. In sueh cases
they should be collected and destroyed by the inhabitants, and the
State should offer some inducement in the way of bounty for such col-
lection and destruction. Livery bushel of eggs destroyed is equivalent
to a hundred acres of corn saved, and when we consider the amount of
destruction caused by the young, and that the ground is often known
to bé filled with eggs; that, in other words, the earth is sown with the
seeds of future destruction, it is surprising that more legislation has not
been had, looking to their extermination.

One of the most rapid ways of collecting the eggs, especially where
they are numerous and in light soils, is to slice off about an inch of the
soil by trowel or spade, and then cart the egg-laden earth to some shel-
tered place where it may be allowed to dry, when it may be sieved so as
to separate the eggs and egg-masses from the dirt. The eggs thus col-

-

eee |
|

362 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

lected may easily be destroyed by burying them in deep pits, providing
the ground be packed hard on the surface. In the thickly-settled por-
tions of Europe, where labor is abundant and cheap, this method may
be adopted with some advantage, but it will scarcely be employed in
this country, except as a means of earning a bounty, when, in the more
thickly-settled sections, it will prove beneficial and give employment to
young people and others who have nothing else to do.

DESTRUCTION OF THE YOUNG OR UNFLEDGED LOCUSTS.

It is with some degree of pride that we point to the fact that this part
of the locust problem is solved. The experience of 1877 has added much
to our knowledge of the practical and feasible ways of destroying the
young locusts, and has firmly established the fact which we had pre-
viously maintained, that, with proper means, effort, and co-operation,
the farmer, in the more fertile and settled portions of the country liable
to their injury, may successfully cope with them; that, in short, he can
protect his crops against them with about as little labor and expense as
he must annually employ to protect most of these same crops from weeds.
Farmers themselves were surprised at what could be accomplished by
well-directed, intelligent effort; and it was the almost universal testi-
mony that there need be, in future, no serious fear of the young insects,
even where little effort has previously been made to destroy the eggs.
In the destruction of the young, no methods that will not sweep them
away in wholesale fashion have any value for our western farmers, how-
ever valuable they may be to the owner of a small flower or truck gar-
den. It is for this reason that we have been able to profit so little by
European methods, and have had to invent means suitable to our broad
western fields and the extensive nature of our farming operations. The
best that most European authors can advise is the killing of the insects
with flattened implements or brush; while Gerstiicker and other writers
devote page after page to prove the superiority over other methods of
eatching the insects with hand-nets—a method which, while doubtless
of some. utility in dense German settlements, would prove absolutely
futile on our large and scattered prairie-farms and against the excessive
numbers of the pests which our farmers have to deal with. While,
therefore, we shall mention all available means that have been or may
be employed, we shall devote more especial attention to those which are
useful in a broad and general way in the field.

Experience has shown that the results of any particular measure will
vary in different regions, dependent, to some extent, upon the nature of
the soil, the condition of the crops, and the general characteristics of
indigenous vegetation. Circumstances may also render some particular
measure available and profitable to one farmer where it would be un-
profitable to another. For convenience, the means of accomplishing the
desired result may be classified into: 1. Burning. 2. Crushing. 3.
Trapping. 4. Catching. 5. Use of destructive agents. .

{

BURNING THE YOUNG LOCUSTS. 363

1, BURNING.—-This method is, perhaps, the best in prairie and wheat-
growing regions, which compose the larger part of the area subject to
devastation by this locust. In such regions there is usually more or less
old straw or hay which may be scattered over or around the field in
heaps and windrows, and into which the locusts, for some time after
they hatch, may be driven and burned. During cold or damp weather
they congregate of their own accord under such shelter, when they may
be destroyed by burning, without the necessity of previous driving.
Much has been said for and against the beneficial results of burning the
prairies in the spring. This is chiefly beneficial around cultivated fields
or along the roadsides, from which the locusts may be driven, or from
which they will of themselves pass for the shelter the prairie affords.
Scarcely any eggs are laid in rank prairie, and the general impression
that locusts are slaughtered by myriads in burning extensive areas is an
erroneous one, at least in the Temporary region.

In burning extensive prairies after the bulk of the locusts hatch, the
nests and eggs of many game birds are destroyed; but as the birds
themselves escape destruction on the wing, they may and do return and
nest again, while, on the contrary, many injurious insects, like the
Chinch-bug, for instance, are killed, so that, even leaving the locust
question out of consideration, the burning proves beneficial by extermi-
nating other noxious insects, and has some advantages from an agri-
cultural point of view. |

As locusts disperse more and more from their hatching-grounds into
the prairie as they develop, burning the grass in spring is beneficial in
proportion as it is delayed.

Machines for burning have been used in several localities with con-
siderable success. Mr. J. Hetzel, of Longmont, Colo., has employed a
machine drawn by horses. It is 12 feet long, from 2 to 24 feet wide,
made of iron, and set on runners 4 inches high. An open grate on the
top of the runners is filled with pitch-pine wood, a metal sheet covering
the grate to keep the heat directed downward. The grate is generally
made with a net-work of heavy wire, such as telegraph wire. Twomen
and a team can readily burn from 10 to 12 acres a day, and kill two-
thirds of the insects, but for this it requires a hot fire.

Mr. C. C. Horner gives a more detailed description, in the Colorado
Farmer, of a machine of somewhat similar construction :

It consists of three runners, made of 2 by 4 scantling, 3 feet in length, to be placed 6
feet apart, making the machine 12 feet wide; runners to be bound together by three
flat straps or bars of iron (the base being 12 feet long). Across the top, bars of iron
hold the runners firmly together, and form a frame across which wire can be worked
to make a grate to hold fire. The upper part of the runners should be hollowed out so
that the grate may slide along within two inches of the ground. A sheet-iron arch
should be set over this grate to drive the heat downward. This machine is very light,
and can be worked with one horse. Pitch-wood is best adapted to burning, and can
be chopped the right length and size and left in piles where most convenient when
needed. This machine is intended to be used when the little ’hoppers just make their
appearance along the edge of the grain, going over the ground once cr twice each day,
or as often as necessary to keep them killed off. The scorching does not killthe grain
but makes it a few days later. This is certainly the cheapest, as well as the most
effectual, manner of getting rid of this pest.

364 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Hand-burners, consisting of any form of pan or grate, or wire sieves,

with handle attached, to hold combustible material, will do excellent
service in gardens and small inclosures.

There is another method by which large numbers of locusts can be
burned, consisting merely of a bundle of rags or tow, which, after
being attached to long wire or iron rods and saturated with kerosene,
can be ignited and carried over the field. This method has been quite
satisfactorily used in Colorado. A stout wire, say forty feet long, is
thoroughly enveloped in rags soaked in coal-oil. A small wire is
wound around the rags to keep them in place, and the simple device is
complete. Two men carry this rope, after set ing fire to the rags,
across the field to and fro until the fuel is exhausted, and as it is not
necessary to pass over the same ground more than once or twice, a
large field of grain can be thus protected during the half hour or so that
the rags burn. The effect is that of a miniature prairie fire.

Under this head may be mentioned a machine constructed by Mr.
Kimball C. Attwood, of Syracuse, N. Y. (patent No. 193,105, dated July
17, 1877), for destroying the insects by sulphur fumes. The machine is
too expensive and complicated to come into general use, especially as
it is less effectual than some of the simpler ones. The principle of the
invention consists in attaching to the axle of the machine a light stove,
and connecting the same with a blower or bellows by means of a tube.
Surmounting this tube, and close to the stove, is situated the hopper for
the reception of the destroying compound (sulphur), while the lower
section of the stove is connected with an escape-pipe having attached
thereto a series of flexible tubes, by means of which the fumes of the
compound are carried to the ground. Attached by suitable means to
the rear of the axle is a horizontal bar, to which is secured the apron or
cover designed to prevent the escape of the fumes after being delivered
by the flexible tubes.

Other machines have been constructed, having troughs or wire re-
ceptacles attached, in which the locusts are deposited and ultimately
destroyed by means of sulphur fumes or hot water. Butas these reme-
dies are applied by hand, they will be classed under the head of Catch-
ang, &e.

2. CRUSHING.—To destroy locusts satisfactorily by this means, can
only be advantageously accomplished where the-ground is smooth and
hard. Where the surfacé of the ground presents this character, heavy
rolling can be successfully employed, especially in the mornings and
evenings of the first eight or ten days after the newly-hatched young
have made their appearance, as they are generally sluggish during
those times, and huddle together until after sunrise. It is also advan-
tageously employed during cold weather at any time of day, since the
young when the temperature is low seek shelter under cleds, &c. In
various parts of Europe and Asia, flat, wooden, spade-like implements

are extensively used for crushing young locusts. Large brushes,

CRUSHING THE YOUNG LOCUSTS. 365

weighted down with stone and drawn by horses, were in some instances
used last summer, but with less success than was anticipated.

Several machines, most of them patented, were for the first time used
during the past year to further the crushing of the young, and while
none of them are likely
to take the place of the
more simple methods of
catching, to be presently
described, we neverthe-
less feel that it devolves
upon us to describe some
of them. That repre-
sented in the accompa-
nying illustration was
invented by Mr. George
B. Drum, of Syracuse,
ZZ Nebr. (Patent No. 187,-

258, dated February 13,

Fic, 67.—THE Drum Locust-ckUSHER: Vertical section. 1877). Fig. 67 is @ ver:

tical section on line x. Fig. 68 is a plan view with a part of the top
removed, showing the mechanism. |

To the frout of the principal frame A of the vehicle is attached, by a hinge or mova-
ble joint, a scraper-
frame, B. The front

MED edge of B is carried
as along or near the
Hig See Pe ground for the purpose

of collecting and start-
ing the insects from the
ground. Within the
frame B are two rolls,
B! B', carrying an end-
less apron, B2, of can-
vas or other flexible
material. On B? are
2x secured one or more
strips of wood or metal,
B*, the purpose of these
strips B® being to keep
the canvas straight,
and carry the insects
forward upon theapron,
and prevent their roll-
ing out and escaping,
The rolls B! and apron
B? are driven by a belt

2!

o°]|

6| 4 et
Im — tnt
aD

Win sf

° o|| piel oe from one of the wheels

——— A’ of the vehicle. Upon

p- lie epse oo si Peer the frame A is secured
; eee Ey | a brush, A!, to sweep
= SOE Me, the insects and drive

them toward the rolls

: C,and also to prevent

them from being carried around with the apron B®. Upon the frame A, and imme-
diately in the rear of the brush A!, are placed two or more crushing-rolls, C C, of wood
or metal. These rolls C C run in boxes, connected by the spring ¢ for the purpose of
giving therolls C Ca yielding or elastic pressure upon each other. The rolls C C are
driven by gearing from one of the wheels A? of the vehicle, and in such direction that

Fic. 68.—THE Drum Locust-crRUsHER: Plan view.

366 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the insects passing over the brush are drawn through the rells C C and killed, falling
upon the ground, or if it is desired to collect the insects for any purpose, a bag may be
attached to the frame A, by hooks or otherwise, below the rolls C C. Upon the frame
A are screwed, by means of springs or elastic connections a, two scrapers, A?, of metal
or wood, which, bearing upon the surfaces of the rolls C C,serve to keep them clean
and prevent the insects from being carried around them and clogging the machine.
To the top of the frame A is secured a light frame or top, E, of wood or metal, covered
with the same or with canvas, and having two side-wings, E’ E’, also of canvas. The
side-wings E’ are also secured to the frame of the apron B?, forming with that and with
the top E a hopper of entrance to the rolls C C, of large area, to catch the insects and
prevent their flying over the machine and escaping. The wings E’ are also attached
to the shafts D D, or to the harnesses of the horses, to assist in spreading and enlarg-
ing the area of the hopper. The frame A is carried upon two wheels, A? A®, which have
projections upon their periphery to give them the necessary driving-power required by
the rolls Band C. To each side of the frame A are secured brackets a’, which extend
back and are attached to the cuter end of axles of A® A®. Upon the brackets a’ are
pivoted shafts D, by means of which horses can be harnessed to the vehicle for the pur-
pose of drawing it, the pivots d giving the horses the necessary freedom and independ-
ence of motion, and also allowing the side-wings E’ to be drawn out or spread out by
the action of the horses.

Another is that invented by Mr. Michael H. Simpson, of Boston,
Mass. (Patent No. 198,420, dated December 18, 1877. Fig. 69 repre-_
sents a perspective view of the machine; Fig. 70 a sectional view of the
same as shown in the preceding; and Fig. 71 a sectional view of the
same arranged for the removal of the insects.

1a
BS

SIF
Bes
ott,

a

SEZ

Fic. 69.—THE Smumpson LOcUST-CRUSHER: Perspective view.

The invention consists, as a whole, in a receptacle for insects, composed of a plat-
form adapted to be
drawn or propelled
along the surface of
the ground, and a
flexible hood or cover
located on said plat-
q , form. The receptacle
Fic. 70.—THE Siméson LocustT-cRUSHER: Sectional view. thus formed is adapted
to be opened at its front, and held open by the draught which moves the apparatus, and
to be automatically closed at its front when the apparatus stops ; and the receptacle
is adapted to be opened at its rear for the removal of the insects after they have been

killed by being crushed against the platform. Seat
In the drawings, A represents the grasshopper catcher or receptacle, which is com-
posed of a rigid platform, },
and a flexible hood or cover,
c, located thereon. The
platform 6 is mounted on
trucks dd at its rear side,
ze : and has draught-ropes eé at-
Fic. 71.—THE Suwpson Locust-cRUsHER: Sectional view, when ready tached to its forward side,
to Femaverthoanecees said ropes being adapted for
attachment toa horse. The platform is, preferably, from five to seven feet long, and

MACHINES FOR CRUSHING LOCUSTS. 367

is composed, preferably, of boards, making a tight flocring, and resting on transverse
cleats g g, the forward ends of which are rounded and rest upon the ground. The for-
ward side of the platform is provided with a downwardly-inclined metallic flange or
scoop, h.

The hood or cover ¢ is composed, preferably, of coarse bagging or other textile or
flexible material, and is attached firmly to the ends of the platform, preferably by
means of metallic strips i, which are screwed to the platform, the ends of the cover
being interposed between the platform and the strips 7.

jj represent parallel inclined standards, which are rigidly attached to the front side |
of the platform, and project upwardly and outwardly therefrom, the standards being,
preferably, portions of the strips i, as shown in Fig. 1.

k represents a bar, which is somewhat longer than the platform b, and is adapted to
slide up and down on the standards j, the bar being provided with slots, through
which the standards pass. The forward edge of the hood or cover c is attached in any
suitable manner to the bar k, so as to rise and fall with the latter. The bar kis con-
nected to the draught-ropes e by short ropes e’, which pass through orifices in the upper
ends of the standards 7, and are so arranged that the draught which moves the appa-
jJatus will draw the bar upwardly, so that the receptacle is held open, as shown in
Figs. 1 and 2, while the apparatus is in motion. When the draught ceases and the
apparatus stops, the bar k falls, and thus automatically closes the receptacle, as shown
in Fig.3. I prefer to employ a spring, lJ, to facilitate the descent of the bar k, this
spring being attached at its ends, preferably, to a stationary object near the rear edge
of the platform, and to the underside of the hood or cover near the forward edges
thereof, as shown in Figs. 2 and 3. This spring, however, may not be necessary when
the bar is sufficiently heavy to descend readily by its own weight.

It will be seen from the foregoing that when the apparatus is put in motion the
front of the receptacle is automatically opened, and the grasshoppers or other insects
on the surface of the field over which it is drawn are gathered or ‘‘scooped” into the
receptacle.

I provide the rear side of the receptacle with a rigid frame, m, to which the hood c
is attached. This frame incloses a sheet of fine netting, n, which forms a reticulated
barrier at the rear of the receptacle, and allows the air to pass freely through the re-,
ceptacle when it is in motion, but arrests and prevents the escape of the insects.

Another machine that may be mentioned in this connection is that
invented by Mr. Charles Hoos, of Arago, Nebr. (Patent No. 187,855,
dated February 27, 1877.) In the accompanying illustrations, Fig. 72

eK
eae
D
'D

Fic. 72.—THE Hoos LOCUST-CRUSHER: ini view.
represents a top view of the machine; Fig. 73 is a vertical section of
the same taken through the linex az; and Fig. 74 is aside view. The
fo:lowing detailed description illustrates the construction and working

of the machine:
A are the wheels, one of which revolves upon an axle attached to the frame B, and

368 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the other is rigidly attached to its axle, which revolves in bearings attached to the
frame B. To the frame B is attached the platform C, to the front of which are attached
a number of guards or fingers, D, which are curved upward, and are designed to enable
the machine to pass over obstructions, and to cause the grasshoppers to rise from the
ground and fall upon the platform C.

The platform C is grooved or rabbeted, as shown in Fig. 73, and is made highest in
the center, and declines toward the front and rear, that the grasshoppers may be
crushed against the shoulders of said rabbets or grooves by the cross-bars E, attached
to the endless belts F. The cross-bars E are rounded off upon their forward corners,
so that they may pass over the grooves or rabbets of the platform C. The endless
belts F pass over pulleys G, attached to a shaft, H, the journals of which work in
bearings in the forward parts of the side
boards cf the platform C,and over pulleys
I, attached to a shaft, J. The journals of
the shaft J revolve in bearings in the rear
parts of the side boards of the platform
C,and to one of said journals is attached
‘a gear-wheel, K, the teeth of which mesh
into the teeth of the gear-wheel L, at-
tached to the journal of the roller M.
To the jourual of the roller M is also at-
tached a gear-wheel, N, the teeth of which
mesh into the teeth of the gear-wheel O,
attached to the revolving axle of the
wheel A. The teeth of the gear-wheel
N also mesh into the teeth of the gear-
wheel P, attached to the journal of the Toller Q, placed parallel with the roller M.
The rollers M Q are placed at the rear edge of the platform C, so that any grasshop-
pers that may not be killed by the cross-bars F may be crushed by and between the
rollers M Q.

The journals of the forward roller M revolve in stationary bearings attached to the
frame B, and the journals of the rear roller Q revolve in movable bearings, which are

held forward by springs,
R, so that the said roller
Q may adjust itself ac-
cording to the number
of grasshoppers passing
through the machine.

To the frame B are
attached scrapers S, to
scrape off the crushed
grasshoppers from the
rollers M Q. To one of
the forward corners of
the frame B is hinged the
end of the draw-bar T, to
the forward end of which is hinged the tengue U. The draw-bar T is strengthened
against side draught by the brace V, the forward end of which is attached to the for-
ward part of the said draw-bar T, and its
rear end is attached to the frame B, near
its other forward corner.

To the draw-bar T is attached a lever,
W, which extends back into such a position
that it may be conveniently reached and
operated by the driver from his seat, to
raise and lower the forward edge of the
platform C. The iever W may be secured
aq in place, when adjusted, by catches at-
tached to the frame B, or to the side board
of the platform C. Thedraw-bar T issup-
ported by a small caster-wheel, X, at-
tached to it.

To the other corner of the frame B is
attached a guard-board or shield, Y, to pre-
vent the grasshoppers from eseaping, and
to cause them to fall upon the platform C.
Z is the driver’s seat, the standard of

Fic. 73.—The Hoos Locust-cRUSHER: Vertical
section.

Fic. 74.—Tue Hoos Locust-crRusHER: Side view.

!
|

Wi
iH)

5

———

fase:

p=
q

Fic. 75.—THE HANsBERRY LOCUST-CRUSHER: Top
: view.

which is attached to the frame B, and is
provided with rests for the driver’s feet.

We witnessed the working of a machine invented by Mr. T. K. Hans-

MACHINES FOR CRUSHING LOCUSTS. 369

berry, of Padonia, Kans. (Patent No. 188,359, dated March .13, 1877),
intended to crush the insects by means of movable wooden bars. It

DON

Fic. 76.—THE HANSBERRY CRUSHER: Sectional Fic. 77.—THE HANSBERRY LOCUST-C2USHER:
view. Front view.

does not prove very successful, however, except on 5
'the very smoothest ground. Fig. 75is a top view, Fle ce |
‘when mounted on wheelsorrunners; Fig. 77 repre-
‘sents the front. Fig. 76 is a sectional view of the Fic. 72—THe Hansperry
: CRUSHER: Slide attachment.
machine when on runners, with knives or bars at-
tached; and Fig. 78 shows the slide attached close to the axle to close

the angle formed at the side by the ground and the knives or bars, when
the machine is mounted on wheels.

(om ll 1

The invention consists in the novel construction and arrangement of a system of
knives or bars attached by one end on a pivot or hinge so as to hang at an angle from
a suitable frame, while their opposite ends drag freely on the ground, accommodating
themselves to the inequalities of the surface, and, as the machine moves forward,
crushing and destroying the insects (the frame may be mounted on wheels or on run-
ners, as shown by Fig. 75 in the accompanying drawing) ; also, in the slide or cover,
Fig. 78, used, when the machine is mounted on wheels, to close the angle between tho
axle and the ‘knives or bars laterally, and in other details of construction hereinafter
claimed.

a are the knives or bars, which may be constructed of wood or iron or of any otter
suitable material. Fig. 75, as already stated, shows the machine ready for operation.
A section of the cross-bar i of the frame in front is cut away to show in what manner
the knives or bars may be attached to theframe hh. The dotted lines x x indicate the

‘place of the runners when the machine is to be operated without wheels. The rods
b’ b end with a hook, to which the draughtis applied. To each of these hooks a horse is
to be attached. The animals’ heads are to be separated by a jockey-stick, so as to cause
them to walk a little outside and in front of the line of the wheels or the runner. The
animals will thus be separated from 12 to 15 feet, and even 18 feet, according to the
width of the machine and its consequent destructive capacity. Each horse will be
covered from the back down to the feet on the outside with a canvas cover to be at-
tached to the harness. This canvas will extend to the rear and be connected to the
canvas wings ¢ c, as shown in Fig.77 in the drawing. When the horses are covered in
this manner and attached to the machine as described the insects will be gathered and
forced toward the center between the horses as the machine advances, where they will
be caught and crushed by the knives or bars a, or cut to pieces when these bars are
armed with steel blades at the ends. The hood or dash d, Fig. 76, is placed at the ex-
treme front, above the throat s, after the manner of a dash on a one-horse sleigh, to
catch any insect that might attempt to take wing as the machine moves ferward. In
attempting to riss they will come in contact with the hood or dash and be thrown to
the ground, where they will be destroyed by the advancing knives or bars. The dash
or hood may be made of wood, tin, sheet-iron, or any suitable material—even canvas
may be used. To prevent the escape of the grasshopper laterally or at the side through
the angle or space formed by the bars and the ground when the machine is mounted
on wheels, the slide or cover e, Fig. 78, is employed attached to the axle f with the slo‘ t.
The slide or cover may be jointed, as shown in the figure, or in a single piece. By be-
ing jointed it will have a single motion up and down, thus accommodating and adjust-

ing itself to the inequalities ‘of the ground. The upright parts of the frame h are held
in “position by cross-pieces i, and in front is a cross-beam, k, which support may carry
canvas wings ¢ ¢.

It will be readily understood that when my device is used without wheels it is sup-
ported upon runners or parts f, in which case the slide e is not used, but when used

24 G

370 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

upon wheels m the slide e fills up the space otherwise occupied by the runners h and
prevents the escape of the insect laterally. In the rear of the machine is a pivotal
wheel, n, which supports a portion of che weight of the frame and renders the ma-
chine easily turned in any direction. )

It will be evident that the knives or bars a may be greatly modified or changed in
corstruction without departing from the spirit of my invention, as, for instance, they
might be armed with steel blades at their bearing on the ground to cut up as well as
crush the insects. They might be hinged in groups or in sections. Sufficient weight
may be given to each particular knife or bar by a spring or by loading them. It is be-
lieved they should be pivoted, as this will give the heaviest bearing at the point of
contact on the ground.

As the device is drawn along either on wheels or on runners, as may be most conve-
nient, and according to the particular mode of construction, the insects are gathered
into the space between the horses and between the runners h or the slide e, where they
are crushed end destroyed by the knives cr bais a, the knives or bars also aceommo-
dating themselves to the configuration of the ground, easily passing over obstructions,
and rendering it almost impossible for the insect to escape destruction. The knivesor
bars a are held in place by a rod, g, passin,: through a hole in the ends of each, the
rod passing through the sides of the frame h h, in which it is secured by means of suit-
able fastening.

Mr. Elisha Kenworthy, of Walnut, Iowa, has invented a machine
(Patent No. 186,970, dated December 5, 1876),
which can be oe
placed under
\ this class of
‘5 machines.

Bie. 79 pre-
Fic. 79.—THE KENWORTHY LOCUST-

SAG eee ee ea

sents a verti-

MACHINE: Vertical section. cal section of
theinvention and Fig.80 a plan view of the
same. The following description will ex- aii
plain the parts and operation (Figs. 79, 80): HM AUMEEE

a represents a suitable trough, made of any de- I
sired length, width, or material, and which has a ca
number of slots made across its bottom. This F!¢. §0.—THE KENWortHy LocusT-ma-
trough is designed to be placed across the front of CEOS a ee
the reaper platform, so as to be in line with the pitman, and which has a supporting-
wheel, c, on its outer end, to enable it to run smoothly over the ground. Working
back and forth in this trough, operated by the pitman, is the sickle-bar d, which
likewise has a number of sluts or holes through it, but wider than the slots in the
bottom of the trough. This sickle may be made of one single piece or two hori-
zontal pieces, and have cross-bars secured to them, the cross-pieces being beveled
on their under sides, and the sides of the slots in the bottom being similarly bev-
eled on their under edges. The rear side of the trough is higher than the front, is
inclined backward, covered with sheet-metal, and has hinged to it the inclined plat-
form e, which is also covered with sheet-metal, so as to cause the grasshoppers to slide
down into the trough. This platform is beld in position by the spring-rod g, which
has its rear end fastened to the top of the brace h, which brace is fastened to the plat-
form or some other support. The spring is used to impart a vibratory motion to the
platform as the machive is drawn along, so as to shake the hoppers down as fast as
they light upon its front. As rapidly as the hoppers fall into the trough they are
crushed to death by the rapid reciprocations of the sickle, and then forced out of the
bottom of the trough through the openings.

In using my device the cutter-bar or blade is disconnected from its pitman, so that
it will no longer operate when the machine is in motion, and then my device, as above
described, is placed upon the front edge of the platform, secured in position, and its
sickle-bar connected to the pitman. When the mowing or reaping machine is drewn
over the ground the motion of the machive causes the bar d to reciprocate back and
forth and kill the insects as fast as they fall into the trough.

Numerous communications upon this subject have been received, some
of which, if not all, are or may have been successful on a small seale.
Others, if carried out, and the contrivances built and given a fair ‘trial,
might be of especial benefit.

MACHINES FOR CRUSHING LOCUSTS. Sa

Mr. J. C. Melcher, of O’Quinn, Texas, constructed one which he de-
Scribes as follows:

It is constructed on the hand-lawnmower style, mounted on light wheels, a disturb-
ing rim 8 or 10 feet long, passing low over the ground to stir the hoppers up. Just
behind the disturber are two sheet-metal rollers, one of which drives an endless band.
As soon as the *hoppers jump over the disturber, the band catches them and crushes
them between the rollers. The rollers, being of sheet-iron, are elastic enough to
press uniformly at any given point. A rack of wire web or cloth ascends over the top
of the machine to prevent the hoppers from escaping. It is operated by two men
pushing the machine before them.

Mr. John Wise, of Nebo, Platt County, Nebraska, says (in a letter
dated May 26, 1877) a good machine can readily be made by having
“ two revolving rollers mounted on wheels, the rollers to be four or six
inches above ground, so arranged, if need be, to be adjusted either
higher or lower, the upper to revolve on the top of the lower,” &c. To
a contrivance of this sort handles could be attached for pushing; and
with the addition of a frame covered with cloth or muslin projecting for-
ward and outward.

In addition to the preceding contrivances for crushing locusts is one
invented by Mr. F. Peteler, of Minneapolis, Minn.

Fig. 81 represents a front view, and Fig. 82 a side view, of the same
machine.

In a communication from the inventor, dated June 8, 1877, the follow-
ing description is given: The machine is intended to be drawn by
horses, the drawing representing one to.be drawn by ateam. ‘ The
frame is mounted upon two wheels. ‘the front is a sheet-iron platform,
over which revolves an elevator made of slats, which carry the locusts
into boxes, where they pass between rollers, are crushed, and fall to the
ground. The sides and top or back are. wire screws, the whole forming
a scoop 16 feet long (on the bottom 19 feet),8 feet high, the top. of
which can be lowered or raised according to the height of the grain or
grass.”

We annex a more detailed description :

AA, driving-wheels; B, guiding-wheel; D, setting-lever; d, retaining-post; G,
endless carrier; Hh, gearing for elevator and crushing-shaft; I, crushing-rollers ;
L, set-screw to spiral spring; l, spiral spring to press rollers together when neces-
sary; N, slats on endless chain with sheet-iron projections to hold the locusts; M,
drag-chain (or strips of light wood) to stir the locusts.

Mr. Peteler believes that, with a single horse machine, 40 or 50 acres
can be gone over in a single day, and by changing horses more can be
done; but we, unfortunately, had no opportunity to test the practical
working of the machine, as, by the time it was perfected, simpler and
satisfactory methods were extensively being employed in Minnesota, and
the inventor did not feel encouraged to manufacture his machine. In-
deed, its expense is too great to warrant its manufacture, except to
order by clubs of farmers. To use Mr. Peteler’s own words: ‘This
machine is intended for local or State authorities to use on uncultivated
lands adjoining farms and unsettled prairies, in order to destroy the
insects during the entire season; for that purpose there should be

3(2 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

*MOTA JOON * ANIHOV], ONINSNYUO-LSNOOT UWITLaAg WH E—"1[8 ‘Oly

AAT

Sil

MACHINES FOR CRUSHING LOCUSTS. ote

proper organization, with camp outfit, Ge., to follow up the swarms,
loading the machines on wagons, and battle with the ’hoppers morning
and evening, when they are comparatively sluggish. These machines
are not designed as temporary contrivances, believing that we shall
have the scourge several seasons in some parts of the State, and they
should be made strong and durable.” Instead of paying bounties from
the State treasury for the locusts, Mr. Peteler would have the State aid
the farmers by investing in these machines. ‘“ Fifty thousand dollars
advanced to farmers will place, at $40 each, 1,250 one-horse machines

LIK?

LEY,

4,
aie,

Fic. 82.—THE PETELER MACHINE: Side view.

in their hands to keep their grain-fields clear. If they use them only 60
days during the season, and go over only 40 acres per day, destroying
but one-half bushel per acre (frequently they would destroy 8 to 10
bushels per acre), they would send 25,000 bushels daily, or 1,500,000 in
60 days, where bad ’hoppers go. That money would be returned to
the State in four to six months by the farmers, provided the State and
local authorities will do their duty by destroying the pests on unculti-
vated lands.”

Under this head we may mention the curious suction-fanning machine
invented by Mr. J. A. King, of Boulder, Colo., and one of which, pur-
chased by Mr. T. C. Henry, of Abilene, Kans., we had the opportunity
to fully test. It consists of two large tin tubes (Fig. 83, A A), about 8
inches in diameter, with flattened, expanded, and lipped mouth-pieces
(B) running near the ground. This horizontal opening or mouth is about
7 feet long. The tubes connect at the upper extremity with a chamber

374 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

(C), in which is a revolving fan which makes about 1,200 revolutions
per minute. The tubes and fan, with the gearing, are placed in a frame

Fic. 83.—THE KING SUCTION-MACHINE: Front view.

The air-current made by the revolving fan creates a suction at the
mouth, which draws the insects up the tubes and into the chamber.
They are then thrown by the fan upon a wire screen, and from thence
drop into a kind of hopper which conducts them to a bag. The wire
screen rapidly chokes up and must be frequently cleaned. Most of the
locusts are crushed and mangled by the rapidly revolving fan, so that
the screen may be removed entirely and the locusts thrown out behind.
This allows a freer draught and causes a greater suction. This machine
can be made for about $50, and it works well on smooth ground orin a
wheat-field while the wheat is yet short. Itis somewhat difficult to keep
the lips close enough to the ground. The principle of the machine is a
good one, and we see no reason why some cheaper modification of it
should not be quite generally used early in the season, especially in
Colorado, where there is so much hard, smooth ground around the cul-
tivated fields. The lips might be protected and rendered less liable to
bend and get out of order by moving on runners made to extend some
distance in front.

Finally, a machine which we saw in Colorado, and which was put up
by J.S. Flory, of Greeley, Colo., is worthy of mention in this connection;
for, while if may be used with coal-tar, it is essentially a catching and
crushing machine. The Colorado Sun thas speaks of it:

The main feature of this invention is a revolving platform of beavy canvas or wire-
cloth which runs between two herizontal rollers. Long arms reach forward, which

}

MACHINES FOR CRUSHING LOCUSTS. 315

A

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376 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

support a revolving reel; from these arms downward extend sheet-iron sides, over the
top a canvas covering; all so constructed as to form a large wide mouth, into which
the ’hoppers are driven by the arms of the revolving reel and carried between the two
rollers and crushed. Horizontal strips running along the rollers serve to keep the
rollers and platform clear of the crushed grasshoppers. The whole machine is sup-
ported on two main wheels about the middle, and two smaller ones in front. Extend-
ing back is a frame or cross-bar, to which one or two horses may be hitched to push
the machine forward, or it may be operated by hand. The front of the platform runs
close to the ground, and by bearing down at the rear by the driver, it can easily be
lifted over any obstruction that may be in the way. The machine can be raised or
lowered in front to suit the crop over which it is run.

‘ — ———

———— = = — = ——

Fic. 85.—THE FLORY LOCUST-MACHINE: Front view, in operation.

This invention will destroy the grasshoppers without the necessity and expense of
using vil or tar. The patent, we understand, also covers the combinations of a recep
tacle immediately under the rollers, into which the grasshoppers are carried, and into

a

Fic. 86.—THE FLory LOCUST-MACHINE: Side view of frame.

which, if need be, water and oil may be kept, and also a long narrow hopper (just
over the rollers), into which coal-tar may be put and allowed to run through on to the

METHODS OF TRAPPING LOCUSTS. 3U7
platform, thus making it a self-tarring machine. Either of these combined methods of
destroying the ’hoppers may be used as the farmer may choose. The machine is so
simple in construction that any ordinary workman can put them up at a compara-
tively small price. The machine may be made of any size desired, from a small hand-
machine to one a rod or more in width.

Fig. 85 represents a front view of this machine when in operation, and
Fig. 86 a side view of the frame, of which Messrs. Flory & Co., the
manufacturers, send us the following description :

The rollers B and C! are 8 feet between the side-pieces. The roller B, forming the
axle, is about 16 inches longer than the other. The wheels are 24 inches in diameter,
4 inches thick, made of pieces of 2-inch lumber. Front roller, C, 8 feet between side-

ieces, 4 inches in diameter. Front wheels 10 inches in diameter, so set as to let the

ront roller and platform run within a few inches of the ground. Front wheels should
be on movable axles, so as to raise or lower the machine. The platform is made of
heavy ducking, endless, and revolves between the two rollers Band C!. A head-block
and key at each end is used to drive the roller C! up tight against the axle B. Side-
pieces are made of scantling 2 by 6,7 feet in front,9 feet in rear of axle. Arms,G G,
2 by 2,so arranged as to raise or lower the cover, P. Cross-piece in front of roller C
(diagram 2), set so close as to serve as a cleaner to the platform, also protects the plat-
form from rocks, &c. A short apron is attached to this piece extending to the ground.
(If necessary, a cleaner-strip may be placed immediately under roller C! (diagram 2).)
W are canvas wings, extending forward and outward at an angle for the purpose of
driving the grasshoppers in from either side, and, as the machine advances, they jump
on to the movable platform and are carried into the rollers B and C! (diagram 2), and
crushed. X X are iron rods hanging by ropes from the end of front cross-pieceT. V V
are wires extending from end of iron rods to cross-piece T. To the iron rods and wire
the canvas sides are sewed. An apron of canvas hangs from the iron rods X X to
sweep the ground. Over the top to the pieces C C a canvas cover is placed, tacked on,
extending back to the cross-piece F. The sides are also closed up with canvas.

_ 3. TRAPPING.—This can easily be accomplished, especially when the
locusts are making their way from roads and hedges. The use of nets
or seines, or long strips of muslin, calico, or similar materials, con-
verging after the manner of quail-nets, have proved very satisfactory.
By digging pits or holes three or four feet deep, and then staking the
two wings so that they converge toward them, large numbers may be
secured in this way after the dew is off the ground, or they may be
headed off when marching in a given direction. Much good can be ac-
complished by changing the position of the trap while the locusts are
yet small and congregate in isolated or particular patches.

Mr. A. N. Moyer, of Wyandotte, Kans., writes March 22, 1877:

A street or an alley will cause the locusts to vary a few points from their line of march.
So, when approaching the banks of a river, before being able to fly, they will follow the
banks seemingly in search of a bridge. At Independence, Mo., they came into town and
were led to the public square, which is surrounded by a wall of dressed stone; several
wagon-loads were removed in one day. Now, in aiming to capture and destroy them
when they are on the march, suppose a portable fence lined with tin or some smooth
material be used and placed in the form of a V with an opening at the apex and there
a receptacle for them be placed or dug, I think immense quantities could be corralled
in a day with very little labor. I have worked on that plan somewhat and know
whereof Ispeak. Then, to assist them, let two men, holding opposite ends of a long
piece of canvas or any light material which will bear along stretch, surround and
steadily ran them into the portable pits.

378 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION

A second fact concerning their habits can be utilized. At night, if cool, or at the ap-’
proach of a shower, they run for shelter; trees always preferred. If on every acre or
every five acres a cistern could be dug and some branches placed high above it or a
tree placed as if in the center, immense quantities could becaught. I have seen many
bushels massed at the foot of a large elm, between the cavities formed by its great roots;
they were a writhing mass a foot in depth.

Mr. F. M. Dougan, of Mount Pleasant, Kans., has met with consider-
able success with the following mode of ditching:

Dig a pit 3 feet deep and from 2 to 7 feet wide, then make a ditch 2 or 3 feet broad
and about 2 feet deep, running from the pit toward the point from which the locusts
are making their appearance. To gather a broad army of insects, take a plow and run
furrows diagonally from the ditch, which must afterward have all loose earth removed
withspades. In this way the insects are brought together toward the ditch and finally
into the pit. "

Ditching and trenching properly come under this head; and both plans
are very effectual in protecting crops against the inroads of traveling
schools of the insects. They were found especially advantageous in
much of the ravaged country in 1875, where there was little or no hay
or straw to burn. They are the best available means when the crops
are advanced, and when most of the other destructive methods so advis-
able early in the season can no longer be effectually used. Simple
ditches, two feet wide and two feet deep, with perpendicular sides, offer
effectual barriers to the young insects. They must, however, be kept
in order, so that the sides next the fields to be protected are not allowed
to wash out or become too hard. They may be kept friable by a brush
or rake.

‘‘The young locusts tumble into such a ditch and accumulate and die
at the bottom in large quantities. In a few days the stencb becomes
great, and necessitates the covering up of the mass. In order to keep
the main ditch open, therefore, it is best to dig pits or deeper side
ditches at short intervals, in which the locusts will accumulate and
may be buried. If a trench is made around a field about hatching-
time, but few locusts will get into that field until they acquire wings,
and by that time the principal danger is over, and the insects are fast
disappearing. If any should hatch within the inclosure, they are easily
driven into the ditches dug in different parts of the field. The direction
of the apprehended approach of the insects being known from their
hatching locality, ditching one or two sides next to such locality is gen-
erally sufficient, and when farmers join they can construct a long ditch
which will protect many farms. * * * Where the soil is tenacious
and water can be letinto the ditches so as to cover the bottom, they may
be made shallower and still be effectual. The width and depth of the
ditch is important, and as experience differed somewhat, I have been at
pains to get the experience of a large number of correspondents ad-
dressed by circular. Many have successfully used ditches 2 feet deep
and 18 inches wide; a few have made them only 18 inches by 18 inches.
Those who have used water found 12 inches by 15 inches sufficient,
while the larger number used a ditch such as I have recommended, viz,

DITCHING TO TRAP LOCUSTS. 379

2 feet deep by 2 feet wide, with perpendicular sides. Having been the
first to recommend proper ditching in this country, I have felt particular
interest in its results, and have been in no small degree amused at the
fault found with my recommendation by those who, aoe slovenly,
made ditches or other causes, have not been successful in this mode of
warfare. It is less effectual against the newly-hatched young, which
more easily crawl up a perpendicular bank than the larger ones, and its
efficacy will vary with the nature of the soil and other circumstances ;
for, in proportion as the soil is loose, and the ditches hence apt to fill up
by the action of strong winds, or in proportion as strong winds carry
the insects over, ditching will necessarily fail.”

‘Those who, from theory rather than trom experience, are skeptical
about the efficacy of ditching, urge that the locust, especially in the
pupa state, can hop more than two feet. In truth, however, whether
when traveling in a given direction of their own accord, or when being
driven or disturbed, they very seldom leap that distance, as all who
have had experience well know. That, on a pinch, the pupa can leap
even farther, is true; but the fact remains that in practice Caloptenus
spretus seldom does. So the Chinch-bug, though capable of flight, will
yet tumble into a ditch by myriads rather than use its wings. Even
the larger winged Acridia and Gidipode tumble into such a ditch, and
seldom get out again. I would remark in this connection, also, that a
ditch three feet wide, unless correspondingly deep, will be more apt to
permit the insects to escape, when once in, than a narrower one. In
hopping, the more perpendicular the direction the insects must take,
the shorter will be the distance reached.

“The efficacy of the ditch depends not so much on the inability of
the young locusts to jump or scale it, as on their tendency not to do so.
In the bottom of the ditch they soon become demoralized, crippled, and
enfeebled by constant effort, and the trampling and crowding upon one
another.”

From the numerous instances that have come io our knowledge, we
give the following to illustrate the benefits derived from proper ditch-
ing: Just back of the fair-grounds at Kansas City, Mo., Mr. F. D.
Adkins had about three acres in vegetables in 1875. The locusts hatched
iu large numbers ali around the city, but were especially abundant in
the immediate vicinity of this truck-garden, and seemed bent upon its
destruction. Mr. Adkins, remembering his experience with the same
plague in 1867, began active operations in ditching for their destruction
in 1570; and thovgh the country for miles around was laid waste, yet
this little three-acre field was untouched—a perfect oasis in the desert,
at once. giving pleasure to the eye, and speaking eloquently of what
may be accomplished by a little judgment and perseverance.

Of the experiences in 1877 as to the efficacy of ditches, the following
are some of the more valuable:

Yours of June 27 was duly received, and, in answer, would say, that up to the pres-
eut our “’hopper-ditches” have proved entirely successful, or, at least, to my full

380 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

satisfaction, to wit: We have probably not lost to exceed one acre out of seventy-five
planted, including corn, wheat, rye, oats, and potatoes or vegetables, among which
we had planted peas, beans, beets, lettuce, onions, squashes, melons, &e. Our ’hop-
pers have been gone now ten or more days, but we are in constant fear that they will
drop down upon us every day, but if they do not we shall have a full crop, so far as
*hoppers are concerned.

Inclosed please find a rough pen-sketch of my farm and surrounding country, showing
the water and ’hopper ditches, also the different crops on the place and those of my
neighbors, L. J. Apply, A. J. Gillman, and W. D. Cole, who cut ditches around what
little wheat they have left unharmed after they saw that my ditches were proving
successful, and I am happy to state that they have likewise been as successful as my-
self, so far as they took advantage of the ’hoppers, but they did not commence until
these had eaten in some distance from the edge of their grain; consequently they were
compelled to cut through their grain to head them off.

I first had a ditch cut all around the outside of my place, commencing on the
northwest corner and finishing on the southwest corner, at the slough; then I
had ditches cut around the garden, truck-patch, and wheat, to protect those from
the *hoppers hatched on the farm. My ditches were from one and a half to two feet
wide, and about as deep as wide, with perpendicular banks or sides, and two post-
holes side by side across the bottom of the ditch (with seven-inch post-auger bits) two
feet in depth, about once every ro@, at first, and afterward, in places where large
swarms or herds attacked us, as often, sometimes, as every four feet. ‘

Up to the time of the development of the ’hoppers’ wirgs a less number of pits or
trap-holes will do, but after that time it is very necessary to have the sink-holes near
together, as the ’hoppers will travel but a short distance in the bottom of the ditch
before they will attempt to climb the sides unless precipitated into a pit-hole, conse-
quently the sink-holes are the most important part of the warfare, the ditch acting as
a kind of run-way to the trap or sink-holes. As to the cost of the ditch it must be
born in mind that our land is a light sandy loam, and consequently very easy digging,
and I was fortunate in hiring most of my laborers rather cheaply, from 75 cents to $1
per day and board, and the hands cut from 15 to 20 ruds per day each, making an
average of 174 rods per day; but I think they were extra good laborers.

After the ditch was complete, and with sink-holes about one to every rod, I employed
a good, responsible laborer for a month to keep the ditch in order and bore new sink-
holes as often as the others were filled with ’hoppers, always putting some earth in the
holes containing the ’hoppers, covering them to prevent their escape and the disagree-
able odor from decomposition. And let me here remark that, while this last laborer
made an average of two hundred and thirty sink-holes per day, two feet deep, he was
at times unable to furnish sink-hcles as fast as they were filled with ’hoppers, so that
every few days I was obliged to furnish an extra hand to assist in making sink-holes.

In regard to the number of bushels of ’hoppers caught, it is difficult to determine,
as a part of the holes would be filled full, and others probably not more than three-
fourths full. Each hole, if full, would contain at least half a bushel of ’hoppers, if
alive, and I think more rather than less.

The hatching-grounds were all about us, the ground being literally filled with eggs
almost everywhere around us, as well as on the farm, 20 acres of which was breaking.
I am quite certain that all the ’hoppers hatched on my farm were in the ditch before
they were two weeks old, respectively; and had all of my neighbors commenced ditch-
ing as thoroughly as we did and as early in the season (I commenced about the middle
of April), lam quite sure we would have had a good crop ail about the country and
with not more than half the labor that it was to us after the ditch was dug; besides
we would have had but very few, if any, ’hoppers to take wings and fly away.

I have demonstrated to my mind that a ditch cut around 160 acres of land before
hatching time, supplied with only a limited number of sink-holes, will catch all the
*hoppers hatched on said land, besides mapvy from the outside, before they are more

PROTECTION BY BARRIERS: COAL-OIL. 381

than two weeks old, respectively. ’Hoppers are very uneasy when young, and almost
constantly on the move when the weather is fair, and will, as a consequence, reach the
ditch at some point soon after they are hatched out. We had but little or no trouble
to take care of the hoppers until after they were more than half grown and had
traveled two or three miles and had collected in large droves; then they came in such
numbers that it was sometimes difficult to take care of them. But if my neighbors
had provided ditches but a small number of those would have ever reached us.

The number of rods of ’hopper-ditch cut on my farm is between 650 and 700 rods, at
a cost not to exceed $1 per acre of the entire farm of 120 acres.

Through low, wet places, where ditches are impracticable, stock-boards can be set up
edgewise and use common fence-boards for caps (thus: T), breaking the joints of the
stock-boards with the center of the fence-boards, to prevent the stocik-boards from
falling over.

There were times after the weather became warm when, in passing along the ditch,
it would remind one of a hive of honey-bees swarming, from the buzzing no serof the
‘‘bluebottle” flies, busy among the dead and dying ’hoppers in the sink-holes, anc
sometimes the stench was so great from decomposing ’hoppers that it was sickening to
pass along to the windward of the ditch.—[J. C. Curryer, Saint James, Minn., July 12,
1877.

But people are everywhere coming back to the realization of the fact that the ditch
is the best thing of all. At Clearwater they began ait least a week earlier than at
Monticello, and all turned to ditching with a prospect of saving half a crop.—[Mr.
Allen Whitman, June 16, 1877.

Ditching is the most effectual way of fighting the young, but is too expensive in a
new country where many poor men have to fight single-handed.—[J. G. McGrue,
Audubon, Becker County, Minn., November 5, 1877.

Farmers living at Brushy Bend dug a ditch over half a mile long, on the north side
of afarm. At the bottom of the trench they made holes about five feet apart, making
about four hundred and eighty holes in all. Each of these holes will hold about a
bushel, and the “hoppers traveling south from the sand-ridges will fill them quite full
in one day. This would seem incredible, but nevertheless that one ditch is destroying
about four hundred and eighty bushels of ’hoppers per day.—[ Nebraska Eagle.

They can be fought, and fought successfully. Pans with kerosene or coal-tar may
be economically used. But ditching is the thing; yes, the very thing. This season,
in this county, hundreds of bushels have been destroyed by this method; whole farms,
reaching hundreds of acres, have been perfectly protected. One of our citizens has
taken over one hundred bushels, and this at a time when the insects were not one-
third grown.—[A. H. Gleason, Little Sioux, Iowa, June, 1877.

From what I have seen, I believe that on the smooth, open prairie, where ditching
is properly done, it is one of the best means of protection against the youug ’hop-
pers.—[J. I. Sal'er, Saint Cloud, Minn., June, 1877.

Ditching has Leen resorted to and proved satisfactory. Nature of soil, sandy loam;
depth of ditch, eighteen inches; width of ditch, two feet.—[Thomas Nixon, Argyle,
Sumner County, Kans., June 5, 1877.

Protection by barriers.—Where ditches are not easily made, and where
lumber is plentiful, a board fence two feet high and with 3-inch batten
nailed to top on side from which the locusts are coming, the edge of it
smeared with coal-tar, wi'l answer as an effectual barrier, and prove
useful to protect fields or gardens.

Coal-oil_—The use of coal-oil and coal-tar may best be considered in
this connection, as both substances are employed in various ways for

| trapping and destroying the insects. As we shall presently see, in con-

382 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

sidering the different available destructive agents, coal-oil is the very
best and cheapest that can be used against the locusts. It may be used
in any of its cruder forms, and various contrivances have been employed
to facilitate its practical application. The main idea embodied in these
contrivances is that of a shallow receptacle of any convenient size (vary-
ing from about 3 feet square to about 8 or 10 by 2 or 3 feet), provided
with high back and sides, either mounted upon wheels or runners, or
carried (by means of suitable handles or supporting-rods) by hand. If
the ‘* pan” is larger than, say, 3 feet square, it is provided with trans-
verse partitions which serve to prevent any slopping of the contents
(in case water and oil are used), when the device is subjected to any sud-
den irregular motion, such as tipping, or in case of a wheeled pan, when
it passes over uneven ground. The wheeled pan is pushed like a wheel-
barrow ; the hand-worked pan is carried by long handles at its ends.
On pushing or carrying, as the case may be, these pans, supplied with
oil, over the infested fields, and manipulating the shafts or handles so
as to elevate or depress the front edge of the pan as may be desired, the
locusts are startled from their places and spring into the tar or oil, when
they are either entangled by the tar and die slowly, or, coming in con-
tact with the more active portion of the oil expire almost immediately.
In Colorado they use it to good advantage on the water in their irrigat-
ing-ditches, and it may be used anywhere in pans or in saturated cloths,
stretched on frames, Grawn over the field. The method of using it on
the irrigating-ditches in Colorado is thus reported by Prof. R. L. Pack-
ard: ‘*It consists essentially in pouring, or, better, dropping coal-tar or
coal-oil on the running water with which the irrigating ditches are sup-
plied. ‘The method of supplying these ditches with oil is very simple.
it is only necessary to sprinkle a few drops of coal-tar on the stream,
when the oils contained in the tar are diffused over the surface of the
water, and coming in contact with the insects (no matter how many),
cause their speedy death. The toxic power of coal-oil upon the insects
is very remarkable; a single drop of it fioating on the water is capable
of causing the death of a large number of insects. A simple and in-
genious mode of keeping up a constant supply of the tar to a ditch 1
saw exemplified upon the farm of Mr. Arnett. A three-quart can is
perforated on the side close to the bottom, a chip loosely fitting the
aperture is inserted therein, and the can is then immersed (by a weight
if necessary) in the ditch. Three quarts or less of tar, trickling out
drop by drop from this slight vent, are sufficient to keep a great length
of ditch supplied with coal-oil for thirty-six hours. The precise extent
of ditch which may thus be rendered toxic to the locusts cannot, of
course, be exactly stated. It is in fact quite indefinite, for the reason
that the quantity of oil necessary to kill one of the insects is almost in-
finitesimal, and for the further reason that a single drop of oil will cover
- quite a large surface when dropped on water, so that taking these two
tacts together, it is easy to see that a very small quantity of tar or oil

ee

PANS FOR USE OF COAL-OIL. 383

will serve to guard by means of ditches a large tract of territory from
the ravages of the young (unwinged) locusts.”

The pans that were used in Kansas and Iowa, but principally in the
former State, were of very simple construction and very effectual. We
give the descriptions of them as they first appeared in Mr. Niley’s
Locust Plague in the United States: :

*¢ A good and cheap pan is made of ordinary sheet-iron, 8 feet long,
11 inches wide at the bottom, and turned up afoot high at the back and
an inch high at the front. A runner at each end, extending some dis-
tance behind, and a cord attached to each front corner, complete the

pan, at a cost of about $1.50. (Fig. 87.)

Fic. 87.—SMALL COAL-OIL PAN.

‘“We have known from seven to ten bushels of young locusts caught
with one such pan in an afternoon. It is easily pulled by two boys, and
by running several together in a row, one boy to each outer rope, and
one to each contiguous pair, the best work is performed with the least
labor. Longer pans, to be drawn by horses, should have transverse
partitions (Fig. 88) to avoid spilling the liquid; also more runners.

Fic. &8.—LARGE COAL-OIL PAN.

The oil may be used alone so as to just cover the bottom, or on the sur-
face of water, and the insects strained through awire ladle. When
the insects are very small, gne may economize in kerosene by lining the
pan with saturated cloth; but this becomes less efficient afterward, and
frames of cloth saturated with oil do not equal the pans. Where oil has

384 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

been scarce, some persons have substituted concentrated lye, but when
used strong enough to kill, it costs about as much as the oii. The oil-
pans can be used only when the crops to be protected are small.

‘Small pans for oil, attached to an obliquing pole or handle, do excel-
lent service in gardens.” |

Mr. A. A. Price, of Rutland, Humboldt County, Iowa, sends the Com-
mission the following description of a coal-oil pan to be drawn on run-
ners, and which was used with much success in Northwestern Iowa:

Take a common board from 12 to 16 feet in length for the foundation or bed-piece.
Make a tin trough 4 inches deep, 6 inches wide, and as long as required. Divide the
trough into partitions by means of strips of tin, so that each partition is a foot long,
thus avoiding the spilling of oil. Back of this place a strip of tin 16 inches wide and
as long as the trough. The back must be firmly secured by brac+s running down to
the front edge of the board. Under all this place three wooden runners 3 feet long
and shod with iron for the trough torideon. Fill the pan half full of water and then
add 4 small quantity of kerosene, sufficient to cover the water. A horse may be hitched
to the machine by fastening a rope to the outside runners. * * * The lightness of
the machine will allow its being used on any crops. z ia - ee a

A machine of this sort was patented by Mr. Lorenzo B. Canfield, of
Syracuse, Nebr. (Pat-
ent No. 187,509,dated

A ge ies February 20, 1877).
~ S 2 | : The following de-
Nee 7 (I fe4 : s scription and figures
will serve to illus-
trate his pan more
i) fully. Fig. 89 repre-
y ~~~x sents a perspective

Fic. 89.—THE CANFIELD Locust Pa’: Perspective view. view; Fig.90 a longi-

tudinal sectional view on the line x in the preceding.

Referring to the parts by let-
ters, letters A represent the pans,
made of zinc, tin, or any light
suitable material, and of any
+2 suitable size and depth adapted
Hee BS WTP SW Moat i” to the method of propulsion.
a es es ee For carrying by hand I have
Bn pies Gio eee fas = found aaa to 3 feet long, 2°
feet wide, and 3 to 4 inches deep
a very good size. The sides of the pans may all be perpendicular to the bottom, except
the front side, which should be a little inclined, as shown at Figs. 1 and 3, to facilitate
passing over grass, oats, wheat, and vegetation similar in size. The pans A are placed
in a row, close to each other, and united by bottom straps B, to which ghey are secured
by rivets D.

C is a truss, its ends secured to the extreme ends and bottom of the two oater pans
A, and its central part secured upon the upper eud of a king-post,c. D Dare handles,
one at cach end of the series of pans. E is an upwardly-extended back for the pans,
and is formed by simply extending the backs of the pans themselves upward, or by
attaching a light cloth back to standards e.

It will be evident that the series of pans may be extended to any desired length, or
that a single pan may be used short enough to sustain its own weight, or made longer
and braced, as described, and divided transversely by walls into compartments, which
will prevent the oil running all to one end of the device when such end is lower than
the other.

In operation the device is carried by the handles D, with the pans near to the
ground, and as it is advanced the insects jump up and are received in the advancing
pan, or, striking the back E, fall into the petroleum, of which there is one-half inch or
more in depth in the pans, where they die, or, jumping therefrom, die on the ground.

Fig. 90.—CANFIELD PAN: Longitudinal section.

PANS FOR THE USE OF COAL-OIL. 385

This pan was sold in the West at an exorbitant price, $4 being
charged for royalty. Wherever we had an opportunity we advised
farmers not to use it, but to construct others such as we have already
described, and every bit as good, at far less expense. The principle
cannot be patented, for since 1875 similar coal-oil pans, virtual out-
erowths of the canvas frames originally employed for the same purpose,
have been ‘“* known and used” in Colorado. This fact is sufficient in law
to defeat any patent right based upon any application for a patent
subsequent to such knowledge and use.

The essential features in all the contrivances are, in fact, l. A plat-

_ form that runs on the ground, on runners or wheels; 2. A canopy at

right angles with it; 3. A reservoir at the junction to contain the liquid,
Another pan, of which we give a sketch (Fig.91),was made by Mr. James

i) | |

il

i

")
tN

IN
|

| =
7 = SS

Fic. 91.—THE ADAMS LOCUST-PAN.

Adams of Abilene, Kans. It is 10 feet long, 2 feet wide ; back (a) 1 foot
high ; front (b) about 2 inches high at the inner edge; ends (c) 2 feet
high. The front is made of a board 6 inches wide, leaning inward at
an angle of about 45°. A cloth screen is placed on the back part, which
prevents the reel from knocking the locusts back over the pan.

The whole is made of pine, and costs $8 or $10. The pan is painted
within with asphaltum paint, which renders it impervious to water or
oil. The pan rests in front upon runners, to which ropes are attached
for drawing, and on wheels behind which carry belts to turn the reel.

The reel revolves just in front of the pan, causing the locusts to hop,
25 G

086 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

and then knocking them into the pan. <A brush of cloth is sometimcs
fastened to one arm of the reel to brush.into the pan any locusts that
may be on the front piece. Several of these pans were used about Abi-
lene, and did good work.

A contrivance shown in Fig. 92 was constructed by President John A.
Anderson for use on the Agricultural College farm at Manhattan, Kans.
The following description is taken from the Industrialist :

Yesterday afternoon we had the following cheap machine built in a couple of hours,
which thus far promises to do all the work of either of the oil-r-achines : Three pieces
of fence-board, 4 feet long
and 3 or 4 feet apart, serve
as sled-runners. To the
front ends is nailed a fence-
board 15 or more feet long:
To this,and over the run-
- hers, three pieces of slats,
each 4 feet long, are at-
tached by a leather hinge;
and inch-and-a-half holes
through the back end of
these slats receive light
standards, the lower ends
of which are fastened to
the back ends of the run-
ners by a leather hinge.
Peg-holesin the upper half
. of the standards enable
ycu to place the slats at
any desiratle ang:e. On
the back ends of these slats
is nailed a strip 15 feet long, parallel with the fence-board and 3 feet from it; and to
these is tacked coarse muslin 15 feet in length, which forms an apron or movable screen
that can be setat any angle. To the front ends of the outside runners a long piece of
fence-wire was attached, and a mule was hitched to the wire, much to the disgust of
the mule. A boy can pull the light machine, but mules pull longer than boys do.

On trial it worked toa charm; and this morning the ground gone over shows sev-
eral dead ’hoppers to the square foot, notwithstanding the fact that they had quickly
, Jumped off the apron. It should be used against the wind, and promises to be very
effective. Any man can make the above in two hours, and it is worth trying.

It was found to do very good service, killing the young locusts in
considerable numbers. The oil did not evaporate so rapidly as was an-
ticipated. One thorough saturation was sufficient for fifteen or twenty
minutes, when a little more could be added. If the machine be hauled
against the wind, nearly all.the locusts which hop will touch the oiled
canvas. They generally take several hops upon the canvas before leaving
it, thus insuring a thorough saturation with the oil. After hopping from
the apron they can take two or three hops upon the ground, then lose
all power in their hind legs, stretching them straight out behind, and
finally, in one or two minutes after being ‘ oiled,” they are dead.

The Weekly Rocky Mountain News of May 16, 1877, contained the
following notice and description of another contrivance:

Mr. Ben Long brought into town yesterday about a half bushel of grasshoppers,
weighing 35 pounds, caught in four hours, on half an acre of ground, two and a half
miles northeast of Boulder, with his new machine. The machine is composed of two
troughs, each 5 feet long, and joined V-shape, the angle being toward the body of the

machine. It takes up about 7 feet in width. The troughs are 5 inches wide, an
inch high, filled mostly with wat:r and covered with kerosene. Behind the trough is

THE USE OF COAL-TAR. 387

oS wire screen, set in such a shape, that if the ’hoppers jump against it, they must
fall into the trough. It runs so close to the ground that few, if any, of the pests
escape below it.

Mr. ©. L. Watrous, of Des Moines, Iowa, suggests a contrivance of
this sort, with the addition of a wing on either side of the trough, ex-
tending forward and outward, so as to catch more locusts, that may be
upon the ground. He further states that thisis about the only means
that was employed there for killing them.

Mr. G. V. Swearingen, of Sidney, Iowa, under date of June 14, 1877,
states :

The cheapest, and to my mind the most successful, device or machine is muslin or
ducking, 10 feet long, about 24 feet wide, fastened to strips at each edge, stretched at
ends and in center or more places with other strips; a piece, 18 inches wide at rear,
supported by upright strips. Saturate with coal-oil, and have a boy at each end carry-
ing it slowly over the ground.

The locusts, in hopping, light on the saturated surface, and are killed by the coal-oil,
which appears to me to be the most destructive to them of anything yet tried.

’ Coal-tar.—This may be used with most of the contrivances just de-
scribed for the use of kerosene, and while not equal to the simple kero-
sene pan for speed in trapping and destroying, is yet very useful, espe-
cially in the neighborhood of gas-works where the coal-tar‘can be obtained
at nominal cost. It also permits the use of the simplest kind of pan.
Enough tar is spread over whatever receptacle may be used to cover well
the bottom, and when this becomes sufficiently matted with the young
locusts so as no longer to destroy the new comers, another coating is
added, and so on until it becomes necessary to remove the whole mass,
when it is shoveled from the pan and burned ; or, what is far preferable,
wherever there are wet ditches, it may be thrown into these, when the
oil contained in it, spreading over the surface of the water, destroys such
locusts aS may jump into or be driven into such ditches. Where the
tar is scarce, as a matter cf economy it will pay to melt the accumulated
mass in iron vessels. By skimming off the dead locusts that rise to the
surface, and thinning the residuum with a little coal-oil, it may be used
again.

The Hon. A. B. Robbins, State senator from Willmar, Minn., deserves
credit for having, by an opportune letter in the Saint Paul Pioneer Press
and Tribune of May 17, successfully drawn the attention of the people
of his State to the advantageous use of coal-tar. It had been applied in
one way or another in previous years, not only in Kansas and Colorado,
but even Minnesota.

The New Ulm (Minn.) Herald of May 28, 1875, had urged its use
spread upon sheets of building-paper, and the same recommendation
was referred to in full in a report to the geological and natural history
survey of Minnesota for 1876. The Farmers’ Union, of Minneapolis,
under date of August 8, 1876, in a letter from Greeley, Colo., had de-
scribed the use of the same material spread over stout canvas fastened

588 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

to a frame, to be dragged over the ground. It was referred to in the
following words in Mr. Riley’s eighth annual report for 1875:

Mr. Rufus Clark, of Denver, uses a piece of oi]-cloth 9 to 12 feet long and € feet wide.
' One side and each end are secured to light wooden strips by common carpet-tacks, and
the corners strengthened by braces. The oil-cloth is smeared with coal-tar, purchased
at the Denver gas-works for $7.50 per barrel, and the trap is dragged over the graund
by two men, a cord about 10 feet long being fastened to the front corners for that pur-
pose. The entire expense of the “trap” is about $3.50, and as it is light and easily
handled, will be found serviceable on small as well as large farms. Zinc, instead of
oil-cloth, has also been used for the same purpose.

Finally, the same use of it in much the same words was recommended
on page 51 of the Report of the Conference of Governors held in Omaha:
in the autumn of 1876, ten thousand copies of which report were pub-
lished ;. while it was further recommended in our first Bulletin, distrib-
uted in April, 1877. It is somewhat surprising, therefore, that its use
should have proved such a novelty, though the fact finds explanation,
perhaps, in the simple form of pan recommended by Senator Robbins,
and the commendable enterprise which Governor Pillsbury displayed in
aiding the farmers to obtain material. The coal-tar plan, when so for-
cibly brought to notice, gained favor at once and soon created quite a
furore. The following extracts will show what was thought of it, the
extent to which it was used, and the effective manner in which Governor
Pillsbury assisted the farmers of his State:

When, after a brief effort to exterminate the insects, there seemed to be a common
inclination to abandon the struggle in despair, a contrivance of sheet-iron and coal-
tar was resorted to, with such results as promised a successful issue of a vigorous war-
fare upon the pests. Concurrent reports of the successful working of this device con-
tinued to reach me from various portions of the afflicted region, and, after much in-
quiry and a personal inspection of its operation on the theater of the worst devasta-
tion, I deemed it possessed of so much efficiency as to warrant an effort to induce
its comprehensive use. I thought this justitied both by the practical results to be ex-
pected and by the moral effect of a vigorous struggle in self-defense. The emergency
not admitting of time for definite arrangements respecting the costs involved, I tele-
graphed the several counties concerned, offering to furnish immediate supplies, upon
an understanding of future reimbursement by them. This offer was promptly ac-
cepted, and all available supplies for material having been secured at wholesale
sources, a vigorous war of extermination was maintained simultaneously in twenty-
nine counties of the State. In three or four of these, comprising the dense center of
the destroying swarms, the expedient proved unavailing. In all the rest, and es-
pecially wherever protective ditches had been first constructed, a fair degree of success
attended these efforts, a vast amount of grain and other products having been by this
means unquestionably rescued from destruction. In the prosecution of this enterprise
there were employed about 56,000 pounds of sheet-iron and 3,000 barrels of coal-tar,
which required a total expenditure of about $10,350. Toward this I applied the un-
expended half of the five thousand which the last legislature placed at my disposal
for relief purposes, and obtained the remainder upon my personal credit. The coun-
ties have made reimbursements as promised to the amount of $3,200, leaving about
$4,700 yet to be provided for. As commendable efforts of this character, which aim at
self-protection, without hope of reward other than that dictated by enlightened policy,
are especially deserving of encouragement, I recommend that the State assume the
whole expense of the movement, refund the sums which have been paid, and release
from their obligations the counties which are in arrears.—[ From Governor Pillsbury’s
annual message for 1877.

|

C2)

THE USE OF COAL-TAR. 889

Meeker County, Minnesota, summoned the county commissioners and determined to
send for 250 barrels of coal-tar and 1,000 sheets of iron. Other counties took similar
action, and for a time it was impossible to supply the material fast enough. When
tar was wanting, kerosene, molasses, ashes or saud moistened with kerosene, ashes and
water, soft soap, or flour and water were used; the latter, when well filled with young
lccusts, was fed to the hogs. Tar was shipped over the different lines free of freight
charge, and the State provided a supply of 1,000 barrels to be distributed wherever it
was needed.—[ Mr. Whitman.

Since Thursday morning there has been shipped from this city to points in Minne-

_ sota, over the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railroad, over 2,000 barrels of coal-

tar and 20 tons of sheet-iron, consigned mostly to the governor of that State. The
articles have been sold by Chicago merchants at cost price, while the railroad company
has taxed the shippers a merely nominal figure for hauling the freight, as they are the
parties who, next to the farmers, expect to be most largely benefited in the end. The
coal-tar will be used for the extermination of the young grasshoppers, and the sheet-
iron is required for the construction of a machine for the effectivo utilization of the
tar. Thousands of these machines will be built in Minnesota before the end of next
week. The machine is simple in its construction. A strip of sheet-iron 12 or 15 feet
long is bent up on one edge sufficiently to admit of its passing over lumps of earth.
Other strips, from 4 to 6 inches wide, are riveted to the other edge and at each end,
forming a kind of scoop. (This is a “scoop” on the other grasshoppers.) <A wire is
attached to each front corner of the scoop by which it can be drawn ov: r the ground.
A chain or rope is fastened so that it will drag upon the ground about 18 inches in ad-
vance of the machine. This will scare up the grasshoppers. The inside of the scoop
is thickly plastered with coal-tar, and the machine is dragged across the field against
the wind. Millions of ’hoppers will stick to the tar. When the scoop gets full the
driver can either scrape off the insects in a heap and burn them or blaze them agtinst
the bottom of the machine.—[ Chicago Times.

Saturday, May 19, our community was much excited over the working of “Robbins’s
*hopperdozer,” sent from Willmar, on trial. It has taken like wild-fire, and I venture
to say that to-day (May 23) there are over 1,000 of these contrivances in operation,
capturing from two to five bushels per day per pan. It consists of sheet-iron pan 7 to
9 feet long, back and sides turned up 6 inches, and front edge about three-fourths of an
inch, drawn by rope attached to wire rings 14 feet from either end; bottom and sides
thickly smeared with coal-tar, costing 10 cents per gallon by barrel; pan drawn over
the ground very slowly. The efficiency of this simple contrivance is wonderful. One
gallon tar is good for a bushel of ’hoppers, when rightly used. Some use two pans, that
behind taking what the front passes over. Danilson and Cedar Mills are about the same,
if not worse, than this town. Everbody begins to realize the situation.—[J. M. How-
ard, Litchfield, Minn., May 23, 1877.

Testimony is pouring in from all sides as to the wonderful success of that cheap little
contrivance of sheet-iron and coal-tar invented by Mr. Robbins in sweeping up and
destroying the grasshoppers. The people of Meeker County are so delighted and en-
courged by the success of the experiments which demonstrate the ease with which, by
means of this economical instrument, they can couquer the grasshoppers, that the
people of the whole county are organizing to sweep the county clear of the plague.
They have appointed a committee to take immediate steps to place thess machines or the
sheet-iron and coal-tar of which they are constructed, within the reach of every farmer
in the county, and the county authorities have taken the responsibility of devoting to
that purpose a small sum of about $1,500 in the county treasury. So great a demand,
however, had sprung up for these materials, in consequence of the demand for the Rob-
bins’s ’*hopperdozer, that it was beginning to be difficult to procure them, and the com-
mittee therefore came down to Minneapolis and Saint Paul to enlist the efforts of the
governor, and he was so well satisfied of the efficacy of the sheet-iron and tar con-
trivance that he at once proceeded to make arrangements to furnish at cost all the coal-

390 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

tar and sheet-iron which may be needed, not only in Meeker County, but throughout
the State. He telegraphed to Milwaukee and Chicago to secure all the coal-tar that
can be had there, and if this supply is not sufficient, arrangements will be promptly
made to secure it from other sources. Similar orders were telegraphed for an indefinite
supply of sheet-iron, and these materials will now be furnished by the governor either
at Minneapolis or Saint Paul at the rate of $3 per barrel for coal-tar and 44 cents per
pound for sheet-iron, and the railroads will carry it free to any point on their lines.
About 250 barrels of coal-tar have been ordered for Meeker County alone, and some five
tons of sheet-iron, and it is thought they will require perhaps twice this when they
get the whole people to work. The success of the Robbins’s ’hopperdozer has had a
wonderful effect, the committee say, in lifting the cloud of despondency which had
settled on the brows of the farmers. The discovery that by the expenditure of one or
two dollars in smearing a piece or two of sheet-iron with some coal-tar, and dragging
it over the ground, they can easily exterminate the enemy that had seemed so formid-
able, and that seven cents’ worth of tar will swallow up a bushel of grasshoppers,
has put them all in splendid spirits, and they are now going to work with a will, one and
all, to clean out the pest. * * * Weare authorized to announce that Governor
Pillsbury has made arrangements now deemed adequate to supply any amount of
sheet-iron and coal-tar at the bare cost of the materials, and now that it has been
demonstrated that the hopper can be destroyed and the crops of every farmer saved
by this cheap instrument, the public-spirited citizens and the official authorities
of every county should at once—to-day, before night—set on foot a movement for en-
listing the whole body of farmers in the prompt and immediate application of this
efficacious remedy for the locust plague.—[Saint Paul Pioneer Press and Tribune.

The simple pan so extensively employed, and which was known as the
Robbins ’hopperdozer,” is shown in the accompany ing illustration (Fig.
93), the general plan being that of the ordinary road-scraper. Its sim-

Fic. 93.—THE ROBBINS COAL-TAR PAN.

plicity and durability account for its general use. It was usually drawn
by hand, though several pans were frequently bound together and drawn
by horses; while, in some instances, certain improvements in the way of
mounting on wheels, so as to permit its being pushed from behind, were
also adopted. We saw some with a wire screen or cover hinged to the
back, so that the insects might be secured when the pan was not in
motion; but the cover seemed superfluous. We also saw lime and kero-
sene mixed so as to form a mortar substituted for the coal-tar.

aan NECREEe =¢ a I wie La ii ey MGS (osc... ...-.--_..

92 A word that came into very gereral use last year among farmers for coal-oil and coal-tar machines,
and which doubtless takes its origin from doze, in reference to the toxic effect of the coal-tar on the
locusts.

——
Ses

CATCHING OR BAGGING LOCUSTS. - Sor

Another device was used in Colorado last summer, but is more com-.
plicated. It consisted of a skeleton cylinder of wood frame-work covered
with canvas, the interior of which was to be coated with coal tar. ‘lhe
ends were opened and fans were arranged there, so constructed as to
throw the locusts into the interior of the cylinder, where they would
become entangled in the tar and be poisoned by it. The machine runs
on wheels whose axle is the axis of the cylinder.

A correspondent of The Kansas Farmer, in the issue of June 6, 1877,
describes the following contrivance:

I yesterday put together a machine which I do not propose to patent. It is con-

_ structed as follows: I had riveted together two sheets of stove-pipe iron, each 2 by 7

feet, making a surface of 4 by 14 feet. I rolled up the back side about 18 inches high,
and held it to its p!ace by nailing to it rounded inch boards. I turned up the front a
trifle, and nailed to it a narrow strip of siding tostiffen the machine under the bottom,
well back, so that it will balance. I fixed a three-eighths round iron for an axle, and ~
fastened it by driving a staple over it near the ends and into the boards, end pieces.
The wheels should be 16 inches in diameter, made of inch boards, three thicknesses
nailed together, so that the grain of the wood will cross. I push my machine with a
handle made of half-inch iron, a piece 12 feet long, the ends flattened, and fastened to
the end board with screws, the rod bent up and-made the proper shape, so as to come
about to the bottom of a man’s vest when operating the ‘‘dozer.” I cover the surface
with tar (common), which will burn and is poison to the’hopper. The machine tilts
over the axle and can be made to scrape the ground or raised to pass over grain or ob-
structions. The ‘‘ dozer” is a perfect success, gathers the ’hoppers almost as clean as a
reaper will cut grain; none get away. One week’s work and four gallons of pitch tar
will clean the worst ’hoppered 160-acre farm in Minnesota. At one priming with tar
yesterday my man caught in about an hour a half bushel, estimated to make ten
bushels when grown.

4, CATCHING OR BAGGING.—‘ There are innumerable mechanical con-
trivances for this purpose. The cheapest and most satisfactory are
those intended to bag the insects. A frame two feet high and of
varying length, according as it is to be drawn by men or horses, with a
bag of sheeting tapering behind and ending in a small bag or tube,
say one foot in diameter and two or three feet long, with a fine
wire door at the end to admit the light and permit the dumping of
the insects, will do admirable work. The insects gravitate toward the
wire screen, and when the secondary bag is full they may be emptied
into a pit dug for the purpose. These bagging-machines will prove most
serviceable when grain is too high for the kerosene pans, just described,
and they will be rendered more effectual by having runners at distances —
of about every two feet, extending a foot or so in front of the mouth, so
as to more thoroughly disturb the insects, and prevent them from get-
ting underneath ; also by having wings of vertical teeth, so as to in-
crease the scope with as little resistance to the wind as possible.”

Two important facts should always be borne in mind in using these
bagging-machines: 1st, that they should always be drawn, as far as
possible, against the wind, if this be stirring ; 2d, that in proportion as
the insects and the grain are advanced in growth, and the former be-

392 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

come predisposed to roost, in that proportion the machines will prove
more serviceable at night.

We constructed a machine last summer embodying the features
already mentioned, and it answered the purpose very well indeed. We
reproduce the following account from the Scientijic American:

Professor Riley, of the Entomological Commission, perfected last summer a grass-
hopper machine, which seems to be just the thing. It is intended to do away with
all extra material, like coal-oil, which in the long run is expensive, and to work at all
seasons, whether the insects are just hatching or full grown. It is not patented, nor
does the Professor intend to patent it, unless it should be found necessary to prevent
others from doing so. It was worked at Manhattan, Kans., and gave great satisfac-
tion, and was described in the Jndustrialist, the organ of the Kansas State Agricultural
College, as follows: (See Fig. 94.)

The mechanical department has constructed a new locust exterminator for Professor
Riley. The machine operates upon the bagging principle. It is, briefly, a large canvas
bag stretched upon a light but strong frame, ant placed upon runners, which extend
with curved tips a little in front of the mouth. The canvas is stretched upon the in-
side of the frame, thus making the bag smooth and even within. This bag hasa mouth
(A) ten feet long and two feet high, and converges backward to a small box or frame,
one foot square, with a slide cut-off (D). This box forms the mouth to asecondary bag
(B), two and a half feet long and one foot in diameter, which ends in a second frame
having two short runners below it. There is a sliding door (E) of wire gauze in the
end frame, and the secondary bag is strengthened by a couple of strips ef leather connect-
ing the two small frames. The machine is made to “take more land” by means of two
right-angled triangular wings (C), about six feet long, that hinge to the upright ends of
the large frame, in such manner that the rectangle joins the upper corner of the frame.
From the lower side of this wing are suspe nded a number of teeth, or beaters, which,
swinging loosely, drive the locusts inward. The machine is handled by means of two
ropes hitched to the outer runners or to the outer and lower side of the mouth of the
frame.

On smooth ground the machine can be easily hauled by two men, but where the
grass is tall and thick it pulls harder. The locusts, on hopping into the machine, soon
reach the small beck portion, enter the small bag, and are attracted to the rear end
by the light which enters by the gauze door. When a sufficient number are thus cap-
tured the machine is stopped, the cut-off is slid down in front of the secondary bag, a
hole is dug behind the machine, the bag tipped into it, and the insects buried. A
strip of leather closes the slit through which the cut-off slips, and the main bag is
made of dark cloth, while the secondary bag is white, so as by contrast to attract
more thoroughly the locusts.

The advantages of this machine are that it requires no additional expense to run
it, as for oil, tar, &c. It will catch the winged locust as well as the young, if operated
on cool mornings and evenings, and is adapted to almost all conditions of growing
grain. The machine can be made for about $10, and perhaps less.

In practice we found it best to draw the machine by hitching to the
runners, and to brace the wings at desired angles, according to the
strength of the wind, by means of two iron rods, as in the illustration.

A net which has done good service, made by Maj. J. G. Thompson, of
Garden City, Minn., is made as follows:

Two pieces of common batten about 16 feet long were used as frame-work for the
mouth of the net, one for the bottom and one for the top. F:om the end of the bottom
piece a wooden shoe of the same material ran back about 6 feet to steady the trap and
serve as arunner. To the rear end of this shoe a similar piece was fastened by a hinge,
and ran forward and was fastened to the top piece of the frame, so that the mouth ef
the trap would open and shut like a jaw. To hold the mouth open, two short, up-
right posts were fastened to the top piece by a hinge, and rested upright upon the bed-
piece. The net itself wa3 made of cotton cloth for the bottom, and the top was made
of mosquito-netting. The mouth of the net extended 16 feet from one side of the trap
to the other, and the net ran back about 6 feet to a point with a hole at the end to let
out the insects collected. A boy ten years old can diaw one end of this net, and by the
use of it Major Thompson saved one piece of wheat.

CATCHING OR BAGGING LOCUSTS

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394 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Mr. J. C. Elliot, of Sheldon, Iowa, thus describes a machine of his own
devising that was much liked in his section :

Take a strip of fine lumber 1 inch thick, 2 inches wide, and 10 or 12 feet long; about
18 inches from each end mortise in a strip about 2 feet long of the same material as
your main piece ; run a strong wire from one end of the main piece over the ends of
the two upright pieces and fasten to the opposite ends of the main strip, forming the
frame-work to the mouth of your dozer. The wire should be permanently fastened to
the top ends of the upright piece to form a brace to keep them always in place. Place
the long strip of lumber on the ground so that the etandards stand perpendicular ;
take two widths of strong cotton cloth the length of your main strip, sew them to-
gether so you will have double width, tack one side of the cloth to the long wood strip ;
this forms the bottom. Take of mosquito-bar enough to form a top to the net, fasten-
ing one side to the wire running over the top of the standards; put in such gores of
cotton cloth at the ends as you may need to form a complete sack of the cotton cloth
and mosquito-bar. A good plan to facilitate taking out the hoppers after caught is to
let the back part of the net run to a point in the center, and leave a small opening,
which can be fastened with a string while at work, and unloosened to empty out the
*hoppers. The object of the mosquito-bar is to allow the wind to pass through and keep
the ’hoppers in the net.

A very successful method of catching pupz was used by Mr. Lowe
and Mr. Hall, farmers, in McLeod County, Minn. Itis simply equivalent
to awagon-body with one side removed, to be drawn over the grain after
dark. The locusts roosting on the grain fall into it, simply lie there and
become entangled in a mass, and may be easily shoveled into a hole.
Mr. Hall thinks he caught 800 bushels in the latter part of June; Mr.
Lowe, 400.

While in Iowa we inspected one of the following machines, which was
not in working order, however, at the time. Nor was it much used,
even in the locality where invented. It is patented by Mr. George S.
Wilson, of Malvern, and Mr. John Rhode, of Tabor, lowa (patent No.
192,553, dated June 26, 1877), and is described below. (Fig. 95.)

a a@ represent two driving
wheels, upon which the ma-
chine is propelled about by a
person or persons pushing from
behind on the handle c. The
frame consists, preferably, at
each end of the two curved
timbers d, as shown, between
which is clamped a curved
sheet-metal plate, e, which
forms the floor of the machine.
Securei to the inside edge of
the top timber, at each end,
is a curved plate, g, which
forms a flange along euch end
of the machine, in order to pre-
vent the insects from being
swept or jumping from the
floor.

To the rear edge of the floor
is secured a box or receptacle,
i, as long as the floor is wide, into which the insects are swept whole by the reel h.
The cover of this box does not quite reach to the forward edge, thus leaving the
space 1, through which the insects fall into the box. The upper end of the lid is
turned backward a considerable distance, so as to form the flange 2, thereby prevent-
ing the insects from being swept back past the floor and opening 1 upon the ground
behind.

Extending across the front edge of the machine is a board or bar, n, sharp atits front
edge, and the ends of which project beyond each side of the frame, and serve as a
support for one of the three braces or standards 3, upon the tops of which the reel is

Fic. 95.—THE WILSON-RHODE LOCUST-CATCHER: Side view.

ee ees ne

CATCHING OR BAGGING LOCUSTS. 395

journaled, and operated by the belt or chain 8 over the pulleys 9. The axles 5, upon
which the wheels a are placed, have their inner ends made U-shaped, so as to straddle
over the edges of the timbers d,
to which they are secured by set- i AK rd
eet Thi

screws. By thus forming these erg
a]
|| ca

spindles a heavy axle is dis-
i
TT
|

pensed with, and the wheels can

be adjusted back and forth, so as
to regulate the distance the edge
piel I

of the floor shall travel from the
ground.

The sweeps of the reel may con-
sisteither of plain strips of wood,
or the strips may have sheets of
rubber or any other suitable ma-
terial clamped in between, or se-
cured to them, as shown.

Mr. Samuel Godard, of
Marysville, Mo., invented
a machine for catching lo-

custs (patent No. 191,421,
dated May 29, 1877), of Fic. 96.—WILSON-RHODE LOCUST-CATCHER : Top view.

|

which we give the accompanying illustrations.
Fic. 97 isa plan view of the invention. Fig. 98 is a vertical section
of the same, and Fig. 99 represents an end view of the revolving frame.

a represents a suitable rectangular frame,
which is mounted upon the two wheels ¢,
and provided with the two handles d, so that
the whole machine may be pushed before a
man, like a wheelbarrow. Where the wa-
chine is too Jarge to be pushed by a man,
the shafts e may be fastened upon the top
of the handles by means of bands or loops g,
substantially as shown, or of any ovher
form, and then a horse be used for moving
the machine about over the giound.

Mounted upon the top of the frame are the
two brace-standards h, and journaled upon
these standards is the revolving, wire-cov-
ered frame 7, of the form shown, and which
is made to revolve by a belt, j, that passes
over the pulley / on the end of the shaft on
which the frame revolves, and down around
Fic. 97.—THE GODARD LocusT-CATCHER: Plan view. the pulley n, fastened to the axle of one of

the driving-wheels. The frame i has two

openings, 0, one in each end, that extends the whole length of the frame; and inside of

the frame, to each opening, there is a hinged door, 7, which is held open by its crank

while the machine is in operation, and

a ae then closed as soon as the ’hoppers are

ae \ caught, so that they cannot escape. In one

f \ or both ends of the frame there are made

openings or doors, through which the cap-

tured ’hoppers can be removed from the
fame to be destroyed.

This machine is to be pushed over the
ground, and, as the ‘hoppers rise in
swarms before
its approach,
the revolving
frame, with its
openings at
each end, flies
around and
Tic. 93—THE GODARD LocUsT-CATCHER: Vertical gathers them Fic. 99—Goparp C\ICcHEx:

section. in. After they End view of frame.

-_—_—-—
- =~

---~

| are once in they can never escape the way they got in.

396 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

A machine somewhat like the above was invented by Mr. Finley E. |
Benson, of Walnut, Iowa (patent No. 184,223, dated November 14, i
1876). Fig.100 represents a plain view of the machine, and Fig. 10la _
vertical section of the same. The following is a more detailed descrip-
tion:

¥ ey
Y
Z

ALLL LLL

SS

; Fic. 101.—BENSON CATCHER:
Fic. 100.—THE BENSON LocUST-CATCHER: Plan view. Vertical section. i

a represents a long, narrow box or cage, which may either run upon the runnerscor
small wheels, as preferred. A portion of the front of this box is removed, as shown, _
and the inclined side covered with a sheet of tin, or other suitable substance, d, upon —
which the insects light, and then slide down, through the slit e, into the box. In order
to prevent them from hopping out again, a guard, g, is made to extend horizontally
over this opening in the front of the box, toward the inclined surface d, leaving just
enough space between them to let the insect in, but not out again. In the rear side of
the box ais made a light or long opening, h, which is covered over with wire-gauze,
so as to light the interior of the
box, and thus cause the insects
to fly toward it, away from the
slit. The top of the box is pro-
vided with a hinged cover, i,
through which is madea simi-
lar light, 0, for the same pur-
pose, and so that hot water or
steam can be forced into the
box to kill ail the insects
canght.

The box is drawn or forced
forward over the ground, and,
as the insects light on the in-
cline d, the motion of the ma-
chine shakes them down into
the box through the slit e,
where they are killed, and then
emptied out through the cover

The machine invented
by Mr. Dexter H. Hutch-
ins, of Algona, Iowa (pat-
ent No. 187,012, dated
February 6, 1877), differs
from all the others in hav-
ing attached acontrivance
for killing the insects by
means of sulphur fumes.

Fig. 102 is a top view, and Fig. 103 shows a sectional view.

The following description and letters refer to the accompanying
drawings:

The frame A has a wooden bottom, B, and is mounted upon wheels C C. A drawer,
D, is made in the front of the frame A, and opens to the front’ between the flies E B,
attached to the frame F so as to project at an angle of about forty-five degrees ont-

Fic. 102.—THE HUTCHINS LOCUST-CATCHER.

CATCHING OR BAGGING LOCUSTS. 397-

wardly from the frame F. The flies E E consist of wire frames GG, covered with can-
vas H, and are secured to the front uprights of the frame F, which is also of wire.
Draw-flies I I are hinged to the front standards of the frame F, and are connected with
the frames G G by spiral springs J J, which hold them open.

The frame F has its top ends and rear side covered with wire-gauze. A tongue, K,
leads from the rear of the frame A, is supported at its rear end upon a caster-wheel, L,
the shank of which penetrates the tongue K, and is provided with a foot-lever, M. A
driver’s seat, N, resting upon a spring, O, is secured to the tongue at its rear end, in a
position to permit the driver to operate thef>ot-lever M. A cord, P, connects the draw-
flies I I, an a cord, Q, attached to the cord P at its center, leads to a slot, R, in the
tongue K, where it connects with two cords, S 8’. The cords S S’ are secured, one to
each side of the frame T, in which the caster-wheel L has its bearings. Pins U U’ are
fixed in opposite sides of the wheel L near its periphery. Metallic slats V are pivoted
longitudinally on the frame A, and are connected at one end by the rod W. A single-
tree, X, is secured to the tongue K, slightly ia front of the foot-lever M. The horses
are harnessed to the machine with their heads facing the frame A.

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Fic. 103.—THE Hutcuins Locust-caTcHER: Sectional view.

The operation of the invention is as follows:

The slats V are left partially open, and the machine driven over the infested field.
The grasshoppers rise from the ground, and are drawn or driven into the frame F by
the draw-flies II, which are closed every revolution of the wheel L by the pins U or
U’ engaging with the cords § or 8S’, as.the case may be, both pins engaging when the
wheel Lis straight, but only one when it is turned to either side to guide the machine.

The pins U and U’ are beveled on their rear sides, and the cords S and 8’ slip from
said pins, when the pins are at the rear of the wheels and in line with the bearings of
the same, and permit the draw-flies to open by the spiral springs J J.

The pins U U’ and cords S S’ may be dispensed with, if desired, and the cord Q may
be extended to the driver’s seat and there operated by hand.

When the space beneath the metal slats V in the frame A has been filled with the in-
sects, the slats V should be closed, and the drawer D, previously supplied with sulphur,
opened, the sulphur ignited, and the drawer closed. The fumes of the sulphur will
destroy ave grasshoppers, after which the machine may be cleaned and the operation
repeated. .

Fic. 104.—THE SYLVESTER LOCUST-CATCHER.

| Another contrivance was invented by Mr. Benjamin Sylvester, of
|| Saint Peter, Minn. (patent No. 188,760, dated March 27, 1877), of which

398 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

‘drawings are herewith given. The description refers to corresponding
parts, and illustrates the mechanism and operation. (Fig. 104.)

A is a carrying-wheel, of which there are two, one being mounted upon each end of

an axle, a. A frame-work consisting of two arn:s, B, connected by a girt, b, and carry-
ing a driver’s seat, B’, extends rearward from the axlea. The arms Bare of such
length and are placed at such distance apart that a horse can work between them and
can propel the machine over the ground, being attached to a whifiletree which is pivoted
to the girt b. Cis a guiding or steering wheel, the shank C! of which is pivoted or
journaled in girt 6 and provided with a han«-lever, C?, arranged within convenient
reach of the Criver while riding in seat B’. At each end of the axlea there is a depend-
ing hanger, D!, to which there is pivcted, at c,a vibrating arm, D, these two arms D D
being connected by horizontal girisd and d'. Immediately above the arms D there
are two stationary arms, D?, also connected by a horizontal girt, d*. The arms D*,
girt d?, and the axle a form a rectangular frame, over which is stretched a cover, E,
the space between the arms D D? at each end of the trap being filled with a suitable
fixible material, E!. To the lower arms D and girts dd is also attached a flexible
covering, which hangs down loosely in rear of girt d' between that girt and the axle
a, forming a bag or pouch, as indicated at E*. This last-described part of the trap,
consisting of the arms D D?, their connecting-girts, and the covering E E! E*, I usually
denominate the cage. A cord, F, is connected with girt d or d', and passes over or
through standard f and rearward to within reach of the driver. A revolving brush, G,
is mounted in supporting-bars I. (Shown ia dotted lines.) A belt, H, passes around
a grooved wheel, A’, on ore of the carrying-wheels A, and a corresponding pulley, G’,
on the shaft of the brush G, thus causing the brush to rotate rapidly as the device
moves forward over the ground and sweeps the grasshoppers or other insects into the
cage.
By means of the cord F the height of the front part or edge of the apron or of the
girt d from the grass or the grain or the ground may be indicated, and by a sudden
upward jerk upon this cord any accumulation of grasshoppers on the apron between
girts d d! may be readily delivered into the pouch or bag E?.

When the device is made of suitable size it may be propelled by hand instead of
horse-power.

The ‘* Hero ’Hopper-catcher” constructed by John Carlen, Bernadotte,
Nicollet County, Minnesota, is a simple bag with fan attachment, work-
ing somewhat on the same principle as the above.

Most of these patent contrivances are open to the objection of extra
cost and complication without extra efficiency, and the simpler devices
will always retain their deservedly greater popularity.

Mr. J. S. Belt, of the firm of Perkins & Belt, Saint Paul, Minn., con-
structed a simple sheet-iron pan, intended to hold the locusts without
the aid of coal-tar. The machine consists of a sheet-iron platform with
a front sweep of 8 feet, the back of which is elevated 7 inches and the
front 12 inches, in the shape of arunner. Over the platform is a con-
trivance that holds the locusts that hop upon the machine, and an effect-
ive cover prevents any from hopping over the grate. The imple-
ment is easily pulled by ropes, and, with a 3-foot wing on each side,
it sweeps over 14 feet of field. Its capacity is three bushels, and it can
be emptied in ten seconds.

The following letter from Mr. Pennock Pusey, private secretary to
Governor Pillsbury,.expresses the opinion of those fully competent to
judge of its value:

“This will be handed you by Mr. J. BE. Belt, who will exhibit a
locust-machine, which strikes the governor and myself as the best
thing yet invented. It is on the same simple principle as that of the
sheet-iron and tar dozer, but dispenses wholly with the tar, and thus
saves cost and delay. It was tested yesterday by Mr. Raney, of Le

USE OF DESTRUCTIVE AGENTS. 399

Sueur County, who is probably the best practical authority in the State,
and he heartily indorses it, as you will see by his letter. The inventor
proposes to rush the manufacture of them extensively, and, all things
considered, it seems worthy of notice.”

We B drcieated Mr. Whitman, our special assistant in Minnesota, to
see the pan tried; he did so, and found it to work well, though it ac-
complishes nothing more than the tar-pan, and, on account of being
more expensive at first cost, was not so generally used. The pan has,
we believe, been patented, and can be built for $6.

Under the present head may be mentioned the method that has been
and may be in future adopted, under peculiar and favorable circum-
stances, of driving the insects into streams and catching them, as they
float down, in sacks; and, finally, the use of hand-nets, such as ento-
mologists ordinarily use in collecting and catching winged insects. This
method is strongly advocated by Ger- CE
stiicker, Korte, and other European
writers, and may be employed with
advantage in a small way with us
where special crops are to be cleared
that would be injured by other
methods. A simple net, such as that
herewith illustrated (Hig. 105) may be Fic. 105.—HAND NET.—a, complete; b, hollow
cheaply constructed by any tinsmith; han dls bent irame:
the only material required being a picce of stout wire, a hollow tin tube
in which to solder the two ends, and a piece of cotton or linen cloth, a
wooden handle of any desired length being inserted in the non-soldered
end of the tube.

USE OF DESTRUCTIVE AGENTS.

We have never had much faith in the application to the plant or the
insect of any chemical mixture, fluid, or powder, as a means of destroy-
ing the locusts: 1st, because nothing will more quickly or surely kill
them than coal-oil; 2d, because of the impracticability of using any such
application on the extensive scale that would be necessary. Yct as sev-
eral parties sent us their various ingredients, patented or otherwise, with
strong faith that in such they had discovered a locust panacea, we
endeavored to give some of the more reasonable of them fair trial.

This we did the more willingly that it is possible to save special plants
by some such means where the owners of the plants set a sufficiently
high value upon them to warrant an amount of labor and expense that
they would not think of bestowing on the ordinary crops of the field
and garden. We, therefore, engaged Prof. R. L. Packard, of the Patent
Office, and formerly chemist in the Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington, D. C., to go to Colorado last June, while the insects were about
two-thirds grown, and test various compositions and chemicals that had
either been recommended by correspondents or which we ourselves
desired to have tried. Among them we will enumerate the following:

~400 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The spraying of coal-oil variously diluted; the use of ‘* Buhach” or Per-
Sian insect-powder (fresh powder, from plants raised in California, was
sent us by G. N. Milco, of Stockton, Cal.); Veith’s insect-fluid® (also
sent by the manufacturers) ; sulpho-carbonates; bisulphide of carbon;
hot alum water; naphthaline; quassia water in varying strength; strong
tobacco water; uric or hippuric acid; sulphuric acid diluted with fifty
times its weight of water; afew teaspoonfuls of saltpeter in a bucketful
of water; salt water; vinegar; copperas water; cresylic soap.

Owing to unfavorable weather while in Colorado, Professor Packard
failed to carry out experiments as completely as was desired; but we
quote the following portions of his report, and shall refer in other chap-
ters to other observations he made for the Commission :

The instrument in general use for destroying locusts is the coal-oil or coal-tar “ pan,”
as it is called, many modifications of which are made to suit individual preferences or
special emergencies.

As to chemical experiments, those chemicals only could be tried which would affect
the insects by direct application to them, since, as remarked in a former letter,
at the time of my visit the locusts were all young, very sluggish, and were not feed-
ing. Consequently, of the hundred or more insecticides which have been patented in
this country, most of which are to be used ia protecting fruit-trees and other plants
from the ravages of feeding insects, few could be tried. Of those remaining, aside
from this class, the experiments of Dumas, conducted in France with a view to discover
some agent destructive to the Phylloxera, have shown that the majority of such agents
as are fatal to that insect are also destructive to the vines or detrimental to the soil,
and, consequently, indirectly injurious to the vines. It would be useless here to enu-
merate the large number of natura] and chemical compounds which the distinguished
French chemist experimented with. Their number exceeds a hundred, and includes a
large majority of those substances generally recognized as poisons. The report is to
be found in ‘Annales de Chimie et de Physique,” 5° série, tome vii, 1676. The general
conclusion reached is that for attacking the Phylloxera the sulpho-carbonates and coal-
tar are the best means to be employed. In dealing with lecusts, however, the problem
is an entirely different one from that to be solved in regard to the Phylloxera. In one
case we have an active insect, continually moving from place to place above ground,
while in the other a comparatively stationary insect, living under ground and remain-
ing so as long as its food lasts, is to bedealt with. Inthe latter case the point was to
find poisons which, giving off vapors during a sufficient length of time and acting in
a confined space, would destroy the subterranean pest. In the former, however, the
object has been to find some chemical which, acting by immediate contact with the
actively movirg locust, would cause its death, or which, scattered on the plants which
it affects, would enter its system and so act asa poison. As before remarked, only the
former of these objects could be kept in view, owing to the activity of the insects.
No experiments, therefore, having in view the protection of plants could be made.

The following trials were made:

Buhach, or Persian insect-powder.—Several locusts immersed in this for from three-
quarters of an hour to an hour, after being libcrated from the bottle (they were com-
pletely immersed in the powder), brushed off the powder and moved off, although
feebly. When the powder is blown upon them, as prescribed, they quickly brush it
off, and disappear unharmed.

Veith’s insect-fluid.—This proved to be very effective, killing locusts and plants with
great celerity. Analysis shows it to be made up of oil of turpentine and a tincture
(probably) of camomile. The oil of turpentine may well account for its deadly effects.

93 This is manufactured in Philadelphia, and recommended for all sorts of insects, for many of which

it could be of no possible use; and, like many other patent rostrums for all insect ills, it is very much
of an imposition.

USE OF DESTRUCTIVE AGENTS—PARIS GREEN. AOL

Sulpho-carbonate of potassium.—Thissalt was prepared from impure bisulphide of car-
bon, obtained in Denver (and containing naphtha), and an alcoholic saturated solution
of hydrate of potassa. When sufficiently dilute, so as not to be injurious to plants, I
think it is equally harmless to the insects. A strong solution ( nearly saturated) causes
the locusts to fall over and apparently kills them, but in fifteen minutes they revive,
and in half an hour are able tu hop off. A solution of 1 to 10 or 15 has to be repeatedly
applied to have any apparent effect, and, as far as I could observe, this effect scon
disappeared. The strong solution is sure and speedy death to plants, and yet doesnot -
appear to kill the insects, so that with a dilute solution, one sufficiently so not to hurt
plants, no good effect can be had.

Naphthaline.—The impure specimens I was able to obtain at the gas-works in Denver,
which contain many impurities, do not warrant me in reporting upon the effect of
naphthaline as such. The effects I observed were far tess satisfactory than those I.

obtained with coal-tar. Naphthaline, like bisulphide of carbon, can only work when
_ kept in contact with the insects for some time. It gives off its vapors slowly, and is:
not, therefore, capable of successful application where locusts are concerned. I have:
watched a locust for three-quarters of an hour moving about over the impure naph-
thaline left in the oil-barrel by pouring out the oil (oil from coal-tar), whereas a single:
drop of the crude oil itself causes almost immediate death.

The above and Paris green are the principal substances experimented with, others.
being counted out, either for the reason that they are applicable only to the protec-
tion of plants against feeding insects which did not appear during my stay in Colorado ;.
that their ineffectiveness is well known, or that chemical considerations (e. g. in the
cease of sulphuric acid) forbid their use, or demonstrate its impracticability.

In conclusion, I will say that I am a witness of the speedy action of coal-oil upon
young locusts, an action which is certain and immediate. I have taken astraw, dipped
in the crude oil distilled from coal-tar, shaken off the pendent drop, and touched the
insects with the residue. Treated with this minute quantity they died in from eight to
ten minutes. I have seen substantially the same effect with kerosene. As only a small
quantity of oil need be employed it is perhaps unnecessary to point out the difference
in price between kerosene and crude coal-tar oil, but the attention of farmers may use-
fully be drawn to the fact that such difference exists. They have, chemically speaking,
certainly discovered the cheapest and most effective remedy against the ravages of the
unwinged locusts. No known chemical is at once so deadly in its action and at the
same time so cheap as “ coal-oil.” Its manipulation is simple and unattended with
any danger which cannot be easily guarded against by alittle care. This fact, together:
with its comparative cheapness and freedom from danger of adulteration, are the ad--
vantages it possesses which recommend its use as an active poison. This point is, I
think, clearly settled.

The other questions of protection to plants, and of the chemical value of the immense:
quantities of locusts which annually die in the West, considered as fertilizers, as well as:
the further question (interesting in a scientific point of view) as to what is the chemical
nature of those secretions of the mature locusts which are said to be deleterious to
fowls and even to affect the human skin, must as yet remain unanswered.

The deadly effect on animal life of carbonic-acid gas is well known.
In 1875 we used it from a Babcock extinguisher, and gave it a thorough
trial under many differer:t circumstances and conditions, but without
any Satisfactory results. It had very little effect upon them even when
played upon them continuously and at short distance. They often be-
came numbed by the force of the liquid, but invariably rallied again.

Paris green.—This, though it kills those insects which partake of it,

is yet no protection to plants, because those which go off to die after
26 G

402 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

partaking are always followed by others which go through the same
operation. A new mode of using it was earnestly advocated and
strongly recommended by one of our correspondents in Texas, viz, by
sprinkling it, mixed in the ordinary way with from 20 to 30 parts of
flour, upon the ground. The locusts were found to be attracted by the
whitish powder, and to gather about and feed upon it. We had it
thoroughly tried with varying success, as the following experience indi-
cates :

I have tried the experiment of Paris green and flour (1 part to 30), and do not find
ita success. The young locusts did not seem especially attracted to it, i. e., only from
a distance of a few inches, and of those which went onto it, but few died. Mr. Payne
states the same thing. I urged him to send a full statement of his experiment to you
as I knew he would have an earlier and better opportunity to try it than I should._[A.
Whitman.

In experimenting with Paris green brought in contact with the insect, I captured
several specimens and rubbed them in this compound, then set them at liberty
and watched their movements for half an houror more. In each case I saw the insect
free itself by rubbing from the dry powder, and at the end of the time specified I saw
no difference between insects so treated and their companions. I put one specimen,
after thorough immersion and rubbing in Paris green, in a specimen-box, and opened
the box two hours after. The insect was as lively as ever, and had freed itself, as far
as I could see, from all traces of the chemical. Indeed, it is difficult, speaking from a
chemical or physiological stand-point, to see why Paris green in dry powder should
have any toxic effect when externally applied. Its poisonous effects are due to the
copper and arsenic compound of which it consists, and which can only act as a poison
when taken into the system in solution.

I made the following experiments with the same substance diffused in water: In-
sects were kept for some time (3 minutes) in water holding Paris green in suspension.
On taking them out, they waited until they were dry, then brushed off the dry powder,
and for half an hour (as long as I watched them), behaved in all respects like insects
not experimented with. The reason, apparently, is that Paris green being insoluble
in water under these circumstances, behaves like the dry powder; i. e., the water evap-
orates, leaving the dry powder, which the insects proceed to wipe off.—[R. L. Packard.

In accordance with your request, I experimented with the Paris-green mixture.
Used it on au inclosed square rod of wheat; also a rodof grass. Inclosure surrounded
with boards afoot wide. One-half of each of these was treated by mixing Paris green
with thirty-two times its weight of flour, and placing the mixture in cones upon the
ground. Cones formed by taking the mixture between the thumb and two next
fingers and compressing it, and placing the same upon the ground on about every 9
inches square. On the other half, the mixture was sprinkled upon the grass and
wheat while it was damp with dew. The mixture was eaten by the hoppers; where
it was placed in cones it was covered with the insects. Should say, that in 36
hours one-half the quantity had disappeared, and in 48 hours there were dead “hoppers
on the ground, but not in any satisfactory quantity.—[S. B. Coe, Morristown, Minn.

Ihave experimented with the arseniate of copper, as you desired, but with no prac-
tical effect. I mixed with dry flour first, but could find no dead locusts. Ithen mixed
into a stiff dough and worked it into crumbs or pellets, and placed on the ground, made
white by the dry preparation ; result, one dead sparrow, and one cowbird, both great
destroyers of the ’hoppers; but I could not find any dead ’hoppers, perhaps the birds
ate them, but I am inclined to believe that their death came by eating the poisoned
dough. I do not think the ’hoppers are attracted by white substances in any marked
degree, for on spreading the brightest rye-straw alongside of old, rotten hay, that was
very dark in color, I found them more numerous on the hay than on the straw. I have

THE PROTECTION OF FRUIT-TREES. _ 403

tried spreading newspapers and dark, woolen rags side by side, and always find the
majority of hoppers on the darker substance. This, I think, is on account of the
warmth imparted being greater from the hay and rags than from the straw and paper.
—[J.1. Salter, Saint Cloud, Minn.

One of our assistants in Kansas, Mr. G. Gaumer, found that, spread —
upon the ground, it attracted and destroyed a great many; but it is very
clear that this mode of destroying the locust cannot compare with many
of those we have already described. Its use against the young locusts
is practically of little avail, because of the excessive numbers in which
they generally occur, and because of the danger incident to the use of a
poison on so loose and extensive a scale as would be necessary to make it
effectual. Several other ingredients were strongly recommended by cor-
respondents who, had they tried their own recommendations, would have
discovered the uselessness of the same. One suggested alum-water ;
another, from Hstillville, Va., expatiated on the merits of common salt,
to be used with an ordinary drill; while still others found some pro-
tection from the copious use of ashes and of gypsum. Of all the different
applications, however, intended to protect plants, we doubt whether
anything is more effectual than the spraying of a mixture of kerosene
and warm water, which will answer a very good purpose when the in-
sects are not too numerous or ravenous.

THE PROTECTION OF FRUIT-TREES.

The best means of protecting fruit and shade trees deserves separate
consideration. Where the trunks are smooth and perpendicular they
may be protected by whitewashing. The lime crumbles under the feet
of the insects as they attempt to climb, and prevents their getting up.
By their persistent efforts, however, they gradually wear off the lime and
reach a higher point each day, so that the whitewashing must be often
repeated. Trees with short, rough trunks, or which lean, are not very

_well protected in this way. A strip of smooth, bright tin answers even
better for the same purpose. A strip 3 or 4 inches wide brought around
| and tacked to a smooth tree will protect it, while on rougher trees a
| piece of old rope may first be tacked around the tree and the tin tacked
to it, so as to leave a portion both above and below. Passages between
) the tin and rope or the rope and tree can then be blocked by filling the
| upper area between tin and tree with earth. The tin must be high
) enough from the ground to prevent the ’hoppers from jumping from the
} latter beyond it, anc the trunk below the tin, where the insects collect,
should be covered with some coal-tar or poisonous substances to prevent
girdling. ‘This is more especially necessary with small trees, and coal-
tar will answer as such preventives.
| One of the cheapest and simplest modes is to encircle the tree with
cotton batting, in which the insects will entangle their feet and thus
be more or less obstructed. Strips of paper covered with tar ; stiff paper
‘tied on so as to slope roof-fashion ; strips of glazed wall-paper, and

404 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

thick coatings of soft soap, have been used with varying success; but
no estoppel equals the bright tin. The others require constant watching
and renewal, and in all cases coming under our observation some insects
would get into the trees, so as to require the daily shaking of these
morning and evening. This will sometimes have to be done, when the
bulk of the insects have become fledged, even where tin is used, for a
certain proportion of the insects will then fly into the trees. They do
most damage during the night, and care should be had that the trees be
unloaded of their voracious freight just before dark.

Mr. George Gibbs, of Holden, Mo., found that the whitewash was ren-
dered still more effectual by adding one-half pint of turpentine to the
pailful.

DESTRUCTION OF THE WINGED INSECTS.

‘‘The complete destruction of the winged insects, when they swoop
down upon a country in prodigious swarms, isimpossible. Man is pow-
erless before the mighty host. Special plants, or small tracts of vege-
tation may be saved by perseveringly driving the insects off, or keeping
them off by means of smudges, as the locusts avoid smoke; or by rat-
tling or tinkling noises constantly kept up. Long ropes perseveringly
dragged over a grain-field have been used to good advantage.”

Of the different contrivances already described for the destruction of
the unfledged locusts, those intended for bagging and catching are the
most effectual against the winged individuals, great numbers of which
may be caught, especially at morn and eve, and Jate in the autumn. At
such times many may also be crushed. These winged insects are more
to be dreaded in the northern than in the southern portion of the locust
area, for in this last the small grains are always harvested before the
advent of the pests, and Indian corn is the staple that suffers. The ex-
perience of Minnesota and Dakota farmers teaches that the injury from
the winged locusts is best avoided by growing such crops as will mature
early. Reports were current last summer in Texas that farmers near
Calvert had destroyed great quantities of the winged insects by fires
lighted at night. Wehad on several occasions witnessed swarms of
locusts driven before a prairie-fire, and our general experience of locust
habits at night forbade belief in the reports, and we requested one of
our correspondents to inquire into the matter, with the following result:

I took pains to trace up, while in Texas, the report that the spretus was attracted by
a blaze. I found it, of course, baseless, though it had attained very respectable pro-
portions.—[J. T. Moulton, jr.

Moderate success has been had with smudging as a means of warding
oif the winged swarms. The best method is to start a fire which burns
with insufficient access of air, and which is made, if possible, of materials
which, while burning, will give off, besides the dense smoke due to in-
complete combustion, unoxidized products of distillation which in them-
selves are noxious (e. g., buffalo-chips, straw, and coal-tar, &c.). The

F

DESTRUCTION OF THE WINGED INSECTS. 405

smoke and fumes from such a fire will prevent the locusts from alight-
ing and swerve them from their course. Mr. S. T. Kelsey succeeded in
saving many of his young forest-trees in Kansas, in 1874, by persever-
ingly smudging and smoking them. He gives his experience in the fol-
lowing words, in the Kansas Farmer, August 26, 1874:

At first we tried building fires on the ground, but it was not successful. The smoke
would not go where we wanted it to. We then tried taking a bunch of hay, and hold-
ing it between sticks, set fire to it, and then, passing through the field on the wind-
ward side, held it so that the smoke would strike the grasshoppers. We would soon
have a cloud of ’hoppers on the wing, and, by following it up, would, in a short time
clear the field. We have thus far saved everything that was not destroyed when we
commenced fighting them; and while I do not give this as an infallible remedy,
not having tried it sufficiently, yet it does seem to me, from what I have seen of it,
that one good active man who would attend right to it could protect a twenty-acre
field or a large orchard. But to be successful one must attend strictly to business.

‘The great difficulty experienced in making the smudging successful
is in the inconstancy of the winds, as a sudden change in wind direc-
tion may render much previous labor unavailing. Mr. W.D. Arnett, of

| Bear Creek,.Colo., who has given a good deal of attention to the practi-

cal means to be employed against locusts, has endeavored to meet the
difficulty by using a portable iron bucket as a fire receptacle. A large
sheet-iron bucket is fitted with a perforated tube, arranged across its
bottom, open at one end to admit air, and there provided with a valve
to regulate the admission of air. A perforated cover, hinged to the
bucket, and a handle to carry it by, complete the arrangement. Filled
with some substance which burns imperfectly, such as buffalo-chips and
a little coal-tar, and with the cover shut, an amount of air insufficient
for complete combustion is admitted through the valved tube at the
bottom, and the dense smoke comes out through the holes in the cover.

The burning of old bones has been tried, but tound to be no more
efiective than other slow combustibles. The use of smoke will be
effectual in proportion ds farmers combine together and produce it sim-
ultaneously over extended areas.

THE EFFECT OF CONCUSSION.

Two modes of concussion have been proposed for the destruction of
insects or their eggs; the first being terrestrial concussion, produced by
means of exploding powder or other similar compounds in the ground;
the second, by means of small fire-arms or cannon. No experiments
have yet been made that give anything like satisfactory results. The
vitality, whether of the locusts or their eggs, will hardly be affected by
such means. We received a number of communications on the subject
of concussion during the year, and will quote a tew passages from the
correspondence in illustration of the different views held. Mr. L. A.
Hardee, of Honey Moon, Fla., who is most enthusiastic in urging this
supposed means of destruction, writes: “I do not know how many

406 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

miles of the eggs of the ’hoppers can be destroyed by concussion of the
ground, but it would not surprise me to know, when the experiment is
tried, that 25 miles square would be destroyed by one explosion. Now,
if one hundred pounds of gunpowder was buried, say three or four feet
under ground, and this be ignited after a heavy rain, the concussion of
the ground will destroy our small enemies that burrow in the ground for
miles.” Mr. P. A. Smith, of Lincoln, Nebr., writes: ‘‘ We know the
firing of cannon over and the explosion of torpedoes in water will kill
fish; that the explosion of shells in time of battle has often been known
to paralyze and sometimes kill human beings.” Mr. Robert W. Furnas,
president of the Nebraska State Horticultural Society, writes that
‘‘burying powder below the surface for its combustion and destruc-
tion of insects is simply nonsense, and time and money wasted.”

On the other hand, Mr. A. J. Bell, of Mexico, Mo., says that during his
residence at Ashland, Ky., he hada small vegetable garden, and noticed
that his potato sprouts were covered with potato-beetles and locusts.
‘‘There happened to be a local option parade, and an old cannon was
used in the vicinity of the garden, for firing salutes. Next morning
he had occasion to visit the garden and found all the insects dead, both
*hoppers and potato-beetles.”

While we have little faith in the efficacy of concussion as a means of
destroying either locust-eggs or young locusts, we were nevertheless
desirous of giving the matter trial, and commissioned Mr. Prosper A.
Smith, of Lincoln, Nebr., to thoroughly experiment and report to us,
requesting him to avail himself also of the assistance of Professor Au- -
ghey. It turned out that Professor Aughey had tested it with no sat- —
isfactory results in 1875, ard after a few fruitless trials further experi-
ments were abandoned as “ too ridiculous,” writes Professor Aughey, to
warrant further outlay.

DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURE.

In Chapter. LV we have dwelt upon the advantages of diversified
agriculture from the locust stand-point, and we desire here simply to
lay stress on its importance, nay its necessity. ‘There is nothing surer
than that the destitution in Western Missouri and Eastern Kansas, in
1874~75, was fully as much owing to the previous ravages of the chinch-
bug as to those of this locust. The Chinch-bug is an annual and in-
creasing trouble; the locust only a perisdical one. Now, the regions
indicated are, agriculturally, the richest in those two States, and, for
that matter, can scarcely be surpassed in the entire country. Consisting
of high, rolling prairie, interspersed, as a rule, with an abundance of
zood timber, this area produces a very large amount of corn and stock.
Of cultivated crops, corn is the staple, and, with a most generous soil,
it has become the fashion to plant and cultivate little else, year after
year, on the same ground. The corn-fields alternate more or less with
pastures, and there is just enough small grain to breed and nourish the

DIVERSIFIED AGRICULTURE—LEGISLATION. 407

first brood of chinch-bugs which pass into the corn at harvest time and
which scatter over the country, by breeding and harboring in the corn-
fields. Not to mention the different means to be employed in counter-
acting the ravages of this insect, a diversified agriculture is undoubtedly
one of the most effectual. It must necessarily follow that the more
extensively any given crop is cultivated to the exclusion of other crops
the more will the peculiar insects which depredate upon it become un-
duly and injuriously abundant. The Chinch-bug is confined in its depre-
dations to the grasses and cereals. Alternate your timothy, wheat,
barley, corn, &c., upon which it flourishes, with any of the numerous
crops on which it cannot flourish, and you very materially affect its
power for harm. <A crop of corn or wheat grown on a piece of land
entirely free from chinch-bugs will not suffer to the same extent as a
crop grown on land where the insects have been breeding and harbor-
ing. This fact is becoming partially recognized, and already hemp,
flax, and castor-beans are to some extent cultivated in the States men-
tioned. But there are many other valuable root and forage plants that
may yet be introduced and grown as field crops.”

Governor Pillsbury, of Minnesota, has a few pertinent remarks on this
subject in his last annual message. He says:

In my former messages I took occasion to urge upon farmers a greater diversification
of their crops. The present tendency, I fear, is toward an aggravation rather than a
correction of the evil referred to. Stimulated by recent heavy crops, land-hunters
have a passion for immense tracts and great wheat-farms. While the cultivation of
our idle lands is always desirable, this pursuit of a single branch of farming is to be
lamented. And I fear that the expectations of great profits of many inexperienced
persons who are drawn into the movement by excitement is doomed to disappoint-
ment. A wiser course is to look to many sources of profit rather than to one. There
is no better country than ours for the raising of stock. Our wool, beef, butter, and
cheese are unsurpassed. With the production of these, wheat-growing alternates
admirably to the advantage to all the products. The continuous cultivation of a sin-
gle crop must eventually exhaust the soil of the constituents for its profitable growth,
while it is well known that the finest wheat crops were raised the past year on worn-
out and abandoned grain-fields, which had been resuscitated by a couple ef years’ rest
in grass. It seems almost culpable to import corn, hogs, beans, and other products
which can be grown here to perfection.

What Governor Pillsbury says of Minnesota is equally true of a very
large proportion of the country subject to locust injury. The advantage
of growing more stock is especially obvious in some sections, not only

as a means of best utilizing the surplus corn, but to avoid sweeping

disaster ; for when the locusts are so thick as to entirely sweep off cul-

_ tivated cr ps, the wild prairie grass is seldom so badly affected that it

will not support stock.
LEGISLATION.

‘“Too much stress cannot be laid on the advantage of co-operation
and concert of action, and legislation both to induce and to oblige action

is important. In every community there are those who persist in doing

nothing to prevent locust injury. These indifferents frequently bring

408 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ruin not only upon themselves, but upon more persevering neighbors,
and any law will prove beneficial that will oblige every able-bodied man
to work one or more days, either in the fall in destroying the eggs, or
in the spring in killing the young insects, whenever the township trus-
tees, at the request of a given number of citizens of the township, may

call them to such work under special provisions similar to those of
existing road laws.”

In reference to bounty laws, the experience of Minnesota, where they
were in force in some counties in 1875, is valuable, and the State com-
missioners did not hesitate to recommend the system after the county
trials, imperfect as they were, and commenced as they were, in most
cases, too late in the season. It was clearly shown that in one township
$30,000 worth of crops was saved by an expenditure of $6,000. Nicoilet
County paid $25,053 for 25,053 bushels of locusts, but the price paid by
other counties was higher; in fact, much too high. In 1877, as may be
seen from Mr. Whitman’s Report (App. I), the bounty system was less
effective, and, indeed, proved more or less a failure. “As a means of
defence,” writes Mr. Whitman, ‘‘it would have proved useless in some
cases and needless in others; asa matter of relief or reimbursement
for injury it would have gone in a large measure to help those who are
already repaid by an abundant harvest.”

Governor Pillsbury, in his annual message for 1877, speaks of the
Minnesota bounty-law, published further on, in the following rather
severe terms:

These acts were approved by me with much reluctance, and not until I had strenu-
ously but unavailingly endeavored to influence a correction in the act first named of
what I deemed ill-advised provisions of a serious character. Prior to any movement
for the practical operation of these laws, I received numerous statements from authori-
tative sources in all quarters of the infested regions, remonstrating against the ap-
pointment of measurers, as contemplated, on the ground that owing to the incaleula-
ble numbers of the insects the provision requiring the counties to pay all bounties in
excess of the proposed State appropriation of $100,000 would virtually bankrupt the
atilicted counties. I therefore deemed it proper to defer action for further knowledge
and consideration. Finding upon calculation that an equal distribution of the avail-
able fund would afford to each inhabitant of the infested localities an average of but
forty cents, a sum too trifling in itself to induce additional efforts for the extermina-
tion of the pests, I became convinced that the enforcement of the bounty-law would
entail upon counties already impoverished by insect ravages a burden of debt which
would prove more disastrous than the scourge it was intended to avert. I, therefore,
against the wishes of a few localities, but in compliance with a vast preponderance
of petitions from the people directly interested, declined to make the appointments
requisite for the practical operation of the law. The decision was justified by the
result, for, in the absence of that concerted defense against the insects by ditches and
other protective means dictated by experience, all efforts induced by the proposed
State and county expenditures combined, would certainly have been unavailing,
especially where the destructive swarms were most dense and where protection was
most needed from their ravages. The sum thus saved to the State remains intact, or
rather the contemplated loan was not effected, the law in express terms specifying the
exclusive object. for which it was to be effected.

LEGISLATION. 409

“A good law, once enacted and on the statute-book, may not be called
into operation for many years, but would beyond all doubt serve an
admirable purpose in the event of a locust invasion. ‘The following are
what we conceive should be the essential features of an efficient bounty-
law: 1. The bounty should be paid out of the State treasury; or it should be
graded and borne equally, one-third by the local township, one-third by the
county, and one-third by the State. 2. The bounty should be immediately
available to those earning it. 3. The act should, so far as possible, tend to
the destruction of the eggs. 4. After the eggs, the destruction of the newly-
hatched locusts should be encouraged by the act. A bushel of the newly-
hatched insects will contain thirty or more times as many individuals
as will a bushel of the pups, and, moreover, their destruction prevents
the subsequent injury. It would be folly to pay 60 cents a bushel for
them later in the season when they are nearly full-grown and have done
most of the harm they are capable of doing. The price, therefore, should
vary with the season; and while, in latitude 399, 75 cents or $1 should
be offered in March, the price should diminish to 50 cents in April, 25
cents in May, and 10 cents in June. As the dates of hatching vary
with the latitude, so the law should vary in the matter of dates, accord-
ing to the requirements of each particular State. In addition to the
foregoing requirements of such an act, every precaution should be taken
to prevent fraud and dishonesty. in obtaining the money.”

The laws obliging proper labor will prove more beneficial to a com-
munity than the bounty laws, and the labor is best performed, first in
destroying the eggs in the fall, and next in destroying the young in-
sects after the bulk of them have hatched out in the spring.

In the more thinly settled parts of the country laws may be more
or less ineffectual, so far as the general destruction of the insects is con-
cerned, though they will even there be one of the best means of reliev-
ing destitution; but in more thickly settled sections they will accomplish
both results.

The following are the State laws respecting locusts that have been
passed :

MISSOURI.

Aw Act to encourage the destruction of grasshoppers.

Be it enacted by the general assembly of the State of Missouri, as follows:

SECTION 1. Any person who shall gather, or cause to be gathered by any person in

his employ, eggs of the Rocky Mountain locust or grasshopper, at any time after they
are deposited in the earth in the autumn of any year, and before they are hatched the
following spring, shall be entitled to a bounty of five dollars for each and every bushel
of eggs thus gathered, or for any quantity less than one bushel, bounty at the same
rate, to be paid, one-half by the State and one-half by the county in which they are
rathered.
: Src. 2. Any person who shall gather, collect, and kill, or cause to be so collected and
killed, young and unfledged grasshoppers in the month of March, shall be entitled to a
bounty of one dollar for each bushel, and for the month of April fifty cents per bushel,
and for the month of May, twenty-five cents per bushel, to be paid in the same man-
ner as in the preceding section.

Src. 3. Any person claiming bounty under this act, shall produce the eggs and grass-
hoppers thus gathered or killed, as the case may be, before the clerk of the county
court in which such eggs or grasshoppers were gathered or killed, within ten days

410 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

thereafter, whereupon said clerk shall administer to such person the following oath or
affirmation: You do sclemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may be,) that the eggs (or
grasshoppers, as tke case may be,) produced by. you, were taken and gathered by you,
or by person or persons in your employ, or under your control, and within this ceunty
and State.

Sec. 4. The clerk shall forthwith destroy said eggs by burning the same and give to
the person proving up the same, under his hand and seal, a certificate setting forth in
a plain handwriting, without interlineation , the amount of eggs or grasshoppers pro-
duced and destroyed by him, and the name and residence of such person producing
the same, which certificate shall be in the following form:

STATE OF MISSOURI,
County of

This is to certify that

, in the county of , A. B. did this day prove before

me that he had gathered, or caused to be gathered, of eggs, grasshoppers,
and is entitled to the sum of dollars, and cents.
Given under my hand and seal of my office this day of A. D. 18—.
A. B.,

Clerk Coun ty Court.

Which certificate shall be received and taken by the collector of revenue of the
county in which the same was given, and such collector shall be allowed pay out of
the county and State treasury one-half from each.

Src. 5. Such clerk shall keep a register of all such certificates given by him, in a
book which he shall keep for that purpose, in which he shall note down every certi£-
cate granted by him, the number and amount, and to whom granted, and transmit a
certified copy of such register, under the seal of the court, to the treasurer of the
State, who shall not allow and pay any certificate which does not correspond with such

register.

Sec. 6. Such clerk shall receive for his services as . aforesaid one dollar for such cer-
tified copy of the register, and the regular fee for the certificate and seal, and ten cents
for each certificate granted under this act, all to be paid out of the treasury of his
county.

Sec. 7. As the object of this act is the rapid destruction of the locust the ensuing
spring, it shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage.

Approved February 23, 1877.

This act is drawn up after the form recommended in Mr. Riley’s eighth
report, and reprinted in the Omaha pamphlet. Section 3, requiring
persons claiming bounty to carry from all parts of the county the eggs
or young insects collected, is defective, as those living near the county
seat will have most advantage and inducement. It would be better to
empower the township trustee or the street commissioner to receive and
measure the eggs or young insects, and to issue certifiates setting forth
the number of bushels destroyed, the certificates to be filed with the
county clerk.

KANSAS.

AN Act to provide for the destruction of grasshoppers, and to punish for violation of this act.

De it enacted by the legislature of the State of Kansas:

SECTION 1. That the township trustees of the different townships, and the mayors
of cities which are not included in any township of any county within this State, are
hereby authorized, and it is made their duty when so requested in writing by fifteen
of the legal voters of the township or city, to issue orders to the road-overseers of the
difterent road-districts within their respective townships or cities, to warn out all able-
bodicd males between the ages of twelve and fifty years within their respective dis-
tricts, for the purpose of destroying locusts or migratory insects.

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of road-overseers, immediately after receiving said orders,
to proceed at once to warn out all persons liable under section 1 of this act, giving
notice of the time and place of meeting, and the tools to be used, and the kind of work
expected to be performed, and all work shall be done and performed under the direc-
tion of the road-overseers.

Sec. 3. Any persons over eighteen years of age warned out as is provided i in this act,
may pay the road-overseer tke sum of ore dollar per day for the time so warned out,

LEGISLATION. 411

and in case any persons shall fail to perform labor under this aut or paying the sum of
one dollar when so warned out, shall be adjudged guilty of a misdemeanor, and on con-
viction shall be fined the sum of three dollars for each day so failing or refusing, and
the moneys so collected shall be expended by the road-overseers in the destruciion of
grasshoppers in their respective road-districts.

Src. 4. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act, the road-overseer
is authorized to enter upon the premises of any person lying within the township where
such order of the township trustee is in force, with a sufficient number of hands and
teams to perform such labor as he may deem necessary for the public good.

Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of the secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, imme-
diately after the passage of this act, to compile in circular form all information relating
to the manner and means heretofore used for the extermination of grasshoppers, anu
send at least ten copies of the same to each township trustee in the State.

Src. 6. This act shall take eftect and be in force from and after its publication once
in the Commonwealth.

Approved March 6, 1877.

AN Act providing for a concert of action by senatorial districts for the destruction of grasshoppers.

Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Kansas:

SECTION 1. That in any senatorial district in the State of Kansas where trouble is
anticipated from the ravages of young grasshoppers in the year 1877, and any subse-
quent year thereafter, it shall be lawful for the counties in said senatorial district to
co-operate together, in the way and manner herein provided, for the destruction of the
same.

Sec. 2. The chairman of the board of county commissioners in the county baving
the largest number of inhabitants in a senatorial district, where two or more countics
form said district, may notify the chairman of each of the boards of county commis-
sioners of the remaining counties in said district, of the time and place when the chair-
men of the several boards of commissioners of the respective counties forming said
senatorial district shall hold a joint meeting.

Sec. 3. At such meeting two of their number shall be chosen to act as chairman and
secretary, and the proceedings of the meeting shall be published in all the newspapers
printed in the senatorial district.

Sec. 4. Said meeting shall designate the manner of procedure by road-overseers,
and what day or days the young grasshoppers should be driven from the cultivated
Jand on the unburnt prairie or places of destruction, and shall also designate on what
day or days the grasshoppers shall be destroyed, by burning or otherwise, in said sena-
torial district, giving at least ten days’ notice of the same by publishing in the news-
papers of the said district.

Sec. 5. The board of commissioners of each county shall notify the road-overseers of
said county of the time fixed upon by the joint meeting for the driving and burning,
or destroying by other means, of the grasshoppers in the district; said notice to be
given to said overseers as soon as practicable after the same shall have been deter-
mined by the joint meeting.

Sec. 6. Said road-overseers shall immediately notify the residents of his road-district
of the time designated and the manner of procedure, in order to carry out the provis-
ions of this act. He shall also specify what tools or implements will be required of
each resident in performing the labor required of him; and such notice may be en-
forced the same as in the acts authorizing road-overseers to warn out the residents to
perform road-labor ; and a refusal shall subject such persons refusing to the same pen-
alties as are provided by law in such cases.

Sec. 7. The road-overseers shall direct the manner of performing the labor, and
have the supervision of the same, and shall keep a list of the names of those who shall
perform labor, and shall certify the number of days’ work performed by each, and
aoe place such certified list in the possession of the board of county commissioners of

is county.

Sec. 8. It shall be lawful for two or more senatorial districts to co-opereate together
under the provisions of this act, on a basis of action which they may agree upon.

Src. 9. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its publication in the
Daily Commonwealth.

Approved March 7, 1877.

Both these acts look to compulsory work and concert of action, and
in these respects are preferable to bounty acts, and will, without doubt,

be productive of more good to the community at less expense to the
State. The objects of the two acts were combined in one.

412 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

MINNESOTA.

An AcT to provide for the destruction of grasshoppers and their eggs.

Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Minnesota:

Section 1. There shall be paid by this State, ont of any moreys in the treasury
thereof not otherwise appropriated, to any person or persons living within any of the
counties in said State afilicted by grasshoppers, the following bounties for catching
and destroving of the same, and the destruction of their eggs:

Sec. 2. The sum of one dollar per bushel for grasshoppers caught previous to the
25th day of May next; the sum of fifty cents per bushel from the said 25th day of May
to the 10th day of June; the sum of twenty-five cents per bushel from the said 10th
day of June to the Ist day of July, and twenty cents per bushel from the said Ist day
of July to the Ist day of October next.

Sec. 3. There shall also be paid in the same manner, the sum of fifty cents per gallon
for any and all grasshopper eggs taken and destroyed by any person or persons.

Sec. 4. There shall be appointed by the governor a competent person in each town-
ship in the several counties so afflicted by grasshoppers, who shall be a resident of the
township for which ke shall be appointed, to receive, measure, and destroy the grass-
hoppers and their eggs delivered to him by any person or persons catching and taking
the same, which said person so appointed shall take and subscribe an oath for the
faithful discharge of his duties, which oath, together with the certificate of appoint-
ment, shall be filed in the office of the county auditor, and he shall receive as compen-
sation for his services snch sum as the county commissioner may determine, to be
paid out cf the funds of the county ; and, in case of necessity, when he cannot per-
form the duties of his office, s:id measurer shall have authority and be empowered to
appoint a suitable and competent person his assistant, which assistant shall be required
to take and subscribe the same oath and be subject to the same penalties as the said
measurer.

Sec. 5. The person receiving and measuring the grasshoppers and their eggs as
aforesaid shall measure and immediately and effectually destroy the same, and keep an
exact account of all the grasshoppers and their eggs received by him and the names of
the persons'delivering the same, and shall issue a certificate for the amount of grass-
hoppers and their eggs to the person delivering the same. And he shall, at the end
of each week after commencing to receive and measure the same, and on the 2d day of
June, on the 11th day of said month, on the 2d day of July, and on the 2d day of Oc-
tober next, make a report to the county auditor of all the grasshoppers and their eggs
measured by him, the number of certificates issued, and the names of the persons to
whom he issued the same; and the county auditor shall examine the same and file it
in his office, which report shall be subject to public inspection; and the county auditor
shall, at the end of each week after he shall have received the first of said reports,
transmit a copy of the said reports to the governor, who shall, as soon as the sum
hereby appropriated shall have been expended in the payment of said bounties, notify
all persons interested therein of such fact by a publication of such notice in some news-
paper printed and published at the city of Saint Paul, in said State of Minnesota, for
three successive days.

Sec. 6. For a failure on the part of said measurer to perform any of his duties under
this act, or for any mismeasurement of such grasshoppers and their eggs, he shall be
deemed to be guilty of a misdemeanor, and be subject to pay a fine of not less than ten
dollars nor more than one hundred dollars, or be imprisoned in the county jail for a
term of not less than thirty nor more than ninety days, in a suit or proceeding to be
prosecuted in the name of the State of Minnesota, in the same manner as is provided
by law in other cases of misdemeanor.

Src. 7. Upon the presentation of such certificate to the county auditor, he shall issue
a certificate to the person entitled thereto for the amount due him (a form of which
ceriificate shall be furnished by the State auditor), and shall make an order upon the
State auditor for the amount thereof, and the State auditor shall draw his warrant
upon the State treasurer for that amount in favor of the parties holding said certifi-
cates, which shall be paid by the State treasurer on presentation: Provided, That all
certificates presented to the county auditor for payment shall be by him filed and pre-
served in his office, and he shall present such certificates to the board of county com-
missioners, who shall audit the same in the manner now provided by law for auditing
accounts against counties; and no money shall be drawn from the State treasury until
such certificates have been audited and allowed in the manner herein provided. And
that no money shall be paid under the provisions of this act at any time prior to the
fifteenth day of July, A. D. eighteen hundred and seventy-seven, and that the money
hereby appropriated shall only apply to certificates duly made and filed with the au-
ditor of state on or before said day ; that at the time after the State auditor shall ascer-
tain the total amount of all claims and certificates so filed, and if the same shall
exceed in amount the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, then the said claims shall

LEGISLATION. 413

be paid pro rata, and-no other or greater amount than said sum of one hundred thou-
sand dollars shall ever be paid under the provisions of this act: And provided further,

That if the amount hereby appropriated is not sufficient to pay the certiticates in full,
the balance shall be paid by the counties respectively, according to the amount due on
said certificates as issued by such county.

Src. 8. Every male inhabitant of the several townships in the said afflicted counties,
being above the age of twenty-one years and under the age of sixty years, excepting
paupers, idiots, and lunatics, shall be assessed by the board of supervisors of said
township to work one day in each week in said township, during the period hereinbe-
fore mentioned for the paying of bounties, for the purpose of catching and destroying
grasshoppers and their eggs, for five weeks from the time said grasshoppers shall be-
come large enough to be taken; and the amount of work to be so assessed shall not
exceed five days in all.

Src. 9. The supervisors aforesaid shall make a list of the names of all persons against
whom said tax shall have been assessed, and place in a column opposite each name on
said list the amount of labor assessed against such person, and shall direct the town
clerk to make a certified copy of each list, after which the town clerk shall deliver
the several copies to the respective overseers of the highways of said townships.

Src. 10. The overseers of highways shall give at least two dayw’ notice to all per-
sons assessed to work as aforesaid, living within the limits of their respective districts,
of the time and places where and when they are to appear for that purpose, and with
what implements.

' Sec. 11. Every person liable to work, as provided for in this act, may commute for
the same at the rate of one dollar per day, in which case such commutation-money
shall be paid to the chairman of the board of supervisors, to be applied and expended
by him for the destruction of grasshoppers and their eggs, and he sball be authorized
and required to hire and engage some suitable and efficient person to work in the place
of said person so commuting, and to pay him the sum of one dollar per day for his
services ; and every person intending to commute for his assessment shall, within five
days after he is notified to appear and work as aforesaid, pay the commutation-money
for the work required of him by said notice, and the commutation shall not be con-
sidered as made until such money is paid.

Src. 12 Every person so assessed and notified, who shall willfully neglect or refuse
to commute or work as provided by this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and
shall, on conviction thereof, be liable to pay a fine of not less than two dollars nor
more than ten dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail not more than ten days,
or both, in the discretion of the court, in a suit to be prosecuted in the name of the
State of Minnesota, in the same manner as is provided by law for prosecutions of mis-
demeanors.

sec. 13. There shall be appropriated, out of any moneys in the treasury of this State
not otherwise appropriated, for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act,
the sum of one hundred thousand dollars.

Src. 14. The board of county commissioners of any county in this State afflicted by
grasshoppers shall have the right, if in their judgment they see fit, to employ one or
more persons in each townsbip in said county, with such implements or mechanical
contrivances aS may prove most efficient to destroy the grasshoppers, from the first
day of April to the first day of August in each year, paying such persons either by the
day or a specified sum for the amount captured and destroyed. The compensation of
such person shall be paid out of the general fund of the county: Provided further,
That parties employed and paid by the county commissioners shall not receive any
other or farther compensation under the provisions of this act.

Sec. 15. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage.

Approved March 1, 1877.

This law, though doubtless framed with the endeavor to meet peculiar
emergencies in Minnesota, always struck us as being much too compli-
cated, and, in point of fact, as we have just seen, it was never enforced,
and proved a practical failure.

NEBRASKA.
AN Act to provide for the destruction of grasshoppers.

Whereas the State of Nebraska has, for the past three years, been devastated by
the grasshoppers, thereby greatly injuring the agricultural and commercial interests
of the State; and whereas these interests are liable to be seriously damaged in the
future by the recurrence of the pests aforesaid : Therefore,

Be it enacted by the legislature of the State of Nebraska:

SECTION 1. That the supervisors of each road-district in this State shall, at the time

414 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

when the grasshoppers shall have been hatched out, and before the same shall become
full-fledged and fly, notify each able-bodied male resident of his district, between the
ages of sixteen and sixty years, to perform two days’ labor, at such time and at such
place and in such manner as shall by said supervisors be deemed most efficient in the
destruction of the grasshoppers; said notices shall be given in the same manner as is
provided by law for the notice to work upon public highways. ;

SEc. 2. Cities of the first and second class shall be governed by the provisions of this
act, and it shall be the duty of the mayor of such cities to appoint not exceeding two
supervisors for each ward to oversee the labor to be performed under the provisions of
this act.

Sec. 3. In case it shall appear that two days’ work is not sufficient to destroy the
grasshoppers in any district or ward, and it shall turther appear that more time can
be profitably employed in the destruction of the grasshoppers, the supervisors of each
ward or road-district may require from the persons liable to the provisions of this act
not exceeding ten days’ labor in addition to the time hereinbefore mentioned ; and it
shall be the duty of such supervisor to give to each person who shall have performed
labor under the provisious of this section a receipt for the number of days’ iabor per-
formed, and the supervisor shall upon oath report to the city or county authorities the
names and amount of labor performed by each person.

Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of all persons subject to the provisions of this act to at-
tend when notified, as herein provided, and labor under the direction of the supervisor
of their respective district or ward. Any person who, after being notified, shall refuse,
neglect, or fail to comply with the provisions of this act, shall forfeit and pay to the
county or city treasurers, as the case may be, the sum of ten dollars, together with
costs of suit, which sum shall be collected by suit before any justice of the peace within
the county, in an action to be brought in the name of the city or county.

Src. 5. The supervisor shall report, under oath, to the city or county authorities the
names of all persons who shall have refused or failed to comply with the provisions of
this act. :

Sec. 6. This being a case of emergency, this act shall take effect and be in force from
and after its passage.

SUGGESTIONS THAT MAY BE OF SERVICE.

In addition to the foregoing remedial and preventive measures to be
taken in dealing with locusts, a few other suggestions occur which may
be of advantage. The plants that can be grown which are generally
unmolested by the pests, and which will not, in all likelihood, suffer,
have already been enumerated. Thuse which are cultivated are princi-
pally pease and other leguminous species, castor-beans, sorghum, broom-
corn, tomatoes, sweet-potatoes, &c. Such wild plants to which the
insects are particularly partial, as tansy, wild buckwheat, &c., might be
periodically sprinkled with Paris-green water or powder, so as to kill
the young locusts that feed upon them. Such plants might also be sown
and encouraged around cultivated fields where the young insects are
expected to hatch out. These young will also congregate on timothy
in preference to other grasses or grain, and a strip of timothy around a
corn or wheat field, to be poisoned in the same way, might save the latter.
It is also currently supposed that the common larkspur (Delphinium) is
poisonous to these insects, but how much truth there is in the statement
we are unable to tell. ‘In going through an oat-field, the winged in-
sects drop a great deal of the grain, which, when ripe enough, might at
once be harrowed in, so as to furnish a goed growth of fodder, that can
be cut and cured for winter use. The lesson of 1873 and 1874 should also
not go unheeded. The former year was one of plenty, and corn was so
cheap and abundant that it was burned for fuel in many sections where
in 1874 there were empty cribs, and the farmers wished they had been
more provident.

4

SUGGESTIONS THAT MAY BE OF SERVICE. A15

Root crops of most kinds succeed admirably in the more northern
portions of the locust country. Of the crops that would escape the rav-
ages of the winged locusts, and which would grow in ordinary seasons
and furnish excellent food for stock, may be mentioned turnips, ruta-
bagas, mahgel-wurzel, carrots (especially the large Belgian), parsnips,
and beets. Of tubers that are not so profitable, but of which it would be
well to plant small quantities in locust districts, for the reason that they
grow with such ease and are less likely to be injured by the insects, the
Chinese yam, Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), and the chufa
(Cyperus esculentus) are worthy of trial. Turnips, of which the insects
are especially fond, kohlrabi, carrots, and the like, may be saved, when
they come late, by cutting off the tops and covering the roots with earth,
the tops making excellent food for milch-cows. The earth should be re-
moved again as soon as possible to prevent the rotting of the roots.

_ The benefits of irrigation and the importance to the West of perfect-

ing and enlarging the systems of irrigation now in vogue, we have briefly
mentioned on page 127. With water at command, the farmer in all this
locust area is measurably master of his two greatest insect plagues,
the Chinch bug and this locust, and full master of the young locusts,
either by inundating the land and drowning them out after hatching,
or by using kerosene in the,ditches; and if there were no other rea-
sons to be urged in its favor, these are sufficient to warrant those States
included in said area in using all means in their power in having schemes
for irrigation perfected and carried out, so far as the topography, soil,
and other peculiarities of the country will admit.

Hogs and poultry of every description delight to feed on the young
locusts and. will flourish where these abound, when nothing else does.
It will be well, in the event of a future invasion, for the people in the
invaded districts to provide themselves with as large a quantity as pos-
sible of this stock. It may occur that where no systematic efforts have
been made to destroy the eggs or the young locasts, these will abound
in such threatening numbers as spring advances that there is little pros-
pect of saving the crops on individual farms amid the general negligence.
Under such circumstances, unless one is prepared to vigorously carry
out the means of destruction we have advised, it may be well to delay
the planting of everything that cannot be protected by ditching until
the very last moment, or till toward the end of June—using team and
time solely in the preparation of his land. In this way not only will he

| save his seed and the labor of planting, and, perhaps, replanting, but

he will materially assist in weakening the devouring armies. Where
proper and systematic efforts had not been made in time, men planted
in 1875 and worked with a will and energy born of necessity, only
to see their crops finally taken, their seed gone, and their teams and
themselves worn-out. ‘The locusts ultimately destroyed every green

thing, until, finding nothing more, they began to fall upon each other

and to perish. This critical period in their history would have been

416 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

brought about much earlier if they had not had the cultivated crops to
feed upon; and if, by concert of action, this system of non-planting
could at first have been adopted over large areas, the insects would have
been much sooner starved out and obliged to congregate in the pastures,
prairies, and timber. Moreover, the time required for early planting
and cultivation, if devoted to destroying the insects after the bulk of
them hatch out, toward the end of April, would virtually annihilate
them. The multiplication of any species of animal beyond the power
of the country to support it, inevitably proves the destruction of that
Species, unless it is able to migrate. Let fifty batches of canker-worm
eggs hatch out on a single somewhat isolated apple-tree, and not one
worm will survive long enough to mature. The leaves of the tree will
be devoured before the worms are half-grown, and the latter must then
inevitably perish; whereas, if only a dozen batches of eggs had hatched
on that tree, the worms might all have lived and matured. In the same
way, the young locusts inevitably perish whenever they are so numerous
as to devour every green thing before they become fledged; and in cer-
tain circumstances, the sooner such a condition of things is brought
about the better. The greatest generals and the mightiest armies must
yield to starvation. |

‘‘Grain might also be sown in ‘lands’ or strips, fifty to one hundred feet
wide, to permit of ditching between them, and those who have fall wheat
up and doing well, where the eggs are thickly laid, should make ditches
at intervals through the field to facilitate the saving of the grain in the
spring.”

In the cultivation of corn, or any crop that needs cultivation while
growing, it is very desirable to keep the surface of the ground well
stirred and pulverized by harrow or plow. The young insects dislike a
pulverized surface, while the mature females also dislike it for oviposi-
tion.

‘‘As a means of assisting farmers in the destruction of the unfledged
locusts by trenches and in other ways, I would also urge the employ-
ment of the soldiers, a large force of whom, in times of peace, could be
ordered to the field at short notice. To many, the idea of employing
soldiers to assist the agriculturist in battling with this pest may seem
farcical enough, but though the men might not find glory in the fight,
the war, unlike most other wars, would be fraught only with good con-
Sequences to mankind. In Algeria the custom prevails of sending the
Soldiers against these insects. While in the south of France last sum-
mer [1875], I found to my great satisfaction that at Arles, Bouche du
Rhone, where the unfledged locusts (Caloptenus italicus, a species closely
allied to our Rocky Mountain Locust) were doing great harm, the sol-
diers had been sent in force to do battle with them, and were then and
there waging a vigorous war against the tiny foe. A few regiments,
armed with no more deadly weapons than the common spade, sent out
to sections of country that are suffering from locust ravages, might in

PREVENTIVE MEASURES AGAINST THE WINGED INSECTS. 417

a few weeks measurably rout the pygmean army, and materially assist
the farmer in his ditching operations.

‘‘ As to the best means of disposing of the slaughtered locusts, the
easiest and most generally employed are burning and burying. Yet
the insects might be turned to good advantage as manure, or sun-dried
and preserved in cakes to feed to hogs, poultry, &c., and where large
quantities are destroyed under a bounty system, some such means of
making the most of them should be considered.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES AGAINST THE WINGED INSECTS.

The remedies and means so far recommended in this chapter look to
the destruction of the insects when once they have fallen upon the more
fertile country, or are hatching or likely to hatch therein. We hope we
have shown that it is quite possible to cope with the young insects under
almost any circumstances, and that this part of the locust problem may
be considered solved. It was to this part of the problem, also, that the:
labors of the Commission were more particularly devoted during the last
year, because the season was most opportune for that purpose; and we:
have already pointed out in the introduction that our labors in this line
prevented a complete and exhaustive study of tbe other part of the
problem, viz, how best to prevent the winged insects from overrunning
the more fertile country or the Temporary region in which the species
is not indigenous. It is to this part of the problem that the Commission
intends to direct its efforts in future, with every hope of success, and it
is for this purpose of rendering the investigation as complete as possi-
ble that we have appealed to Congress for the means.

The coming season will be as favorable for the solution of this second:
part of the inquiry as the past was for that of the first part; since there
is no further need of spending time in the Temporary region, and we
shall find a normal state of things in the permanent region. Not until
we have devoted another season (and perhaps several will be required)’
to the work, shall we be able to satisfactorily answer the great question
that is so frequently asked: ‘“* Cannot something be done to protect the
farmer from the flying swarms?” in other words, “to prevent the mi-
grations of the winged insects from their permanent breeding-grounds,
to which, in ordinary seasons, they are confined?”

For the present we must content ourselves with pointing out the pos-
sibilities in the case, so far as our last year’s experience has thrown
light on the subject. Of the different means that have been suggested
by which to avoid the incursions of the winged hordes from the North-
west the following may be mentioned: 1. The protection and encourage-
ment to the increase of the native locust-feeding birds. 2. The introduc-
tion of foreign locust-feeding birds, 3. Inducements offered to the In-
-dians to collect and destroy the eggs and young. 4. Destroying the eggs
or young by making the greatest possible use by artificial means of the
natural water-supply. 5. Burning the young in spring. 6. Diverting
winged swarms by means of smoke.

27 G

418 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

While every one of these suggestions might be carried out in excep-
tional cases to advantage, and it is the intention of the Commission to
endeavor to acclimate certain foreign locust-feeding birds; yet the last
two methods are the only ones which at present we have any faith in as
capable of sufficiently general application or as resulting in general
good. ‘The first question to consider is whether the insects can be pre-
vented from migrating from their permanent breeding-grounds, and—
considering excessive multiplication the immediate cause of migration—
this virtually means whether they can be prevented from becoming
excessively multiplied in such breeding-grounds. At first view it
would seem hopeless to attempt anything of the sort, and a year ago
we had such a vague and imperfect knowledge of these permanent
breeding-grounds that any proposition looking to wholesale destruction
of the insects in them would have appeared Utopian. But we have
learned enough of the laws governing the movements of the species and
of the country designated as the Permanent region to give us faith, not
only in the possibility of thus keeping the species in check east of the
Rocky Mountains, but in its feasibility.

There is a popular notion that this pest breeds in and comes from
sandy, desert countries. It isa popular error. The insect cannot live
on sand, nor does it willingly oviposit in a loose, sandy soil. It does
not thrive on cacti and sage-bush. It flourishes most on land clothed
with grass, in which, when young, it can huddle and shelter. It can
multiply prodigiously on those plains only that offer a tolerably rich
vegetation—not rank and humid, as in much of the prairie of Illinois,
Missouri, &c., but short and dry—such as is found over much of the
prairies and plains of the Northwest. Now, the destruction of the
eggs, which is so practicable and effectual in settled and cultivated sec-
tions, is out of the question in those vast unsettled prairies; but the
destruction of the young locusts is possible. Those immense prairies
are not only susceptible of easy burning, but it is difficult to prevent
the fire from sweeping over them. Some system of preventing the ex-
tensive prairie-fires in autumn that are common in that country, and
then subsequently firing the prairie in the spring, after the bulk of the
young hatch, and before the new grass gets too rank, would be of untold
value if it could be adopted. The more we study the question, and the
more we learn of those breeding-grounds, the more feasible the plan
grows in our minds. The Dominion Government has, fortunately, a
well-organized mounted police force, which constantly patrols through
the very regions where the insects breed north of our line. This force
is intended to see that the peace is kept, to watch the Indians, to en-
force the laws, and perform other police duties. It could be utilized,
without impairing its efficiency as a police force, in the work we have
indicated, or it might be augmented for that same work. We have
conversed with the ministers of agriculture and of the interior, and
with Governor Morris, on the subject, and they see nothing impracti-
cable in the plan. Indced, it was suggested by Mr. Dawson in his first

PREVENTIVE MEASURES AGAINST THE WINGED INSECTS. 419

report on the subject of locust ravages in British America, and by Mr:
Riley in his eighth Missouri report, for 1875 (p. 132). We have, on this
side of the boundary line, a number of signal stations and military
posts in the country where the insect breeds. We would have our own
military force co-operate with the Dominion police force as a locust vigi-
lance committee. Under the intelligent guidance and direction of some
special commissioner or commission, we would have that whole country
systematically studied every year by such a force with reference to the
abundance or scarcity of the locusts. We would have such a vigilance
force, by a proper system of fire-guards and surveillance, prevent the
fall fires in sections where the insects or their eggs were known to
abound, in order to burn them at the proper time the following spring.

This would be a stupendous work, and perhaps too expensive ever to
be carried out, did the insects breed over the whole of the region we have
designated as the permanent region; but, fortunately. the breeding-
grounds are in limited areas in this region, comprising the richer val-
leys and plateaux and strips along water-courses. It is for the Com-
mission to accurately map out in detail these areas, and to estimate with
what force and at what expense to the two governments the work can
be performed. We have no hope nor idea that the pest can ever by
human means be exterminated from that vast region, but do believe
that it may beso kept in check that it will not migrate. The constant
expense will be limited to the employment of the necessary force, and
only at intervals when danger threatens will it be necessary to go to
the extra and exceptional expense of destroying the insects. Again,
as may be gathered from Chapters VII and XV, there is a connection
between locust-increase and seasons of drought, and we may take advan-
tage of this knowledge by making especial effort whenever the charac-
ter of the seasons indicate danger.

The next question to consider is, whether the farmer can be protected
from the invading swarms, in case the above-mentioned plans should
fail and the insects had become numerous. We think that this is also,
to a large extent, possible with the proper system and organization.
We would, in such an event, have this same corps of observers watch
carefully the development and movements of the locusts and forewarn
the farmers of the country of threatened danger. There is no reason
why the agricultural community should not be informed the previous

autumn as to the extent to which eggs have been laid, and as to the

particular locations where laid; or why the following spring they should

not be informed of the prospects, so as to plant accordingly as recom-

mended in Chapter XIII, 7. ¢., put in a larger area of small grain that
will be harvested before the winged swarms appear, and plant such
crops as are best protected. ‘Then, as the insects were commencing to
migrate, their movements should be communicated to the people through

the Signal Bureau. The information should be as minute, complete, and

|} prompt as possible. These movements may be likened to those of a
| storm, and the people should receive in advance the danger signal, that

420 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

they might guard against calamity. The “ locust probabilities” are of
far more importance than the weather probabilities to the people of the
West, and the idea of having them telegraphed over the country does

not appear half as chimerical to us now, as that of having the weather
- foreshadowed did a few years ago.

In this way the farmers could be fully forewarned of approaching
danger. We would, in this connection, have the Western farmers adopt
some general plan of defense against possible invasion. The straw that
is now allowed to rot in unsightly masses as it comes from the thrasher,
and which encumbers the ground unless burned, should be utilized. Let
it be stacked in small pyramids at every field-corner, and there let it
remain until the locusts are descending upon the country. Then let the
farmers in a township or a county or in larger areas simultaneously fire
these pyramids, using whatever else is at hand to slacken combustion
and increase the smoke, and the combined fumigation would partially
or entirely drive the insects away, according as the swarm was extended
or not.

In short, we believe, first, that by proper co-operation on the part of
the two governments interested, the excessive multiplication of this
destructive insect may be measurably prevented in its natural breeding-
grounds, and that the few thousand dollars that would be necessary to
put into operation intelligent co-operative plans are most trifling in
view of the vast interests at stake. With an efficient and properly
organized Department of Agriculture, liberally supported by Congress ;
with the aid of the War Department, the Signal Burean, the Post-Office
Department, and the Indian Bureau, the plan could be perfected and
carried out at minimum expense. There is no reason why every signal
officer, every postmaster, every mail-carrier, every Indian agent, and
every other government employé in the Permanent region should not be
ordered to do service of this kind, and made, under the direction of an
intelligent head, a medium through which to gather the desired informa-
tion. We believe, secondly, that where the multiplication of the insect
cannot be prevented in its natural breeding-grounds, our farmers in the
more thickly-settled sections may, by the use of smoke, measurably turn
the course of the invading swarms and protect their crops—obliging the
insects to resort to uncultivated areas.

Did the injury continue for another three or four years as it has for
the past four; were the Western farmers to suffer a few more annual
losses of $40,000,000, such schemes as we have suggested would soon
be carried out. The danger is that during periods of immunity, indiffer-
. ence and forgetfulness intervene until another sweeping disaster takes
us by surprise. The other danger is that the majority of our Congress-
men and Senators at Washington, representing constituencies never
troubled with this grievous pest, have not, and cannot well havé, any
just conception of the magnitude of its devastations, and are conse-
quently without due appreciation of the importance of the subject.

INFLUENCE OF PRAIRIE FIRES ON LOCUST INCREASE. 421

CEUX Pb. 2 vy:
INFLUENCE OF PRAIRIE FIRES ON LOCUST INCREASE.

“The statement has been often made, and advocated with consider-
able ingenuity, that the visitations of the Rocky Mountain locust are
due to the practice of burning off the dry grass of our Western prairies.
All the arguments in this direction, however plausible at first sight,
will not bear the test of close scrutiny. The theory is that burning the
grass is the occasion of drought, and that locusts come only in droughty
seasons. One writer in the Kansas Farmer for September 23, 1874, even
asserts that ‘the unbroken succession of curses’ that have afflicted that
State, ‘all spring from the one first grand cause, the burning of the
prairie grasses,’ and, after explaining that hot, scorching winds and
simoons originate in desert countries, he avers that ‘it matters not
whether the country is an original desert, or whether it is made so by
the action of our Western prairie fires. I*or all present purposes the
two are reduced to a common level and produce a common result—
drought, hot winds, and locusts.’

‘‘The reason given why the locusts can come only in droughty seasons
is that they cannot fly in a moist atmosphere, and the facts that they
do not readily fly early in the morning, and that the farther east you
go, or, in other words, the more moist the atmosphere becomes, the
insects diminish in number and consequent power for harm.”

As such views are by no means uncommon in the West, we adduce
several reasons for believing that there is no connection whatever be-
tween prairie-fires and locust ravages.

‘1. It is by no means proved that the simoons which occasionally
Sweep over our Western States and Territories have their origin in any
partof that vast prairie country. Some of the more localof these hot, dry
winds may originate or acquire their peculiarly high temperature on the
mauvaises terres of Wyoming or the tablelands of Arizona and Mexico;
but the more general simoons most probably have their origin at a far
greater distance from us, viz, in the tropics. These simoons in Missouri
always blow from the southwest, in Kansas from south-southwest, and in
Eastern Colorado from the south, or a few points east of south; and their
injurious and scorching effects are not infrequently felt before the frost
in Kansas and the country to the west is fairly out of the ground.

‘2. It is well known that the buffalo-grass ranges over a vast extent
of our Western plains, and that it does not furnish a very dense or thor-
ough covering, even when unburned, and assists very little in retaining
moisture or preventing evaporation.

‘¢ 3. Our own observations for the past seventeen years in this Western
prairie country lead us to the conclusion that fires more often succeed
than precede drought, and that they may more justly be looked upon as

422 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

a result than as a cause of excessive dry weather; and the prevailing
belief that large conflagrations or extensive fires are conducive to rain,
bears on this point.

‘‘4, Whenever grass is burned during the growing season, the old and
drier blade is soon succeeded by a green and succulent one, which has
far greater power to attract and retain moisture; while if burned in
winter-time, theevaporation from the soil can be thereby but slightly
affected, because of the weakened power of the sun and the snows which
usually cover and protect.

‘¢5. Droughts are by no means confined to that portion of the country
subject to the locust invasions.

‘66. The reason why locusts are more sluggish and less inclined to fly
at morn than at noon is not so much a question of the comparative
density of the atmosphere as of the difference in temperature. All
diurnal insects are sluggish in the cool of the morning, and their activity
increases with the rising of the thermometer; and flight, whether of
bird or insect, is, we conceive, easier, ceteris paribus, in a dense than in
an attenuated atmosphere.

“7, As the Rocky Mountain locust multiplies continuously in the
Permanent region, its descent into the plains and prairies to the east
and south, where it does not permanently thrive, cannot well be affected
by the burning of the grass on these plains and prairies.

‘From what has preceded we think we may safely conclude that the
non-burning of the prairies will have no effect in preventing locust
injuries, but that, on the contrary, as shown in Chapter XIII, the judi-
cious burning of such prairies at the proper time is most beneficial and
highly to be commended.

‘¢ Indeed, there is only one way in which there can be any real con-
nection between the burning of prairies and the ravages of the Rocky
Mountain locust, and that connection is through the remote past, and
altogether beyond our present control. In the report of the Chief
Signal Officer to the War Department for 1872 will be found an inter-
esting account of the great fires of 1871 in the Northwest, in which
the late Prof. J. A. Lapham, of Milwaukee, Wis., maintains that our
extensive Western prairies and plains owe their existence and origin
to the agency of fire. These fires, encouraged by drought, and either
kindled by accident or intention, have swept over the country for ages,
and while they leave the roots of the grass uninjured, they destroy the
germs of most other plants, including forest-trees; and Mr. Lapham
pictures to himself a long-past struggle between forest and prairie, in
which the latter, by the assistance of the Fire King, has gained and held
the vantage-ground. |

‘‘ While we do not agree with Professor Lapham that the remote
cause of our prairies can be attributed to fire, yet no one can doubt its —
agency at the present time in maintaining these prairies and preventing
timber-growth in the more humid portions of the great prairie regions.

INFLUENCE OF WEATHER ON THE SPECIES. 423

But on Professor Lapham’s hypothesis there would naturally be a con-
nection in the past between fires and locusts; for if, without fires, this
whole prairie region had been timbered, the locusts, which are essen-
tially insects of the plains and prairies, could never have become so
prodigiously abundant and injurious. On such a hypothesis alone can
we see any possible connection between prairie-fires and locust invasions;
and, however much truth there may be in the hypothesis, the fact
remains that there is no present connection between the two phe-
nomena.”

CyB AVE lian coxa

INFLUENCE OF WEATHER ON THE SPECIES.

-Although we cannot doubt that the climate of the Rocky Mountain
region and of the plains where the Rocky Mountain locust dwells, de-
termines largely its characteristics, habits, and destructiveness, yet the
want of accurate simultaneous observations from numerous points still
prevents us from entering into that systematic investigation of the sub-
ject that would thoroughly elucidate such questions as are still obscure.

On the one hand, we know from observation in a general way (1)
that the species comes to perfection in what we have (Map I) designated
as the Permanent region, which is elevated from one to four thousand
feet above the sea; (2) that it migrates by flights, to some extent west-
ward, but especially eastward to Manitoba and southward to Texas,
rarely passing the 94th meridian on the east or to within fifty miles of
the Gulf of Mexico on the south; (3) that the progeny born in these
low lands return, as far as they are able, to the higher regions near the
birthplace of their ancestors.

On the other hand, we consider that the meteorological conditions
affecting their life most probably are: (1) The temperature of the soil
in which the eggs are deposited; (2) The indirect effect of climate by
its influence on the condition of the young grasses and plants at the
time of hatching of the young and up to the period of the insect’s ac-
quiring wings; (3) The temperature, rain-fall, and dryness at the sur-
face of the ground during the unfledged condition of the young locust ;
(4) The winds and weather prevailing when the insect is ready to mi-
grate; (5) The nature of the vegetation, soil, and climate in the re-
gion to which it migrates and where the eggs are to be laid. |

With respect to migrations, the meteorological bearings on them
have been considered in Chapter VII; the other vital questions in re-
gard to the increase and the perpetuity of the species, and therefore in
regard to its permanent destructiveness, relate to the conditions to
which the eggs and the y oung insects are subjected, and will be consid-
ered in the present chapter.

424 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION:

EFFECT OF THE WEATHER ON THE YOUNG LOCUSTS.

That the young locusts thrive best and are healthiest during dry
springs and summers, is not only what we should naturally conclude
from what we know of the climatic character of the permanent habitat
of the insect, but it is proved by experience. lixcessive moisture,
especially when accompanied with cold, is prejudicial to them. They
can stand a slight frost with impunity, but 15° below freezing-point
usually kills them.

EFFECT OF THE WEATHER ON THE EGGS.

While a knowledgeof the influence of the weatheron the young locusts
can have no especial practical bearing, since we can never know before-
hand the kind of weather we are to have, it is quite different in regard
to the eggs. There is a possibility that by knowing the conditions most
favorable or most unfavorable to the eggs, and the thermal constant
required to properly hatch them, we may be able to anticipate results.
lt is evident that if the amount of heat which the locust-egg has re-
ceived is the principal factor in determining its development, we ought,
having once determined this thermal constant, and having a series of
daily observations of the temperature of the earth in which the egg
lies, to be able to state on any day in the early spring just how near the
ege is to hatching; and this information would, it is conceived, fre-
quently be of use to the farmer, since he would know then whether it
would be safe to plant or best to delay. For instance, if in Missouri,
by April 1st, the eggs are within two days of hatching, and the
weather indications of the Signal Office predict continued warm or very
warm weather, we may anticipate that the eggs will surely hatch in a
few days, and that succeeding cold spells and rain will kill off the
early young locusts.

Of course such predictions will have only special and local value, and
for their success must depend on the accuracy of our knowledge of
(1) the temperature of the soil, and (2) the thermal constant or total
amount of heat required to hatch the locust-egg. The chemical effects
of solar radiation we believe to be of minor importance, since the solar
rays that penetrate into the soil belong to the red end of the spectrum.

In a broad way we know, from the sub-boreal nature of the insect,
that its eggs will stand intense cold, for they are normally laid where
the winters are long and intense. We may therefore assume that a
severe and steady winter in the Temporary region will better preserve
them and cause them to hatch more regularly in spring than a mild and
changeable winter; and the history of the winter of 1874~75, compared
with that of 1876~77, bears out the assumption. In other words, the
more nearly the winter of the Temporary region approaches in character
that of the Permanent region, the better will the eggs be preserved; and
the relative mildness of the winter in the more southern latitudes—the
alternate freezing and thawing, and corresponding check and stimulus

TEMPERATURE OF THE SOIL. 425

to development which the eggs there endure—has no doubt much to do
with the degeneracy of the young locusts that hatch in the Temporary
region. Having already arrived, by expefiment (Chapter XIII), at an
approximate knowledge of the influence of moisture, and of alternate
freezing and thawing on the eggs, we desire in the present connection
to ascertain, as nearly as present data permit, the mean temperature or
thermal constant at which the eggs will hatch. Experience with this,
as with other insects, indicates that there will be constitutional peculi-
arities belonging to different individuals which will cause irregularity
in development even under the same conditions; but we must recognize
exceptions to all conclusions, and desire to ascertain as far as possible
the rule.

The following study, which, though necessarily incomplete, affords the
first approximation toward the exact determination of the effects of
temperature on the time of hatching of the eggs, has been made for us
by Prof. Cleveland Abbe, of Washington.

THE TEMPERATURE OF THE SOIL.

On this fundamental question our positive information is meager and
unsatisfactory. We need for our Western States observations of daily
maximum and minimum temperatures, or better, four observations a
day, at regular hours, of the temperature of the soil at depths of 0, 1,
and 2 inches, within such soils and exposures as are selected by the
locusts for their eggs. But we are not aware that any such observa-
tions have as yet been made anywhere in the United States, and shall
therefore be obliged to depend upon some general conclusions drawn
from European observations of soil temperature. On this account, and
until such observations are instituted in our own Western regions, our
investigations will be liable to a considerable range of uncertainty, and
we can only indicate general results instead of illustrating our method
by definite special cases.

It is to be earnestly recommended that in future careful observations
on the temperature and moisture of the soil be made in connection with
the usual record of temperature and moisture of the air, the rain-fall
and wind, and cloudiness of thesky. Amateur meteorological observers
frequently spend money and time upon barometrical observations that
would be more profitably spent upon rain-fall, moisture, and tempera-
ture.

We have prepared unpublished tables, which suffice to illustrate the
very various temperatures of the soil under similar atmospheric tempera-
tures, depending upon the nature of the soil, exposure, time of day and

year, cloudiness, rain-fall, wind, &c. In order to aid in forming an ap-
proximate judgment of the temperature to which eggs must have been
exposed, it will be necessary to remember that during a few hours on
| sunny days the temperature within one inch of the surface of the ground
is decidedly higher than would be inferred from the observations at

426 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

2 or 3 inches, and of course much higher than the air temperature
at an elevation of a few feet. According to Hennessey, Prestel, &c., a
black-bulb thermometer laid upon the soil probably gives one limit,
and the ordinary air temperature the other limit, between which the
temperature of the surface soil must be included. An approximate esti-
mate of the relative temperatures for slight depths at midday may be
formed from the accompanying table for dry, light, sandy soils, bare of
grass;

Onisurfaceee 2 ewesasc cease es kee 2 eae - 100°F. 80°F. 60°F. 40°F.
big DelOwes tise lee tbe oh) ott es a) eo A eee 2 90 72 55 Al
One-half inch below -... ...... ss<.5- Nalengaiett Noy wa Peed epee 80 67 52 42
Qe mew Pelaw. eos. fon ace Cao toe a aie ae ore re ere 75 63 51 41
‘we: mches below 2.2¢ 252-2 cst ece scene eee 70 60 50 40

THERMAL CONSTANT FOR LOCUST-EGGS.

The next step in our study requires that we should determine, if pos-
sible, for how long locust-eggs must be exposed to a given temperature
in order to hatch, or what total amount of heat must be furnished to
them, which amount may be entitled the thermal constant in analogy
with the similar determination for the seeds of plants. We of course have
to assume that the large majority of the eggs require a certain normal
amount of heat. The effect of temperature, and incidentally of rain-
fall and dryness of air, upon the eggs is shown by Mr. Riley’s experi-
ments, recorded in Chapter XIII. We add the following observations
which have come to hand from other sources:

The young that are hatched out in February, if caged or in a warm place, may be
kept lively for a long time, but those that appear in the open air at this season soon
succumb to cold nights and want of food. I¢ is certain that those that appeared in
February will do no harm next spring. It is doubtful whether in the year most
favorable to their development more than 50 per cent. of the eggs in this climate ever
survive the winter in a healthy state. While it is possible for these eggs to survive one
or even two freezings after the insect has formed in the egg, they are nearly destroyed
by frequent severe changes of weather.—[Prof. S. Aughey in the Nebraska Farmer,
March, 1877.

It seems to be true that the vitality of the egg cannot be destroyed by freezing,
but it is more than likely that a rapid thawing out would spoil them. I have sub-
jected grasshopper eggs to temperatures 20 and 30 degrees below freezing, and then,
upon examination with the microscope, found the contents fluid, but thick, and with
ice crystals penetrating the mass. I have also tried freezing and thawing and then
hatching. Some ’hoppers appeared from the eggs that were thawed slowly, but none
where the temperature was raised with any rapidity.—[G. E. Bailey in Nebraska
Farmer, March, 1877.

Eggs exposed to 78° F. hatch in from 7 to 14 days; exposed to 20° F. they were
frozen, but revived on being warmed ; exposed to a temperature of 5° F. they were
killed. A hard frost does not kill many grasshoppers, but a cold of from 15° to 0°
will kill with hardly any exception. The eggs are not destroyed by a cold winter
unless they have already been partly hatched.—[Smith & Trask, of the Farmers’ Union,
Saint Paul, Minn.

An anonymous correspondent of the Rural New Yorker, March 31, 1877, says: A tem-
perature of 100° F. had no effect on the eggs, which hatched out in afew hours. A

THERMAL CONSTANT FOR LOCUST-EGGS. 427

temperature of 120° made the ’hoppers lively and happy, but at 140° they quickly
died.

Mr. B. Yates, in the Saint Paul Pioneer-Press, says that ’hoppers hatched out by
stoves, when grown to one-fourth inch long, endured 15° and 18° below zero without
injury.

Last winter, when the thermometer marked 24° below zero, I examined eggs in a
piece of ground that had been bare all winter, and found them apparently as free
from frost as so much alcohol, and in the spring they hatched out in great numbers in
the same ground.—[ W. J. Newell, Athol, Sioux County, Iowa, July 2, 1877.

Eggs laid in September, 1876, began to hatch about April 10th. Very cold weather
April 24 to 29. Many eggs began to hatch rapidly on May Ist. -Insects exposed in a
bottle to 14, were not injured.—[G. V. Swearingen, Sidney, Iowa, May 1, 1877.

On the 27th May, 1877, at Montevideo, Chippewa County, I found a place where the
hatching had begun in the early part of the month and had been suddenly arrested by
rain; the egg-pods were found to be spreading, the young having been arrested just
as they were in the act of breaking the shell. The eggs appeared to be lifeless, but
after lying in the warm sun a few minutes a portion of the young came forth. * * * *
Eggs plowed under in the spring in corn-fields remained unhatched until June 21, and
were then apparently lifeless, but hatched under the sun within an hour. Where the
ground has become baked hard by the sun, a light rain-shower, followed by warm sun-
light, often serves to assist rather than to hinder hatching.—[Mr. Allen Whitman,
Saint Paul, Minn.

Eggs deposited July, 1875, and covered by water through the spring and summer to
August first, were hatching out on August 28 in the warm sun. Alternate freezing and
thawing occur every year; thus March, 1874, had sixteen days of temperature above
32°, and it fell, April 3, to 17°. In March, 1875, ranged from 38° to 19°, and in April,
1875, the range was from 57° to 10°. In March, 1877, above freezing-point, and on
eighteen days in April.—[_C. H. Goodsell, Marshfield, Lincoln County, Minn.

Notwithstanding the indefinite nature of some of the preceding
observations, we have ventured to draw the following conclusions in
reference to the influence of temperature, &c., on the vitality and hatch-
ing of the eggs:

I. Low degrees of cold, as — 5° F. and — 24 F., do not impair their vitality.

II. Temperatures up to 100° F.. do not destroy them.

III. Moisture and water affect the eggs principally by keeping them at a low tem-
perature and delaying the time of hatching; by drying up the contents of the egg,
by exposure to sun and wind, its development may he prevented at any temperature.

IV. Alternate freezing and thawing injures the eggs but slightly if the process is
slow, but if the thawing takes place very rapidly the vitality is probably injured.

V. The development of the egg is suspended for an indefinitely long time when kept
at temperatures uniformly lower than 32° F'., and even probably lower than 50°, but
progresses at higher temperatures with a rapidity proportional to the excess of the
temperature above 50°.

VI. Some of the preceding experiments give the following numerical data for the
time of hatching:

Eggs that had perhaps been already brought forward by natural heat out of
doors, hatched after 20 days’ exposure indoors to an artificial temperature ranging from
55° at night to 65° by day, and averaging 60°. Other eggs, perhaps those that had
not as yet made so much progress in maturing, required 38 days at the same tempera-
ture.—[ Riley’s Experiments, 1.

Eggs hatched in from 21 days, at 60° F., to 32 days, at 60° F.—[Riley’s Experi-
ments, 2.

Eggs hatched in from 21 days, at 60° F., to 36 days, at 60° F. These eggs were
exposed from December 22 to January 12 to out-of-doors temperatures ranging from

428 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

52° to —4°, without injury or material hastening of the hatch.—[Riley’s Experi-
ments, 3.

Eggs, out of doors, at Saint Louis, from November 15 to March 2, and therefore
exposed to 80 days of maximum temperature lower than 51°, and 20 days of maximum
temperature over 58°. The eggs continued hatching from March 2 to April 10.—
[Riley’s Experiments, 6.

Eggs buried at Manhattan, Kans., November 10, at depths from 1 to,18 inches.
Examined May 12, and had all hatched down to 12 inches, but none below that.—
[ Riley’s Experiments, p. 356.

Eggs hatched in from 7 to 14 days at temperature of 78°. It is not known whether,
in these experiments, the eggs were perfectly fresh, nor whether the temperature was
perfectly uniform.—[Smith and Trask.

rom these observations, and having in mind the irregularities in the
time of oviposition, and the possibility of the previous exposure of some
of these eggs to an unknown though small amount of natural heat
before being subjected to the artificial experimental temperature, the
following estimate or rather “ working hypothesis” has been formed as
to the approximate relation between the temperature and the time of
hatching.*!

At a uniform temperature of 50° Fahrenheit, the eggs require 65
whole days or, 1,560 hours.

At a uniform temperature of 60° Fahrenheit, the eggs require 60
whole days, or 1,440 hours.

At a uniform temperature of 70° Fahrenheit, the eggs require 55
whole days, or 1,320 hours.

Whether eggs will hatch on exposure to a continuous temperature
much higher or lower than these may be questioned. Analogy shows
that there must be a limiting temperature.

APPLICATION OF PRECEDING DATA TO THE ESTIMATION OF THE DATES
OF HATCHING OF EGGS DEPOSITED UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS.

In order to apply the estimates of the preceding section to the locust
eggs actually lying in the ground, we must, in the absence of direct ob-
servation of the soil temperature, find some general connection between
this and that of the air, as given by ordinary meteorological registers.

This connection has been more elaborately treated of by numerous
authors; but for our case the question is simplified by the fact that we
need only to have some general statement of the time during which soil
temperatures exceeding 50° have prevailed For more accurate investi-
gation, and assuming that the thermal constants of the preceding sec-
tion can be determined with minute accuracy, we should imperatively
need observations of the actual temperature of soil rather than any ap-
proximate inferences.

We propose for our present approximation to ascertain, first, on how
many days duripg the months in question air-maxima of 50°, 60°, &e.,

94 This estimate was made withcut knowledge of that given by Mr. Riley in Chapter VIII, where
the times are given as 28 to 35 days, at a temperature of 85° Fahrenheit, or 42 days, ata temperature of

75° Fahrenheit, and at the moment of going to press there is not time to investigate the origin of this
difference.

ESTIMATION OF THE DATES OF HATCHING OF EGGS, ETC. 429

occurred, and on how many days the air-minima were above 50°. Ina
second table we shall give the average daily duration in hours of the
period during which the average soil temperatures above 50° will ave-
rage 60°.

The following tables, for September, 1875, to June, 1876, are princi-
pally based on data published in the Annual Reports of the Chief Sig-
nal Officer :

Table showing the number-of days in which the maximum and minimum air temperatures were
within certain limits.

FORT GARRY, MANITOBA.

Number of days.

te H Py .
3 S 2 Wy — as
= lean as a E I area ete
Ses cells) Wao Nemes nami erate cul feat age
Fiat creel penal a Cen els] 0] scone Cth ee Chae eos
at rem Ve coelh fie isi sila (ety «| ees| eae cfisey | rs enn
Maximum temperatures were undcr
HOP ee deect ese eee Sees eeoes 3 23 30 31 31 29 31 19 4 2
Between 00° and 09e eee eee enn 7 2 0 0 0 0 0 7 5 3
Between 60° and 69° .................. 8 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 10 4
Between 10° and 79°). .-..2...o-cawcteee 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 Tee EG 12
Between &0° and 89° .....-............ 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
Over 890.5 oc. ude Sorc cawescaaeatsceene 1 0 0 0 0 0 | 0 0 1 3
The minimum temperatures were
above 49° as follows ..-..-..-...- 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 15
Monthly mean temperatures.....- 52°. 3 ae 6 | 89.9 | 5°.7 |—4°. ae 4) 89.7 135°. 9 |52°. 8 | 60°. 0

BRECKENRIDGE, MINN.

Number of days.

H tH ro >
P=) gs 5 5S BS re
a 2 a | = Ss a :
2 i 2) ® 5 q 9 A ©
= £ e S A 2 q = b a
(a) o ° o 3 [) Gi i=") w 3
730 NN abel A290 aN TT Sie |=“ r= lg i Rn eer be on =
Maximum temperatures were under
DOO a creelernivinie aieloisaeinle alm oe jalwinis ai ela = 1 13 24 31 31 29 3l 17 ee 0
Between! 51° and 5992-2 o-2 pee eaeeween 5 8 5 0 0 0 0 6 if 3
Betweenis0o ana000 ace e ade oe see oe il 3 1 0 0 0 0 6 8 6
Between 70° and 79° ..........-.--<... 9 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 12
Betwean 80° and 8$° .................. 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 5
OV OE B90 ae aise mace cln vincin nnn osial taal eis 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
The minimum temperatures were
above 49° as follows ....--.....2 =| 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 14
Monthly mean temperatures...... 55°. 4 42°. 0 |18°.3 |189.0 | 69.3 | 49.3 |10°. 5 |33°. 3 [569.3 | 63°. 1

i

430 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

YANKTON, DAK.

Maximum temperatures were under

50°
Between 51° and 59
Between 60° ard 69°
Between 70° and 79°
Retween 80° and 89°
Over 89°

The minimum temperatures were

above 49° as follows

Monthly mean temperatures

5

a

g |:

for ~

na | o
0 6
4 8
10 9
5 5
11 3
0 0
13 0

609. 6 |479.2

Number of days.

NORTH PLATTE, NEBRASKA.

Maximum temperatures were under

30°
Between 50° and 59°
Between 60° and 69°
Between 70° and 79°
Between 80° and 89°
Over 89°

The minimum temperatures were

above 49° as follows

Monthly mean temperatures

&
3s 3
g 5
co) =
2/2
moe
0:|4 ae
3 | i!
5 | g
10 8
7 6
5 | 0
— ——
13 0
62°. 5 |53°. 4

Pad ahr |) eal

2 2 Bb mH :

ay aol a | 8°) see

5 5 SUS eI ea ie

4)\/A | 5 |B | a. Seige
20} 24] 26] 23] 31 1 3 0
8 6 5 5 0} 410 3 1
eae 0 1 0 7 4 6
0 0 0 0 0 5| 10 9
0 0 0 0 0 These 10
0 0 0]. 0 0 0 0 4
0 | 0 0 0 0 o| 18 18

59,9 279.3 |18°.9 20°.8 |20°. 4 |46°. 7 [519.6 | 65°.7
Number of days.

=~ pt A

f/f s/f], |

g a = 5 = aus cd
ned c22) =) H — = ° [-3)

A 3 El = 2 a ee E

= = a 2 = a = =

A a 5 is a >: a ee | 5

}

18.]. 16.|» 26;}.913i1, 22 7 2 0
8} 12 ru ie 5 3 5 0
4 3 0 3 4} 10 7 5
0 0 0 0 0 8 7 10
0 0 0 0 01) era 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | 7
0 0 0 0 0 2 | 17 ig

31°, 5 |34°.0 230, 6 [32.04 [279.9 [509.3 509. 6 67°. 9

Maximum temperatures were under

56°
Between 50° and 599°
Between 60° and 69°
Between 70° and 799
Between 80° and 89°
Over 89°

ee eee eee cess

The minimum temperatures were

above 49° as follows

Monthly mean temperatures

DODGE CITY, KANS.

Number of days.
H = a .
ole Meee pee | oleate tes ,
| 2 | = a = = = s
oO = (>) (=) Ss ww 2° Tal tess >
2 > ° = 2 = = 4 8
wl <Ooteet ai et Shes a 4 }/a/5
0 0 g 7 11 2 18 3 0 0
2 2 10 8 11 12 7 3 2 0
3 8 4 14 8 8 4 6 8 2
7 11 7 2 1 5 2 9 4 8
10 10 1 0 0 0 0 7 15 10
8 0 Q 0 0 0 0 2 2 10
2 0 0 1 0 0 e 18 24

eee

THERMAL CONSTANTS FOR LOCUST-EGGS.

CORSICANA, TEX.

431

Number of days.

4 be PS) 4
2 a 2 3 be sy f
=| 2 q =| eS 5 a= = :
2 = 2 oy 5 i ° = oD
> Bs q = a
i=") oe ro) = A me CS Qy i] is
) 2° oS o =|
n fo) A i) B Fy = 4 a 5
Maximum temperatures were under
BOON tert ais Weninineicmianiciieimeme cee metet 0 0 1 0 4 2 1 0 0 0
Between 50° and'59° 422 sasceee cacecces 0 0 6 4 9 3 § 1 0 0
Between 60° and 69° - o.oo. sence. 2 Q 14 15 12 12 10 4 2 0
Hoenween (0° and.790 scence necenmecielee 8 14 5 12 6 12 9 8 6 2
Isetween 80° and 89°... J: .2...%. semen 6 14 4 0 0 0 3 16 17 11
(ORO BED IE RR p ero macccacriceaabeenaant 14 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 17
The minimum temperatures were
above 499" tcc et cone aeacees cto 29 20 12 11 9 10 9 25 26 30
Monthly mean temperatureés...... 73°. 5 |63°. 9 |55°. 6 [54°. 2 52°. 2 [559.1 1539. 9 Gre. 0 (71°. 8 | 779.3

We shall make a pretty close approximation to the number of hours

during which the eggs were exposed to a hatching temperature of 60°

I’. if we allow for each of the maximums above 50° in the preceding

tables the number of hours given in the following table:

Fort Brecken- North Dodge é
Garry. | ridge. Yankton.| pratte. City. Corsicana.
1875 h. h. h. h. h. h.
SEDCOMPEM: << o0)56 sans. es oeine ne see eeeeioe 12 14 16 18 20 24
@evaberss.se8 os ee eee 6 0 11 12 18 20
ING ECIMND GT © onc tics ojqcreer eee eereeee oe nee cashier 0 6 6 12 16
DECEMDOL ssn era cte Pocus aoe ae lee eee eee lee eee eric mae ae at 4 4 6 12
1876
ANU AT Vie ainieinls'sxroic anja fara one Meee ESSE noe ee ere | oman: + 4 6 12
CDRA Ye ~ a is to ies a ww tte asta See eel c ereveracre eee ll mereiate tra eos 4 4 6 12
Mere eee ic etek bale Soe E oe aero Eee Ree eevee es 6 8 16
VAT UNS Goes ae ae eee Aa DEE ose 6 6 6 12 12 20
i Si pga eS Se aR Re een 2 12 10 12 16 18 24
UNO ee she. we oo eee Shoe ae eae eee 18 14 16 18 20 24

The total number of hours during which the eggs are exposed to a
hatching temperature equal to 66° I’. is now found by multiplying their
number by the number of naximums above 50° as before given, and the
following results are thus obtained:

Total number of hours during which eggs were erposed to a hatching temperature equivalent

to 60°.
Fort Brecken- North 1Oyeovere) |i
Garry ridge. ESS OL Platte. C re, Corsicana.
1875 h. h. h. h. h. h.
SeptemDPors 02. Se wed eahthe see nek 324 406 480 540 600 720
GEtGber: 22h st cccesna ve ceet emer acl tee 48 120 Q75 348 540 600
INOVOMDer:.\2506..o4 Vateciepebhwor acon cee: 0 36 60 72 264 464
IWECOMIDED: co cesctcoaedavecoe re ee one 0 0 28 60 144 372
1876.
JE PEE eS Ree epner er COE OO ar or cmrieat 0 0 20 20 120 324
GDLUALY: - ois <0 oec Sobe ade ee eee 0 0 24 64 150 324
March. sovcemabccnacuezedoamcouea noses: 0 0 0 54 104 464
i Fy S OOO TAN ie BCE AL OSS 5 OE 66 78 124 276 324 600
IMA V3 teS8 sande cphis ict lon ae See ee axes 324 290 386 464 558 744
UNC. ss Se See Sade salt sw valve amen ace eos 504 420 430 540 600 720

DS

432 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

From this table we see that the eggs laid at Manhattan, Kans., in
the fall of 1876, and obtained by Mr. Riley for his experiments early in
November, may have already received as much as 1140 = 600 + 540 hours
of a hatching temperature, or about 47 complete days, more or less, de-
pending on their exposure, which was allowed for in framing the work-
ing hypothesis given in the preceding section.

By adding up the numbers in the initial column of the table just given,
and comparing with our standard, 1,440 hours of temperature 60°, we
find that the times at which the hatching would begin are about as fol-

lows:
Eggs deposited September 1, 1875.

At— Will have received— And begin to hatch— rar

°

Fort Garry . 1,264 hours of hatching temperature by June 30 | Early in July, 1876.-.......-. 59
Ereckenridge . 1.410 hours of hatching temperature: by June 30: | -2-. = do)... 2252 o eee ee 46.5
Wankton--s5.-: | 1,407 hours of hatching temperature by May 31- Early in June, 1816 = 2 2asesce 42.5
North Platte. ..| 1,434 hours of hatching temperature by April 30° Early in May, 1876.-.-..---- ALLS
Dodge City .-..| 1 ‘404 hours of hatching temperature by Nov. 30..| During December, 1875...--- 37. 5

Corsicana.....- 1, 320 hours of hatching temperature by Oct. 31 ..| During November, 1875..-.. 32

This table shows the rapid development of the eggs in the region
south of Kansas, where their hatching may, under favorable circum-
stances, begin in December, though tbose born then will be killed by
the cold that would not have injured their eggs. For Minnesota, Ne-
braska, and Kansas our table agrees well with the hatching times of the
majority of the insects as reported in Riley’s Locust Plague, page 97. For
Manitoba our data are rather later than that given by Riley, but would
correspond to the region north of Dakota and Montana. In general,
however, it is apparent that a revision of these figures in the light of
careful observations to be made in the future will confirm the general
accuracy of the present method of computing and predicting the times
of hatching, and will give data for much more accurate calculations.

CH A Ph a Skene

EFFECTS THAT GENERALLY FOLLOW SEVERE LOCUST
INJURY.

There are some interesting consequences that usually follow severe
locust injury, and that are well worth recordiug. Not to dwell on the
immunity which, as we have seen (pp. 247-8), the farmer is likely to en-
joy the year following severe injury from the young insects, there is
invariably, throughout the Temporary Region, a marked

CONTRAST BETWEEN SUMMER AND AUTUMN.

‘After the insects have left, or by the end of July in the latitude of
Saint Louis—earlier or later as we go south or north—the ravaged

EFFECTS RESULTING FROM SEVERE LOCUST INJURY. 433

country begins to wear a bright and promising aspect, in strong contrast
with the desolation of a month before. In August the contrast becomes
still more gratifying, and frequently there are grown the finest crops of
corn, Hungarian grass, prairie meadow, buckwheat, and vegetables of
all kinds. In September the change which three months have wrought
needs to be seen to be appreciated. Root crops do well, and vegetables
of all kinds attain immense proportions, owing to the freedom from
weeds and fertility resulting from the dung and bodies of the dead
locusts.
NO EVIL WITHOUT SOME COMPENSATING GOOD.

‘‘Not to mention the valuable experience and the quickening influence:
that are generally gained in temporary adversity, there are other ways.
in which good may grow out of the locust troubles when they are severe.
The chinch bugs filled the air in the spring of 1875 throughout the
stricken district, and many persons feared that they would destroy the
corn crop even if the locusts left. We then argued that there was no
danger of such a result, and that there was every reason to expect less
injury from this cause than usual, and with a wet summer, which might
be expected, an almost total annihilation of the pest. With everything
eaten by the locusts, the female chinches, instead of being quietly en-
gaged, unseen, in laying eggs, as they usually are in May, were flying
about seeking plants on the roots of which to deposit their eggs. For
this reason they were more noticeable. Once fully developed in the
ovaries, the eggs must be laid, and the great bulk of them were neces-
sarily laid where the young hatching from them were destined to perish,
as the result proved ; for, injurious as the species had been for the two or
three previous years, scarcely a specimen was to be found: in the fall.
The same will hold true of many other insect pests, which are starved
out in the spring by utter devastation of their food-plants; and such a
devastated country is apt to be free from most noxious insects during:
the subsequent two or three years.

‘The unusual productiveness of the soi] in the stricken country was:
on all hands noted during the year 1875, and was owing, in no small
degree, to the rich coating of manure which the locusts left. In the
form of excrement and dead locusts, the bulk of that which was lost in
spring was left in the best condition to be carried into the soil and util-
ized. The introduction of new seed from other States was also benefi-
cial.

‘‘ Nature generally maintains her averages, and whenever diminished
southern winds, drought, and locusts have prevailed, the opposite condi-
tions are very apt to follow, and give us plenteous harvests in the place
of short crops.

CHANGES THAT FOLLOW THE LOCUSTS.

‘¢ The invasions into a country of large numbers of animals, whether
men or insects, are often followed by changes in the vegetation of that
28 G&

434 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

country. Certain strange plants are said to yet mark the path through
the Southern States which Sherman’s soldiers took in their march to the
sea, and a number of plants new to the country are known to have been
introduced into France by the Germans during the late Franco-Prussian
war. So the locust incursions and devastations in Kansas and Missouri
were followed by some curious changes. These changes consisted mostly
in the great prevalence of plants that in ordinary seasons are scarcely
noticed. The Amarantus blitoides, already spoken of (p. 254), spread at
an unprecedented rate, and grew in great luxuriance. Immediately after

Fic. 106.—GREEN LARVA OF WHITE-LINED MORNING SPHINX. (After Riley.)

the locusts left, the common purslane started everywhere and usurped
the place of many other species. The common Nettle (Solanum Caro-
linense) and the Sand burr (S. rostratum) spread in 1875 to an alarming
degree, and the Poke-weed (Phytolacca decandra) wasvery abundant. All
kinds of grasses grew very luxuriantly during the summer, a fact due to
the wet and favorable weather; but some kinds® that are rare in ordi-
nary seasons got the start and grew in great strength and abundance.
Among these none are more notable than thesudden appearance very gen- ©
erally over the locust-devastated region of what is usually called a new
grass. Springing up wherever the blue grass gets killed out, it proves a
Godsend to the people, for while it is young and tender, cattle like it and
fatten upon it. This grass is the Vilifa vaginefiora, an annual which is
common from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. Unnoticed during
ordinary seasons, the destruction of the blue grass and other plants by
the too close gnawing of the locusts gives it the advantage in the strug-
gle for existence—an advantage which is'soon lost, however, as the nor-

Fic. 107.—BLack LARVA OF WHITE-LINED MorRNING SPHINX. (After Riley.)

mal relations between species are assumed again in a few years after the
(disturbing influence has ceased to be operative. Indeed, since the Vilfa

% Prof. G. C. Brodhead (Trans. St. Louis Ac. Se. II], p. 348 ) mentions more particularly Aristida oligo-
stachya, in ordinary seasons of rare occurrence around Pleasant Hill, as reaching the unusual height of
two feet, and being very abundant. Eragrostis powoides, ordinarily recumbent and scarcely noticed
in yards and along roadsides, grew in profusion, and three and a half feet high, ‘‘ looking like meadows
ready to be mowed.” Panicum sanguinale was luxuriant enough to be cut for hay.

EFFECTS RESULTING FROM SEVERE LOCUST INJURY. 435

ripens and dies early in the fall, the blue grass gains ground the very
first year, and afterward easily retains supremacy. The wide-spread
appearance of the Vilfa, following the locusts, has been explained on the
hypothesis that the latter brought the seed from the West and passed
it undigested with their droppings. The fact that the seed is a line long,
and not particularly hard, aside from the other facts in the case, renders
such a hypothesis unreasonable. Being an annual, the seed was scat-
tered the previous fall, and naturally starting, we may presume, about
the time the insects left, the species got the ascendeney.

‘¢ Some persons were quite alarmed at the prevalence of large green
and black worms soon after the locust left. Feeding upon purslane and
prevailing to an unusual degree, because of the unusual prevalence of
this plant, they generally did good by keeping this weed down and con-
verting it into manure. In some few instances, however, they swarmed
to such an extent as to devour all the purslane, when they attacked
grape-vines, and as Mr. Thomas Wells, of Manhattan, Kans., informs
me, even cut off corn when it was about afoot high. These worms

Fic, 108.—WHITE-LINED MORNING SpHINX. (After Riley.)

were the variable larve of the White-lined Morning Sphinx, a pretty
moth often seen hovering over flowers at evening. Most insects that
naturally feed in spring above ground on low vegetation were killed out,
and the only species unaffected by the visitation were those feeding on
forest trees, or living in the ground or in the trunks of trees. The
White-lined Morning Sphinx was just issuing from the pupa, which had
remained undisturbed below ground, when the locusts were leaving. It
found the purslane—its favorite food-plant—everywhere springing up
and abundant, and its eggs were laid without difficulty, and the young

_larve did not in any case lack for food. As a consequence they pre-

vailed to a remarkable degree.”
We noticed that timothy and clover were generally ruined in 1875,

and had to be replanted; but blue grass did not seem to suffer perma-
nently, but came up again when the insects left. Mr. Boll reports that

in Texas a- troublesome weed known as broomweed, which ordinarily

436 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

covers the prairies, was pretty effectually eradicated in 1877 by the
young locusts, which kept the buds eaten out in spring.

The following article, written October 23, 1876, from Yankton, Dak.,
and published in the New York Tribune, gives an interesting summary
of the results that followed the defoliation of shrubs and trees in that
locality.

Our gardens show some queer effects of grasshoppers which swarmed here in August.
Heavy frosts occurred in the last of September, stripping many trees of leaves; but the
young fruit-trees, which had every leaf eaten up clean in August by ’hoppers and then
put out all the next year’s buds, still hold their clusters of rich green, glossy leaves,
apparently unconscious of the hard freezes of autumn. While the box-elder, and a few
other trees not eaten by them last summer, have shed all their leaves, because ripened
to maturity, I find the unripe leaves of the new foliage of the lilac, the egg-plum, the
Queen of the Prairie rose, the Hislop and Transcendent crab, and the cottonwood look
bright and green and resist the frosts. The Concord grapes are an exception. They
were eaten down to mere stubs in August. Tiey budded anew as in spring, grew fast,
and produced a good length of young shoots only to wither and be killed by the frosts.
One of the queerest effects of the hopper pest is this second budding and blossoming of
fruit-trees. About October 1, I saw, in my neighbor’s garden in this city, a young wild
plum-tree bearing a good number of ripe plums, and on every limb were white clusters
of blossoms, from next year’s fruit-buds, prematurely forced into unnatural bloom by
the “hoppers having taken all the leaves and caused the sap to find a new outlet for its
circulation. The flowers were dwarfed and sad-looking, but it remains to be seen what
such trees will do next year. :

The crab-apple trees at the same time had occasional sprays of blossoms, delicate and
sweet as those of May. The insects are very sure to strip these trees, even gnawing off
the soft young shoots, but leaving their crop of half-grown fruit to come to a dwarfed
and withered maturity in the midst of rich, new foliage as luxuriant as that of early
June. But nothing hurts these hardy and valuable trees in Dakota, not even the mys-
terious fire-blight. I planted some fine young Norway spruces last spring, from a mis-
taken idea that ’hoppers wouldn’t touch evergreens. I have preserved the dry stalk of
the largest one, stripped as clean of its bark for some distance as it could have been
scraped with a knife. The grasshopper did it with his little hatchet. My horticul-
tural experience with’hoppers convinces me that we can raise the Miner plum in Dakota
unhurt by them; also the Early Richmond cherry. These trees held their leaves intact,
while myriads of gnawing pests ate the gooseberry and currant bushes clean—the lat-
ter sort mostly dying out, while the gooseberry bushes are again full of foliage and
growing as gaily as if we had not had ground recently frozen half an inch thick. Straw-
berries also did not seem to lose a leaf, while onions were eaten down into the ground.

INJURY TO FRUIT AND FRUIT-TREES.

“Tt is doubtful if grain-growers and stock-raisers suffer as much in
the end as fruit-growers from locust injuries. The injury is at first less
felt by these, but in many instances it is more lasting and serious.
Most trees survive one or two defoliations, but in many cases no leaves
are permitted to grow for weeks, just at the season when they are most
needed. This was especially the case in 1875 with low shrubs, such as
gooseberries and currants, in which the insects were fond of roosting.
Where not excessively numerous, heart-cherries were preferred over
others, and the insects would pass through a strawberry bed and only
clean out the weeds. A great many trees were killed outright, and it

‘USES TO WHICH LOCUSTS MAY BE PUT. A437

was often found necessary to cut down the grape-vines. Trees not killed
were often badly barked and lost many limbs, and, except where pro-
tected by ditches, no orchards yielded fruit.” Many trees put forth a
few secondary blossoms after the insects left, and some even produced
small secondary fruit. The permanent injury becomes more noticeable
the succeeding year, for not only do many of the trees die outright, but
they are all feeble and more liable than usual to the attacks of the Flat-
headed borer (Chrysobothris femorata) and other injurious insects.

OMAP) hey vor
USES TO WHICH LOCUSTS MAY BE PUT.

‘Locusts may be put to several uses, as food, fish-bait, manure, etc.,
while, as shown by Professor Kedzie, formic acid, which is used in
medicine and may be used in the arts, may be extracted from them.
Millions of the inhabitants of Africa and Asia have for ages used locusts
as an article of food, and in certain tracts of Africa the advent of swarms
of locusts is hailed with joy by the natives (who, it may be remarked,
are not farmers), since they afford them an abundant and nutritious
article of food. It is well known that the Indians of the Great Basin,
or region between the plains and Sierra Nevada, eat locusts and crickets,
baking them in holes in which heated stones are placed, and then cov-
ering them with soil.

Apropos of locusts as an article of food, we may quote as follows
from Mr. Packard’s Half Hours with Insects:

The crustacea afford in the northern lobster, the spiny lobster of the tropics, and
numerous kinds of shrimps and crabs, many choice bits for our larder. Whether,
however, any of the insects, or their allies the spiders, or even the worms, will ever
afford food to civilized man is a matter of grave doubt. While the bulk of our animal
food is given us by the vertebrated animals, the ox, sheep, fowl, and game being our
main dependence, the mollusks afford us the delicious oyster, which we shall never be
able to give up; the less aristocratic clam, handed over to the Pilgrim Fathers by the
sagamores and their followers; the delicious though rare scallop and the quahaug, while
mussels, snails, and whelks regale our transatlantic friends. Honey is universally
sought, and that is an insect product, but the flesh of insects is, upon the whole, re-
pugnant to our feelings. This is certainly unreasonable, for multitudes of the locust
or grasshopper of the East are eaten by Arabs and the savages in other parts of Africa.
We look with repugnance upon a roasted grasshopper, but an Arab is said to have ex-
pressed his abhorrence at our eating raw oysters. While in their sudden flights the
grasshoppers cover the ground and eat up every green thing, the natives adopt the sen-
sible course of devouring them in turn. The Bushman, who is no farmer, sings—

‘Yea, even the wasting locust swarm,
Which mighty nations dread,
To me nor terror brings nor harm—
I make of them my bread.”

He collects them, according to Anderson, by lighting large fires directly in the path
of their swarms. As the insects pass over the flames, their wings are scorched and

i

438 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

they fall helplessly to the ground. They are also, he says, collected by cart-loads when
they have retired to rest. The locusts, after being partially roasteu, are eaten fresh,
or they are dried in the hot ashes, and then stored away for future emergencies. The
natives reduce them also to powder, or meal, by means of two stones or a wooden mor-
tar, which powder, when mixed with water, produces a kind of soup or stirabout. I
have tasted locusts prepared in various ways, but I cannot say that I have found them
very palatable. But they must contain a vast deal of nourishment, since the poor
people thrive wonderfully on them.

The writer has found by experience that grasshoppers fried in butter
taste no better and no worse than shrimps. But the most conclusive
evidence on this point are the experiments of Mr. Riley, which we ex-
tract in full from his Eighth Annual Report on the Insects of Missouri
(1875) :

Our relish or disrelish of certain animals for food are very much matters of habit or
fashion, for we esteem many things to-day which our forefathers considered either
poisonous orrepulsive. There is nothing very attractive about such cold-blooded ani-
mals as turtles, frogs, oysters, clams, crabs, lobsters, prawns, shrimps, periwinkles,
snails, mussels, quahaugs, or scallops until we have become accustomed to them; and
what is there about a dish of locusts, well served up, more repulsive than about a lot
of shrimps? for the former feed on green vegetation, and are more cleanly than either
pigs or chickens. Who can dcubt but that the French, during the late investment of
Paris, would have looked upon a swarm of these locusts as a manna-like blessing from
Heaven, and would have mech preferred them to stewed rat? And why should the
people of the West, when rendered destitute and foodless by these insects, not make
the best of the circumstances and guard against famine by utilizing them as food?
Having, in 1875, personally test-d them for this purpose, I will here record the result
very much as originally given to the American Asscciation for the Advaacement of
Science at its meeting for that year.

In the few words I have to communicate under this head it is not my purpose to in-
flict a long dissertation on edible insects. The subject has been sufficiently treated of
by various authors, and esp. cially by Kirby and Spence, in their admirable introduc-
tion to Entomology; while Mr. W. R. Gerard bas brought together most of the facts in
a paper entitled ‘‘ Entomophagy,” read before the Poughkeepsie Society of Natural
History. It is my desire rather to demonstrate the availability of locusts as food ior
man, and their value as such whenever, as not infrequently happens, they deprive him
of all other sources of nourishment.

With the exception of locusts, most other insects that have been used as food for
man are obtained in small quantities, and their use is more a matter of curiosity than
of interest. They have been employed either by exceptional individuals with perverted
tastes, or else as dainty tit-bits to tickle some abnormal ané epicurean palate. Not so
with locusts, which have from time immemorial formed a staple article of diet with
many people, and are used to-day in large quantities in many parts of the globe.

Any one at all familiar with the treasures on exhibition at the British Museum must
have noticed among its Nineveh sculptures one in which men are represented carrying
different kinds of meat to some festival, and among them some who carry long sticks
to which are tied locusts, thus indicating that in those early days locusts were sufii-
ciently esteemed to make part of a public feast. They are counted among the “clean
meats” in Leviticus (xi, 22), and are referred to in other parts of the Bible as food for
man. In most parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa subject to locust ravages these insects
have been and are yet extensively used as food. Herodotus mentions a tribe of Ethi-
opians “ which fed on locusts which came in swarms from the southern and unknown
districts,” and Livingstone has made us familiar with the fact that the locust-feeding
custom prevails among many African tribes. Indeed,some tribes have been called
Acridophagi, from the almost exclusive preference they give to this diet. We have it

USES TO WHIUVH LOCUSTS MAY BE PUT. 439

from Pliny that locusts were in high esteem among the Parthians, and the records of
their use in ancient times, as food, in Southern Europe and Asia are abundant. This
use continues in those parts of the world until the present day.

In Morocco (as I am informed by Mr. Trovey Blackmore, of London, who has spent
some time in that country) they do more or less damage every year, and are used ex-
tensively for food whenever they so abound as to diminish the ordinary food-supply ;
while they are habitually roasted for eating and brought into Tangier and other towns
by the country-people and sold in the market-places and oa the streets. The Jews,
who form a large portion of the population, collect the females only for this purpose,
having an idea that the male is unclean, but that under the body of the female there,
are some Hebrew characters which make them lawful food. In reality there are, un-
der the thorax, certain dark markings, the species used being the Acridium perigrinum,
which is so injurious to crops. Radoszkowski, president of the Russian Entomological
Society, tells me that they are also to this day extensively used as food in Southern
Russia, while many of our North American Indian tribes, and notably the Snake and
Digger Indians of California, are known tofeed uponthem. No further evidence need
be cited to prove the present extensive use of these insects as articles of food. L t us
then briefly consider the nature of this locust food, and the different methods of pre-
paring it.

The records show us that in ancient times these insects were cooked in a variety of
ways. Qdipoda migratoria and Acridium perigrinum, which are the more common
devastating locusts of the Old World, are both of large size, and they are generally
prepared by first detaching the legs and wings. The bodies are then boiled, roasted,
stewed, fried, or broiled. The Romans are said to have used them by carefully roasting
them toa bright golden yellow. At the present day, in most parts of Africa, and
especially in Russia, they are either salted or smoked like red herrings. Chevier, in
his account of the Empire of Morocco (London, 1788), says that thus cured they are
brought into the market in prodigious quantities, but that they have ‘an oily and
rancid taste, which habit only can render agreeable.” The Moors use them, to the
present day, in the manner described by Jackson in his “ Travels in Morocco,” viz, by
first boiling and then frying them; but the Jews in that country, more provident
than the Moors, salt them and keep them for using with the dish called dafina, which
forms the Saturday’s dinner of the Jewish population. The dish is made by placing
meat, fish, eggs, tomatoes, in fact almost anything edible, in a jar, which is placed in
the oven on Friday night, and taken out hot on the Sabbath, so that the people get
a hot meal without the sin of lighting a firs on that day. In the Abbé Godard’s
“‘ Description et Histoire de Maroc” (Paris, 1860), he tells us that “they are placed in
bags, salted, and either baked or boiled. They are then dried on the terraced roofs of
the houses. Fried in oil, they are not bad.” Some of our Indians collect locusts by
lighting fires in the direct path of the devouring swarms. In roasting, the wings and
legs crisp up and are separated; the bodies are then eaten fresh, or dried in hot ashes
and put away for future use. Our Digger Indians roast them and grind or pound them
to a kind of flour, which they mix with pounded acorns, or with berries, make into
cakes,and dry in the sun for future use.

The species employed by the ancients were doubtless the same as those employed at
the present day in the East, viz, the two already mentioned, and, to a less degree, the
smaller Caloptenus italicus. We have no records cf any extended use of our own Rocky
Mountain species (Caloptenus spretus), unless—which is not improbable—the species
employed by the Indians on the Pacific coast shonld prove to be the same, or a geo-
graphical race of the same.

It had long been a desire with me to test the Sails of this species (spretus) as food,
and I did not lose the opportunity to gratify that desire which the recent 1 cust inva-
sions into some of the Mississippi Valley States afforded. I knew well enough that the
attempt would provoke to ridicule and mirth, or even disgust, the vast majority of our
people, unaccustomed to anything of the sort, and associating with the word insect or

440 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.
“bug” everything horrid and repulsive. Yet I was governed by weightier reasons
than mere curiosity ; for many a family in Kansas and Nebraska was, in 1874, brought
to the brink of the grave by sheer lack of food, while the Saint Louis papers reported
cases of actual death from starvation in some sections of Missouri, where the insects
abounded and ate up every green thing, in the spring of 1875.

Whenever the occasion presented, I partook of locusts prepared in different ways,
and one day ate of no other kind of food, and must have consumed, in one way or
another, the substance of several thousand hali-grown locusts. Commencing the
experiments with some misgivings, and fully expecting to have to overcome disagree-
able flavor, I was soon most agreeably surprised to find that the insects were quite
palatable in whatever way prepared. The flavor of the raw locust is most strong and
disagreeable, but that of the cooked insect is agreeable and sufficiently mild to be
easily neutralized by anything with which they may be mixed, and to admit of easy
disguise, according to taste or fancy. But the great point I would make in their favor
is that they need no elaborate preparation or seasoning, and that they really require
no disguise; and herein lies their value in exceptional emergencies, for when people
are driven to the point of starvation by these ravenous pests, it follows that all other
food is scarce or unattainable. A broth, made by boiling the unfledged Calopteni for
two hours in the proper quantity of water, and seasoned with nothing but pepper and
salt, is quite palatable and scarcely to be distinguished from beef-broth, though it has
a slight flavor peculiar to it and not easy to be described. The addition of a little
butter improves it, and the flavor can, of course, be modified with mint, sage, and
other spices ad libitum. Fried or roasted in nothing but their own oil, with the addi-
tion of a little salt, they are by no means unpleasant eating and have quite a nutty
flavor. In fact itis a flavor, like most peculiar and not unpleasant flavors, that one can
soon learn to get fond of. Prepared in this manner, ground and compressed, they
would doubtless keep for a long time. Yet their consumption in large quantities in
this form would not, 1 think, prove as wholesome as when made into soup or broth,
for I.found the chitinous covering and corneous parts, especially the spines on the
tibiz, dry and chippy, and somewhat irritating to the throat. This objection wonid
not apply with the same force to the mature individuals, especially of the larger spe-
cies, where the heads, legs, and wings are carefully separated before cooking; and, in
fact, some of the mature insects prepared in this way, then boiled and afterward
stewed with a few vegetables and a little butter, pepper, salt, and vinegar, made an
excellent fricassée. * * *

I sent a bushel of the scalded insects to Mr. John Bonnet, one of the oldest and best
known caterers of Saint Louis. Master of the mysteries of the cuisine, he madea
soup which was really delicious, and was so pronounced by dozens of prominent Saint
Louisians who tried it. Shaw, in his Travels in Barbary (Oxford, England, 1738), in
which two pages are devoted to a description of the ravages of locusts, mentions
that they are sprinkled with salt and fried, when they taste like craw-fish; and Mr.
Bonnet declared that this locust soup reminded him of nothing so much as craw-fish
bisque, which is so highly esteemed by connoisseurs. He also declared that he would
gladly have it on his bill of fare every day if he could only get the insects. His method
of preparation was to boil on a brisk fire, having previously seasoned them with salt,
pepper, and grated nutmeg, the whole being occasionally stirred. When cooked, they
are pounded in a mortar with bread fried brown, or a purée of rice. They are then
replaced in the saucepan and thickened to a broth by placing on the warm part of the
stove, but not allowed to boil. Fer use, the broth is passed through a strainer and a
few croutons are added. T carried a small box of fried ones to Europe, where they
were tasted by numerous persons, including members of the London Entomological
Society and of the Société Entomologique de France. Without exception, they were
pronounced far better than was expected, and those fried in their own oil, with a little
salt, remained good and fresh for sever2l months; others fried in butter became
slightly rancid—a fault of the butter. Mr. C. Horne, I. Z. S., writing to Science Gos-

USES TO WHICH LOCUSTS MAY BE PUT. 441

sip, says: “In the evening I had asked two gentlemen to dinner, and gave them a
curry and croquette of locusts. They passed for Cabul shrimps, which in flavor they
very much resembled; but the cook having inadvertently left a hind leg in a croquette,
they were found out, to the infinite disgust of one of the party and the amusement of
the other.”

* * * * * *

Locusts will hardly come into general use for food, except where they are annually
abundant, and our Western farmers, who occasionally suffer from them, will not easily
be brought to a due appreciation of them for this purpose. Prejudiced against them
fighting to overcome them, killing them in large quantities, until the stench from their
decomposing bodies becomes at times most offensive, they find little that is attractive
in the pests. For these reasons, as long as other food is attainable, the locust will be
apt to be rejected by most persons. Yet the fact remains that they do make very good
food. When freshly caught in large quantities, the mangled mass presents a not very
appetizing appearance, and emits a strong and not overpleasant odor ; but rinsed and
scalded, they turn a brownish-red, look much more inviting, and give no disagreeable
smell.

Fish-bait has been prepared for the sardine-fishery on the coast of
Spain, as may be seen in the following extract from Mr. Packard’s re-
port:

It is stated in the Bulletin Mensuel de la Société d’ Acclimation (August, 1875) that
Dr. Morran, a physician at Douarnenez, in Finistére, has thought of utilizing the Afri-
can locust as bait for the sardine-fishery in the maritime districts of the coast of Man-
cha and the Atlantic Ocean. The doctor hopes to substitute this new bait for that
employed until now under the name of roe (rogue), and the price of which, always
increasing, is injurious to the interests of French fishermen. The locusts cooked in
salt water are dried in the sun, and ground. The powder obtained seems to make as
good bait as roe. It has a dark color like that of the pickled roe of Norway. It pre-
serves all the nutritive qualities of the locust. It reabsorbs the pickle, and is fatty,
unctuous, and soft to the touch. Besides, it falls to the bottom of the water, resem-
blivg the flesh of craw-fish, comminuted and dried fish, of which the sardines are very
fond. The insect can be put up in different ways, as made into biscuit, pickled,
salted, pressed, or dried in thesun. Different methods of preparation have been tried ;
cooked and salted, the insects can be piled up in cakes, so as to be easily packed and
transported. They can also be thrown alive, pell-mell, into brine and pressed. The
first of these methods is employed by the Arabs. The Society of Agriculture of Algeria
recommends smothering the locusts in sacks, then drying in thesun. The bait prepared
in these different modes has been tried at Douarnenez with good results. Thesardines
bit at them eagerly. It appears that in the bodies of a great number of sardines there
have been found on examination the remains of locusts which the fish had swallowed.
This last fact, stated officially, has well satisfied the maritime population of Douar-
nehez.

Should a demand for similar bait arise on the Atlantic or Pacific coast
of the United States, large quantities of fish-bait could be prepared by
Western farmers in locust-y ears.

From locusts an important chemical substance used in the arts may
be obtained. This is formic acid, a substance characteristic of certain
insect-secretions.

Desiring to obtain as complete an analysis as possible of the juices
of the locusts, we engaged Mr. Emmet F. Hill, of Spirit Lake, Iowa, to
press a sufficient quantity of locusts, and to send the resulting fluid to
Prof. W. K. Kedzie, of the State Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kans.,

442 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

with whom we had arranged to make an analysis. The following is
Professor Kedzie’s report:
Kansas State AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,
CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT, Novenber 6, 1877.

Dear Sir: In the early part of the month of August last I received from Mr. Emmet
F. Hill, of Spirit Lake, Dickinson County, Iowa, a two-quart bottle filled with the ex-
pressed juice of the Rocky Mountain locust (Caloptenus spretus), and at the same time
received your letter of August 2, requesting me to make such examination of the pro-
duct as should be found possible. In a minute account, forwarded me soon after, Mr.
Hill states that the bottle of extract sent me was a portion of seven pints of juice ob-
tained from three-eighths of a bushel of the locusts, weighing altogether 25 pounds, by
prolonged pressure under an ordinary screw-and-lever cheese-press. The bottle of ex-
pressed juice placed in my possession I found upon examination to contain also a con-
siderable quantity of macerated tissue of the locusts, giving the liquid a somewhat
viscid character and dark brown-color. Decomposition had so far progressed as to
render very rapid work necessary in order to carry out the programme for the investi-
gation which I had progosed. The liquid was markedly alkaline in reaction. Its
proximate composition I determined as follows:

Per cent.
Water ..s 200... 5 cco eae, cee ee 87. 083
OU nas sls Sl ee USS ee eee ic ce ee . 004
Solid organic matter 2 3ss0 2202. 2 Soe 232 ee ee eee 12. 903
Mineral matter (ash) \.s2c22221.2 233 Sens be os eee eee ee eee . 010
160. G00

The oil referred to above was obtained by prolonged digestion with sulphuric ether.
It is a fine, transparent, reddish-brown oil of very pungent and penetrating odor; and,
although probably of little practical importance, is of great inierest, considering its
origin and properties. I have still to determine its ultimate composition, and for con-
venience in future reference I will venture to designate it caloptine. The ultimate
constitution of the ash of this locust-extract I determined as follows:

Per cent.
SILAGE ft eee een, cpa Spe MER Ena US aie ete a ARN tS oh ek ee awiaieln'e gs Soa ee 12. 100
Salphuric¢ acid ci ciciks ne wewees ansteeeneng cee eee: SS 1. 153
WHOOPING pc O Sais b ue Soke ee eee ee ee eee 1.760
Phosphori¢iacid oc. ok wocieeew ih eee annie see wanee hee eee 50.713
Thi io. ee dese teunl tede Hee LiSin sic ee See eee 13. 260
Magnesia 3223 6c0hse ston dis- cand chchcneaedenee ese eee 8.511
Potiassaisw chs eo ond bbs See be Reels CE Se eee 7. 420
SO! cain shied SSeS eRe oe Se Se Se 8 ee 5. 083

Copper (distinct trace).

The large proportion of phosphates which the above analysis shows in this ash would
not be unexpected, considering the nature and voracious habits of this insect. The
presence of copper in perceptible traces is also a very interesting feature of the analysis
when considered in connection with the fact that this metal has also been discovered
in the blood of other animals, particularly of the Limulus polyphemus, the ash of
whose blood always furnishes a trace of copper. The accidental occurrence of this
metal in the present case is entirely precluded by the fact that in the process of care-
fully expressing the liquid, it came in contact with no metallic surface whatever ;
possibly excepting the contact of asmall portion with the thread of the iron press-screw.
Perhaps the most interesting result of this examination, however, was that obtained by
the distillation of this locust-ex ract with strong sulphuric acid. In this experiment
150 cubic centimeters of the decomposing liquid with 75 cubic centimeters of sulphurie
acid were distilled at a high temperature, and the product collected through a Liebig’s

% See Watt’s Chemical Dictionary, vol. i, p. 610.

RAVAGES OF OTHER LOCUSTS IN THE UNITED STATES. 443

condenser was found to be 145 cubic centimeters of a colorless, limpid solution of
formic acid (CH,O:) having a specific gravity of 1.0056. Though this acid exists in
the red ant (Formica rufa), from which it was originally obtained, and in the larvae of
some species of Bombyx, we are to understand that in the present instance it is gene-
rated by the action of the sulphuric acid upon the decomposing locust-extract. We
know that formic acid may be manufactured by similar distillation of a large number
of organic materials with sulphuric acid and peroxide of manganese; but in the case
of the locust-juice at this stage of decomposition the formic acid passes over with
great readiness, and in remarkable quantity and gravity. Formic acid has a present
market-value of about 60 cents per ounce. In the form of the free acid, as formic ether
and as formates of ammonium, sodium, &c., it has been employed by English practi-
tioners as a therapeutic agent of considerable value. Free formic acid and formate of
sodium are frequently employed as laboratory reagents, and are exceedingly useful
fr their great reducing power upon salts of the noble metals, silver, gold, and plati-
num. By the use of sodium formate a peculiar form of platinum blackmay be obtained,
of great power in inducing combustion. From its reducing property this salt also con-
stitutes a very convenient reagent in blow-pipe analysis. The various uses of formic
acid in all these departments are undoubtedly capable of great and valuable extension,
should it ever become a common article of manufacture. It is not, therefore, impossi-
ble that the very ready preparation of such large quantities of this acid from the
Caloptenus spretus may be found in time to have a practical bearing should the only
satisfactory solution of the locust problem be found to depend on some profitable dis-
position of the locusts themselves.

Very respectfully, yours,
WILLIAM K. KEDZIE.
Prof. CHARLES V. RILEY,

Chief United States Entomological Commission.

As a manure, it is obvious that wherever locusts occur in destructive
numbers, they may be collected by hand or by machines, killed, and
buried in trenches or in compost heaps, and thus utilized. Mr. L.S.
Burbank, of Woburn, Mass., has suggested that locusts might be col-
lected in large quantities, dried, and sent east, in bales, as food for
poultry.

CA ieee iy eV 1d 1.
RAVAGES OF OTHER LOCUSTS IN THE UNITED STATES.

RAVAGES OF LOCUSTS THAT ARE OCCASIONALLY MIGRATORY IN THE
ATLANTIC STATES.

While this report is essentially devoted to the true, migratory locust
west of the Mississippi, it is not only desirable but necessary to draw
brief attention to the ravages of other species in various portions of the
country. The differences have already been pointed out between the
Rocky Mountain Locust, which does not occur east of the Mississippi,
and the Red-legged and Lesser species often found with it. We have
further seen that the region of country between the Mississippi and the
Rocky Mountains, and much of that west of the mountains, is ravaged
by the longer-winged species alone (spretus), and it becomes us to ac-

444 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

count for the ravages of migratory locusts in the Atlantic States, since
swarms have been known in that section of the country to fly from
locality to locality, doing immense damage.

We know that migratory locusts do commit sad havoc in the Eastern
States from time to time, and are so effectual in their work of destruc-
tion that many persons are led to suppose that the Rocky Mountain
species has suddenly found its way among them. Among the earlier
accounts of the flights and ravages of migratory locusts in this section
of country, we find in Harris’s Treatise on Injurious Insects an extract
from the travels of President Dwight, wherein ‘‘ they are recorded as
being most destructive in Vermont in 1797 and 1798, and as collecting
in clouds, rising in the air and taking extensive flights—even covering
persons employed in raising a church steeple, who, in such position,
saw the insects flying far above their heads.” He also quotes from
Williamson’s History of Maine, that, in 1749 and 1754, they were very
numerous and voracious; that, ‘in 1743 and 1756, they covered the
whole country and threatened to devour everything green.” In 1874,
among other communications, we received the following, descriptive of
locust ravages in New Hampshire:

DeEaR Sir: I see a note in the New York Tribune requestirg those from the locust
regions to send you specimens of the variety. I send youa vial of them to-day by
mail. They have been quite plenty in the Merrimack Valley on some farms—they
have eaten all of our garden vegetables; in others they left us a small share. The
small ones are the most plenty and the ones that have done the most mischief. I should
like to know if they are of the same variety that infested the West.

Yours, truly, LEWIS COLBY.
BoscawEN, MERRIMAC CouNTy, NEw HAMPSHIRE, September 17, 1874.

The following account of a visitation of these locusts in Cumberland
County, Maine, in 1821, by Dr. U. T. True, is so circumstantial that it
is given in full, as quoted by Mr. 8S. H. Scudder :”

During the haying season the weather was dry and hot, and these hungry locusts
stripped the leaves from the clover and herds-grass, leaving nothing but the naked
stems. In consequence, the hay-crop was seriously diminished in value. So ravenous
had they become that they would attack clover, eating it intoshreds. Rake and pitch-
fork handles, made of white ash, and worn to a glossy smoothness by use, would be
found nibbled over by them if left within their reach.

As soon as the hay was cut and they had eaten every living thing, they removed to
the adjacent crops of grain, completely stripping the leaves ; climbing the naked stalks,
they would eat off the stems of wheat and rye just below the head, and leave them to
drop to the ground. I well remember assisting in sweeping a large cord over the
heads of wheat after dark, causing the insects to drop to the ground, where most of
them would remain during the night. During harvest-time it was my painful duty,
with a younger brother, to pick up the fallen wheat-heads for threshing; they
amounted to several bushels.

Their next attack was upon the Indian corn and potatoes, They stripped the leaves
and ate out the silk from the corn, so that it was rare to harvest a fullear. Among
forty or fifty bushels of corn spread out in the corn-recm, rot an ear could be found
not mottled with detached kernels.

While these insects were more than usually abundant in the town generally, it was

oes 2 ev Bees eek a nh Sa Ta
97 Hayden's Report on the Geological Survey of Nebraska; and ‘‘ The Distribution of Insectsin New
Hampshire,” p. 375.

———

RAVAGES OF OTHER LOCUSTS IN THE UNITED STATES. 445

in the field I have described that they appeared in the greatest intensity. After they
had stripped everything from the field, they began to emigrate in countless numbers.
They crossed the highway and attacked the vegetable garden. I remember the curious
appearance of a large, flourishing bed of red onions, whose tops they first literally ate
up, and, not content with that, devoured the interior of the bulbs, leaving the dry
external covering in place. ’ The provident care of my mother, who covered the bed
with chaff from the stable-floor, did not save them, while she was complimented the
next year for so successfully sowing the garden down tograss. The leaves were strip-
ped from the apple trees. They entered the house in swarms, reminding one of the
locusts of Egypt; and, as we walked, they would rise in countless numbers and fly
away in clouds.

As the nights grew cooler, they collected on the spruce and hemlock stumps and log
fences, completely covering them, eating the moss and decomposed surface of the wood,
and leaving the surface clean and new. They would perch on the west side of a
stump, where they could feel the warmth of the sun, and work around to the east side
in the morning as the sun reappeared. The foot-paths in the fields were ie cOv-
ered with their excrements.

During the latter part of August and the first of September, when the ae was

still avy, and for several days in succession a high wind prevailed from the northwest,
the locusts frequently rose in the air to an immense height. By looking up at the sky
in the middle of a clear day, as nearly as possible in the direction of the sun, one may
descry a locust at a great height. These insects could thus be seen in swarms, appear-
ing like so many thistle-blows as they expanded their wings and were borne along
toward the sea before the wind; myriads of them were drowned in Casco Bay, and I
remember hearing that they frequently dropped on the decks of coasting vessels.
Cart-loads of dead bodies remained in the fields, forming in spots a tolerable coating of
manure.

In the report of the Connecticut State Board of Agriculture for 1872,
page 363, Mr. Sidney I. Smith states that he has seen ‘“ hackmatack
trees almost covered with them, and entirely stripped of their leaves.”

In 1875 they were reported very injurious in Massachusetts, as the
following items will show: |

Grasshoppers in Boston.—We did not anticipate that Boston proper would ever be so
inconvenienced by the pests which have proved so destructive out West, but it is a fact
that grasshoppers are so numerous at the south end that they destroy the flowers in the
back yards to such an extent that hens are hired or bought to clear the premises and
save the ornamental plants which adorn the premises. These insects are not of the
Western pattern, but are native productions. If their ravages continue, it is possible
some of our Western friends will be called upon to raise subscriptions for the relief of
the floriculturists of Boston.—[ Boston Journal.

I venture to ask your advice in a grasshopper matter. Three years ago a party of
farmers and others in this commonwealth, tired of granite hills, gravel banks, and
sand flats, and wishing some little latent fertility in the original soil, combined to
effect, and did effect, the reclamation from the sea of about 1,400 acres of what origin-
ally was ‘salt marsh.” We are amply satisfied of the fertility of thisland, and, so far,
all is good. Last summer, however, this land and the adjoining territory was scourged
with a plague of locusts or grasshoppers. Whether they came in such numbers owing
to the diking of these 1,400 acres, or whether they would, last year, have come in equal
numbers whether the marsh was diked or not, we cannot say. Our question is this,
and is at the same time the point upon which we pray your advice: Can we do any-
thing to diminish the number of these pests for next year? We could, for example,

_ flood this whole tract of land untilearly spring. Would this be advisable? Any points

you would be kind enough to give us on the matter would be thankfully received.—
[Letter from C. Herschel, Boston, Mass., latter part of October.

a A

446 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

All these reports, as we were able to prove by examining specimens,
had reference either to the Red-legged (femur-rubrum) or the Lesser
(atlanis) locust, and in no instance was a specimen of the Western spretus
among them.

In 1875 the State of Illinois was visited by migrating locusts which
passed over the central portion of the State, particularly parts of Liv-
ingston, McLean, Vermillion, Ford, and Champaign Counties. These
flights occurred early in September, though smaller, scattered flights
were noticed later in the month. As usual, in this case they were pro-
nounced to be spretus by many writers, who jumped at the conclusion
without the slightest possible proof. Prominent journals also pub-
lished the intelligence that the Rocky Mountain locust had actually
crossed the Mississippi.

We did not hesitate at the time to announce that the reference of
these swarms to the Rocky Mountain locust was an error, and that they
consisted of species native to Illinois. The correctness of these opinions
was proved by subsequent facts, as the species examined in every case
were found to be indigenous. Their flights were irregular and poorly
sustained, and nothing was heard of their ravages or of their again taking
flight.

On September 15th of that year we received from Mr. H. P. Beach.
county judge of Ford County, Illinois, the following letter, inclosing
specimens:

About ten days ago myriads of grasshoppers flew southward over town. Many of
them came down, evidently unable to keep up the journey. They seemed to be all the
way from a hundred feet to a quarter or half a mile high, or perhaps very much higher.
In looking up toward the sun, the only way they could be seen, the appearance was
much like that of a snow-storm looked at inthe same way. We have not heard from
them since, and of course can give you no idea whence they come or whither they go.

About the same date (September 16), Mr. B. F. Johnson, Champaign,
lll., correspondent of the Country Gentleman, supposing the species to
be spretus, wrote to that journal as follows:

When first seen, their movements and motions were so unlike what I had conceived
their flights to be, that it was not till several disabled or partially exhausted insects
had been caught, and their identity with the Kansas species demonstrated, that I was
convinced of their true character. JI had supposed that these creatures few ina man-
ner as pigeons and ducks and geese do-—straight ahead in a given direction, and with
a purpose. On the contrary, every insect seemed to be out ona holiday, and acting
independently of all the others. While thé vast mass slowly moved south, with an
inclination toward the east, there was a constant circular movement of a vast
majority cf the whole number of individuals. * ie . = =
When it got noised abroad that they were flying, the fact produced a startling sensa-
tion. Would they increase in numbers till the sun was darkened, and then descend
and devour up every green thing, and leave eggs for a progeny behind them that
would repeat the disaster next summer? These fears were speedily dispelled when
their numbers were seen to diminish, and when it was considered that all the grass-
hoppers which had passed over, did they come down could make but sma)l impression
on the ten thousand rqnare miles of corn in Central Illinois.

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|

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ie

RAVAGES OF OTHER LOCUSTS IN THE UNITED STATES. 447

Careful examination showed these flights in Illinois to be composed
of three species, viz, the Red-legged, the Lesser, and the Differential
Jocusts, while not a single specimen of spretus was observed. From
Mr. H. J. Dunlap, of Champaign, we received a single male femur-
rubrum; the specimens from Ford County were atlanis, while other
specimens received from Professor Burrill, of the Industrial University,
were differentialis. Mr. Thomas also received this last-named species
from Norwood, Mercer County. These specimens were all secured from
the flying bevies, and the positive statements of the gentlemen securing
them place their identity beyond question.

‘‘ From these facts it results that two species, viz, femur-rubrum and
differentialis, though normally having no migratory habit, and, as we
believe, incapable of extended flights, can actually assist in such flights.
That the bulk of these Illinois swarms was composed, however, of at-
lanis, scarcely admits of a doubt. The other two, less able to sustain
lengthened flight, would naturally be most pear the ground and most
often captured; while Atlanis, which we now know to occur in this part
of the country as well as Hast, and to often display the migratory habit,
would fly higher.”

These phenomena, exceptional to Illinois, are readily explained by two
facts, which are worthy of mention in this connection: Ist. C. atlanis
was very common in Missouri even in localities where its occurrence
had not been previously observed, and around Carbondale, Ill. Mr.
Thomas was not able to find a single typical femur-rubrum. 2d. C.
differentialis was unusually abundant and was reported in great num-
bers about October 18th of that year by Mr. M. Brinkerhoff, of Onarga,
as filling the ground with their eggs. His letter was accompanied by
specimens. The following statement by S. Miller, in the Rural World
of August 14, 1875, refers to this species, and is interesting in this con-
nection:

While the migrating “hopper committed such devastation west of us, we here at
Bluffton have the native species in immense numbers. A patch of potatoes and
some sweet corn seemed in danger of being consumed, when a flock of purple grackles,
our crow blackbird, as itis usually called, came to our rescue. The few days that they
have visited the patch has thinned out the ’hoppers amazingly. I never before noticed
that this bird was so useful in this respect ; and as they are plenty, we may expect to
be rid of the big gray fellows (hoppers). They are more than twice the size of the
Colorado ’hopper, and are nearly as bad oy a crop when plenty. What saved our little
crop from utter destruction was an open field of land thickly covered with wild chamo-

mile, upon which they fairlyswarmed. On this we saw them as thick as the Colorados
in Sedalia or Warrensburg.

The explanation of these exceptional migrations of local species is
simple. In the Eastern States we have seen that they occur at intervals,
and the above facts show that they may occur in any portions of the
country. Indeed, while the local swarms of 1875 were noticed in Illinois,
they were not confined to that State, but were also reported in Ken-
tucky. The summers of 1873 and 1874 had been dry and hot, and these
favorable conditions to locust development resulted in an undue multi-

448 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

plication of native species, which had, in fact, been quite troublesome
in 1874. In 1875, myriads were hatched ; but a wet spring and summer
produced luxuriant vegetation, upon which these armies made at first
but little impression. The waning summer found these locusts “in full
feather,” and the autumn opening with dry weather, which cured the
grass, the locusts swarmed in much of the prairie country of Central
Illinois. We found them so abundant, in many places in the vicin-
ity of Saint Louis, that several hundred would rise at every step as one
walked through a field. Whenever they abound to an unusual degree
the migrating instinct is developed in the commoner locusts just as it is
under like circumstances in many other insects, as butterflies and beetles,
that are normally non-migratory. But mere increase in numbers would
not give to species like femur-rubrum and differentialis, which are ordi-
narily heavy-bodied and short-winged, the power of extended flight;
and there is little doubt that the same exceptionally hot, dry seasons
which permit this undue multiplication also modify the individuals, and
cause a decrease in bulk and increase in wing-power. This view is sup-
ported by facts, as specimens of differentialis from Kansas and Minne-
sota, upon comparison with normal specimens as they are found in our
gardens, can hardly be recognized as the same species, so greatly do
they differ. The flying specimens of this species that went to make up
the Illinois swarms, also had the body lighter and the wings longer, ‘‘and
some of that peculiar fierce appearance belonging to migrating speci-
mens,” to use Mr. Thomas’s language. We know that plants are modi-
fied in size and habit by changing conditions of season, &c., and the
same holds true of insects, though in some groups this susceptibility to
modification is more marked than in others. Yet the flight of these
species is never so strong nor so long sustained as that of the true mi-
eratory species of the Rocky Mountains.

‘In short, whenever the climate and conditions in the Mississippi Val-
ley approach those existing in the native home of the Rocky Mountain
locust, some of our native species, and especially those nearest akin to
it, also approach it in habit. If the climate of Illinois and Missouri
were to permanently change in that direction, these species would be-
come permanently modified; but as there is no immediate danger of
such a contingency, the Rocky Mountain locust is the only species, here
considered, that can properly lay claim to the migratory habit.”

Another large species that occasionally acquires the migratory habit
is worthy of mention here, particularly as it has a wide range and is
common every year over the larger part of the United States. This is
Acridium americanum, which is figured and described on page 236 (Fig. 6).
In 1876, this species was very abundant and in many cases acquired the
migratory habit. Dr.S. Miller, of Franklin, Mo., wrote us that swarms
passed over parts of Johnson County late in September. “The following
extracts also refer to this species:

I send you by Mr. Shaw a small package containing specimens of locusts, destruc-
tive about Chattanooga and in all Eastern Tennessee. They strike me as nearly allied

¥

RAVAGES OF OTHER LOCUSTS IN THE UNITED STATES. 449

to the Rocky Mountain locust; fly with the same noise and shine of wings, in large
shoals, but are larger—[ Dr. G. Engelmann, Warm Springs, N. C., August 29, 1876.

We have a locust here which has in some places occurred in considerable numbers,
and some people think it the same as the one which has produced so much damage in
the West. This I doubt, as it is evidently a native species.—[E. M. Pendleton, pro-
fessor of agriculture, University of Georgia, Atlanta, Ga., September 14, 1876.

The American Acridium visited us on the night of November 21 (Saturday). A rain
fell during the night. Cambridge City, Ind., was also visited by them on the same
night.—[ Herschel I. Fisher, Earlham College, Richmond, Ind., 1876.

Acridium americanum.—T wo correspondents of the Department of Agriculture, writ-
ing from Vevay, Ind., about the middle of last November, reported the visitation
in that place of an immense cloud of grasshoppers that literally covered the streets of
the town. One of the gentlemen observed, about five p. m., dense cumulo-stratus
clouds in the southwest, gradually overspreading the sky; at six o’clock the wind had
risen to moderate gusts, and within half an hour a rattling noise was heard against
the windows, like that of light hail. On opening the doors, grasshoppers entered in
immense numbers, covering the floor, furniture, clothing, &c. The shower continued
till eight o’clock, p. m., when the ground was thickly covered, and the boys began to
burn them, shovelling them into bonfires.—[ Field and Forest, February, 1877.

The next two items are from the Cincinnati Gazette, of October 24,
1876, and refer to the appearance of this species in Dayton and Hamil-
ton, Ohio.

A shower of mammoth grasshoppers came down upon our town and vicinity on Sat-
urday night. We have never seen such large ones before, and we understand from old
citizens that they are entire strangers in this part of the country. We saw a boy have
a string tied to two of them (which were as long as a man’s finger) trying to drive
them, and he succeeded pretty well.

A flock of grasshoppers alighted in Hamilton, about 11 o’clock on Saturday night,
from the northwest. Those that were not drowned in the river or killed by the heavy
rain, were probably gobbled up before Sunday night by the chickens.

This same swarm passed over Oxford, in the same State, in a south-
westerly direction, specimens of the insects composing it, which proved
to be the species in question, having been kindly sent to us by Rev. L.
L. Langstroth, the well-known apiarian. It is a little singular that pre-
vious to 1876 we have but one instance on record of this species becom-
ing so abundant as to seriously injure crops, and that in a locality in
Virginia two years previous, while in the season quoted it was re-
ported East and West, and even as far South as Georgia; for
toward the end of July the unfledged insects did an immense amount of
damage to the cotton and other crops of that State and of South Caro-
lina. The papers were full of graphic accounts of their destruction, and
not only did editors very generally take for granted that they had to do
with the Western spretus, but specimens which Mr. T. P. Janes, Commis-
sioner of Agriculture for Georgia, sent us at once revealed their true
character.

There is a serious difficulty in the way of a proper apprehension of
the facts in regard to these locust-flights east of the Mississippi, in the
failure, in the popular mind, to discriminate between species; the ordi-
nary appellation of the locust or the grasshopper being applied without
| 29 G

ee
450 REPORT UNITED SIATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION,

discrimination to any insect of the group that happens to become un-
pleasantly numerous in any locality. The following item, reported in
the Cincinnati Gazette of the 24th of October, 1876, from Dayton, Ohio,
and referring in reality to the American Acridium, may be cited in
illustration :

The advent of Kansas grasshoppers, over Sunday and until Monday evening, in
great numbers throughout the city, is a most remarkable incident. They were found
early Sunday morning, and left as suddenly as they came on Monday evening.

Such reports are well calculated to mislead, by confirming the unsci-
entific in the belief that the ‘“‘ Kansas grasshopper” has overstepped the
eastern limits which, in Chapter VII, we have been at some pains to de-
fine. Even one of the governors present at the conference at Omaha
was fully imbued with the idea that the Rocky Mountain pest had come
all the way from Asia.

‘‘To the unscientific mind there are few things more difficult of ap-
prehension than that species, whether of plants or animals, should be
limited in geographical range to areas not separated from the rest of the
country by any very marked barriers or by visible demarkations. Yet
such is the fact, known to every naturalist, and the geographical distri-
bution of species forms at once one of the most interesting and one of
the most important studies in natural history. Some species have a
very limited, others a very wide range; and while, in the course of time,
in the lapse of centuries or ages, the limits have altered in the past and
will aiter in the future, they are, for all practical purposes, permanent
in present time. These limits may, in fact, for the purpose of illustration,
‘be likened to those which separate different nations. Though frequently
divided by purely imaginary lines, the nations of Hurope, with their
peculiar customs and languages, are well defined. Along the borders
where two nations join there is sometimes more or less commingling; at
other times the line of demarkation is abrupt, and in no case could emi-
- grants from the one long perpetuate their peculiarities unchanged in
the midst of the other. Yet in the battle of nations the lines have
changed, and the map of Europe has often been remodeled. So itis
with species. On the borders of the areas not abruptly defined, to
which species are. limited, there is more or less modification from the
typical characters and habits; while in the struggle of species for su-
premacy the limits may vary in the course of time. The difference is that
the boundaries of nations result from human rather than from natural
ézencies, while those of species result chiefly from the latter, and are,
therefore, more permanent. These remarks apply, of course, to species
in a natural state, and where their range is uninfluenced either directly
or indirectly by civilized man.”

We hope that the full definition of the species most closely. allied to
the Rocky Mountain pest, and the facts as to the home and geograph-
ical range of this last, which we have given in Chapters V and VI,
will tend to set the public mind right on this interesting subject, be-

i —

SS

THE MIGRATORY LOCUSTS OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 451

cause a good deal of unnecessary alarm is often occasioned by the con-
founding of species.

THE MIGRATORY LOCUSTS OF THE PACIFIC.

California has, especially in former years, had its locust. plague; but
since 1855 there has been no general destruction committed. In the
last century, according to an article by Mr. A. S. Taylor, in the Smith-
sonian Report for 1858, they appeared in the following years: 1722,
1746-1749, 1753 and 1754, 1765-1767. In the present century they have
appeared in the following years, according to the same authority :

1823.—“ Since 1823 the grasshoppers have several times ravaged the
fields and gardens of the Franciscan Missions of Upper California.”

1827 or 1828.—“ About the year 1827 or 1828 they ate up nearly all
the growing crops and occasioned a great scarcity of wholesome food.”

(1834 or 1835.—“‘ About 1834~35 ‘occurred another visitation of the
grasshopper, when they destroyed, a second time, the crops of the
rancheros and missions, with the exception of the wheat.”

1838-1840.—* Crops and gardens about San Francisco and San Ra-
fael were destroyed.” In these districts they stopped for three suc-
cessive years.

1846.—“ Corn and frijoles were completely consumed this year on the
Salinas Plains.” This was a dry year in California.

1852.—** Some time during the months of June and July the ’hoppers
came from a range of rolling hills, some four miles from here, arising
from tbe salt marsh on the east side of the Bay of San Francisco. The

grasshoppers have been noticed in the same locality every year since

1852, but not in large numbers.”—[Lorenzo G. Yates, Centreville, Ala-

. meda County, California, October 17, 1877.

1855.—This year is noted for the prevalence of destructive locusts
on the Pacific coast. Taylor remarks that “the summer of 1855, and
up to the 31st of October, was the direst which has been known for ten
years.’ They were most abundant from July 15 till September 20.

The Shasta Courier, printed in the Northern Sacramento Mountains,
remarks that ‘‘on Wednesday last (19th September, 1855) an immense
flight of grasshoppers passed over this place, flying westward. The
greater portion of them flew very high, and could only be seen by
shading the eyes from the sun. They were as thick in the heavens as

| flakes of snow in a snow-storm. We hope they will not stop flying until

they reach the Pacific.” We find, also, in the accounts of the press of
Humboldt and Klamath Counties, that about this time locusts visited
the valleys of that part of the country. The Oregon and Washington

_ Territory papers also notice that in the first week of September of that
| year the grasshoppers were becoming more numerous than ever in their
| valleys, and doing great damage.

Again:
.The grasshoppers appeared in 1855 in much larger numbers in the valley of the Sac-
ramento and the mountains which bound it on the eastern or Sierra Nevada side than

452 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

in any other part of California. * * * In the southern coast counties they were
comparatively few in number and did very little injury. They were more trouble-
some around Los Angeles than anywhere else in the south.—[ Furnished by the Smith-
sonian Institution.

The Sacramento Union, of September 19, 1855, states that the ‘* most
remarkable circumstance we have ever been called on to notice in this
locality was the flight of the grasshoppers on Saturday and yesterday.
For about three hours in the middle of the day the air, at an elevation
of about 200 feet, was literally thick with them, flying in the direction
of Yolo. They could be the more readily perceived by looking in the
direction of the sun. Great numbers fell upon the streets on Saturday,
absolutely taking the city by storm, and yesterday they commenced the
wholesale destruction of everything green in the gardens of the neigh-
borhood. Their flight, en masse, resembled a thick snow-storm, and
their depredations the sweep of a scythe.”

The Sacramento Valley papers mention that whole orchards, gardens,
and vineyards have been consumed by them. Entire fields of young
grain, of crops, and vegetables have been eaten up within the space of
a.single day, leaving the ground like a wilted, blackened desert. In
some parts of the valley they annoyed the passengers and horses of the
public stages to such an extent as to cause the greatest inconvenience,
and appear, in some cases, to have positively endangered human life.

Regarding this 1855 invasion we have further received the following
account from Mr. J. W. A. Wright, of Sacramento, who obtained his.
information from Mr. William Jobnston, of Richland, Cal.: ‘ About the
middle of June, 1855, the swarms, like clouds darkening the sun, on the
first day came from the east and passed over to the west, into Yolo and
other counties on the west side of the Sacramento River. The day was
clear and warm, not very windy, there being a gentle south breeze. The
swarms would rise and fly every few hundred yards. In crossing the
Sacramento River they rose higher, perbaps three bundred yards up;
immense numbers fell into the river. I heard of them all up and down
the Sacramento River. They remained about two weeks in the county
and then gradually disappeared. About one-fourth of the crops of Sac-
ramento County were destroyed; everything green was devoured, es-
pecially fruit and fruit-trees, ripe wheat and barley suffering but little.
Since then Sacramento Valley has occasionally suffered a little from the
same species of locust, which was light brown and about one and a half
inches long.” As this swarm came about the middle of June there is no
probability that it was Caloptenus spretus, as, if the Rocky Mountain
locust should succeed in crossing the desert of Nevada and Oregon into
California from its home in the Snake River Valley, about Boise City,
it would not reach Shasta or the Sacramento Valley before the last
of July or the early part of August. It is most probable that the spe-
cies was either Caloptenus femur-rubrum or C. atlanis, which had bred
among the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada or the plains lying at

THE MIGRATORY LOCUSTS OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 453

their feet. We have still to learn the date when these two species be-
come winged in California.

Another account of the locust visitation in 1855 in Sacramento Val-
ley has been sent us by an eye-witness, Mr. George Rich, who writes us
as follows, January 1, 1878: “‘About the middle of July, 1855, they
came in immense numbers from a southern direction, the wind being
south, passing over the Sacramento plains in a northward direction,
destroying every green thing as they passed. Touching the foothills, they
covered their sides in multitudes, devastating its surface by gnawing
the bark of the shrubs, devouring the leaves, and eating the grass even
down to the roots. Since 1855 have never seen them in this section.”
The same writer, in another communication, states that the swarms
arrived about midday (July 15, 1855), covering the ground and filling
the air probably half a mile high, taking their departure in the evening
of the same day. Vegetables and fruit suffered most, though no crop
was exempt from their ravages. With the exception of aid from tur-
keys, nothing was done to destroy them or to protect crops.

1856.—This year, Mr. G. Rich writes us, locusts appeared in smaller
numbers in Lower California. In Fresno County the grasshoppers were
destructive in 1856.—[W. A. Saunders.

Thomas Birmingham of the Big Tree (Mariposa) station, told us that
in 1856, or near this year, two swarms of locusts came from the south
during a period covering the months of June and July, into the San-
Joaquin Valley. They were very abundant, eating grain, vegetables,
fruit-trees, even eating a man’s coat, and were very annoying to travelers.

1859.—‘ These insects were first seen by me in Pitt River Valley dur-
ing the summer of 1859, and in such numbers as actually to cover the
ground. So numerous were they that vegetation was entirely destroyed
throughout the Valley on the west side of Pitt and Fall Rivers.”—[Capt.
John Feilner, U. S. A., in the Smith. Rep., 1864.

Mr. George Ohleger of Yuba, Sutter County, writes that ‘‘ there have
been no destructive grasshoppers in this region since 1859; this being
in the Sacramento Valley, fifty miles north of the capital.”

1862 or 1863.—In Hornitos, Cal., locusts came either in 1862 or 1863,
from the south, in June or July, ‘like a white glistening cloud.” They
ate the bark of the peach-trees.

1866 or 1867.—In one of these years a swarm extending 15 miles in
width was seen at the 15-mile house near Stockton. The insects came
from the north, and were so abundant that they filled a well, as our in-
formant (whose name has escaped us) remarked.

1869.—Mr. W. L. Morton of Tulare County, told us that in 1869
locusts were abundant in townships 6,18 east, and 21,6 east. They
came from the southwest, the last of May till the middle of June, during
a period embracing three weeks. They devoured the grapes and leaves
of the vines, corn, and wheat.

1873.—‘“In 1873 they again migrated to Lower California, doing great
damage.”—[George Rich.

454 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Great ravages were also committed by locusts in Southern California
during the same year.—|Riley’s 7th Mo. Rept., p. 143.

W. A. Saunders writes from Kingsbury, Fresno County, Cal., that
grasshoppers have been abundant and very destructive, but no migrat-
ing swarms have been known in the region for the past three years. ‘This
is mostly a grazing country, and hay and grain crops suffered severely.
Brown “durra” (Sorghum vulgare, a kind of millet known as India mil-
let), from its acrid taste while green, is protected from locust ravages to
a limited extent. Eggs hatched the present year (1877) early in May,
though in previous years they hatched most numerously in June. The
insects deposited their eggs about June 21, in “ sediment,” or sandy soil
in dry plains, and fly but little. There have been three very bad locust
years, one of which was 1856, though locusts have visited this locality
in destructive numbers every year since our correspondent has resided
in the locality. The damage for 1877 is estimated at $20,000 in Fresno
County. Turkeys and other fowls saved orchards and gardens, and sand-
hill cranes were of great service, as they are the only kind of bird or
fowl that visits that portion of the country during the season the locusts
are most abundant.

Mr. Ellwood Cooper, of Santa Barbara, sent us specimens of di-
poda atrox from that locality, in a letter dated July 15, 1877, and says:

The grasshoppers that have done me so much injury have been produced in this
region (the belt of land from Point Conception to Santa Barbara, between the Santa
Inez mountains and the ocean), and all of them have been hatched on the table-lands
within this scope. The dry year we are now passing through will exterminate them
in this region. From the best information I can get, there never were a greater num-
ber hatched, but, there being no green food, all died before taking wings.

In an earlier communication, the same writer, states:

I have inquired as to the extent of the ravages on the plains of Santa Maria, Lom-
poc, and San Julian, distance 80 to 40 miles. At San Julian I was told they were very
numerous, but could not go there to see, nor could I rely upon the information ob-
tained. I will say, however, that at said place the green food always remains at least
one month later than in this locality. From Santa Maria, no information; at Lompoc,
no grasshoppers were noticed.

They have uniformly appeared from the 1st to the 15th of April. In dry years, when
the grasses are short, and in localities where sheep have fed, leaving the ground bare,
they appear earlier and in greater numbers. In seasons of abundant late rains, pro-
ducing rank growth of vegetation, but few, apparently, are hatched. Two of the con-
ditions necessary to hatch all the eggs are bare ground and warm sunlight. I have
also observed that where the ground has been bared later than the middle of April,
admitting the sun’s rays, that very many have been hatched out, but they do not ap-
pear to be so strong, neither so destructive. They take wings in about six weeks; are
most destructive just after they begin to fly. In their flight, so far as my experience
goes, I am led to believe the direction is instinctive, either with or against a strong
current of air, to the nearest locality of green food, and in the copulating season to the
best locality for the easy deposit of the eggs, and where warm sunlight exposure is
certain to hatch them the following year. The time of deposit begins about the mid-
dle of June; from this period they do much less injury ; do not seem to require food ;
gather together in bunches on knolls where the earth is loose and the exposure warm.

RAVAGES OF LOCUSTS ON THE PACIFIC COAST. 455

On these places where they select to deposit their eggs, they are, at times, two and
three deep. The depositing grounds comprise a very small surface compared to the
whole extent of country in which they exist. Much less than half the number are
females or have the power of reproduction. The depositing season lasts two or three
weeks, when they disappear and die. I have found on my ranch of 2,000 acres that
these beds of deposit do not amount to mere than, five or six acyes. I marked these
places so that when the rainy season came I could plow the ground and thus destroy
the eggs, and while grasshoppers were produced by the millions on adjoining ranches
none were hatched on my place. The conclusion is, that it is not a question to be
solved by meteorologists, scientists, or naturalists, but one for the plodding farmer, and
that their total destruction is a matter easy, simple, and not expensive. It is a ques-
tion of the plow—deep and thorough plowing of all the breeding-grounds. This will
require a concert of action on the part of the Government of the United States and
the governors of all the Western States. Let there be appointed for each Territory
five commissioners, and as many for each State, where they have suffered from the
ravages of this insect. The duties of these commissioners to solicit information dur-
‘ing the coming summer, and wherever they appear to follow them and mark the
breeding-spots. In the following spring have every spot well plowed; some kind of
crop can be raised that will pay the expense. If this plan is vigorously followed up
for a few years, the devastation and misery produced by these insects will be a history
of the past.

We have never, heretofore, known positively what species did the
ipjury in California; but the inves-
tigations of Mr. Packard on the
Pacific coast last year (App. 10, p.
21) render it quite certain that the
ravages in California have been
committed by the Lesser locust (C.
atlanis) and the Red-legged locust
(C. femur-rubrum), which more often
acquire the migratory habit than
they do on the Atlantic sea-board.
The Gdipoda atrox, also, as our cor-
respondence shows, is at times ex-
ceedingly destructive, but the fact
that it perished in quantities last
summer during a prolonged and excessive drought that destroyed vege-
tation would indicate that it must be placed in the same category with
the non-migratory locusts of the East, which are also occasionally: so
destructive ; because all the conditions of migration prevailed in South-
ern California last summer, and if the species possessed the proper
wing-power it would certainly have migrated instead of perishing.
There is no evidence that the Rocky Mountain locust ever extends west
of the Cascade Range northwardly, or of the Sierra Nevada south-
wardly. The following table will indicate the years during which there
have been great locust injuries in some parts of the Pacific coast :

Fic. 109.—CEDIPODA ATROX.

456 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Tabular view of locust years on the Pacific slope.
IN CALIFORNIA.

1722 1746 1747 1748 1749 1753 1754
1765 1766 1767 1823 1827 1834 1838
or or
1828 1835

1839 1840 1846 1852 1855 1856 1859
1862 1866 1869 1873

or or
1863 1867

IN OREGON, WEST OF CASCADE RANGE.
1852 1855

INJURY FROM OTHER NON-MIGRATORY SPECIES.

Having treated of those locusts that occasionally become migratory
both on the Alantic and Pacific slopes, we will close this chapter by con-
sidering those locusts which occasionally, from causes already explained,
become so numerous as to prove positive pests, and do great injury to
crops In different parts of the country. In this category we must include
the few common species already mentioned as proving exceptionally
migratory, as well as others which, from the shortness of their wings,
are incapable of extended flight, and never become migratory. With
ever-changing meteorological conditions, nearly every year some por-
tion or portions of the United States become favorable for the undue
multiplication of given species, and so, nearly every year, their injuries
are reported.

In 1868 indigenous species were extremely injurious. In Ohio they
appeared in countless myriads, and at the meeting of the Cincinnati
Wine Growers’ Society it was stated that they invaded the vineyards,
destroying entire rows, defoliating the vines, and sucking out the juices of
the berries. They occurred in countless millions in many parts of Illi-
nois and Missouri, and actually stripped many corn-fields in these States,
and, had not the crops been unusually abundant, would have caused
some suffering. They were also very destructive to flower and vegeta-
ble gardens.

In 1869 they were even worse than in 1868. In the vicinity of Saint
Louis they were particularly annoying, stripping the tops of Norway
Spruce, Balsam Fir, and European Larch, and devouring the blossoms
off Lima beans. They severed grape stems and ate numerous holes
into apples and peaches, thereby causing them to rot. Their ravages
for this season, however, seemed to be confined to the West, as they were
more particularly abundant in Illinois, Missouri, lowa, and Kentucky.
During this year locusts attracted little attention in the Eastern States,
but two years afterward they did much damage there, as may be seen
by the following items:

The grasshoppers (locusts) have been more numerous and destructive this year, in
Maine, than perhaps ever before. This was partly owing to the dry weather, and

with the advent of the rainy season we hope their career wiil be somewhat checked.
In this county they are thick, but insome of the central portions of the State they

INJURY DONE BY OTHER NON-MIGRATORY SPECIES. A457
literally swarm, devouring nearly every green thing before them. They did much
injury to the grass-fields, and, now that is cut, they have betaken themselves to the
cultivated crops. In some cases, whole fields of corn and beans have been completely
stripped. Even the potatoes have not been spared.—[ Country Gentleman, August 10,
1871, speaking of insects in Maine.

Grasshoppers are reported to have very seriously injured the’corn, grass, and grain
crops (and in,some cases orchards and nurseries) of the counties of Androscoggin,
Franklin, Knox, Kennebec, Lincoln, Oxford, Piscataquis, Penobscot, Waldo, and Som-
erset, in Maine. So serious has been the damage that the subject was made a topic at
the recent State Agricultural Convention in that State. In Androscoggin County they
injured pastures greatly, and affected the condition and price of stock. Some grain-
fields were protected by drawing a rope across the heads at sunset, thus brushing off
the insects and preventing feeding. In Franklin County, a field of twelve acres of
sweet-corn was only saved by keeping a man in it continually to drive out the grass-
hoppers. One man in York County stopped their passage to his fields by building a
brush-fence around them.—[ American Agriculturist, 1871.

These pests (the locusts) have been numerous and destructive during the past month,
in some portions of the Eastern States. In Sagadahoc County, Maine, the crops and
pastures were injured by them very much; also in Hancock County. ln Franklin,
many fields of grain were cut to save the crops from them and for feeding. In Oxford,
oats were ‘‘ eaten entirely down, as clean as though fed upon by sheep.” In some por-
tions of Plymouth County, Massachusetts, they are reported to have eaten everything
green. In Caledonia County, Vermont, they have been very destructive. All through
Windsor they have been “a terrible scourge.” In Orleans they are reported abund-
ant, and in Windham they have done “ much injury to some of the crops.” In Wayne
County, Pennsylvania, also, they are reported to have done much damage.—| Monthly
Report, Department of Agriculture, for August and September, 1871.

In 1872, locusts were again bad in the Hastern States, as will appear
by the following from the Mirror and Farmer (New Hampshire) for
August 10:

The grasshoppers are making great havoc on the grass, grain,and corn. For aspace

of about one and a half miles square they are destroying almost everything. Clover

is trimmed up all but the head; oat-fields look like fields of rushes coming up to the
height of sixteen or eighteen inches without leaf or bead. The leaves of wheat and
their kernels are eaten out. These choppers move back and forth two or three times a
day, and whole sections are almost dlive with them.

In 1874, they were again troublesome in the Mississippi Valley and at

_points in the East:

The grasshoppers destroyed four acres of my wheat last fall; ate and destroyed my
timothy twice; sowed the ground again this spring, but as there are still plenty of
hoppers, there is not much hope for a stand.—[Letter extract from G. Pauls, Eureka,
Mo., November 10, 1874.] |

Some of our good friends in Suffolk County, Virginia, were unduly excited this sum-
mer over the idea that the Western destructive grasshopper, Caloptenus spretus of Uhler,
had found its way tothe ‘sacred soil of Virginia.” There was no denying the fact
that myriads of grasshoppers were devouring nearly ‘ every green thing,” even settling
on the trunks and limbs of trees, and gnawing the bark in a most unkind manner;
and, as it appeared to be something altogether foreign to the locality, of course it
must be the Western pest. Specimens were forwarded to us, however, and a glance
was sufficient to show us there was no need for alarm, as it was quite a common spe-
cies in this part of the United States, and though rather too plentifulin this particular
locality, would not spread or become the terror that its Western distant relative has
proved. The insect is known as the Acridium americanum, and is of large size, often
measuring over two and a half inches in length.—[C. R. Dodge in Rural Carolinian, No-

| vember, 1874.

458 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

In 1875, as we have already seen, they were again troublesome in
Massachusetts and Illinois, while the August and September issue of
‘the Monthly Report of the Department of Agriculture gives a record of
their injuries in New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Vir-
ginia, Ohio, Michigan, and Tennessee.

In 1876, locust ravages were again reported in many sections of the
country, and the American Acridium was especially observed.

Finally, last year (1877), the destruction of field-crops was extensively
reported, particularly in the northern tier of States including New
Hampshire, Vermont, New York, and Michigan. Specimens received
from various sources showed that the Red-legged and the Lesser locusts
were the principal culprits. We quote a few items taken from the many
published at the time of injury:

They are having a genuine grasshopper scare in Michigan, and a dispatch to the
New York Herald of July 6 reportsthat the pests have destroyed about four thousand
acres of grain in Oakland and Ionia Counties, and the farmers are in despair. The
grasshoppers are not, however, the genuine Rocky Mountain species, which, as yet,
have never crossed the Mississip pi River ; but they are the common Northern red-legged
grasshoppers, which sometimes become so abundant as to do considerable damage to
crops. Many of the farmers in the afflicted counties named will, no doubt, believe
that the “‘ hatefuls of the far West are upon them, in spite of all the soothing words
of entomologists to the contrary.—[ Rural New Yorker of July 14, 1877.

The grasshoppers have so far destroyed the feed in some pastures near Saint Albans,
Vt., that the farmers have been obliged to commence feeding their cattle with hay.
Several are mowing their oat-crop for fodder or drying it for winter use. Corn-stalks
are eaten cff by the pests, and unless wet weather sets in it seems inevitable that they
will destroy most of the unharvested crops and the fall feed.—[ Western Farm Journal,
August 17, 1877.

In North Hero, grasshoppers are doing much injury to beans, oats, and buckwheat.—
[ Mirror and Farmer, Manchester, N. H., August 11, 1877.

We are informed by a farmer resident in Northern New York, that the grasshoppers
have committed irreparable injury to the growing crops in that section, thus blighting
the prospects of a bountiful harvest. They first attacked the grass, and when that
was cut they assailed the oats and orchards, utterly ruining them, and are now rapidly
destroying the corn and potatoes. There is no barrier to their ravages, ana the only
hope is in their onward progress. This gentleman thinks that this plague will reach
New Hampshire by another year, as it has already appeared in Vermont. The only
precaution that can be taken is in the character of the crops, and unfortunately there
are few crops they do not assail. Thus far, the growing wheat in Northern New York
has been exempt from their ravages.—[ Nashua Telegraph.

We have seen in the valley of the, Merrimack this summer fields in which the grass-
hoppers had cut the grass as clean and close as a flock of sheep would have done, and
fields of beans and oats in which every leaf had been devoured.—[ Mirror and Farmer,
August 18, 1877.

I send you specimens of grasshoppers which are very destructive in this immediate
neighborhood the present season.

The pests were first discovered about the 10th of May, on low meadow land subject
to overflow. They were at that time not more than one-eighth to one-quarter of an
inch long, and then rather of a dark or muddy-green color, a large portion of them
changing to a yellow and brown-yellow color as they grew. They are now, a large
portion of them, one to two inches long. What are they—the common meadow grass-
hopper, or a new species?

INJURY DONE BY OTHER NON-MIGRATORY Locusts. 459

I want information as to whether the same locality or place is likely to be overrun
and eaten by them another year, or for a series of years. They are very numerous;
have totally eaten up hundreds of acres of meadow and pasture, ard have done con-
siderable damage to corn and oats. They have eaten up eighty acres of meadow for
me, so closely that I shall not get one wagon-load of hay. They spread off the low
ground, after eating up the grass, to the higher portions of the meadows, and thence to
other fields.—[ Correspondence of the Country Gentleman, Brentsville, Va., July 26, 1877.

“The grasshopper plague, or a modification of it,” says the Republican, “ has visited
Eureka, Mo., and the general impression is that they constitute a detachment of skirm-
ishers from the Nebraska army that has lost itself west of the summit of the Rocky
Mountains.”—[ Western Farm Journal, July 15, 1877.

Mr. A. H. Gleason, of Little Sioux, Harrison County, Iowa, sent us
(May 21, 1877) the following, with specimens of Tragocephala viridifas-
ciata (Fig. 9):

I send you specimens of the white or gray ’hopper. These ’hoppers are always here.
They lay their eggs in August or September, and these hatch (at least some of them)
the same fall. I saw them last October and November, little fellows in spots of one
Square yard to a twenty acre piece covering the ground as thick as ever I have seen
the Western plague. I have found them early in the winter under the leaves and dry
straw and husks that have drifted up under the fences and behind logs in the woods in
a dormant state, and upon warming them they would become as brisk as ever. I
found them this spring, in April, very big. Many of them are fully developed and are
flying around, yet they have never done us any particular damage.

Mr. George Way, writing from Socorro, N. Mex., July 5, 1877, sent us
specimens of C. differen-
lias (Figs. 32, 110),
He says: “I send you
specimens of the only
herd of locusts in our
— county. They were no-

Fic. 110,—DiFFERENTIAL Locust. ticed about four weeks

ago, and since that time

have been living on dahlias and hollyhocks, with very little grass.”

He also states in this communication that beyond his own yard little
injury was done.

Mr. Arthur P. Gray noticed great numbers of the common Red-legged
locust at Kittery, Me., about the middle of August, 1877. In York and
_ Elliot immeuse quantities of the
insect were observed along the
road-sides and upon the lower
rails of the fences, so thick that

DD ca enti

in many places the rails were TANT
hidden from view. >

Theo. M. Finley, writing from
Niles, Mich., sent us specimens Fig. 111. Twoarerenn Locust.
of Caloptenus bivittatus (Fig. 111),
with the statement that they did considerable damage near Berrien
Springs, Mich., though confined to a territory of only a mile square.
Grass and oats suffered most, the last crop being entirely destroyed.

460 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

CHAPTER XIX.

RAVAGES OF LOCUSTS IN OTHER COUNTRIES.
CENTRAL AMERICA.

That swarms of locusts have periodically ravaged Mexico at times for
over two hundred years, is apparent from the accounts in the works of
Thomas Gage and Clavigero, as well as Mr. E. G. Squier and other mod-
ern writers. We take the following extract from Gage’s New Survey
of the West India’s:”

In the mean time I lived full five years in the two towns of Mixco and Pinola,
where I had more occasion to get wealth and money, than ever any that lived there
before me; for the first yeer of my abiding there it pleased God to send one of the
plagues of Egypt to that Countrey, which was of Locusts, which I had never seen till
then. They were after the manner of our Grasshoppers, but somewhat bigger, which
did flie about in number so thick and infinite that they did truly cover the face of the
Sun and hinder the shining forth of the beams of that bright planet. Where they
lighted either upon trees or standing Corn, there nothing was expected but ruine, de-
struction, and barrennesse ; for the corn they devoured, the leaves and fruits of trees
they eat and consumed, and hung so thick upon the branches that with their weight
they tore them from the body. The high waies were so covered with them that they
startled the travelling Mules with their fluttering about their head and feet ; my eyes
were often struck with their wings as I rid along, and much ado I had to see my
way, what with a Montero wherewith I was fain to cover my face, what with the
flight of them which were still before my eyes.

The Farmers towards the South Sea Coast cried out for that their Indigo which was
then in grasse, was like to be eaten up; from the Ingenio’s of Sugar the like moan
was made, that the young and tender Sugar Canes would be ‘destroyed; but above all
erievous was the husbandmen of the Valley where I lived, who feared that their Corn
would in one night be swallowed up by that devouring Legion. The care of the Mag-
istrate was that the Towns of Indians should all go out into the fields with Trumpets,
and what other instruments they had to make a noise, and so to affright them from
those places which were most considerable and profitable to the Common-wealth; and
strange it was to see how the loud noise of the Indians and sounding of the Trumpets
defended some fields from the fear and danger of them. Where they lighted in the
Mountains and High wayes, there they left behind them their young ones, which were
found creeping upon the ground ready to threaten with a second years plaguesif not
prevented ; wherefore all the Towns were called with Spades, Mattocks, and Shovels to
dig long Trenches and therein to bury all the young ones.

Thus, with much trouble to the poor Indians, and their great pains (yet after much
hurt and losse in many places) was that flying Pestilence chased away out of the
Countrey to the South Sea, where it was thought to be consumed by the Ocean, and to
have found a grave in the waters, whilst the young ones found it in the Land. Yet
they were not all so buried, but that shortly some appeared, which, not being so many
in number as before, were with the former diligence soon overcome. But whilst all
this feare was, these outcries were made by the Countrey and this diligence performed
by the Indians, the Priests got well by it; for every where Processions were made, and

98 A New Survey of the West India’s: or the English-American, his Travail by Sea and Land: con-
taining a Journal uf Three Thousand and three Hundred miles within the mainland of America, etc.,
etc. The Second Edition enlarged by the author, and beautified with Maps. By the true and painful
endeavours of Thomas Gage, Preacher of the Word of God at Deal, in the County of Kent, London,
M.DC.LYV. 8°. pp. 220.

RAVAGES OF LOCUSTS IN CENTRAL AMERICA. ~ 461

Masses sung for the.averting of that Plague. In Mixco most of the idols were carryed
to the field, especially the pictures of our Lady, and that of St. Nicolas Tolentine, in
whose name the Church of Rome doth use to blesse little Breads and Wafers with the
Saint stamped upon them; which they think are able to defend them from Agues,
Plague, Pestilence, Contagion, or any other great and immanent danger. There was
searce any Spanish Husbandman who in this occasion came not from the Valley to the
Town of Mixco with his offering to this Saint, and who made not a vow to have a
Masse sung unto Saint Nicholas ; they all brought breads to be blessed, and carryed
them back to their Farmes, some casting them into their Corn, some burying them in
their hedges and fences, strongly trusting in Saint Nicolas, that his bread would have
power to keep the Locust out of their fields ; and so at the last those simple, ignorant
and blinded soules, when they saw the Locusts departed and their Corn safe, cried out
to our Lady some, others to Saint Nicolas, Milagro, a Miracle, judging the Saint worthy
of praise more than God, and performing to him their vows of Masses, which in their
fear and trouble they had vowed, by which erroneous and Idolatrous devotion of theirs
I got that year many more Crowns than what before I have numbred from the Sodalities.
The next year following, all that Countrey was generally infected with a kind of con-
tagious sicknesse, almost as infections as the Plague, which they call Tabardillo, and was
a Feaver in the very inward parts and bowels, which scarce continued to the seventh
day, but commonly took them away from the world to a grave the third or fifth day.
The filthy smell and stench which came from them, which lay sick of this disease, was
enough to infect the rest of the house, and all that came to see them. It rotted their
very mouths and tongues, and made them as black as a coal before they died. Very few
Spaniards were infected with this Contagion; but the Indians generally were taken
with it. It was reported to have begun about Mexico, and to have spread from Town
to Town, till it came to Guatemaia, and went on forwards; and so likewise did the
Locusts the year before, marching as it were from Mezico over all the Countrey.—pp.
163, 164.

The date of this invasion, as near as we can ascertain from the few
dates given by the author, was apparently either in 1633 or 1634.

Clavigero (according to A. 8S. Taylor) witnessed locust invasions in
1738 or 1739 upon the coasts of Xicayan, in Oaxaca. Afterward a
famine occurred in Yucatan.

In Wells’s Explorations in Honduras, published in New York in 1857,
including original observations in the elevated mesas and valleys of
Eastern Honduras, the author remarks:

The civil war, in 1853 and 1854, between Honduras and Guatemala, had paralyzed
every branch of trade, and the distress thus caused was increased by the scourge of
locusts passing in vast clouds over Central America, sweeping away, as by a conflagra-
tion, every green thing, and leaving famine and desolation in their path. The ravages
of the locusts in late years (consuming whole crops of a night) have combined with
war, decay of mining enterprises, and political changes to reduce the population of
Juticalpa from 8,000 to 4,000 souls.

Regarding the injuries caused by a Guatemalan locust, we quote the
following account from the Hon. I. G. Squier’s Honduras; Descrip-
tive, Historical, and Statistical, 1870:

The insect, however, which is most dreaded in Honduras, or, indeed, in all Central
America, is the langosta or chapulin, a species of grasshoppers or locust, which at inter-
vals afflicts the entire country, passing from one end to the other in vast columns of

many millions, literally darkening the air and destroying every green thing in their
course. I once rode through one of these columns, which was fully ten miles in width.

% Received from the Smithsonian Institution.

462 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Not only did the insects cover the ground, rising in clouds on each side of the mule-
path as I advanced, but the open pine-forest was brown with their myriad bodies, as
if the trees had been seared with fire, while the air was filled with them, as it is with
falling fakes in a snow-storm. Their course is always from south to north. They
make their first appearance as saltones, of diminutive size, red bodies, and wingless,
when they swarm over the ground like ants. At this time vast numbers of them are
killed by the natives, who dig long trenches two or three feet deep and drive the sal-
tonesinto them. Unable to leap out, the trench soon becomes half filled with the young
insects, when the earth is shoveled back, and they are thus buried and destroyed.
They are often driven in this way into the rivers and drowned. Various expedients
are resorted to by the owners of plantations to prevent the passing columns from alight-
ing. Sulphur is burned in the fields, guns are fired, drums beaten, and every mode of
making a noise put in requisition for the purpose. In this mode detached plantations
are often saved. But, when the columns once alight, no device can avail to rescue
them from speedy desolation. In a single hour the largest maize-fields are stripped of
their leaves, and only the stems are left to indicate that they once existed.

It is said that the chapulin makes its appearance at the ends of periods of about fifty
years, and that it then prevails for from five to seven years, when it entirely disappears.
But its habits have never been studied with care, aud I am unprepared to affirm any-
thing in these respects. Its ordinary size is from two and a half to four inches in
length, but it sometimes grows to the length of five inches.

Mr. Taylor remarks that “this statement is consonant with the
accounts received from Honduras and Guatemala of the famine and
pestilence of fever in those countries in 1855 and 1856, caused by clouds
of locusts devastating the country, and confirms Gage’s history of the
same lands in 1632.” In 1855 the valley of Colima, in Southwestern
Mexico, was visited by locusts.

In 1856 their ravages extended along the mesas or steppes border-
ing eastward the Rocky Mountains, covering the dry soils of Texas,
and down into the south of Mexico. In the vicinity of Cordova, in
the State of Vera Cruz, the people made a regular campaign against
them, and succeeded in destroying one hundred and ninety-two arrobas,
computed as numbering four hundred million grasshoppers. In the
State of Guerrero they also did great injury, particularly within the dis-
tricts around Acapulco.

We have received from Signor Manuel Medina, of Merida, Yucatan,
the following answers to our circular, the numbers corresponding to the
numbers appended to the questions in our circular:

1. The swarms of locusts which appeared some nine miles from the sea-shore, were
suddenly discovered in June, 1871, in great quantities, living on the leaves of the
Agave sisalense in plantations covered wholly with this plant. It could not be ascer-
tained whence they came, but surely they began to be noticed, by that time not far
from the port called Progreso. They began to migrate, flying always toward the south,
the wind blowing, from the spot whence they started, in a northeast direction. The
temperature was then very warm, say 87° to 90°, the mornings being lightly moist
and cloudy, but the rest of the day very elear. The density of the swarms flying
when started was not of great consideration, migrating in comparative small portions.
They did not invade the whole province, but only a portion of the country from north
to south on a breadth of 40 or 60 miles.

2. The date of departure is that of its discovery, when started by the exertions of men,
in June. The force of the wind was always not hard, but ina southeast direction. The

RAVAGES OF LOCUSTS IN CENTRAL AMERICA. 463

temperature always very warm. The time of the day when started by men was in the
morning from six o’clock to eight o’clock, and portions were caught and burned in
heaps.

3. The eggs, ever since, to the present time, have been deposited, although in acon-
siderable small portion, abandoned as they are on the consideration of not being de-
structive; since the damage done has not been of much consequence, not even on
the Agave leaves which they at first ate but did not kill. They deposit their eggs in
summer, say from February toJune. At present are very scarce, and the large swarms
are not found as in 1871, 1872, 1873, 1374, 1875, and 1876.

4, This year are very scarce.

5. February, 1875.

6. I suppose as the only reason for their scarcity this year the heavy rains that oc-
curred from July to October.

9. August.

11. The injury done as yet is of no consequence, with the exception of some one or
other corn-field.

16. The only means employed is that of catching them early in the morning to be
burned, or raised up by noise to make them fly away from the spot. In the morning
has been more easy to catch them, for they cannot fly. I suppose on account of morn-
ing dew.

19. The year 1876 is the last year when numerous swarms have been seen. This —
year, to the present date, are very few.

20. Never previous to 1871.

21. They have been extensively useful in the destruction of these insects, numerous
as our birds are, of all kinds on the fields. As it has been observed that these insects
are not so voracious as the Arabian locusts, it is supposed to belong to a kind of grass-
hopper natural to this Seri ae although these sent now as a sample are larger.

Merida, December 24, 1877

MANL. MEDINA.

The specimens sent by Signor Medina, and supposed by him to be the
same as those destructive in 1871, were sent to Mr. 8. H. Scudder for
identification, and most of them proved to be Acrydiuwm americanum ;
with these occurred specimens of an unknown species allied to Acry-
dium flavofasciatum De Geer.

We have also received the following account of the locust in Granada,
through the kindness of Mr. Flint:

GRANADA, NicaRaGua, December 18, 1877.

My Dear Srr: Yours of November 26 reached me yesterday, asking for information
relative to the locusts that invaded this republic last year.

During afesidence of twenty-seven years I bave observed but two invasions. The

first appeared in 1851, entering at Chinendaga from the northwest point along the ~

coast from Cosaguina. Many falling into the sea were floated ashore and caused a

| stench for many days along the beach as far down as Escalante. How far inland they

reached at that time is not known. They were quite destructive to the crops at that
time. I resided at Realjo, and a friend of mine, S. Watts, living near Chinendaga,
showed me his corn-field, entirely eaten up in one forenoon. The country was in revo-

lution at the time and little was done to abate their progress. I well remember one
day while at Chinendaga—the whole town was in an uproar, beating on drums, tin

pans, and every conceivable thing, to prevent their alighting in the neighborhood.
They reached the department of Rivas in 1853; their progress is gradually south-

ward; they disappeared in 1854. They were the same as those now devastating

Nicaragua.
Appeared in 1876, after an interval of twenty-five years, entering, as before, about

464 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Chinendaga, passing eastward as far as Nagarote, in swarms, and thence along the
coast-range, entering the Department of Rivas in June, devastated that department of
its crop of indigo, with a very few exceptions. Corn, not well advanced, was in a
like manner destroyed, and the second crop nearly one-half. The pastures of Para and
Guinea grass when invaded also disappeared. They eat anything that is within their
circuit useful to man, except rice and quiquisque. The plantain, on which the poorer
class rely as their principal food, they left destitute of leaves. Oranges and cocoanuts
were not omitted in their bill of fare; also hedges of mango trees were eaten in cer-
tain locations; the cactus hedges, although hard and acrid, were a delicate morsel for
them, and many fields were left open to the invasion of cattle and others for their
exit.

Was in Rivas 20th day of last July and fore part of Angust; also from September
12 to December 12. Then the third generation was hatching out. Eggs recently laid
were placed in a glass bottle, and in twenty-two days all hatched out, and were quite
lively. They lived a few days thus shut up without food. They were more destruc-
tive in Rivas than here, as the swarms of the first invaders, after reaching Nagarote,
kept down the coast range southerly, leaving in all their course immense swarms,
selecting open places, and especially those that were in any way cultivated. These
commenced laying, the male remaining attached, until the female deposited all of her
eggs, and then dying. Often you see a male alive attached to his dead mate. In
twenty-two days the first young appear and attach themselves to any herb or grass
that is near. These are the most destructive to agriculturists. A spear of grass, a
stalk of corn, an indigo-plant, any plant, is so completely covered that its color is not
discernible. They delay three months ere their wings are matured sufficiently to fly
well. They then visit the best location, flying in swarms in all conceivable directions;
one course to-day and another to-morrow; preparing for the final flight in search of
proper hatching ground. Those entering the State last year leaving descendants
along their route, appeared here last year too Jate in June to destroy the first corn-
crop, only in certain localities. Their descendants did much damage to other crops of
grass, corn, plantains, beans, &c., comiug to maturity in the latter part of December
and fore part of January, seeking the mountains and forest, and the coast all to the
west and sonth of here, and entering the long stretch of forest between Rivas and
Costa Rica, reproducing in these localities during the dry season; few only of those
that arrived last year; the first ones reached Costa Rica, and did but little damage in
Liberia; but those that incubated in the forest about Rivas and below, migrated to
Costa Rica early in June, and have disseminated over the entire State.

So rigorous were the measures adopted by that government that the military re-
fused to comply, and in trying to enforce it the incumbent governor was forced to
resign, giving place to Guardia, who revoked them. Have no news from there relative
to the destruction caused this year. While there, from April 20 to May 5, saw a large
swarm at Siete Cuero, flying east from the coast April 28,3 p.m.to 5p.m. On the
1st of May, near the foot of Rincon Mountain, saw another swarm flying west from 11
a.m. to 3 p. m.; both days clear and very hot ; the only two seen not very dense; wind
northeast, strong.

The means adopted for their destruction when young, was ditching in places most
convenient for driving the young, which could not escape, into the trenches, where they
died. When in flight each farmer did what he could to prevent their alighting. This
in most cases resulted injuriously to hisneighbor. A tax of 50 cents, or a day’s labor, per
capita per month was levied on all men from 18 te 50; this was collected only one mcnth.
An old law existed of which I am ignorant—was more onerous. The local authorities
of each viilage compelled the men to work in exterminating the young—generally in
ditching, killing many, beating them toward the ditches with brush. In Rivas many
were destroyed this year, that department being better adapted for their destruction.
Here it is quite difficult—isolated fields alternating with uncultivated spots of wood
and brush, making it almost impossible to drive them. Each owner now has, in

eh OO, wt A ee er

RAVAGES OF LOCUSTS IN SOUTH AMERICA. A65

most cases, to look out for his own interest, often assisted by his neighbor; thus many
have been destroyed. There are many yet in all the department west of Lake Nicara-

~ gua, between here and Managua. Quite an abundance of young hatched out in October,

not yet able to fly, and too large to drive. They will reach maturity in January, and
seek the same haunts as last year; probably will reach farther south. There is a
notable diminution from last year.“ In thedry season, when they commence their flight,
innumerable flocks of a bird about the size of a pigeon, dark lead-color, hawk-bill,
destroy many ; also another, the queque, also consumes great quantities; have not seen
them near the city. The head is white, and it is of the size of a buzzard ; another name is
sen-chiche (provincial names). The domestic fowls eat them when accessible; also many
birds, not however to the extent of the twofirsts There is a parasite underneath the wings
that destroys many. Lobserved some last year with a microscope; will try and find some
more to remit in the next box of antiquities I send to the Smithsonian Institution.
Some full-grown locusts I sent to Professor Henry in June, in a bottle with carbolic
acid. They went with the Flint and Bransford Central Railroad collection. My opinion
is that they are degenerating, and will disappear '® next year, with asmall effort of the
people. It would be well to inquire if they havo reached Panama or Cherokee ; I think
they will not pass below Cherokee.

Some specimens were brought me last evening, all taken from one location; they
are of different sizes; some have wings nearly of a full growth. Am waiting their
classification from the Smithsonian Institution. Don’t think they are Caloptenus ; they
resemble Qdipoda of Say ; these have spotted elytra wings, and are larger; last ventral
segment notched, as in spretus. Would observe that many private efforts to exter-
minate them in certain localities, when young, resulted in the adoption of torches made
of strips of cloth dipped in kerosene, used mostly on green cactus hedges. It seems
superior to any other.

If any new facts occur, will inform you or Professors Henry or Baird, who can trans-
mit them to the central office. Hoping this may be of use to you, excusing the haste,
made to comply promptly for this mail,

I beg leave to remain, yours sincerely,
EARL FLINT.

A. S. PACKARD, JR.,

Secretary United States Entomological Commission, Salem, Mass.

P. S.—Courier says they are abundant in Leon. One square foot of plowed ground
contained 23 nests, with from 80 to 84 eggs in each.

THE LOCUSTS OCF SOUTH AMERICA.

The treeless portions of South America are also not exempt from
swarms of locusts, though we have no information as to the different
species composing them. ‘Taylor says that at the time of the visit of
Darwin to Chile and the adjacent countries of South America he relates
of the grasshoppers as follows, at the date of March 25, 1835, when he
was crossing the dry country which lies between the city of Mendoza, in
Buenos Ayres, and the opposite side of Chile. This country assimilates
in every essential physical characteristic to that of the territories within -

—_—_——_ —n—n—

100 Except the district northeast from here, where-it seems they are working around the head of the
lake—baving reached as faras Teustepe. There Il am informed, this morning, the 19th, that the region, for
miles about that district is covered with young in different stages of development, and that some of the
full-grown are leaving for the mountains; thus it is feared that they will get a foothold in the grazing
country of Chontales, so well situated for their propagation, and by destroying the pasture, deprive
the department of beef. The prefect gave his opinion last evening that we were menaced with a
scarcity of food for next year, should they continue. Heretofore they have not passed around the lake.

101 [nless they gain a foothold in Chontales.

350 G

466 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSICN.

the boundaries of Upper and Lower California prior to the American
occupation :

Shortly before arriving at the village and river of Luxan, we observed to the south
a ragged cloud of a dark reddish-brown color. At first we thought it was caused by
some great fire on the neighboring plains, but we soon found that it was a swarm of
locusts. They were flying northward, and with the aid of a light breeze they overtook
us at the rate of ten or fifteen miles an hour. The main body filled the air from a
height of twenty feet to that, as it appeared, of two or three thousand feet above the
ground. The sound of their wings was as the sound of chariots of many horses running
to battle; or rather, as I should say, like a strong breeze passing through a ship’s rig-
ging. The sky, seen through the advanced guard, appeared like a mezzotinto engray-
ing; but the main body was impervious to sight. They were not, however, so thick
together but that they could escape a stick waved backward and forward. When
they alighted they were more numerous than the leaves in the field, and the surface be-
came reddish instead of green. The swarm having once alighted, the individuals flew
from side to side in all directions. Locusts are not an uncommon pest in this country,
Already during this season several smaller sw arms had come up from the south, where
apparently, as in all other parts of the world, they are bred in the deserts. The poor
cottagers in vain attempted, by lighting fires, by shouts, and by waving branches, to
arrest the attack. This species of locust closely resembles, and perhaps is identical
with, the Gryllus migratorius of Syria and Palestine.

The pestilent ravagers named abound in the provinces of the La Plata
River, and commit as much havoc as their congeners of Chili and Cali-
fornia. Lieut. Archibald McRae, attached to the coast survey of Cali-
fornia in 1856, was employed as assistant to Captain Ellis in the United
States astronomical expedition to Chili in 185052, and performed a scien-
tific journey from Mendoza to Buenos Ayres, in December, 1852, in con-
nection with the expedition. He mentions having encountered, in that
month, immense swarms or ‘‘ myriads” of locusts on the dry pampas
near the Desaquedero of San Luis. Of one species of locust he notes
the following singular fact in natural history ;

We passed on the road a swarm of large grasshoppers or locusts, apparently at war
with strange-looking black flies, about the size and shape of wasps, and haying a red
spot on their tails. Their hostility to the Iocusts seemed to be wholly wanton, for I
could not observe that they did more than kill them. We had before seen myriads of
small locusts, generally feeding on young algarobas, but had not seen any as large as
these.—( Vide Gillis Exped., 2d vol., p. 24.)

Public advices from the Argentine States, of February, 1858, men-
tion that the provinces of Entre Rios and Corrientes were desolated by
swarms of langostas or locusts, which had caused great injury to the
cattle pastures and the commerce of the country.”

In speaking of the pampas between Mendoza and Buenos Ayres, and
their Indian inhabitants, Padre Ovalle says (about 1640), in his 7th
chapter of third book:

They make bread of the cods of a tree, which we call in Spain algazoba (mesquite),
and, because that does not last long, they have invented a strange sort of bread, made
of locusts; for the locusts used to be in such vast quantities in those great plains
called the pampas, that, as I traveled over them, I often saw the sun intercepted and
the air darkened with flights of them. The Indians observe where they alight to rest,
ee a

1022 A. S. Taylor’s MS., received from the Smithsonian Institution.

THE LOCUSTS OF THE OLD WORLD. A6T7

‘and those plains being here and there full of thickets, they rest in them and choose
the highest for shelter. This the Indians know, and approaching softly in the night
they set fire to the thicket, which, with the high winds that reign in those plains, is
soon reduced to ashes, and the locusts killed; of these they make great heaps, and, as
they are ready roasted, they have nothing more to do but to grind them to powder, of
the flour of which they make a sort of bread which maintains them.

Ovalle was a Jesuit missionary, a native of Chili, who had resided in
these countries for many years, and published his history of Chili at
Rome in 1846, an abstract of which appeared in English in Charchill’s
Collection of Voyages, pubiished in London in 1745.1

THE LOCUSTS OF THE OLD WORLD.

That the calamities which have befallen the farmers of the West are
less grievous than those resulting from locust invasions -in the Old
World; that there is a general similarity in the habits of locusts the
world over, and that the causes of their migrations are of the same
general nature, may be seen by a perusal of the following statements,
which we have taken from sources as a rule inaccessible to most readers.
For brief popular accounts of the Old World locusts the works of Kirby
and Spence, Westwood, and of subsequent compilers may be consulted.
The following historical sketch of locust invasions in the Old World is
condensed from an article by Rudolf Gottschoff in ‘‘ Unsere Zeit” (Feb-
ruary, 1876, Leipzig). The first account after that of Joel, in the Bible,
whose remarks apply to Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and Asia Minor, is the
statement of Ororius, that in the year of the world 3800 certain regions
of North Africa were visited by monstrous swarms; the wind blew them
into the sea, and the bodies washed ashore “ stank more than the corpses
of a hundred thousand men.” Another locust plague, resulting in
a famine and contagious disorders, according to St. Augustine, oc-
curred in the kingdom of Masimissa, and caused the death of about
800,000 men. Pliny states that the locusts visited Italy, flying from
Africa. In Europe locust invasions have been recorded since 1333,
when they appeared in Germany. Mouffet states that in 1478 thecountry
about Venice was invaded, and 30,000 people died of famine. In 1725
the region about Rome was overrun by locusts.

In France, swarms appeared at the close of the middle ages. In 1747
there was a great invasion of Southern and Middle Europe, especially
the shores of the Danube, Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania. Be-
fore and after this date vast swarms were observed in Africa and Asia.
Adanson in 1750 observed them in the Senegal. In 1799, Jackson, in
his ‘‘ Journey through Morocco,” states that the whole country between
Mogador and Tangier, on the borders of the Sahara, was covered with
them, and they were in many cases borne into the ocean westward.

In Russia, whose southern steppes form the heme of the locust, vast
swarms in the time of Charles XII, who was then in Bessarabia, came

there from the region of the Black Sea. Russia, Poland, and Hun-

103 4. S. Taylor’s MS., received from the Smithsonian Institution.

468 REPORT’ UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

gary were often visited by them. In 1828 and 1829 enormous swarms
jnvaded the coast of the Black Sea. In 1859, in the South Russian
provinces of Cherson, and in Bessarabia, a tract 60 versts long and
about one-third as wide was overrun by them. Taschenberg gives the
locust years in Russia in the present century as follows: 1800, 1801,
1803, 1812~16, 1820~’22, 1824 and 1825, 1828~31, 183436, 1844, 1847,
1850 and 1851, 1859 and 1861.

In August, 1384, according to Mr. J. Boll, they invaded portions of

Switzerland. .
_ In Germany the records go back to 1333. In this year, and until
1336, they abounded. Entering Hungary, they overflowed into Poland
and Austria. They then divided into two great swarms, one of which
flew southerly into Italy, the other into France, Suabia, Bavaria, Thu-
ringia, and Saxony. In Germany they again occurred in 1543. In 1693
they invaded Thuringia, going from Hungary by way of Austria,
Silesia, and Bohemia, and invading the region about Jena, Gotha,
Erfurt, and Weimar.

In Germany the locust years were as follows: 1323~36, 1475, 1527
and 1543, 1636, 1686, 1693 and 1696, 1712, 1714, 1715, 1719, 1727-731, 1734,
1746-50, 175254, 1759, 1761, and for the present century, 1803, 182530,
1856, 1859. In 1873-74, small numbers appeared in swarms about
Genshagen, near Berlin; they laid their eggs, and in the middle of
June of 1875 the larve appeared in millions, becoming fledged in July.

Koppen has published (Hore Soe. Ent. Ross. iii, pp. 89-246) an elab-
orate memoir on tke migratory locust of Southern Russia. He gives,
in the first place, a bibliography of his subject, which includes several
memoirs published in Russian journals. With regard to the species,
K6ppen remarks on the various opinions of entomologists as to the rela-
tion between Pachytylus migratorius (Linn.) and P. cinerascens (Fabr.),and
comes to the conclusion that the two supposed species are to be regarded
as varieties of one and the same, and that Gdipoda tatraica (Motsch.) is
identical with P. cinerascens. The form which he met with most abun-
dantly in South Russia is the true P. migratorius.

The development of the insect is described by K6ppen in detail. The
eggs are deposited by the females, to the number of 60 to 100 together,
in little nests surrounded by a membranous envelope. The eggs are
laid in autumn and the young hatched in the following spring. The
envelope is burst a little while before the exclusion of the young. The
eggs display a great power of resistance to the influence of cold; they
have been found when placed with earth in a large glass vessel to retain
their vitality when the temperature reached 26° Fahrenheit.

The larve are said by Képpen to moult four times, and the fourth
moult produces the winged insect: The different stages are described
by Képpen. At the end of May (1861), eggs taken from the ground
showed the eyes, antennz, segments, and legs of the larvz distinctly ;
and a little while before hatching, the larve could move within the egg.

5

THE LOCUSTS OF THE OLD WORLD. 469

On its emergence the larva is yellowish-white, with a rosy tinge; in
three to four hours its color is grayish-black. Before and during each
moult the larve are sluggish. At the final moult, which always takes
place 1n the hottest sunshine, the animals hang head downward, by the
hind feet, upon the stalks of grasses, &c. This enables the insects to
twist about in all directions, in order to free themselves from the skin.
The expansion of the wings occupies about twenty minutes after the

‘completion of the moult (twenty-two minutes according to Koéste, who

says that the moult itself occupies sixteen minutes); during this period
Koé»ypen observed that a dark yellow fluid was distributed over the
wings in microscopic drops. The period which elapsed between the
arrival of the insect at the winged state and the deposition of the eggs
is uncertain; the statements of different authors vary between four

-weeks and two months.

Koppen describes the nearly indiscriminate voracity of these insects,
but remarks that certain plants appear to be avoided by them, namely,
flax and hemp, the Cucurbitacew, avd, according to Petzholdt, dwarf
garden-beans. The Graminew seem to furnish their favorite food. They
prefer the leaves and other soft parts of plants and trees, but also some-
times gnaw the bark and even the wood of the latter. In time of scar-
city they will attack straw-thatch and woolen clothes, and even devour
each other. K6ppen notices the statement made by various authors
that the larve for the first ten days live upon dew, and treats it as an
absurdity.

The perfect insects copulate almost rime diately after the last change
of skin. The union of the sexes continues apparently for a consider-
able time, from twelve to eighteen or even twenty-four hours, but some-
times only for an hour or two. The female carries the male about with
her, and feeds as if alone; she is, however, unable to fly. The male sits
quite motionless, only giving a sign of life by stridulation if another
male should approach.

The eggs are deposited about seven days after copulation, according
to Koste. The female digs a hole in the earth of about 14 inches, by
means of the hook-like horny organs of the apex of the abdomen, and
the eggs are then laid in cylindrical masses, usually placed at an angle
of about 45° to the surface. The eggs are united by a spongy mass
(cement), which also envelopes the whole outside of the mass; here, by
the adhesion of grains of sand, small stones, &c., it forms a sort of wall
which protects the eggs from injurious external influences. The mass
is sometimes formed wholly or partially of the frothy cement without
eggs. Yersin ascribes this to a morbid condition of the female, and
doubts whether the few eggs contained in such masses are capable of
development. Koppen has found, on removing the female insect, that
the pit which it had dug was filled with the frothy mass without any
eggs. This seems to the recorder to indicate rather that the cement
mass is first produced by the insect, and the eggs afterward laid in it.

470 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The nests found containing the spongy mass without eggs would then
be easily accounted for, on the supposition that the females were dis-
turbed or destroyed when just about commencing the actual business
of oviposition. The number of eggs iaid in each nest seems to vary
from 50 to 90 or 100, and the ovary of the female contains from 100 to
150 eggs, according to Kriinitz. The question whether the females cop-
ulate more than once has been much discussed in Russia, and from the
author’s statements it would appear that the popular opinion is that the
act of copulation only takes place once. From KoOste’s observations,
however, it is certain that the females copulate and deposit their eggs
several times. He observed a female in confinement which copulated
with six different males before laying her first batch of eggs; and after-
ward the same phenomena were repeated four times, the insect dying
when engaged in oviposition for the sixth time. From his own observa-
tions, and those of other authors, Koppen regards it as most probable
that copulation and oviposition are repeated usually at least three times
by each female, perhaps at intervals of about a month, as stated by
Yersin, the total number of eggs being from 160 to 170.1%

Upon the rapidity of movement of locusts in the larval condition the
statements of authors are at variance. The observations of Sydon and
Donzingk give about a quarter of a German mile (7. e., about 0.975 mile
English) in the hour. Téchemewsky asserts that they only advance
about 350 feet in the day upon grass land.

Of the senses of the locust, KOppen seems to regard hearing as the
sharpest. . The senses of smell and taste are exerted in the selection of
food ; and that of touch is displayed in the sensibility of the insects to
changes of weather, especially temperature. Sociability is regarded by
the author as characteristic of the locusts. The larve proceeding from
ope nest seem to keep together for a time; they afterward associate in
larger masses which move together in search of nourishment. These
migrations in mass commence in the second stage of larval life, but be-
come more general after the second moult. The migration usually takes
place in the morning and evening. The author remarks upon the diree-
tion of the migrations of these insects, which he regards as influenced
to a certain extent by an instinetive perception of the direction in which
abundant food or a suitable breeding-place is to be found, but modified
or even sometimes caused by external agents, especially the winds.
The author also discusses the primary causes of the great migrations
of these insects and the phenomena observed during their flight.

In the south of Russia the hatching of the eggs takes place, according
to the weather, at the end of April or beginning of May. A few Jarve

104Tn an article by V. Graber “ On Polygamy and Other Sexual Relationships in the Orthoptera”’ (Ver-
handlungen der zool.-botanischen Gesellsch. in Wien, xxi, pp. 1091-1096, Zoological Record for 1871),
the author details experiments regarding polygamy and repeated copulations in some orthopterous
insects. A male and female were observed in coitu eight distinct times between May 2l and June 1;
aiter the sixth connection the female began to deposit eggs. A second male, which had already fecun-
dated several females, was then placed with her, and she paired at least five times with him. Analo-
gous results followed experiments upon Pezotettix pedestris, and he believes that polygamy and poly-
andry exist in many species.

THE LOCUSTS OF THE OLD WORLD. AQG1

are sometimes produced on warm days in October, but these soon die.
The hatching occupies from two to three weeks, according to circum-
stances. The winged insects appear in the beginning and middle of
July ; copulation takes place early in August; and the oviposition ex-
tends from the middle of August to October. The dry steppes consti-
tute the chief haunt of the locusts; damp places they seem to avoid.
The females prefer for the reception of their ova the solid virgin soil,
and rarely visit plowed land for this purpose. Damp and cold are
unfavorable for the development of the eggs. The author discusses in
great detail the external conditions which act favorably or unfavorably
upon these insects. The greater part of this section is devoted to the
consideration of their enemies, of which Koéppen gives a formidable
list (pp. 151-166).

Leimé and other authors have given Tartary as the true home of the
migrating locusts; but in Tartary no large swarms occur. In the
author’s opinion, the countries in which the swarms are seen are also
the countries of their birth. He cites many facts in support of. this
opinion, and in illustration of the geographical distribution of the in-
sect, the northern limit of their migratory or nomadic life being a line
passing from Spain through the south of France, Switzerland, Pomera-
nia, South Russia, and South Siberia, to the north of China. To the
north of this line the insects generally occur only singly. Many inter-
esting details as to their occurrence in vast numbers are given by the
author (pp. 190-205).

K6ppen also describes the injury done by the locusts when they occur
in great numbers, and indicates the means adopted for their suppres-
sion (pp. 205-246).

K6éppen also notices Caloptenus italicus, a congener of our C. spretus,
which likewise occurs in South Russia, and at such times, as in other
regions of Southern Europe, sometimes in injurious numbers. Other
species which are also occasional devastators, especially when asso-
ciated with the migratory species, are Pachytylus stridulus, Qidipoda
vastutor, Stauronotus vastator, S. cruciatus, and Pezotettix alpina.

Kiintsler reports this insect as injurious to corn-crops in Austria in
1866 and 1867.

The ravages of the locust in Bavaria have been discussed by Jaeckel,!”

|| who cites various records of the visits of this species in swarms during

the fourteenth century, one toward the close of the fifteenth, and one

| at the end of the seventeenth century, and gives a long account of a

similar visitation in 1749. Since that year no swarms of locusts have
occurred in Bavaria.
Gerstaecker, in a recent work!” on the European locust, which seems to

10 Correspondenz-Blatt des Zool. Mineralogisch. Vereins, Regensburg, xxi, pp. 83-93. See Zoological

| Record for 1867, Verhandlungen Zool.-Bot. Gesellschaft in Wien, xvii, pp. 930-932, Zool. Record for 1867.

106 ** Die Wanderhenschrecke. (Oedipoda migratoria Lin.) Gemeinverstaendliche Darstellung ihrer

| Naturgeschichte, Lebensweise, Schadlichkeit und der Mittel zu ihrer Vertilyung. Im Aufirage des
| Koémel. Preuss. Ministeriums fiir die landwirthschafulichen Angelegenheiten veriasst von Dr. A. Ger-

staecker, Prof. an der Universitét inBerlin. Mit 9 Abbildungen auf2 Tafeln in Farbendruck. Berlin,
1876. 67 pp.”
For the above translation we are indebted to Mr. Whitman.

472 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

be mainly, however, a compilation, writes as follows regarding the
European locust:

That copulation can be accomplished very soon after emerging from the last larva-
skin (he does not name a pupa stage), is shown by the fact that one occasionally finds
individuals engaged in the act while the wings are still tender and have not attained
their full color. But the act is as a rule performed in the course of several days (after
becoming winged), or even after a still longer period.

The male lets the female free in the course of twelve to twenty minutes, after which
the female before proceeding to lay, employs herself in feeding again for several days.
As soon as her eggs are ripe, which, according to Kosten, requires seven days on the
average, she seeks a satisfactory spot to deposit them. (He then describes the act of
laying, which is much as in C. spretus.) The eggs are generally found at a depth of 4
centimeters, or more, below the surface. In this act, requiring considerable time, she
by no means rids herself of her whole stock of eggs at once, but may pass several weeks
even in perfecting them. Possibly for a second or third deposit of the egg-mass a re-
newal of copulation is necessary. At least such a repetition has been noticed in the
case of females that had already been found laying, and has always been followed by
a new deposit of eggs. In all cases, whether after a single or repeated coupling, which
latter may depend upon the relative number of males, and the temperature of the
season, a division is made of the egg-stock into several deposits as is shown by the fact
that the larger egg-pods seldom contain more than one-half, and the smaller very gen-
erally a much smaller fraction of the whole mass of eggs produced by one female,
which mass may amount to one hundred and fifty or more. With the last deposit the
female has accomplished her destiny, so that she not seldom remains dead on the spot
where the laying occurred. On the other hand the males even after repeated coupling,
and with several females, appear to be able to prolong their life, and may be found
alive as late as October.

From the comparatively long time during which the winged locusts may be found,
extending very commonly from the end of July to the end of September, it must not
be at once concluded that the life of an individual is correspondingly long.

In selecting a spot for the perfection of this egg (packet) dryness is of the first im-
portance to the female, and besides this a certain degree of hardness. They prefer
loamy and clayey ground to pure sand. Besides this, a spot is naturally selected which
offers suitable and plentiful food to the hatching brood.

Fallow fields lying alongside cultivated fields and meadows appear to present an
unusual attraction to the female when ready to lay. That the eggs, as such, winter
over under the surface can be set down as a matter of common obseryation. The
young brood generally do not hatch before the end of April.

The geographical distribution of the migratory locust of Europe and
Asia (Pachytylus migratorius) has been discussed by Herr F. T. K6ppen
in Petermann’s “ Mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes’ Geographischer An-
stalt” (1871, p. 361), his paper being accompanied by a map showing
the range of the insect. We translate an abstract of it by M. Preud-
homme de Borre, in the Comptes Rendus of the Entomological Society
of Belgium, 1871-72, p. xvili:

The migratory locust is an Orthopter peculiar to the torrid zone and a large part of
the north temperate zone of the Old World; but, in this last region, its northern limits
is subject to some variations, the explanation of which is one of the principal objects
of the work of M. Koéppen.

In countries such as those of Arabia and Persia, where the mean temperature of the
year,.as that of the different seasons, is almost invariable, the abundance of the species
in question does not vary; it is normally limited, both by the quantity of its nourish-
ment and the natural enemies of the insect. But this is not the case .n those countries

THE LOCUSTS OF THE OLD WORLD. AT3

which, like Southern Russia, may present, sometimes favorable seasons, sometimes
years, or even simply seasons, unfavorable to the multiplication gf Pachytylus. Thus,
according to M. Képpen, the persistent prolongation of dry heat during a part of the
autumn will exert an influence on the quantity of eggs laid in favorable places; and,
on the other hand, a temperature less than 14° Réaumer [634° Fahr.], prolonged for
several days toward the end of May, will be indispensable to the hatching of the larva.
There would result from the more or less perfect realization of these conditions, and
their succession or their interruption during several years, those differences observed
in the northern limit of the species, which alternately increase or diminish the area of
distribution.

M. Kippen has distinguished and traced quite completely on the map for Europe
and Siberia three different limits of the geographical area of Pachytylus migratorius: 1.
The limits of its permanent distribution. 2. The limit of its temporary existence in all
stages of development, a little more to the north. Finally, 3. The limits of its presence
in the condition of bands of winged insects of a stated age, out of the regions where
the species may live and propagate. It will be necessary still to establish the limits of
accidental individual appearances, but that would be of questionable importance. The
northern limit of the permanent geographical distribution of Pachytylus migratorius

_ begins in Western Europe, from the coast of Portugal, near 40° latitude north, and ex-

tends from there toward the northeast as far as the mouth of the Bidassoa, thus leaving
out all the northwest portion of Spain ; it continues to rise obliquely in France up as
far north as the lake of Geneva, and extends east, following more or less the forty-
eighth degree of latitude, and embracing Valois, all of the north of Italy, Carinthia,
and Hungary, it passes into Southern Russia, where it attains nearly the fiftieth de-
gree, passes likewise across the middle of Siberia, whence it passes over the north of
China, to end in Japan, at a latitude a little inferior to that of its point of departure
in Portugal, leaving out the island of Niphon. M. Koppen remarks that all this limit
does not deviate much from the isothermal of 16- R. [68° Fahr.] for the month of June.
To farther circumscribe the area, so extensive, of this species, the line goes from Japan
to the islands of Fidochi, to New Zealand and Australia, of which it only embraces
the northern parts, passes from there to the island of Mauritius, then rises to the
north, crosses Africa up to Madeira. But in this last part of the passage the limits are
more hypothetical, from want of an exact knowledge of the existence of the species
in the interior of Africa.

When, in a country comprised in this area, as has been frequently observed in
Southern Russia, the locusts develop in a certain abundance, the want of food obliges
them to migrate in part in different directions, and to break over their limits. If cir-
cumstances permit these emigrants to multiply for a certain period beyond their nor-
mal area, there results a temporary extension of this area, and occasionally new mi-
grations to the north, until only a single spring, colder or more humid, comes to put an
end to their invasion and to oblige them to go back to their natural limits. Tempo-
rary extensions like this of the area of distribution of Pachytylus migratorius took
place in 1746 to 1749, and in 1822 to 1828; at these periods they appeared in Germany,
and have multiplied themselves during several successive years. The northern limit
of these temporary extensions may be also marked on the chart by a line which, tak-
ing its point of departure in the southwestern portion of Bavaria (where the Pachyty-
lus migratorius has been observed from 1333 to 1339, and from 1748 to 1749), rises to
the northeast by Jena and Halle toward Jaiterbogk and Berlin, when it takes a nearly
eastern course, following more or less the parallel of 524° of latitude, near Miincheberg,
Kiistrin, Birnbaum, and Posen (regions which the species was known to have visited in
1730, 1752, and from 1827 to 1828); then the line passes across Southern Poland, at the
fifty-second parallel, through the southern part of the government of the Mohilew, in-
clining gradually toward the south, and extending so as to reach the Wolga and the
Ural. It is apparently to the humidity of the climate, injurious to the locust, likewise
to the state of the eggs during the winter, that we should attribute the less extension
of this limit toward the north in Western Europe.

474 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

To the north of the limits which have just been indicated, the Pachytylus migratorius
has not the power of undergoing its whole cycle of metamorphoses, neither, conse-
quently, to reproduc@itself. This does not prevent its occasional appearance in swarms
even in countries very northern; thus, it was observed in England (1693 and 1748),
and even at the latter date near Edinburgh ; in Sweden (as far as Ostrogoth),
at latitude 57° to 58° north, in 1748 and 1844, and finally on the Duna, near Dunabourg,
and at Pelozk, in 1545. But these troops of voyagers did not hatch out in the same
places where they were observed, nor did they leave any progeny in subsequent years.
The only known example of an exception to this rule is the discovery made once by
Boheiman, in September, in the middle of Sweden, of a Pachytylus migratorius in the
proper state. Evidently this is an exception wholly accidental, which does not prove
anything against the rule. The more we advance toward the north, the less are large
swarms of locusts observed, and we end by meeting only isolated individuals, as have
been seen several times at St. Petersburg, and even near Wasa in Finland (latitude
63° north).

The want of facts prevents our extending these studies to the southern boundary of
the area of distribution of Pachytylus migratorius. However, we can remark that in
New Zealand, the extreme southern point of this distribution, the mean temperature
of the warmer months is, according to Schmid (Lehrbuch der Metecrologie, p. 363), at
15°.5 R. (about 66° Fahrenheit), which does not differ much from the corresponding
temperature of the northern limit of the area in Europe.

The localities out of Europe where the Pachytylus migratorius has been observed are
as follows: Madeira, Algeria, Tunis, Egypt, Chartoum, Asia Minor, Syria, Arabia, Per-
sia, India, Siam, China, Japan, Java, Lucon, Fidschi, New Caledonia, New Zealand,
Northern Australia, and finally Mauritius Island; but this last locality indicated by
Serville needs confirmation. In Central Asia the species has been observed near Lake
Aral, on the borders of Syr-Darja, on the upper side of Ischim and of Irtisch, and
finally toward the lakes Kurgaldschin, Nor-Saisan, and Balchaasch.

According to M. Koppen, the great chains of mountains are a powerful obstacle to
the diffusion of Pachytylus migratorius. The Alps especially play a large part in its dis-
tribution in Europe, and it is without doubt to them that we should attribute its rela-
tive rarity in the countries of the southwest of Europe and northwest of Africa, where
it is almost completely replaced by other speciesof the same group, i. e., the Caloptenus
italicus in Spain, Italy, and in the middle of France; the Acrydium peregrinum in Algeria.

It should be observed that this species, and in general all the Acrydiide, shun mount-
ainous and wooded countries. They are most fond of the plains, of regions quite dry,
and it is also a circumstance which influences necessarily their geographical distriba-
tion.

“The development of the organs of flight of the migratory locust,” continues M. Kop-
pen, ‘‘ determines the facility and the amplitude of its flight, and consequently favors
its migrations. They are evidently the cause of this colossal geographical distribution
of the species. They remind us of the remark of Darwin, that species rich in individu-
als and with a wide habitat, which, owing to their organization, have had in their
country the pre-eminence over many surrounding species, are those which, in the case
of emigrations out of their area, should have the greater chances of overrunning new
territories.”

Képpen examines successively the causes which may determine the migrations of
this orthopter in armies more or Jess numerous, and then the observed direction of
these movements. It is said that they fly more often from east to west, but M. Képpen
thinks that it is not necessary to attribute this circumstance, as bas been done, to the
predominance of the east winds at times when the sterility of the country that they
inhabit, increased still by the prevalence of these same winds, forces them to seek
places which can furnish them a more abundant pasturage. Numerous facts appear,
he says, to contradict this explanation. In reality, the movements of these hordes is
rather centrifugal, as M. Képpen establishes from observations made especially in the
plains of Eastern Europe; that is to say, that all the migrations appear to radiate

THE LOCUSTS OF THE OLD WORLD. 475

from countries where the species breeds most. In Europe they would consequently be
directed to the west, while in China they should have a direction ordinarily toward
the southeast.

M. Képpen thinks that the same centrifugal radiation has presided over the scatter-
| ing of this species beyond its original limits, and that this radiation, propagating in
waves, such as we still see produced at the limits of its geographical area, has carried
the species from its center of creation or its original country to points where it is
powerless to overcome the climatic conditions or that concurrence of vital forces which
are opposed to it. The center of creation or the point of departure of the species will
be found, then, in Central Asia. The complete absence of this species on the American
continent shows that it only began to exist as a species after the epoch of the separa-
tion of America from the Old World.

M. Preudhomme de Borre adds, “ Inf this study, so interesting, there is one point on
which we should insist. Itisthis: That the observations of M. Képpen tend to confirm
the principle of zoological geography, that the area of a species cannot be limited on
the map by asimple curve, but between places where the species exist in a constant or
normal manner and those where its absence is constant there is always a zone, often
\ very broad, of temporary visitations, which is to the area properly so called what
| the penumbra is to the light, within the zone, of which the exterior limit is much more

» easy to trace than the inner ; this last is subject to continual oscillations, with some
undulatory movements, dependent on the centrifugal or expansive tendency of the
species, and from the resistance which opposes it, and external circumstances, and evi-
dently also the tendency of other species to spread out, with which it carries on a
struggle for existence in endeavoring to maintain itself on an earth where the chances
are divided, and even vary from year to year. M. Képpen has thus been enabled to
figure on his chart three lines, as I may for the present call them, and the intermediate
line represents the exterior actual limit of these oscillations of the true frontier line
of Pachytylus migratorius ; their amplitude may vary from two to four degrees.”

The last thesis of M. Képpen that I shall draw attention to at this time, namely,
that the absence of Pachytylus migratorius in America should prove that the species
exists only as a species, since the separation of the two continents toward the north
pole, seems to me scarcely necessary. A mere glance at the map which represents the
area of distribution of this locust allows us to affirm without hesitation that that view
is impossible. It is evidently not one of those species which we may call circumboreal
anteglacial, because their presence in two forms (races, varieties, or species) on each
continent indicates that they have had a common origin, a single area at that epoch,
anterior to the glacial period, when the two continents were reunited in the Arctic
zone by a bridge, so to speak, that is, a continuity of land, in conditions of climate
which should allow the existence at that latitude of a fauna which only at present
exists much farther south. The source of those species dispersed by the glacial period
does not now probably exist in its integrity; but the two races confined, one in America,
the other in the Old World, having undergone slow modifications each on its part, are
to-day very analogous species, but as distinct by their external characters as by their
separate geographical area.

Nothing like this applies to Pachytylus migratorius ; it is one of those species which
inay be called equatorial postglacial ; its expansion toward the north has been posterior
to the glacial period, which would then have opposed it; and it can have no affinities
in the New World, but degrees of consanguinity much farther removed than those
unite the circumboreal species of the temperate zone. Thus, if, as some think, the
northern hemisphere tends actually to retrograde toward a new period of cold, the
Pachytylus migratorius is destined to see its area also retrograde toward the equator,
and perhaps some day the western and eastern parts of this area may be completely
disjcinted, and, following this separation, its posterity may be so modified by isolation
as to form two distinct species, as has occurred to circumpolar species.

In the discussion which followed, M. de Selys-Longchamps speaks of

the difficulty of separating Pachytylus migratorius (Linn.) and cinerascens

476 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

(Fabr.), which he had at first regarded as varieties, but now considers as
a distinct species, the latter being more sedentary and reproducing in
Belgium year after year: “ M. F. H. Képpen not speaking of cinerascens,
it would be interesting to know whether he adnits this species, and if
in the affirmative, whether all his remarks apply alone to the true
migratorius type, notably that which he says normally sojourns at
Bayonne, where I have taken only cinerascens, variety virescens, whose
characters are the same as in Belgium and Frankfort-on-the-Main. It
is also cinerascens that M. von Heyden has taken.”

Some notes on the Algerian locusts (Acrydium peregrinum, migrato-
rium, &c.) by Coure, have been communicated to the Entomological
Society of France by Giraud. In them, mention is made of a special
work on the same subject, which the recorder has not yet seen (Bull.
Soc. Ent. Fr., 1867, pp. x, xiii). The locusts visiting Algeria come from
the south and arrive in May. They lay their eggs soon after their
arrival, and the young animals produced from these eggs usually become
adult in July. In Augustall usually disappear. Coure also notices the
arrival in Algeria in the early part of January, 1867, of a flight of
locusts. The color of these was stated to be reddish. It appears that
on first attaining their adult form these insects are of a rosy tint, and
afterward change; and Coure thinks that it is not until after their
change of color that they are fitted for reproduction. Lallemant states
(1. ¢., p. xiii) that the locusts, which live for a long time in the adult
state, are at first rosy, then emigrate southward, and return in winter
with their mature color.

In Spain, during the summers of 1875 and 1876, Decticus albifrons
(Fabr.) was abundant and injurious, but less so in 1876 than the year
previous, as the soldiers assisted the inhabitants of the district in-
fested in destroying them.

The secretary read a letter he had received from the foreign office de-
partment, inclosing a dispatch from Her Majesty’s minister at Madrid,
relative to the steps taken to check the ravages of the locust in Spain.
It appeared that considerable apprehension had been felt in many parts
of Spain that the crops of various kinds would suffer greatly this year
from thé locust; and the Cortez had already voted a large sum to ena-
ble the government to take measures to prevent this calamity and by a
circular addressed to the provincial governors by the minister of “ Fo-
mento,” publisued in the Official Gazette, they were directed to make use
of the military forces stationed within their respective districts, to aid
the rural population in this object. It was stated that thirteen prov-
inces were threatened with this plague.—[Proceedings of the Entomolog-
ical Society of London, 1876, pp. xiv and xv. May 3, 1876.

A letter was read from T. V. Lister, esq., of the foreign office, trans- |

mitting for the information of the Entomological Society a copy of a

dispatch from Sir John Walsham, Her Majesty’s chargé d’affaires at ©

Madrid, relative to the plague of lozusts, together with a box containing

THE LOCUSTS OF THE OLD WORLD. AT]

specimens of the insect and a number of earthern egg-cases, each con-
taining from thirty to forty eggs. The dispatch stated that the official
report showing the progress of the plague and the steps taken to exter-
minate the insect had not yet been published, but a copy would be sent
the society in a few weeks. It was said that the damage done by the
locusts this year was considerably less than that of last year, owing to
the number of soldiers which the government had been able to employ
since the war was over to assist the inhabitants of the district where
the plague existed in destroying the insects. The insects sent were
stated to be specimens of Locusta migratoria, but on examination they
were found to be the Locusta albifrons, Fabr. (Decticus albifrons, Sa-
vigny).—[Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, 1876, p.

i; xxi. August 2, 1876.

In China records exist of the appearance of locusts in devastating
numbers one hundred and seventy-three times during a period of nine-
teen hundred and twenty-four years, as stated by Andreozzi, who has

| translated, from a Chinese work on agriculture, notes respecting the
| ravages of locusts in China, and the superstitions existing among the

Chinese with regard to their origin. The three great causes of famine
in China are placed as flood, drought, and locusts.

In 1876, Col. Prejvalsky states that swarms of locusts were seen at
an elevation of 9,000 feet in the Altyn-Tag range, in Central Asia.—[ Geo-
graphical Magazine, May, 1878.

In Southern Australia locusts of an unknown species committed rav-
ages in 1872.—[See Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London,
1872, pp. xii and xvii.

Swarms of locusts have appeared in several of the Philippine Islands,
and have caused immense damage in the plantations. Public prayers
were offered up, and the common people employed in the fields in
collecting and destroying them, the authorities paying so much for
every basketful presented to the aicaldes. It does not appear that the
natives of the Philippine Isiands eat the locusts, as the Riff Arabs do.
The latter, when they see a cloud of locusts hovering in the air and
clouding the sky, watch them anxiously, and if they descend near their
adwars, receive them with shouts of gratitude to God and Mahomet,
throw themselves on the ground and collect them as fast as possible.
Previously deprived of their heads, legs, and wings, the locusts, well
boiled in butter and served up with alcuzcuz, are considered by the Riff
Arabs a delicious food. Their camels eat them greedily.!% -

107 Received from the Smithsonian Institution.

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The following appendices embody a large number of data collected by the Commis-
sion during the year, as well as its more important correspondence, special reports,
classified answers to circulars, list of correspondents, bibliography, etc., etc. They
comprise very many interesting and important facts and experiences upon which we
have drawn for our generalizations, and which will always be valuable for future
reference. Yet to have incorporated them into the main text of the report would have
swelled the bulk of the volume to unwieldy dimensions. The miscellaneous data from
the different States have mostly been arranged chronologically, and form a detailed
history of locust injury in 1877. The replies to circulars have generally been classified
to facilitate reference, and also arranged by States. When no other authority for a

fact, statement, or report is given, it is to be understood as taken from the correspond-
ence of the Commission.

[1-2]

APPENDIX I.

MR. ALLEN WHITMAN’S REPORT FROM MINNESOTA.

SAINT PAUL, MINN., December 20, 1877.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of observations upon the
Rocky Mountain locust in Minnesota during the year 1877 :

A report upon the locust in Minnesota in 1877 properly begins where the report of a
preceding year closed, with the deposit of eggs inthe year 1876. The amount ana
extent of these deposits were determined last year from circulars sent to most of the
infected counties, inquiring—

1. The dates between which locusts had appeared in greatest numbers.

2. The dates between which they had appeared to deposit eggs in greatest numbers.

3. The extent of the deposits; and

4. How late in the season locusts had remained.

Replies to these circulars were received from three hundred and fifteen townships
in thirty-two counties, and reports of a similar nature were received from the audi-
tors of those counties which were not attacked until late in August or in September.
The information derived from all these sources denoted in general that the portion .of
the State in which eggs were laid more or less thickly was bounded on the west by
the State line, nearly, from Moorhead, on the north, to the Iowa line, while on the
south the deposit reached eastward to about the longitude of Austin. On the north
and east the boundary line was irregular. Starting from Moorhead it included the
southern part of Clay County, the southwest corner of Becker, the southern part of
Todd, the extreme southwest corner of Morrison, and reached the Mississippi at Sauk
Rapids. The eastern limit from Sauk Rapids southward was along the Mississippi
River (a few miles to the east of it) to Elk River, thence southward, including portions
of Hennepin, Scott, Rice, Steele, and Mower counties. This was the line as shown in
a map of the locust area in Minnesota contained in “A Report of the Geological and
Natural History Survey of Minnesota for the year 1876,” published by the State Uni-
versity. It was intended to show the extreme eastern limit of the egg-deposit for the
year, and the hatching of 1877 has proved its general correctness. But while it was
drawn far enough to the east to include all or nearly all the scattering squads of lo-
custs that hatched during the spring along the eastern limit of the locust-area, the
limit of severe injury lay, in most cases, many miles to the west of this boundary line.

The line, as drawn, included the whole or parts of forty-four counties. It was
well known during the fall that in many of these counties the number of eggs depos-
ited was too small to excite any fears of serious injury from the young locusts. This
was particularly true of Red River Vailey, and of considerable portions of the hatch-
ing grounds of the spring of 1876, which for some reason had been passed over during
the summer without receiving any great amount of eggs. Instill other counties lying
along the eastern portion of the egg-area there was reason to fear that the eggs were
deposited in sufficient numbers to cause serious damage. In still other counties lying
in the central portion of this area it was well known that eggs had been deposited in
greater numbers than in any preceding year. It was known not only from the fact
that certain favorable spots were found to be densely packed with eggs, but also from
the fact that the laying had begun early in the season (by July 10 in many town-
ships), and had continued through July and August, and that two, three, or even four
bodies of locusts had followed each other during the summer, and that each had left
eggs behind. There was good reason for the gravest apprehensions, and the legisla-
ture used its best endeavors during the winter to devise a plan by which the evil might
be somewhat averted. That this plan, as devised (a bounty for the destruction of the
young locusts in the spring and summer), was so palpably inadequate as to bring its
own futility with it,is due to the fact that when the hatching fairly began the young
came forth in such immense numbers in some ten or twelve counties that the whole
provision for their destruction would have been more than exhausted in these alone,
leaving all other counties to shift for themselves; while in other parts the hatching
was so scattered and uncertain that plainly no one plan of enlisting a common war-
|| fare could be adopted throughout the whole infested area. Under these circumstances
_ the idea of a bounty was gradually abandoned, and county and town authorities, and

[3]

[4] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the farmers in general, were left to adopt for themselves through the spring such
measures as seemed best adapted for immediate success. It may be added that there
is very trifling reason to regret that the bounty bill, as passed, proved a failure at the
very outset. Asa means ot defense, it would have proved useless in some cases and
needless in others. As a matter of relief or reimbursement for injury, it would have
gone in a large measure to help those who are already repaid by an abundant harvest.

But the fact that in a large number of counties where serious injury was anticipated
the damage has been partially or totally averted; that in many cases extensive deposits of
eggs were either followed by a limited amount of hatching, or that the injury begun by
the young in the spring was continually on the decrease until the locusts finally departed;
in short, the fact that what may perhaps have been Minnesota’s most destructive locust
year is probably its best wheat year, is due to a combination of causes. These area
limited amoant of destruction of eggs through the efforts of the farmers in the fall
of 1876, a considerable destruction of the same by insect enemies, birds and other an-
imals, the destruction of the young by individual efforts during the spring, and more
than all else by a series of fortunate climatic conditions, especially during the spring
and early summer months, which, while they were in every respect favorable for the
growing grain, were throughout unfavorable for the development of the locust. This
again was followed in July and August by migrations so totally different from those
of former years that they were almost entirely harmless. To sum up the result, the
damage, so far as concerns wheat, is, according to the statement of the commissioner
of statistics for Minnesota, the Hon. T. M. Metcalf, confined to nineteen counties, con-
taining a wheat acreage of 337,188 acres. Of these nineteen counties, two suffered a
‘total loss of wheat; one slightly injured; eight counties are believed to have saved
half a crop; one, a third; one, a tenth; two, two-thirds; three, three-quarters; and
one, four-fifths.” These statements were drawn from ‘‘the most careful estimates of
the bushels harvested by these counties,” and while they are only estimates, it is not
probable, judging from past experience, that accurate statistics will add to the amount
estimated as destroyed. This is a result not only different from what was expected at
the beginning of the season, but also different from what would have been had the
spring of 1877 been similar to that of 1876. In the latter case we should have seen
serious destruction in a still larger number of counties, and a still longer list of coun-
ties injured.

This impending danger aroused the farmers to unusual exertions during the fall of
1876. In counties where the trouble was an old one, conventions were held and meas-
ures taken to prevent the prairie-grass from being burned before the hatching season
of 1877. To preserve this grass and fire it just at the time when the locusts were
hatching, seemed to be one of the most feasible methods of general destruction, and
one which in past years had commended itself to the citizens of the infested counties.
It was carried into effect in the spring in such a way as either not to do all the good
of which it was capable, or to show that it was impossible to produce anything like
wholesale destruction, on a date specified beforehand, by this means. In other counties
meetings were held by townships to provide for plowing up roadsides and other public
places where eggs had been laid. In general a large amount of plowing and harrow-
ing and dragging of fields and new breaking was done by the farmers in all parts of
the threatened distfict. The reports of the results of this latter method of destrue-
tion are conflicting, varying according to the care expended upon the work, the late-
ness of the season at which it was..done, and the accuracy with which the results
were noticed. In cases where new breaking thickly filled with eggs was passed over
once or twice with a seeder in November, or late in October, a portion of the eggs
were left undestroyed, and these hatching in the spring, the young devoured the grain
as fast as it grew. In other cases eggs brought to the surface late in the fall retained
their vitality (the young were fully formed in the egg) during the winter, but after-
ward when they had been exposed, in February and March, to alternate heat and cold
without a covering of snow, only a small fraction of them could be hatched. In other
cases, where the number of eggs was not excessive, the proportion of eggs left unde-.
stroyed after fall harrowing was too small to cause (of themselves) any serious dam-
age in the spring. From all the inquiries that I have been able to make during the
season, I am confirmed in the statement made last year, that itis desirable to bring the
eggs to the surface at the earliest possible moment after there is any assurance that
the laying season is over; in other words, they should be exposed to the sun while
their contents are still fluid.

The good effects of plowing the eggs under deeply are still more marked, wherever
the work was thoroughly done. Even when turned under to a depth of five or six
inches the hatching, except in most favorable positions, was, if it occurred at all, too
late to do any injury whatever. Eggs plowed under in corn-land were found to be
unhatched up to the 21st of June, but when brought to the surface they hatched at
once; and without any question large numbers of eggs turned under in heavy grounds
never hatch at all. At any rate it ought to be learned from the present year that with

APPENDIX I.—WHITMAN’S MINNESOTA REPORT. [5]

a good growth of wheat we have nothing to fear from locusts that come straggling
forth during the month of June.

A considerable amount of eggs were destroyed during the fall and spring by various
insect enemies, birds, &c. It is difficult to estimate the amount of destruction that
goes on in this quiet, unseen way, but from the abundance of these enemies (particu-
larly insects) in certain localities, and from the palpable difference in such places be-
tween the anticipated and the actual hatching, it is evident that these agencies have
all helped to make the result as favorable as itis. It has been a matter of common
report that in spots where eggs were abundant in the fall few or none could be found
in the spring; and this was generally stated as a fact without attempting to assign any
cause for it. Even in 1876 replies to circulars, coming in during the fall, denoted that
a portion of the eggs deposited early in the season had already disappeared. During
the fall of 1876 reports were received from various quarters, especially the southwest-
ern counties, denoting the presence of the silky mite in great numbers, while various
larvee were discovered at work upon the eggs almost everywhere. The silky‘mite was
found to be still more numerous in the spring, sometimes so thick as to redden the
ground, and in localities where it had not been seen in the autumn. Of replies to the
inquiry of the Entomological Commission, “Proportion of the eggs that failed to hatch
and probable causes of the failure,” nine out of thirteen (in Minnesota) express the opin-
ion that a large percentage (one-half or more) failed to hatch, and the cause generally
assigned is the silky mite. Testimony on th® point can apply with exactness to only
’ such little areas as came under each man’s particular notice, but the replies, taken with
similar reports, denote that considerable quantities of the eggs were destroyed by vari-
ous agencies before hatching.

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND RAIN-FALL UPON THE EGGS.

It is very doubtful whether excessive rain-fall during the autumn has any effect what-
ever upon the eggs, at least so long as they are left undisturbed. Thefollowing records
of temperature and rain-fall have been kindly furnished by Sergeant J. O. Barnes of
the signal office, Saint Paul:

September. October. November. Totals.

: Tempera- . Tempera- : Tempera- ea ere
Rain-fall. ae Rain-fall. pone Rain-fall. rae Rain-fall.

Inches. Inches. Inches. Inches.
NARS seat eeee 2. 56 54.1 2), BY 41.3 0. 79 Q5. 6 S
KSC Dee Ree ae 5. 76 60. 9 3. 21 49. 4 1.90 QR. 7 10. 87
IS psy eS Ae eae 2.16 a 1. 56 42.8 0. 84 25. 2 4,56
Si Se eeee ese 2. 99 56. 8 i, Or 43.2 0. 93 29. 6 5. 19

It will be seen that the total rain-fall of the autumn of 1874 is nearly equal to the
total of any two other years in the series, and it is certain that it was not followed by
any apparent diminution of the hatching in 1875.

Again, there are many instances where continued immersion of the eggs in the spring
has no farther effect than to delay hatching until the moisture isremoved. Statements
to this effect have been repeated a few times in various journals, and I add the follow-
ing extract from a letter, which seems to come from good authority :

“MARSHFIELD, LINCOLN COUNTY, MINNESOTA,
“September 10, 1876.

“On the 28th of August last, out on a hunting expedition, I crept down on the bank
of a lake among the reeds to get a shot at some ducks. In the reeds, among a thick
matting of tall wire-grass, I found millions of young hoppers just hatched. The eggs
were deposited last July (1875) and remained through the winter, and the water in
the lake, raised by spring rains, had stood over them until the first week in August
and then receded, and when I was there the warm sun was hatching them out. The
growth of grass indicated that last year, when the hoppers visited us, the water did

not reach that point.
“C. H. GOODSELL,
“County Auditor.”

But the fact that moisture does delay hatching must be taken to prove that in a wet
spring the hatching in low grounds or such spots as retain moisture will be retarded
and uneven, exactly as has occurred during the past spring.

The hope that the mild weather of February succeeded by the cold of March would
destroy the vitality of the eggs ended likewise in disappointment. The average tem-

[6] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

perature at Saint Paul for the month of February was 32° above zero, being nearly
15° warmer than February, 1876, and more than 35° warmer than February, 1875.
The months of March and April did not differ greatly from the same months in pre-
ceding years, and the thermomeirical records show that the eggs have been subjected
to alternate freezings and thawings every year. Thus in March, 1¢74, while the mer-
cury rose above the freezing point on sixteen days, it ranged from 45° to 5° above
zero, and fell on the 3d of April to 17° below zero. Again, in 1875, the mercury in
March ranged from 38° to 1° above zero, and in April from 70° to 10° above zero. In
March, 1877, the mercury rose above the freezing-point on eighteen days, and ranged
trom 45° to 50° above zero, while in April it hardly reached the freezing-point aiter
the 2d day of the month. The transition from the hope excited in February to the
reality of the hatching under the warm sun of May wasaviolent one. In their despair
at seeing their fields hopelessly mowed down day after day, many “ adapted their rec-
ollections to what they were then suffering,” and proclaimed, by repeated statements,
that the coming hatch would prove a failure. They had been misled into sowing a,
larger acreage than they would otherwise have sown. It was easy at that time to say
that all writing upon the locust, and hence all entomological writing, was worse than
useless. It may be said, on the other hand, that if farmers were misled in this matter
they simply misled themselves, and that no statement was made on the subject of
hatching by any one who had any better means of deciding the question than each
man had in his own fields. Statements were made repeatedly in the country newspa-
pers, in March and April, that attempts to hatch the eggs artificially had proved a fail-
ure, but there were just as many going to show that the eggs had not lost their vital-
ity at all. Moreover, if there were any delusion in the matter, farmers in a large
number of counties may rightfully claim that they were misled into a fear of sowing
what would have proved the most successful wheat crop they have ever known.

DATES OF HATCHING.

Every year since the advent of the locusts in 1873 there have been reports of a cer-
tain amount of hatching in the fall. There is no point in the whole subject upon
which there are more contradictory reports, and perhaps none on which observers are
more likely to be misled. I have found the young of femur-rubrum quite thick in the
last week of August, and of species of Tragocephala and Stenobothrus as late as the first
week of October, but these latter never in large numbers. But reports, received from
reliable sources, of locusts hatching numerously in September on the very spots where
eggs had been laid by spretus early in the summer make it probable that a certain
amount of hatching occurs in the fall. But I have never seen a fully-winged spretus
so early in the spring as to make it necessary to suppose that it had survived the win-
ter.

The earliest notice of hatching in the present year (whatever the species may have
been) is to be found in the Saint Paul Pioneer Press: ‘“‘ Messrs. Hendryx and Newton,
of the Farmers’ Union, yesterday received a package of lively young grasshoppers,
about half an inch long and evidently filled with an ambition to be a good deal longer.
They were sent in by a farmer named Burch, residing at Vicksburg, Renville County.
He writes under date of February 1, ‘They are samples of our grasshoppers found
this day, some on bluffs and some in the meadows.’ He states that there had been at
that date four warm days, and that, with the exception of occasional snow-dritts, the
ground was then bare, and there were quite a number of those little hoppers, fully
half an inch long, crawling about and impatiently waiting for the farmers to put in
their seed.” Similarly, the young were found in Nicollet, Blue Earth, Watonwan, and
Yellow Medicine Counties during the month of February, generally about stony heaps
of earth or on sandy bluffs. Specimens of theses were received in February, and proved
to belong to Stenobothrus and Tragocephala. The latter acquired wings during the first
week in March. It is probable that all the yonng which appeared in February were
native species, either just hatched or coming forth after hibernation; but all this was
suspended during the cold weather in March.

Early in April (by the 10th) young locusts began to appear again in some of the
southern counties, and by the 20th of the month considerable numbers had hatched
out, particularly upon the blufis along the Minnesota River between New Ulm and
Saint Peter. The cold, cloudy weather, and the heavy snow which followed a week
later, may have destroyed most of them ; it is difficult to tell, as the young locust hides
itself in such weather in crevices in the earth, among the roots and tufts of grass, and
in everything on or near the earth that offers protection from the cold, and a day of
warm sunlight brings them forth from unseen hiding-places in spots where they had
before disappeared. Similarly, in 1875, both in northern and in southern counties,
large proportion of the early hatch of April disappeared after cold rains, and were
perhaps destroyed. But if any were destroyed by the cold, above mentioned, it was
but an insignificant portion of the whole number hatched during the season. If any
favorable intervention of weather or temperature is to be sought for, it will be found
not in a snow-storm at the end of April, which perhaps destroyed a comparatively

APPENDIX I.—WHITMAN’S MINNESOTA REPORT. [7]

insignificant number of young locusts that would in any case have proved harmless for
lack of sustenance, but in the character of the six weeks following. These were char-
acterized by heavy rains, sometimes for several days in succession, interspersed with
warm sunny days, up to the 14th of June, which closed a week of coldrains, with pre-
vailing northwest winds. The results are a much more distributed hatching than
usual, lasting from the 18th of April to the 1st of June; a large number of days when
on account of cold and wet the locusts were obliged to forego eating, thus allowing
the grain to recover to some extent from their previous ravages, or to make so much
gain against future injury; and above all a luxuriant growth of wheat, which the
young locust, loving warmth and light, was less inclined to enter, and which was so
much the less vulnerable. It was common enough in June to see in wheat-fields spots
where the wheat had sprung up thinly, which had served as starting points for the
young locusts, and were eaten about the edges, while wherever the wheat grew thick
and strong it was still untouched. Immunity has come notso much from the fact that
the locusts were less in number or less able to injure, as from the fact that the grain
was less capable of being injured. All this is a general statement of the case, and
the fact that in certain countries the crops of whole fields, or even whole townships,
have been swept away is no denial of the general truth. It is undeniable that where
anything has been saved the damage has decreased as the season advanced, and that
where anything like total destruction has occurred it has been in those localities where
the damage was most serious before the Ist of June. Only such excessive numbers of
locusts as have appeared in some of our worst infested counties could have caused a
total destruction of the crops, and on the other hand the comparatively small nuni-
bers that appeared in other counties would have worked serious damage in a spring
of a different character.

The following replies to circulars of the Entomological Commission denote “the
dates when the eggs were most numerously hatching (in Minnesota) in the present
year.” The localities range from south to north by counties, according to the num-
bers:

1. Bigelow, Nobles County.—-First hatch May 4th; most numerous hatch, May 15th
and 16th. Fairmont, Martin County.—First saw them April 14th; they were reported
a week earlier. Every fine day more or less hatch.

2. Madelia, Watonwan County—Commenced hatching April 10, and have continued
since, but most numerously between the 15th and 25th of May. The greatest amount
hatched May 23.

3. Severance, Sibley County.—Between the 1st and 15th of May, and up to June 7th.
Hector, Renville County.—From April 30 to May 24.

4. Lac-qui-parle, Lac-qui-parle County.—Between the 15th and 20th of May. Kan-
diyohi, Kandiyohi County— Commenced on the last day of Apriland hatched in limited
numbers in high and dry places until May 8 or 10; then in larger numbers till May 22.
I notice a few hatching out to-day (May 25) in low places where the soil is moist and
heavy.

5. Morris, Stevens County.—Between the 15th and 20th of May. Otto, Pope County.—
A few hatched April 29. Between the 5th and 20th of May the weather was warm,
with occasional light showers, and they came out in untold millions, and up to the
present time (June 7) can be seen coming out.

6. Llbow Lake, Grant County.—Hatched on the 1st of May, and continued to hatch
until the 20th; most of them from the 5th to the 10th. Some hatched as late as June
8th. Alexandria, Douglas County.—From May 15 to June 15.

7. Audubon, Becker County—From May 10 to May 15. Moorhead, Clay County.—Very
few before May 12; quite numerous by May 30. There was a heavy rain on the 25th,
after which few survived.

In addition to these special statements, which are true for the particular localities
which they represent, the columns of the local press throughout all the “ grasshopper
counties” show that by far the greater part of the hatching occurred later than the
1st of May. They also show that there was very little difference between northern
and southern counties in regard to the date of hatching, and that the earliness of ap-
pearance of the young was determined more by the nature of the spots in which the
eggs were laid than by any difference in latitude; at the most, there was not more
than eight days’ difference between Blue Earth and Otter Tail Counties.

LATE HATCHING.

The above statements in regard to the date of hatching apply mainly to those coun-
ties in which the eggs were deposited in July and the early part of August, 1876. But
there are other counties, principally to the south of Saint Paul, and lying in or east of
the Big Woods, where the eggs were deposited late in August, in September, and in
some places in October. Here the locusts hatched not onlyin fewer numbers, but also
later than elsewhere. This is at least partly due to the lateness of the deposit in the
preceding year. Elsewhere the eggs laid by early and late comers were so mingled
together that it was impossible to distinguish in the spring whether there was any

[8] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

corresponding difference in the date of their hatching. But while it was possible in
February to hatch artificially in thirty-six hours eggs received from the western coun-
ties, eggs from Morristown, Rice County (in a fluid state when received), were kept
nearly three weeks in April before the young appeared. Reports from Carver, Rice,
Waseca, Steele, and Freeborn Counties, on the 25th of May, showed that in almostevery
case the young were just beginning to appear, or that only a small portion of the eggs
were as yet hatched. It may be added that in all these counties very little was heard
of locusts beyond the mere fact of this late hatching, and that the damage resulting
therefrom was but trifling.

Correspondents occasionally note the fact that eggs laid late in the season were
correspondingly late in hatching. For example:

‘‘PENN TOWNSHIP, McLEOD County,
“ May 24, 1877.
“These that are now hatched are the first laid-eggs, laid in the last week of July,
1876. The locusts staid about ten or twelve days and then left. The farmers then
said that there were not eggs enough to do any hurt, and that they would put in their
crops as usual. But in ten days others came, and kept coming, and staid six weeks,
laying all the time. These last were young and smaller, and no doubt they made their
first deposit of eggs here. These are the ones that have not yet hatched; they are in

the liquid state yet.
. “ JACOB KOONS.”

“LAKE PRAIRIE, NICOLLET COUNTY,
“May 30, 1877.
“Eggs deposited in the latter part of September are still unhatched.
“THOMAS HUGHES.”

The following letter, published in the Waterford Gazette, Dakota County, in 1875,
furnishes an account of a favorable opportunity of observing the exact dates of lay-
ing and hatching, which were both correspondingly late in the season ;

“WATERFORD, July 8, 1875.

“On the 18th day of October, 1874, I noticed that grasshoppers had settled upon my
farm in Waterford, covering an area not exceeding eight acres. During the last
spring and present summer I have carefully watched for the appearance of young
hoppers. I discovered none until June 20, 1875. On that day I discovered young
hoppers in great numbers on the ground where the old hoppers settled last fall.

OW. An GRAY

The dampness of the season has also retarded hatching, and prolonged it to an ex-
tent not usual in other years. While almost every spring a very limited number of
young locusts have been found making their appearance all through the month of
June, the greater part of the hatching has generally occurred within a much briefer
period than during the past spring; and wherever injury from the unfledged has
proved to be serious, it is where the locusts were numerous by the last week of May.
But the rain-fall of the past spring, coming as it did in many cases when the egg-
pods were in the act of bursting, retarded the hatching, and in such places as retained
moisture perhaps prevented it altogether. On the 27th of May I found at Montevideo,
Chippewa County, a strip of loam, containing perhaps half an acre, where the hatch-
ing had begun in the early part of the month, and had been suddenly arrested by rain,
and water standing upon the ground overnight. On digging up the egg-pods they
were found to be spreading, the young having been arrested just as they were break-
ing the shell. The eggs appeared to be lifeless; but after lying in the warm sun for
five minutes a portion of the young came forth, kicked off their surroundings, and
hopped away. A large number of egg-pods, however, were found in a putrid condi-
tion, and these had freely attracted the Anthomyia larva, while the fly was observed on
the vegetation close by. The eggs of the silky mite and some of the full-grown were
found in the same spot. In this case only a limited amount of rain-fall had sufficed
to effectually arrest hatching. It may be added that eggs plowed under in the spring
in corn-ground remained unhatched until the 21st of June, and, when brought to the
surface with a shovel-plow, were apparently lifeless, but hatched within an hour. In
either case the locust was able to reach a certain point in the progress of hatching,
and was stopped there. Finally, in cases where the ground has become hard by bak-
ing under the hot sun, a light rain-shower, followed by a warm sunlight, often seems
to assist rather than to hinder hatching.

PROGRESS DURING THE SPRING.

By the 12th of May the young locust had appeared in immense numbers in the cen-
tral part of the egg-area in those counties which have been already designated as most
densely filled with eggs. These comprised a strip of country stretching southeast-
ward from the central part of Otter Tail County to Lake Crystal, in Blue Earth

4
APPENDIX I.—WHITMAN’S MINNESOTA REPORT. [9]

Country. On the east it terminated generally where the open prairie changed to woods,
while on the west the limit was more irregular, including especially the tracts lying
along the Upper Minnesota and its branches. The young appear to have come forth
at once during the first ten days of May so numerously as in most cases to defy all
efforts made to check them. In some cases, particularly in counties that had suffered
in previous years, ditches were dug around fields at the outset, and everywhere great
numbers were destroyed by straw spread around the hatching-grounds and fired. On
the 18th of May the attention of the public was called to a new method of destroying
the young, detailed in a letter to the Saint Paul Pioneer Press, dated May 17, and
describing the coal-tar pan. The letter was written by Hon. A. B. Robbins, State
senator from Willmar, Kandiyohi County, who made no claim whatever as an orig-
inal invention, but who deserves all the credit of having forcibly brought to the
notice of the people a principle which had been published several times before. The
principle of the coal-tar pan had already been applied in Kansas, Colorado, and even
in Minnesota, and mentioned in such a way that it ought by no means to have proved
such a novel invention as it did. The New Ulm Heraid, of May 28, 1875, had urged
the use of coal-tar spread upon sheets of building-paper as a means of protecting
erain-fields, and the same was referred to in full in the “ Report to the Geological and
Natural History Survey of Minnesota for 1876.” Again, the Farmers’ Union of Minne-
apolis, under the date of August 8, 1876, in a letter from Greeley, Colorado, had de-
scribed the use of the same material, spread over stout canvas, fastened to a frame, to
be dragged over the ground; while on page 51 of the ‘‘ Report of the proceedings of

the conference of governors at Omaha to consider the locust problem,” the same ina-

chine was again described, with a notice of the use of zinc instead of canvas.

But the invention, when once brought to notice, gained favor at the outset. Mecker
County summoncd the county commissioners at once, and ‘‘ determined to send for
250 barrels of coal-tar and 1,000 sheets of iron.” Other counties took similar action,
and for a time it was impossible to supply the materials fast enough. When tar was
wanting, kerosene, molasses, ashes or sand moistened with kerosene, ashes and water,
soft soap, or flour and water were used. The latter, when well filled with young
locusts, was fed to the hogs. Tar was shipped over the different lines free of freight-
charges, and the State provided a supply of 1,000 barrels to be distributed wherever
it was needed.

In the last week of May I rode for about three hundred miles through some of the
western counties and along the Upper Minnesota River. A portion of this trip
included the northeastern part of Kandiyohi County, where, later in the season, the
crops were almost totally destroved. Here, on the 25th of May, the locusts had hardly
begun to spread over the wheat-fields. They were at work upon the edges of the fields
in immense numbers, and in a ride of about six miles across prairie and through woods
the young were‘so numerous that they gave the impression, as they leaped up at every
step, of heat flickering in the air. In many places the sand in the road was blackened
for rods with the young basking in the sun, while the low bushes by the road-side had
been trimmed bare. All these were still young, and had evidently moved but a short
distance from where they were hatched. In some places they had already entered the
grain fields in such numbers tbat in moving a distance of five rods the tar upon the
1ar-pan became so completely filled with the young that it would hold no more. But
every where, over farms distributed all along the road, men, women, and children were
bravely at work fighting as well as they could. In another direction, southwest of
Willmar, and toward the Minnesota River, there was a different state of things. Here
on a broad stretch of open prairie farms decreased in number on leaving the line of
the raiiroad, and were situated miles apart in many cases. On leaving the thickly-
settled portion, the locusts were found to be fewer and fewer in number, until out on
the open prairie hardly a single locust was to be seen even where a patch of new
breaking might have been expected to invite them in the previous laying season. This
was an exact repetition of all that was learned last year, that in Minnesota itis only
in the vicinity of cultivation, only near and among farms, that the locusts deposit their
eggs. After a greatdeal of inquiry during the past summer, I have been able to learn
of only one case where the young were found hatching at a distance of five miles from
a cultivated field.

Between the 25th of May and the 1st of June I received reports from every county
in which eggs had been Jaid, giving the condition of things up to that date. It was
at that time impossible to estimate the damage that was likely to ensue, and while
many counties which were afterward badly ravaged expressed a hope that the injury
would be slight and could be averted by strenuous fighting, still other counties which
in the end escaped unharmed were anxious for the future. Up to the middle of June
a vigorous fight was kept up as long as there was any hope of saving a crop. By the
15th of the month, in the worst-iniested towns, all crops were so nearly ruined that
there was little left to fight for, while in others, where locusts had seemed numerous
before, the weather and the etforts of the farmers combined had set the wheat so far
ahead of the locusts that the cro}s were essentially saved.

It is impossible to say that allthis warfare was pursued in the most intelligent man-

[10] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ner. While, by the last week of May, farmers were urging county and State author
ties to hurry on supplies of tar and sheet-iron, the locusts were encroaching at their
leisure upon the fields. A ditch around the fields at this time would not only have
kept out the young until other means of fighting were supplied, but would have ren-
dered other means unnecessary. Again, where the locusts were excessively numerous,
the extent of field which could be protected with a single tar-pan was small, and as
the locusts increased in size and activity, even this was daily lessened. When, in addi-
tion to this, the locusts were so extensively spread as to appear on all sides of a field
at once, and continued to appear for three or four weeks, the tar-pan soon became use-
less. Still, in a large number of cases, the locusts were so thinned out by this method
early in the season that what were left were afterward unable to make any serious
impression on the luxuriant growth of grain, or, if they continued to be troublesome,
were caught with drag-nets or other catching-machines. The simplest of these and
the most efficient, in the latter part of June,when the locusts were large and the grain
several inches high, was merely a wooden scoop, similar toa wagon-body with one of
the sides removed. This, drawn over the grain, the open side foremost, at night,when
the locusts were roosting on the grain-stalks, collected the pup2 in immense numbers,
and, benumbed by the night air and dew, they rolled back into the trough and were
soon piled together there in an inextricable mass, and could be disposed of at leisure.
One farmer in McLeod County estimated that he had caught 400 bushels, another 800.

FIRST WINGED.

A single experiment tried during the spring gave exactly sixty days from hatching
to full development of wings, on the 10th of June. As this was in confinement, possi-
bly the time was somewhat longer than would have been required under natural cir-
cumstances. Taking sixty days as the time required for the full development of
wings, locusts hatched on the 20th of April would become winged by the 19th of
June, and this corresponds almost exactly with the dates at which a few locusts have
begun to appear in the air every year since 1873. In fact, locusts, fully winged, have
been found in the field every year at a still earlier date. In 1876 they were reported
as early as May 26, but it may be doubted whether these were spretus. Last year I
tound winged spreius on the 8th of June, near Windom,.and easily caught half a dozen
in afew minutes. But it may be stated as a general rule that in the latitude of Man-
kato the larger portion of the locusts hatch in the first ten days of May and migrate
in the first ten days of July. For the present year the earliest specimens of winged
spretus were found in the fields about the 14th of June, and others were seen in the air
at the same date, possibly from elsewhere. From the 14th of June onward the winged
began to be noticed everywhere daily increasing in numbers, and had begun to move
about in large bodies by the 26th of June. By the 10th of July far the greater por-
tion had migrated, but there were still large numbers left in places, particularly in
those counties where the eggs had been laid late in the fall preceding. The same is
true of portions of Renville County. On the 6th of July, when the locusts had nearly
all own from the neighborhood of Glencoe, they were still at work upon the crops
about Hutchinson, McLeod County. On passing through this region I found the locusts
more numerous as I went westward, and on the 8th of July the locusts were found to
remain still in Renville County, not only in excessive numbers, but at least two-
thirds of them in the pupa stage. It seems difficult to account for this in any other
way than by supposing that the eggs were laid later in the preceding fall.

It is impossible to tell how much value to attach to the various reports of locusts
found dead in the fields. Early in the season such reports were generally traceable to
finding the shells of the locusts, discarded in molting. While some correspondents
state that next to none have been found dead, others report finding them in heaps,
and so numerous as to create a stench in the air. I have hunted carefully through
fields on every possible occasion to determine to what extent the locusts might be said
to be dying from natural causes, and while large numbers of dead have been found,
it was only an inconsiderable proportion of the whole. These were almost invariably
pupe, and I have seen them, at the thickest, lying at the rate of a dozen upon a square
yard of earth. But considering how easily such slight things escape the eye, and how
quickly they decay and disappear, the numbers noticed denote that a still greater num-
ber perished, and at least show that in respect to the effect of climate or degeneration,
the past spring differs greatly from any that have preceded it.

But in regard to the locust in Minnesota the year differs from the four past years in
nothing so much as in the character of the migrations. For four years past we have
seen the locusts hatched here arise from their hatching-grounds and a part of them ap-
parently settle down to lay eggs in adjoining counties, while others from abroad have
added to their numbers later in the season, and the months of July and August havo
been a period of constant coupling and laying. But the flying of the present year has
consisted almost entirely of migrations instead of mere change of base, and swarms
have repeatedly crossed the State, only rarely alighting in such masses as to be de-
structive, alighting less frequently as the season advanced, and leaving behind them
only trifling numbers of such as seem to haye dropped through weakness or from the

APPENDIX I.—WHITMAN’S MINNESOTA REPORT. ala]

burden of the parasites which they carried. These bodies, whether different armies,
or one army changing its direction at different times, have swept across the State no
less than six times, apparently passing entirely beyond our borders in each movement—

From July 3 to the 6th, northwesterly ; '

From July 8 to the 10th, southeasterly, apparently having turned at Morris, Breck-
inridge, and beyond ;

- July 11 and 12, northwesterly;

July 20 and 21, southeasterly ;

July 28, again southeasterly;

August 1 and 2, again southeasterly 5

And again in heavy but not widely extended flights to the southeast on the 7th, 8th,
and 9th of August.

In the passage of July 3 to 6 the locusts alighted heavily and destructively; all later
movements may be said to have been perfectly harmless as compared with previous
years, while it has been almost impossible to learn of a single case of laying or prepar-
ing to lay. As in former years, the locusts in alighting have almost entirely avoided
those localities where the young had been numerous in the spring.

STATISTICS OF DAMAGE,

The amount of losses resulting from locust ravages during the year 1877 has already
been given, so far as it can be now ascertained, in the early part of this report. I have
made no attempt whatever to gather the various guesses of farmers in the different
ravaged townships as to what this loss would be in bushels. The experience of two
years has shown that such estimates are far from accurate, and hence worthless. It
is no easy matter for a farmer to estimate the exact loss on his own fields. When it
comes to multiplying the error (almost always in excess) in a single town by several
scores of townships, such estimates lose their value altogether. A far more important
matter is the amount left undestroyed, and upon this point we have every reason to con-
gratulate ourselves. We have learned, even without accurate statistical returns,
enough to know already that our State has been blessed with a wheat crop certainly
equal to and probably exceeding any ever before raised in the State; and this, too,
notwithstanding the fact that future returns may perhaps show that more bushels
have been destroyed than in any preceding year.

To those who are interested in learning the exact amount of injury caused by locusts
to the four principal crops during the last four years, the following tables, compiled
from the various reports of the commissioners of statistics of Minnesota, present as
accurate statements as it is now possible to obtain:

: Statistics of locust injury.
WHEAT.

|

| 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. |
Total acreage of the State....-....-....2---.222--- 1, 548,713 | 1,681,830 | 1,764,109 | 1, 873, 891
Total yield, as reported, in bushels.-..---.-.--..-- 26, 402, 485 | 23, 932,172 | 30, 079, 300 | 18, 224, 357
Acres ivjured in the “ grasshopper counties”... .-. 74, 157 240, 417 167, 8724 230, 460
Per cent. of State acreage injured.-.......--..-.-.- 4.79 14. 29 9. 52 17. 63
Bushels destroyed thereon......-.--..-.---.-s.--- 562, 852 | 2, 646,802 | 2,024,972 | 3, 315, 240
Total crop of the “ grasshopper counties,” includ-

IM OPOUSNOLS GESTLOV ECOG oa hes sates eens ca. 1, 813, 794 | 6,949,114 | 5,699,896 | 6,545, 304 |

Loss per cent. of what would have been the whole

crop in ‘‘ grasshopper counties” .-.....-..--..-.. 31. 03 38. 09 39. 52 50. 65

| Loss per cent. of what would have been the whole

| Te LHS oT 2.09 9, 96 6.31 15.4

OATS.

j | wr Pai. 4

| 1873. | 1874. 1875, 1876.

| Total acreareof the States: usseweeesecase ee cen cee 368, 493 383, 233 401, 381 485, 227
Total yield, as reported, in bushels ............-.-. 12, 544, 536 | 10, 967, 072 | 13, 801, 761 | 10, 819, 638

, Acres injured in the “‘ grasshopper counties”’
| Per cent. of the State acreage injured........-...--
iBashels destroyed thereon 22-22. 2.22- 2... s ce
| Total crop of the “ grasshopper counties,” includ-

14, 079 62, 125 38, 5604 82, 548
3. 82 16. 21 9.6 17.01
213, 576 | 1, 816,733 | 1,127,780 | 2, 251, 377

THOU AAHOMS MES ELOY RNa ace eaten ook ocd. cco ae | 783,003 | 3,740,030] 3,199,030 | 3, 780, 252
| Loss per cent. of what would have been tke total
crop in the ‘‘ grasshopper counties”.......-.----- 27, 28 48. 58 35, 26 59.56
Loss per cent. of what would have been the total

PrOmon nile Nite so seca ease eames cee eee oes ae 1. 67 | 14. 21 7.00 17. 22

——— SC FP rvhswKwvwOww,erRwOOw0WOOOOOooo SS

[12] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Statistics of locust injury—Continued.

BARLEY.
. 4 = a
1873 1874 1875. 1876 j

‘Total apreage of the State... -~..-5-- senecesaaceee 35, 501 29, 028 40, 803 69, 515

Total yield, as reported, HN DPUSHOISE 22. see eames 669, 415 614,545 | 1,230,420 ' 1, 600,335

Acres “injured i in the ‘‘ grasshopper counties ”’.....-.|------------ 2, 304 1, 5653 6, 440

Per cent. of State acreage injured.....------...-.--|------.--..- 7.93 3. 84 9. 26

Bushels destroyed GuoTegu En ee ee eee ee 58, 962 41, 059 159, 368
Total crop of the “ grasshopper counties, ” includ-

ine DUsShels GEstTOVEO soo s2s ne cone cece el ecaen | penneaemechs 121, 002 117, 7313 309, 090
Loss per cent. of what would have been the whole

CLOP Nine: +. OTASSNOPPEL COUNGES o-oo ne es ae eee eee 48. 73 34. 87 51. 56
Loss per cent. of what would have been the whole

GLOW GL tO SLALO le =. Coecc teens scee ss oereees AA 34 eae ARCs 8.75 3. 23 9. 06

CORN.
1873 1874 1875 187

Total acreage of the State.....-.-........----.-.--- 209, 540 256, 296 297, 316 294, 969

Total yield, as reported, in bushels. -..-.-.---..---. 6, 457, 368 | 7,340,342 | 7,195,581 | 8,011,079

Acres injured in the “‘ grasshopper counties”. .--.- 8, 368 34, 139 52, 755 Do, 2ET

Per cent of State acreage injured.....---....-....-.. 4, 13. 31 17. 41 18. 72

Bushels destroyed fHETeOR Sse clk a taee inn a 125, 938 738, 415 790,982 | 1,305,169
Total crop of the “‘ grasshopper counties,” includ-

ino. bushelsidestroyede.- 2-2 .5-= sen eset = soe eee 320,612 | 2,128,594 | 2,560,390 | 2,115, 982
Loss per cent. of what would have been the whole

crop in the “‘ grasshopper counties”. --...--...-..- 39. 28 34. 69 30. 89 61. 68
Loss per cent. of what would have been the whole

Cropiel the Stators a2-9 2. sheon cases temeneuscees oe 1.91 9.14 9.9 14. 01

In regard to what are here termed the “ grasshopper counties,” not always the same
from one year to another, the percentage of loss is at best only an average of injury,
varying from an almost total loss of wheat in some counties to nearly a full crop in
others. As itis impossible now to learn how much was harvested each year on the
injured acreage, the showing is indefinite. Still it shows that certain counties have
been deprived of an average of from 38 to 43 per cent. of their grain crops for four
years insuccession. This loss has fallenin a large measure upon a frontier community,
just entering upon its pioneer existence, and forced by circumstances to depend mostly
upon the very crops which were most liable to locust injury. Even in this universal
struggle for existence, men have been able not only to maintain their footing, but in
many cases to find profit in their venture, while a single harvest like that of the pres-
ent year goes far to undo the losses of four preceding } years.

But the percentage for the State as a whole is exact and definite. It shows that
Minnesota has lost, from the years 1873 to 1876, inclusive, about 8} per cent. of the
wheat crop, 10 per cent. of the oat crop, 7 per cent. of the barley crop, and 9 per cent.
of the corn crop, while at the worst only about 18 per cent. of its wheat acreage has
ever been injured in any one year. This is a favorable comparison with other States
in regard to locust injury, and more than favorable in comparison with States that
have lost more from the chinch-bug in a single year than has been destroyed by all
insects together in Minnesota since its settlement. Our unusual experience since 1873,
unusual not only for Minnesota, but unusual in the history of any agricultural com-
munity, may not be repeated for centuries. At least it is certain that with a wider
knowledge of the origin and nature of the evil, with enlarged resources, with more
diversified industries, and with better facilities for meeting the various backsets that
every grain-producing State must face sooner or later, the temporary presence of the
locust in Minnesota will not, even in the near future, seem such a scourge to ourselves
and a terror to others as the last five years have proved it.

Respectfully submitted.
ALLEN WHITMAN.

Professor Cyrus THOMAS,

United States Entomological Commission.

APPENDIX UIE.

NOTES ON THE NATURE OF THE FOOD OF THE BIRDS OF
NEBRASKA.

By Prof. SAMUEL AUGHEY, of Lincoln, Nebr.

LETTERS OF TRANSMITTAL.

Prof. C. V. RILEY, .
Chief of the United States Entomological Commission.

Dear Sir: The chapter on ‘Vertebrate Enemies” having been assigned to me by
the Commission, I have been fortunate in obtaining, by the consent ot the Commis-
sion, the assistance of Prof. Samuel Aughey, of Lincoln, Neb., in this work. Having
been engaged for a number of years in studying the birds of his State with special
reference to their locust-eating habits, his report is quite full and complete, but is too
long to be incorporated into the chapter assigned me. I have therefore, at the sug-
gestion of the Commission, separated this portion, to be placed in the Appendix, the
other portion. being incorporated into and composing the greater portion of the chap-
ter on ‘‘ Vertebrate Enemies.”

This record of the examination of the stomachs of birds is probably the most exten-
Sive ever made in this country. The list includes something over 630 specimens and
90 different species, and extends through a period of twelve years. ;

It develops very clearly the fact that in locust years these insects become the chief
food of insect-eating birds, even the water-birds devouring them largely.

Very respecttully,

CYRUS THOMAS.

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA,
Lincoln, Nebr., November 15, 1877.

DEAR Sir: At your request I have reduced to order the somewhat random notes
that I have been taking on the birds of Nebraska and their relations to insect. life,
during the last thirteen years. Up to the present year my studies in this field have
been pursued with no thought of a publication of results, but simply from a love for
such pursuits, and hence my notes are not as complete as they otherwise would have
been. It is owing to this that the exact day of the month of many of my dissections
is not given. I could not attempt the supply of omissions of this kind in my notes
from memory. Iam under great obligations to Coues’s* ‘‘Kny” and his “ Birps OF THE
NORTHWEST,” as they enabled me, in the absence of other reference books, to identify
some Western birds that were new to me. I have adopted his classification through-
out. I could have doubled the number of insects found in the stomachs of birds by
attempting an estimate of those embraced in the partially digested mass of matter,
but the possibility of a mistake forbade the attempt. I regret that I have not been
able to extend my investigations beyond Nebraska. Being convinced from my studies
that the preservation of birds is worthy of national attention, I have added to these
notes other facts and considerations showing the need of the enactment and the en-
forcement of laws to protect them.

SAMUEL AUGHEY.
Prof. Cyrus THOMAS,
United States Entomological Commission.

*At the request of Professor Riley, I have revised the nomenclature of the birds treated inthis .
peper.—ELLIOTI CouEs, Washington, D.C., May 15, 1878.
[13]

[14] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Order PASSERES: PeErcuers.

Suborder OSCINES: Smrveine Brirps.

Family TURDIDZ: THRUSHES.
TURDUS MIGRATORIUS, Linn.
Robin.
Not abundant in Nebraska, but slowly increasing. The following robins were killed

to ascertain the character of their food, and especially the amount, if any, of locusts
eaten:

nt

a)
sS ;
7 = a
aa S |
: #3 2 E
2 Locality. Date. 2 | & S
i = < B a
5 a= = E
A ra ro) Dn
1 | Dakota County, Nebraska..-.-...---+-.-ss.eeee--- May 30,1865] 39 | 15 4
92 ll ete Sra tate ge Sok area wisioete tween he a swe ae ee eee eee June 4, 1865 dL DPR base ne
Dia [eee Oe ae earn ain areiaterete weet mia idideedoceuc ace ee June 6,1&65 54 eek Pee
4} Burt aaa INebraskays5a52 2 See eee eee ee June 9, 1867 17 27 7
> | Lancaster County, Nebraska: --..-------22----..-- June 15, 1875 59 8.*-) ees eee
Giles CT ge eae eA US Ys FEC ga ae LS ih ee el a he June 14, 1877 54 13 See

TURDUS MUSTELINUS, Gm.
Wood Thrush.

Abundant in all the wood lands of Eastern Nebraska. Killed none myself. Bought
dead ones from boys.

(>)
= =
iy Be}
AS 3
iE Locality. Date. ae a
2 2s =
S| Sen 2
= a
Z = onal
1 antes County; NODESSKS 22 one - sae eek somone see eeee cesins May 28, 1865 fy ee ee
Zee seGO! Asoo. Se lace eee wen she cae asses coueee 1ec tetas selec eee June 10, 1865 21 SS Sie eee
3 anGaater County; Nebraska: .222 ces eee ee ae e ee asco en eae Oct. 15, 1875 30 12
TURDUS PALLASI, Cab.
Hermit Thrush.
Have seen few of this species in Eastern Nebraska. .
2
we) a
: ~
=e °
#3 3
5 Locality. Date. ng A
oO | + -
= 23 i
g —-D 3)
5 2 2
a = ro)
i Dakota County. Nebraska {.22c-22 a7 = socese cee eee eee eee June 6, 1865 19 16

TURDUS SWAINSONI, Cab.
Olive-backed Thrush. 4
:

Abundant in Eastern Nebraska. I regret that I have not distinguished the varieties.

9
= Z
aa 3
: ! Pat %
Fa Locality. Date. 2a a
E ae 2
i = ra) re}
Zi | (@)
| 1 | Lancaster County, Nebraska 2.2. 2. .b.coeenct ee ee oeeeee June 15, 1875 26 15
is ees CO eee ee ee EN Le BE Saye oo Sees Bene Op en re June 17, 1875 29 10

APPENDIX I] —AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [15]

TURDUS FUSCESCENS, Steph.
Wilson’s Thrush ; Tawny Thrush Q Veery.
Occasional in Nebraska, especially in the southeastern part of the State.

Locality. Date.

Locusts in the
stomach.
Other insects

i Richardson’ Comnby. NeDraskaiiec sc ne~ octets caine seleieiac sles = 15) June 12, 1875 38 30
QF lean cle GO eee Se cea cat aate alee a See Sein Se RO De Sinn ee ata create elicits tine do ..... 35 29

MIMUS POLYGLOTTUS, (L.) Boie.
Mockingbird.

Rare in Southern Nebraska; have not examined the stomachs of any, but had the
good fortune of seeing a pair pick up locusts in the woods of Richardson County along
the Nemaha River on the 12th of June, 1875.

MIMUS CAROLINENSIS, (Linn.) Gray.
Catbird.
Abundant in the woody portions of Nebraska, especially along streams of water.

a - 2

wr) a)

ad 2

a Locality. Date. 2g a
= 5 & o
| 6” aS
A 4 ro)
1 June 4, 1865 19
Q June 6, 1865 12
June 9, 1867 7

June 15, 1875 9

June 14, 1877 15

HARPORHYNCHUS RUFUS, (Linn.) Cab.
Sandy Mockingbird ; Thrasher.

Abundant in Nebraska; have never examined the contents of their craws, but fre-
quently observed them catching locusts in the spring of 1865 in Northern Nebraska,
and also in Lancaster and Richardson Counties in the spring and summer of 1875.

SIALIA SIALIS, (Linn.) Hald.

Eastern Bluebird.

Abundant in Nebraska.
& a
=)
Bea
5 Locality. Date. we a=
a ' iS) bt
g 55 o
s 5% Le)
A 4 )
els Dakotai County, Nebraska see as-enccs clcacce caccie ccs e nas eee. May 29, 1865 18 10
One See CBT Ree ssa RE rE ERE aS ey ats ne a Rt a a June 6, 1865 22 (*)
| 31 evan Caster COnnbyy NODIASkaer erence peers one tnee Se accceee June 15, 1875 27 8

* Undetermined.

Family SAXICOLIDZ: Stone Cuarts.
SIALIA ARCTICA, Sw.
Rocky Mountain Bluebird.

Have not observed it in Nebraska. In July, 1875, Isaw it busily engaged in picking
up locusts near Green River Station. I also observed it picking up locusts along the
base of the Wasatch Mountains. Judging from these few instances, it must destroy
large numbers of locusts.

[16] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Family SYLVIDA: Sytvias.
REGULUS CALENDULA, (Linn.) Licht.
Ruby-crowned Kinglet.
Only occasionally met with in Nebraska. Examined the stomach of only one.

Locality. Date.

Other insects.

Ss
~_—
ES
$8
2¢
5
(=)
=

* Undetermined.
During the last season I also observed them feeding on locusts in Fremont, Nebraska.
REGULUS SATRAPA, Licht.
Golden-crested Kinglet.

Abundant during some years in Northern Nebraska. Have not seen them south of
the Platte. In June, 1865, observed it picking up small locusts, east of Dakota City,
in a sparse wood near the river.

Family CINCLIDA: DIPprpERS; WATER OUZELS.
CINCLUS MEXICANUS, Sw.
Western Bluebird. —

Rare in Nebraska. Seen it for the first time in August on the Niobrara, about seven
miles from its mouth, in a dense timber. I was near enough to it to observe it catch-
ing locusts. Hon. J. Sterling Morton says that they are abundant in Otoe County.

POLIOPTILA CC@ERULEA, (Linn.) Sel.
Blue-gray Gnat-caicher.

Found sparingly in Eastern Nebraska. On June 2, 1865, I opened the stomach of
one near Dakota City. It contained a great number of the remains of small locusts.
I watched one feeding in a spot where locusts of all sizes were abundant on June 14,
1875. With my field- -class I observed that it picked out the small ones. I observed
the same phenomenon on June 2, south of Lincoln, Nebr. Judging from these few
observations, this species selects the small locusts when it feeds on them.

Family PARIDA: TITMICE.
LOPHOPHANES BICOLOR, (Linn.) Bp.
Tufted Titmouse.

Abundant in Eastern Nebraska. Whenever the locusts were present, this bird seemed
to live almost exclusively on them. The following specimens examined

AS Q

— ~
2g 3 :
5s : a= a =
5) Locality. Date. 2o = rs)
a 52 5 2
= os 3 3
A ee ro) 7)

1 May 30, 1865 67 3 A few seeds

2 June 3, 1865 69 O° Ses do.
3 June & 1865 64 eee: |e do.
4 |) Burt racers Nebraska June 9, 1866 60 yf Be do.

LOPHOPHANES INORNATUS, (Gamb.) Cass.
Plain-crested Titmouse.

Have seen none in Nebraska. In June, 1875, when at Cheyenne, Wyo., I was for-
tunate enough, some distance south of the’ town, to see afew. They were feeding on
locusts and other insects, as I ascertained by watching them with my field-glass. Coues
asserts that its habits are the same as the preceding, and if so it must destroy an im-
mense number of locusts throughout the mountains.

APPENDIX II.—AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [17]

PARUS ATRICAPILLUS SEPTENTRIONALIS, (Harr.) Allen.
Long-tailed Chickadce.

Very abundant in Eastern Nebraska. Feeds largely on locusts when they can be
obtained. Have frequently watched them when feeding on these insects, and have
examined the contents of the stomachs of the following:

Ee

as 2
5 Locality. Date. 2s a
2 4° i
= oa a
=) (o) ures
A 4 o)
i |) DDE eayeD, (Clyro, ING) OE) PSs So Sandon eonods cooseocSSsoe panne: June 1,1865 49 | 15
2k ee eee GO ae Se aoe ele ca ccc eie oo enolate o/aelennie is matt eeiatars elon: OW soosee 54 12
Sulseee Lek Beats ths ies hee eke Niel Ae TERE coterie Cieicioslne June 6, 1865 o@ 6
bl aoe Oe rain eres ne aoa aeietni sine Moralals we wrommretare wie aiaieye Satoiiseeiaicieeiners June 10, 1865 60 1
») | Maneaster/ County. Nebraskay. cs c's = -\siminne eminieiminie sie minml=tolet='s June 8, 1875 52 7
c(epiays Oe STEELY LI Sein een nna e were So See een CL Ose ot 55 3

| Pa sere CO 5 See eee ance a oe oe eee eat June 15, 1875 48 Q
Sock LO eee eras ae ete ators ance Sinsinie wicinic oi esienis meine ciomine sieeeines June 2, 1876 56 5
Le ees OO eee Sees ene ah oe treats oe Siac ealusildelemethe ce emaseciegs June 14, 1877 50 2

Family SITTIDZ: NUTHATCHEs.
SITTA CAROLINENSIS ACULEATA, (Cass.) Allen.
Slender-billed Nuthatch.

Frequently met with in the timbered tracts of Eastern Nebraska, on the borders of
which it can be found feeding on locusts when any exist.

E z 3

» S 5

AS % 2
3 Locality. Date. Bq qi 6
2 ns 4 a
8 5a 5 ‘”
“Lae (=) ~ 4
A A o) és)
Jerson CountyapNebraskasceeees adasnaesesee cesses: May 29, 1865 25 3 4
2.eDakotal County, Nebraskans sascaececeetocseastese ae May 30, 1265 21 4 7
3 | Lancaster County, Nebraska..-..........--------- June 4, 1875 20 4 5
Ciel tener CO Peon sai Sosa ace temas oe wer wsanteviesooisacdioec June 13, 1877 27 5 0

SITTA CANADENSIS, Linn.

Red-bellied Nuthatch.

Only occasionally seen in the timber and along the edge of the timber in Northeast-
ern Nebraska. Saw them eating locusts in Dakota County, Nebraska, and in Wood-
bury County, Iowa, in June, 1865.

SITTA PYGMZAA, Vig.

Met this bird for the first time this season in Nebraska. It was in the timbered bot-
tom and bluffs of the Niobrara River, on the northern border of the State. I did not
observe it feeding, neither did I succeed in capturing a specimen for examination, but
suspect, from the observed practice of its congeners, that it also feasts on locusts when
an opportunity offers.

Family CERTHIID: CREEPERS.

CERTHIA FAMILIARIS, Linn.

Brown Creeper.

Found a nest of this bird in a knot-hole, in the timber, near Dakota City. The
parents sometimes brought young locusts for food to their young. This is the only
evidence that I have that this species feeds on them. I took my position near the
nest, and watched the old birds with a glass by the hour. In one hour they brought
27 locusts that I could distinguish to their young. This was in June, 1865.

[2 G]

[18] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

‘

Family TROGLODYTIDZ: WRENS.
SALPINCTES OBSOLETUS, (Say) Cab.
Rock Wren.

Frequent in Nebraska. On June 3, 1865, found a nest near Dakota City, Nebr.,
in an old slab pile. June 101 watched the parents from a few feet distant for an
hour, and during this time among other insects they brought 32 small locusts to their
young. In June, 1875, also found a nest in an old stump on Salt Creek, and observed
the parents feed their young with small locusts. I also learned from Hon. J. Sterling
Morton that he often saw them eat locusts.

THRYOTHORUS LUDOVICIANUS, (Lath.) Bp.
Great Carolina Wren.

Only saw it once in Nebraska. This was in Richardson County, Nebraska, June 12,
1875. One of the parents had a locust in its bill, probably for its young, but I hunted
in vain for its nest in the thick wood. This is the most southeasterly county in the
State.

THRYOTHORUS BEWICKI, (Aud.) Bp.

Bewick’s Wren.

Found one nest of this species near the Missouri River, in Otoe County. This was
June 12, 1875. The parents here were also feeding their young with small! locusts, but
I did not, from lack of time, ascertain how many they brought in an hour.

TROGLODYTES AEDON, Vieill.
House Wren.

This speciesis abundant in Nebraska. I have watched the parents feeding theiryoung
in a great number of instances in Northern and Southern Nebraska and in Western
Towa during locust years, and always found them bringing a great number of small
locusts to their nests. This was especially noticeable during the early part of the sea-
son. I have rarely observed a house wren capture a full-grown locust, but why I
have not ascertained. :

TROGLODYTES AEDON PARKMANNI, (Aud.) Coues.
Western House Wren.

This wren, like the preceding, is abundant in Nebraska, and like it feeds its young
on young locusts. This I have observed it to do in many instances.

ANORTHURA TROGLODYTES HYEMALIS, (Vieill.) Coues.
Water Wren.

Only occasionally met with in Nebraska. I have never found its nest, but I exam-
ined a dead one in June, 1875, which had been killed near Lincoln. It had 13 small
locusts in its craw.

TELMATODYTES PALUSTRIS, (Wils.) Bd.

Long- billed Marsh Wren.

Only occasionally met with in the marshes along the Missouri. In June, 1875, I found
a nest on the edge of a marsh near Bellevue on the Burlington and Missouri River
Railroad. Watching the nest I found the parents bringing young locusts, but not see-
ing any of these insects near the marsh, I was at first puzzled to know where they ob-
tained them. Watching them more closely with my field-glass, I soon observed them
to fly to the dry bluffs an eighth of a mile distant, and bring back small locusts. This
seeraed to me all the more curious as there was an abundance of small insects closer
at hand. In one hour they brought 31 locusts to their nest.

CISTOTHORUS STELLARIS, (Licht.) Cab.

Short-billed Marsh Wren.

Found only one nest of this bird in 1867 in a swamp or marsh in Dixon County, Ne-
braska, in the Missouri Bottom. Did not ascertain whether it fed on loeusts, and only
suspect that it does from the habits of itscongeners. It is only occasionally met with

in Nebraska.
Family ALAUDIDZ: Larks.
EREMOPHILA ALPESTRIS, (Forst.) Boie.
Horned Lark ; Shore Lark.

Some seasons quite abundant in Eastern Nebraska. Saw them picking up locusts in
Dakota County, Nebraska, in the early part of June, 1865. On the 20th of May, 1875,

APPENDIX II.—AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [19]

I found a nest close to the lower edge of a bluff north of Cropsy’s mill,two miles from
Lincoln Nebr. The young were already hatched out; taking as near a position as I
could, I watched the old birds feeding their young, on two days. The locusts were
yet comparatively small, and I couJd not tell even with my field-glass the character of
the food with any certainty, but concluded, as they flew to a spot which was covered
with locusts, for food, that they must be dining on them. On June 16 I shot one, and
found in its stomach 42 locusts and 33 small seeds. The variety was leucolema of
Coues.
Family MOTACILLIDZ: WaGrTaILs.

ANTHUS LUDOVICIANUS, (Gm.) Licht.
Titlark; Pipit; Wagtail.

Only a few pass north through Eastern Nebraska during the last of April. They re-
turn in September. I examined the following in September, 1874. The migratory
locusts had reached and laid their eggs at this time:

4 ers 2

g Locality. Date. = A iB
E 5% =
= Qa 4

Zi 4 oO

eN Cait ho ae ee |
iS | Wwancaster County, Nebraska an eae e(oanets nici Sept. 20, 1874 43 5 and some grains
Qe eae MOS ase se co eiiertieie a scicie oie crc a emt oe eee se ee eicrac|toer COM seeeuses 5L 2 and some grains.
Sale eee GOs as So Sey seca eect otis dete ce a criers Sept. 25, 1874 49 7 and some grains.

\

Family SYLVICOLID: AMERICAN WARBLERS.

MNIOTILTA VARIA, (Linn.) Vieill.
Black-and-white Creeping Warbler.

Have only seen this bird in the wocded sections of Nebraska. Found a nest a few
miles south of Lincoln on the ground, at the edge of a strip of timber. Unfortunately,
I lost the exact date, but it was some time during the month of May, 1875. I watched
the old feeding the young, but could not determine exactly what kind of food they
brought them, but concluded it must be young locusts in part, as they flew from their
nests to some old breaking near by, which was covered with young locusts just hatch-
ing out. They flew to this old breaking and back to their nests with food every few
minutes. On June 5 1 examined the stomach of gone, that held 41 locusts, 12 other in-
sects, and a few seeds.

PARULA AMERICANA, (Linn.) Bp.

Blue Yellow-backed Warbler.

It reaches Nebraska about the Ist of May, and is found principally along timber belts
and in orchards. I have frequently seen the young soon after leaving the nest, but
the nest itself I have never found. Have never examined the contents of their stom-
achs, but have frequently seen them picking up locusts and other insects. Of locusts
they must consume large numbers.

PROTONOTARIA CITREA, (Bodd.) Bd.
Prothonotary Warbler.

Have only seen this bird a few times in Southeastern Nebraska, in Richardson
County. There, in June, 1875, I observed it picking up locusts at the edge of a belt
of timber.

HELMITHERUS VERMIVORUS, (Gm.) Bp.

Worm-eating Warbler.

Like the last, have only seen this species in the southeastern part of the State.
There, in Jurfe, 1875, observed it feeding on locusts. Did not find its nests nor see
its young.

HELMINTHOPHAGA PINUS, (Linn.) Bd.

Blue-winged Yellow Warbler.

This species also only appears in the southeastern part of the State. Do not know
whether it breeds within our borders. I have observed it but once feeding on locusts,
in June, 1875, at the border of some timber, near the mouth of the Nemaha River.

[20] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

HELMINTHOPHAGA CHRYSOPTERA, (Linn.) Cab.
Blue Golden-winged Warbler.

Occasionally seen in Eastern Nebraska, but have not met with it during our locust
years. J udging from the known characters of its congeners, it must also prey on
these inseets.

HELMINTHOPHAGA RUFICAPILLA, (Wils.) Bd.

Nashville Warbler.

This bird arrives in Eastern Nebraska about May 1, and some seasons at least breeds
in and on the borders of the timber belts. On June 10, 1865, I found a young one that
had just left the nest and flew with difficulty. As it was alone, I killed it to find the
contents of its stomach. It contained 21 locusts and a few other insects. The nests
I have never found. I, during the same month, frequently saw old birds feed on lo-
custs. The birds, owing to their small size, were hard to watch, except at the edge of |
the timber, where it was sparse.

HELMINTHOPHAGA VIRGINLE, Bd.
Virginie’s Warbler.

Have only seen one specimen of this bird in Southwestern Nebraska in a narrow belt
of timber in the Republican River Bottom, in Hitchcock County. Know nothing
from observation of its habits, but suppose, from the known character of its congen-
ers, that it also feeds on locusts.

¥

HELMINTHOPHAGA PEREGRINA, (Wils.) Cab.
Tennessee Warbler.

Occurs sparingly in Eastern Nebraska in the latter part of May, as it is moving north.
In June, 1865, I observed them flitting among the tree-tops in a timber south of ‘Dakota
City. One evening, at the edge of the timber, half a dozen of them toward evening
lighted on the ground about two rods from me, where the soil was covered with young
locusts. With my field-glass I could distinctly see the birds pick up the locusts. [,
never found any indications of their breeding in this State.

DENDRECA ZSTIVA, (Gm.) Bd.
Blue-eyed Yellow Warbler ; Golden Warbler ; Summer Warbler.

Abundant in Nebraska.
This bird has exhibited characters in relation to the locusts different from any that
I have thus far referred to, as the following examples show:

= Q

= 3

: ; ae! 2
H ‘ ees q
g Locality. d Date. By a
= Sa =
= C9 >
A _ )
1 DRkot County, Nebraska. So ase cence oe seen ena eee June 5, 1865 10 27
eisnaee (OO Sescinn- oss ect cee see en cleoeincicine selon ce Maaccem sesnieeaecsrl meee OVeeee 13 21
3 PERaee a6 seat e clsetis Stee ck ee aS ee oer are Stormer ere | evant donee: 12 24
45 Wancaster County, Nebraskasaasee-as-oeeeceras cence aeeanee June 12,1875 8 30
5) eescor CO “aes Sceissaeed as sins te alshfe ewcid a chebelcis Sa ctemiat erecta etaseeee do 14 19
TP Weeseer OO nso dsc Sesltonigs sis ccc eewemse mince seein ce eeceeeeereee June 14, 1877 9 30
da easter OO iio cch cece Soke sc cen ne Senate eee eoacem Aceon st elon dorec ae 11 25

DENDRGCA VIRENS, (Gm.) Bd.

Black-throated Green Warbler.

Have only noticed this species along timber belts in Eastern Nebraska during its
migrations northward. The following were examined:

S 2

~ >)

: AS z
5 Locality. Date. ay a
2 ae |g
: ss | 2
A H ro)
1 Dakow Ree Nebraska: oso see eee ee eee ee eee June 4, 1865 21 20

ONE ee C3 V0 ee a Ne 8 ig a mooeSSec June 6, 1865 27 15
il

APPENDIX II.—AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [21]

DENDRECA CG@RULESCENS, (Linn.) Bd.
Black-throated Green Warbler.

Ts present in spring and fall during its migrations in Eastern Nebraska, but sparingly.
Shot one in September, 1874, near Lincoln, Nebr., which had 23 locusts in its craw and
15 other insects. Found no traces of its breeding in the State.

DENDR@CA C@RULEA, (Wils.) Bd.
Carulean Warbler.

Abundant in Eastern Nebraska along the wooded river-bottoms, where it is in the
habit of breeding. All the nests (six) that I have found in thirteen years in Nebraska,
were built in plum-bushes, from two to four feet from the ground. One such I watched
near Pilgrim Hill, in Dakota County, Nebraska, in June, 1865. The parents every few
minutes brought a locust to their young. I saw them picking them up, with my field-
glass, and carrying them to their nests. An old field, a hundred yards distant from
their nest in a plum-grove, gave them excellent feeding-grounds.

DENDR@CA CORONATA, (Linn.) Gray.
Yellow-rump Warbler.

. Have seen young birds in Eastern Nebraska on several occasions, but have failed to
find the nests. It is frequently seen along our timber belts. Examined the craw of
one in June, 1875, that contained 31 locusts and 5 other insects. In June of the pres-
ent year, observed one picking up locusts on the Antelope Bottom. Observed the oper-
ation carefully with my field-glass.

DENDRECA BLACKBURNIZ, (Gm.) Bd.
Blackburnian Warbler.

Occasionall y seen in the borders of woodlands in Eastern Nebraska. Have as yet
found no traces of its breeding here, and made no observations on its feeding habits.
I conclude, however, from the character of its congeners, that it must also feed on the
locusts. a

DENDRECA STRIATA, (Forst.) Bd.

Llack-poll Warbler.

Rather common in Eastern Nebraska during its migrations toward the north. Found
no traces of its breeding here. The following were examined for locusts:

© a

| Z|
aa z
5 Locality. Date. 2a A
2 Qa a
S =i) 5)
= Sa a
A Bi o
tie Dakota CoOuntyayNGDLASK Ry 3- aise sis1-9si<siaefsie/1s=/1siel=l= esa arlal= June 5, 1865 37 7
ee LOM ree epee eee facet iatnin alate ee onions emicinrarsiastevstatsis areee| siete CO ere: 29 15
SPLuAncaster COnunbys eNODIASK A sec cicin selects slo ceie sier}s a1 elae creel June 14, 1875 27 14
(Se 5ce ONpeaea be es ee cost ocew essa esiscescsuuceseneascecscs LOUNe 13: 1875 30 11

DENDR@ECA CASTANEA, (Wils.) Bd.
Bay-breasted Warbler |

Occasionally met with in Eastern Nebraska, but found no indications of its breeding
here. Shot one specimen in September, 1874. Found 19 locusts and 22 other insects in
its stomach.

. DENDR@ECA PENNSYLVANICA, (Linn.) Bd.

Chestnut-sided Warbler.

Rather common in Eastern Nebraska during its migrations. No indications of its
breeding here. Shot one in September, 1874, and found 17 locusts and 21 other insects
in its stomach.

DENDRECA MACULOSA, (Gm.) Bd.

Black-and-yellow Warbler.

Occasionally seen on its migrations in Northeastern Nebraska. In May, 1865, ex-
amined the craw of one near Ponca, Dixon County, Nebr. It contained 23 locusts and
17 other insects.

[22] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

DENDRECA DISCOLOR, (Vieill.) Bd. .
Prairie Warbler.

Abundant in Eastern Nebraska, where it breeds. I have seen the young in Dakota
County, and found one nest in Richardson County, near the Nemaha, in a papaw
bush, four and a half feet from the ground. It wasinafork. It differs much appar-
ently in the number of locusts it feeds on between spring and fall. During the latter
season it probably captures them on the wing, and that may account for the differ-
ence. The following is my list of examinations:

2
| coat =
rc ag g
Ee Locality. Date. as q
g = 5
= 32 a
| Ai = }
UMMM Soe Tos ee
1 Dakota (County, Nebraska se. vases e aoe eesee eee eee aes June 1,1865 8 20
eee Oss S255 Janne ea ee sei a oeerace eee eeeieeacise eas eee eel acer ae Ouse 0 17
3a| duancaster' County, Nebraska. os! 5-coescoe-<eae cases a eee ee Sept. 5, 1874 22 8
S| ae OO) S28 sess 2e eons sie eee ee eee Cee caw eee Sept. 20, 1874 at 5
ES. [aera 7 See ar te a a pA SW te aN En Ferra nd Bi June 2, 1875 10 28
| Ghee koe dO jar best pate eee Feces ge age eee eee June 14, 1875 12 20
Th eee Oy 22 Sea a aie ee CS ey ere eye ee ee June 4,1877 14 18
| Sal seme O32 25 554 rend Some oe Gane cane cele sae meee eee cme eee ea teaee doy sas 18 23

DENDRECA DOMINICA, (Linn.) Bd.
Yellow-throated Warbler.

Have only seen this species in Southeastern Nebraska, along the Nemaha, where it
is belted with timber. I examined but one individual in September, 1874. It had 15 .
locusts and 24 other insects in its stomach.

DENDRECA PALMARUM, (Gm.) Bd.
Yellow Red-poll Warbler.

Abundant in Eastern Nebraska in early spring while passing north, and also in late
autumn while migrating south. Does not breed in the State. Shot one April 10, 1875,
which had a large number of locust eggs in its craw ; how many I could not estimate.
How it obtained them is a mystery to me, unless it lit down where the wind had laid
them bare, or where some farmer had exposed them by harrowing. I also shot one on
October 1, 1876. It had 16 locusts and some other insects in its stomach.

DENDRECA PINUS, (Wils.) Bd.
Pine-creeping Warbler.

Like the preceding, passes through Nebraska in early spring, and loiters here in au-
tumn. And what is curious, in looking over my notes I find that I noted finding locust
eggs in its craw in April, 1865, in Dakota County, Nebraska, and in April, 1875, and
1877, in Lancaster County, Nebraska. Examined one September 30, 1876, which con-
tained 11 locusts in its stomach.

7

SIURUS AURICAPILLUS, (Linn.) Sw.
Golden-crowned Thrush ; Orange-crowned Accentor.

Ten years ago this bird was rather abundant in Eastern Nebraska in and on the
borders of timber belts. During the last few years, it has been less frequently seen,
until the present season, when it once more became somewhat abundant. It breeds in
the State. Reaches here the second and third week in April. The following is the
result of my examinations:

S .
| mR
> ep
da SS
3 ; Bee -
2 Locality. Date. Z = <5
"| 25 S
= = 2
= oO} rol
Z a H
1). Dakota County, Nebraska... 2es--eeeneeeeee ee April 20,2865") 532222222 A large mass.
2 — GO Ses ee we oe esc TACO eee eee April 22, 1865 | 2.5.25 224 eae 10:22 ecse
8 | hae JOT RE eer mee naee we fi eS eae) June 3.1865}... 20 Ss lke tae eee
4 | Lancaster County, Nebraska. .-:............-.-.--- June 13, 1875 40. NESS Se eee
D4 Seidne a Fee eee SS OR, seer ee A pril' (2, 187%: 12-2 A large mass..
6

| eee DO Wesso cece cee ceete sce cosets wanes ee emeneeen June 10, 1877 43 A few.2cl ee

APPENDIX II.—AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [23 |

SIURUS NZVIUS, (Bodd.) Coues.

Water Thrush.

Occasionally met with in Northeastern Nebraska, where, near Ponca, Dixon County,
I found the young, but never saw the nest. This was in 1865. In the same month,
June, I killed one near a slough, among some thickets. It had 19 locusts and 30 other

’ insects in its craw.

SIURUS MOTACILLA, (Vieill.) Bp.

Large-billed Water Thrush.

Have seen this bird only in Southeastern Nebraska, in the timber along the Nemaha,
near its mouth., Examined one specimen only, in June, 1875. It contained in its craw
13 locusts and 37 other insects. Have seen no sign of its breeding here.

OPORORNIS FORMOSA, (Wils.) Bd.

Kentucky Warbler.

This bird is rather common in Southeastern Nebraska, especially in the Missouri Bot-
tom and along the Nemaha. As I was sitting at the edge of this stream in June, 1875,
near its mouth, where there are many bushes, I observed one of these birds at the
water’s edge picking sup some locusts that had jumped into the water. Afterit had taken
its fill it flew toa neighboring bush and chirped. I afterward shot one, but found only
nine locusts in its throat, but a lar ge number of insects, which appeared to me under
2 microscope to be spiders. It breeds in this portion of the State. I found no nest,
but saw the young on several occasions.

GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS, (Linn.) Cab.

Moryland Yellow-throat.

Common in Nebraska and breeds here. I watched the old birds feed their young at the
edge of the timber and brush south of Dakota, City, in June, 1865, and along Salt Creek,
near Lincoln, in June, 1875. In both cases the old birds brought small locusts to their
young. To make sure of this I took one of the young from the nest and found eight
distinguishable small locusts in its stomach.

GEOTHLYPIS PHILADELPHIA, (Wils.) Bd.

Mourning Warbler.

Found in Eastern Nebraska, and breeds in at least the southeastern part of the State,
where I once saw the old birds feed the young that had left the nest, though the lat-
ter I never succeeded in finding. I never ascertained positively whether it fed on
locusts, but suppose that it does from the known characters of its congeners.

GEOTHLYPIS MACGILLIVRAYI, (Aud.) Bd.
Macgillivray’s Warbler.

Have only seen this variety in Western Nebraska, and am uncertain whetherit breeds
here. In the latter part of August, 1874, while wandering along the river with Mr.
D. W. Smith and Mr. Hungerford, I had‘the pleasure of seeing this bird capture some
locusts that were flying at the time, while on the wing. This is my only observation
on this birdin relation to the locusts.

ICTERIA VIRENS, (Linn.) Bd.

Yellow-breasted Chat.

Found over the greater part of Nebraska, and breeding in at least the eastern part
of the State. In September, 1874, andSeptember, 1#76,I observed them capture locusts
on the wing, and there can be no doubt that they destroy large numbers of them.

I have not been able to distinguish between the type-species and var. longicauda, to
which Coues refers, and am not sure therefore which form I observed, but probably
the latter.

MYIODIOCTES MITRATUS, (Gm.) Aud.

Hooded Flycatching Warbler.

Occurs in Southeastern Nebraska, where I observed it along the Nemaha River.
Here I, on several occasions in September, 1574, admired the quickness and skill with,
which they eaptured locusts on the wing. Nothing appeared to me to be so adroit as
to see this flycatcher, with the apparent quickness « of lightning, gobble up the locusts
that rose in the air.

[24] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

MYIODIOCTES PUSILLUS, (Wils.) Bp.

Wilson’s Green Black-capped Flycatching Warbler.

Met sparingly in both Eastern and Western Nebraska. Do not know whether it
breeds in the State. Observed it capture locusts on the wing in the last of August,
1874, on the Republican River, in Southwestern Nebraska.

MYIODIOCTES CANADENSIS, (Linn.) Aud.
Canodian Flycatching Warbler.

Have observed this bird only during the spring migrations and in the eastern part
of Nebraska. The single one that I killed in Richardson County close by the Nemaha
had 5 locusts and 29 other insects in its craw. This was in the middle of May, 1875.
Have not seen any indication of it breeding in the State.

SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA, (Linn.) Sw.
Redstart.

Common in the timbered river-bottoms of Nebraska, and breeding extensively. The
following were examined, to ascertain their characteristic food:

(<3) :

3S ne)

s). 3

ae A
5 Locality. Date. ae A
2 DH 4
= Bo iS)
s 3 re
Ai = .)
ib Dakota County, N@Dlas kai sass laces em late ae erent May 30, 1865 10 31
Qe secre s GO ies kee ccsesho ca occu ee eee ee ee eeeteee ee erie June 3, 1865 15 27
SAL ae GO. 2k se sia sega be es eee ae a June 11, 1865 29 8
4>|\sLaneaster'County, Nebraskasao.-- erase cen ae se see ee ee eee ee June 5, 1875 21 29
Del esaeo= OO: Ssheseicciae cae eee eee see eee ene eee eee June 10, 1875 28 13
Tl pasar AO 2c acote :s.ceedosoce cone MeO e eee Oe eee June 15, 1875 20 14
Te ie erse CO eee walise eas cen oa wares calscles Dane oe entee eee June 17, 1875 33 2

Family TANAGRIDA: TANAGERS.
PYRANGA RUBRA, (Linn.) Vieill.
Scarlet Tanager.

Have seen this bird only in Southeastern Nebraska, in Nemaha and Richardson
Counties. It was most abundant along the Nemaha River, where I found it breeding
in 1875. Inthe autumn of 1874, I shot one that had 37 locusts in its craw, and noth-
ing else that I could identify.

PYRANGA ZSTIVA, (Gm.) Vieill.
Summer Redbird.

This bird I have also only observed in the southeastern part of the State along the
Nemaha River. Have not discovered any breeding in the State, but they probably
do. I have not ascertained anything concerning its food, but like its congeners it prob-
ably feeds on locusts when it can get them. I did not distinguish between this form
and the variety cooperi, which probably is not represented here.

PYRANGA LUDOVICIANA, (Wils.) Bp.
Louisiana Tanager.

Have not met with this bird anywhere in Nebraska, and only introduce it here
because in July, 1875, when in Utah, I bought one from a boy, who had shot it in the
Wasatch Mountains. Its stomach contained 13 locusts and an indefinite number of
Coleoptera that I could not identify.

As this bird has been identified by Mr. Allen in Western Kansas (Coues, Birds of the
Northwest), it will probably yet be found on the high plains of Western Nebraska.

Family HIRUNDINIDZ: SWaALLows.
HIRUNDO ERYTHROGASTRA, Bodd.
: American Barn Swallow.

Occurs in various localities in eastern Nebraska, and also breeds here. I have
observed more of them in Otoe County than anywhere else. I doubt whether they

APPENDIX II.—AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [25]

capture many locusts until they begin to fly. The following examinations seem to
prove this:

(00) ‘6
3 2

AS D

5 Locality. Date. 2 EI |
2 55 S
8 on =|
~ « o ~
A | o)

a= See ae

1 | Dakota County, Nebraska .....----.....--.- Lp es Se erate June 1, 1865 4 37
Cdl | eae Oa re re ee aa or ee eae ree na notre cae ie sree sine June 17, 1865 34 6
Sd) peancasten © oumiiy, ING DIAS Wala jerce ele etoile elsteseiet nineties sieminlniete May 28, 1875 2 40
CE eae GO soe cab Bate coca e eset ces cis nn sameness eee eet eens June 5, 1875 10 33
ON Paiwicrcic Ors tek eee eles Rae ci ceo Sinicls sloia ete le erom oie miicicletelee June 16, 1875 37 4
GRIEe es: COs Sesser terete tare ere cara ete aa ee ts cies biel rade meat eee ere tela amie Cogsacee 34 3
(| Gases QO! s secrierlc eo atasie wae cinja a Gieale science s co ana seen eeoeuleaee June 14,1877 18 12

This list seems to indicate that this swallow captures locusts principally on the
wing.
TACHYCINETA BICOLOR, (Vieill.) Cab.
White-bellied Swallow.

This bird is found but rarely in Nebraska. Why it is so seldom found here I am
unable to tell. I have heard of its breeding here, but have seen no nests or young. I

) only believe it to feed on the locusts from the habits of its congeners.

TACHYCINETA THALASSINA, (Sw.) Cab.
Violet-green Swallow.

Have only met this swallow in Western Nebraska, where I found it nesting in 1875
in crannies in exposed Miocene rocks near Pine Bluffs, and in similar rocks the year
previous in the upper portion of the Republican Valley. In the latter portion of Augus%,
on the Republican, I shot one which contained 23 locusts and 17 other insects in its
stomach.

PETROCHELIDON LUNIFRONS, (Say) Sel.

Cliff Swallow ; Eave Swallow.

Occurs in Eastern Nebraska in great numbers, where it breeds both on ‘he sides of
cliffs and under the eaves of houses. Hayden has observed the great number of this
species along the Missouri and the vast number of nests on the vertical sides of the
river-bluffs, especially of the chalk bluffs near Niobrara. I had the opportunity of
observing the same phenomenon at Niobrara during August of this year. Three miles
east of the town, on the sides of a perpendicular chalk rock (Cretaceous No. 3 cf
Hayden), I counted 2,100 nests of this bird. I saw other points where there were
almost as many. They destroy countless numbers of locusts and other insects. The
following is the result of my examination of their feeding habits:

Oo .
aq wn
tR 3S
dj ®

5 . lent) a
® Locality. Date. aes A
— @ A H
E ES S
5 62 et
A 4 i)
fe eDakotaiConunby-eNebraskasseacnos cane sae oe clef latecmicier cee cic | May 30, 1865 10 33
Os eee ee a ee ee eye Le RMR RR A eet See June 6, 1865 Q1 17
pal DUTt COUT LYat NG DEAS Kae sro seen ee ee lca sack cos,cicisnmie semen June 9, 1867 29 13
aollancasver, County; -Nepraskae seccecde caso seco sls ceeesoreos|sune). 1.1875 7 3)
De lesze ee LE ee SEES HEE CT oon ate oan PAID rT OSE (ES en ne ce June 14, 1875 39 4
GF ieee Ce eit SOC BIAS ICES CICS CoE SEI set eae ae I a dO) sacs AY 0
Dits-snee Coe eee ss Saw sees ewaee ache ces e creme ese oe esc cmeowssce tees June 16, 1877 49 2
8 | sesete CO Bereta ae cree eer te tee alee oe eee aoe cis uints cred tore earese dosneee 44 8

From this list it is also evident that this swallow waits until it can capture the
locusts on the wing before it indulges extensively in such exquisite bird food.

COTYLE RIPARIA, (Linn.) Boie.

Bank Swallow.

Common in astern Nebraska, though not as abundant as the preceding. In tho
spring of 1865 (but the exacfh dute 1 cannot decipher from my old notes), I watched

[26] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

some old birds feeding their young at the edge of a high bluff formed by the Loess
deposits. With my field-glass I could distinctly see the old birds bring their young,
among other insects, a good many small locusts. The following examinations proved
a similar habit to the preceding:

)

a Z

ta 2

é = = D
5 Locality. Date. 2a |
2 : ns wy
z 53 =
= (s) ~
Zi 4 eo)
L “Dixon County, Nebraskaiccs. focc tec cccea- ta cceeceseeee eee May 28, 1865 3 39
OT hae ae GO. be oa aes 2 Se a Se Ee ere oe ee d0s235 7 34
3. | eDakota County, INebraskaie-2 thence ceseeee aoe eee eee oe June 5, 1865 14 26
4-|*Cass ‘County, Nebraskav. sce sos sc. ssc scceees coseecaosee= ses June 17, 1875 39 4
Ha awe DO ia Ste ee Zee ek ee eee ae eee ae ee me eee eee eee eee dOsses=- 40 5

STELGIDOPTERYX SERRIPENNIS, (Aud.) Bd.
Rough-winged Swallow.

Found this species breeding in Richardson County, along the Missouri bluffs, where
it burrowed like the bank swallow. It was few in numbers, and I have not noticed it
elsewhere in Nebraska. Have made no examination of its stomach, but have no
doubt,from the habits of its congeners, that it devours locusts when it can obtain
them.

PROGNE PURPUREA, (Linn.) Boie.

Purple Martin.

Rather common in Nebraska, where it breeds. This swallow, more generally than
any of the others, captures locusts at all stages of their growth; at least this was my
observation from the following few that I examined :

i

ES ai
~~ ~
ed 2
5 Locality. Date. 2s i
2 25 5
=| 52 Ss
Riza r=) S
A J 2)
i Dakota,County, sNebraska - Season aetee serene cee eeeee May 7, 1865 17 25
26 seen ORGS. 25 See Se ae Ss Base ae aeons eee aioe ote June 5, 1865 28 15
3) | eae C2 (sae pee es TE pee eet, Ra pes Ct ae te ec June 12, 1865 30 16
4 | Burt County, Nebraska ............... nape meets Sine, Pek pe hor ss 2 Juue 9, 1867 32 12
os) Dakota County, Nebraska ecsss.-- ts2- se so ee once ae ee eee June 7, 1868 9 31
Hileeeee GO pst eee 2 ee Ee ele ear ek Seek Re eee do. 222: 12 29
7 | Lancaster County, Nebraska .s2¢s.5-% sb aot hee cee eeeeeee June 2, 1875 Q7 13
Sailbe cece QO is SoS eso ia ect eee a a June 16, 1875 32 12
Sin ae CO cine rane oer ei roa a a eon rere a oe June 16, 1875 | 38 6
NAY lie wee Osa eee ee is SPR rape nee ae oe a doss-323 40 2.

Though there were no migratory locusts present to an appreciable amount in Dakota
County in 1868, there were many of the Caloptenus femur-rubrum and other species of
grasshoppers, and from that source the swallows examined that year and given above
must have obtained its food, or a portion of it.

Family AMPELIDA: WaAxwWINGs.
AMPELIS GARRULUS, Linn.
Bohemian Waxwing.

Rare in Nebraska in winter. Have seen i+ but twice in the State. The first time
was in February, 1865, when I secured a specimen. Itsstomach contained an immense
number of locust eggs, which it must have obtained at some point where the wind had
laid them bare. At the time I did not know what they were, as it was my first expe-
rience in Nebraska; but they were identified for me by Mr. Graff.

AMPELIS CEDRORUM, (Viceill.) Gray.
Cedar-bird ; Cherry-bird ; Carolina Waxwing.

Have seen flocks of this bird only a few times in Nebraska, and it must be rare here.
Found it breeding once near Nebraska City, where, in June, 1875, I obtained one speci-
men. Its stomach contained 17 locusts and a large number of seeds and grains.

4
$
he |
|

APPENDIX II.—AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [27]

MYIADESTES TOWNSENDI, (Aud.) Cab.
Townsend’s Flycatching Thrush.

This bird must be accidental in Nebraska. I learned to know it in the mountains
from Coues’s description. During the last summer, in August, I was astonished to see
one on the Niobrara, among some cedars. After watching it for some time, with the
skill of a fly-catcherit captured a locust, on the wing, 1s a few of theseinsects were flying

atthe time. It is the only time I have ever seen it in the State, and have learned

nothing as to the proportion of locusts that they capture,

Family VIREONIDAi: GREENLETS.
VIREO OLIVACEUS, (Linn.) Vieill.
—ed-eyed Vireo. '

This Vireo is common in the timber belts along the Missouri and its tributarics in
Nebraska. It breeds abundantly 1n the State. At the edge of timber I have frequently
seen it emerge trom a thicket and light down on locust- “covered ground, and fill itself,
especially when these insects are half-grown. I have becn disappointod in killin g
these birds late in June, both in Dakota County in 1865, and in Lancaster County in
1875, and finding only the remains of a few locusts, while a month earlier four-fifths of
= food was made up of these insects.

VIREO PHILADELPHICUS, Cass.
Brotherly-love Vireo.
Common in Eastern Nebraska, but not as abundant as the preceding species. It

» also breeds here, and like the foregoing, when it first arrives, from the 15th to the 25th

of May it indulges more in locust food than a month later, when they are larger. Tho
following record is indicative of this:

rs ee ee er a0 E
| fac \ a8
. —_ (>)
5 Locality. Date. | ae A
= 5 g fu
e : oe ®
5 on a
aid
1 oe Conmitys Nebras Kalter teria malseiee ote a eicints cialelelsierslstate ais May 27, 1865 19 15
ea pete C OF- cma cece ot a tarseinere ae eiste, cre cise ne mem icicie cigninde eone cineinewe June 5, 1865 21 10
2 a ee Ne ene, AMEE IN Oa rsa ars Taek A oe ee June 17, 1865 2 22 |
45 slaneaster County, Nebraskan. < cecuceiscvercceiecien conc maeels June 16, 1877 5 20

VIREO GILVUS, (Vieill.) Bp.
Warbling Vireo.

Have only found this species abundant in Northeastern Nebraska, where it breeded.
A great many nests of this bird were built among the cottonwoods in Dakota City,
where, in May and June, 1865, I frequently saw it light down within a rod of me where
locusts abounded and feed on them. This species seemed to eat them in all stages of
their growth, and brought them constantly to their nests for their young.

VIREO FLAVIFRONS, Vieill.
Yellow-throated Vireo.

Somewhat abundant in Southeastern Nebraska, but rare north of the Platte. It breeds
in Richardson County. I have failed to make any observations with reference to the
feeding habits of this bird, but have no doubt,-from the character of its congeners, that
it also eats young locusts.

VIREO SOLITARIUS, (Wils.) Vieill.
Llue-headed or Solitary Vireo.

Found in the timber-belts of Eastern Nebraska, but not abundant. The only one
whose stomach I examined, in June, 1865, contained about an equal quantity of locusts
and other insects.

VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS, (Gm.) Bp.

White-eyed Vireo.

Occasionally met with in Nebraska, where, in Richardson County, in some shrubbery
in the Nemaha Bottom, I found a nest in the spring of 1875. The old birds were feed-

\

[28] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ing their young with locusts. In watching them with a glass from the forks of a cotton-
wood near by, I observed the old birds tear a large locustin pieces, and give it totheir
young in sections

VIREO BELLI, Aud.
Bell’s Vireo.

This bird is sparingly present in Nebraska, but not as abundant as Coues found it in
Kansas. It breeds along the Missouri bottoms and some of the tributaries of this river
I have made no observations on its feeding habits, and only suppose that it also feeds
on locusts from the habits of its congeners.

Family LANIIDZ: SHRIKES.

COLLURIO BOREALIS, (Vieill.) Bd.
Butcher-bird ; Northern Shrike.

T have not observed this bird in Nebraska until the fall of the year, when it occurs
sparingly. In the fall of 1874, in the last days of September, when I was wandering
along the Nemaha, in Southeastern Nebraska, I noticed a thorn-bush, on which was
impaled a vireo and eleven locusts, some of which were fresh. After watching itfor an
hour from a distance, a butcher-bird appeared with another locust, which it impaled
and then flew off. I afterward shot one, but its stomach contained only fourteen
locusts, although there were immense numbers of them flying at the time and laying
their eggs here. I did not subsequently succeed in determining the proportion of
locusts that this bird consumed for food.

COLLURIO LUDOVICIANUS EXCUBITOROIDES, (Sw.) Coues.
W hite-rumped Shrike. \

Rather abundant in Nebraska. I saw the young in the Missouri Bottom, in Dakota
County, in 1867, and on the Niobrara in 1869. The following were examined:

2 mn
= TS)
#3 23
8 Locality. Date. 2s aes
2 2S a
= 5a 2
°o
A 4 }
i) pDakota County pNebraskae== ss. essseee oaaee se ee oe June 17, 1865 Portions of a bird.
2 | Richardson County, Nebraska.........--.-----.--- Sept. 28, 1874 pee:
3 | Lancaster County, Nebraska ...-......-.-------.. June 17, 1875 --do.

Family FRINGILLIDZ: FINCHES, ETC.

This entire family being granivorous—seed-eaters—bud- and fruit-eaters, I have not
examined them so closely as the preceding forms. And yet most of them will, on more
accurate observation, perhaps be found to eat more insects than has heretofore been
suspected. It will be observed that many of them are locust-egg-eaters. I will only
refer to those of this family that I have actually found to destroy locusts or their eggs.

HESPERIPHONA VESPERTINA, (Coop.) Bp.
Evening Grosbeak.

Only occasionally seen in Nebraska at least; I have only met with it a few times in
winter. In October, 1874, I shot one in Lancaster County. It had two locusts and a
vast quantity of seedsin its stomach. I know nothing of its breeding-grounds.

PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR, (Linn.) Cab.
Pine Grosbeak.

This species occurs in Southeastern Nebraska in winter, but insmall numbers. The
following shows that it eats locust eggs in winter:

8 Locality. Date. Lomuse cere = Seeds in stomach.
S

s
A

1 | Lancaster County, Nebraska .....--- Dec. —, 1874| Large number ......-. About half.

aoodes 26 dO... 2------enenceeene--s---|0aD. —, 1875 | A very fow -.-.-22----| ears

Wy |oeccoace COssa kot entt ee sean nie Bete a Reee dois: 222 | eee do. +2202. seeissa5 (ee eee do.

CM ea acca. ON GUC DRC ICO ARCO Rae ane Nov. —, 1876 | Large number ......-. About 4 1 seeds,

S| odhcee- UOe a sseeecket esac sack fase s- Feb. —, 1876 | 4 locust eggs.....----- 2 seeds.

/
APPENDIX II.—AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [29]

These locust eggs must of course have been picked up where they had been laid
bare by the winds.
CARPODACUS PURPUREUS, (Gm.) Gray.

Purple Finch.

For some reason have only seen this bird in Nebraska in October. In October, 1876,
I shot three, but only one had a few locust eggs in its stomach.

3 LEUCOSTICTE TEPHROCOTIS, Sw.
Gray-crowned Finch.

This bird is frequently seen in Nebraska in winter, but rarelyin summer. In fact, I
saw it here but once at this season, which was in June, 1865, at which time I shot a
specimen. Its stomach was crowded with seeds and three locusts. I also obtained
one in February, 1875, but its stomach only contained seeds of weeds and grasses.

AEGIOTHUS LINARIA, (Linn.) Cab.
—ed-poll Linnet.

This bird appears irregularly in Nebraska. Often, where large flocks appeared one
winter, I looked in vain for them the next. I have never seen them earlier than
November. The following I have examined:

E Locality. Date. Eggs in stomach. Seeds in stomach.
2
=)
A
1 | Dakota City, Nebraska ......5.-...-. INE, CE AME |) AYER SEs SoogoboocdEe
2 ee CO Ree eae See ae ek Feb. 10, 1865 | 4 filled with eggs...... 2 seeds.
3 | Lancaster County, Nebraska......... Feb. —, 1875 | 4 filled with eggs.-...-. Very many.
Oh | eee CO Se Cee sate Me ence cemnce as | Suse dopeacr INOTIO Be araisie slate aisle /are'- Seeds.

CHRYSOMITRIS TRISTIS, (Linn.) Bp.

American Goldfinch ; Thistle-bird; Yellow-bird.

Common in Northern Nebraska. It occasionally, along with its proper food, eats
locusts. Three specimens that I examined in June, 1865, ‘had each a few locusts in its
stomach. The first had 7, the second 4, and the third 13. ;

PLECTROPHANES NIVALIS, (Linn.) Meyer. 4
Snow-bunting ; Snow-flake.

Common and abundant in Nebraska in winter. When it can get them, always eats
locust eggs. The following I examined :

8 Locality. Date. Locusteggsin stomach.| Seeds in stomach,
E ;
A
— TT Pe ee 2
|
f Dakots County, Nebraska ........... | Feb. a 1865 | + contents of stomach..| Many seeds.
BAPE ete aera OSC Aerie Ha Lee e CONS ee StS aroracys UO) ate since ieicei= ceil aaeen Gd Os
3 | Dixon County. SNobmiskas corbin at Waele Ole 2 a AUVOUY LON cece tic ouleenos do.
4 | Lancaster County, Nebraska. ........ Nov.—, 1874 2 contentsofstomach..|..... do.
bya len doi:2 sskes sb ssteeees. pete ee os Feb. —, 1575 | £ contents of stomach.-}..-... do.
Greases OOo seta es saee pet eae eemse sess Feb.—, SY Ripe See Se dO #esoosseeaedleoeies do.

PLECTROPHANES LAPPONICUS, (Linn.) Selby.

Lapland Longspur.

Present in Nebraska, but not so abundant as the last. Of five specimens that I ex-
amined in November, 1874, only two had any locust eggs in the stomach, and only one
had any considerable number.

[30] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

PLECTROPHANES ORNATUS, Towns.
Chestnut-collared Bunting ; Black-bellied Longspur.

Abundant in Nebraska, where it breeds. I have seen the young in June, July, and
August, and it therefore must rear several broods in a season. This is one of the birds
that might almost be classed as insectivorous. I have rarely killed one that I did not
find some insects in its stomach. The following examples show its tendency to vary
its seed diet with locusts:

=
i 3 =z
5 Locality. Date. $s a
= =e ne
s o 2 2
A A D
il) Dison County, Nebraska 3 ussseecccs cece ane eee eee May 27, 1865 19 | Indefinite.
25) Dakota Connty, Nebraska. 2.522 52 seee see ae eee eee May 30, 1865 155 [eeees do.
at eae CO ere Ee ae re Sercta emi coe a oe en oy es eee dows: Les do.
A este OO: Be eS eS ee ee June 10, 1865 12°. Aaa do.
Siatece aes: QO a cirtee ec ote 5 aN Si hy SS a June 14, 1875 AS sees do.
GA ieee Oe wise. See ee SESE Te ae SS a Sa ee et aed ees dO <5. 16. eee do.

PLECTROPHANES MACCOWNI, Lawr.
Maccown’s Bunting.

A few found in Nebraska. In August, 1874, I shot two on the Republican River,
near Orleans. One of the two had 10 locusts and a beetle in its stomach.

POGCETES GRAMINEUS, (Gm.) Bd.
Bay-winged Bunting ; Grass Finch.

Abundant only in certain localities in Nebraska. It frequently varies its food with
insect diet. The following examinations were made:

A E

ae 5
: ) @,
g Locality. Date: 2 2 3
= 53 as

= CoS S

=) oO 2

Z a oa
1 | Harlan County. Nebraskae =- 255-6 ee ee Aug.—, 1874 | 16 Seeds.
& |------ Ci 1a ee ie a hot An Ba) eet ak ce a ee aces eeeee doz .22 5: 18 zoe. de.
3 | Lancaster:\County. Nebraska, 225-s6> see cee ee seas Sept.—, 1874 | 14 eee &
2 ese 0 neo Sk ee eee eee June 1, 1875 +t eee:
Ay ects Goth. Soe ES Ee AOR Ee EEE a aes eee, AE ee June 13,1575 15 -- do.

COTURNICULUS PASSERINUS, (Wils.) Bp.
Yellow-winged Sparrow.

Abundant in Nebraska, and breeds here. Of seven specimens that I examined in
June, 1375, and June, 1877, four had from 10 to 20 locusts in their stomachs and the
remainder only a few beetles and seeds.

COTURNICULUS HENSLOWI, (Aud.) Bp.
Henslow’s Bunting.

I have only occasionally met with this bird in Nebraska, and the only specimen that
I examined was one that was sent to me from Kearney Junction to identify, in Septem-
ber, 1874. It had 13 locusts in its stomach, besides a large quantity of seeds anda few
beetles.
MELOSPIZA LINCOLNI, (Aud.) Bd.

Lincoln’s Sparrow.

Great numbers pass through Nebraska in spring and fall, or during its migrations.
I have seen the most in the latter part of September and October. The single one that
I examined in September, 1874, shot in Lancaster County, had 11 locusts, 3 beetles,
and a large number of seeds in its stomach.

re

APPENDIX II.—AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [31]

MELOSPIZA MELODIA, (Wils.) Bd.
Song Sparrow.

Common in certain localities in Nebraska. Two that I examined in June, 1865, at
Dakota City, had 13 and 17 locusts in their stomachs.

JUNCO HYEMALIS, (Linn.) Scl.
Eastern Snowbird.

A few are found here during the whole year, but the great mass pass northward in
the spring. One killed in February, 1875, had a few locust eggs in its stomach and @
large number of seeds. Another killed in the last of May, 1875, had 14 locusts, one
beetle, and a large number of seeds in its stomach.

SPIZELLA MONTICOLA, (Gm.) Bd.
Canadian or Tree Sparrow.

Abundant in winter and a few breed here in summer. Shot one in June, 1877, near
Lincoln, Nebr. It had 13 locusts, one larva, and a large number of seeds inits stomach.

SPIZELLA SOCIALIS, (Wils.) Bp.
Chipping Sparrow.

Very abundant in portions of Nebraska. Even in 1866, when there were no migtat-
ing locusts in Dakota County, the stomach of this sparrow was nearly always found
to contain a few insects. In locust years, such as the fall of 1874 and 1876, and spring
of 1875 and 1877, it made its meals largely on locusts. The largest number that I found
in one of their stomachs was 17.

SPIZELLA PALLIDA, (Sw.) Bp.
Clay-colored Sparrow.

This bird is abundant in portions of Nebraska in May and October, during its migra-
tions. Occasionally it breeds in Northern Nebraska. One specimen thatI examined
in June, 1865, had nine locusts in its stomach and also a large quantity of seeds, mostly
of weeds and grasses.

ZONOTRICHIA ALBICOLLIS, (Gm.) Bp.
White-throated Sparrow. :

This species is abundant in Nebraska in spring and autumn, during its migrations. -
Have seen no indications of its breedingin Nebraska. It is almost worthy of being
classed with the insectivorous birds. I have never opened the stomach of one without
finding a considerable number of insects.

= . Insects found
2 Locality, Date. fen RVWOTTTEVELE
4,
ISD ako taiGonntiyaeN COTAS Kae cre. cciao scomaciiniainise os ceiceisie ce ecisciny-ce May 27,1865 | 33,4 locusts.
PR sper eB non eos c8 aee eed soe oeuon ede sbeaasceeascuaacotecas decors os||ososue do ....| 35,2 locusts.
Sp PRICHITOSOR COUMLY ING DLISKA, =.= sereer ees ee oeenoe aces eiaeacr Oct. 12, 1874 | 30, 2 locusts.
Aa PLANCASler COUNTY A INOBLASa =o sarecemiacccccce ccm erescsociccoeerienics May 20, 1875 | 40,4 locusts.
Duipscziee GOs ccewiocee Ss Pee be ae eae Se Sas Sats ei oer ae eas ee May 16,1877 | 38,4 locusts.

ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS, (Forst.) Sw.
White-crowned Sparrow.

Only occasionally seen in Nebraska. In June, 1875, saw the young in Dixon County
Nebraska, at the edge of a wood in the Missouri Bottom. But its breeding here must
be rare. A solitary bird that was sent to me from Blair, Nebr., to identify, in the last
of September, 1374, had, among other insects, 11 locusts in its stomach.

ZONOTRICHIA QUERULA, (Nutt.) Gamb.
Harris’s Sparrow.
Common in Eastern Nebraska along the Missouri. Have not noticed it in winter,

_) but have frequently seen the young in the northesstern part of the State.

[32] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

A specimen sent to me for identification in the latter part of September, 1874, had
14 locusts, 5 beetles, and the larve of some other insects in its stomach, in addition to
the seeds with which it satisfied its hunger. I regret that this was the only specimen
that I have examined of this species.

CHONDESTES GRAMMICA, (Say) Bp.

Lark Finch.

Abundant in Nebraska, in the northeastern part of which it breeds. It also, in
part at least, lives on insects, though its habits in this respect are exceedingly varied.

a

oO . .
z ‘ | Insectsin} Seeds in
| Locality. Date. stomach. stomach.
A

1, | Dakota County, Nebraska: sc-2< nesnccecssseoee eee eee May 25, 1865 | 38,4 locusts.| Many seeds.

a ene LO re ele a a a ee oe ee June 1, 1865 | 14,2 locusts }..-..-- do

Si He Saese GOS 3s Sr ee re eee ee fae do -2-. | 205 locusts!|/2=224 do.

4 | Lancaster Connty, Nebraska..............---.---=.-- Sept.—, 1874 | 36,4 locusts |.-.-.--- do.

S| sae ses CO So se src es Sa ee als Sa eee Suri tee doce 28, 2 locusts.|.----- do.

MNPe eee GOs ee eae a ie ee or ee le ae ee Sept.—, 1876 | 22, = locusts |.----- do

CALAMOSPIZA BICOLOR, (Towns.) Bp.
Lark Bunting.

Rather abundant in Southern Nébraska, where it breeds. In June, 1875, out of nine
specimens that I examined, seven had locusts in their stomachs, the lowest being 11
and the highest 19.

EUSPIZA AMERICANA, (Gm.) Bp.

Black-throated Bunting.

Common in Eastern Nebraska, and found to the west line of the State. The follow-
ing examinations show the characters of this seed-eating bird:

- |

3 y : | Insectsin| Seeds in
=| Hocality. Date. stomach. stomach.
=|
A
il | Harlan 'County,-Nebraska.-s.- =o. -s0 sac eee cece eee os Sept.—, 1874 | 33, = locusts.| Many seeds.
Oa hea ees 73 (0 eee ag enn eet A Cn rR AAR RE Gon te So doen 28, ¢ locusts.|.----- do.
3 | Richardson County, Nebraska: <.2- 22-2 2.55--se-<ce)-ssa== doy seen 36, 2 locusts.}------ do.
AB ee a Oise Saeed ere eke ieee | Renn do-s<.--| 24,2 locustss|us---e do.
ailehancaster) County Nebraska esssee tense eee ee coe Sept.—, 1875 | 20, 2 locusts .|.----- do.

GONIAPHEA LUDOVICIANA, (Linn.) Bowd.
Rose-breasted Grosbeak.

Rather abundant in Northern Nebraska. Examined two specimens in June, 1865
Each had about a dozen of locusts in its stomach.

GONIAPHEA MELANOCEPHALA, (Sw.) Gray.
Black-headed Grosbeak. .

I have seen this bird myself only along the Republican River in Southwestern Ne-
braska. Two specimens were sent to me from Kearney Junction in June, 1875, to
identify. One contained 8 and the other 17 locusts, besides a large number of seeds.

GONIAPHEA CGRULEA, (Linn.) Gray.

Blue Grosbeak.

Only occasionally met with in Nebraska. One that was sent to me from Grand Island
in September, 1873, had three grasshoppers, a dozen other insects, and many seeds in
its stomach. As there were no migratory locusts there at the time, these grasshoppers
must have belonged to some other species, which in their condition I could not identify

APPENDIX II.—AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [33]

CYANOSPIZA CYANEA, (Linn.) Bd.
. Indigo-bird. }

Rare in Nebraska. A specimen sent to me to identify from Beatrice, Nebr., in
the extreme southern part of the State, had 10 locusts in its stomach and a large num-
ber of seeds. This was in June, 1875. Another, obtained a little later from Columbus
on the Platte, had only one locust in its stomach, but 8 small beetles. Seeds
numerous.

CARDINALIS VIRGINIANUS, (Briss.) Bp.
Cardinal Grosbeak ; Virginian Redbird.

Abundant in Southern Nebraska, where it breeds. It also variesits diet with locusts
when it can obtain them.

Ae an Insects in
cS Locality. Date the stomach.
A
| lst bin Oppiaiag ING OEE: Chae cece aasonoosdoosdonueooachoconduoaacadse Aug. —, 1874 | 22,4 locusts.
2) Richardson) County Nebraska seme see ieieacissiees ecieeinie ele ietelelsicieial=l- Sept. —, 1874 | 24, 2 locusts.
Slee CLE ee es LG Te ne ee nak Doar rar a aa ae ve yeu vec oe ae LSE AR, eee te ea doves 20, 4 locusts.
4 | acces UI Be ec SE Oo HGR ONE SODCUEC SOR SE can ene Goon eeaEceccmASen mace east tracts dose: 22, 4 locusts.

PIPILO ERYTHROPHTHALMUS, (Linn.) Vieill.
Ground Robin; Marsh Robin ; Towhee Bunting ; Chewink.

Large numbers pass through Northern Nebraska on their migrations. A few stop to-
breed. In May and June, 1865, I examined four of these birds. Three of the four had
locusts in their stomachs, averaging 11, besides a few beetles and a large number of
seeds.

Family ICTERID@: AMERICAN STARLINGS.

DOLICHONYX ORYZIVORUS, (Linn.) Sw.
Bobolink ; Reed-bird ; Rice-bird.

Very abundant in Nebraska, where it breeds. Itis reputed to be wholly granivo-
rous, especially when it frequents the swamps of the South and becomes the rice-bird.
That it is sometimes slightly insectivorous, I have seen in a great many of my exami-
nations of this bird. The following are examples:

F Insects .
3 Time, in the Soods "i
re Bfomachs socom
=
A

1 | Dakota County, Nebraska ...-..----- ..-e2s--cee-e-e- May 30, 1866 |..-... OU ese Many seeds.

Oe eee ee QO yan Sa seca cle captors cio eet REE cisielbalsiseisiete terete June 5,1866]....- LB coe leemere do.

Siileeen oe CO raha eye sires pea eps mest cusps iim a syarainioin elaine lie cierc eluieiies June 15, 1866 |..... Ge sepe Serer do.

4 | Lancaster County, Nebraska .............---.--.------ May 30,1875} 12 locusts |.-.---- do.

Hele cae DO Meee eee eee tase cam claw corsa enesemne June 12,1875 | 14 locusts |...-..- do.

Glsiieos BN) SSE COTS D CAS DERE G ORO ES Goan POR Cer EE eet ae| Pena do..--.- 17 locusts |...--. do.

MOLOTHRUS ATER, (Bodd.) Gray.
Cow-bird ; Cow-blackbird.

This bird is unfortunately abundant in Nebraska, and every one who hunts birds’
nests in June will find its eggs dropped into some other nest. In addition te being
parasitic, it is polygamous. Its only good trait is thatit is highly insectiverous. Dur-
ing locust years, it is found to feed largely on this insect as well as the flies and larve:
of flies that pester castle. Hon. J. Sterling Morton says that it eats grubs out of the
backs of lean cattle in spring.

AGELZEUS PHENICEUS, (Linn.) Vieill.

Red-winged Blackbird

Common along water-courses in Nebraska. This supposed granivorous bird varies
his diet quite extensively with insect food. In the spring of 1875, on the road from

[3 G]

[34] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Lincoln, Nebr., to Milford, where the road crosses Oak Creek, I observed some Red-
wings flying backward and forward to the neighboring blufts, especially to one point
near and on some old breaking. Going to this spot, I found it well covered with young
locusts, and many of the birds feeding onthem. To make sure of this, I shot one, and
found its stomach half full of young locusts; more, in fact, of these insects than of
seeds. On two other occasions I made a similar observation.

XANTHOCEPHALUS ICTEROCEPHALUS, (Bp.) Bd.
Yellow-headed Blackbird.

Very abundant in Nebraska, where it breeds. This bird is often charged here with
picking up the farmers’ seed, but I doubt whether it ever does much harm in this direc-
tion. The following I have examined :

=| ‘
5 : =
Mm . =

= eg = a 2n
5 Locality. Date. Sas 2s aS
2 ° 9 = et =>
| 2g (3) aa

= G2 a

A = ro) aa)
1 | Dakota County, Nebraska....-.........-..-- May 10,1865 37 Locust eggs 10
lel ee ae Oye se ore Haseeno mouse ce ee ceaeen| =eree dOue =. Sie jochecdicene- 30
3 ete TOS BARA Ae ee Shtaesese Sctosstee May 20,1865 | 51locusts.-.|..........-.. 10
fal See dO fiesceccacicncwascscioens eee eneseamseofeaere O dscns ALR) ah a-| pete sectabe= 21
a eee CO -scecswecesecsececctsectieee dent cucdes June —,1865| 49 ..do.-...].---...--.-- 20
Gi aes. Oar eae ae ee ee ree May —,1866 | 35 beetles. -|Insect eggs. 24
Tf |iscosad CO sade cceawostencsceccecc ccsece see oe: June: —; 1867 |-42 does: |ea ssa. eee 17
BP sbeaec dO. cas 2 etcece teceoe cn ee seer ee ees eee do stoc-4 47insects -|...........- 21
hl eae OO! cc2cecscaenss ccc cuss. cameeesotacmeaieeeee dOweeses 2 BRAG GasSs Baas ees ae. 37
Ud es eae Oy Pic eames haere eee ae ee Ee eee May —,1868 | 33..do-...|......-....- 19
ab eee CO gcice keccccetpoesssoct wens si eaeseees- es dune —-1868)| 402200 -ooseee oe 40
lela eee dovssteat sere mies ome emcee acesc ater r ace eee doses 45 GOL =s|ce seco es 30
ii eee dO: Sosstec see eee BES Sa Sess May —,1869| 42..do---.|............ 18
14 | Lancaster County, Nebraska ................ May — 1872 [159 de>. -. |. ee 15
eS edacac GO sesncot scenes poten oe Boos sae et ecor June —, 1872 38) Wy diese cee 19
ply eae Ae 0) cSscncecveteccaaaesisceseoeeeee nase nae May 8, 1875 48 Locust eggs 18
i aes DO ass note ones eps aera oe CUE ies June —, 1875 rh Ne dae Bee ks S 16

Peaeet CO Ne ae ie a aE ge nee Sea | ie do *55--- AG | se eceqecee ea eee

iS Bese OO; siscdesenscce-secess ee heate esses eee June —,1877 43. ~"|tecSeeeoeees 4
mi) [secede CO i. Sese a ose sccs cota ace ce octeae see se Se leeeee domes D8). Ulieecects see 3

STURNELLA MAGNA, (Linn.) Bd.
Meadow-lark ; Field-lark.

This bird is exceedingly abundant in Nebraska, being found almost everywhere on
‘the prairies; var. magna and var. neglecta both here, but the latter most abundant.
‘Here apparently as insectivorous as granivorous. The following is my record of ex-
-amlnations :

wm ot ®
si . = I 2a
3 Locality. Date. as A= | = 6p
2 5 2 3 ra
A = o ds)
1 | Dakota County, Nebraska........--..-....---- May 10, 1865 }...-...-.- 10 Locust eggs.
2 \-caciac CO voces occcemecoasectepnthe sees skeen May 20, 1865 27 3 Grains.
Sulasecee DO sscacscecvontee set eet esseeeeee ee eee June 15, 1865 37 1 33 grains.
AG eres cece GO sbcsesacscdecce coe sccm eee ee oas bene June —, 1866 1? 22 42 grains.
5 | Lancaster County, Nebraska .............----- May 27, 1875 19 3 Not counted
Gal eee: DO 222. Sercin doi sei names oe <Biseees aeea eae ee aaa do; sce 26 5 -£-08:
7h eae CO - cceacdces cele ce aeeeeee eaten ee Ree June 27, 1875 Sane) pape IS fe do.
2 ee 00.252 Sos ER ee ee eet ee doz i232. 33 * eet Zee do.
Sale. Fk GO ihe ee tse Se ee ee ee docer-c: 35 - ccacciae eee do.

ICTERUS SPURIUS, (Linn.) Bp.
Orchard Oriole ; Chestnut Hangnest.

Common but not abundant in Nebraska, and breeds here. These birds are well
known tobe largely insectivorous. One that I killed in June, 1865, near Dakota City,
had its stomach three-fourths filled with locusts. Another examined near Lincoln,
Nebr., in June, 1875, had about the same amount of locusts in its stomach.

APPENDIX IL—AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [35]

ICTERUS BALTIMORE, (Linn.) Daud.
Baltimore Oriole; Golden Robin; Hangnest.

Common all over Eastern Nebraska where there is woodland or orchard. I have
never opened the stomach of one of these birds. In fact, I have never been able to
bring myself to shoot one even for scientific purposes. But in the spring of 1865 I
watched two old birds feeding their young near Dakota City, and again in Lincoln in
1873. In the first case, the old birds brought their young a great many locusts. They
flew from the low cottonwood, where their hangnest was fastened, to a neighboring
field every few minutes. In this field, locusts were abundant, and these they picked
up and carried to their nests, and every time seemed to swallow some themselves. I
ascertained this by watching them by the hour.

ICTERUS BULLOCKI, (Sw.) Bp.
Bullock’s Oriole.

This bird is also frequently seen in Nebraska. I found one eating locusts in August,
1874, on the Republican River, in Southwestern Nebraska. One that I opened in Dixon
County, Nebraska, in June, 1865, had 35 locusts, 3 beetles, and some seeds in its stomach.
It seems to be most abundant in the wooded portions toward the western end of the
State.

SCOLECOPHAGUS FERRUGINEUS, (Gm.) Sw.

Rusty Grackle.

This species abounds in early spring and in the last of September and October dur-
ing its migrations. Have seen no sign of its breeding in Nebraska. It is a great insect-
eater. In October, 1874, I opened a number of these birds in Lancaster County, and a
few in Richardson County. The stomachs in each instance were crowded with insects,
four-fifths of which were locusts, and a few seeds.

SCOLECOPHAGUS CYANOCEPHALUS, (Wagl.) Cab.

Blue-headed Grackle; Brewer’s Blackbird.

Once very abundant in Nebraska, where it breeds; is again on the increase. During
my early years in Nebraska, countless numbers of these birds, along with the crow
blackbird, were destroyed by the early settlers. The blackbirds visited the corn-fields
in September, and stripped the ends of the ears to get at a grub that infested the corn.
If abundant rains followed, a portion of the exposed corn was damaged. The im-
pression became general that the blackbirds were destroying the corn. The farmers
soaked corn in strychnine and sowed it around their corn-fields for the birds to eat. I
have seen dead blackbirds and other birds that were destroyed in this way piled up in
heaps three and four feet high. And yet the birds were comparatively innocent. In
September, 1866, I examined a pile of birds in a field a few miles west of Dakota City.
Out of forty of these blackbirds there were only five that had over a dozen grains of
corn in their stomachs. They were filled with insects and their larve. In September,
1874, in Lancaster County, all of a dozen of these birds that I opened had their stomachs
three-fourths full of locusts, and other insects were about as abundant as the seeds
that accompanied them.

QUISCALUS PURPUREUS, (Bart.) Licht.

Purple Grackle; Crow Blackbird.

Rather abundant in Eastern Nebraska, though hardly as much so as the preceding.
It is highly insectivorous. During this last spring a field of wheat north of Lincoln
was literally covered with locusts. I one day observed a large flock of these birds light
down on this field, and after once getting a taste they returned day after day for more
than a week. At the end of that time hardly a locust could be found. On the third
day of their visits I shot one and found its stomach filled with locusts. I never failed
to find locusts in the stomach of this bird whenever locusts were about. At other
times other insects made up a large portion of its food, and yet the bird cannot be
recommended. I have more than once witnessed its well-known habit of robbing other
birds of their eggs, which it sucks, and sometimes of its young. It does not therefore
compare in value with the preceding bird for the agriculturist. Once I found the
remains of small fish in its stomach, but how it obtained them I do not know.

Family CORVIDZ: Crows, ETc.

CoRVUS COoRAX, Linn.
Raven.
Formerly frequently seen in Nebraska, especially in its northern part; latterly sel-

dom met with. The single one that I examined in June, 1865, had insects, meat, and
seeds in its stomach. Among the insects were a dozen of locusts.

‘

[36] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

CoRVUS CRYPTOLEUCUS, Couch.
White-necked Raven.

Only saw this bird once in Nebraska. It was on the Republican River, near the
west line of the State, in April, 1877. I place it among locust-eating birds only be-
cause of the known habits of its congeners.

CORVUS AMERICANUS, Aud.
Common Crow.

In 1865, 1866, and 1867 vast numbers were poisoned in Northern Nebraska, where it
was then exceedingly abundant. All those that I opened that had been poisoned in
the spring of 1865 had their stomachs partly filled with locusts. In the two last years
insects of other species constituted the contents of their stomachs. I do not wish to
defend the crow, because he is known to destroy the eggs and young of other birds;
but there is no question but that with the harm that he does he also destroys a vast
number of insects. His great fault is that he eats everything that he can get—what
is of value as well as what is harmful to the farmer.

PICICORVUS COLUMBIANUS, (Wils.) Bp.
Clarke’s Crow; American Nutcracker.
Only found in the western part of the State. One that was sent to me from Sidney,
Nebr., in October, 1874, to identify, had 41 locusts in its stomach; also some seeds of
. the pine, a grain of corn, and a dozen of other grains. It is evidently omnivorous,

PICA MELANOLEUCA HUDSONICA, (Sab.) Coues.
American Magpie.

Occasional in Northern and more common in Western Nebraska. I have never suc-
ceeded in capturing one during locust years; but as it is omnivorous it no doubt in-
dulges in locusts when they can be obtained. The single one that I opened in July,
1857, in Dixon County, Nebraska, had its stomach half full of insects, among which
was one C. femur-rubrum. Owing to its propensity to destroy the eggs and young of
other birds, its increase is not desirable.

CYANURUS CRISTATUS, (Linn.) Sw.
Blue Jay.

Comparatively few in Nebraska; breeds here. In September, 1874, examined two
jays in Richardson County, Nebraska. Three-fourths of the contents of the stomachs
were locusts. One that was sent to mein September, 1876, from Nebraska City, had
45 locusts and some seeds in itsstomach. It is evident from their known character as
omnivorous birds that when they can be obtained they will destroy great numbers
of locusts. They, too, have the bad reputation of destroying the eggs and young of
other birds, but to what extent I have not ascertained. It is doubtful, however,
whether they are a desirable bird for increase. Since writing the preceding, Hon.
J. Sterling Morton tells me that they are abundant in Otoe County, and domuch harm

to other birds.
Suborder CLAMATORES.

Family TYRANNIDZ: AMERICAN FLYCATCHERS.
TYRANNUS CAROLINENSIS, Temm.
Kingbird ; Bee-martin.

Abundant as far west as the middle of Nebraska, and occurs sparingly to the west
line of the State. These birds being highly, if not wholly, insectivorous, would nat-
urally be expected to eat locusts. No insect comes amiss to them. The following I
have examined :

I a
-_ ==
na S
—_ » 2 2
5 Locality. Date. g 3 = a
= op 8 c=
= o@ a =
A A o) o
ie Dakota: County, Nebraska». J5---=->- sss eeeSereee June —, 1866
4 eoeeeese Ons... 225-2 eshekte sete e eee oe Eee July —, 1366
eh eee at GO vs cec notes ose scesSeswccm ceose see e eee July —, 1867
AN Paes Sy: GO See icin oso ee ana eae Ree eee eee Sept. —, 1869
5 | Lancaster County, Nebraska.......---------se0e-s. Sept. —, 1874
GF] Shee OPE iepere srs coc teae a eeeees su Rte ee Sees dose:
(0 eee oe Ota Meera alo ace cot -Oo ants. Seeceaaeee ee are May —, i875

oH ane sae CO Pee cassie ch ccebinas cick eee eee ee eee Sept. —, 1876

APPENDIX II.—AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [37]

TYRANNUS VERTICALIS, Say.
Arkansas Flycatcher.

This bird abounds along the wooded streams in Southwestern Nebraska. I observed
great numbers of them along the Republican River in August, 1874. And though I
dissected none of them I saw them capture locusts, which were becoming abundant,
on the wing, and judging from the habits of its near relative, the preceding bird, it
must destroy great numbers.

MYIARCHUS CRINITUS, (Linn.) Cab.
Great Crested Flycatcher.

Only found in this State in its southeastern portions. Most abundant in Richard-
son and Nemaha Counties. In September, 1873, one was sent to me for identification
from Brownville. There were 58 insects in its stomach, and of these 23 were various
species of grasshoppers. From the known habits of its congeners it must also prey on
the locusts.

SAYORNIS SAYUS, (Bp.) Bd.

Say’s Flycatcher.

\

Have only observed it in Central and Western Nebraska. At Kearney Station have
seen the most. ‘One sent from this place to identify had 32 locusts in its stomach.
' This was in the fall of 1876. At other times when I examined them their stomachs
were crowded with various insects.

SAYORNIS FUSCUS, (Gm.) Bd.
Pewit Flycatcher ; Phebe-bird.

Have only observed this bird in Eastern Nebraska along the Missouri. The follow-
ing is my record of dissections:

=| g
S
: D di S
° »>
8 Locality. | Date. 2 3 = | Grains.
E os g
=) on we)
A | o)
i | Dakota Ciby, Nebraska. <o2<0)-o6 i-inr aia cinroiniai2 June —, 1266 |...--..--. 47 3
AG eee OO) oe tin ees COC BOOT EREC ME DEEOSE qES eee OSSCxOse June —, 1868 |.-.--...-. 43 1
Syl ease GO) ose sesteee ee Sate sie soa e emote oe else nies Sag July —,1870].-.-.---...- CP ye See
4 | Lancaster County, Nebraska ....5.........----.--- Sept. —, 1874 39 Pas aeons
Shiescisce LOVEE rate nce ininiorsteioie a cisions ate o Slate eyeictaia is oicumpenareyeietis (loca urate OWena a6 35 Gites BRA e se oe
Gale aos DO aa ome cate ene pauls ceeriaeiseiaaselatsia caetacrls May 20,1875]. 30 16 2
WB ilesouee Fe 6 AI Fe a eR A Co GE gS June —, 1875 43 On ee
8 | Richardson County, Nebraska...........--..------ Sept. —, 1876 34 Dee aa epee ner oF
9

Lancaster County, Nebraska...........------------ June —, 1877 32 a asses

CONTOPUS BOREALIS, (Sw.) Bd.
Olive-sided Flycatcher.

This bird is reputed to be abundant in the West, but I have only occasionally met
it in Nebraska. I have dissected none in locust years. One, however, that I examined
in July, 1869, had 17 grasshoppers among the insects in its stomach. There can be no
doubt of its feeding on locusts when they are present.

CONTOPUS VIRENS, (Linn.) Cab.
Wood Pewee.

A very few of these birds in the timber belts of Eastern Nebraska along the Mis-
souri. One that I dissected in June, 1869, at Dakota City, had seven grasshoppers in
its stomach besides a great many other insects. I obtained none for examination dur-
ing locust years. .

CONTOPUS RICHARDSONI, (Sw.) Bd.

Western Wood Pewee.

Frequently seen wherever there is woodland or timber-skirted streams in Western Ne-
braska. Have not observed it as far east as the Missouri. In June} 1875, two were sent
to me from the Wood River to identify. Three-fourths of the contents of their stom- .
achs were amare of locusts. One that I obtained at Sidney, Nebr., had 22 locusts in:
its stomach.

~

[88] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

EMPIDONAX TRAILLI, (Aud.) Bd.
Trail’s Flycatcher.

I have not distinguished between the two species of this bird—var. fraillii and var.
pusillus—but my impression is that the latter is the most abundant of the two, though
I have only occasionally met either one. I have made no dissections and only assign
them to the list of locust-eating birds from the known characters of their congeners.

EMPIDONAX MINIMUS, Bd.
Least Flycatcher.

Rather common in Nebraska, and occasionally breeds in the northeastern portion of
the State. I only examined a few specimens in 1865 and 1866.

: Z
2 4 3
: , = S Sy
5 Locality. Date. os =
= ~ 3 4
=| °° (3)
= on a
A = o
fa Dakota Cry, SNODraska soc. co coon co ceeceect ase meter eee May 30, 1865 Not counted.
A eee GO cos2 co eborueeee ics ae ee Sores tose eee someon June —, 1865 do.
35] ae BO 5 sas ene Sak oe ae ee ee July —, 1866 Q7
es | eee dO o25~- ade cet cone che sete 4 ote eh eee eo eee July —, 1866 31

EMPIDONAX: FLAVIVENTRIS, Bd.

Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.

This bird occurs sparingly in Eastern Nebraska, and have known it to breed on the
skirts of timber belts along the Missouri. The only one that I dissected was obtained
in July, 1870, near Dakota City. It had 16 grasshoppers among the insects in its
stomach.

Order PICARLZ:: Picarran Brirps.

Suborder CYPSELI: CYPSELIFORM BIRDS.

Family CAPRIMULGIDZ: GOATSUCKERS.
ANTROSTOMUS VOCIFERUS, (Wils.) Bp.
Whippoorwill.

Occasionally found in Eastern Nebraska, where it breeds. In August, 1867, when
encamped on the Bow River, in Northeastern Nebraska, during a locust invasion, I
shot two of these birds. Each had its stomach crowded with locusts. I have dis-
sected no others.

ANTROSTOMUS NUTTALLI, (Aud.) Cass.
Nuttal’s Whippoorwill.

Rather common in Central and Western Nebraska, in the vicinity of timber. Occa-
sionally seen further east. In August, 1869, when camped on the Bow River, in North-
ern Nebraska, on a moonlight night, I was kept awake by one of these birds. Having
long desired to secure one, I crept out toward the place from which the sound of ‘ ‘poor’
will” issued. On the wing I shot the bird, and the next morning I found that four-
fifths of the contents of the stomach were composed of grasshoppers and locusts

APPENDIX IIL—AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [39]
CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS, (Gm.) Bp.
Night-hawk ; Bull-bat; Pisk.

Common in Nebraska, and breeds here. The following I have dissected:

E Z
: 29 a
3 Locality. Date. a a A
E 58 2
= fe) we
A 4 io)
dei Cedar Copnty- vNepraskawemremccccmccies senmicinisiisteeciisiaceer Aug. —, 1867 49 15
2 \laeee ee DOV recis tenes Seances emcees ae cas cacaeeaae Sopot oobol le teabe doves: 55 6
Slag ee Pe ea eh ge etin ye soe 6 vias ba dan ed EMS h nae Sept. —, 1867 52 12
2 (ptarlaniCountyeNebraskaecasemenseeccsasomenemcn amnesia Aug.—, 1874 44 18
> | Lancaster County, Nebraska <ceccc-cccnwccsctscconcacienciecs Sept. —, 1874 50 8
JP Sane riinyg, ING) OS ie eee SoeesecosecinopobocouoocuCESuEE June —, 1875 58 9
de POLOORCOUNL Ye NeDras kawceeecaema snes amcte sane see ceaaameacr Sdoved dom 49 Not ascer-

tained.

Family CYPSELIDZ: Swirts.
CHZTURA PELAGICA, (Linn.) Bd.
Chimney Swift; Chimney Swallow.

Abundant in Eastern Nebraska. I have never dissected old birds; but generally
when I found young ones at the bottoms of chimneys, to which they had fallen, I
examined the contents of their stomachs. Those that I examined in May and June,
1865, and in the same months in 1875, in Lincoln, Nebr., invariably had more or less
locusts in their stomachs. At other times they had various kinds of insects.

Family TROCHILIDA : HUMMINGBIRDS.
TROCHILUS COLUBRIS, Linn.
Ruby-throated Hummingbird.

In June, 1875, I took one of these birds from a cat that had caught it in Lincoln,
Nebr. It had four small locusts in its stomach. This is the only observation that I
made on the feeding habits of this species.

Family ALCEDINIDA: KINGFISHERS,

CERYLE ALCYON, (Linn.) Boie.
Belted Kingfisher.

Frequently seen in Nebraska. One that was sent to me to identify in September,
1874, had 18 locusts, in addition to portions of some fish, in its stomach. One that I
opened in September, 1876, had mingled at least 14 locusts with his fish diet. These
are the only examinations that I made on this bird.

Family CUCULID&: Cuckoos.
COcCYGUS ERYTHROPHTHAIMUS, (Wils.) Bp.

Black-billed Cuckoo.

A single specimen of this bird, which I bought in a butcher-shop in Lincoln, Nebr.,
in the last days of September, 1876, had 41 locusts in its stomach. It is only occa-
sionally met in this State.

[40] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL. COMMISSION.

COCCYGUS AMERICANUS, (Linn.) Bp.
Yellow-billed Cuckoo.

More frequently seen in Nebraska than the last. Breeds here. The following I have
examined :

|

a Q

=. Zz

ad 3

< eas +8 2

3 Locality. Date. Boe ‘ig

r= / oO 3 3

5 oe a

A A o

1 | Cedar pounty, INE DES 2 a5 se ssiseeootoenecboncooosccosecadces Aug. —, oe 47 10
je) Sata OO. cocci a cos eee nee metcee wamiesie ae ac meee emcee eres Omer 49

; 3 Pixon County, Nebraska. is. S(t sc yesonee secsecm eee eee see Sept. ae? » 4867 28 24

BAY | oe oo OO es a dete a sd Tae Sas Se eae tet me Salne wo cise oe lame eee ae eral | eee CL Oper 37 15

| 5 | Otoe Connie Nebraska. scat oka. cc ten ota at ae eee eae eee Sept. —, 2 8% 50 6

6 | Cass County, Nebraska..........--- Pe eerae rene, parent tele 13 Re he ae dO ee: 43 16

fei aancaster County, Nebraska. cen csee sone oon anor = eee June —, 1875 38 20

8 | Richardson County, Nebraska... 2... ce cccnen couse Soe eeeee Sept. —, "41876 46 12

9) ‘Sarpy County, Nebraska -ssesssecseseaccsenaecceeeseee eee June —, 1877 40 23

PONS. 2a 2 00 seeesews etc oectecweeeeie de cote ene et nec ae Seen a eee doce 38 20

Family PICIDAS: WOODPECKERS.
PICUS VILLOSUS, Linn.

Hairy Woodpecker.

Abundant in the woody portions of the Missouri bottoms and other rivers in Ne-
braska. For food it takes apparently any insect that comes in its way. The follow-
ing examinations of specimens seem to prove this:

= a
om ~~
ad 3
o ° ~ S 2
3 Locality. Date. as 3
z 58 5
=) o” 4
A 4 )
1 Dakow County; Nebraska). scccdesicteccesesssaceee oeetceee July —, vee Br erry *59
2 RARE 6 (Uae ee ns ee ee eee ae See eee hee aoe jee Seo ad joSocseeces 55
3 Cedar County, Nebraskayeteeoocoe neues se ecteteceeweemeenne Aug. —, = 49 so
AN nccwssQO 5 cindaimisisciccicoseiose Sele Selciwe vacioeas Neate eater a nemetet eee 32
5 | Otoe Conus Nebraska). s228he cess eoote eas sa eae eee ees Sept. —, 1874 35 25
6: |.€ass County, Nebraska... chose s-secoccies este cen eee ene cote Sept. —, "1876 41 22

* One a hornet.
PICUS PUBESCENS, Linn.
Downy Woodpecker.

Much less abundant than the preceding, but still frequently seen among the timber
of the river-bottoms. The following examples of dissections show their feeding hab-
its:

Locality. Date.

Locusts in
stomach,
Other insects.

Number.

Baca ae a oda civh dels seewcucie cao ee ene euee een oe Set eee see oner | lot O—— Bor 39 29
4 Cass County, Nebraska. . 2:2 2e.ceeee eee anoneeewoeneemeceas Sept. —, 1874 45 16

~

APPENDIX II.—AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [41]

SPHYRAPICUS VARIUS, (Linn.) Bd.
Yellow-bellied Woodpecker.

Rather common in the bottoms of the Missouri and other streams in Eastern Ne-
braska. It eats different kinds of insects and grains, unless the following specimens
that I examined were exceptional:

A n

om ~~

ad 2

. ~— 3 nD
8 Locality. Date. ag a ;
FE og E g
° 2 aS! Oo
Ze 4 } RD
1 |} Dakota County, Nebraska. ..............-...-...-- June —, 1865 Q7 15 17
2 | Dixon County, Nebraska.................--.-...-. June —, 1868 33 11 14
sid hee eee COs 2 oa tale a clea ae sts ch cinjnte mmerateraseiatels cieiejai areal oeteaere Gy oaead 26 22 29
4 | Cass County, Nebraska....-..-..---...---.....208 Oct. —, 1874 15 28 20
5 | Lancaster County, Nebraska......-..---.--.------ June —, 1875 29 17. 8

CENTURUS CAROLINUS, (Linn.) Sw.
Red-bellied Woodpecker.

Rather common in spots in Southern Nebraska. Have rarely seen them north of
the Platte. Two that I obtained from a sportsman in September, 1874, in Lancaster
County, had each the stomach half full of locusts. The other half was mostly differ-
ent species of insects and their larve.

MELANERPES ERYTHROCEPHALUS, (Linn.) Sw.
Ried-headed Woodpecker.

Common in Nebraska, wherever there is timber enough to satisfy their natures.
Breeds here. Sometimes varies its food with locusts, as the following cases prove:

da B

Dj 3

Pe 4 A bah) mn
5 Locality Date. ae A .
2 =) | f4 Sg)
8 (>) iS ce) 4
= on qo s
A 4 fo) oh
1 | Dakota County, Nebraska..............-.-..-.--.- June —, 1865 32 29 10
2 pe Fi SaaS LS eee ee en ee INS e=s i185 lpeaooooeee 62 3
re EXON MC OUNLY,, INCDYASK 2. <2 te sccm ciwinic wsine sinisiein cicle June —, 1868 39 15 10
oa Ci pdae es 5 Aa Re, See Ae ae Rigi eee ume Weise eee. 65 3
5 | Cass County, Gls hore et ee eer eC Sept. —, 1874 41 20 5
Gees =< a een Arch cin oetcbiee aire eeiotene winalekoremiemenbiawe cre doveee2 37 19 15

COLAPTES AURATUS, (Linn.) Sw.
Golden-winged Woodpecker; Flicker.

Abundant in the wooded portions of Nebraska. Sometimes seen a considerable dis-
tance from any timber. Breeds here. On or about June 1, 1865, I bought eight flickers
from a sportsman, who had shot them in a wood in Dixon County, Nebr. The follow-
ing is an account of the contents of their stomachs:

A a
nS =
53 ne q ©
3 Locality. Date. 0 A o
2 = f4 q
| ° 3 Oo =
= o@ a fs
a | o) O
Pele TSON COMMU, (NOUIEGK A woues cosace~dasclcces eens June —, 1865 15 40 8
DA) a ae OGs is cces eee ee nbieae eee om a as accent ues cele seeen ions eae 28 31 2
Siledes ns Gus os os cnc vekenamed at Uae eh s s<nvanacse|s de sls Corse 40 14 0
i eae OG nek sue dadeee ane Coane Sea om sue sae sec Occ 20 29 3
S| Cae ee once pee ooo eee cacatesneten acest oe les Goveose. 16 45 6
Gietals. OGe stats dancewceenceme uch deuce oes Sibonees ne aula ee GG sean: 47 74 8
{i eae COPE odo Somat eaoe ade shin ccntdetberaewdcede lvcnbas doo sees 38 21 4
‘S| eae C(O ep, Se a pair SR Se Se eR ie | ee ri ae ee 48 12 0

[42] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

COLAPTES MEXICANUS, Sw.

Red-shafted Woodpecker; Mexican Flicker.

This woodpecker is occasionally seen in Nebraska, but is not abundant. In August
of this year I saw a few on the Niobrara River, and also in Richardson County, in the
southeastern part of the State. A single one that was sent to me to identify in June
of this year from near Nebraska City had 18 locusts and 31 other insects in its stomach.
I failed to get any others.

Order RAPTORES: Birps oF Prey.

Family STRIGIDZ: Ow1s.
STRIX FLAMMEA AMERICANA, (Aud.) Schl.
American Barn Owl.

Only occasionally found in Nebraska, but breeds here. It is probably an innocent
bird; at least, the only three specimens that I obtained for dissection had only insects
and mice in them, as follows:

Locality. Date. Other matter.

Number.
Locusts in
stomach.

Other insects

eee —— | | —__ _________e= H

1 | Dixon County, Nebraska---<-2.ss2s- 0 2o-=2 Aug. —, 1867 39

22 Part of a mouse.
2 | Dakota County, Nebraska.._...-...-.--.--- July —, 1868 |.....----. 55
40

3 | Lancaster County, Nebraska...........--- June —, 1872 |...------- Part of a mouse.

BUBO VIRGINIANUS, (Gm.) Bp.
Great Horned Owl.

A single specimen of this bird that I dissected contained the remains of a gopher
and about 30 insects. This was in Dakota County, in July, 1869.

Scops ASIO, (Linn.) Bp.
Red Owl; Mottled Owl; Screech Owl.

Often met with in the wooded portions of Nebraska, where it breeds. It is largely
an insect-eating bird, as the following dissections show:

= a =
a 3 g
3 : La g S
5 Locality. Date. nS = a
— : 5 g e &
=| os © e
=) o@ ed 3
A = .) °
4 | Cedar County, Nebraska -c- - <2 - 22 <2 ee eee eee Sept. —, 1867 12 ‘
Oe eer Gwe so pace se vesiee hes coeeee ete ee eee ee Pees dot 8 Small bird.
Sues sess Goes ecace sae eee ee cE June —, 1868 22
4 | Dakota County, Nebraska-.............-------.- July —, 1&69 69 Mouse.
Oiessses OO! 222. See ba ceases 22 Shs Bee ee oe eee caeaw eos Aug. —, 1870 38 Mouse,
6.| Seward County, Nebraska.-.....-...2-<-.---c-. Sept. —, 1872 67
7 | Nemaha County, Nebraska.......-.....----.---- Sept. —, 1874 16
8 | Lancaster County, Nebraska..-.------------.--- June —, 1875 15

OTUS VULGARIS WILSONIANUS, (Less.) Allen.
American Long-eared Owl.

I obtained but one specimen of this owl during thirteen years’ residence in Nebraska,
and here it must be rare. This one, captured in July, 1865, in Dakota County, had a
few insects and part of a rabbit in its stomach.

BRACHYOTUS PALUSTRIS, (Bechst.) Gould.
Short-eared Oul.

This owl is frequently seen on the borders of the Missouri bottoms in Nebraska. I
found one nest in a burrow on the side of a bluff in Dixon County. One that I ob-

APPENDIX II.—AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [43]

| tained here from a sportsman in September, 1868, had 30 locusts and a part of a
_ gopher in its stomach. Another brought to me in Dakota County in July, 1870, had
| 17 insects and part of a rabbit in process of digestion.

SYRNIUM NEBULOSUM, (Forst.) Boie.
Barred Owl.

Very seldom seen in Nebraska. I was so fortunate as to see one in Cedar County,
Nebraska, nearly opposite Yankton, in 1867, when the locusts were flying. It was cap-
turing some of them on the wing, which I could distinctly see with my field-glass. I
never obtained one for dissection. ;

NYCTEA SCANDIACA, (Linn.) Newt.
Great White or Snowy Owl.

Frequently seen in winter and occasionally in late autumn in Nebraska. I regret to

_ be compelled to say that three out of the four that I dissected in the winter of 1865 and

the autumn and winter of 1867 and 1870 had only the remains of quail and grouse in

_ their stomachs. The fourth, obtained in October, 1867, had 10 insects and a rabbit as
a portion of its last meal on earth.

SPEOTYTO CUNICULARIA HYPOGZA, (Bp.) Coues.
Burrowing Owl.

Abundant in Central and Western Nebraska, and sparingly present almost to the
|Missouri. Formerly more numerous than at present, but for some reason it retires
- westward. Twelve years ago they were quite abundant in the Logan and Elkhorn
Valleys, but now only occasionally seen. This bird is highly insectivorous, as the fol-
lowing dissections show. Sometimes found away from prairie-dog towns:

A a
Toa) ~
* (>)
a co)
. 3 »” Oo D
§ Locality. Date. 23 S| Other food.
a @& 8
‘| on ire
(|G | o)
1 | Wayne County, Nebraska.-.........-. June —,1868 |....--..--- 62
2 ee Ope ions Se ok satis oo vaaswascmc avail cacact dO) o2 fee Reece 30 Lizard.
3 | Pierce County, Nebraska. --..--..---.|------ 6) Soccer 49 17
i. as a ae ee ad doe 46 10 | Young prairie dog.
Cl eee CO Ses eee eee cetiee Seemed ea eee oe do ..--. 54 8
6 | Wayne County, Nebraska...........-- Jihy—l 869) |Eaeeeeeie 65 Mouse.
7 | Sidney, Cheyenne County, Nebraska ..| June —,1875 59 3
S eae Keith County, Nebraska...-. Sua 51 12 Mouse.
PaO Nl so stare OP eee ae eeer seeeserecaeboseae Once 58 4

:

Family FALCONID: DrurNau BIRDS OF PREY,
CIRCUS CYANEUS HUDSONIUS, (Linn.) Schl.

Marsh Hawk; Harrier.

Occasionally seen in Nebraska; most abundant in the northeastern. portion of the
State and along the Missouri. Coues says that in addition to insects they eat reptiles
and small quadrupeds, but I found only one of the latter in the following specimens
that I examined:

a a
Lal ~
* (>)
en | Oo
6 : >) 2
8 Locality. Date. 2 3 A Other food,
f= oO 8
= on a
1 |4 4 o
So ae eT 5 Gh 9a acie cid! ic EA I Ra) | Seat a =
1 | Bazile Creek, Nebraska.............-- Oct. —, 1869 |.......... 69 Reptiles.
: | aes GO cost jan ch Sosa he ae das rit eel si 15 77
i 3 | Otoe County, Nebraska.............-. Sept. —,1864 71 10
| 4 | Sarpy County, Nebraska..............|..---- dor eure Boe eeesene as Lizard.
| Ea eee tiene SORES eee es Ect ay Bee Ae a0ee-ee NE oe acie Young gopher.
6 | Douglas County, Nebraska....-......-. Oct. —, 1864 AD mae aes aaa Lizards.

[44] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ELANOIDES FORFICATUS, (Linn.) Coues.
Swallow-tailed Kite.

I have seen this kite as far north as Cedar County and as far west as the meridian
of Fort Kearney. In Dixon County a pair nested for at least four years in succession
on a cottonwood on Badger Creek. Insects are probably its principal food; at least,
I never found anything else in its stomach.

= a
= =
°
Sau} Sows
3 Locality. 2s A i
2 =] g w~ ;
g oS 2 i
= o@ = |
A A ro) i]
1 | Dixon ore INe@braskacoccosccuasieccosne aes ee eeeen oe veces 60
weeewcWOeie ccf LiC Rees cco soak eehaet cuss cooeece es pemeaee 69
3 | Sarpy (Couns Nebraska .n.2.0<0c6 wcecneincenccce.ona=<0-5--| SOP. — 1873 eee

ACCIPITER FUSCUS, (Gm.) Gray.
Pigeon Hawk.

Unfortunately too abundant in Nebraska; and the half dozen specimens that I ex- |
auined at different times all contained, in ‘addition to some insects, the remains of ~
irds
ACCIPITER COOPERI, (Bp.) Gray.

Cooper’s Hawk ; Chicken Bawk.

Like the preceding, whenever I have examined it, its stomach contained a few in- |
sects, but a large amount of birds. Sometimes, but I think not often, it captures a —
young rabbit or a gopher. Ofsix that I dissected, only one contained the remains of a
small mammal.

ASTUR ATRICAPILLUS, (Wils.) Jard. | |
The American Goshawk.

Present but rare on the prairies of Nebraska. Unfortunately, while it devours some ~
insects, it destroys more birds. The single one that I dissected in August, 1867, onthe ~
borders of Dixon and Cedar Counties, had a few locusts and the remains of arabbit ~
and quail in its stomach.

FALCO MEXICANUS POLYAGRUS, (Cass.) Coues.

American Lanier or Prairie Falcon.

Only occasionally seen in Nebraska. One that was sent to me from Sarpy Countyin ~
September, 1874, had 16 locusts and part of a prairie chicken in itsstomach. Evidently —
not a desirable bird for the State. )

FALCO COMMUNIS, Gm.

|
|
Peregrine Falcon; Duck Hawk. i ;
Have seen this hawk but three times in the State, and obtained none for examina- | a
tion. I place it here only because of the known characters of its congeners. |
FALCO COLUMBARIUS RICHARDSONI, Ridgw. :
:
American Merlin. 5
Rather common in Nebraska. Breeds here. Two that I dissected in August, 1869, | yu
at Dakota City, Nebr., had each about a dozen insects and the remains of birds in |
their stomachs.

APPENDIX Il.—AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [45]

FALcoO SPARVERIUS, Linn.
Sparrow Hawk.

Very abundant in Nebraska, and breeds here. It is questionable whether this hawk
should be preserved or destroyed, as the following dissections make this uncertain :

A a
om >
FV (i plate ia rod
5 Locality. ; Date. ae Ae 4
e Ete és ;
E on a a
va 4 fo) o)
i Dixon Countya Nebraskamecssmmeciis js ceeebesia= er July —,1865 8 Q7 Mouse.
2 | Dakota County, Nebraska. -.22..-. 60-6. o2o ne ceenwe|encnns GO) <5 s6/ooocrnegse 38 Gopher.
3) || eee CT Re EHS Orso Sees See ttets ABE ec eer June—, 1866 |.-----.--. 29 Quail.
AO sicie (aie cic Ossie ee she eee aa ce ctc nis aie wiareinia cietaleintcorelaials July —,1866 |.....-.--- 34 Gopher.
G9] Seer OO 22 cap ceee encom ees spec encss cid scumincaces Aug.—, 1867 |..----.---. 22 | Rabbit.
Go| Cedar! ConntyapNie bras bealeea ret teterelole eiminie ie cintes cieeinniel|(eleteraicre dower: ADE erate siasaicie Mice.
ia) Pieree County, INepraska: «. f/)-ceiccins caine sence e's wc July —,1869 |.......... 41 Gopher.
S| Sarpy County, Nebraska cesec cu coe ceimccecccccece Sept.—,1871 |....-..--- 37 Mice.
Onl eet ae COS ee eee eee test bo eee ree aaa es ee wernes June—, 1872 |.......-.. 43 Bird.
0 | Lancaster County, Nebraska..-.......--2.-------. Sept.—,1873 |.......--. 40 Frogs.

BUTEO BOREALIS, (Gm.) Vieill.

Red-tailed Buzzard ; Hen Hawk.
Common in Nebraska. The single one that I examined in July, 1870, at Dakota

_ City, had 37 insects and a quail in its stomach.

BUTEO SWAINSONI, Bp.

Swainson’s Buzzard.

Rather abundant in the State in the vicinity of streams of water where timber ex-
ists. I doubt whether they often capture birds. The following examinations of speci-
mens indicate this:

Locality. Date. Other food.

Locusts in
stomach.
Other insects

g

2
a
=

A
1 | Cedar County, Nebraska. ..........-.-- Aug. —, 1867 68 Jcawcerees~( Gopher.
22 lees Oe Be GeO RSE AC OS CTE EE Eee Me ene eRe do. 6

3 | Dakota County, Nebraska ......--.---- July —, 1968's .2e- 58 | Rabbit.
4 | Sarpy County, Nebraska ............... Sept. —,1872].......... 65 Gopher and mouse.

ARCHIBUTEO LAGOPUS SANCTI-JOHANNIS, (Gm.) Ridgw.

American Rough-legged Hawk.

Rare in Southern Nebraska. The only specimen that I examined was sent to me
from Beatrice in September, 1873. It had in its stomach 70 insects, parts of a lizard,
aud a gopher.

ARCHIBUTEO FERRUGINEUS, (Licht.) Gray.

Ferrugineous Buzzard, or California Squirrel Hawk.

I have seen but one of these hawks in Nebraska. This was near Ogalalla, in the
Platte Valley, in June, 1874. I failed to secure it. I place it in the list of locust-eat-
ing birds because of the known characters of its congeners.

The golden and the bald eagle are both occasionally seen in Nebraska, especially the
latter. The former I have twice seen on the Republican, and the latter frequently
along the Missouri. Some herdsmen that I met near the Forks of the Republican
claimed that they had seen the golden eagle catching locusts while they were flying,

in September, 1876. I know nothing of this, and give this report for what it may be

worth.

[46] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Order COLUMB4:: PickEons, Etc.

Family COLUMBIDZ: PIGEONS.
ECTOPISTES MACRURA, (Linn.) Coues.
Wild Pigeon; Passenger Pigeon.

In some years abundant in Nebraska, and in other years rarely to be seen. Though
supposed to live wholly on grains, it will occasionally eat insects. In September,
1874, I bought six at a butcher-shop in Lincoln, which were said to have been brought
there by a sportsman. The following was the result of an examination of their
stomachs:

a Q
= =)
2S = S
x Tecalt es Fe =
oO . =
3 ocality. z = = =
S| Oo. oO oO
5 oa = =
A 4 ro) ro)
1 | Lancaster County, Nebraska...............--- Sept. —, 1874 DB ec Smorescr 61 grains.
ae eae OO esi dacensousied Siew cease c se eee acecons Paes dees Bisaf. Sheers
33 leases OO eanneeni teat inaescbawone cows Le coe ceseeepieaes G0:252 ss leases 15 70 grains.
Z| eee C1 Ca Seen Rea a I ea a Raa NY eh OS Ril aed Sh fe doe: 15 1 Not counted.
Dileseene OO: oko eee Se toca cutee ae eee ee Se eoeea eae domi G7 Sos ceoe a eee do.
Gi lescenc OO etose sacecue ig ceases asemteca celele i aEeeeoewees do. 2546 10 fceSose see hese do.

ZENZEDURA CAROLINENSIS, (Linn.) Bp.
Carolina Dove ; Common Dove.

Abundant in Nebraska. I have only examined afew specimens that I obtained
from sportsmen, with the following result:

= a
aa 2
Z 28 z 3
5) Locality. Date. 2s a x
FE 52 5 B
= Ol = 3
A = iS) >)
i) Dixon County. \Nebraska.----e =>. es2- eee July —, 1865 2 3 50 grains.
2 | Dakota County, Nebraska........4.....-.-------- June —, 1866 |...---..-- 5 o8 grains.
3 | Wayne County, Nebraska. 222522 -2-s..-cace es ceoeee July —, 1868 |..2------- 9 53 grains,
4 | Sarpy County, Nebraska::: -22.c.-sess05--- 2s: ek Sept. —, 1872 [22 so 5-220 ees eee 69 grains.
5 | Lancaster County, Nebraska...........-..-------- Sept. —, 1873 |.-..---.-. 4 o7 grains.
Ga|eee2 2 CO 4 Jo sbe ooewitee sh 3 ee Ewen eee aes Sept. —, 1874 4: Aeekseenees 59 grains.

Order GALLIN 2: Gauurnacseous Brrps.
Family MELEAGRIDIDZ: TURKEYS.
MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO AMERICANA, (Bartr.) Coues.
Common Wild Turkey.

Formerly very abundant in Nebraska, but now rapidly being reduced in numbers
and disappearing from localities where a few years ago there were still great numbers.
It destroys great numbers of insects, and in locust years makes them its principal
food. The following specimens I have examined :

A = ro
a _ S =|
aad >) Sn
~ eu a |
2 Date. es 15 aes
ie 5s 5 > bb
z o% 4 S
A = ro) 72)
1 | Dixon County, Nebraska Aug. —, 1865 49 30
2 d Aug. —, 1867 | 58 spe ee eee Q7
3 Sept. —, 1867 3 19
SURE TPAC G. See oo LI SRE i ee ae ene do 2...) ° “SERS aiees eee 37
5 | ee gee 32.5 ft eectot sue eee Sie eee See aie pep 5 10
6 | Dakota County, Nebraska Sept. —, 1868 51 18

L — J — nt ~~ ee, ee ee

ud

APPENDIX Il.—AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [47]

| Family TETRAONIDZ: THE GROUSE, ETC.
Subfamily TETRAONINA: GROUSE.
CENTROCERCUS UROPHASIANUS, (Bp.) Sw.
Sage Cock; Cock of the Plains.

Have only seen it once alive, and that in Western Nebraska; several, however, have
been sent to me from the following localities :

A on

ot ~~ :

, n is o oS

a A YS mM S

S Locality. Date. ag AE a

2 FO I fH

SI oF © o

5 ° bs 3

A 4 ro) fo)
Pal North; Plattepem acts csocs mecca esas acl cies ae Oct. —, 1874 Bee seine cues Sage leaves.
2 | Sabie WEA, Cacondaeanene cooubbenoesseddsllodaacs (i) Sees Dina secceecees Sage leaves.
| 37 iesooe HOSE sa acte cane at Boe coBrEncconacnacasn Esedak do@eeee 40 7 Sage leaves.
eee) bineeblait Nebraska csc a. cbecee seen esas a Sept. —, 1876 49 4 Sage leaves.

hee PEDIGCETES PHASIANELLUS COLUMBIANUS, (Ord.) Coues.
Southern Sharp-tailed Grouse.

Formerly very abundant in Nebraska, but gradually decreasing in numbers. It is
a mistake to suppose, as some do, that this grouse feeds exclusively on seeds, buds,
and leaves. The following examinations of specimens prove that at least occasionally
' they live partially on insects:

A a
orm >
as Z 3
8 Locality. Date. ng A &
| 2 BS fH fH
| g or ) 3)
Lr | 3 °” 3 s
| Z 4 o) io)
1 | Dakota County, Nebraska..............--. IBD <5, WEG lccoomedatelleaoccodae Buds and seeds.
Qiecease GO eae Sojciue asm tection ay coe seo asie ony May —, 1865 2D) Nosenssaads Seeds.
2 ee ORS a ee eesice ee ciemtem sieacye om July —, 1865 10 22 Seeds.
| he ae GO ee sre rae coenle nce eee ne tere ee US —l BOO) eee eee 27 Seeds.
| 5 | Cedar County, Nebraska.................. Aug. —, 1867 SOM elastics ee Seeds.
Gb lRais- cdOGs ia ake tet Seee eae ads ee ec s June —, 1868 BL; oy bylesensiedeer Seeds.
7 | Wayne County, Nebraska. ..-.............-. July —, 1869 |....-.---- 17 Seeds.
| 8 | Fort Kearney, Nebraska ...........-.-..-. Octii—, 8i3) Woseeescee 24 Seeds.
YN eeeeee Osea a ee eee techs siete ae Beta rartosecs Oct. —, 1874 SBN pea dees vise Seeds
Bl) UUs eases Osa cae wasmceccsinsiccacmasicijesssdaceeeeede Onease SORT | secemsces Seeds

CUPIDONIA CUPIDO, (Linn.) Bd.

Pinnated Grouse ; Prairie Hen.

This grouse was formerly enormously abundant in Nebraska. Trapping them and hunte
| ing them with dogs has greatly reduced their numbers. They apparently eat insects
| whenever they can get them. The following are some of the examinations of this bird
| that I have made. Some maintain that there are more of them in the State now than
at its first settlement, but as I was not in this Territory at that time I have no obser-
vations to depend on. Owing to the recently enacted laws forbidding the trapping of
| prairie chickens and quails, they have been slightly increasing for the last few years:

[48] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

5 2
ma >
e >)
5 ard 2
8 Locality. Date. @ S = Other food.
EI 58 S
5 om =
A 4 co)
1 | Dakota County, Nebraska. ..-.....----.--- Webs — 3865 | 242 -2e BS eee Seeds and buds.
on lEoeees WOse ois oaserseet ee ae ae eee ee May —, 1865 43. Joccettcncopeeeeee do.
3 tsacee GO ssescideeosi beste secace et eee eee ee dOeeae 49. eos cc cass pesos do.
4e ee GOs. tees eee cee eee cea oe ees June —, 1865 ay ees Peree rte eames do.
Diesses dovceek sees Se zo peiadutectesmeecos weap Me Gomeese: 58° eesecesnee lease do.
ie eae do satacc emetic eesemeewac eee aeeReee ae July —, 1866 }.-----.... AB do.
ae ae a OO Nobo wer seeiciascte neebuee oe ts acres aerae antes i ee ee) eee oe AQ-«- eee do.
8 | Dixon County, Nebriskan-: 6.) eee Sept. —, 1867 D0.) -;eesatee=/aoshaeeeee do
Qe ea cee LO Store capers eine eres oie cies aoe cere ae meter ape Op 552 3) i) leSeceee eas) Sects. do.
LO cseen do malate sae ee we Deis eiete inte Sarciale Seles eaters June —, 1868 EN ary oa em do
MD ee sed Onsatecnacae eet eee eee Saeeaie ere eel eee GW Seeaase GY (ee PO ROeHEerA ecccce do
12 Ayana Couny, INGDraska cso oe eee J eee —, 1869 |. ---.<-25 GO) -- (255828 do
TS sects eeieccn ci QO Soe se mie cee aise Dee ee ine eee a Sat aoa | eee eae 430 el eee do
14 } Lancaster Const Nebraska.i-c-.scs. 55" Sank —, 1874 56 >) hess do
13a SSSee Osseteamds ccs seece eee son eee ae oe eee eee (hoseoee GL - >) yeseet Santee eee do
GS ashes CU CG Se Spee ee Ne pee ee eas Ne Ts 2 Oct. —, 1874 47 oe ese do
Greece GO cshe eee See SS ee ee ae ee ea donee Se. |ebtescien see do.
Sa Ree sas GOEL ae eS 5 ee ee ane Pesan May —,1875 48 6 ee eee do.
Th ae do xi A teU NEE aoe eae June —, 1875 62), ee ae do.
20 | sseaee Ose Sseascle cemorece se eee eee Sept. —, 1876 54 2) seer do.
PAM peers GOs dccicc cates as Hone aes eee eee oes GO:ksoeae OP” Webeeeee noe leeeees do.

BONASA UMBELLUS, (Linn.) Steph.
Ruffed Grouse.

Rare in Nebraska. Have only seen one in the State and that in Richardson County
in its southeastern corner. Failed to get this one. I place this grouse in the list of
locust-eating birds only because of the known characters of its congeners.

Subfamily ODONTOPHORINZ: AMERICAN PARTRIDGES.
ORTYX VIRGINIANA, (Linn.) Bp.
Virginia Partridge, or Quail; Bob White.

Common in Nebraska, but varies a great deal in abundance in different years. This
is doubtless largely occasioned by the more or less destruction of them by the carnivora,
and their allies, the sporting men. These birds also destroy great numbers of insects.
I never opened one whose stomach did not contain more or fewer insects, as the follow-
ing list of dissections shows:

Locality. Date.

Locusts in
stomach

Other insects.

Other food

Dixon ‘County, Nebraskas22o2-- 2-2 ee weeaee Sept. —, 1867 34

4
12
wea sine CO oo be caceenas See ee Se es So CEE See eee ae enema 33 re
eter GO gee rte ossrui sess ose re a nara June —, 1867 36 7

d 6

APPENDIX II,.—AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [49]

Order GRALLATORES: Wapine Brirps.

Suborder LIMICOL4): SHORE BIRDS.

Family CHARADRIIDA:: PLOVER.

Subfamily CHARADRIINAX: TRUE. PLOVER.
SQUATAROLA HELVETICA, (Linn.) Brehm.
Black-bellied Plover.

Occasionally seen in Nebraska. Two that were sent to me to identify from Sarpy
County, in September, 1874, had their stomachs crowded with locusts, and very few
other insects were present. I have only seen this plover on its migrations.

CHARADRIUS FULVUS VIRGINICUS, (Borck.) Coues.
American Golden Plover.

~

Have only seen this plover pass through Nebraska during its migrations, especially
on its return in autumn. I procured no specimens during locust years, but four that
were sent to me from Plattsmouth in October, 1873, had, among the insects, worms,
etc., that crowded their stomachs, a great many grasshoppers, and no doubt they destroy
great numbers of these insects.

ANGIALITIS VOCIFERA, (Linn.) Bp.
Killdeer Plover.

Sparingly present in Nebraska. I have examined the following specimens to ascer-
tain the nature of their food:

A a
or ~
no }
2 : Ys 2
5 Locality. Date. ei A Other food.
Fe 58 8
5 on ze)
A 4 fo)
i) Dixon County sNebraskasc. 5). c700.5-24-- May 28, 1865 37 au A few grains.
24a Se COVES cask tract sree eaten gamiein Ss aos incre ete |b ete ie A Ou le ara. 39 8
3 CO see 2 nee eee oe ats J ane —, — 41 3
4 | Dakota Connty, Nebraska. . AE on Nara adie ere
5 | Wayne County, Nebraska. . J eee eGOy ease ee 49
Bie ese en LOR is ok eS tte sas Eee lai tarsne win biaerawe cael ects s do BW vetcvoreraraletai! 46
7 | Pierce County, Nebraska.........--.--.--.--| Aug. —, {O10 eee ae 51
| 8.| Sarpy County, Nebraska .-..,....----.------ Sept. 3 1874 49 4
Siliceen en GOP Eee tan sates arcncccke deteeseesaelerbece COk ze =. 45 8

AXGIALITIS SEMIPALMATA, (Bp.) Cab.

Semipalmated or Ring Plover.

Abundant in Nebraska during its spring and fall migrations. The following are the
only ones that I examined:

-

A a
om ~
aes Es
= . Ba 5
5 Locality. Date. 2S 45
= 5S i
r=| Oy oO
=) o”? a
A 4 o)
i} |eDakota County, Nebraskitie sem ce= asaya wainccemsees 2nece cence ee —, 1265 52 5
| ees Oc eee ene tae eee a elena catia wa ties ot camach mere Ores one ) 13
3| Way nS eeuneri NODYVAGK Aiea naar ve seie asa aes Sais cewemicicige eaves oon —, 1868 ].......... 55
4b) -cRS 6D cede Beipeedins cee aiid ase oohocdisseddonSesececbticnsoos|lsdeae ae a | pe aaa 59
LiF eye fe aicinaelem tw seteec mine esi aeama ae nin as sa cin eee sais doses lboetmasce: 52
6 Eaeey. County, N St] ries 7) 2 Se eee ce ea ae ee Sept. —, 1874 58 2
EW) catan Glee eek esses ete seocicec sé ab oSe esp eOeebareaapeosod séees does 54 5
Brlicencox ae a sewin muuelesienias ane Siaenemanciens salslpaaclnwleciaeseectemsins corns doerecs. GOR leases
OR ee cere COE Se 5n Soe ane meee tac oe 5. GoonO Sec seesooceasnlledsoc dors2 51 8
10 | Richardson County, Nebraska ......2---0cccnres-e een eee nnne June —, 1875 49 12
1 ht) eee GG cae sence oo a aetna ee irene = a ata inte ate ale tae pe ee dor.2.55 59 1

[50] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

AXGIALITIS MELODA CIRCUMCINCTA, Ridgw.

Piping Plover ; Iting Plover.

Common in Nebraska, and breeds here; at least, I found two nests in Dakota County,
Nebraska, in July, 1866. Like the preceding, it seems to live wholly on insects. I
have examined only the four following :

a a .
: 5 :
: Z ‘o 3 3)
5 Locality. Date. 2g A
= 506 b ¥
Ad os 2 |
= iS) 3 by
A 4 3} a
i | Dakota County; Nebraska sesc ee cns sean ae eee ee ee May —, 1865 47 8 fi
2: Wayne County, Nebragkar..- eros sae ee eee duly — 1863)| 2a 59 |
a1 eee Or os a ore ets oa nice ede ce iete Se irre Sere cree ee re erate | Bere do Seen See 56
4 oarey County, Nobraskate:<c s> fe saat eee eae Sept. —, 1868 58 a .

EUDROMIAS MONTANUS, (Towns.) Harting.
Mountain Plover.

Abundant in Nebraska, especially the western portions of the State. The following
dissections show that it lives wholly on insects:

| i a

~~

Q 3

. = n

5 Locality. Date. mn A

z Se es

: 2 on a

A 4 ro)

1) Dixon Connty, Nebraska -2-- 2s css se ecees eo ser ces ene eee ener July —, Pini 27 30

Dilinaeeres OO sc Sh dase oc Haisls Scie Sek bee einloe ere seme coceicmccus ote meee 3l 25

ale eae dO. dete g RNs con Pa = ee ed PANE, ee ena ieee Sept. —, S tebe 53

re eee Ones ineeeicees steerer tree a tiniee eee neem ee ee eames Aug. —, 1867 54 6

i peers GOs 2 btareeeece so oes eo ae a ee ee eee ee eee June —, 1868 59 3

6 |) Sarpy County, "Nebraska 3... 8s se sea wip ae titers socio aoa res Sept. —, 1872|....5...5: 62

He Noes 2s GO. ccscvcwes cae de ane See ae eeete eee aes Eee ciemrnes a aerearese Sept. —, 1874 57 2
Sr neseae OO eicsen tecsct lect Arec este cease e oe ee ee Soa ne sear nea EEE wee ra pee G02) coats ooeee

Oo zhu es dO sche eletcseh ice lavace Soeceeeet gece cch anon seeeaeseee | eee Golson 58 4

UGaleeceae G0 = 4.222258 6 ese sdssaens PS ee EEL eons aero ecu ees costes 51 9
it | Otoe County, Nebraska 5225 322sen 2 eine Seas seas fe aoeia sectee June —, 1875 63 fr jcc. ee
12°| Richardson County Nebraskas sess ese sae tas Sate rere tao ae eee dors. GL. hie 3-2

| 13°) Buffalo County, Nebraska---- 22222. sa. aaa ne es eee so ners Sept. — , 1876 56 3

14) | feecee OO ch saactece selec Mace decd ce Bere ee on poem adeno eet Sees iets see 51 8

USS Bere Oe eae ee ee Se er ie Ser ht ee a ey ee | Gove sae 59 6
1O\nsesies OO. decseedsind canease scosecmacads face Ths cecceese sue aeeadlboneee do: case 62, ase

Family RECURVIROSTRIDZ: AvoceEts,
RECURVIROSTRA AMERICANA, Gm.

Avocet.

Found only abundantly in the vicinity of ponds, lakelets, and streams of water —
Two that I examined in September, 1874, near Bellevue, Sarpy County, had about an —
equal number of locusts and other insects in their stomachs. Obtaining their food gen-
erally in and near water, they naturally would capture fewer locusts than the preced-
ing species. One that I obtained from Richardson County in September, 1873, had 71 |
insects of various kinds in its stomach. '

(

-

APPENDIX II.—AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [51]

Family PHALAROPODIDZ: PuaaRrores.
STEGANOPUS WILSONI, (Sab.) Coues.
Wilson’s Phalarope.

Common in Eastern Nebraska, though I obtained none for examination in locust
years. But the following examinations show their highly insectivorous characters:

iS a
5)
a g
5 Locality. Date. ae &
2 em, a
8 og =
| oa a
A A ro)
1 pakots County, Nebriskae spe occ cnn cee cmee ewe eerecenemiaam ssi July —, pee sdoanenooe oe
Bee cio CLO} eins cictece ee ioictne ciniate sisi e sicre als slernia im lavelalcicve mice crsiatmieroievetsi ace lllereratere LO oases all etme eiermrerat ase
3 Dison County, INGOT AS tipeeerele aetciam nanan ete Gniele ce acta nates tts Aug. —, » 1867 sadboudgoss 54
AN eee irene Ow acnarn sare rain ee = tate enon aia cialaiatslafajaisleiw(eisie(claiaieisisvainie/titsiemtalcicyets Aug —,1868|..-..-.... 57
5 Sampy County, Nebraskaiescece sacs tescestaeeeinercis eoeeieeee Sept. —, 1873 |.----..--. 48
GIN recta aie LO} raya w= Rie ctore ats lotto le misyei cian ajeie lalate sta aie(ola ls sicie aiaia slaieratoie eieicieleiel|leied me COs ee Peace tee 56
(a eeeeee oh Saas Se ee wenn ato. Laila dkn comestemaraecte toe entome June —, 1874 |....-.-..- 59
Qe moancaster CounbyayNeCULAS kalteescinaeriaeee nee aise eeiats einiaiiee GO Sea eeesistece | 62

Family SCOLOPACIDZ: SNIPEs, ETC.
PHILOHELA MINOR, (Gm.) Gray.
American Woodcock.

Occasionally seen in Nebraska, and breeds here. I was fortunate enough to get two
in September, 1874, from Sarpy County. Although locusts were abundant then, yet
not more than a dozen of them were in their stomachs. But there was an enormous
amount of other insects, larvee, and worms in their stomachs. One, however, that was
sent to me from Otoe County, i in September, 1876, had 32 locusts in its stomach, besides
a large number of other insects.

GALLINAGO WILSONI, (Temm.) Bp.
American Snipe; Wilson’s Snipe.

Common in Nebraska during its migrations. This snipe lives largely on locusts
when they can be obtained, as the following record ONCENes

a a

eh S

: . aig
2 Locality. ne Sl
2 =| 4
2 os =
5 on q
A | io)
1 Dakots County Nebras basa sss cap dos- mney ane seem epee wie May —, 1865 38 29

PR ete OO manta ee nea cree ete erase io eiacne ae ticles mina slots e wiles Oe aace 47 16

3 Cedar County, IN GDIASKA Ness wan oe asase st ecee satin dec ee autos Aug. —, 1867 51 8

Cs SSAC ON oO ne SO re CERI Oaie d MORE SE I I AEH a ese ea ea ee tn laa dayne: 49 12

5 eee County, Nebraska... 526 le <2 Fo eee sitet store ora sie yates June —, 1872 |.........- 59

Onl Pse ance OO serena se ole namie ne salen snes cine sis aaece coe teenies, lok aa = Fils ae iad 63

Ui eee Cheese ge esto eek eens eee ee nae cots etek as Sept. —, 1873 |....--.... 54

Bplesciscd O73 333 Se este cee ss sae eee eee boss hentass wee Oct. —, 1874 57 6

Th aes LR oS ae RES ee mht A ae 2 ae Na ela pe dom 60 5

10 pacey beret NO DEAS Mewes asoeres shes teeccecisameade cabanas June —, 1875 51 12
ES ett oe OMe arara ceaae param aaa eee ae ole a ere ets aes boi win tials Sots aiSate se dow: 59 3

a eae

t

[52] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

MACRORHAMPHUS GRISEUS, (Gm.) Leach.
Tted-breasted Snipe ; Gray Snipe.

Abundant during its migrations. It, however, lives sparingly on locusts even when
they are abundant.

5 a

i]

: | Sao
2 Locality. Date. ae =
2 =z 5
E 8 zZ
=| oa ve
A 4 )
1 Dixon County? iNebraska:- 2-22 2.25225 225. Soon st tee Aug. —, 1862 22-22 61

27 ee CO sss fb soe ee Se te a eS ESS ae re See ae ee ea eee do >|. ae 54

3 | Wayne County, Nebraska. .-bis bes 222 se senceaneereeeeeaee Sept. —, 1969 |... ae 58

4 | Nemaha County, Nebraska -....-..2....---.. ve Totecs Sacre Oct.” =, 1873 |-s == 60

Cte eee GO Se oa SEE SS AS ne nee ena | do 21 43

Gp Sarpy:Courity. INebraskaress ee ae a ta ee eS Sept. —, 1875 13 - 46

EREUNETES PUSILLUS, (Linn.) Cass.
Semipalmated Sandpiper.

Occasionally present in Nebraska during its migrations. I obtained none for examin-
ation during locust years. But from the known habit of its congeners I do not hesitate
to place it in the list of locust- eating birds. Two that I examined on the Logan, in
July, 1869, had their stomachs crowded with worms and water-insects and a few lilu-
bella.

TRINGA MINUTILLA, Vieill.

Least Sandpiper.

Very abundant in Nebraska during its migrations. Mud-probers, like the preceding,
they still indulge in locusts when they can get them. The following record clearly
shows this:

A a

= ~

ag 3

= » V mn
3 Locality. Date. 2S a
5 aa ®
= > 2 =
Z 4 ro)
1 |- Cedar Connty, Nebraska ~s.<..Je<cceowsee ew eee wet Sept. —, 1867 22 17

Oaee moe Os SA ae cee oe Pes ere ae ret aE ds ey ee | dos 25 10

Dale one Oe aa noes eee ee US See ee ee ee ee ee do. 18 22

4 | Wayne.County, Nebraska ............-.-.-- hoses ame cioeees Oct. —, 1869 2h jee some 47

5 P Sarpy County, (Nebraska -65.222505.0 5 ee eee Oct. —, 1874 27 18

el (ee Tih Sees SR ERS SOT Be aly ere eee Sneed ee gees, || tral ee d05238% 21 28

it Wexoeet GO SP ec tee se ee ROE ee ee eee ey eel Pesce doxece. 15 34

ofl See G0 2 e222 a eh ae oe ee ee ee eee | Bree doce 19 37

TRINGA BAIRDI, Coues.
Baird’s Sandpiper.

Rather common in Nebraska during its migrations. Like the preceding, it varies |

its diet, when that is possible, with locusts.

= a

a 2

naa 3

eral +3 =
2 Locality. Date. BS -
Fe Se 5
= so a
Z 4 o
i} Sarpy County, Nebraska: .ic5--5 22. = soasec en een eee eee ee Oct. —, 1873| oe ce tee 47

CD eee Ci i NS era ra D Roe et a te ae SS nel ace sce do i.e AS See 43

a) tuchardsen County, Nebraska-- 2. 22-20-5--- 2 ee ene es Oct. —, 1874 15 25

Al aa eee LD ee i Sl eo ee ee Ce eee Set ee dos=e-4 12 34

Dileassee GO es 2 obese ws bi ca een Fa ee Re ee adoo.seee 18 24

APPENDIX IIL—-AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [53]

TRINGA FUSCICOLLIS, Vieill.
Bonaparte’s Sandpiper; White-rumped Sandpiper.

I have only occasionally seen this bird in Nebraska, and never obtained a specimen
during locust years. I place it here only because of the known characters of its con-
geners.

TRINGA CANUTUS, Linn.

Red-breasted Sandpiper ; Iobin Snipe ; Knot.

Occasionally seen in Nebraska, A single specimen sent to me to identify from
Brownville, in October, 1874, had 11 locusts, besides a large number of other insects, in
its stomach.

Limosa FEDOA, (Linn.) Ord.
Great Marbled Godwit.

Common in Nebraska, and breeds here. It does not disdain locusts when it can
obtain them, though it never feeds exclusively on them, as this short record indicates :

A 3
ss ~~
, a a D
Pm . via A
o Locality. Date. Za de
2 5 (o) oH
A ony oO
5 @ @ cra
4 o)
ee | ¢
tepCedur Conmnby, Nebraska sencen seas etet testator inie nei Aug. —, 1867 10 34
2A Seen Oe eee SETS INE cae i eater ote ot alk ease tia oes lee Hs do . 13 32:
3 Wayne County, SSG SETS gk Mae e BO eA a Ree i Benbe _, -, 1869 BOB EOOSSE 45
Pe ee a OL Oe ate ener mye re ee tte eye ycra/ats eid pote te eictino mycin erat i wialu myere suateie! |lseaianeter MLO Gena te etanesave Ged 41
5 tan easton County; Nebraska, sao) 2b jo.2 thee Sees oot Seg Sone —, ° 1874 8 30
Ol epee GO sepa menses nese cbecieeineceacan sce Brafaielelator eine ctareeaece | meiaeiers donee 12 30
TOTANUS MELANOLEUCUS, (Gm.) Vieill.
Greater Telltale ; Tattler.
Abundant in Nebraska, along rivers and creeks and lakelets, during its migrations.
I secured no specimens during locust years, but the following is my record:
| g a |
oS)
na is
5 ta A
2 Locality. Date. a A
— PS fy
4a HA -)
HU BVEIG! COUNEY, WV NCDIASKB psec coe aawicine Sore ee ecu cade e a S% Sept. —, 1869 |....-..... 48
OSS He CCOC DOBSOr SST EOC SONGS BEBOCOME EC CHDCEGe DEEP OCeEeno ae Sea atc ee sarctate |S ave Bhaisis ctays 51
el eee nl Ol ebs t= rina teeta Ie ENA hla aialnisicer sara ciai’ala centlorstsincamamneee ase tee dOt tre ce \heoh asc 46
4 Dakota Crm by BN CDUASK A nye sa 3 acai oste Geleine Mee helen aaacists Aug. —, ~ 18 (Oe eae 50
LS ek pe OB ye ch ne iota roe aioe aN Re cwk MO win bawsasdoo's 47
6 Seward County, Nebraska ............ w eew eran teneee ceeeenees: Sept. —, ° 1873 Swart cide 52
TOTANUS FLAVIPES, (Gm.) Vieill.
Lesser Telltale ; Lesser Yellowshanks.
Like the preceding and in similar situations. A few of these I obtained during a
| locust year from a sportsman at one time.
| a of
| te ~
n >)
| m2 )
we é Sn) te)
8 Locality. Date. 24 a
Ai = 1)
feleancaster County, .Neprasgics aecssc---oa-men-slewnlanaenceaccies Oct. .-. 1874 9 40
“Bene ee eiB arise eeceboasan] Saco Ske Coceeee Jacere Onecare cba Sealsaaeaa Oraacncs 17 29
3) | eae ee aes Nae en eee re oe ee ee ee meee a dGiecaee 4 4l ’
| 22 eee GMM P ees ened e pela ee eee ee on oe ate teeta et so eieetons | eta do. oss 14 25
ile atars UD sco eee hiner nant Seb ceo cbse ce seccaeisbe nc aecnoalleedice Ov eeet> 16 23

[54] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

TOTANUS SOLITARIUS, (Wils.) Aud.
Solitary Tattler; Wood Tattler.

Only seen in Nebraska during its migrations. Have seen the young in Dakota County
during August, and therefore must occasionally breed here. Have only examined two
specimens of this bird for the character of its food. One obtained from a sportsman
in September, 1876, had 9 locusts and 34 other insects. The second, obtained from
Seward County, in 1873, had only one grasshopper and 43 other insects in its stomach.

TRINGOIDES MACULARIUS, (Linn.) Gray.
Spotted Sandpiper.

Rather common in Nebraska, especially during its migrations, but many stop here to
‘breed. Six, that I obtained from a sportsman, had indulged partly in a locust diet.

42 2

~

nc ®

Pe 3 Sn) (2)
5 Locality. Date. 2S a
2 5 H
=| SS o
= on =
A 4 i)
ie Lancaster CountbyzsNebrasicaseseemeeeeceteesneineeneeeerneae May —, 1875 13 30
Da ere Oa ataate eee erate erore Gre ete b ctere eo tee] eee ere Seve ete) tel trey A ae dO) See: 8 35
Sore DOH eeee BS arlene sotice ewes e tana et ces teecemememeeer = tac dO“. 25222 19 14
Ae eee AO esses cee sce ee Ea ee Ee See Ry ate sonicine Seller doqetaase 22 12
2) leeieses OO eisetscoet Sakae s Bemed die de Shes es areata eee ee el eee 0 cosdee 6 37
a ee oases QO sesh oaks cc me cash wee cet ie Seekers acer semen cece eeomel aoeee Gy Sen 56e 23 14

ACTITURUS BARTRAMIUS, (Wils.) Bp.
Bartramian Sandpiper or Tattler ; Upland Plover.

Exceedingly abundant in Nebraska, especially during its migrations, but great num-
bers stop here to breed. It destroys enormous quantities of locusts and grasshoppers.
Many suppose that it eats grains, but I have never found anyin its stomach. The fol-
lowing are a portion of those that I have examined :

A 2
2
no =
: p +5) 8 n
5 Locality. Date. a S|
2 Fo 4
a o~ oO
2 ona qa
A 4 ‘o)
1 eDakotai County eNebraskapeeeereeeeeeeeree ee eee en eeeeere eee OY a 1865 Le ae
yal a See CG) 2262 53S ese Sse RR epee a a oe tee ee ees | ee do see ;
inl eee GOs: Ree a rey 82 I a Ae el ue eS ee eer = yee ted | eee BO Co-seaee 42 12
AM ees oe ClO 2 ae RE eG a 2 oe See Oe a ee ie a ey De ee eae June —, 1855 37 9
Bal sae CO ee Eee Ree ek © Sieh Ee EEE AAT alee Re tee eae te re doteaee 36 11
(Hel Gesee Os 5 ee SE Reece ae Res, gett peat ey Ls ea ae Ha a ere | a nee do e2cee 44 a
ly Neen GO. ce eek RRR SCR Se UE LE Sich peat nyse een Seer | ee dove ees 40 13
Sula (5 Co Ne nea ie nan Dyan en NEE eo iE 6 RS SUA ies Se Ie or eee evs eye doleasace 38 16
ia Dixon County, Nebraska............ Mapa ci cence sccincieccecicete Aug ae 1867 6 i
jaar (cee See er eS Binks k Stoo a i ore he eae Aap oolleots sO Gas
Tele as C6 0 ea et neem nae ere ye Oni SSR ON OOM eee Ae (RES GO: Seen: 49 a
HD all eters QO 2 Sess See bis eC cE Oe eee ee halen G0) cages 50 5
en ware County; Nebraska) sotcer cece cone oeeeeisesaeeeeee Sep 1869 RS a
seeing MO) esd ee BSE ee Oe eh EE Lh eee ce SE riers eed OMmeoeene
GSA pee Be CO ee ee a a NRC ratty yee ee ag | a do geet: 10 38
7 Rarer County, Nebraska2 see eeeee eh oece eemeecees sneer Seba 18032) Sasi emcee a
SUE GO 2c be oe So 8 Se etter cian ae bo A BORO CT ert ee | eee ere
1G he oe Crane I MOSER IRE PS GENTS Tebhonks |v eilcs 2 pI EN Sept. —, 1874 58 lin lo. eee
1S) ieee (Kc ee een AER ER Cm eal a ON ee Pe eee a ae sees 2 :
0 Mee ee So QO bet A se ee Bera TARR pce ey SN 5 2 1 By See de eg | eee Ones 5
OAS | Seas OO oes ccd 5 He ue RSE ie tie sais | 5 ae May —, 1875 60" - 4) ue ee
eile. wis.c OO eae cc ccc SR a rs Bo I ee tal RR do .2.52. ol 7

TRYNGITES RUFESCENS, (Vieill.) Cab.

Buff-breasted Sandpiper.

Rare in Nebraska. The single specimen that I obtained from a sportsman in Sep-
tember, 1874, at Nebraska City, had 42 locusts and a few other insects in its stomach.

APPENDIX II.—AUGIEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [55]

NUMENIUS LONGIROSTRIS, Wils.

Long-billed Curlew.

Formerly abundant in Nebraska, and still is in some sections and where not dis-
turbed by gunners. It breeds here. Its dict is more varied than that of the preced-
ing species rof this family, but still depends principally on insects, as the following
examinations of specimens show:

A A
or =
ae a 3
5 Locality. Date. ne a &
2 Be 5 2
E om a 4
aA | o) oO
1 eetae County, INEGDLASKA Aer ese ree kbs deco cee ceee Sept. —, 1876 54 16
PoP is eio CLO cere Spare eeieds S thaes EP cm ajeeietys meisicale acinisseene tiara GG) sneas 58 15 11 seeds.
3 Diken Comey ING ANS ee Ae Sane eet eas June —, 1868 Geren fe cere eis a 17 seeds.
Aaa ce: C8 Keen Sess BAS coin coor Se TS EN ER i SRE IC ea eben dow. &- 51 9 14 seeds.
5 | Dakota County, Nebraska.....5..5....-.....--.-- ANU, — a UK) ods Ganobe 61 13 seeds.
ORI isicicss COR ec anon Setdos SB EEOC OREO et ar BaEE OCU ened) ee aeas GO eiSeeael ae: 53 20 seeds.
7 poy, County; INGDraskaweee Scoeeecnee cece eo Sept. —, 1874 69th A leeerees 8 seeds.
fo) || pacar, OKO eS Aca rh Ree fr Se erat eta Abas ora) Seeger ee | a ena dome 63 4 7 seeds.
9 ee Sag Ne braskkarerers sar sue cece ee May —, 1875 amie leecrarccieics 9 seeds.
HOU eeosee Tens SOS ERIE ee Reese ec ee eter aes a ar teen ee | See dome Sai ell ace 24 seeds

NUMENIUS HUDSONICUS, Lath.
Hudsonian Curlew.

Rare in Nebraska. Have seen it but twice and obtained no specimens. I place it
in this list because of the known habits of its congeners.

NUMENIUS BOREALIS, (Forst.) Lath.
Esquimaux Curlew.

I have only seen this curlew in early spring and in October in Northeastern Nebraska:
during its migrations. One that was sent to me from Bellevue to identify, in October,
1874, had 31 locusts and a large number of small berries of some kind in its stomach.

Suborder HERODIONES: HERONS AND THEIR ALLIES.

Family ARDEIDA: HERONS.
ARDEA HERODIAS, Linn.
Great Blue Heron.

Occasionally seen in Nebraska. One that was killed in August, 1871, on the banks
of the Missouri, four miles below Dakota City, had 11 grasshoppers, fish, and some
frogs in its stomach.

HERODIAS EGRETTA, (Gm.) Gray.
Great White Egret ; White Heron.

I saw asingle specimen of this bird on the Nemaha in Richardson County, Ne-
braska, in May, 1873, but never obtained one. I place it in this list because of the
known characters of its congeners.

GARZETTA CANDIDISSIMA, (Gm.) Bp.
Little White Egret; Snowy Heron.

Very rarely seen in Nebraska. I met with it myself only twice, in Otoe and in Rich-
ardson County on the Missouri. Only from the known habit of its family is it men-
tioned here.

BOTAURUS MINOR, (Gm.) Boie.
American Bittern.

| Occasionally seen in Nebraska. One that was sent to me from Grand Island, Nebr.,
_ to identify, in September, 1873, had 16 grasshoppers in its stomach. For some reason
, that I cannot now recall I did not mention in my note-book the character of its re-
maining food. Coues says that its food is mollusks, crawfish, frogs, Azad small
snakes, “fishes, and insects.

[56] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Suborder ALECTORIDES: CRANES, RAILS, ETC.

Family GRUIDZA: CRANES.
GRUS AMERICANA, (Linn.) Temm.
White or Whooping Crane.

Occasionally seen in Northern Nebraska. I place it among the list of locust-eating
birds because of its known habits and because of the characters of the next species, to
which it seems to be nearly related, though I have obtained no specimens for exam-
ination.

GRUS CANADENSIS, (Linn.) Temm.

Sandhill Crane.
Rather abundant in Nebraska. The following I have examined:

iS =
nS 3 S
= Si » Oo 2 =)
3 Locality. Date. ae aS Ser
2 ae 5 ss
g 3 2 =
A 4 ro) ro)
F |. Cedar County, Nebraska 22-2222 so sen. esata set Aug.—, 1867 71 48 Seeds.
2ueDixon County.INGbraska. sae oneee ae eee ee eee July —, 1863 of 78 Seeds.
> | Seward County. sNebraskasss---see ese eee eee eee June —, 1875 80 36 Seeds.
4

Sarpy County, Nebraska -.53223. 225 us te 4a Sept. —-, 1376 7) 40 Seeds.

Family RALLIDAS: Rais.
RALLUS ELEGANS, Aud.
King Rail; Fresh-water Marsh Hen.

I have only met with this bird in Southern Nebraska. The following are the only
specimens that I obtained for examination:

=| BZ
= 3
. >) m2 i=)
E Locality. Date. 23 a a
i oa 5
A Hi o ro)
1 orn County, Nebraska 2. osesensesee= eee eee Aug.—, 1874 38 31 Seeds
Qo saee wdO leit de coe accuse secs Sains eee sees oa Pare oO. 44 2 te)
3 Says County, IN@DIASKA Kae ese eee ae eo meee Oct. —, 1874 19 41 Beet (ry
Ati’ Bt CORE A OISE sabes See Sahn ee Che eet Jase] ke adores ae. 42 27 F380:
5 ene County, Nebraska 2392 -3.54-cense2 = seeaiecae dO jsaue- 36 30 -- do.
Orlesese. UObsnieceenceis Meese cane keee Ge Secs bee soe cecal Seer dOvee se 17 49 Pears
fl ae EO pec2 2 cio Fe eeeeane Ses oes wataaee seatswescleee eae May —, 1875 48 14 do

PORZANA CAROLINA, (Linn.) Cab.
Carolina Rail; Ortolan.

Have seen this bird but once in Nebraska. This was in September, 1869, near Da-
kota City, Nebraska. I failed to get aspecimen, and place it-in this list because of the
habits of its congeners.

PORZANA JAMAICENSIS, (Gm.) Cass.
Little Black Rail.

Rare in Nebraska. I saw two, one of which I procured by the kindness of a gentle-
man who shotit. This was in Richardson County, Nebraska, in September, 1873. It
had 11 grisshoppers and 27 other insects and a quantity of seeds and vegetable mat-
ter in its stomach.

GALLINULA GALEATA, (Licht.) Bp.
Florida Gallinule.

Have never seen this bird alive in Nebraska, but one was sent to me from Beatrice
in September, 1372, to be identified. If had 7 grasshoppers, 29 other insects, and
some seeds and vegetable matter in its stomach.

APPENDIX IJ.—AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [57]

FULICA AMERICANA, Gm.

American Coot; Mud Hen.

These birds, while not abundant, are often seen in Nebraska. Their food is indicated
by an examination of the following specimens:

is a
Lm ~
ora 3
. +2 3 4
9 Locality. Date. ae 3 Other food.
re ‘=! io) i=
: Seal
a 4 fo)
1 | Dakota County, Nebraska........-. May —, 1865 37 15 Fresh-water mollusks.
2 POO toss eee pode is eeieevte wit t seeten dons ava: 31 BD Nesodes do.
3 | Dixon County, Nebraska. .......... June—,1866 |.....-.-.- A dn ainsi do
CA een (ct Coven ee eas Seer tO a ae (eee GOy 2 eos aS a) Nesoson do.
Disses CO eee ae cee ise sate cieteistepe sen Sept.—, 1867 49 LOS aillesciase do.
6 | Lancaster County, Nebraska....... SEOs Wb Waseca nace Oe wleesosc do.
(6 Asaaee Oana haere aiataterct ae epeterore lemiteiae dopet | ae ae wale OM er isesiaele do.
3}. | heertor Ose eeesceteiee sapere winictereeis ys May —, 1875 54 1 Ee is eee do.
» O |essoec Oa oe anefeetae aise eseciai |se ees done 43 2004s erste do.

Order LAMELLIROSTRES: Awnserine Birps.

Family ANATIDA:: Swans, GEESE, AND DUCKS.
CYGNUS BUCCINATOR, Rich.

Trumpeter Swan.

Rare in Nebraska. I have only seen it twice alive since Tee am inthe State. I place
it in this list only because of the known habits of its congeners.

ANSER HYPERBOREUS, Pall.
Snow Goose; White Brant.

Abundant in Nebraska during its migrations. It seems to be omnivorous, as the fol-
lowing examinations indicate:

a 2
as ~
. are 2
! : e 3 A .
5 Locality. Date. ns ie Other food.
2 of 8
5 o # a
A | fo)
|
1 | Dakota County, Nebraska........---..-.-. Agra 91865) Peer sneer 49 Shells and graas.
Pal bee ee COs eeepc Arey oe ken cet woocauisecullee sess Ove Paes oe Di eh aber do
3 | Lancaster County, Nebraska. -............ Oct. —, 1871 30 26 Seon stl)
Ay esac QO eee ersaneta cae ace eee See eee [ee See LO. sae oe 21 BU a llssacee do
Doe eer OR sas mer smenie ota inl aieise sleren eee se Oct. —, 1874 60 Ugh tea \eaeemne do
Grissose: COB ares oie Nace ra cease cose paneer ae doce 52 ish os aenae do
0M eee DOs eS Eb cad sone nb oeahie Saas eeateel|ine fle doy. 37 57 eee Scmce do
hace = 5 QOe eee rani saan stisigeteete gases ctilice 6c doe ss-s 21 cS ite ie eee do

Numbers 3 and 4 of the above must have brought the locusts that were in their
stomachs from the far north as there were few about in this locality at the time.
There can be no doubt, from the food of the above, that’;when these geese occupy locust
regions, they must destroy vast numbers of these insects

BRANTA CANADENSIS, (Linn.) Gray.
Canada Goose ; Common Wild Goose.

Very abundant in Nebraska, and occasionally breeds here. After the great mass have
passed north in April, I have sometimes later in the season seen young ones along
the Missouri. It will be seen that some of the geese mentioned in the {following list
had locusts in their stomachs in other than iocust years. In such cases, they must have

[58] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

procured them in higher latitudes. In every instance of this kind, the locusts had been
so long in their stomachs that the number mentioned was counted with difficulty.

a a
Qa = Ss
= FO DQ —)
D Locality. Date. 23 B =
= a o a
s og 3 2
= on 3 Le
A = o) °
1 | Dakota County, Nebraska........-...-- TA pre, HOGG) Seema ee 69 Mollusks and grass.
ON Vee ote Ci Cs ners See = ee ees Sse eal eee dos eae e ee 60) sone do.
3 | Lancaster County, Nebraska........-. Oct. —, 1871 41 33. -bsoseeeeeee do.
2 eee dO wesceeie osee ons aseeser ae seats (eee dose 20 44. Vind oe ceo do.
Salaceeee COG foes hee te ac aeree ee pee en does: 33 SA an Pee do
Gilesaee CO aia ts ciskctree s eeeee eta cate Oct. —, 1872 iL Gots “|. S25834 ee do.
Ue eee does s ses ea ace hs eee ee ae esas Oct. —, 1874 68 15 eeaoeesscs do-
eh meses OS Sedo s 2s scea eee ote rear eal ee do 225 70 oa eal ee eed 1S do.
2 \eccces 0522 see < Soe cmc see ee ee pase dGs2.c5e. 36 ct) i es do

ANAS BOoSsCHAS, Linn.
Mallard.

Very abundant in Nebraska during its migrations. Many also breed here. Omni-
vorous apparently. Owing to its aquatic habits it does not destroy as many locusts as
would naturally be expected. The following list shows the food eaten in Nebraska:

= Q
a Zz
ag 3 3
4 - as = S
2 Locality. Date. 23 = =
2 = 2 ad
= or ° So
: o = =
A - co) °
| |
1 | Dixon! County, (Nebraskace=. 22. sese aoe eee Apr. —, 1865 | ie fisted 46 Mollusks, ete.
| ce eee ri CY aya he deep ee NE Sena a A ae eae do bene See 28 cae do.
3 | Dakota County, Nebraska..--.-- 1 I ee June —, 1865 41 102 eee do.
Ae) alan nA QOes Smcslene cesiecclce melee slesicie/siiacinse cee ell ss see Olesen Onn eee a eee
Delis eae AO. <5io'-e ceceacw ae clones so peeaee Ss co eee [pe ceesGO) seer I i eae eee
6 | Lancaster County, Nebraska ..............-.| Oct. —, 1873} 8 | 37 ~ |......
O) a wele m7 UU. 6 nice mn wasn onnmoancenmwemuenecesmeccanas| UO -2e- shi cme cee me CE Osea
Blo 2 OO lle ecco en ceccetw eens aceeeecees| OCba—, MOI So le alee rE ee
ON neewee Oss ccscccsccccescebins secceswces toeeesculie coset dO mee sca Oe eee ern
1 [| Wel Peeler (1 Se ee eee eee em pene tenu stags Wemeteres) (ieee AWne te i eS

ANAS OBSCURA, Gmelin.

Dusky Duck ; Black Duck.

Occurs sparingly in Nebraska. The only specimen that I obtained I purchased at a
meat-shop in Lincoln in October, 1874. It had 16 locusts, 30 other insects, and some
grass and seeds in its stomach.

DAFILA ACUTA, (Linn.) Jenyns.
Pintail ; Sprigtail.

Rather common in Nebraska, especially during its migrations. In this latitude is so
much confined to the water that it eats sparingly of locusts.

Locality. Date.

Locusts in
stomach
Other insects.

Other food

i
=
=
g
=)
A

APPENDIX II.—AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [59]

QUERQUEDULA CAROLINENSIS, (Gm.) Steph.
Green-winged Teal.

Very abundant in Nebraska during itsmigrations. It also consumes locusts, though
I have not examined any during locust years. Those, therefore, that I found in the
stomachs of the following specimens must have been obtained in higher latitudes.
They were so macerated already that they were identified with difficulty. I obtained
these ducks mostly from sportsmen.

Ae 23
2
8 pp ok
5 Locality. Date. ae e Other food.
2 of | 8
2 a" |g
A A ro)
1 | Sarpy County, Nebraska :.......-25.--.2=- Sept. —, 1871 12 43 Small mollusks, ete.
2) lemtaics OO" 2 sede ree ee ace db toalnctateee Raleooalkeeane dows 4 DO essere. do.
Silvseeriae GOP Noten isan cn wwcteocacementocs scueee Oct; —, 1871 |. -....- AV | ||Pecidcterciens do.
ANE eee LOW ee Serato ereyorsi ara nieve create aie lareroeta Ee oho COM selec ese ny MAGE Wee Sociecen do.
> |; GassiGounty,. Nebraska: ..(..0..500cccee sue Sept.—,1873| 15 Dl nlawavatarcs = do.
GHP ASEe LOS Besa Aer a ARR SAE CAS 26 SEE ire ree ge Aa Se dower Q SOS woes do
edb os CLO) tse ee Re ee oa Seite Ba dob: 11 Diag Waantaeck. do.
8 | Lancaster County, Nebraska ........- z----| Oct. —, 1873 |.--..... BBir oiler Pte oye do
UA ese GO psa ore ee eee ae Soe eae EE dObeecaleemeesee 43 plecaheesac do.

QUERQUEDULA DISCORS, (Linn.) Steph.
Blue-winged Teal.

Not as abundant as the preceding in Nebraska. A single one that I examined in
Dixon County, Nebraska, in October, 1867, had 37 locusts, 22 other insects, and some
small fresh-water mollusks and seeds in its stomach.

SPATULA CLYPEATA, (Linn.) Boie.
Shoveller 3; Spoonbill Duck.

Occasionally met with in Nebraska. One that I obtained in Dixon County in May,
1865, pad 32 locusts, 28 other insects, a few seeds, and some small mollusks in its
stomach.

AIX SPONSA, (Linn.) Boie.
Summer Duck; Wood Duck.

Rather abundant in Nebraska, and breeds here. It varies a great deal in its habits
of eating different kinds of insects, as the following record indicates:

a g
. (>)
ie 2g 2
5 Locality. Date. D 3 =| Other food.
E o8 g
= on 43 .
A 4 o)
1 | Dixon County, Nebraska.............. May —, 1865 4 33 Small mollusks, ete.
Qos doe 2S tk Ase Se esas doense: 30 CRAM te Se AES do.
3 | Dakota County, Nebraska............ June —, 1865 38 Ay Tle eee es a a do.
(| eee MOPS 2 A acuscscere tae ee eee see el ete GOs45e-: 10 SO) wil eeeerasaros do.
5 | Wayne County, Nebraska..........-... ATP — B69 Ewan. A 9). |. 2 wiesaeine do.
Gh ea doin 27S a Een 2s GOW Pate lh ec ese 7G oll ead beep cea gs do
7 | Seward County, Nebraska.............- Oct — 1873) eseues eee. 20a eet socene do.
8 | Lancaster County, Nebraska.......--. Sept. —, 1874 7 Aa Ee ses ee | eee do.
Dulessaes Cee ie Bee hr aie in| Waa dovrees 8 OO Bucticaee La. do.

The Red-head and Canvas-back Duck are rather frequently seen in Nebraska, but I
never made any examination of their stomachs, and place them in this list because of
the known habits of their congeners.

[60] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

BUCEPHALA ALBEOLA, (Linn.) Bd.
Butter-ball ; Dipper; Spirit Duck.

Frequently seen along the Missouri and its tributaries in Nebraska. The following
I have examined:

A aD
_ =
: or 2
S Locality. Date. as 2 Other food.
E ss] &
= Qn c=
4 = S)
1 | Dakota County, Nebraska..-......-....- Minty —- 1963) 2 = secs 37 Seeds and mollusks.
aN See (Gees gatte eeey see ee cacao mate May —,'1868|..-..----. 7) a ers eae cc do.
3) | Dixon County, Nebraska2--2-5-->-2-—- May —,\1@69 |. -.--.---- 30 i feoseste eee do.
4 | Lancaster County, Nebraska ---.....-- May —, 1875 AQ 8 (Eurasia aes do.

ERISMATURA RUBIDA, (Wils.) Bp.
Ruddy Duck.

Rather common along the Missouri during its migrations. One that I obtained
from Sarpy County, in October, 1874, had 31 locusts, 20 other insects, and some small
fresh-water mollusks in its stomach.

There are still other ducks frequenting the waters of Nebraska, but as I have not
examined the contents of their stomachs I will not enumerate them here. Evidently,
however, all the ducks will destroy more or less locusts and vast numbers of aqua tie

insects.
Order STEGANOPODES: Torreatmate Birps.

Family PELECANID: PELICANS.
PELECANUS TRACHYRHYNCHUS, Lath.

White Pelican.

Frequently seen in Nebraska during its migrations. The following record shows
that it also likes to vary its diet with locusts:

a a
= —
°
| °
aR = +2 <
oy Locality. Date. D 2 = Other food.
z o8 S
= oa a
A = fo)
1 | Lancaster County, Nebraska .--.-.--..-.- May —, 18%2 |) 22e~eee 40 Crawfish and fish.
oy eee 06 .2:.2. ct getter yates oat Mivy /2-GdGi2i|: soe 2) MA, ef corse Le do.
Bh saseee C1 Ree eae ere mene panera SE) A OR pee BV) erase SO. oe Sa do.
zo) ere i Ce ea ee Se aa a ee May —, 1875 Of) tao ee eee do.
Slezee a2 dou 3252 Seatac te nee ee Beas fe: May —, 1875 AL ey) eR ee Crawfish, fish, and
frogs.

Order LONGIPENNES: Long-winged Swimmers.
Family LARIDZé.

Some members of this family I did not succeed in identifying, and they are therefore
left out of this list. The numbers present in Nebraska vary Fy great deal in different
years.

STERCORARIUS POMATORHINUS, (Temm.) Vieill.

The Pomarine Jaeger.

I only saw this bird alive once. It was on the Missouri, in Dakota County, in May, ‘
1869. One that was shot on the Platte near Fremont in May, 1873, was sent to me to
be identified. It had a few grasshoppers and a mass of the remains of crawfish, frogs,
and a fish in its stomach.

‘LARUS MARINUS, Linn.

Great Black-backed Gull.

I only saw this bird once in Nebraska, and then it was dead. Some Winnebago In-
dians brought one to Dakota City in May, 1871. They had shot it on the Missouri.

APPENDIX II.—AUGHEY ON LOCUST-FEEDING BIRDS. [61]

Its stomach contained a few grasshoppers and other insects, but the great mass seemed
to be made up of fish and frog.

LARUS ARGENTATUS, Briinn.
Herring Gull.

I was fortunate enough to get two of these gulls from the Winnebago Indians in
May, 1870. One had 2 and the other had 11 grasshoppers in its stomach, and each
had besides remains of fish and small mollusks mingled with these insects.

LARUS DELAWARENSIS, Ord.
Ring-billed Gull.

Rather common in Nebraska. Its food seems to vary wonderfully; at least the in-
dividuals that I obtained for examination had great diversity of materials in their
stomachs.

=| a)
4 ~
ms ®
. wy 2 2)
5 Locality. Date. aa | 8 Other food.
= tad M4
A A co)
1 | Dakota County, Nebraska..-.-....-.--. May —, 1867 |.....--- 33 | Crawfish and frogs.
yO Ie locket CLO ee aoe este ciote oe ete cere eine sor cle | crrniore GO! es clatter slisencee Crawfish and fish.
Salket cose COjrat eee OAL a a Oe Rh Ak 2 May —, 1868 |.......- 15 | Fish, frogs, and mollusks.
4 | Dixon County, Nebraska ......... _.--.| June—, 1868 ee eee Small moliusks.
5 | Sarpy County, Nebraska............... May — lets ieee: 10 | Fish and crawfish.
Guleecsee TD a ocind Sa See Oe ee A eee cial pene ces CG aes alle rae 27 | Crawfish and mollusks.

LARUS (CHRG@COCEPHALUS) FRANKLINI, Rich.
Franklin’s Rosy Gull.

Large numbers here during the spring and fall migrations. Like the preceding, it
seems to eat whatever it can get. ‘he following record indicates its omnivorous char-
acter:

3 z
© Locality. Date. ng 2 Other food.
2 58 | &
5 oye a
1 | Dakota Connty, Nebraska............. May —, 1868 |.....-- 22 | Frogs, fish, and a lizard.
ia A oe OL Oleiaeg: eka ap eae ore NE ee ral waa dose alesse ae 12 | Frogs, fish, and snails.
3 | Wayne County, Nebraska.--....-.-... May —, 1869 |.--..-. . .. | Snails, fish, ete.
Dl eee ee PI late i cuca ash eae 10) Sie eee a fel Pe Gor vay ee een 39 | Tish, frogs, and crawfish.
5 | Sarpy County, Nebraska ...... ......-. May —, 1875 gS haa ee eee Fish and frogs.
Guilty ee = iS, ear ee a2 a SS 2k ee RE |e dowenn 34 4 | Fish, frogs, and crawfish.
Fh eae O08 Prem ices recep Aes Jo =. 25 2 bese nee ak doers: Ar lensnes | (ARSs, 2s Mollusks and fish.
8 | Cass‘County, Nebraska..........---.-- May —, 1877 13 DO aia att ch do
Salers DOs es aee ye nites a coc aean a eea ee aeerliNe ores Gigy Bae Dibmsal temas leeceiscs do
SOR Weems Onan ecttans tiathocuicon are saat tel nece oe doease 26 fs all era do

STERNA FORSTERI, Nutt.

Torster’s Tern.

I obtained no specimen of this tern during locust years, and the two that I dis-
sected in Dakota County, Nebraska, in May, 1871, were obtained from some Winnebago
Indians. One had 3 and the other 14 grasshoppers, and both had the remains of fish,
crawiish, and a lizard in their stomachs.

STERNA MACRURA, Naum.
Arctic Tern.

Only saw a few of these terns in Dixon County, in May, 1866. I place it in th’slist
only because of the characters of its congeners.

[62] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

STERNA SUPERCILIARIS ANTILLARUM, (Less.) Coues.
?
Least Tern.

Rather common in Nebraska. It must breed here; at least, Isaw young ones in
the Missouri Bottom in Dixon County, in July, 1866. My record of examinations indi-
cates that this tern is a good locust-eater.

A n
= ~~
m 3
. a) 2)
5 Locality. Date. 2 3 ie Other food.
2 eS =
= os oO
5 o@ a
A = io)
1 | Cedar Sennlys INGDrASKS sieece, eee Aug. —, 1867 37 3 heen and frog.
Fl do 2e4- SOLS Se Hi chs a Se Sei ae Poke eles Seas OL GEE AGA: [Riso soe neat
3 | Dixon connie: Nebraska June —, 1868 yt | meee ol joe do.
71a ae rate Gap Sil he eee a eden |e doe 23 10 Crawtish and fish.
5 | Sarpy County, Nebraska June a a KS 2 (eee 47 Crawls and frog.
Ds | Beaseat Ose saaseceocseses nob SaSIeeee as |sscose Ole Seat pancesecee eae cee
qi Taneastor County, Nebraska--.-...--. Junei—, 18(3)|Peaasee ose 3 Fish, frog, and snails.
Sal easas QO neces coscicticzs coe seer teuee wee June —, 1874 |.....-.... 227 To cecaies ‘do.

HYDROCHELIDON LARIFORMIS, (Linn.) Coues.
Black Tern.

Some years rather common, and other years rare in Nebraska, but breeds here, as I
have seen its young in July on the Elkhorn. ets following is my record:

S| na
om ~
i)
| S
& ° +29 q
3 Locality. Date. ze “4 Other food.
E 23 =
=] oa Lr
A 4 5
1 | Bierce County, Nebraska:--...22-.2---2--- July —, sae iets ahiace 28 Crawfish.
| a O'siceje ones Hote en eee eh dee dec Sensis ales AOR oe seeee pee 59
3 | Lancaster County, Nebraska .......-.:..-.| Sept. —, ” 4874 60> | eee
Al oe nee CO 2 su Se Bees sae tia a Sate tare renner ee 47 + Snails and frog.
5.| Sarpy County, Nebraska .......-..-.--.--- May —, 1875 Be ieee eee cee Snails and lizard.
6 | Richardson County, Nebraska J=42--5-ss5- Sept. —, 1876 G45. lec ce eee

Order PYGOPODES: Divine Birps.

Family PODICIPIDA: GREBES.
PODICEPS AURITUS CALIFORNICUS, (Heerm.) Coues.
American Eared Grebe.

Rather abundant in Nebraska, especially on the Platte and the Missouri. One that
I obtained from Columbus in September, 1874, had 9 locusts, a little grass and some
seeds, and a large amount of crawfish in its stomach. Another one sent to me from
the Missouri, near Bellevue, had 5 grasshoppers, a few other insects, a part of a fish,
and some crawfish in its stomach.

APPENDIX FOE.

TEXAS DATA FOR 1877.

REPORT OF JACOB BOLL, SPECIAL ASSISTANT, DALLAS, TEXAS,

Taylor, Williamson County, Texas.
May 18, 1877.

Country not well settled. I could not detect any damage caused by locusts. Prairie
land was in excellent condition and covered with flowers. |

Round Rock, same county, well settled. Damage not important, and limited to gar-
dens. The majority of locusts were already gone, and only a few remained. The larve
traveled in the direction of the northwest. Ten years ago the same place was visited
by locusts.

Limestone County.
May 19, 1877.

This county, consisting only of prairie, was damaged to a considerable extent. Seven-
eighths of the first corn crop gone. In spring all the cultivated land was invaded
by locusts from the southern side. With the exception of the cotton-bollworm, which
caused some damage three years ago, the fiélds have not suitered at all for six years

ast.
; May 21, 1877.

During the passage from Houston to San Antonio the crop was everywhere in good
condition; no damage by locusts could be observed, whether on sugar-cane, corn, or
cotton. I saw no wheat cultivated on the road.

San Antonio, Bexar County.
May 22, 1877.

The proprietor of a farm of tweive hundred acres, six miles south of San Antonio, in-
forms me that his first crop of corn was partially destroyed. The locusts laid their
eggs in the fall on uncultivated ground outside the farm. The young invaded the
farm this spring from the southeast, but they only traveled by certain lines in masses
in a northwest direction. The greater part of the damage was limited tothe garden.

May 28, 1877.

Surrounding country not very much cultivated ; the valley can beirrigated. Martin
Engelman, a farmer and nurseryman, living one mile northeast from the city for
twenty-six years, stated that the locusts laid eggs on the outside of his farm in dry,
firm, black soil; when hatched they crossed the water-ditch, entered the farm from
the southeast, and took the direction to northwest, in which direction the winged
started about four weeks ago. In uncultivated land fewer locusts were observed.
They destroyed all the vegetables, the vines, peach-trees, &c., and left the corn un-
touched in the wesern part of his farm. The damage was more limited to his garden.
A week after they left his place all was green again, and I observed the vines full of
large grapes and the peach-trees full of fruit. Some of the latter were killed. The
wpepta bios in the garden were in such a condition that no damage could have been
detected.

In general, the damage around San Antonio was more in gardens; on the southeast
side of the city the gardens were not touched at all, and in some places on the river,
where the blue-grass from Kentucky has been cultivated, the locusts preferred it
especially. All informants agree that they appear every eighth or tenth year.

New Braunfels, Comal County.
JUNE 6, 1877.
Mr. Kessler, a farmer, who has over 1,000 acres in cultivation two miles south, says the
eggs were laid in hard prairie land and in sand, rather than in black soil. Direction of
the travel of the larvx, north northwest. On the right side of the Guadalupe River,
_ running southeast, they were more numerous than on the left side. Ina field which is
_ erossed from south to north by a fence, the locusts moved along on both sides of the
fence, destroying the corn for a distance of 20 feet. The remaining part of the field

[63]

[64] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

was not touched. A considerable part of the larve were killed by the Tachina fly.
Ten years ago they had an invasion of locusts. He observed then that they died in
very large numbers, but not so much through parasites as from change of weather,
which became moist and cold. When the winged insects came at the same invasion,
they destroyed every green thing, and even the cotton curtains on the windows.

JUNE 7, 1877.

Mr. Lindheimer, the celebrated botanist, was the only man of whom I could get
some exact dates. He stated that the locusts arrived the 10th of October, 1876, noon,
with northwest wind. On the 15th every green thing was destroyed, and egg-laying
was beginning. On October 20, they nearly all left in a southerly direction, with a
strong wind. At the end of February, the eggs hatched. May 1, the winged insects
left, going northwest, and on the 15th of May they had disappeared entirely. The
damage from locusts in 1858 was considerab/e.

Cypress City, Harris County, 25 miles northwest of Houston.
JUNE 13, 1877.

Locusts were not observed at any time at this place, on the testimony of the follow-
ing farmers: Gerloff, 24 years here; Bergstiidt, 25 years here; Muller, 30 years here.

A few locusts have been observed at Houston, doing very little damage; but many
at Hempstead, 26 miles northwest from Cypress City. On this place, the principal
plants under cultivation are corn, cotton, and oats.

Report from Fort Worth, Tarrant County. o.
JULY 1, 1877.

The country not very settled. The Cretaceous formation is covered everywhere by
Tertiary formation. The lower cross timber runs about 10 miles wide along the west-
ern limit of the county. ‘The whole county suffered considerably in the sandy regions
from locusts. Eggs were laid in large quantities in the small open prairies of the cross
timber, and on the bluff about 200 feet high on the south side of the West Fork River.

The direction of the traveling larve was northwest. Many farmers had to replant
corn two or three times. I observed myself in the beginning of April all small trees
and bushes of elm covering the bottom of the West Fork entirely deprived of foliage
by locusts.

The damage in wheat for the county is estimated to average half of the crop, but
some farms situated in the open prairie were quite free from damage.

The winged locusts left in the first days of May, going northwest. In general, noth-
ing was done against them, and as they appear only every eight or ten years, people
don’t much fear them.

Reply to the questions of the U. S. Entomological Commmission, Bulletin No. I.

1. Arrival of locusts in Dallas, September 20, 1876, 12 o’clock.

la. Wind from northwest, moderate.

1b. Warm and clear.

lc. Southeast, very dense; the height of the swarm estimated at 2,000 feet, its exten-
sion in breadth from 40 to 60 miles.

2. September 21, arrival of new swarms, 10 o’clock a.m., with the same direction
and strength of wind; only a few alighted. The passage continued till 4 o’clock p. m.
On the 22d of September there was no wind and no new swarms arrived. September
23d, at noon, a great quantity of locusts started in the direction of northwest, whilst
we had southwest wind. The weather was fair and warm. Till the 5th of October
they stayed here in the same number, and diminished from then partially by going
southward, partially by being devoured by prairie chickens (Zetrao cupido), but only
toward the end of October did they entirely disappear.

3. Coupling commenced on the 25th and became general on the 30th of September.
The first eggs were deposited on the 29th.

4. The first hatching of the eggs I observed on February 26, 1877, in sand, especially
on places where the sun was shining. The hatching became general from the 2d to
the 10th of March, 1877. It continued, however, until the 20th. The hatching was in
close relation to the temperature; only a few hatched on cold days. The most hatched
a day after rain.

5. Could not be observed.

6. About one-third of the eggs did not hatch; those were probably destroyed during
the winter by insects, birds, and by plowing of prairie.

7. The eggs were generally deposited in hard and sandy soil, and on places where
the grass was wanting, in the tracks of old roads, &c., and in free and open places in
timber. More eggs were depositedin sand than in black soil. :

8. In sandy soil they seem to be hatched more numerously than in black soil and
also where it was most sunny.

APPENDIX III.—TEXAS DATA FOR 1877. [65]

9. Y found the first winged locusts on the 5th of April.

10. The first started May 38, in considerable numbers.

11. The damage in Dallas County and the State; is estimated at one-third for wheat
and at one-half for corn. The latter, however, could be replanted; therefore the dam-
age, in consequence of favorable weather, was reduced on more work. ;

12, 13, 14. Wheat suffered most, then corn ; grass, and barley were seldom touched,
and as cotton was not planted before the locusts left the country, it was not damaged
at all. Against it grape-vines, peaches, and other fruit-trees suffered considerable.
Potatoes, cabbage, lettuce, &c., were nearly all destroyed by the young locusts, as in
the fall previously by the winged ones. Remarkably enough, they did not touch the
sweet potatoes.

15. After my Own minute observation, the unwinged locusts moved from southwest
to northeast ; fences, creeks, &c., changed somewhat that direction. The very young
ones assembled already in very thick masses. After they consumed the scarcely devel-
oped leaves of the lower plants, I saw them eat also dry leaves on the bottom ; then
they climbed on dry stalks and consumed the old leaves. They migrate nearly always
after each transformation, and the more they grow the more they travel. Every far-
mer I consulted confirmed me that their fields were entered every time from the south
side, with more or less deviation according to the obstacles, but never from the north
side. The newly winged insects don’t eat anything before their departure; from three
to five davs elapse before they start when they are winged, as it requires a certain

‘time for the wings to get strong.

16. Means for the destruction of the unfledged. insects were very little resorted to.
I did not hear that farmers made ditches around their cultivated land, nor do they
employ machines. Newspapers mentioned from New Braunsfels that there a machine
was used. But when I got information about it, I understocd that eight or ten years
ago somebody invented one and used it in gardens, but that was all. In gardens, peo-
ple used brooms against the locusts, and burnt them with dry hay and straw, but
almost without any good result. More was effected by small chickens; hens with their
young ones protected the crop in the gardens to a certain extent. Some farmers pro-
tected their fruit-trees by twisting a piece of cotton around the stem or putting tar
on it. .

17. No means were employed for the destruction of the winged insects. After their
arrival in fall, wheat, corn, barley, oats, &c., were already secured, and the cotton ripe
nearly all over, so that farmers told me that the cotton-picking was much easier, as
the locusts ate the leaves up.

20. In October, 1874, swarms of insects came to Dallas, but only one-tenth as much
as in 1876. In spring, 1875, the young locusts did not do any damage.

21. The following wild birds are especially very useful in the destruction of locusts:
Charadrius virginicus (Plover), Charadrius montanus (Mountain Plover), Cupidonia
cupido (Prairie Chicken), Meleagris gallopago (Turkey), Ortyx virginiana (Quail), Nu-
menius longirostris (Curlew), the common domestic fow!], hogs and opossums, especially
insects of prey, Tachine, &c.

As the locusts only appear here at intervals of eight or ten years, it isnot surprising
that they are not much feared by the inhabitants of this State.

It is difficult to obtain satisfactory or authentic information, as no special attention
was given by any one to the observation of locusts.

DALLAS, TEXAS, August 12, 1877.

———

MISCELLANEOUS REPORTS.

votes from Dallas County previous to the year 1877.
[By J. Beverschau. ]

I came to this county February, 1856. The fall previous a great number of grass-
hoppers made their appearance, destroying by the way all green vegetation; in a field
of wheat of about 30 acres not a blade of it could be seen in February, but in March
the wheat began to grow again, and, if my recollection is correct, 12 or 15 bushels to
the acre was made out of that field. The grain was of good quality. I don’t think
they deposited any eggs. I don’t remember having seen any young ’hoppers the next
spring, or hearing there were any.,

From that time, I believe hardly a year has passed without grasshoppers in the fall,
but these in so small a quantity as to excite no alarm among the farmers except in the
following years.

In the fall of 1867 much was said about immense swarms of locusts advancing both
from west and north. They n adetheir appearance at Weatherford, in Parker County,
two months before they came here. The following is from my note-book :

October 15.—Wind south and light. Legions of’hoppers at noon; traveling eastward.
They were not high in the air, but flying low on the prairie, alighting frequently and

[5 G]

[66] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

starting again. Onthe 18th their number increased doubly, traveling in the same
direction, with the wind blowing in the same direction. They eat everything tender,
even the leaves of peach-trees, and at night the trees, houses, and walls were literally
covered with them.

October 21.—Wind from the north. Atabout2 o’clock p. m., swarm upon swarm dark-
ens the sky, traveling south, and very high. At night a great number alight.

After that date they diminish daily, traveling always east or south, as the wind
allowed them to do.

On the 4th of November, a light rain having moistened the ground (before that we
had a protracted drought), they began to deposit their eggs in immense quantity, and
continued to do soabout al this month, at the end of which they had nearly all disap-
peared. As the fall has been very dry, no wheat was sowed before the appearance of
grasshoppers, and the presence of the insects delayed the sowing until about the mid-
dle of November ; so no fall-wheat was damaged.

1868, February 22.—I observed the first’hoppers hatching in a warm dry place. Since
March 3, great numbers hatch ont, and continue to hatch for a month after. In the
valley where the water had stood several days on the ground, some *hoppers hatch very
late, after the ground begins to dry up.

March 29.—They congregate in bushes along the branches, and seem traveling north-
ward.

April 10.—They are coming out of the covers and in fields, where they commit great
' depredations.

April 14.—Traveling very much.

April 15.—Follow down the branches.

April 16.—Seem to follow the back track of yesterday.

April 26.—See numbers dead—more than halt-grown.

April 30.—See a few with wings.

May 10.—A good many got wings.

May 15.—They begin to leave, flying in a northward direction ; the wind blowing from
the south. At the end of the month about all have disappeared.

I think most of the eggs deposited in the fall hatch out. The ravages were mostly
confined along the branches, where the hoppers seemed seeking a shelter for their
transformations. In such situations, entire patches of oats and corn were destroyed gen-
erally. The wheat was but little injured, and as we had abundant rain in the spring
and summer, the year proved«to be a good one for grain, vegetables, cotton, and
fruits. :

1874, September 14.—At about 1 o’clock p. m., wind blowing lightly from the north,
immense swarms of grasshoppers made their appearance, alighted, and destroyed all
the young vegetation, and injured the fall-wheat to some extent; all this month they
laid countless millions of eggs, about as many as in 1867; at the end of this month
the most had disappeared, traveling always in a southern or western direction.

1875.—It was the 10th of March when the young ’hoppers began to hatch, but I don’t
think now that more than the third of the quantity deposited in the fall hatch out;
some seem to have rotted in the ground, and a good many were probably destroyed by
insects of the Carabide family. I have seen an Lvarthrus gravidus eating some.

In spite of that, immense legions of young pests swarmed on all the dry places of the
praiiie, and great destruction of crops was expected. Fortunately, great flocks of
birds, appearing nearly at the same time, made a terrible havoc among them. I have
seen fields covered with such numbers of grasshoppers as to leave no hope for crop
whatever entirely cleared out in one day by these useful birds; and this is the place
to say a word or two about them. The first to put in appearance, and very often
traveling together, are the curlew (Numenius borealis) and the golden plover (Chara-
drius virginius). Soon after these have left for more northern latitudes, a third species,
called also (although improperly) plover, arrives, and often covers the prairie in small
flocks, and rendering always good service, because it stays with us till the grown “hop-
pers have left. The scientific name of that species is Arctiturus bartramius. The
quantity of young ’hoppers eaten up by these three kinds of birds only is truly amaz-
ing; nevertheless, a good many are killed every spring by sportsmen and poachers. A
law for the protection of all the insectivorous birds would be a blessing for the farm-
ers, and will help materially to lessen the number of noxious insects.

That year the ’hoppers did but little damage; they began to get wings in May, but
I think the most died just after they had wings. I have seen piles of them along the
bluffs.

In the fall of the same year they appeared again in limited numbers, but did no
damage, and deposited no eggs.

Answers to the questions ix Circular 1. Dallas County.

1. September 19, at 11 o’clock, a. m.
la. Moderate, north.
1b. Smoky, but not cloudy ; warm.

APPENDIX III.—TEXAS DATA FOR 1877. [67]

1c. South ; very thick; extended as far as the eye could reach ; very high.

2. Cannot answer properly ; some leaving and more coming every day ; but the most
left about October the 10th.

3. Began the 24th of September; laid immensely during two or three weeks.

4, Saw the first the 2d of March, 1877, and continued for over a month.

5. Seems to me that nearly half did not hatch out; some Carabidae ate a good many ;
hear it said that the prairie chickens have scratched out and destroyed a good many.

6. In all rocky and dry places along the roads, and in denuded but hard places on
the prairie; don’t deposit any eggs in plowed or soft ground.

7. April 24.

8. May 5. ;

9. Suppose, in my immediate neighborhood, at about a third.

10. First, spring-oats; second, barley; third, wheat ; fourth, Indian corn.

11. Don’t know.

12. The Indian corn, except when they are starving ; they hardly touch the English
peas and sweet- potatoes.

13. Could not see that they were marching in any positive direction, seemed to be going

from the prairie to the branches and from the branches to the prairie; they seemed
to be hunting covers to cast their skins; when the wheat and other crops are high
enough, they stay in permanently until they get wings.
_ 14. None that I know of; except a few farmers burning them, in scattering straw
on their hatching-places, but that amounts to little. I have employed satisfactorily
young chickers; 300 of them protected me about two acres of ground, planted in oats,
Irish potatoes, asparagus, &c.

15. Not any.

20. Nearly every fall by afew; but immense swarms appeared in 1855, 1867, and 1874.

21, 22. I can say nothing satisfactory about these questions.

Mount CatM, LIMESTONE County, March 10, 1877.—Having seen a notice in your.
paper of February 24 that barley was six inches high in California, I thought that
perhaps you would like to know how it was doing in Texas. I went into a field ot
barley March 5 that I sowed in October, and found some of the largest blades meas-
ured eighteen inches. My wheat sowed in November measured eleven inches. The
prospect for a small-grain crop is very good. Corn crop not yet in the ground in this
section, owing to the recent rains. Grasshoppers hatching out by the million on the
sandy land. I liveon black land, and have not yet seen any eggs or ’hoppers, nor have
I heard of any on black land. Good land in this section sells from $3 to $6 per acre.
Improved lands rent readily from $4 to $5 per acre.—[ John Fogarty, in Prairie Farmer.

I will answer your questions seriatim as well as I can from the intormation at present
at my command: 1. “Area invaded.”—The entire State, with the exception of the east-
ern or heavily timbered portion. 2. ‘‘ Date of arrival.”—About midday on the 20th of
September. 3. “Main direction of flight and wind.”—Southeast, with wind in same
direction. After their first appearance here they remained some three weeks, and then
the major portion departed in the direction named. Two weeks subsequently they
returned in considerable numbers from the southeast, the direction of their original
departure. Their eggs were chiefly deposited after their last appearance. 4. “The
area over which eggs have been Jaid.”—So far as I am informed, over the whole State,
with the exception mentioned in question first. Our State journals have been report-
ing the hatching of the eggs during the past four weeks. In this locality, myriads of
young locusts are visible. Already early gardens have been destroyed. “Will they

probably damage our wheat and other crops?—[John H. Stevens, Dallas, March 12,
1877.

WHEELOCK, ROBERTSON County, March 21.—Farmers have their ground prepared
ready for planting. Some have finished, and the corn is up and looking well. Others
are holding back on account of the grasshopper. There are millions upon millions of
the little imps. already hatched out. They have done no great damage as.yet. ‘Look-
ing for them to leave every day. No restraint or welcome extended. Joy go with
them.—[T., in Prairie Farner.

Bosque County is complaining of grasshoppers ; the warm weather having: brought
out the pests by the million.—[ Prairie Farmer, March 31, 1877.

Mr. J. H. Beneke, just returned to San Antonio from New Mexico, first saw locusts
at Fredericksburg, about seventy-three miles west of San Antonio. They are about
half-grown there now.—[ Note by Mr. Riley, April 5, 1877.

Caloptenus spretus here in countless myriads. Commenced traveling north.—[J. H.
Myers, Salado, Bell County, April 7, 1877.

The young ’hoppers have taken up their line of march; course northwest. They are
about one-half to three-fourths of an inch in length. The first lot that hatched have
gone in the above direction for several miles to get into timber, brush, or sheltered
places. They have not done much damage yet. In general opinion their wings will

[68] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

be large enough in another month for them to commence their flight out of the country
to their homes north.—[John H. Secrist, Austin, April 9, 1877.

Advices from Texas say that around San Antonioand Dallas the hoppers are swarm-
. ing and eating up everything eatable. Great destitution is reported in portions of
Eastern Texas, some families being upon the verge of starvation. Large numbers of
unemployed men with families, who have been thrown out of work in consequence of
this locust raid, are now on their way to Saint Louis.—[ Western Farm Journal, April
12, 1877.

Dr. Coleman has probably informed you that grasshoppers, to the number of prob-
ably five hundred, settled on his premises on May 1; but he may not have told you
that at my boarding-place, a hundred yards farther west, none alighted, at least none
were observed.—[J. T. Moulton, jr., Calvert, April 12, 1877.

[Correspondence of Saint Louis Globe-Democrat.]

Paris, April 14.—Wheat and corn are doing well. There are no grasshoppers in this
section.

HEMPSTEAD, April 15.—We are free from grasshoppers in our county, or rather they
are so tew that we have sustained little or no damage from their presence. Between
the birds, rains, and strong southeast winds, we hope to get rid of them entirely.

Waco, April 16.—Grasshoppers are here in considerable number, and have destroyed
many oatfields and some wheat. The growing wheat looks well.

ENNIs, April 16.—There are numerous grasshoppers in this section, and great fears
are entertained that the grain crops will be seriously injured.

Hovuston, April 16.—Crops in the lower portion of the State are doing splendidly.
Grasshoppers have not done much damage within a circuit of about eighty-five miles
from Houston; Jast week they were reported to have done a good deal of damage near
Austin; since then they are reported to be moving westward.

JACKSONVILLE, April 16.—The crop is yet too young to make any report, although
the present prospects are quite promising; there is no or very little wheat planted in
East Texas, all grown in West Texas; the grasshoppers are very bad in that section ;
none in this.

JEWETT, April 16.—We have plenty of grasshoppers out; they seem to be harmless.
Grain crops are doing well.

LITCHFIELD, April 16.—Sinee the warm spell we had in February repeated experi-
ments have been made to hatch out the grasshoppers, and in almost every case has
been a failure, as most of the eggs seem to be decayed or dried up. Before the warm
spell they would hatch out by keeping them in the house near the stove. The farmers
are busy putting in their grain, and feel confident of a good crop. The ground was
never in better condition than it is at present.

[Correspondence of the Saint Louis Times.]

PLANO, COLLIN County, April 16.—The grasshopper question is now being fully dis-
cussed all overour section. The ’hoppers commenced hatching about six weeks ago, and
still continue todo so. The weather has been very favorable for planters, and more so
for the grasshoppers. The estimate as to the damage done by the latter up to this time is
one-third of the oats and wheat and nine-tenths of the gardens. They seem to do more
damage on farms which are situated on rolling lands joining small creeks and the tim-
ber. Some farmers say there is a great deal ot the early wheat now heading out, and
the ‘hoppers climb up the stalk during the night and eat off the head. Soif this be
the case all the early wheat will be destroyed. Our hope then will be for the “hoppers
to leave in order to leave us the late wheat, but the trouble is they cannot easily get
away. Very few of them can fly, and young ones are still hatching out, so I see no
hope of any wheat and oats to be left, except in fields which they do not get into.

I had the finest prospect of a garden in the town, consisting of peas, beans, lettuce,
radishes, and numerous other vegetables and plants, which are alleaten up. It looks as
if there never was anything planted there. The onions were six inches high when I first
discovered the ’hoppers, and in one day and night everything was eaten to the ground,
and nothing has come out since. My impression is that the insects poison the roots.
There are large farms in our section of wheat and oats which are all eaten up; nota
spear to be seen. They look asif nothing had ever been planted there. The cotton
will be up by the 15th of May, as most farmers will not plant until late, thinking the

’*hoppers would leave, but I have no reason to think they will, so I look for the cotton |

to be damaged to a certain extent.

i

The hoppers now are taking to the fruit-trees and eating off all the leaves andthe |

small peaches, and, generally speaking, taking everything as they go.

Business is at a stand; nothing doing. One clerk could attend to the whole town —

nowadays so far as trade and tratiic are concerned.
H. C. OVERAKER.

APPENDIX I1].—TEXAS DATA FOR 1877. [69].

[Correspondence of Saint Louis Globe-Democrat.]
Kossr, April 17.—Crop prospects are poor, the grasshcppers doing great damage to
growing grain. On some farms every vestige of vegetation has disappeared.
Corsicana, April 17.—The writer is just in from an eight days’ drive embracing the
three counties of Ellis, Hill, and Navarro, and finds but small amount of damage done
by grasshoppers. Stands of corn and oats are damaged in small spots about the edge
of the timber. Inthe aggregate the damage is small, and soon expect them to leave.

McKinney, 4pril 17.—The prospect for wheat and corn is bad, the grasshoppers
doing much damage and no sign of their leaving.

Crockett, April 17.—Cotton-planting delayed owing to excessive rains; about half
planted. What has been planted is well up and doing finely. No grasshoppers yet.
Prospects good.

Bryan, April 18.—Grasshoppers are very numerous, destroying gardens whenever
aswarm strikes them. They have in some instances destroyed young crops. They are
hatching out in different litters. As they get large enough to travel they go north.

LuuinG, April 18.—There are no grasshoppers in this part of the State, and crops
are doing well.

Texas Locusts.—I came to Ellis County in 1859, and have lived in Northern, Mid-
dle, Southern, and Southwestern Texas since then, eighteen years, and have never seen
any serious damage from grasshoppers. The pests have invaded portions of the State
several times, and in fact came as far south as Washington County last fall, and have
been hatching out for several weeks, but they disappear as fast as hatched, from birds
and other causes, and the farmers here do not apprehend any damage unless toa
few early-planted gardens. The climate seems unfavorable to them; and besides
they would hatch and be grown and fly northward before crops would be up. They
have been known to do some little damage occasionally in a small portion of Northwest
Texas only. The usual time of coming is October or November, and then they could do
no damage to this section.—[R. E. C., Washington County, Texas, in New York Tribune,
April 18, 1877.

[From the Globe-Democrat.]

CALVERT, April 20.—We have had the grasshoppers with us for the last two months
in large numbers. They have done a great deal of dainage to corn, oats, small grain,
and gardens, but so far have done little injury to cotton. The young ones seem to do
the most damage. Farmers believe they will leave in two weeks, and if this occurs
the prospect will be good.

LuLinG, April 20.—Grasshoppers have done little damage, and have commenced fly-
ing north.

San ANTONIO, April 20.—Crops never looked better, and there are no fears of serious
damage by grasshoppers.

We are having very heavy rains every few days, principally during the night, accom-

panied with incessant discharges of electricity and generally commencing or closing

with a great deal of small hail. I think a great many of-the insects are destroyed by
these rains. They appear, however, to be very good barometers, and always seek places
of safety some hours before the rain commences, and they invariably get on the shel-
tered side of the object to which they cling.—[ Letter from W. L. Coleman, Calvert,
Texas, April 24.

[Correspondence of the Globe-Democrat. }

HEARNE, April 25.—So many contradictory stories are told in reference to the grass-
hoppers in Texas, and the damage they are doing, and what they are not doing, that I
thought I would make my statement. I came into the State of Texas at Texarkanaon
the 22d of February, and since that time until now have been traveling by rail, stage,
and privaet conveyance, and have been at all of the large and medium-sized towns in
Eastern, Southern, Western, and Central Texas, and as far north as Waco, McLennan
County. Ihave taken great pains to inquire of farmers in each place visited, and by
my own personal observation by going into the fields and examining for myseif the
operations of the Texas grasshoppers, and to ascertain the amount of damage they are
doing andits probable results. I find there are more or less grasshoppers in nearly every
portion and county of Texas visited, and that they are doing moreor less damage in places
where they are; but, unlike their operations in Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas, where I
have seen them at their worst, sweeping as they go, in Texas the damage is not general
but local; for instance, in a neighborhood they will eat up four or five acres of cotton
for one farmer, and not do any more damage in that vicinity, or for five or six miles
around. What is peculiar about their operations here in Texas is that they then
leave, doing no more harm in that locality, but pounce down in some other place, miles
away, destroying nothing intermediate, and invariably moving north. The most dam-
age I have witnessed is in the neighborhood of Bryan, in Brazos County. A well-
informed farmer here estimates that the amount of damage to the entire crop of the
county will be about one per cent. in Brazos County, and there will be a large per cent.

[70] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMCLOGICAL COMMISSION.

of the damage done to the entire State as far northas Bryan and Waco. Inthe mean
time there is a complete scare, and dealers will buy only by piecemeal. Trade inthe
county seems to be at a stand-still, and if a commercial traveler attempts to sell a bili
of goods the dealer says “grasshopper!” Iam now going into Northern Texas, and
more about the grasshoppers anon. A. Bas

NEw BRAUNFELS, April 25.—We have had a fine season so far, and oats, which have
been but little disturbed by the grasshoppers, promise seventy-five bushels to the
acre. We may say that two-thirds of the wheat crop aregone. Grasshoppers moving
northward, and no further damage anticipated from them.

DALLAS, April 25.—Never before have the crops in North Texas looked better, though
grasshoppers have begun to make sad havoc in wheat and oats, and fears are enter-
tained that they will eat up the young cotton and corn. It is predicted that the pest
will have disappeared in two weeks, and, if the prediction be correct, we will still have
good crops.

CORPUS CHRISTI, April 25.—The grasshoppers have done no injury in the large dis-
trict of country between the Nueces River in this State and the Rio Grande on the
Mexican border. They have never done any damage in this section at any time.
Crops are looking well.

PLANO, April 25.—Grasshoppers are still here by the million, have already destroyed
many farms, and are now eating the wheat as it comes out. Many farmers are totally
ruined. If the pest does not leave soon the cotton crop will also go up. Business is
dull and the people are blue.

SHERMAN, April 30.—Aside from grasshopper ravages, erops—wheat, corn, and cot-
ton—are looking well. Season rather wet, but not to an extent to interfere with the
cultivation of corn. We have the promise of a good harvest. This will commence in
about three weeks. In some sections ’hoppers have done considerable damage, but crops
are so far advanced that the pests cannot seriously damage them.—I[ Prairie Farmer.

A strong wind from due south, and the air, as far up as the eye can reach, is filled
with locusts moving north. Such of our local crop as can fly arerising. We have
many late ones, too young to start yet.—[ Letter from W.C. Walsh, Austin, May 1, 1877.

LEAVING THE STATE.—The Herald has strenuously maintained all the time that no
serious damage would be done to the general crops by the grasshoppers, and that as
soon as their wings were developed they would leave the country. Both these asser-
tions have proven correct. Keports from all over the State show that the wheat crop
never looked better. Damage has been done in certain localities, but the damage was
only in spots, and cannot be counted in the general average. All danger is over now,
for the grasshoppers for the last two days have been winging their way northward,
millions upon millions of them. They can only be seen by looking very closely at the
sky, and as near thesun as possible. Many of our citizens were busy yesterday gazing
at them through glass and spectacles. Parties in other States need not fear to come
to Texas on account of grasshoppers.—[ Dallas Herald, May 3, 1877.

DEAR Sirs: The present season has been one of many doubts and fears, owing to the
appearance of the grasshoppers; and while they have done some harm, it has been
mostly confined to gardens, with a slight damage in some cases to wheat and oats.
This latter, however, was only in places, and not by any means general. Taking into
consideration the increased acreage, I am prepared to say that our yield of cereals in
this section will be fully up to last season, if not more; provided nothing happens in
the mean time to cut our crops short, and as our farmers will commence harvesting in
fifteen days, all seems favorable.

In the sections of this and surrounding counties where damage has been done by
the grasshoppers, the farmers lost no time in preparing to resow, and the conseqnence
is that, with very few exceptions, the crops thus destroyed have been replaced by cot-
ton, corn, millet, and Hungarian seed, all of which promise large yields.

The present growing crop of cotton is larger than that planted last year and bids fair

to make a larger yield; but, as a general thing, more attention is being paid to grain,
caused by the anticipated decline in cotton and promised increase in value of bread-
stufts, the result of the Eastern troubles.

Any inquiry regarding the crops I will be at all times ready to answer cheerfully, |
as well as any other information desired.—[ Letter from T. C. Haggart, Dallas, May 15. |

The pestiferous ’hoppers are departing from this section—going to lowa, I suppose, |

to grow up with the country. The damage done during their sojourn with us is but

slight. Wheat harvest has begun, and it is thought the yield of this county will sur- —

pass that of any previous year.—[Ellis County, May 26, 1877, Colman’s Rural World.

The grasshoppers have nearly all disappeared from Texas, and the indications are
that the State will have an abundant wheat crop this year.—[ May 26, 1877, Prairie

Farmer.

APPENDIX III.—TEXAS DATA FOR 1877. [71]

The grasshoppers that hatched in this section of the country and south have all left,
going northwest. They did some damage to wheat, oats, and corn in fields that hap-
pened to be in their course; but on the whole the country has not suffered very much.
The damage was done by the young, unfledged locusts. Gardens were more particu-
larly injured.—[ Letter from John H. Secrist, Austin, May 28, 1877.

A gentleman, writing from Paso del Oso ranch, San Antonio, furnished Professor
Boll with the following data, with the understanding that his name should not be
published :

1876. Saturday, 21st October.—Thermometer ranged since 2d between 68° and 90°.
Winds generally southeast; but at times pretty cool north winds, with light rains.
Grasshoppers arrived at sundown to-day. A noise like that made by bees swarming
on trees preceded their appearance about ten minutes; the wind commenced blowing
hard from the north—cold—bringing the grasshopper along like an immense dark
curtain moving toward us, and about 60 or maybe 80 feet high.

Monday, 23d.—Grasshoppers finishing our four acres of beans, devouring mesquit
leaves and many weeds.

4 p. m.—No decrease in grasshoppers; in our beds, on our pillows, and all round us
last night. Heavy dew last night; might be called a frost.

Monday, 6th November.—Heavy rain Saturday night; night dark; norther with cold

wind. Grasshoppers left last night, but flies continne—real hard-biting fellows.
' The grasshoppers at this place, nine miles below San Antonio, laid their eggs in hard
eround on well-beaten roads, or on either side, showing no particular taste for a cush-
ioned bed. At the mission Espada, 14 miles above me—irrigable—they laid their eggs
alongside of the ditches. Those that were laid in the field, if they were disturbed
about time to move by plowing, jumped to the brush and grass along the ditches, com-
ing from their cover to.devour our tomato and red pepper (three times); also, when
our melons and peas were large enough, they finished most of them, and a good deal
of our early corn, but left our oats untouched.

About three weeks ago a large swarm (about three hours passing) passed over us,
and about a week ago another. They acted very differently when they came last fall,
for they came then like an immense curtain, drawn along the ground from east
to west: but these went high and north.

If the above extract from my ranch memorandum should prove of the least value
in aiding in the discovery of some means to destroy this infernal pest, I shall consider
myself well paid for what attention I gave the matter.

No traps or other means of getting clear of the grasshoppers have been tried here.

I forgot to say Paso del Oso is 9 miles in a straight line and 12 miles by the road
andon the right bank of San Antonio River, below San Antonio.

In 1875, the “hoppers commenced arriving about eleven o’clock in the morning and
about twenty times as numerous as we sometimes see the common fishing “hopper.
At that time they kept outside of the lowland fields, keeping outside of the fences;
but the following spring they seemed perfectly at home in the river fields, where they
destroyed nearly all of fifty acres of my corn, which I had to replant.

Texas farmers are beginning to believe that the grasshoppers were a deeply dis-
guised blessing. It is said that the most pestilential weeds have been eradicated, root
and branch, by the locusts.—[ Colorado Farmer, June 7, 1877.

The *hoppers have all left here now. No one seems to know which way they went.
I think they went northwest, as the wind was for many days blowing from south,
and of course they went with it.—[Letter from H. C. Overaker, Plano, June 8, 1877.

As you desire information about the locusts from all parts of the country and sup-
posing that you may not have any as far southwest as Victoria County, Texas, I quote
to you the following from a letter of June 12, just received from G. Onderdonk, an
eminent and trustworthy fruit-grower at Mission Valley:

“The locusts have done me considerable damage; they killed a large share of my
cuttings (grape); also by eating out the pear budsset in my quince stocks last October.
They killed arbor-vite trees six feet high so completely that they are past recovery.
Yet the farming interest is not seriously affected. Wheat, oats, &c., are harvested in
good order; excellent yield. Corn is now in roasting ears, and will be heavy. Ivish
potatoes gathered twenty days ago, very fine. The locusts have not hurt my orchards
nor my vineyards. They have depredated ‘in spots.’”—[ Letter from Isidor Bush, Saint
Louis, June 20, 1877. (

The southern limit of the extension of the grasshoppers in Texas seems to be San An-
tonio and Houston, the latter place also including their eastern limit, as they never go
beyond that point. Farmers residing near Cypress City, some twenty-five miles north
of Houston, who have been living in the vicinity for over a quarter of a century, assure
me that they had no grasshoppers either last autumn or this spring.

The investigations of this question for Texas are not yet accomplished, and this brief
report refers only to inquiries made in the southern portion of the State.

The damage, generally speaking, is not important. The destruction last fall was

[72] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

limited almost entirely to gardens. The young grasshoppers which came from the eggs
this spring appeared only here and there, many early fields suffering but little, and in
a number of instances entirely escaping.

Wheat is not raised to any great extent in San Antonie or New Braunfels, and only
in the higher situated regions of Gillespie and Blanco Counties was the destruction of
the wheat crop an item of considerable importance. Oats were damaged but little by
the grasshoppers, and the cotton was unplanted until after they had disappeared. They
all left the southern section of the State before the Ist of May, and by the 12th of
June I saw corn silk and tasseling in the productive valleys of Guadalupe, Colorado,
and Brazos, and in many places the cotton began to developits blooms. In general the
impression made on my mind by the appearance of the cultivated lands was the same
as if the grasshoppers had never been here. Some miles northeast of Austin I saw on
the 18th of May, oats, corn, trees, &c., very much damaged, but the damage was not
done by the grasshoppers, but by a hail-storm. Yet everywhere I was assured that for
twenty years the grasshoppers had never come in such enormous quantities.

Although the investigations for Texas have not yet been finished, I will draw some
inferences from personal observations made hitherto. Professor Riley says that in
Texas they (the grasshoppers) will never be of a dangerous nature. I find this decla-
ration completely corroborated by the result of the wheat crop of those counties in,
which the grasshoppers were the most numerous.

It is wheat that suffers most from the ravages of the grasshopper, yet, nevertheless,
we have a good average crop of about fifteen bushels per acre. .
* * * * * *

Another observation for our country is the following: The whole prairie of Northern .
Texas was covered last fall with a very troublesome plant called broomweed. This
spring the propagation of this plant was stopped by the destruction of the young buds
by the grasshoppers. ‘This weed will now almost entirely disappear for some years,
and our prairies will be covered with a much better grass. Thus, even a calamity,
under certain circumstances, can be rendered advantageous to a certain point, as, for
instance, it is a well established fact that after heavy storms malignant epidemics sud-
denly disappear.

But from what is above stated, we must not conclude that the grasshopper question
should be neglected or even treated indifferently. I sball have more to say upon this
important subject when my investigations shall have becn concluded.—{[ Lette: from
J. Boll, to the Dallas Mail, June 19, 1877.

The area invaded by the grasshoppers in Texas, in the fall of 15876 was embraced
between the longitudinal parallels of 96° and 99° west from Greenwich, or 19° and 22°
west from Washington, and extending entirely across the State from Red River on
the north to the Gulf of Mexico on the south, crossing and covering six degrees of
latitude; or covering an area of about 200 miles in width by 360 in width, or 72,000
square miles. This belt extends through the center of the State from north to south
between parallel lines, with somewhat irregular edges, varied only by the course of
the wind at different times during their “‘ march tothe sea.” By reterence to the map
of Texas it will be seen that the best agricultural portion of the State was covered
by them.

"The precise state of arrival I am unable to give, but they crossed Red River about
the last of August and continued their movement southward for between six weeks
and two months.

Their flight was due south except as varied by the winds from the west or north-
west; but the prevailing wind was from the north.

The area covered by the eggs was the same as that over which they made their flight,
as is fully attested by the myriads of young ’hoppers that have been making their
appearance since tbe Ist of February.

The damage done by them last fall was comparatively small in consequence of their
late appearance. All crops were matured and gathered except cotton and sweet pota-
toes, which were well advanced. ‘The grass was mostly dry from the drought in the
latter part of summer. Their number was legion, and for several days during their
passage across the railroads trains were delayed for hours, and often stopped by them.
Col. L. J. Dupré, editor of the Austin Statesman, writes me: “I only saw the sun as
through a glass darkly for ten days, when the living clouds swept southward from
Pike’s Peak to the sea. It was a smoked glass that covered immensity and the sun’s
disk. The mountains and plains about Austin are covered with the measureless swarms
of locusts.”

From information before me from thirty counties included in the area covered by
deposits of eggs last fall, that these pests are appearing in immense numbers all over
the section named, threatening destruction to all early vegetation, both of garden and
farm; large portions of the country being literally covered with them, from the siz3
and appearance of afleaupward. Itis hoped their early appearance indicates an early
departure, and the hope is entertaiued that corn, cotton, and all the later crops may
escape. In Northern Texas, where they have just bad snow and a freeze, they hope to

APPENDIX JIII.—TEXAS DATA FOR 1877. ies

be rid of all that had hatched; while there is nosuch hope for the people of Southern
Texas, much faith is placed in the birds, prairio chickens, and heavy rains; the latter
we have just had. The Gonzales Enquirer says: ‘“ Reports from this and adjoining
counties state that the grasshoppers are hatching out by the millions. The birds are
having a good time feasting upon them, but nothing but a general rain—a regular
trash-mover—will save the crops.” Farming operations are active regardless of the
erasshoppers, as many farmers believe they will die of starvation or emigrate before
the crops are large enough to furnish them food. Notwithstanding all this, the gravest
apprehensions are entertained as to the future, with almost a certainty of no vegeta-
bles, and possibly no fruit or crops of any other kind. They are destroying everything
oreen.

~The Bastrop Advertiser says: ‘The late rains destroyed great numbers of young grass-
hoppers, but there are at least a million to the square foot left, alive, kicking and
jumping, and preparing to devour everything within their reach. If the clerk of the
weather would only turn on the water and give us a perfect deluge, a Noah’s flood in a
small way, we might hope to be rid of these pestiferous crop-destroyers.”

The next issue of the paper corrected the above statement as to the number left, by
saying: There areimmense quantities, and it is feared much damage will be done the com-
ing crop.

in Collin County, on the northern boundary of the State, grasshoppers in countless
‘numbers are being hatched out, and signs of their ravages are plainly visible on early
vegeta! ion.

The Belton Journal, speaking of the innumerable multitudes of *hoppers that have
hatched, says: “In past years they have been considerate enough to leave as soon as.
they could fly, and we trust they may pursue the same course this season.”

Judge Buford, an old planter near Dallas, who has been a close observer of the’hoppers
from their first visit to Texas, gives it as his opinion that as soon as they are large
enough to fly they will take their departure, and no danger to crops in this State will
ensue.

It appears that our hoppers came from the northwest last fall, spreading from Red
River to the Gulf. At the approach of winter they began to bore into the earth and
deposit their eggs. The very mild winters. in this section enable the eggs to hatch
upon the appearance of the first warm days of spring.

The county officials of Caldwell County have kept in their county records a diary of
the grasshopper in that county since their first appearance in 1847 ; andthe same facts
are applicable to all the section visited by them. I am indebted to 8. J. P. McDowell,
esq., clerk of the court of that county, for the following grasshopper statistics of Cald-
well County:

“ Made their appearance in this county October 1, 1847; remained during the fall,
with but little damage.

** November 6, 1857, made their appearance—came from the west; after destroying
turnips, &¢., in the fall, and growing crops in the spring, commenced disappearing
* about 20th April, 1858.

“October 14, 1867, made their appearance—came from the north; but little damage.

“October 7, 1876, made their appearance from th* north in a shght norther, and re-
mained until December 1, 1876. In all portious of the county commenced hatching
last of January (in sandy regions earlier than other portions) and yet hatching [March
6, 1877]. Their flight in the fall toward the south generally in a north wind. Reg-
ularly, at about noon, they seemed to collect in large swarms, rise, and proceed on
their journey.”

For forty years they have made their appearance regularly at an average interval
of ten years each.—[A. B. Small, Houston, March 16, 1877.

[The following reports have been kindly collated by Sergeant C. A. Smith, United
States signal observer at Galveston. They appeared in the Galveston Daily News of
the dates indicated, this paper having regularly quoted the locust news trom its ex-
changes in other parts of the State. ]

Freestone County, January 20.—The old field larks are said to be destroying large
quantities of grasshopper eggs deposited in the ground in this vicinity last fall.

Bexar County, January 9.—Field larks and other small birds are spending most of
their time scratching the ground in pursuit of grasshopper eggs.

Caldwell County, January 31.—The cold weather has had no effect on the deposit of
grasshoppers. The little ones hatched out and hopped about as lively in the sleet as
though they liked it.

Colorado County, February 4.—The last few days of warm weather has hatched great
numbers of young grasshoppers.

Burnet County, February 6.—Farmers are planting, notwithstanding the prospect of
grasshoppers.

Gonzales County, February 8.—The young grasshoppers have made their appearance.

[74] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Austin County, February 10.—There is a great deal of talk of grasshoppers; some an-
ticipate the destruction of the coming crop by them.

Travis County, Lebruary 10.—A farmer who lives east of the city says the young
grasshoppers are hatching out in considerable numbers in post-oak regions. Specimens
of dirt were brought to the city by Captain Walsh containing vast numbers of the
eggs.

Austin County, February 14.—The “‘ Banner” says grasshoppers are appearing in count-
less millions.

Colorado County, February 14.—The hatching process is still going forward with the
‘¢ orasshoppaire.”

McKinney County, February 14.—Grasshoppers are being hatched out by the warm
weather of the past few days.

Robertson County.—The whole face of the earth is literally full of grasshopper eggs,
and the recent severe weather has had no effect on them. They have commenced
hatching within the past week, and the young may now be seen in every direction.

Bastrop County, February 15.—Grasshoppers are hatching out by millions. In sandy
land they can be seen as thick as fleas in a hog-bed.

Gonzales County, February 15.—Reports from this and adjcining counties state that
grasshoppers are hatching out by millions. The birds are having a good time feasting
on them, but nothing but a general rain will save the crops.

Washington County, Brenham, I'ebruary 20.—Grasshoppers are hatching out.

Lavaca County, February 22.—The grasshoppers are hatching out all over our county,
in some places the ground being literally covered with them.

Jackson County, Morales, February 23 —Grasshoppers’ eggs are plentiful here, and much
fear is entertained as to their reappearance soon.

Colorado County, February 23.—Planters inform us that the late cold weather and
rain destroyed millions of young grasshoppers. They are hatching out, though, as
before the cold weather.

Caldwell County, February 23.—On light sandy land the young grasshoppers are com-
ing out by millions.

Guadalupe County, February 23.—Since the rain there has been a large quantity of
grasshoppers hatched out. The rain destroyed most of them that were already hatched.

Lavaca County, February 23.—Grasshoppers are repcrted to be injuring gardens in
some localities in our county.

Bell County, February 28.—Grasshoppers are hatching out in this section, but it is
hoped they will leave before they get large enough to do material damage.

Bastrop County, February 28.—Late rains destroyed great numbers of young grass-
hoppers, but there are at least a million to the square foot left alive, kicking and

umping.
d Hays County, February 28.—Myriads of young grasshoppers. It is feared they may
survive their infancy and cause trouble.

Dallas County, March 1.—Grasshoppers in the country threaten to eat out the sub-
stance of the people. °

Victoria County, March 1.—In warm, sheltered localities the grasshoppers are hatch-
ing out in considerable quantities. During the last ten days each succeeding day has
added largely to their numbers. The farmers are confident that when strong enough
they will take wing and leave.

Goliad County, Goliad, February 24.—Grasshoppers are reported plentiful in the vicin-
ity of this place.

Gonzales County, Gonzales, March 3.—The last descending showers have killed off a
great Many young grasshoppers. :

Grimes County, March 4.—We learn that thousands of goung grasshoppers are being
hatched out in sandy places in southwest portion of our county.

Collin County, March 6.—Grasshoppers in countless numbers are being hatched out,
and signs of their ravages are plainly visible on early vegetation.

De Witt County, March 6.—The grasshoppers have made their appearance all over
_ the county. Hatching out in myriads.

Falls County, March 6.—Grasshoppers are hatching out rapidly, but farmers appre-
hend little or no danger from them.

Lampasas County, March 6.—Myriads of grasshoppers are to be seen all over the
county. They are beginning work on tender vegetables.

Robertson County, March 6.—Grasshoppers are hatching out by the million.

Washington County, March 6.—Grasshoppers continue to multiply on the farms near
this city. :

Bell County, March 7.—Innumerable multitudes of grasshoppers have hatched out
all over this county, and it is feared they will injure crops. a

Bastrop County, March 7.—The heavy rain on Wednesday night drowned millions of
grasshoppers in the lowlands, but there are quadrillions to the square foot left, and it
is feared much damage will be done to the coming crops.

APPENDIX IIJ.—TEXAS DATA FOR 1877. [75]

Comanche County, March 7.—Millions of grasshoppers are now to be seen in some
localities.

De Witt County, March 7.—Grasshoppers are abundant here and in adjoining coun-
ties, and it is feared they will destroy spring crops.

Gonzales County, March 7.—The young grasshoppers have already destroyed several
gardens in town.

Live Oak County, March 7.—Young grasshoppers are quite numerous in places, and
our fine gardens are thought to be in a critical condition.

Fayette County, March 9.—Young grasshoppers are quite numerous in this section.

Goliad County, March 9.—The small grasshoppers are showing themselves in the
fields and gardens about Geliad.

Johnson County, March 9.—Young grasshoppers are making their appearance in great

numbers in some portions of the county.

Bosque County, March 10.—Grasshoppers are overrunning the northern portion of this
county.

Colorado County, March 10.—Myriads of grasshoppers everywhere. Birds are destroy-
ing them, but they are too thick for them to get all.

Layette County, March 10.—Young grasshoppers are at work devastating tender veg-
etation.

Hill County, March 10.—The grasshoppers have hatched out and the ground in many
places is covered with them.

Hays County, March 12.—There is some complaint of damage to gardens by grass-
hoppers, though farmers are planting and seem not to fear their ravages.

Bastrop County, McDade, March 12.—Young grasshoppers are on the rampage, and
farmers are looking blue.

Anderson County, March 13.—Young grasshoppers by the million are now making
their appearance all over the county.

Caldwell County, March 13.—We learn that large numbers of grasshoppers are dying
and ofners are traveling northward. As yet but little damage has been done.

Goliad County, March 13.—Young grasshoppers are making their appearance, and our
farmers wear queer countenances in consequence.

Lampasas County, March 13.—The rains did not drown the grasshoppers. Thousands
of them are infesting the county and beginning to destroy vegetation.

ae lam County, March 13.—It is reported that the young grasshoppers are going north
already.

McLennan County, March 13.—The grasshoppers survived the rain and hail of Wed-
nesday night, and skipped about yesterday in undiminished numbers. As yet they
have done but little damage to vegetation, and it is hoped they will soon take wings.

Lampasas County, March 13.—The rains did not drown the grasshoppers. Thousands
of them are infesting the county, and are destroying whatever they can find tender
enough for their use.

San Saba County, March 13.—Young grasshoppers are reported in numberless quan-
tities in the western portion of the county.

Bastrop County, March 14.—A heavy rain visited this section last Wednesday night
accompanied by high wind, but we have not heard of the grasshoppers being much
damaged thereby.

Wilson County, March 14.—The grasshoppers have diminished considerably in num-
bers since the last rain.

Erath County, March 15.—The grasshopper eggs deposited in the ground last fall are
being hatched out, and the young “hoppers are making their appearance in great num-
bers in ‘different parts of the county. “

Freestone County, March 15.—Young grasshoppers are making their appearance by
the million in nearly every part of the county.

Hays County, March 15.—Farmers are hopeful that the grasshoppers will depart
without doing much damage.

a nson County, March 15.—Young grasshoppers are making their appearance by the
million.

Live Oak County, March 15.—Young grasshoppers are quite numerous.

Fiill County, March 16.—No harm done as yet by the grasshoppers, and they are not
as numerous as they were a week ago.

Colorado County, March 16.—A{ter the rain of Monday last millions of fresh grasshop-
pers appeared. Field larks and blackbirds are still putting in good work.

Fayette County, March 17.—The young grasshoppers are westward bound, and are
consuming all description of vegetation on the way. We learn from reliable sources
that the first and second hatchings have disappeared and that in many localities little
fear is felt.

Lavaca County, March 17.—Grasshoppers are very numerous throughout the county,
devouring garden vegetables, &c.

Caldwell County, March 13.—The grasshoppers are still here.

[76] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Grimes County, March 18.—Oceasionally we hear of the appearance about town of
young grasshoppers, but they are few.

Lee County, March 18.—The grasshoppers are still here.

Washington County, Brenham, March 19.—Grasshoppers are destroying gardens as fast
as they advance.

Travis County, Elgin, March 19.—Grasshoppers are consuming corn, wheat, and oats,

and are makin reat havoc in gardens. Farmers are looking somewhat despondent. -
> to) p

Bell County, March 20.—We learn that the grasshoppers are less numerous than they
were a week or ten days ago, and it is now believed they will do but little damage.

DeWitt County, March 20.—We learn from Mr. J. R. Hamilton, planter on Deer Creek,
that the grasshoppers are disappearing from his neighborhood.

Falls County, March 20.—Little grasshoppers are increasing by countless millions.

Limestone County, March 20.—Myriads of little grasshoppers are to be seen on our

prairies and in our fields.

Milam County, March 20.—The woods are fairly alive with young grasshoppers. They
are not all hatched out yet, and none are able to fly. Gardens are past saving and
wheat is gone wherever they touch it. One encouraging feature is that as soon as
they hatch out they commence jumping northward. ‘This seems to indicate that they
will leave as soon as their wings put out, as they did in 1868.

Victoria County, March 20.—The grasshoppers are said to be leaving as soon as hatched.

Grayson County, Denison, March 20.—Grasshoppers are numerous, but not alarmingly
80.

Bastrop County, March 21.—Grasshoppers are out in swarms, but no particular dam-
age is reported as yet.

Grayson County, March 21.—Young grasshoppers are now quite numerous.

Guadalupe County, March 21.—The young grasshoppers have already devoured sev-
eral small fields of wheat and oats. It is feared they will greatly damage these crops,
which are large in this county.

Gonzales County, March 21.—Mr. L. B. Green, residing on the river, reports the prai-
ries and valleys literally covered with grasshoppers, and that they appear to be drift-
ing in waves, and at night take to the broom-weed, and feast upon the dead wood of
the same. The largest are about one-third grown, and range from that down to the
size of a flea. On the opposite side of the river, at John Steen’s, there are none.

Washington County, March 21.—Some complaints are made of the ravages of grass-
hoppers, which are not serious as yet.

Washington County, Brenham, March 21.—Old farmers are confident that the corn
eaten off by the grasshoppers will come out all right yet, as the roots are healthy.

Washington County, Chapel Hill, March 24.—No appearance of damage from grass-
hoppers.

De Witt County, March 27.—Grasshoppers are doing immense damage in the neigh-
borhood of Cuero. They appear to be hopping northward, not yet having wings.

Guadalupe County March 27.—In some places the grasshoppers have attacked young
peaches, and have nearly destroyed some crops ot oats and wheat. As they grow
their ravages increase.

Lampasas County, March 27.—In many places the grasshoppers are doing but little
- damage and the people are going on with their work without fear of injury, while
in other localities tender vegetation is being trimmed off even with the ground.

Live Oak County, March 27.—Grass in this section is starting up finely and considera-
ble farming is being done, although grasshopper depredations are much feared.

McLennan County, March 27.—The grasshoppers existing here in myriads are destroy-
ing gardens and doing considerable damage to fruit-trees. They have not damaged
the grain-fields as yet, and as they are growing rapidly and moving northward it is
hoped the grain will escape.

Milam County, March 27.—It is said thatthe grasshoppers have seriously injured the
wheat in Milam County. In some places they have completely stripped the ground
of vegetation and are now leaving the county, going north.

Navarro County, March 27.—The grasshoppers are going for the wheat.

Waller County, Mai ch 27.—Grasshoppers about the size of house-flies have made their
appearance by millions, and grave apprehensions are entertained that they willeat up
the growing crop.

Washington County, March 27.—Judge Bowers reports that in the neighborhood of
Burton the grasshoppers have eaten the corn off even with the roots.

De Witt County, March 28.—Grasshoppers have taken possession of the country in
this vicinity. Gardens, fields, the forests, and prairies are covered with them.

Leon County, March 23.—The grasshoppers in this county are eating down the young
corn and are doing great damage to the gardens and everything green.

Lavaca County, March 28.—Grasshoppers are taking possession of gardens, and farmers
are delaying planting.

Mason County, March 28.—In spite of the grasshoppers, some of the farmers hav
planted at least a portion of their crops. :

APPENDIX III.—TEXAS DATA FOR 1877. [77]

Coryell County, March 30.—The little grasshoppers are still numerous, and their appe-
tite is as destructive as ever. :

Bosque County, March 30.—The grasshoppers threaten the total destruction of the
wheat and oat crops. |

Dallas County, March 30.—The shrubbery in the city is all covered with white covers
to protect it from the hoards of grasshoppers.

Johnson County, March 30.—The little grasshoppers are still hopping in myriads.
They have begun on the wheat.

San Saba County, April 1.—Grasshoppers are destroying wheat on Richmond Creek.

Tarrant County, April 1.—Fort Worth, March 31: Grasshoppers are plentiful and
doing some damage.

Robertson County, April 1—Hearne, March 31: Grasshoppers are numerous, and
have eaten up everything in shape of gardens.

Washington County, Chapel Hill, March 31.—Grasshoppers are eating all green vege-
tation to the ground.

De Witt County, April 3—Grasshoppers are numerous and troublesome, eating out
fields, and stripping plants and shrubbery in the gardens.

Gonzales County, April 5.—Grasshoppers have commenced on the corn in some por-
tions of the county. They appear to be traveling in a northward direction.

Johnson County, April 5.—Grasshoppers are doing much damage in the county. Itis
. thought one-half the wheat in the timber has been destroyed. Oats have been eaten
down to the ground, but will come out again if the “hoppers leave. Corn is eaten as
much by day as it grows by night. Gardens thus far have stood no show.

Lavaca County, April 5.—Complaints of injury from grasshoppers are coming in on
all sides.

Washington County, April 5.—On the plantation of Mr. Thomas Smith, near Chapel
Hill, the grasshoppers have eaten out about thirty acres of corn.

Waller County, April 5.—Grasshoppers are injuring the crops considerably.

Bexar County, April 7.—Grasshoppers are making serious inroads upon vegetation in
the northern part of the county.

Washington County, Brenham, April 7.—In some portions of the county the grass-
hoppers have made a clean sweep. Especially is this the case in the neighborhood of
Long Point and Gay Hill.

Colorado County, April 8.—Little damage bas yet been done by the grasshoppers,
their depredations being mostly confined to the tender vegetation of the gardens.
What little they travel seems to be in a direction a little north of west. None of them
we have seen have yet arrived at maturity, and of course are without wings.

Grayson County, April 8.—But little further damage from grasshoppers anticipated.
Wheat is getting too tough for them, and they prefer the young grass on the prairies.

Mason County, April 3.—Corn is coming up, but the grasshoppers meet it at the sur-
face of the ground.

aaa County, April 8.—Oats are knee-high, and not a grasshopper within five
miles.

Menard County, April 8.—The grasshoppers are not numerous up here.

Washington County, April 8.—Grasshoppers are here in myriads. In some localities
they are destroying all green vegetation, while in others corn is growing finely.

Williamson County, April 8.—Grasshopper ravages are feared by farmers.

Bexar County, April 10.—Grasshoppers are plentiful in the neighborhood of Cibolo,
but have done no serious damage as yet.

Brazos County, April 10.—Some apprehensions from grasshoppers.

Cooke County, April 10.—Grasshoppers are numerous in southwestern portion of this
county, and in portions of Denton, Wise, and Montague that lie near us but as yet
have done little mischief.

Comanche County, April 10.—Grasshoppers are diminishing in numbers in this county.

Collin County, April 8.—Several of our farmers say that their crops of wheat and oats
have been ruined by the grasshoppers. A Mr. M. C. Smith informs us that they have
eaten thirty acres for him, and that there is no possible chance for it to come out.
They are beginning to penetrate the timber regions, which have hitherto been exempt
from their ravages.

De Witt County, April 10.—Grasshoppers are disappearing in spots, and appear to be
gathering in the bottom lands. Having devoured all the young vegetables, they have,
in some localities, gone to work on the young corn.

Limestone County, April 10.—Grasshoppers have as yet done no material damage, and
have only appeared in a few localities.

Gonzales County, April 11.—From every portion of the county we learn that grass
hoppers have done but little damage as yet. They are growing in size, and few have
wings. Some have commenced shedding, while a number of small ones have appeared,
which indicates that they are still hatching.

Kimble County, April 11.—Grasshoppers are scarce.

—

[78] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Mason County, April 11.—Grasshoppers are still numerous, and are at work on corn
and peaches. :
Wilson County, April 11.—Grasshoppers thus far have done no damage.
Austin County, April 12.—Grasshoppers have not interfered with the crops.
Hamilton County, April 12.—In some locations grasshoppers have destroyed gardens,
but altogether crop prospects are encouraging.
Limestone County, April 12.—The “ Record” says grasshoppers have done but little dam-
age.
Denton County, April 15.—Wheat-fields almost clear of grasshoppers. They are leav-
ing the fields and taking tothe woods.

De Witt County, April 15.—Grasshoppers not so numerous and getting wings. Still
at work on young corn and what is left of gardens. Fruit-trees thus far not injured.

McLennan and Bosque Counties, April 15.—Grasshoppers numerous near the line sep-
arating the counties, but have done little or no damage.

Washington County, April 15.—Myriads ot grasshoppers hopping about, but do not
seem to be going in any particular direction. In some fields they have eaten the young
crops entirely up, while others they have not touched.

Atascosa County, April 17.—Grasshoppers are in the county.

Brazos County, April 17.—Grasshoppers are not generally diffused over the county,
but move in large families. In many places they have destroyed everything, while
many have escaped untouched. Many of our citizens have saved their growing peaches
by applying tar to the bodies of the trees, which prevents the ’hoppers ascending. Mr.
James P. Wilson and family have waged relentless war against them, and have thus
tar prevented them from destroying anything. Liberal use was made of fire, boards,
carbolic soap, tar, kerosene, and turpentine.

Colorado County, April 17.—Grasshopper depredations continue in places. The ’hop-
pers are growing fast, and it is thought will soon take wings. Some reports say they
are already flying. As yet damage to crops is limited.

Comanche County, April17.—The “ Chief” announces that grasshoppers are disappear-
ing in Comanche County.

Freestone County, April 17.—Grasshoppers still here. In some localities they have
done considerable damage to small grains, fruits, and corn.

Fayette County, April 17.—Grasshoppers doing some damage, but not serious. They
seem to be in spots. :

Grayson County, April 17.—The pests are now attacking the blossoms on the fruit-
trees, with a fair prospect of destroying the crop.

Kerr County, April 17.—Grasshoppers have done no material damage.

Navarro County, Aprit 17.—Wheat has been damaged in a few places by the grass-
hoppers.

Robertson County, April 17.—The grasshoppers are going north as rapidly as their legs
will carry them. They have no wings as yet.

Bexar County, San Antonio. April 16.—Grasshoppers are abundant.

Fannin County.—A few grasshoppers were visible up to April 19 and 20, but no dam-
age.

rrayson County.—Grasshoppers numerous about March 20 and 24, and had destroyed
several small fields.

Dallas County, April 7—Grasshoppers are reported about March 20 as having injured
fall-wheat and oats. They appear in small collections. Having generally selected
hill-tops to deposit their eggs, have hatched out and remained there.

Fiill County, April 13.—Corn in some neighborhoods has been swept clean by the
grasshoppers.

McLennan County, April 13.—Grasshoppers numerous, but not doing much damage.
‘The face of each individual ’hopper is turned northward.

Limestone County, April 13.—Grasshoppers are causing some delay in planting cotton.

Washington County, Chapel Hill, April 13.—Grasshoppers are doing but little damage
except to gardens, which they have almost devastated. They are leaving the uplands

®and going to the bottoms.

Collin County.—Damage from grasshoppers not great, and will not materially affect
crops.

Comanche County, April 18.—No grasshoppers to hurt much.

Guadalupe County, April 18.—A few isolated farms injured by grasshoppers.

Grayson County, April 18.—Grasshoppers doing but little damage to wheat. They

confine their operations principally to oats.

Goliad County, April 18.—Grasshoppers doing but little damage to gardens or crops.

Hays County, April 18.—Grasshoppers still doing harm, but their number is believed
to be decreasing.

Johnson County, April 18.—Grasshoppers still on hand. Insome instances they have
totally destroyed fields of wheat and oats, and the land had to be re-broke and planted
in something else. Farmers are sowing millet in place of the oats eaten up.

APPENDIX III.—TEXAS DATA FOR 1877. [79]

Limestone County, April 18.—Grasshoppers are destroying a few gardens. They seem
to be very much in spots. But few heard of in the black lands.

Madison County, April 18.—Grasshoppers doing no material damage.

Shackelford County, Fort Griffin, April 18.—No grasshoppers to be seen here.

Washington County, Brenham, April 17.—Grasshoppers not doing much harm here-
abouts, though a few farmers have had to replant.

Guadalupe County, April 19.—Grasshoppers are playing sad havoc with wheat and
corn fields in this vicinity, and farmers are mowing their small grain for hay,

Gonzales County, April 19:—Grasshoppers as yet are doing no damage in this section.

Henderson County, April 19.—Grasshoppers reported as doing some damage to corn
crops in western portion of county. f ;

Live Oak County, April 19.—Complaints of grasshoppers are coming in from every
direction.

Williamson County, April 19.—Some farmers say the grasshoppers are destroying
everything in their neighborbood, while others say that in their localities there are
but few or none at all.

Brazos County, Millican, April 19.—Grasshoppers are not so numerous as heretofore,
and have done but little damage to the crops. They have a special delight in gardens.

Bexar County, San Antonio, April 20.—Grasshoppers are here in abundance, but no
harm has yet been done.

Limestone County, Groesbeck, April 20.—Grasshoppers by the million, but they are seen
only in spots. No serious damage as yet.

Navarro County, Corsicana, April 20.—In some localities in the county the grasshop-
pers are playing havoc with the wheat-fields.

Travis County, Elgin, April 20.—-Grasshoppers are plentiful.

Kaufman County, lorney, April 17.—Grasshoppers are not so numerous with us as
with neighboring counties, probably on account of our land consisting of high, rolling
prairie, which the ’hoppers rarely trouble as much as the lowland.

Caldwell County, Luling, April 21.—Grasshoppers are leaving Caldwell County by the
million. Farmers jubilant.

Clay County, April 25.—Grasshoppers have not made their appearance around Hen-
rietta yet.

Fayette County, April 25.—Grasshoppers are now moulting in good earnest, and will
soon be ready to fly away.

De Witt County, April 25.—The grasshoppers seem to be disappearing.

Fayette County, April 25.—Grasshopper accounts conflict. Some say they have all
hatched and are disappearing, while others say they are still hatching and are plenti-
ful, but confine themselves mostly to the brush.

Grimes County, April 25.—Grasshoppers plentiful; a great many noticed going south.

Goliad County, April 25.—The grasshoppers in some localities are too numerous to
mention individually.

Lavaca County, April 25.—Injury from grasshoppers is confined to small sections of
territory throughout the county, and would not as yet average 5 per cent. damage.

Montgomery County, April 25.—We have no grasshoppers here.

Navarro County, April 25.—Grasshopper ravages in the neighborhood of Dresden are
severe, considerable damage having already been done to corn, wheat, and oats.

Wood County, April 25.—The grasshopper plague has not reached Wood County.

Johnson County, April 26.—Grasshoppers leaving some sections of the county.

Lampasas County, April 26.—Grasshoppers have destroyed all the garden vegetables,
and are now injuring the wheat. |

Palo Pinto County, April 26.—Grasshoppers very numerous, but not doing much
damage.

Waller County, April 26.—Grasshoppers are disappearing fast, and farmers have
strong hopes that the crops will not be injured.

Wharton County, April 26.—No grasshoppers here.

Young County, April 26.—No grasshoppers here.

Grayson County, Denison, April 25.—Grasshoppers are making short work with vege-
tables and tender plants; they are still too small to fly, but are moving northward.

Austin County, April 27.—A few farmers on Kentucky Ridge and near Travis have
been seriously damaged by the grasshoppers.

Clay County, April 27.—No grasshoppers in this county this season. Their progress
in the counties east of us seems to be in a northerly direction.

- Gonzales County, April 27.—Grasshoppers have commenced shedding their coats, un-
folding their wings, and taking their departure. During the past week they have
been seen passing over various portions of the county in a northward course. With
few exceptions, crops have thus far suffered no material damage.

Limestone County, April 27.—Grasshoppers in certain localities are beginning to do
serious damage to crops.

Lobertson County, April 27.—Grasshoppers about as plenty as ever.

Washingion County, April 27.—Grasshoppers are gradually disappearing.

[80] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Lillis County, Palmer, April 26.—Grasshoppers are passing northward slowly.

Washington County, Brenham, April 26.— Grasshoppers are moving northward, causing
rejoicing among farmers.

Colorado County, April 23.—Grasshoppers rapidly disappeared last week, and there
are now few localities in our county infested with them. Their ravages have perhaps
been less than 3 per cent. in this section.

Fayette County, April 28.—The first grasshoppers seen going north passed over on
Sunday, the 15th of April. During the first part of the week they seemed to be hold-
ing mass-meetings here and there, the weather being a little cool ; but on Friday they
went off by myriads.

Live Oak County, April 28.—Grasshoppers plentiful at Lagarta.

McLennan County, April 28.—Grasshoppers are damaging the young cotton on Mr.
Will Kingsbury’s farm, near this city.

Johnson County, May 1.—Grasshoppers are going off.

De Witt County, May 1.—The grasshoppers have at last taken wings, and are leaving
for other parts as fast as they can go. The air for several days has been pretty thick
with them.

Navarro County, May 1.—Grasshoppers are playing havoc with gardens on the out-
skirts of the city, but we are glad to learn that they are dying by thousands.

Robertson County, May 1—The grasshoppers have disappeared from the neighbor-
hood of Calvert.

WVood County, May 1.—There are no grasshoppers in Wood County.

Walle*® County, Hempstead, April 30.—Grasshoppers are disappearing.

Bastrop County, May 2.—The grasshoppers are reported to be rapidly disappearing.

Fort Bend County, May 2.—Grasshoppers here.

Hays County, May 2—Grasshoppers are coming and going. They go north as soon
as they are able to fly. Their ravages so far have been quite exceptional.

Caldwell County, May 3.—Grasshoppers have done little or no damage in the black
lands.

Dallas County, May 3.—In some portions of Dallas County, the grasshoppers have
entirely ruined the wheat.

Freestone County, May 3.—Grasshoppers have destroyed a great deal of young corn
and cotton in the western and southern portion of this county, and many farmers have
been forced to replant.

Hamilton County, May 3.—In some localities, the grasshoppers are creating some
uneasiness, but they are confined to a comparatively small area.

San Saba County, May 3.—The grasshoppers have taken all the wheat on Cherokee
Creek except W. J. Key Kendall’s, R. T. Barbe’s, and D. 8. Hanna’s, leaving only
about fifty acres that will make anything.

Fannin County, Bonham, May 2.—No grasshoppers here.

McLennan County, Waco, May 2.—The grasshoppers are flying high, going north.

McLennan County, May 4.—Mr. Sears, residing on the Bosque, poisoned myriads of
grasshoppers with corn-meal and strychnine.

Travis County, May 2.—The heavens are clouded with grasshoppers going north; wind
south.

Austin County, May 4.—The “Statesman ” says the heavens were shrouded throughout
the day by clouds of grasshoppers borne by southern winds toward the north. The
width and depth of the vast volume of insect life was measureless.

Washington County, May 4.—The air has been full of grasshoppers going north.

Bastrop County, May 5.—No material damage done by grasshoppers except to gardens.
They are moving northward.

Bell County, May 5.—Grasshoppers nearly gone.

Fayette County, May 5.—As soon as the recent norther stopped blowing, which was
on the Ist of May, at the rising of the sun, there was a rising of grasshoppers also,
and by one or two o’clock the whole heavens, as far as the eye could penetrate, was
literally alive with them going north. Their depredations have been in spots, sone
sections being almost exempt. ‘

Kerr County, May 5.—Grasshoppers are making nuisances of themselves abont in
spots, but no general damage is feared.

Lee County, Giddings, May 5.—Grasshoppers, having inflicted but small damage, are
now rapidly emigrating.

Denton County, May 8.—The grasshoppers are fading away rapidly, after having done
considerable damage to gardens and fields; but this damage has not been general.

Fayette County, May 8.—During the week, the air was filled with grasshoppers, gently
watted northward by the Gulf breezes.

Gillespie County, May 8.—On some farms about Fredericksburg the grasshoppers
have destroyed the wheat, and cotton has been planted in its stead.

Johnson County, May 8.—The ‘“ Chronicle” learns that much of the wheat and oats
in the vicinity of Grand View has been entirely destroyed by the grasshoppers. They
are leaving, and corn and cotton will escape their ravages.

APPENDIX III—TEXAS DATA FOR 1877. [81]

Leon County, May 8.—-Grasshoppers have played out in this county, only a few
patches being left, and they rapidly disappearing. They have done some slight dam-
age to corn and cotton, but not enough to materially affect the crop.

Lampasas County, May 8.—We learn that the grasshoppers flying north alighted in
the western part of the county on Tuesday evening. The ground covered by them ex-
tends from the Colorado River to within three or tour miles of town. Asa south wind
still prevails, it is hoped they have gone by this time.

McLennan County, May 8.—Mr. Isbell, a farmer of this county, reports a field of oats
of his which was completely devastated by the grasshoppers a few weeks ago as hav-
ing come out again, ormade asecond growth, and that the crop will be very much bet-
ter than if they had not visited it.

Colorado County, May 6.—For a few days grasshoppers have been emigrating in large
numbers, but few remaining in the county. No further damages are apprehended.

Caldwell County, May 9.—Myriads of grasshoppers are still seen traveling northward.

De Witt County, May 9.—Grasshoppers have gone.

Falls County, May 9.—Grasshoppers in countless millions have been passing over, fly-
ing northward.

Gonzales County, May 9.—Grasshoppers have almost entirely disappeared. Full ex-
tent of damage sustained by farmers will not exceed one hundred acres, all told.

Hays County, May 9.—Grasshoppers are disappearing.

Live Oak County, May 9.—The grasshoppers are about all gone.

Wilson County, May 9.—Grasshoppers have avoided our crops and have confined
their operations to the weeds that grow in the creek bottoms.

Wood County, May 9.—No grasshoppers in this county.

Washington County, Brenham, May 8.—Grasshoppers are doing no harm and are rap-
idly emigrating northward.

Bee County, May 9.—No grasshoppers here.

Fannin County, May 10.—The “ News” says persons from vicinity of Savoy estimate
half of wheat crop of that section destroyed by the grasshoppers. Ravages confined
to west end of county.

Victoria County, May 10.—Grasshoppers have done no injury further than slightly
damaging a few gardens in the northern portion of the county.

Brazos County, May 12.—Grasshoppers have almost entirely disappeared from this
section of the county.

Colorado “ounty, May 12.—The northwest wind in early part of the week brought a
great many of the grasshoppers back to their starting-point. A great many young ones
are also being hatched out, but it is said they do not live over twenty-four hours. At
this writing they are again on their flight northward.

Fayette County, May 12.—From diligent inquiry of persons coming from the county
we conclude that the damage done by grasshoppers in the whole county does not
amount to more than 2 per cent. of the crops.

Bee County, May 15.—The grasshoppers have done but little damage. *

Lampasas County, May 17.—Millions of grasshoppers were seen flying northward last
week from the country south of here. Thechange of wind from north caused them to
alight in great numbers; if they remain they will ruin the crops.

eae County, May 17.—Grasshoppers seem to be taking their departure for parts
unknown.

Robertson County, May 17.—We have no grasshoppers now.

Wood County, May 17.—-No grasshoppers in the county.

Navarro County, Corsicana, May 16.—Farmers report that the grasshoppers are disap-
pearing rapidly.

Rusk County, May 19.—No grasshoppers here.

Tarrant County, May 19.—A gentleman from the country reports wheat in timbered
section considerably damaged by grasshoppers. No injury on prairie.

Washington County, Brenham, May 18.—No signs of grasshoppers just now.

Navarro County, May 23.—Damage from grasshoppers believed to be less than 5 per
cent. of crops.

Ellis County, May 24.—Grasshoppers have disappeared. Wheat and corn crops have
been somewhat injured.

Lampasas County, May 24.—The grasshoppers have gone without having done much
mischief, except to early gardens.

Brown County, May 25.—No injury of any consequence from the grasshoppers, and
none feared, unless those hatched south of here alight on their way to the Rocky
Mountains.

Clay County, May 25.—Grasshoppers have not disturbed the people a¢ all.

Jackson County, Morales, May 24.—No grasshoppers here.

Llano County, May 26.—The grasshoppers have gone without doing much harm.

Wilson County, May 26.—Grasshopers have interfered very little with the growth of
either corn or cotton.

Kendall County, May 29.—Grasshoppers did no material injury.

[6 G]

[82] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Lampasas County, May 30.—The injury caused by the grasshoppers to the wheat crop
was not as great aS was expeeted.

Burnett County, May 30.—Capt. D. T. Vaugan, a correspondent of the “News,” says
grasshoppers have done but little damage to vegetation.

Freestone County, May 31.—There is prospect of abuudant harvest, notwithstanding
early ravages of grasshoppers.

Williamson County, May 31.—Grasshoppers have entirely disappeared, having done no
damage of serious consequence to the year’s crops.

Limestone County, Groesbeck, July 20.—Grasshoppers came here from the north last
fall, about the 1st of October, coming with a cool norther, and traveling with abont
the same velocity asthe wind. They remained about six weeks, and then left for the
north, taking advantage of a strong south wind. Before leaving they deposited their
eggs in great numbers, generally selecting for this purpose open places, such as fields
or prairies, where there was no brush and but little grass. They constructed a kind
of web or net, and placed it about one inch under the surface of the ground, placing
it in a vertical position. There were sometimes hundreds of these cells or nests within
a space of two or three feet square, each nest containing from twenty to twenty-three
eggs. As the sun warmed the ground the eggs began to hatch, and the ground was
soon literally covered with the young grasshoppers. They soon destroyed the gardens,
and then went for the fields, doing a vast amount of damage. Many farms were
planted over from one to three times. Having matured sufficiently, the young grass-
hoppers began to leave about the 15th of May, going in anortherly direction, always
taking advantage of a strong south wind.

APPENDIX EV.

MISSOURI DATA FOR 1877.

LipertTy, April 4.—The crop looks well at present, and I believe we will have over
an average of wheat. Spring is backward, and, of course, can tell nothing about oats
and corn. No grasshoppers here, and we do not expect them unless perhaps in flying
swarms after they get wings ; from these we do not fear any material damage this

ear.
i SPRINGFIELD.—The prospects for wheat in the vicinity of Springfield are very good.
No grasshoppers nearer than 20 miles; the grasshoppers have ruined nearly all the
wheat in Dade County, coming within 15 or 20 miles of Springfield. There never was
a greater preparation for a corn crop than is being made this spring.

KANSAS City, April 13.—We have no grasshoppers here nor any eggs, so don’t
expect any unless they fly here when they hatch. Wheat is reported looking better
than for many years, and a good acreage sown.

Saint JOE, April 13.—Crops look well in this vicinity; fair prospect for wheat;
no grasshoppers in the immediate vicinity; they reached within 20 miles of here last
fall. In the west and north, fears are entertained that they will do considerable dam-
age where the eggs are deposited.

STEWARTSVILLE, DEKALB County, April 13.—The prospect for crops is excellent in
this part of Missouri. We have no grasshoppers nor grasshopper eggs.

KNOBNOSTER, JOHNSON CouNTY, April 14.—Crop prospects are good. Wheat looks
splendid. Nota grasshopper in this part of the county. Farmers are putting forth
great efforts to make a large corn crop. ;

KIDDER, CALDWELL CouNnTy, April 14.—The crop prospects in this place never
looked more promising. No grasshoppers, old or young, have been seen this spring.

WARRENSBURG, JOHNSON County, April 14.—The wheat prospect is A No. 1; no
grasshoppers in this section.—[ Saint Louis Globe-Democrat.

We have had no locusts this year, except a few stragglers last fall from a swarm
which passed down through Central Kansas and into Southwest Missouri.—[ J. E.Glad-
ish, Aullville, Lafayette County, April 15, 1877.

Continuous wet weather is retarding the hatching of the “hoppers” here. Snow
this morning; thermometer thirty-five degrees above zero.—[Johu D. Dopf, Reckport,
Mo., April 27, 1877.

CARTHAGE, JASPER COUNTY, April 30.—There are plenty of grasshopper eggs here,
but none hatched out, and there is no fear that the damage will be serious when they ~
do hatch.—{ Saint Louis Globe-Democrat.

There was but very little damage done last season in this immediate vicinity, and but
few eggs deposited. I understand, however, that in the southwest part of the county
quite a number have hatched out. It is thought that a large proportion of the eggs
was destroyed by the heavy cold rains. <A year ago last summer they came from the
south in a clear warm day, with a gentle breeze from that direction, commenced
alighting between 10 and 11 o’clock a. m., and completely cleaned out the greater part
of my crops; their departure was to the northwest.—[T. D. Wallace, Hopkins, Nodaway
County, May 21, 1877.

Grasshoppers are now hatching out here. One gentleman says he counted eighteen
coming out of one hole. They are now eating what is called smartweed. The farm-
ers apprehend no danger from them.—[E. D. Barton, Sarcoxie, May 22, 1877.

I am glad to say that the locusts have not made their appearance in our locality ;
and that crops are in a pretty good condition.—[H. Carr Pritchett, Morrisville, Polk
County, May 30, 1877.

In a few localities in this county the ’hoppers have hatched out in considerable
numbers. They haveeaten smartweed, but I think they have not yet damaged crops.
Thus far the complaints nearly all come from farms adjoining the timber. Eggs ap-
parently good are still in the ground unhatched. A stranger passing through the
county in a carriage would not be likely to notice any ’hoppers.—[ William H. Avery,
Lamar, Barton County, June 7, 1877.

Lé3]

[84] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

CARTHAGE, June 19.—The grasshoppers have appeared very thick in this (Jasper)
county during the last few days, and are doing considerable damage. They are eating
up the heads of wheat in a number of fieids in the southern part of this county. The
farmers in this county are very much alarmed, and say if they remain they will de-
stroy their crops. The opinion here is that, as they are beginning to get wings and
fly, they will leave here. Large numbers are flying north, and people may look for
them north and east of here before long.—[ Saint Louis Globe-Democrat.

We were not troubled with locusts during the past season in any part of our coun-
ty, that I know of.—[T. W. Simpson, Payne’s Prairie, Polk County, November 26, 1877.

I have the pleasure to state to you that the locusts in this county (Hickory) were
not as plenty as the year previous. Only a few came into the southwest corner of the
county ; came from the southwest early in September; remained up to cool weather.
I did not notice any of them lay eggs here; did not notice any young ones hatched
here last spring. I live on a prairie farm near the southwest corner of the county.
Heard of no complaintas to the locusts in any other part of the county.—[ W. L. Snidow,
Elkton, January 4, 1878.

APPENDIX VY.

KANSAS DATA FOR 187%.

REPORT BY GEORGE F. GAUMER, SPECIAL ASSISTANT.
[From the monthly report of the State Board of Agriculture. ]

STATE OF KANSAS, EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT,
Topeka, September 12, 1877.

Dear Sir: During the month of April I deemed it so important to the State to learn
the condition and history of. the then hatching locusts, in their subsequent develop-
ment, that I asked the United States Entomological Commission to give the matter
special attention. ;

Prompt notice was taken of this request, and Prof.C. V. Riley, chief of the Commis-
sion, came to the State, and after devoting considerable time to personal observation,
appointed two resident assistants, whose report should be furnished to this office.

I now hand you, for your information and use, the result of this work. If in your
judgment the reports contain information of public interest, they may be used in full
or in part, as you may determine.

Very respectfully, :

GEO. T. ANTHONY.
To ALFRED GRAY, Esq,.,

Secretary State Board of Agriculture.

Governor of the State of Kansas, Topeka, Kansas:

DEAR Sir: I send you Mr. G. F. Gaumer’s report, as my assistant in making obser-
vations in your State, in the belief that you may desire to make use of it before it is
officially published by the Commission. Taken in connection with my letter to you,
and Mr..A. N. Godfrey’s report, which I have requested him to hand to you, it will
form a pretty complete record of the locust question in Kansas in 1877, up to the Ist
of August.

Permit me herewith, on behalf of the Commission I represent, to acknowledge my
indebtedness to you, who generously paid the’sum of $225 toward defraying the
expenses of the special assistants I engaged in Kansas; also, to thank you for your
uniform courtesy and aid in the performance of workin your State.

Believe me, yours, very truly,
C. V. RILEY.

WINNEPEG, MANITOBA, August 27, 1877.

To the Members of the United States Entomological Commission :

GENTLEMEN: I have the honor herewith to transmit to yon the final report of my
observations on the habits and life-history of Caloptenus spretus.

My observations have been confined to the counties of Bourbon, Crawford, Cherokee,
Labette, Neosho, Allen, Elk, Montgomery, and Chautauqua. My work for the Commis-
sion began May 20, and continued six weeks from that date. During most of the time
the weather was cool, cloudy, and wet, so that little more could be accomplished than
to record the appearance of the young locusts in the localities visited, and some few
facts about the eggs and their hatching.

In presenting this report I desire to extend many thanks to Prof. C. V. Riley for the
honor conferred by appointing me assistant, to Gov. George T. Anthony, and to the
superintendents of the Kansas Pacific, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé, Leavenworth,

[85]

[86] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL UOMMISSION.

Lawrence and Galveston, Missouri River, Fort Scott and Gulf, and Missouri, Kansas
and Texas Railroads, for free passes over their respective routes.
All of which is respectfully submitted.
GEO. F. GAUMER,

Assistant to U. S. Entomological Commission.
LAWRENCE, KANs., August 16, 1877.

At Fort Scott, May 20, I found the first locusts. They were very small, and not very
abundant. The first colony was on a vacant lot in front of the Stewart Hotel. The
ground was sandy and very compact, with a southern slope. A few eggs were un-
hatched. <A larger colony was noticed in the southwestern portion of the city. The
young locusts were perched upon the dead weeds and rocks, which scarcely covered
the hard, sandy soil. Many egg-pods were either wholly or partially exposed by the
action of the rains. The eggs thus washed out were nearly all spoiled. East of the
city about two miles a colony of newly hatched locusts was seen. They were in a
field which had been used as a pasture the previous summer. No eggs remained in
the ground. Another small colony was observed to the south of town. Many ex-
aminations made for eggs proved that in the vicinity of Fort Scott few good eggs re-
mained in the ground. Many of the eggs which were deposited in rolling land were
washed out by the heavy rains.

At Girard, May 21, I found immense numbers of locusts, which were just hatching
and making their way to the surface. The country is prairie; soil sandy and compact.
Large numbers of unhatched eggs were in the ground, and in good condition. Every
available spot of ground was filled with eggs, prodigious numbers of which were then
hatching. The locusts had all hatched that and the previous day, as was clearly
shown by their lighter color and more delicate look. It will be remembered that the
weather, which had been cool and rainy, had changed to warm and clear on the 20th
es el and continued so for several days, during which time most of the locust eggs

atched.

In a drive of eleven miles in the vicinity of Columbus I noted seven colonies of
locusts, which were quite young. In many places the surface seemed to be moving, so
rapidly were the young coming up out of the ground. The soil was literally filled
with unhatched eggs. When exposed to the air and sunlight, these eggs would burst
into life. They were all in healthy condition; no parasites were to be found. The
farmers, who supposed that the danger had passed, were taken by surprise, and many
of them had come to town to tell what had happened, and learn what they could from
each other. These men reported that the locusts were hatching in untold numbers all
over the country. They confidently believed that the locusts would yet devour the
crops, and every one was anxious to hear the best methods for destroying the young in-
sects. I endeavored to see as many of these men as possible, and told many of them of
the Paris-green mixture, and gave several of them smail quantities of the poison to ex-
periment with. Only a few have reported as yet. All agree, however, that the poison
1s a success when used in clear, windless weather. While on the farm of Mr. Blair,
two miles west of town, I saw a flock of seventy-five young ducks, which in one hour
and five minutes marched four times across his garden of five acres, in which many
locust eggs had been deposited, and had commenced hatching abont 10 o’clock. The
insects were all picked up as fast as they came above the ground. After making a tour
around the garden they plunged into a pool of water near the well, and, after quench-
ing their thirst, were ready for another raid upon the locusts. No other enemies
could be found preying upon tliem.

May 23, I made a trip up the Neosho River from Oswego, on the north side. Found
locusts quite abundant, and at least a week older than any seen up to that time. They
were devouring some gardens, but did no other damage. One man was fighting lo-
custs by driving them into heaps of pine shavings, and roasting them. The experi-
ment was a success, for he must have burned a bushel in a few hours. The eggs were
all hatched in the Neosho bottoms, and most of the young insects had already disap-
peared. On the high prairies many eggs were yet unhatched, and the insects already
ont were small and showed no sign of developing an appetite for vegetation. Every
effort pound egg parasites failed, although I found some which evidently had been
parasited.

May 24 was spent in the vicinity of Chanute. A heavy rain cooled the air so much
that the locusts did not venture from their hiding-places during the day, which was
cool and cloudy. In company with George W. Ashby, I visited his and many other
farms in the neighborhood, where the locusts had been hatching in the greatest num-
bers since the 19th of May. They had nearly all disappeared, but could nowhere be
found dead. We found one colony on Mr. A.’s farm which had molted the second
time, and were devouring some radishes. Less than one-half of the eggs were hatched
in the vicinity of Chanute. Those in the ground were still sound, and hatched as
soon as brought to the surface. The farmers who came to town reported that the

a

APPENDIX V.—GAUMER’S KANSAS REPORT. [87]

locusts were hatching in prodigious numbers all over the country, but that every rain
destroyed all. that were out previous to its fall.

At Thayer, May 25, I found locusts quite abundant, especially west of the town.
They were all small and quiet, for the day was cool and cloudy. I opened the crops
of four prairie chickens and six field plovers, and found them well filled with young
locusts. Two maggots of the Anthomyia egg parasite were found in a batch of eggs
east of the town. No other enemies were observed.

May 26, very few locusts were to be found in the vicinity of Cherryvale, and few
had passed the second molt and were nearly ready for the third. They were very
much scattered; only one now and then could be found. On account of the continued
coolness of the weather, there may have been more locusts than could readily be seen.
The farmers informed me that the locusts had hatched early in the season, and that they
had all disappeared. They believed that they would all go the same way, hence did
nothing to destroy them.

‘At Coffeyville, May 28, I visited many farms, and found the locusts very scarce, and

larger than at any other place. They varied much in size; some were quite young, while
many had passed the fourth molt. I saw two gardens which had been completely
eaten out by them, and a few others injured to some extent. A field of wheat two
miles south was stripped of its blades, but the grain was so near ripe that it was little,
if at all,injured. The eggs were all hatched, and although many had been deposited,
yet few insects remained.
' I traveled from Coffeyville to Independence ina buggy, stopping many times to
look for eggs, but failed to find any. Few locusts were to be found. Nowhere be-
tween the two towns had any crops been injured. The locusts did not travel as they
are accustomed to do, but rather remained, like the native species, in the locality
where hatched. I did not find a single colony during the summer which showed any
migratory tendencies.

May 30,I made a tour through the eastern portions of Elk and Chautauqua Counties.
Found two fields of wheat which were badly injured by them, and one field of corn,
with now and then a garden or “ truck patch.” Nolarge colonies were seen during the
day. Now and then, small scattered swarms of half-grown insects were to be seen,
mostly feeding upon wild weeds. Near Radical City I saw a farmer plowing a field,
which had been turned very deep in October, 1876, for the purpose of destroying the
eggs. These eggs had hatched, and the young insects, unable to make their way up
through the solid ground, had perished in the attempt. The bottoms of the old fur-
rows were frequently covered with their dead bodies. No locusts of any consequence
were seen in the vicinity of Independence. A small colony was found in the north-
eastern portion ef the city. Another, near Table Mound, was hatched in a corn-field,
and took about half of the crop when it first came up.

At 1 p.m., June 16, the first winged locusts were seen flying over the Wakarusa.
They were very high in the air. The wind at the time was blowing at the rate of
about fifteen miles per hour, from a direction a little east of south, and the locusts
were flying with the wind. The sky was nearly clear, and weather warm.

June 18, they again began to fly, at 11.45 a.m. The wind was south-southwest, and
blowing at the rate of about forty miles per hour. They increased in numbers until
2.35 p.m., when there were a great many flying, as high as could be seen with the
naked eye. At 3.30 many of them were quite low, and a few were seen to drop down,
and they continued to fall until 4.30 p.m. At 5 p.m. they ceased to fly, and there
was about one locust to every square rod. They flew very swiftly, and in # north-
northeast direction.

June 19, I again visited the country round about Chanute. Found the locusts had
nearly all disappeared. Those which had hatched previous to my first visit had all
died in a few days afterward. The eggs were not all hatched, for in front of Mr.
Ashby’s house we dug up good eggs which had been deposited in a hard, sandy soil,
and were overlaid with a deposit of sand about one inch deep, from an adjoining field.
Most of them were spoiled.

At Parsons, June 20,1 found the locusts molting the last time, and many of them
already had their wings. Some were flying, but not in any considerable numbers.
Few had come to maturity. At Chetopa they nearly all had wings, and had been
leaving for two days. Several large swarms were seen feeding upon dog-fennel, but
nowuere did they injure the corn or wheat. Nearly all the gardens in the eastern por-
tion of the city were eaten up.

Locusts were observed flying over Lawrence in a northerly and northwesterly direc-
tion every clear day until July 10.

July 12 and 13, I observed them flying over Las Animas, Colo.

July 16, they were again seen flying over Napieste, Colo., and again, July 19, at
Granada, Col.

Only a few specimens of C. spretus were found upon the ground in Colorado. A few
locusts dropped down on Wakarusa from time to time. The largest number came

[88] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

gown. June 22, at4 p.m. They remained over night, and left the 23d, without doing
any harm.

I attempted to raise a colony of locusts in the garden, but after the second molt a
ecld rain killed every one.

The native locusts are unusually scarce this summer. I have not observed a single
specimen of C. femur-rubrum with wings. Only a few specimens of C. bivittatus have
been seen, and other species are scarcely more abundant.

REPORT BY A. N. GODFREY, SPECIAL ASSISTANT.

DEPOSITION OF EGGS.

The invading swarms of locusts in the fall did not deposit eggs in loose, freshly-
stirred soil. The locations most generally chosen for this purpose were those in which
the soil was bare, and had become somewhat compact. Along the streams, preference
was given to the south side next to the timber, and especially to the northward bends.
On the high prairies, situations having a southern exposure were selected. Very few
eggs were deposited in the prairie sod, unless so closely grazed by stock as to be almost
bare. Roadsides, yards, and all situations where the soil is bare and sufficiently com-
pact, are the favorite places of deposit, and more especially so if they have a warm
southern exposure.

EGG PARASITES. :

We derived a benefit by no means small or inconsiderable from the workings of .

small, unnoticed insects feeding upon the eggs. In some situations near Manhattan,
the egg-feeding larve of different kinds destroyed from 15 to 20 per cent. of the eggs.

Several species of Carabid larve were found to devour the eggs, generally destroy-
ing only a portion of those in each pod, but attacking many.

Two or three species of Dipterous larve were found feeding upon the eggs. From
two or three to six or more of these were found within each egg-pod attacked, which
was soon reduced to a mass of empty shells.

A species of Hymenopterous larva was found in considerable numbers preying upon
the eggs. This insect was always found feeding within the pod, orin the soil near the
ruins of its late abode.

The larve of what Prof. Riley afterward proved to be a Blister Beetle (Lytta
cinerea) also destroyed large numbers of the eggs. This insect entered the egg-pod,
feeding upon its contents until the whole was destroyed.

HATCHING.

The locusts commenced hatching in the vicinity of Manhattan about the 6th of
April. Very few could then be found, and it was only in the most favorable situations
that any had hatched. A species of leaf-hopper ( Tettigonide), which somewhat resem-
bles the young locust in size and hopping movements, and which makes its appearance
very early in the spring, was mistaken by many for the newly hatched locusts. This
gave rise to reports of hatching two or three weeks before any locusts had really ap-
peared. By the 15th of the month, the hatching had increased, though yet contined
to situations most exposed to the warm sunlight. During the latter part of the month,
hatching was much retarded by cold rains. On the night of the 29th, a heavy frost
occurred, forming a crust upon the ground a half inch in thickness The next day
was very warm, and hatching commenced as soon as the frost was out of the ground.

The young locusts as they hatched sought shelter through the night and during rains
in grass and under leaves. There was a gradual disappearance of their number about
as fast as hatched, but none could be found dead. But little vegetation had yet ap-
peared, especially upon their hatching-grounds, and the temperature was generally so
Ane that they moved but little, not appearing to leave their hatching-ground in search
of food.

On the 1st of May, in a few exceptional spots of ground, nearly 90 per cent. of
the eggs were hatched. Generally, however, not more than 15 per cent. had devel-
oped, and in cool, damp places hatching had scarcely.commenced. The locusts issued
more numerously on the Ist and 2d than they had hitherto done. May 3, the weather
was very cool, and those already issued were inactive, scarcely nroving from their
place of concealment when disturbed. At first the locusts hatched and developed
slowly, and great numbers were evidently destroyed by the cold and rains. Though
the hatching had continued, with but few interruptions, from April 6, they were not
by May 3 so numerous as at some time previous.

Hatching continued slowly to increase until the 10th to the 15th, when theearthseemed
springing into life. No description can give an idea of the immense numbers which
issued each day. The ground in some places appeared nearly white, from the little
white pellicles thrown off by the hatching insects. The locusts always issued in great-

|

APPENDIX V.—GODFREY’S KANSAS REPORT. [89]

est numbers from 9 a. m. until noon. Very few were ever seen to issue in the after-
noon, and none at all toward night. A warm rain seemed to favor their hatching, for
they issued in increased numbers after each warm shower. The soil being warm and
moist greatly facilitated their escape to the surface, but as a dry crust formed, they
worked their way through it with difficulty. In light, warm, sandy soils the hatching
was from two to four weeks earlier than in those of a heavy, tenacious nature. The
eges developed most uniformly in sandy situations, while in heavy clay soils the hatch-
ing process was greatly retarded, and extended over a longer period. Thus at Salina
the hatching was about completed by the first week in May, while at Manhattan,
where the soil is of a less sandy nature, the young locusts did not appear in greatest
numbers until the 10th to the 15th of May.

In Brown and Nemaha Counties, but few locusts appeared before the 15th of May,
and then only in small numbers. Here the soil is heavy and tenacious, containing
very little sand. A slight difference in the composition of the soil makes a marked
difference in the period of hatching.

REMEDIES.

1. Plowing— Whenever the ground was deeply and thoroughly plowed in the fall
after the eggs were deposited, the locusts failed to appear. This remedy is simple, and
has proved very effective in every instance where tried. In locust years each farmer
should fall-plow every field and roadside on his farm which contains locust eggs, and
which is sufficiently loose to allow of deep plowing. The ground thus plowed should
not be replowed in the spring, as in cases where this was done the eggs were brought
to the surface and soon hatched. The object in fall-plowing is to cover the eggs with
earth, which will become sufficiently compact during the winter to prevent their escape
‘to the surface. If the eggs be plowed under after they have commenced to hatch in
the spring, the locusts will still continue to hatch, and the soil will in many instances
be loose enongh to permit a certain proportion to escape to the surface.

2. Harrowing.—This, when practiced, was attended with good results. Where the
ground was well and repeatedly loosened with a heavy harrow and the egg-pods
broken and brought to the surface, no locusts hatched. This is best done during the
fall, and should be repeated at intervals during the winter whenever the weather will
permit. By this means the eggs are disturbed and brought to the surface, where they
are exposed to the action of the weather and are greedily eaten by birds. The harrow
can be used on all beaten roadsides and yards where the land is too compact to be weli
plowed. <A few days thus spent by the farmer in using the plow and harrow will avoid
much serious trouble and loss the following spring. -

3. Burning.—This means was resorted to in different localities with some degree of
success. One method of burning was to drive the locusts into the belts of dry grass
around the fields, which were then fired, and thus many of the young insects were killed.
Another and more effective method was to place narrow windrows of straw through
the field, three or fourrods apart. The locusts sought the straw for shelter during the
night, and were then burned in great numbers. Morestraw was then placed upon the
burned strips, and the process was repeated. The burned locusts are of a peculiar:
deep-red color, reminding one of boiled lobsters. The birds are said to have a special
fondness for “ roast ’ hopper.”

4. Ditching.—This was not very extensively tried in Kansas. Some farmers seemed’
to be entirely ignorant of the principlescf ditching. One ditch, if it could be so called,,.
was made by running a furrow near the edge of the wheat-field, and then returning in
the same furrow, throwing the dirt the other way. This, of course, offered no impedi-
ment to the young locusts. Another ditch was about six inches deep and two or two
and ahalffeet wide. This latter was equally ineffective, as any locust, however young,.
can easily leap a wall more than six inches high, if it is allowed two feet of ‘“‘ elbow
room.’

5. Coal-oil.—This has proved the miost effectual remedy yet tried against the young
locust. Coal-oil was used very extensively near Solomon City and Salina, where the
merchants furnished the oil to farmers for this purpose at cost. Many devices were
invented for its application.

[Descriptions of the different pans and other contrivances used will be found in
Chapter 13 of the Report. ]

NATURAL ENEMIES.

Weather and climate played a very important part in the destruction of the young
locusts as they hatched. The eggs passed through the winter and excessively wet spring
without any very great injury, the cold and wet seeming to have little effect whatever.
During the early spring the weather was very changeable, a few warm, dry days bring-
ing forth the young in abundance, to be followed by cold rains, checking their develop-
ment, and killing numbers. During the last of April and part of May, this destruction
kept pace with the hatching, so that at no time did the locusts appear to increase ma-
terially in numbers. After the warmer weather of spring and summer began, the locusts

[90] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

seemed to thrive better, though they still developed slowly, and did not eat with that
ravenous appetite which is so characteristic of the healthy locust. These conditions
proved most effectual in those situations where the hatching was retarded by the clayey
nature of the soil. Where the soil was warm and sandy, the locusts were less affected
by the weather, and developed much more rapidly.

Birds.—Insectivorous birds were very effective in their raids against the pest. Great
flocks of blackbirds passed over the State, settling upon the fields, and making terrible
havoc among the locusts. It was amusing to observe a flock of these birds at work in a
wheat-field, lunching upon a few hundred millions of locusts. The birds hopping
about in pursuit of their prey, appearing for an instant above the green sea of wheat
to sink again below it, strongly reminded one of a school of porpoises at sea. In fields
where the locusts were very numerous, a visitation of a few hours from one of these
swarms was sufiicient to destroy nearly every locust inthe field. Large flocks of plover
were seen every day busily engaged at their meals, or passing over to other fields of
Jabor. All our most common species of birds, the prairie chicken, meadow lark, ground-
bird, quail, ete., seemed to appear in much greater numbers than usual. Everybody
remarked the extraordinary number of birds of all kinds that appeared to congregate
upon the fields and hatching-grounds of the locust. From their joyous notes and
lively movements it was evident that the birds enjoyed their work immensely. That
they destroyed great quantities of locusts was shown by their abundant droppings,
consisting in great part of the eyes, thighs, thoraxes, and other indigestible parts of the
yonng locusts. The amount of benefit which we derive from the feathered tribe is
impossible to estimate or conceive. During the spring months a man would be arrested
in the infested counties just as quickly for shooting a bird as for stealing a horse.

Toads were found in great numbers where the locusts were numerous. On ex-
amination, the stomach of a large fat fellow was found to contain twenty locusts,
partially digested—some in the pupa state and some full-fledged. As many more, per-
haps, were found in the intestines, more or less digested. It is readily seen that a few
of these animals in a field would do no small amount of good.

A Digger Wasp was on several occasions observed stinging and burying the pupe,
depositing an egg upon each.

Flesh-fly.—Near Solomon City. and at other places also, at about the middle of June,
great numbers of locusts were killed by the maggotof a large flesh-fly (Sarcophaga carna-
ria). This fly deposits its eggs upon the locust immediately after molting, while the
parts are yet soft and damp. One insect was observed upon which the fly had depos-
ited three eggs, placing them upon the soft hinder wing, near its base. The young
maggots from these eggs entered the locust before it acquired its natural color and
hardness. These maggots rapidly increase in size, feeding upon the internal soft parts of
the locust, leaving only the thin, hard shell, through which they escape into the ground
to undergo their transtormations. Six or eight maggots are frequently found in the
body of a single locust. The locusts attacked by this maggot become slow in their
motions, listless and stupid, soon losing the power of flight altogether. They die
when the maggot is about half-grown, seeking shelter under old weeds or rubbish.
They are generally attacked at the change from the pupa to the winged state, but
cuses were observed where the insect was attacked at the molt preceding this.

FLIGHTS.

The first northward flight was from Texas, on the 1st day of May. This swarm,
which was heavy and extensive, seemed to pass to the westward of us. Small swarms
were observed in the western portion of the State at intervals during the latter part
of May, flying north and northwest. These flights were not heavy, and but few
alighted. The first flight which occurred over the central and eastern counties was
about the 13th of June. The wind was then blowing a brisk breeze from the south;
weather warm and clear; locusts not numerous, and flying very high. Swarms con-
tinued to pass, whenever the wind and weather were favorable, until the middle of
July. Theswarms were light, and very few dropped to the earth. These ilights were |
all toward the north or northwest.

MANHATTAN, KANSAS, August 17, 1877.

NEWTON, Harvey County, March 6.—The people of this county feel a little serious
over the prospect of our little friend, the grasshopper. The pleasant weather in the |
month just past failed to lure the little creatures out of their eggs. It is said a few
did hatch, but they were somewhat like hens’ teeth—they were not visible. Much
plowing was done in February, and a few sowed a little, and nearly all are ready to —
put in their small spring grain. The ground is in avery fine condition, and plows ~
easy; there will be a large spring crop put in. March came in with a cold northeast —

APPENDIX V.—KANSAS DATA FOR 1877. [91]

wind, intermingled with light crops of rain; the 2d, 3d, and 4th were windy with fly-
ing snow. Yesterday and to-day the sun shone out, but the cold south wind kept it
from thawing all the frost out of the ground.—[J. H., Prairie Farmer.

Jackson County, March 15.—Wheat and rye, large acreage sown, but nearly all de-
stroyed by grasshoppers. Stock coming through the winter in fine condition. Pros-
pect good for all kinds of fruit. ’Hopper eggs in countless millions all over the county,
a portion of them injured.

Nemaha County, March 17.—Wheat and rye alltaken by hoppers last fall; a little rye
sown after they left; most of that did not come up until a few weeks since. Condi-
tion of all kinds of stock generally good. There will be a small amount of small grains
sown this spring compared with other years. ’Hopper eggs nearly all in good condition,
yet I am of opinion that deep plowing will destroy most of them.—[ Kansas Iarmer.

LEAVENWORTH, April 12.—The grasshopper question, which has been a brooding
nightmare on the minds of the farmers and the people of Kansas generally, ceases to
become the cause of general uneasiness when the true facts are known. A careful in-
vestigation into the subject shows that in Leavenworth County there are none worth
mentioning, while in the eastern section of the State, where they have been playing
havoc for two years, the damage apprehended is very slight indeed. In Jackson County,
immediately to the west of here, the farmers say they care very little whether the grass-
hoppers come again or not, as they have enough grain now stored away to last them for
two years to come. Millions of young hoppers have been killed lately by the change-
able weather, which alternately froze and thawed them, and thousands of those
remaining have met an untimely death at the hands of the outraged farmers, who have
resorted to rolling and burning as a means for their extermination. The damage to
crops throughout the entire State the present year will not amount to enough to pro-
duce any effect upon the farmers.—[ Western Farmer.

[Correspondence Saint Louis Globe-Democrat.]

LOUISVILLE, April 12.—The wheat crop is looking very well; acreage small. No
grasshoppers as yet; lots of grasshopper eggs in the ground. People are putting in
their crops just as though there were no eggs.

CENTRALIA, April 12.—There are no grasshoppers hatched at this date, but there
are mnillions of eggs. Farmers report that a large percentage are destroyed and will not
hatch, though there are enough left.

LAWRENCE, April 12.—There are no grasshoppers in this locality, and we anticipate
no trouble from them here, although they did damage in some of the western town-
ships of this county and deposited eggs there. We understand the farmers in those
mop etips are making efforts to destroy them as soon as they hatch. Wheat prospect

ood here.

HUTCHINSON, April 13.—The grasshoppers are hatching here in localities, but have
done no harm yet, and seem’ to disappear as fast as they hatch. We think most of
them perish. ‘We do not fear those that are hatching here.

CHEROKEE, April 13.—In answer to your inquiries, I would say that the grasshoppers
have not commenced hatching yet, and farmers feel confident that they (the ’hop-
pers) will not do any damage to their crops.

COUNCIL GROVE, April 13. No grasshoppers hatched yet. Winter-wheat that was
sowed late is mostly in good condition, as are all spring crops. The very broad area
of early fall sowing was all destroyed. Much was not resown. Spring is late, but the
outlook is good, except grasshoppers. .

JUNCTION CiITy, April 13.—The general prospects for crops of all kinds are good.
The greater proportion of fields of fall-wheat looks first rate; a few fields, very late
sown, are poor. The grasshoppers, on ‘warm days in favorable localities, are hatching
out, but from some cause seem to disappear as rapidly as they come, and as yet have
done no damage. The majority of farmers, however, are fearful of their expected depre-
d ee are holding back from making their usual spring purchases, making trade
very dull.

FRANKFORT, April 14.—The grasshoppers are hatching by untold millions—not now
larger than a buffalo gnat. Farmers are somewhat frightened, though many have faith
in a good crop. Wheat looks fine, and is three inches high.

CARSON City, April 14.—There are some grasshoppers in this vicinity, but not doing
any serious damage. There is a good prospect for crops.

MINNEAPOLIS, April 14.—The grasshoppers are hatching out pretty fast, and have com-
menced on some grain only on the outer edge. The old settlers don’t fear any serious
trouble from them. We are driving and burning a great many of them. It is reported
that they are dying off. We contemplate to give them a warm reception from this
time on. Would be thankful for any instructions as to the mode of destroying them.
Will keep you posted.

_ Fort Scott, April 16.—It is now ascertained beyond a doubt thatthe grasshoppereggs
in this section are unproductive. Experiments have been made, and in addition the

[92] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

weather of the past few days has been warm enough to have hatched them by the mil-
lion had the eggs been good, but not one of the pests can be found. Farmers are gen-
erally jubilant, and a big crop of everything is looked for in Southeastern Kansas.—
[ Western Farmer. :

NEWTON, April 16.—The grasshoppers are hatching out numerously in this section.
The farmers are trying to destroy them. The outlook for good crops is bad.

HiaWwaTHA, April 16.—From present indications we judge that the grasshopper will
not be near as numerous as they were two years ago; and as we are better prepared to
meet and fight them, we do not anticipate any serious damage to crops.

SABETHA, April 16.—The grasshoppers are hatching out in great numbers, but have
done no damage.

NEOSHO, April 17.—Very little wheat was sown on account of the grasshoppers last
fall. Wheat that was sown late looks well. This season isvery favorable. Oats look well.
Farmers are in the midst of corn-planting. ’Hoppers just beginning to hatch. Mill-
ions of eggs were deposited, and fears are entertained that they will do great damage.—
[ Globe-Democrat.

Pawnee County, April 18.—Winter-wheat is looking well; grain has been needing
rain, but we are having plenty now. Rye, barley, and oats are growing well. We have
no grasshoppers nor eggs, and everything is looking very encouraging in our county.

McPherson County, April 19.—Winter-wheat has a good appearance all over the county,
and oats are up and looking well. Grasshoppers have hatched out in large numbers,
but are confined to certain localities. We are preparing to fight them in an organized
form. A heavy rain fell last night; we think it has killed many ’hoppers, though they
are doing little damage at present.

Chase County, April 19.—Farming commenced in our neighborhood in good earnest
some two weeks ago, and there is quite a large quantity ot corn planted in our neigh-
borhood. The grasshoppers are hatching out in great numbersin our county. Winter-
wheat is in poor condition in our county, but will be better than many supposed when
winter broke up. All spring grain looks well, and as our section has never been in-
jured by the young ’hoppers, there are not many farmers afraid of them, and we are
putting in all the land that is broken.—[ Kansas Farmer.

Mr. A. N. Godfrey, one of our students, who is closely watching the grasshoppers fro
Professor Riley, made acareful examination with respect to the effect of the late heavy
rain-storm, and hands us the following:

‘* More hungry little grasshoppers made their appearance yesterday. The recent cold
rains must have destroyed large numbers of the young larve, for they are not so nu-
merous as they were a few days ago. The greater portion of the eggs are yet in the ©
ground, waiting for a few more days of warm sunshine to develop them. Wehave — F
many insect friends working for us,—more than a casual observer would suppose. In ©
a few square feet some fifty egg-parasites of different kinds werefound. Ofone hundred —

egg-cases carefully examined, fifty-four were apparently sound and nearly ready to q
hatch, twenty were partially addled or eaten by parasites, and twenty-six were entire- | }
ly addled or destroyed.” —[ JIndustrialist (Manhattan), April 21. ail i
Since the 14th instant, the grasshoppers, in every burst of sunshine, have been boil- | ik
ing out of the College farm like so many little fountains ; and with the utmost celerity —
and unanimity have found the nearest spear of grass or grain. For some days no ma- || ¢
terial damage will be done, simply because the litcle whelps are not large enough; but | 7
that is an element which time will speedily change. Professor Riley’s statement, made | |
to us last fall after a careful examination, promises to be fully verified in this locality; } 4,
namely, that if 90 per cent. of the eggs should be destroyed, the remaining 10 per cent. | js
would supply ’hoppers enough to eat up the early crops. . This section being the | ,,
best part of Kansas has naturally taken better care of its eggs than have some other } |
sections, if reports are correct, and we seriously doubt if 90 per cent. of these eggs have | de
been damaged. At any rate, our prospect for a healthy and swarming crop of these j ,,
jumping darlings is splendid—blame them ! ret
We are devoutly thankful for the telegram from Fort Scott that the eggs in South- } |
eastern Kansas are unproductive, and that nota ’hopper can be found thereabouts. | },,
However, nothing better could have been expected from that section; it is too near j ,,,.
Missouri and the Indian Territory. The eastern end of the State also, having had its | all,
test in 1875, was very properly avoided by the northerly swarms last fall. Locusts whe
know a good country when they see it, and, in the fullness of maternal sagacity, peg dati
down their infernal eggs in those regions where fertile fields will insure abundant bu
todder for their beloved but unprincipled offspring. Bi
Seriously, there is no use shutting our eyes to the fact that until the middle of June } }y;.
many portions of the State will be more or less damaged. Every method which prom- | jg +,
ises success in the destruction of the pest should be promptly and thoroughly tried. | 4p);
At the same time, it must be remembered that fighting “hoppers is a new thing, j,

APPENDIX V.—KANSAS DATA FOR 1877. fost]

_ and we may not find the best modes in a flash. Furthermore, supposing the early
| erops to be destroyed, the probability of raising late crops this season is so great as to
| render wholly inexcusable any despondency in the premises. The State was never in
| as good shape as it is to-day. Riley County alone has 355,440 bushels of old corn on
_ hand, and in the State there are over 36,000,000.—[ Industrialist, April 21.

PLEASANTON, April 23.—There are no hoppers in this part of Kansas, except afew
' on one or two small streams. Farmers are in good spirits, and are pushing spring
work. The outlook is all that could be wished.

BELLEVILLE, April 24.—Grasshoppers are hatching out in great numbers, but have
-not done any damage yet, being too young. The farmers are devising concert of ac-
tion for their destruction.

PERU, April 24.—We have had very dry weather all spring, and have been wishing
for a heavy rain to drown the’hoppers. Day before yesterday we got the rain and hail
with it, but not a grasshopper drowned. The rain was heavy, the fall being two inches
in one hour, washing the loose surface off the ground, exposing the eggs, which under
the rays of a hot sun began hatching by the million. They are now nearly all out, but
_ grow slowly, and eating wheat and corn only in small spots, the blades being black with
them. They hop in a northwest direction.

_ Councit Grove, April 24.—Crops are doing well. A small percentage of our grass-

» hopper eggs have hatched out, but are doing little damage. There is promise of a

) good fruit crop.

Wicuita, April 24.—Farmers are very hopeful. Thé ’hoppers are leaving fast, and

) have not done any damage. Wheat, oats, and barley look well, better than for many

ears.

3 LOUISVILLE, April 25.—The grasshoppers are hatching out to some extent on the

‘southern slope of the hills, but are dying off rapidly. The weather is quite cold.

| WINCHESTER, April 27.—The prospect here is splendid. Wheat stands fully four-
_ teen inches high, and the grasshoppers have almost entirely disappeared.

OLATHE, April 27.—There are no grasshoppers in this vicinity, and the prospect for
| good crops is excellent.—[ Saint Louis Globe-Democrat.

EFFINGHAM, April 28.—There were a great many eggs deposited here, but no grass-
hoppers to be seen around. The general belief is that the eggs are spoiled, as they

have not commenced hatching yet.

| Muscotrag, April 28.—There were many eggs deposited here last fall. The eggs are
not hatching to any extent as yet, and but very few young ’hoppers are visible. It is
believed that, to aconsiderable extent, the storm destroyed many of them, but it did
| no damage tocrops. The ’hoppers commenced hatching out three weeks ago.
) NeEtTAWAKA, April 28.—Egegs are deposited thick over this whole area, but only a
| few have hatched. It is thought the storm hurt them some, but not to any great ex-
tent. They have not damaged the crops at all yet. They commenced hatching dur-
ing the warm weather of last week. None have hatched since the rains.

WETMORE, April 28.—There were millions of eggs deposited in this neighborhood,
but they do not seem to be hatching except in the sunny side of the hills and the tim-
/ ber, and are not numerous. The cold weather has destroyed a great many. They
devoured all the small grain that was putin last fall, but none this spring.

CENTRALIA, April 22.—Many eggs were laid. They are not hatching very much now.
It is thought that the cold storms have destroyed the young ’hoppers to a great extent.
They have done no damage so far. They began hatching out two weeks ago.

CORNING, April 28.—Many were deposited in this vicinity. Some are hatching; but
“hoppers are not numerous. It is believed that the storm has destroyed large numbers
of them, as they commenced hatching out ten days ago. The eggs remaining are
_ mostly damaged by the storm, and the opinion is that they will not hatch out.

FRANKFORT, April 28.—According to farmers’ reports there were a great many eggs
deposited. Some have hatched, but they are not numerous. Many claim that this
storm will kill a very large amount of them. No damage to speak of done to crops
yet. Commenced hatching about ten days ago.

IRVING, April 23.—There were a great many eggs deposited. The eggs are still
. hatching, and the young ’hoppers were very thick before this storm. But few can be
seen on the ground to-day. Itis believed that a portion of them hatched, and nearly
all of the hatching ’hoppers were destroyed by the storm. They have damaged the
wheat and some farms badly. The farmers think, if they do not continue their depre-
/ dations further, that they will have two-thirds of a crop of wheat, averaging thirty

bushels peracre. Crops look encouraging. The eggs commenced hatching about April 1.

BLUE RaPips, April 28.—A great many eggs were deposited, but from some cause
most of them on uplands were destroyed. Along the streamsa great many have hatched,
but since the storm not one is to be seen. But very little damage has been done. It
ts AACR most of the *hoppers are destroyed. They commenced hatching about
. April 1.

WATERVILLE, April 23.—There was a large deposit of eggs in this district. They are

[94] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

hatching fast, but it is generally believed that the storm has destroyed large quan-
tities of them. Crops have partly been destroyed. They have been hatching for a
month past.

LINCOLN, April 28.—The grasshoppers have hatched in immense numbers in this
section, but many suppose a large number will perish, owing to the cold rains which
have been prevailing here for the past few days. At present we cannot decide if any,
will be destroyed until the weather becomes warmer.

STERLING, April 28.—The grasshoppers that were hatched out are about all dead.
Have examined the eggs, and don’t think many more will hatch. The farmers here
apprehend no danger from the ’hoppers.

TECUMSEH, April 28.—The snow and rain have killed nearly all the living ’hoppers.
About half the eggs are not hatched. But little fear is entertained from them now.

SALEM, April 28.—The grasshoppers are all drowned or washed away, and most of
the eggs turned yellow and rotten.

TABLE Rock, April 23.—There are no grasshoppers to be seen here yesterday or to-
day, and the general opinion is that the cold weather has killed nearly all of them.

Dawson, April 23.—But few grasshoppers have hatched out yet, and I do not think
more than one-third of the eggs will hatch. The farmers do not anticipate any trouble
from the grasshoppers.

RvuLo, April 23.—The grasshoppers have not appeared yet in very large numbers,
and have done no damage. By examination of the eggs I find that they are about
ready to hatch. ‘ : ~

ELK CREEK, April 28.—It commenced snowing here about 8 o’clock last evening and
continued until this evening, and undoubtedly destroyed a great number of grasshop-
pers in this vicinity.

WHITE CLOUD, April 28.—No ’hoppers here yet.

Iowa POINT, April 28.—No ’hoppers here yet.

HIGHLAND, April 28.—There are very few grasshoppers in this vicinity. Four or five
miles west they are more numerous, but not much tronble is anticipated from them.

Troy, April 23.—No grasshoppers here.—[ Atchison Champion.

INDEPENDENCE, 4pril 29.—Grasshoppers are here in great quantities, and the out-
look is decidedly blue.

GIRARD, April 30.—There are no grasshoppers in this section of the State, and no
prospect of any from the eggs deposited here last fall, as they seem to have been toc
badly frozen to haten.

COFFEYVILLE, April 30.—Hoppers were washed away in great numbers by the late
heavy rains. A few are left, but they have done no damage except to a few gardens,
and there is no alarm among farmers. Crop prospects excellent.—[ Saint Louis Globe-
Democrat.

During the last week in April.

The grasshoppers have been hatching out in large numbers in this county for some
days past. As we have said before, they are confined to spots principally, and that |
generally in sandy soil.—[ Newton Kansan.

Grasshoppers have hatched out by the million in the field west of the depot. They |
seem to have the old natural propensity fer ‘‘ chawin’ things,” and have already at- |
tacked the fall-wheat.—[ Chase County Leader. .

Mr. F. P. Endicott, road-overseer, has declared war with the grasshoppers, and called —
out the hands and gone to driving and burning them, and we hope all overseers will |
do likewise.—[ Arkansas City Traveler. |

Many thousand acres of corn have been planted by Sumner County farmers during |
the past week.

The young grasshoppers hatched out last week have entirely disappeared from some
localities.—[ Sumner County Press.

Friday and Saturday of last week, and Monday of this, the grasshopper war pro- |
gressed with considerable vigor. All the various methods have been tried with varied |
success, and there is still a difference of opinion as to the best method of fighting |
them.—[ Dickinson County Chronicle.

The grasshoppers are getting worse. Some farmers are making effective war upon |
them. They are not so numerous in the county as to make it impossible to annihilate
them. If the grain-growers will only fight them they will not do much damage, but
unless active war is made upon them the grain crop will be shortewed.—[ Winfield |
Courier.

5

A petition was circulated and signed on Monday,in compliance with the law, re-
questing the road-overseer to “‘order out the men,” which he did, and a few days
later five different gangs, four to a gang, were busily engaged fighting the voracious
grasshoppers. The music will be kept up from day to day until the last of the race
shall have been fanned into “ eternal oblivion.”—([ Dickinson County Gazette.

APPENDIX V.—KANSAS DATA FOR 1877. (95,

The grasshoppers are hatching and growing, and the farmers are worrying them in
every conceivable way by rolling them, by burning, and other means, while the little
birds are doing good work for their country. A few days more, and we can tell if they
are to be master of the situation. At present writing we think not.—[ Michell Cownty
Echo.

I have seen parties from different portions of our county yesterday and to-day, and
they all agree that we will not be troubled by the grasshoppers or locusts this spring.
No small ones just hatching to be seen, although a great many eggs were deposited
during the fall. Only one of my informants claims to have seen any; he stated that
he had seen a few that appeared to be three weeks old, but that he had not seen any
after diligent search that appeared to be just hatched. One party had examined some
eggs deposited in an orchard, and another those deposited in a wheat-field, but they
found none hatching, and after breaking open and examining the cones they claim
they will never hatch: The eggs were deposited in ground free of grass, such as
tramped lots, roads, hillsides, and orchards; also in plowed lands and wheat-fields.
Many have tried to hatch them in warm rooms and in the sun without success.
Should anything transpire in future worthy of mention I will notify you. My opinion
is that there are two reasons to suggest why they should not hatch. One is that they
were very late in reaching here, and probably debilitated and exhausted; and the
other is that owing to the warm fall the eggs were started and a few were actually

| hatched out, and the severe and continued cold weather destroyed their vitality.—

[J. H. Brown, Fort Scott, May 2, 1877.

XENIA, BOURBON County, May 5.—The "hoppers are not hatching yet, but the eggs
seem all right, and no doubt will pan out a lively specimen to every one of them; but
as they are fully a month behind the time of hatching of two years ago, and as vege-
tation has got a good start, there will be plenty for them to eat, and but little fear is
entertained of damage to crops.—[E. J. T., Prairie Farmer.

PHILLIPS CouNTY, May 9.—Grasshoppers can stand sudden freezes and thaws to a
great extent, but the weather we have had for a week past, of cold, drizzling rain,
with a trifle of snow, has been too much for them; it left them hanging so long be-
tween life and death that they had finally to give up the ghost. Two weeks ago a’
severe hail-storm pounded many of them to death. Nature has favored this section
of Kansas, and we all feel jubilant.

RENO County, May 9.—Hoppers laid their eggs plentifully on suitable ground sod
that had been turned over in the spring, and in every dry knoll and garden. They all
hatched in March and threatened to do considerable damage in the neighborhood, but
the very cold rain since has cleared them off, and we can find no’hoppers. We feel
very much relieved for the present. Our only danger is from “raiders.”

OsAGE County, May 9.—We are having a very wet, backward spring, which will

make planting late. It is “dead medicine” for the ’hoppers. Have made close ob-
servation, and find fully three-fourth sof the ’hopper eggs are spoiled. One notice-
able help for us is the unusual number of birds which kind Providence is sending
to destroy the ’hoppers, and they are doing it. Weare full of hope. Expect a big
crop.
BUTLER County, May 9.—Grasshoppers commenced hatching on bottom lands the
last week in March; on uplands a week later. They came out in appalling numbers
along the streams, but in limited patches on higher situations. A very small percent-
age of wheat has been destroyed, and scarcely any other damage done. Farmers have
used various methods for the destructioa of the ’hoppers, with a fair degree of success.
Natural agencies—probably cool, damp weather and heavy rains—are causing their
rapid disappearance.

DICKERSON County, May 9.—The grasshoppers’ eggs in this vicinity were not killed
by the frost in March to any extent, but the cold rains in April have destroyed many ;
besides the plover and blackbirds are eating millions of them. There seems no more
to-day than there was three weeks ago.

ATCHISON County, May 9.—No grasshoppers hatched yet, and we hepe none of the
eggs may be alive. The parasite is preying unon them, and the winter killed many,
so the farmer feels that these great enemies to his crops may be greatly if not alto-
gether disposed of.

Barton County, May 9.—We hear occasionally of a small tract of ground being
very thickly settled with ’hoppers, but have no fears that our crops will be damaged
by them. The weather has been very cold and wet for the last week, which has no
doubt been in our favor.

CRAWFORD County, May 9.—No’hopper eggs yet hatched. Very few eggs to be
found now. Spring has been very wet, and spoiled most of them. Farmers are not
alarmed, unless they come in from other States——[Junction City Tribune.

HUTCHINSON, RENO County, May 10.—There are possibly enough ’hopper eggs yet
unhatched to keep the birds in fair condition for a week yet, but certainly no more,
and a live hopper cannot be found in the county. The scare is over and our farmers

[96] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

jubilant over the wheat prospect, which is finer than ever before known, whole fields
averaging 25 inches in height.

NEWTON, HARVEY Counry, May 10.—The few “hoppers hatched of late have simply

served as the daily bread of the birds. There are possibly a few unhatched eggs in
heavy ground and upon the north side, but they won’t average 2 per cent., and no one
cares whether they hatch or not. In sandy soil and on south-side slopes there are ab-
solutely no “hoppers or eggs. Wheat is growing rapidly, and could not look better,
standing ip many fields twenty to twenty-four inches high. None of it was damaged
by hoppers, and the yield promises to be something enormous.

FLORENCE, MARION County, May 10.—Heavy rains and protracted unseasonable
weather destroyed pretty much all our early crop of “hoppers. Occasional fair days of
late have brought out a good many in spots, and, generally speaking, every day now ~
shows newcomers. But from some unknown cause the young ’hoppers die almost as
fast as they hatch, and the birds, which are far more numerous than ever before, pick
up innumerable numbers, dead and alive alike. There are yet in the ground many un-
hatched eggs bearing evidence of vitality, but the fate that has so invariably befallen
those hatching gives our farmers confidence that there is but little to fear from them.
No damage has been done to wheat by them, and though, owing to last fall’s depreda-
tions, our crop will not be what it would have been otherwise, still all that was left
and more that was planted is in fine shape and promising a good yield.

‘COTTONWOOD FALLS, CHASE County, May 10.— Hoppers have hatched in spots all
over the county, and still continue to, but have done no damage, and many of our
people have about given up the notion that they are likely to in the future. There is
no question but what there are a good many eggs yet unhatched in the ground, but
they will have to show a good deal more vim and bottom than those thus far hatched
to scare us much. Birds flock over fields in countless numbers and scoop in the dead
and kicking so fast that it isn’t by any means an easy thing to find a gill now where
once they were to be had by the bushel. All late-planted wheat is looking well, fully
three-fourths of that eaten by the ’hoppers last fall having been replanted.

BURLINGAME, OSAGE County, May 10.—Nearly if not quite all the eggs hatched in
these parts as yet have been destroyed by the rain or eaten by the birds. Regarding
the eggs not yet hatched there are various opinions, the ruling one being that they
may hatch and be hanged for all it will frighten our people. There are a “good many
eggs still in the round.

“TOPEKA, SHAWNEE County, May 10.—About three-fourths of the wheat crop was
destroyed by grasshoppers last fall. The devastated fields were not resown, and con-
sequently the present area of wheat will not exceed 5,000 acres, or about the same as
in 1875, and one-half of last year. The present crop is in the best possible condition,
and promises a yield in bushels per acre much larger than last year. An immense
amount-of corn is being planted, and some think that when all is in the acreage will
reach 50 per cent. above last year, when it was 42,249. Grasshoppers are hatching
out in some places in the western portion of the county, but they disappear before
they get big enough to do damage. It is the prevalent feeling among farmers that
the danger i 1S nearly, if not quite, passed. The fruit outlook is ‘unprecedentedly good.

WINFIELD, CowWLEY COUNTY, via WIcHITA, Way 19.—What with the cold rains, frosts,
birds, worms, and the systematic destruction by our farmers, the hoppers have had
hard rows to hoe in this county. Though large numbers have hatched, little, if any,
damage has been done, and our people are as good as over all scare.

McPHERSON, MCPHERSON COUNTY, via NEwTon, May 10.—Though we have still in
the earth an abundant supply of eggs, and have daily hatches, tlie *>hoppers do no dam-
age, and in one way or the other manage to leave this world without so much as a
remembrance, except the scare. Some of our people still affect timidity, but it is
much less aggravated than some weeks ago. The majority, however, are satisfied
that the good time is now coming sure.

STERLING, RIcE County, May 10.—Few eggs were laid here last fall, but there have
not been enough ’hoppers at any time to create apprehension, and as all the eggs have
hatched and the young ’hoppers are all dead, we have no further interest in such
matters.

Emporia, Lyon County, May 10.—Word from all sections is positive that there are
no more grasshoppers, and that the few eggs yet in the ground will, if they all hatch,
serve but to manure the soil and make it richer.

WICHITA, SEDGWICK CounTy, May 10.—The grasshopper has seen his day in these
parts. He is no more, and the same may be said of eggs.

EUREKA, GREENWOOD COUNTY, vid EMPORIA, May ‘10. While grasshoppers have
been with us more or less for months past, they seem to be innocent, harmless little
things compared to the beasts their ancestors proved to be in the years gone by.

ESKRIDGE, WABAUNSEE County, via BURLINGAME, May 10.—Reports ‘from all over
the county generally agree to the effect that the ’hoppers’ days are numbered, the ener-
getic way farmers have scooped them, and the natural weakness of the critters, rend-
ering the situation right encouraging.

APPENDIX V.—KANSAS DATA FOR 1877. [97]

VALLEY FALLS, JEFFERSON County, May 10.—No eggs, no ’hoppers, and wheat look-
ing better than ever before at this season of the year. ine

GREAT BEND, Barton County, May 10.—Still have to report no hoppers, which is
not strange considering we had noeggs. Wheat is simply in perfect shape, the growth
remarkable. |

LAWRENCE, Dovetas County, May 10.—The few ’hoppers on the border of the
county have gone whither no one cares—long as they have gone.

CouNcIL GROVE, Morris County, via Emporia, May 10.—We are decidedly pleased
with the outlook, as the ’hoppers worry us not and the crop prospect is something to
remember for years.

DE SoTO, JOHNSON County, May 10.—Eggs none; grasshoppers ditto. Wheat islook-
ing a great deal better than ever before at this time of the year.

KINSLEY, EpDwarps County, May 10.—No eggs, no ’hoppers, and it is still the now
almost stereotyped report from us that never was there such a prospect for crops of al]
kinds in this county.

OXFORD, SUMNER CouNnTY, via WicuiTa, May 10.—Grasshoppers are now of the
might-have-been-with-us, and no longer excite attention to speak of.—[ Extracted
from special dispatches to the Journal of Commerce.

All things considered, the locust prospect for this vicinity is not very encouraging.
With us the hatching process has but fairly commenced, and yet even now myriads of
‘the young locusts have appeared. At the west and south, where the soil is lighter and
warmer, general hatching was completed some two weeks ago. This difference in the
time of hatching is due to the difference in the nature of the soil, whether light and
warm or cold and tenacious. This late hatching is beneficial in giving the egg para-
sites and their natural enemies, such as snakes, birds, etc., an opportunity to do greater
execution.

Although numbers of the locusts which first hatched have perished from the inclem-
ent weather and other causes, yet those now hatching and yet to hatch will live under
more favorable conditions. We may therefore expect fewer natural deaths among the
locusts than we have hitherto enjoyed.

The eggs were deposited in such numbers here, and so many are yet unhatched, that
we may expect to fight for ourcrops if we would save them. In most of the southern
and western portions of the State, the prospects are brighter than they are at present
with us. They have only the locusts now hatched to contend with, while we have
almost as many now with us and many more coming. Because other portions of the
State are comparatively save, we must not expect immunity from the pest.

It is now evident, from’the number of young locusts above ground and the number
of eggs beneath, that unless we give this subject close attention, with strong and united
action, we may expect to suffer. The effect of combined, determined action in destroy-
ing the l»custs is well shown in some parts of the State. All who show the white
feather now, deserve to suffer. We cannot remain inactive on the supposition that the
locusts are dying off and that no danger need be apprehended. True, they “ die off”
at a rapid rate when visited by a flock of blackbirds or plover. Although many die
while hatching or molting, we cannot safely rely upon this natural means of getting
rid of the *hopper. All insectivorous birds are our best friends, and should be jealously
guarded not only this year but for years to come, for we may need their assistance
again.—[Industrialist, May 12, 1877.

Grasshoppers have been hatching out for the last two months in this vicinity and
disappear without doing much damage. There were vast quantities of eggs deposited
on my place last fall. Some of the ground I harrowed soon after, and exposed the eggs
to the frost of winter and to the birds. Some of it I harrowed early this spring, and
drilled to oats, thereby throwing the eggs to the surface and exposing them to the
birds. I have 22 little pigs that have done good service in one field, rooting the ground
thoroughly wherever the eggs were deposited, in quest of the same, upon which they
seemed to do first rate. Fourteen acres of such ground I plowed early in February, 8
inches deep, and sowed to spring-wheat ; 32 acres I have plowed the same depth since
the middle of April, and planted with corn. Ialsohave 15acres of winter-wheat sown
the 5th of October, which is looking first rate,and so far the ’hoppers have not done
me 10 cents’ worth of damage, and I don’t believe they will. To help the matter, we
are having a very wet spring.—[Solomon Whitney, Manhattan, Kans., May 15, 1877.

Yesterday at Troy, the county-seat of this county, no young locusts or eggs could be
found. They did no damage last fall, very few descending to the earth. Reports say
that very few passed over the eastern part of the county. Toward the western part
of the county the locusts last fall had eaten strips from two to five rods wide in the
wheat-fields. These strips so far as observed all extended along the north side of the
field .All these strips had been resown last fall or this spring, and are growing nicely.
Could find no locusts whatever at Severance, and but very few egg-pods. I send by
this mail a,small box containing egg-pods found. They are all very much alike in ap-
pearance, appearing to be addled. The prospects are good for a bountiful: wheat crop
through this section.—[A. N. Godfrey, Severance, Doniphan County, May 16, 1877.

[7 G]

[98] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The young have hatched in great numbers, but a great many have been destroyed
by the unusually wet spring. Still, enough remain alive, or to be hatched, to do great
damage. Indeed, even now whole fields of wheat and oats have been totally destroyed,
and corn, which is now just coming up, is being attacked.—_[ A. H. Gleason, Little Sioux, .
Harrison County, lowa, May 21, 1877.

But my opinion, after riding to and fro over patches a dozen square miles, is that
around the timber and along the warm lands there have been enough hatched to do
very serious injury, especially if warm, dry weather comes for the next month.—{[J. E.
Todd, Tabor, Fremont County, Iowa, May 24, 1877.

I think about ten days after you were here we had some few days of very warm, dry
weather, which brought out millions of the insects, but they do not seem to be as gen-
erally distributed this season as two years since. They seem to vanish nearly as fast as
they hatch; where they were thick four weeks since there are scarcely any to be found,
and it is quite certain none have matured. There has been no injury done to crops in
this vicinity from the present crop of insects.—[A. W. Fellows, Parsons, Kans., May
20, 1877.

Within the past few days quite a number of grasshoppers have been hatched out in
this vicinity, in favored spots, quite thick. Yet, from indications, they seem to be
going the way that all young Kansas ’hoppers have gone this spring. We have had
immense floods lately, and I think this is helping us very much.—[A. 8. Johnson, Land
Department A., T. and 8. F. Railroad, Topeka, Kans., May 22, 1877.

Yesterday was spent in the vicinity of Thayer. Found the locusts quite abundant
in places. All were quite young and Very stupid from cold. They were quiet most of
the day, and are doing no damage. To-day I have been to Cherryvale. Find fewer
locusts and very few eggs; found some which were about two weeks old. The days
have been cool and damp, and they have not moved about any.—[George F. Gaumer,
Cherryvale, Kans., May 26.

A great many of the ’hoppers hatched previous to this date have been destroyed by
some parasite, but it appears that within the last few days the ’hoppers are becoming
more numerous, and a great many have serious fears that they will come in sufficient
numbers to destroy the major portion of our crops this year. They appear to be hatch-
ing more numerously in and near the timber belts than any place else. Some of our
farmers are much downhearted, while others are still jubilant and in high hope that
they will not do us any serious damage. One thing is certain, if they come in such
vast millions as they did in ’75, and remain as long as they did then, it will be too late
to raise any crop at all after they are gone ; but this portion of Kansas is in a far bet-
ter condition to stand a raid from these pests than she was in ’74 after the drouth and
chinch-bug year of ’73.—[W. L. Lanter, Garnett, Kans., May 28, 1877.

I have received your circulars and bulletins, for which you have my thanks. A few
grasshoppers hatched in this vicinity during the warm days in February, and people
were very hopeful that the eggs would be so quickened that they would be destroyed.
Probably large numbers were, as they seem just now, for the most part, to be hatch-
ing on the dry, sandy knolls or knobs. For three or four weeks past they have been
slowly hatching in such sandy spots and along the roadside where grading has left
exposures of solid clay; but until within a few days they have not seemed to be grow-
ing or threatening much damage. But on Saturday last Mr. J. D. Sells, a friend of
mine, who lives on the line between this county and Wright, six or eight miles north-
west of here, was in town telling that he had had twenty-six acres of wheat utterly
ruined by the insects. Similar stories, though not placing the damage so high, had been
told by other farmers; but, as this is the season of “ croaking,” little attention has
been given the matter. I therefore went out to his place on Sunday (yesterday) to
see for myself. I found his story true in every respect. He Had sown twenty-six
acres of wheat on high and dry ground—prairie, broken last season. It came up
finely, and gave promise of a splendid crop, and was at least six or seven inches high
when the grasshoppers began their work on it a few days ago; but they had eaten it
all up except less than half an acre, and were closing in upon that very fast. A por-
tion of the field he had already plowed and planted with corn, and is to-day at work
to replow and plant the remainder. Not only had they eaten the wheat, roots and all,
but there were none of the soft, succulent weeds left. They had left their “chips”
everywhere. The ground was as clear of vegetation as the surface of a brick-yard.
After thus eating the bulk of the wheat, the insects congregated on an adjoining piece
of rolling prairie, near a skirt of brush, on which the grass had not been burned last
autumn, no doubt for the purpose of living off the very tender young grass which was
springing up. During a high wind Mr. Sells set fire to this dry grass and made a
holocaust of them. He thinks he must have burned at least twenty bushels, 1s the
ground was black with them.—[Charles Aldrich, Webster City, lowa, May 27, 1877.

In this part of the county, no locusts have hatched out; only a few, which were
brought into the house and hatched by the stove. For the last six weeks the egg-pods

eee — —
pr

APPENDIX V.—KANSAS DATA FOR 1877. | [39 |

were diminishing, though for my part I did not anticipate that any amount would
hatch out to do any injury. We are safe, as no eggs can be found; should any visit
us on their turn to the north, from Texas, I will notify you.—[Jas. Hanway, Lane,
Franklin County, May 20, 1877.

HIAWATHA, BROWN County, May 16.—Here about 50 per cent. of the eggs will not
hatch. A very few locusts have recently hatched, the first having appeared about a
week ago. The soil is cold and heavy, containing little or no sand.

SenEcA, Nemana County, May 17.—Here, on a sandy knoll, the eggs have been
hatching for four or five weeks. Near this knoll a few locusts were found, which had
passed the second molt, and from this size all gradations could be found, to those just
hatching. At other points, away from this one sandy spot, the hatching was very
much less advanced, the locusts having but recently commenced to appear. The eggs
here are principally sound. They were not deposited so thickly as at Manhattan. The
soil is black and heavy, and contains very little sand.

Between Seneca and Hanover the wheat crops are looking well. Some few fields
are partially damaged, but the injury had soon ceased.

At Hanover, Washington County, the soil is more sandy and dry, and the eggs are
all hatched. Sound “hoppers” not numerous.

WASHINGTON, WASHINGTON County, May 19.—The streams are swollen by the con-
tinued heavy rains. Observed many locusts floating upon the surface of the water,
but no dead or drowned ones could be discovered. The supports of the railroad bridge
at this place were almost covered by the locusts which had drifted upon them and
crawled up the sides. They were drifting from a piece of lowland which had been
overflown, but in the center or opposite side of the stream none were seen. The eggs
are all hatched in this vicinity. Found empty egg-cases in abundance, but none yet to
hatch. The locusts are very numerous in some fields, but, from reports, have disap-
peared considerably. Their ‘‘ disappearance” seems to be caused principally by the
locusts scattering, as they are very abundant in the young prairie-grass. The locusts
here have a lighter shade of coloring than I have before met with. Some have passed
the third molt. The soil is light and sandy.

Ciay CENTRE, CLAY County, May 23.—Locusts generally very large, being in the
fourth larval stage. A very few, however, are now hatching, delayed, I think, by fall
plowing. But little injury has been done.

MANHATTAN, RILEY CouNTY, May 24.—The prospects are very encouraging. About
90 or 95 per cent. of the eggs have been hatched. The ’hoppers are not so numerous as
they were two weeks ago. They are doing no particular damage on the College farm,
being most of the time collected in compact groups. They are very dark in color—
darker than any I have seen before. They are dying in considerable numbers in the
College rye-field. The rye is now in flower. I send specimens of dead locusts. These
dead ones are found mostly in the open spots where they congregate. They seem to
be feeding but little, and developing slowly. .

INDEPENDENCE, Jay 30.—Yesterday (May 29) I came in a buggy from Coffey-
ville to Independence, making a long trip, south and west, to the south line of the
State. Found fewer locusts than on any previous day. Most of them were quite
large, between the second and third molts. No eggs remain unhatched. Two gardens
were destroyed and one field of wheat slightly injured by them. In every case the
insects had disappeared immediately after doing the mischief. To-day I was west and
south in Elk and Chautauqua Counties. Found three swarms of locusts doing consid-
erable damage, two in wheat and the other in corn fields. Swarms quite local. Burn-
ing is the only thing done for their destruction in the country over which I have
traveled to-day. The young were driven into heaps of hay and then burned. Saw
one man turning a field, which had been plowed quite deep last fall to destroy the
eggs. They had all hatched, and perished in the ground in their attempt to escape.
In places the ground was quite red with their dead bodies when exposed on the sur-
face. I have been unable to try any experiments to-day on account of high winds and
searcity of locusts.

GREENLEAF, WASHINGTON County, May 21.—Eggs were not thickly deposited at
this point, and are not hatched. Locusts not numerous, and are doing no particular
injury.—[ Reports from special assistants.

The deposit of eggs last fall covers an area approximated at 15,000 to 18,000 acres.
Fully one-half were destroyed by frost and water. By the Ist of May one-third of the
remainder was hatched, but were of short life. The early hatching commenced aud
generally continued upon the low lands. These fellows disappeared as quickly as they
came. At one place I saw them so thick that they looked like wheat thickly sown.
Up to the middle of the month all that were hatched died. Butasmall portion of the
eggs left, say 10 per cent., continue to survive. By this I would mean of eggs not
hatched, or one-half of one per cent. of all deposited.

Some of the farmers complain of their young corn as having beeneaten. Mectings
have been held under the late laws of the State, and the general plan for killing them

[100] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

is two wings of canvas and a hole at the convergent point, thus: A. Trenches are
resorted to by many. A sheet-iron, eight to ten feet long, having compartments or
divisions filled with petroleum, something after the fashion of a sorghum evaporator,
with a high back, is placed upon wheels, whose axle is shaped to draw the iron near
the ground, is used by a few. The farmers are about equally divided in opinion as to
the prospect of future damage, some claiming on the one hand that they will disap-
pear, and cite certain years in which they went away or died. Men of this opinion
are principally old settlers. Others have a directly opposite opinion; but they are, I
believe, a class of men generally known as chronic grumblers, and are new-comers.

Taking into consideration the inclemency of the weather, it being cold and wet, and
the unhealthy condition of the egg, I am of the opinion that the damage will be very
slight. My own experience is that they are not as strong and healthy as those of last
year, and of a paler, more delicate color. I have specimens of them in all stages pre-
served in alcohol, and I notice a vast difference in the two years. Thursday I brought
in a box of eggs, containing at least 300, and set them in a south widow, slightly
covered with loose earth, and up to this time not one-fifth of them have hatched.—
[E. M. Sanford, Burlingame, May 27, 1877.

CHANUTE, May 27.—Less than one-half of the eggs are hatched here. Those in the
ground are still good, and hatch as soon as brought to the surface. The ground is very
wet and heavy, and this, I believe, is what prevents the hatching.

This afternoon I have traveled on horseback over as large a tract of country as pos-
sible. Found very few locusts more than three days old; myriads of young ones;
very little damage being done by them. Nothing is being done to destroy them, for
people believe that they will all disappear of their own accord. The weather has been
very hot (90° in shade) for three days.

COFFEYVILLE, May 28.— To-day I have visited many farms in this region, and
find the locusts comparatively scarce, though larger than any yet seen. They are very
variable in size. The same swarm often contains all sizes, from the smaller to those
which have passed the third and a few even the fourth molt. Very little harm is being
done by them. Some few gardens are being injured, and I saw one field of wheat a
part of which was taken by them. In answer to my inquiries, the farmers say that
many locusts hatched early in the season, but have all disappeared. They do not ap-
prehend any trouble from them this summer.

I find no unhatched eggs in the ground. Some Paris green was put out late last Sat-
urday evening, and changed several times yesterday. In the evening I found a great
'“many dead locusts, and the ground round about the poison cleared for twenty feet or
more. A few hours after the bait is set they begin to hop toward it, and fall to eating
vigorously at first. Suddenly they stop, make one or two long jumps, and stop, stretch,
first one leg and then another, and lastly the long or hopping legs; with these latter
they make a few quick, involuntary motions, and then turn over and expire, some in
one minute, others live four or five minutes.—[From special assistants of Commission.

May 30, saw Prof. F. H. Snow, at Lawrence, Kans., who tells me that the young
loeusts are now common in the larva state at a point‘on the Kansas Pacific Railroad
ten miles west of Lawrence. None were seen east of this point.

At Topeka, spretus was common along the railroad in the second and third larval
stage. They had only eaten holes in the weeds about the houses. Heavy rains had
killed the young.

May 31, at Brookville, winged spretus was not as common as other Calopteni (diffe-
rentialis?), but more common in the second and third larval stages, about farms espe-
cially. No spreitus seen beyond this point on the railroad, but other grasshoppers were
abundant.—[ Notes by A. 8S. Packard, jr.

I am happy to say there have been no serious depredations so far as my observation
has led. I have observed in many localities where millions of young locusts hatched
since the recent hard and continuous rains have been washed out into the main
streams and carried off. In many localities they have disappeared by some unknown
cause. On the whole, the farmers have no reason for complaint yet._[R. M. Spivey,
Topeka, Kans., May 30, 1877.

The locusts are not very numerous in Allen County now. Somehow they have
hatched very slowly, and disappeared very mysteriously to many of us. We have
burned some on old grass and on scattered hay. Rolled afew. Domestic.and wild
fowls have devoured many.—[H. E. Van Deman, Geneva, Kans., May 30, 1877.

The grasshoppers are still hatching out in some localities, and in others there are
none hatching yet. The places where they are hatching appear to be of a peculiar
character, viz, where it has been sheltered on the south by hills, timber, or some
thing of th t kind, and in places which were low and wet, and wholly or partly
covered with water during the month of February. I have so far failed to hear
of any very extensive damages having been done in this locality. Oneof our farmers
who has sutfered the most heavily has constructed a fine exterminator, something

APPENDIX V.—KANSAS DATA FOR 1877. [101]

similar to one described in your bulletins, and bas so far succeeded in saving his corn
crop, though it was of no avail in his wheat and oats, his wheat being already headed
out. Some of our farmers are thinking that they will destroy all of our crops this
year, and many others seem to think that they will do us but little damage this year.
They appear to disappear very mysteriously after they are about a week or ten days
old. Undoubtedly there are now here none of those that first hatched out.—[W. L.
Lanter, Garnett, Kans., June 1, 1877.

The little grasshoppers have nearly all gone. No damage in this county, to speak
of. The majority-of eggs were destroyed by rain and frost.—[S8. B. Abbott, Oswego,
June 3, 1877.

All the grasshoppers here this year appear to be of a somewhat darker shade of
color than the ones we had two years ago; they also seem to be a little longer in pro-
portion to their weight than they were two years ago. They are doing us no material
damage except in small localities. Even garden vegetables are generally unmolested,
except once in a while we bear of a garden that has been slightly damaged by them.
They do not appearto get to be more than ten days to two weeks old until they disappear,
caused by some kind of a parasite so small that it cannot be seen by the naked eye.
Most of our farmers are still in good cheer, and the ones who were most discouraged
are growing lighter-hearted. We are and have been blessed with heavy rains, which
have drowned a great many of the young hoppers. I am not aware that any one has
attempted to fight them by fire or any other method than the one of which I spoke
in my last. I have heard of no one who has been ditching to kill them. Father (J.
H. Lanter) has just returned from a trip to the southeast portion of this State, and
he says that they are not doing any more damage there than here. He reported one
man in the northwest corner of Bonrbon County who has been successfully fighting
them with fire. He draws out two or three wagon-loads of straw, and-then drives the
young “hoppers into it and sets fire to it. More anon.—[W. L. Lanter, Garnett, June
5, 1877.

From all parts of the county come the g/ad tidings that the grasshoppers are doing
but little damage. They are disappearing nearly as fast as they hatch out. The
crops are growing nicely, andif the season continues favorable an abundant harvest
can surely be relied on.—[ Junction City Tribune, June 7.

The grasshopper crop here has proven to be a failure. There is not one this year
where there were a thousand two yearsago. The damage they do us this year amounts
to a mere nothing as compared with two years ago. There are none flying over and
lighting here, and the few that hatched here are nearly all dead. The cause of their
premature death is unknown to us.—[W. L. Lanter, Garnett, June 13, 1877.

Locusts flying north with a good breeze. They appear to fly in scattered swarms,
not very thickly. They generally fly very high.—[R. Milliken, Emporia, Kans., Lyon
County, June 14.

From 12 m. to 4 p. m. locusts were flying north by east, with a mild breeze. A pan
resembling the Salina pan was used here, but the locusts were not sufficiently numer-
ous to warrant its extensive use. It only differed from the Salina pan in having
handles attached to the ends, and was carried by two men walking at the ends.—[A.
N. Godfrey, Hartford, Lyon County, June 12, 1877.

They are now hatching by the car-load on the western borders of the county and
throughout Brown and the counties west. Farmers are fighting them to their utmost,
the materials used being chiefly tin pans and coal-oil. The issue is extremely doubt-
ful. As a fair sample of the whole infested country, one instance will illustrate.
Enoch Spaulding, living three miles west of White Cloud, has an eighty-acre pasture
field. Last Friday they went to work catching young grasshoppers (just large enough
to hop), and on that field they caught one hundred gallons of the insects, pressed and
packed down. They filled twenty nail-kegs.—[ Troy Chief, June 14, 1877.

We have not been plagued as yet with ’hoppers, althongh they have been hatching
out for some time, but none seemed to grow large.—[George F. Smart, Dickinson,
June 14, 1877.

At this writing all danger from our old enemies seems past. It is true they are thick
in places, in the rank weeds and grain, but we are abundantly satisfied that not 2 per
cent. of the insects hatched this spring are now alive. We have been greatly surprised
at the number of birds, strangers to this State, which seem to have taken up their resi-
dence permanently with us. Robins are almost as common in this vicinity as in
New York, and we notice with no little pleasure that a couple of pairs of bobolinks
have gone to housekeeping in the blue-grass meadow on the College farm.—[ Professor
Shelton, Industrialist, June 16.

MANHATTAN, RILEY County, June 16.—The locusts here have done no damage since
last report. Some are now in the pupa state, but none have yet acquired wings. A
few winged locusts have descended from the passing swarms.

\

[102] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

SOLOMON City, June 18.— Visited the wheat-fields of A. P. Collins and J. H. Baldwin,
near this city. Found the locusts acquiring wings and leaving very rapidly.

SOLOMON VALLEY, FROM SOLOMON TO BELOIT, June 19.—Locusts flying rather thickly
from 10 a.m. until noon. But few flying after noon. None of the crops have been
seriously injured except by the floods.

BELOIT, MITCHELL COUNTY, June 20.—Locusts have been leaving for nearly a week.
They are sparingly aifected with the parasitic maggot, a few dead ones being found.—
[A. N. Godfrey.

Yesterday I visited the country round about Chanute. Found the locusts very
scarce and quite small. The eggs are not yet all hatched. Along a road in very sandy
soi], about one mile south of the town, I found some eggs still good. Many of them
have decayed in the ground. I will send a small box of these eggs by mail. This
morning I waited some hours in Parsons, where I found the locusts casting their skins
the last time and getting wings. A few could be seen flying at various heights above
the earth. Between Parsons and this place I traveled on a freight-train, and had an
excellent opportunity to make observations. In many places, the locusts were quite
plenty; twice I observed people fighting them from corn-fields. Here (at Chetopa) they
are very abundant and very variable in size; most of them have their wings. They
began the last molt June 16. Many of them flew away yesterday. Although there
are a great many locusts here, yet they are doing no harm to speak of. They feed
mostly upon dog-fennel, ragweed, &c., and rarely are found in corn or wheat fields;
some few gardens have been taken. Several persons who have tried the Paris-green
mixture report that it works admirably.

The young locusts, which were so abundant when I visited this region before, have
nearly all disappeared. People along the Neosho River say that during the late high
waters immense numbers of them floated down the stream and perished. Many, also,
were drowned upon the fields.—[ George F. Gaumer, Chetopa, June 20, 1877.

I see no harm done as yet. Young ’hoppers are not very numerous in this neighbor-
hood, and the crops have not suffered so far.—[H. M. Robertson, Claytonville, Brown
County, June 20, 1877.

There has not been the damage done I anticipated some time ago. I have visited

several points in the county, and only in a few isolated localities, and these quite
limited, do I find them in suttficient quantities to be annoying. We may be said to be
entirely out of danger.
- The mysterious disappearance of the insects is the wonder of the people. I am told
by persons every once in a while, ‘‘A few days ago there were thousands of the little
insects; but when I went again scarcely one was to be seen.” Such has been the ex-
perience of the people all season.—[ Robert Milliken, Emporia, June 22, 1877.

They have not done $10 worth of damage in our county. The county was honey-
combed with eggs; but they commenced hatching early, and continued to hatch for six
or seven weeks, and would nearly all disappear as fast as hatched. At first the birds
destroyed them by millions. Those that are left seem to be sickly and demoralized. I
first noticed them rise and fly on the 20th of this month. There were enough eggs
within a quarter of a mile of my place, if all had hatched and been healthy, to have
swept the county, and I have not lost a penny’s worth of vegetables or fruit by them.

—[B. L. Kingsbury, Burlington, June 25, 1877.

The grasshoppers have about all disappeared from this locality; what few are left
are about grown. They have not done much damage in this county. I think that
$500 would fully cover all damages that have been done in this county, and probably
less.—[ W. L. Lanter, Garnett, July 3, 1877.

The ’hoppers were flying in the air in small quantities in May and June for a few
days. None have lighted here at all.—[Dr. H. A. Ellis, Russell, July 3, 1877.

They have done no injury this year worthy of note in any portion of our county.—
[Jas. Hanway, Lane, Franklin County, July 5, 1877.

They have eaten steadily in my grain-fields, doing most of the damage on the first
16 feet, but working more or less over the entire field. Damage less than was gener-
ally expected. In no case have they destroyed a fine crop. I think 10 per cent. will
cover the loss throughout this section, and it certainly will in this section.—[Solomon
Whitney, Manhattan, Riley County, July 7, 1877.

I think Labette County, Kansas, would have produced 600,000 bushels of wheat this
season but for the locust last fall, and now will produce perhaps 300,000. They not
only ate up many fields but prevented many from sowing. I had 70 acres ate all
clean. Sowed about September 5 35 acres. Soon after they took about half, eating
in from the outside.—[C. C. Perkins, Berket Mass, Kans., July 7, 1877.

Since my last report, when I stated that the swarms of locusts had gone over Alma,
no more have been seen. The eggs hatched out in this vicinity at end of April, and
did on same places damage. They are full grown now, and left from 2d to 9th of July,

APPENDIX V.—KANSAS DATA FOR 1877. [103]

generally starting at 11 o’clock a. m., flying slowly upwards, and going thence with
upper wind, which has been in these days northeast by north. I should judge that one-
tenth of the deposited eggs have been hatched out ; could not find any that had died.
The weather was not favorable for them, as there was more rain than generally.— LG.
Zwanziger, Alma, July 10, 1877.

I am happy to be able to state that the locusts have not as yet putin an appearance,
which is unusual, as we generally see them before this passing over; but I have little
fear of them as long as it continues so wet. The native ’hoppers are quite plenty, and
will doubtless work to some extent on the borders of wheat-fields. —[Eugene Palmer,
Farland, McPherson County, Kansas, August 8, 1877.

As yet the locusts have failed to make an attack, although the air is full of them and
has been for four days back; they are tolerably high and moving to the north; we had
a heavy rain here on the 8th instant, which makes it favorable for us. Much wheat is
already up.—[ Eugene Palmer, Farland, McPherson County, Kansas, August 10, 1877.

Since last writing you we have had a visit from the grasshoppers, though not in such
vast numbers as to do material damage, other than giving a very discouraging look to
the prospect for corn. First noticed came in on a north wind, on Wednesday the 8th
instant; at about 5 o’clock, the wind became quite variable and numbers came down.
As soon as there was a north wind again they rose up and many left, but the wind has
been so variable that as many or more have come in as have left us.—[J. P. Heaton,
Belleville, Kansas, August 13, 1877.

What hatched here last spring failed to reach maturity, except a very few; they did
me no damage the past year. In the month of September last I noticed two or three
small swarms going south from north, but few came down or coupled or deposited any
eggs. AslI observed, those that came down soon disappeared, and I think we are entirely
clear of them. —([H. F, Rice, Iola, November 15, 1877.

APPENDEX VE.

IOWA DATA FOR 1877.

Reports from Chickasaw, Delaware, Fayette, Black Hawk, Warren, Muscatine, and,
Keokuk Counties state that there is no danger from the ’hoppers within their borders.

Clay. County.—The ground is fiiled with grasshopper eggs. The prairie has been left
unburned this year, so that the “hoppers might have a warm reception when they do
begin to come out. ;

Humboldt County.—Not much damage is anticipated from the grasshoppers this year.
The eggs have not hatched out yet, and when they do all hands will turn out.to ex-
tirpate them.

Hamilton County.—’Hopper-eggs not out yet; but as the ground is full of them, when
the warm weather comes we expect a Swarm.

Guthrie County.——No apprehension of danger from grasshoppers exists. There are
eges enough in the ground, but we do not think they will hatch out.

Woodbury County.—February was so pleasant that a few grasshoppers came out, but
generally the eggs did not appear fruitful.

Page County.—The cold weather has stopped the eggs from hatching. Such a small
quantity hatched during warm days that it is hard to determine whether this cold
weather would kill them. Freezing does not seem to kill them, as some were placed
between two cakes of ice and frozen solid, and when thawed would come to life and
begin to move off; hence, I believe, we can make every calculation of raising a won-
derful crop of ’hoppers this season.

Crawford County.—The ground has a great many grasshopper-eggs in it, and we fear
the small grain will be badly damaged this spring, and probably not over one-half as
much wheat as usual will be sown. The prairie-grass is being saved to roast all we
can of them when the proper time comes.

Harrison County.—The hatching of grasshopper-eggs has not commenced. The sea-
son was very moderate all through February, but not quite warm enough to melt the
ground any depth or hatch out the ’hoppers. The people seem very unanimous in try-
ing to destroy them as soon as hatched, by machines and every available way.

Hancock County.—The ’hopper question agitates this county considerably at this
time, and as it is the first time that they have deposited their eggs in this county, we
hardly know how to operate against them. In the warm weather in February there
were a few found hatched out on warm, gravelly knolls; there were some brought to
this village and putin a glass jar, and some are alive yet. The eggs are in good con-
dition generally, and very many of them. The prairie-grass was saved last fall, and
we expect to burn a good many of them this spring. There is a general desire to co-
operate and make a big fight for our crops and gardens.—[ Prairie Farmer, April 6, 1877.

ALBIA, April 12.—There are no grasshoppers in this part of the country. The spring
has been very backward. Some spring-wheat has been sown.

CHARITON, April 12.—No grasshoppers in this vicinity nearer than one hundred and
fifty miles or more. Spring is quite backward, too much so to tell about crop pros-
pects yet. Late spring will doubtless prevent the sowing of much small grain.

BLOOMFIELD, April 12.—The spring here is wet, cold, and backward. Farmers have
not yet commenced work. Cannot say much in regard to crop prospects. Scarcely
any wheat is raised in thiscounty. Grass will probably get a good start. There never
have been any grasshoppers in this county in sufficient numbers to give any special
annoyance. We apprehend no trouble from them this year.

CEepaAR Rapips, April 12.—Spring is backward; it is impossible now to tell the pros-
pects; farmers hard at work; much seeding done; no fear of ’hoppers here.

MARSHALLTOWN, April 12.—No grasshoppers in this section. i

NEW SHARON, April 12.—We never have had any grasshoppers here, therefore we do
not look for them. It is too soon to give you information in regard to crops. Farmers
are very busy sowing their wheat and oats. ; j

DAVENPORT, April 12.—No grasshoppers in this vicinity ; farmers are putting in
crops as rapidly as possible; weather pleasant.

CLARINDA, PaGE County, April 13.—Farmers are busy and hopeful. Grasshoppers
have notmade their appearance in formidable numbers, although we have had favorable

[104]

APPENDIX VI.—IOWA DATA FOR 1877. [105]

weather for hatching. Farmers are not sowing large crops of small grain, depending
mostly on corn and stock.

LENOX, April 13.—The prospects of crops are good ; farmers will get their corn in
eaiher this spring by three weeks than they have been able to do in the last three
years. Nosigns of grasshoppers as yet, and the general opinion is that the warm weather
in February and the cold in March have destroyed a majority of the eggs.

Mason City, April 13.—There is not the slightest reason for believing there will be
any grasshoppers in this vicinity, and the prospect for a good crop was never better.

MANCHESTER, April 13.—We see no reason for a failure in crops at present. Farmers
are now putting in their wheat. Ourspringisa little more backward than usual. We
have no grasshoppers here.

Iowa Ciry, April 13.—Concerning the ’hoppers, would say that they have not
appeared in this section whatever. The prospects for the coming season, as far as crops
are concerned, are good.

ALLERTON, April 13.—There are no grasshoppers here, and the prospects for crops in
this vicinity are tolerably good. .

Vitisca, April 13.—We have learned but little yet about the intentions of the grass-
hoppers. The weather has been so cold and spring so backward that they have not
begun to hatch cut yet. Farmers apprehend but litle danger from those that hatch
here, as they will be off before the crops get along far enough for them to damage,
though everybody more or less expects trouble from them.

_ Missourrt VALLEY, April 13.—Our section is full of grasshopper-eggs, which are just
beginning to hatch. We cannot yet tell what damage they may do. Our farmers are
putting in very little small grain, but will put in as much corn as usual, and we hope
the ’hoppers will leave early enough, so that they will do us but little damage, as
was the case three years ago, when they hatched here, leaving before the corn was up.

DUNLAP, April 13.—The prospect is good for a large crop of corn; there js but little
small grain growing, on account of the grasshopper scare, but we do not apprehend
that the grasshoppers will do any damage to the crops in this section; they have not
hatched out yet.

KELLOGG, April 14.—There are no grasshoppers in this section of the country never
were ; have been in the western counties of this State. The crop prospects are very fa-
vorable so far ; do not think we will be troubled with them this season ; at least hope not.

STANTON, April 14.—The grasshoppers are now hatching; although no damage has
been done, there is much uneasiness among farmers.

HaMBurG, April 14.—We have the gravest apprehensions in regard to the grasshop-
per prospects. The earth in this section is literally filled with their eggs, and in favor-
able locations are only beginning to hatch. Farmers are sowing a little less than usual
of small grain; their main reliance is for a half-matured corn-crop, planted after the
fledged ’hoppersshali have flown. Using past experience as a criterion, we see nothing
better to hope for. ‘

CORNING, April 14.—No grasshoppers have hatched out yet, though there are plenty
of eggs. A large wheat-crop has been sowed and coming up finely. Farmers are a
little uneasy about the ’hoppers.

Sioux Ciry, April 14.—Grasshoppers are hatching out in most parts tributary to
Sioux City, and we are apprehensive that there will be ’hoppers plenty in all the fol-
lowing States: West Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Dakota Territory. They
may do a great deal of damage, and they may not. There is just one way for us to do,
and that is to shape our course so that we can stand a good crop of ’hoppers, and if
they do not come we will be in luck.

DuBUQUE, April 14.—No grasshoppers nearer to Dubuque than 125 to 150 miles to
date.

CLINTON, April 14.—Crop prospects are good as usual at this season of the year. No
grasshoppers in this section.

AFTON, April 14.—There were no grasshoppers in this county last year, and no signs
of any here this year so far. They may come from the West, as we hear that they are
hatching in the west part of the State. The prospects of a crop here are good.

BEDFORD, April 16.—We do not hear anything in our immediate vicinity of ’hoppers.
There were a great many eggs deposited on three sides of our town from ten to twelve
miles; none nearer. The warm weather in February hatched a great many of them
out. There are none now.

CoUNCIL BLUFFS, April 17.—Grasshoppers are hatching out here, but are too small
to do any damage yet. Farmers are putting in the usual acreage.

BELDEN, April 19.—There are no grasshoppers in this vicinity. Crops are good and
the weather favorable.

Des Mores, April 20.—Dismal reports come here from the ’hopper-infested counties
in this State. Last week nearly a score of families left Pocahcntas County from dire
necessity to procure bread to eat. Seed is scarce, and they have had no money to pur-
chase with. The season is now too far advanced to secure a crop if they could get
seed, and, with the almost certain failure to raise anything except as food for grass-

[106] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

hoppers, they prefer to leave. Asmany more farmers were prepared to leave this week.
As this is a sparsely populated county, the depopulation will be plainly noticeable.
Representative Oliver has done much to help these people by sending all the seed
grain he could get hold of at the “posie ” department at Washington.

MALVERN, April 25.—The crop prospect here is fine, and farmers are forward with
spring work. The ground is in fine order, and some corn has been planted. Grass-
hoppers are hatching out freely, but seem to be in spots, and have already ravaged some
wheat and oat fields in some localities. It is not believed the damage will be general.

Murray, April 26.—We have no grasshoppers here. No eggs were deposited. We
are having too much wet weather, with prespect of a late spring. Thirty or forty
miles west of here there are’’hoppers in abundance, though the late rains have rotted
many eggs.—[ From the Saint Louis Globe-Democrat.

MARSHALLTOWN, Jay 2.—Wheat is looking nicely. Good prospects for corn, but
very little planted. Small fruit is nearly all killed, except strawberries. Grasshop-
pers have not visited us, but a few have been brought here to experiment on, which,
after being frozen up forty hours in the storm of Saturday and Sunday, were able to
sing, ‘‘ We stood the storm; it was not long,” upon being exposed to the sun a short
time.

Sioux Ciry, WoopBury County, May 2.—Reports about grasshoppers from the sur-
rounding country are conflicting. It appears from the best information that in some.
places they are plenty and have damaged young grain and vegetables. Other reports
show that they are fast disappearing on account of the wet weather and the parasites.
ee crops are unusually promising. The area of wheat sown is probably less than

ast year.

ONAWA, HARRISON County, May 2.—The late storms did not injure ’hoppers mate-
rially. The blackbirds are here by the million, and are destroying them rapidly.
Very little wheat was sown. Farmers feel confident that corn, which is the staple,
will not be injured to any extent. A very large acreage of corn is being planted. The
farmers are sanguine of good crops.

Des Mornes, PoLtk County, May 2.—The facts here in regard to grasshoppers are
meager. The late snow-storm has not interfered with them materially. After thaw-
ing they come out lively. None within forty miles of here. The late freeze has
blasted all small fruit except grapes. Large fruit will also suffer some. /

Boone, BOONE County, May 2.—Grasshoppers are remarkably scarce in this locality,
but in Western Iowa, along the line of the Northwestern Railway, they are reported
very numerous, and it is said the late snow-storm had no effect in thinning their num-
ber. Will make an effort to have complete and reliable report of crops, &c., for Satur-
day or Sunday’s issue.

CLARINDA, PAGE County, May 2.—Grasshoppers are scarce in this section, although
millions of eggs were deposited. Up to this time but few of the eggs have hatched.
Farmers are confident, and the prospect for good crops is favorable, although the wet
weather of the last few days caused serious delay.

CRESTON, UNION County, May 2.—The grasshoppers in this section were mostly
killed by the recent cold snap and no damage is feared fromthem. Farmers are hope-
ful of good crops, although the recent storm will delay corn-planting. Small grain
looks well.

RED Oak, MONTGOMERY CouUNTY, May 2.—The recent cold rains and snow storm
have proven very disastrous to the ’hopper family in this section. Doubtless millions
have been destroyed. It is believed there are not enough left to damage crops to any
ereat extent. Farmers are being somewhat delayed on account of the recent heavy
rains, but are jubilant over present prospects for a heavy harvest of all kinds of grain.—
[ Omaha Herald.

Lr Mars, PLymMoutH County, May 2.—There are no grasshoppers in this section,
and the prospect for good crops was never better. Weather fine.

Storm LAkE, BUENA Vista County, May 2.—Storm not severe enough to destroy
young grasshoppers, but they are too few to do any damage. Crops never looked
better.

CARROLL, CARROLL County, May 2.—The storm has killed at least two-thirds of
the young grasshoppers. Cold rain now falling will dispose of the balance. Crop-
prospects fine. Wheat all in and well up. Large amount of corn planted.—[ Western
Farm Journal,

Since my last communication things present a more hopeful appearance. The un-
usual wet spring has, indeed, been our salvation. Thousands of bushels of the *hop-
pers have been killed by becoming benumbed by the cold, drenching storms and being
drowned in pools and ditches. The bare ploughed fields and the hard, smooth roads
are covered with their dead carcasses, and although this destruction has undoubtedly
not been so complete in the bluffs and on the high rolling grounds as uponthe bottom
grounds, yet I can safely say that of all the eggs that have hatched (and nearly all
have) much the greater part have been destroyed. Still, although the outlook is

APPENDIX VI.—IOWA DATA FOR 1877. ~ [107]

brighter, there will be much damage done. Many fields of wheat and oats and corn
have been totally destroyed. Some damage has been done to young fruit trees, and
gardens as a general thing have been eaten up.—[A. H. Gleason, Little Sioux, May 3,
1877. ‘

GREENVILLE County, May 9.—Grasshoppers are hatching by the million, and have
commenced to destroy the small grain. I think that not a tenth of the eggs are yet
hatched. The cold weather of March did not kill them, as we had hoped. They will
take our crop unless the farmers can destroy them. We think we can kill them by
burning the prairie. Some one has invented a trap to catch them.

EMMET County, May 9.—On the flat clay subsoil lands the grasshopper eggs are
mostly destroyed; on gravel and dry ridges they are in good condition, but are being
destroyed by birds and the little red bug. Egg-cells that contained eight eggs, only
two of them were sound, and they appear to be quite tender, and die when exposed to
cold. ;

CARROLL County, May 9.—In some of our grain fields the grasshoppers have com-
menced their operations, and, although most of the eggs are unhatched, still they seem
in a healthy condition, but it is reported in the northern part of the county large
amounts of the eggs are damaged and will not hatch.

ADAIR County, May 9.—The grasshopper eggs have not hatched here yet. We have
had cold weather with snow the last month, and, we trust, when the weather comes
warm, we shall know the whole story, and find the eggs dead.

-Hamitton County, May 9.—The ’hopper eggs have commenced hatching along the
river, but I have seen none as yet on the prairie. If is impossible to determine at this
time to what extent the eggs were destroyed in March. I think only such’ as were
picked up by the birds.

Hancock County, May 9.—Farmers are nearly done sowing. The prospect for a
crop would be very bright were it not for the grasshoppers. It is generally thought
the eggs will not hatch, as the appearance of the eggs is the same asin February. If
there is any life in them we hope the recent storm has killed them.

HumMBouLpt County, May 9.—The grasshoppers have commenced hatching. In
warm, sheltered places plenty of them can be found. Many of the eggs will not
hatch, but from the great amount in the ground they will not be missed.

CRAWFORD County, May 9.—The grasshopper eggs have hatched in great numbers
on last year’s breaking in sandy soil and on the roadside. They have commenced to
eat the small grain.

Buack Hawk County, May 9.—No sign of grasshoppers as yet. The last few days
of April were cold, with a heavy snow storm; we hope it has finished the ’hopper.

ADAMS CounTy, May 9.—What few grasshoppers’ eggs were laid have nearly all
died. There will be no trouble here from the present grasshopper crop.—Chicago Tri-
bune.

The young have hatched in great numbers, but a great many have been destroyed
by the unusually wet spring. Still, enough still remain as alive or to be hatched to
do great damage. Indeed, even now whole fields of wheat and oats have been totally
destroyed; and corn, which is now just coming up, is being attacked.—[A. H. Gleason,
Little Sioux, Harrison County, Iowa, May 21, 1377.

But my opinion, after riding to and fro over patches of a dozen square miles, is that
around the timber and along the warm lands there have been enough hatched to do
very serious injury, especially if warm, dry weather comes for the next month.—[J.
E. Todd, Tabor, Tremont County, Iowa, May 24, 1877.

I have received your circulars and bulletins, for which you have my thanks. A few
grasshoppers hatched in this vicinity during the warm days in February, and people
were very hopeful that the eggs would be so quickened that they would be destroyed.
Probably large numbers were, as they seem just now, for the most part, to be hatch-
ing on the dry, sandy knolls or knobs. For three or four weeks past they have been
slowly hatching in such sandy spots, and along the roadsides where grading has left
exposures of solid clay; but until within a few days they have not seemed to be grow-
ing or threatening much damage. But on Saturday last Mr. J. D, Sells, a friend of
mine, who lives on the line between this county and Wright, six or eight miles north-
west of here, was in town, telling that he had had twenty-six acres of wheat utterly
ruined by the insects. Some stories, though not placing the damage so high, had been
told by other farmers; but, as this is the season of ‘‘ croaking,” little attention had
been given the matter. I therefore went out to his place on Sunday (yesterday), to
see for myself. I found his story true in every respect. He had sown twenty-six
acres of wheat on high and dry ground—prairie, broken last season. It came up finely
and gave promise of a splendid crop, and was at least six or seven inches high when
the grasshoppers began their work on it a few days ago; but they had eaten it all up
_ except less than half an acre, and were closing in upon that very fast. A portion of
| the field he had already plowed and planted with corn, and is to-day at work to replow
and plant the remainder. Not only had they eaten the wheat, roots and all, but there

|
|
|

———

[108] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

were none of the soft, succulent weeds left. They had left their “chips” everywhere.
The ground was as clear of vegetation as the surface of a brick-yard. After thus eat-
ing the bulk of the wheat the insects congregated on an adjoining piece of rolling
prairie, near a skirt of brush, on which the grass had not been burned last autumn,
no doubt for the purpose of living off the very tender young grass which was spring-
ing up. During a high wind Mr. Sells’set fire to this dry grass and made a holocaust
of them. He thinks he must have burned at least twenty bushels, as the ground was
black with them.—[Charles Aldrich, Webster City, lowa, May 27, 1877. /

I find, by referring to my record of observations, that the grasshoppers came last
year August 24, and continued to increase in numbers for some days following. Their
coming was too late to do much damage to the crops. They deposited immense quan-
tities of eggs through this section of the country, and the farmers were very appre-
hensive of the consequences, so that but little improvement in building is going on
this year. The quantity of eggs in places, as found by actual count, was over 250 in
a square inch. Others have estimated them as high as 35 bushels per acre. The nice
beautiful weather of last fall hatched out some of the eggs, and I saw the little fellows
hopping around just before cold weather set in for winter. This fine weather that
hatched some probably partially developed many others which the cold of winter
destroyed. The warm days of February and March developed, I think, the largest
share of those the warm fall weather left undeveloped, and the freezing nights and
cold storms of April destroyed them in immense quantities. They commenced hatch-
ing out April 14, and have continued to up to this. In some fields protected from sud-
den changes of weather, as near timber, they are hatched in numbers sufiicient to
materially injure the crops; and where the fall plowing gave a favorable place to
deposit the eggs in the greatest numbers, like that where the estimate was 35 bushels
per acre, in such places, even if one in a thousand hatched, there would then be enough
to destroy the crop in that locality. While plowing my corn ground, twelve actes,
I did not see one on it. On my timothy grass not any were hatched. I have a blue-
grass pasture. Where the eggs were deposited there are some, and they may injure it
some, but not enough to materially affect the use as a pasture. They will soon com-
mence traveling or hopping for a change of feed, and may then injure our corn and
grain. Hens in and about our dwelling scratch up and eat the eggs as well as eat the
insects. No powder or liquid has been used to protect plants that has come to my
knowledge. Harrowing the ground after the eggs are deposited in the fall I think
will be the most effective. Ithink two good harrowings, afew days apart, would destroy
nearly every egg. Early plowing is good; ditching has been tried by one man and
destroyed them in immense quantities. Traps of various constructions are used, and
will do some good.—[J. F. Sanborn, Tabor, Fremont County, Iowa, May 28, 1877.

On 18th August, 1876, a very large cloud of locusts passed over us here from a little
west of north (the day was bright), a small portion of which alighted in this and ad-
joining counties. Our small grain was all husbanded except a little late flax and our
corn. They destroyed the flax, and we estimated the injury to the corn crop at about
10 per cent. They stopped with us from two to three weeks and left their brood.
After depositing the egg they went out of sight. I think they died; large quantities
of dead ones were scattered all over. Raw prairie that was broke last summer ap-
peared to be a good bed for eggs, and also the flax ground. In these places both
ditching and deep plowing and rolling were resorted to with good results. The first
we saw of the young ’hoppers here was on 24th April, on a side hill facing the south.
After that, it came very cold and wet weather, which we supposed kept back the
hatching. About 10th May they commenced to come out in lots upon our wheat and
barley fields. We are using the iron pan and cloth saturated with kerosene, and are
killing them in bushels. Ihave no doubt but we shall manage to save our crops. Our
pan cost only $1.40.—[ Andrew Barr, Carroll County, May 28.

It is the opinion of farmers generally that the grasshoppers are dying rapidly. They
are very thick yet, though not doing as much damage as ten days ago. Sod grain has
been entirely taken, and on fields contiguous to last year’s breaking the small grain is
more or less injured, wheat more than oats. There are many large fields of small grain
that seem to be not eaten at all, and look finely. As the corn comes up they eat it;
some farmers continue planting—are using kerosene catchers.—[Roma W. Woods,
O’Brien County, Iowa, May 28, 1877.

Locusts are growing slowly ; many have reached the third stage, while more are
still in the first. In many parts they are doing some injury to gardens and corn ; also
meadows and wheat fields. They seem more plentiful inthe timber. It may be, how-
ever, that there they trouble the crops more because other vegetation does not suib
them so well.—[J. E. Todd, Tabor, Fremont County, Iowa, June 2, 1877.

The grasshoppers have been and are still hatching out in large numbers; their eggs
being spoiled proves to be a mistake; at least a large per cent. must have been
hatched.—[H. C. McCoy, Algona, June 3, 1877. ‘

During the past week we have made diligent inquiry in regard to the rumors of

APPENDIX VI.—IOWA DATA FOR 1877. [109]

the destruction of the growing crops by the grasshoppers in this section. The
opinion at which we arrive is, that in limited portions, where the soil has been
favorable to the preservation of the eggs, they are sweeping everything before
them. A few days ago we visited Mr. J. D. Sells, who resides seven or eight miles
north of town, and a part of whose farm is in Wright and a part in this county. He
sowed a field of 26 acres with wheat, which came up and grew very finely. Ten or
twelve days ago it was deemed far betterthan the average, and gave promise of an abund-
ant crop. But the grasshoppers began hatching and eating, and when we saw the
field three duys ago the grain was entirely exterminated, with the exception of less
than half an acre growing on wet ground. Not only had the insects devoured the
blades and stalks, but they had eaten up even the roots and all the tender, succulent
weeds. The ground was as free from vegetation as a brick-yard. After clearing off
the field, the insects emigrated to a tract of prairie adjoining, upon which the grass
had not been burned last fall, where they were “going for” the tender grass which
was springing up. Mr. Sells set fire to the dead grass when the wind was high, and it
was burned over in a very few minutes. He is of the opinion that he destroyed at
least 20 bushels of ’hoppers by this one effort. The field heis now plowing up for the
purpose of planting it with corn. This tract is high and rolling, and the soil is dry
and sandy. In a neighboring field about six acres of wheat on similar land has also

' been eaten up. But this, we believe, is the extent of the damage in this vicinity.

There were great clouds of smoke rolling over the prairie off to the southwest, where
we presume other farmers were giving the insects the “heroic” treatment. We do

_ not believe that there is to be very general or wide-spread destruction of crops; but

we shall be greatly mistaken if many of our farmers do not meet with losses very

| similar to that of Mr. Sells. The insects were still hatching on this land, while some
» of them were fully three-fourths of an inch in length.—[ Hamilton Freeman, Webster
) City, June 6.

A few hoppers are still hatching, but the numbers are small. The wheat is getting

' rather tall for catching them now, but a great many bushels have been killed around

here. About ten days ago I saw a patch of last summer’s breaking, fifteen acres, which
was seceded with barley, on which about eight bushels had been killed, and there were
more there yet, but the owner was determined to continue with the sheet-iron pan
until all were destroyed, to keep them from his wheat, and I am certain he weuld
manage it. As yet very little damage has been done to the crop, and we have seen no
full-grown ones.—[ Andrew Barr, Carroll County, June 16.

All efforts to reduce them by machines seem of no avail. It is estimated in Chero-
kee County that one thousand bushels have been destroyed, but still the crops are
about gone up; their wings have started, and unless they soon leave, the crops will be
an entire failure. All that have been destroyed cannot be missed.—[W. Tucker,
Chickasaw, June 18.

POTTAWATTAMIE COUNTY, June 23.— Very rainy here for last eleven weeks. Wheat
and oats look very promising. Corn a poor stand and backward. Not much hog
cholera this summer. ’Hoppers are damaging the crops on many farms and cleaning
out many gardens.

CHEROKEE COUNTY, June 26.—Corn is rather backward, and some has had to be
replanted; many fields where the wheat was eaten by grasshoppers haye been planted
in corn. Wheat and oats look fair where they have not been eaten up by grasshop-
pers. They are still here and at work, and some are afraid they will take a large share
of the crops before they leave.—[ Western Rural.

My locality is two or three counties east of where these pests have been operating.
Last fall a few eggs were deposited in the northwest cornerof our county (Story), and
were hatched this season, but not enough to do any damage. These are all ever
aewn in this county, except in the summer and fall of 1866.—[E. G. Day, Nevada,

une 28.

CLay County, July 4.—Corn good generally. Spring-wheat good where ’hoppers
have not destroyed it. Oats very good. ’Hoppers nearly gone.

HUMBOLDT County, July 10.—Corn doing finely. Spring-wheat good. ’Hoppers
have damaged a few pieces badly.—[ Western Rural.

During the season I have observed locusts here in some parts in considerable num-
bers, but in no case have they been numerous enough to do,any damage. No swarms
have at any time within twelve or fifteen years come nearer to us than Des Moines,
Iowa.—[F’. M. Witter, Muscatine, November 1, 1877.

In 1868, according to the second biennial report of the Agricultural College, “erass-
hoppers were abundant at Ames.” I did not see them, as I was not then a resident of
Iowa. In all probability they were the Rocky Mountain locust. In 1873 and 1874 a
few specimens of C. spretus were picked up on the college grounds. Considerably
more were found in 1875, while in 1876 they were abundant. In the fall of the last-
named year they laid many eggs in Central Iowa. In the spring of 1877 they hatched,

[110] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

but for some reason not known to me (nor any one else hereabouts) they did not
amountto much. No eggs were laid in 1877. Now, Ames is probably about as far east
as these locusts have passed i in Iowa. Hence observations here have a peculiar value
in certain respects, while in others they are not so valuable. In 18751 sent out many
inquiries as to locust devastations, but failed to receive replies in most cases. I give
results from four counties:

Monona County.—Invasion from the south on the 24th and 25th of June; mostly
flying toward the northwest. But little damage done. Parasites numerous.

Pottawattamie County.—Invasion June 20; present about two weeks; flight some-
times from south and sometimes from northeast. Destroyed one-fifth of crops. Red
mites on the locusts.

Fremont County—Invasion about June 10; came from southwest and northwest;
flight continued for fifteen days. Then they left, going west and northwest. Injury
to < crops: Corn, one-fourth ; barley, one-half; oats and wheat slight; ReaHs, onions,
cabbages, cauliflower, beets, all gone.

Decatur Count, y.—Some passed over, and a few parasitized ones fell, but no damage
done.

In 1876 I also sent out inquiries. If you will turn to page 63 of Riley’s last (ninth)
report you will find the results tabulated. It will save both your and my time to take
the matter from that report. In 1877 the young insects throughout the State did but
little damage, and I know of no case in which eggs were laid in the fall of that year
(1877). I regret thot I am unable to give more exact data, but trust that what I have
given may not be altogether worthless.—[Prof. C. E. Bessey, Ames.

APPENDIX VIE.

COLORADO DATA FOR 1877.
SPECIAL REPORT FROM WILLIAM HOLLY, DEL NORTE.

Prof. C. V. RILEY, Chief United States Entomological Commission :

Sir: I have the honor to state that, in obedience to your instructions, I have visited
personally most of the country lying south of an east and west line drawn through
Colorado Springs, El Paso County, Colorado. My investigations under your letter of
instructions were confined to a few days in May, the month of June, and part of July,
1877. I had previously, during the summer of 1876 dnd spring of 1877, passed over
most of Southern and Southwestern Colorado, and having made notes of the ravages
of the grasshopper for newspaper correspondence, I am able to speak from personal
knowledge of investigations and researches prior to the date of May 20, 1877.

I started from Del Norte the first week in June, passing down the Rio Grande Val-
ley (crossing the San Luis Park from west to east), to Fort Garland. The valley is
devoted to agriculture and stock-growing, and most of the bottom lands are fenced.
The grasshoppers have done but little injury in past years and none during the pres-
ent season. Ute Valley, extending from the Rio Grande to the Sangre de Christo
Range, a beautiful cultivated section, has been singularly free. Crossing the Sangre
de Christo Range at the pass of that name, the first point is La Veta, the principal
place in Huerfano County, and at the head of the Cuchoras Valley, one of the finest in
Southern Colorado. In previous years great ravages have been committed in this
valley and along the base of the range to the Arkansas. The Cuchoras Valley is prin-
cipally inhabited by Mexicans, who use no precautions for preventing hatching, growth,
or destruction, except acequias for irrigation. Along the eastern base of the Sangre
de Christo a crop of grasshoppers which hatched in the latter part of April and ea:ly
part of May were destroyed by severe rains followed by sharp frosts. The eggs for
this crop were deposited by locusts late in the fall of 1876, when the ground was warm
and almost bare of vegetation. The winter was open and mild and the spring early
and hot, causing a premature hatching. The young appeared in immense numbers,
but disappeared after the rains and frost spoken of. A second crop appeared and
were active during my visit here in June, but in small numbers, and were generally
found attacked by the Rocky Mountain grasshopper parasite. But little damage has
been done in this county the present season.

I proceeded to Colorado Springs by rail, and after ascertaining that I was too late
to investigate the early and too soon for the later or midsummer crop, I made very
complete arrangements to have thorough reports made in readiness for your coming
later in the season. .

At Pueblo similar arrangements were made, as it was almost impossible to see farm-
ers and stock-men on account of their absence at the annual round-ups.

I had previously made an extended trip through the Arkansas Valley from near
Grenada to Cafion City. In 1876 the valley was visited by several swarms of grass-
hoppers, the last depositing vast quantities of eggs, which, at the time of my trip,
March 12 to 20, 1877, were just beginning to hatch. There have been no artificial
means used in this valley for prevention or destruction, and the plains have afforded
excellent hatching-grounds. In past years Fremont, Pueblo, and Custer Counties have
suffered very considerably.

I returned to Del Norte and passed up the Rio Grande Valley as far as farms extended,
and crossed the range to Lake City. In previous years, from 1872 to 1876, this section
has been periodically visited. Last year the upper valley of the Rio Grande suffered
severely. The grasshoppers came from the northwest, across the range, making long
flights, and swooping down in immense numbers, destroying every living thing, and
attacking the cottonwood and willows. This season they hatched in small numbers
in the valley of the Francisco, Pinos, Cebolla, and elevated exposed portions of the
range. The prevailing direction of travel has been both east and west. Finding
it difficult to travel with the conveyance I had, I returned to Del Norte and procured
a saddle-horse, crossing the San Luis Park three times on my way to Park County. In
1876 Saguache County suffered from two different swarms, and this season grasshoppers

[111]

[112] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

hatched in the latter part of May. The valley of the Saguache River is in a high state
of cultivation, and all small grains and vegetables were eaten.

The grasshoppers of 1877 seemed to be weak, and have done but little damage. The
direction of flight in July, 1876, was northeast, across the Saguache Mountains, to Lake
County.

The San Luis Park comprises Saguache, Conejos, Costilla, and part of Rio Grande
Counties. It is two hundred and ten miles from north to south and ninety miles at
its widest from east to west. The park is surrounded by high ranges of mountains on
every side. A glance at the map will show the Sangre de Christo and Raton on the
east, Saguache on the north and northwest, Sierra Madre on the west and southwest.
The upper portion is fertile and cultivated. The numerous valleys putting into it and
the ‘“ Vegas” are generally taken up. Vast herds of cattle, horses, and sheep find pas-
turage ; it has an average altitude of 7,500 feet; the soil is loam, sand, gravel, and
alkali plains. It ismost evident that it is the hatching place of the late grasshoppers,
which tind but little to feed upon except grass, and as soon as able leave this section
for the valleys. The prevailing winds are westerly, blowing with great violence in
the afternoon. Thus, naturally, the insects fly before the wind in the afternoon; in
the forenoon they take a northerly and southerly direction. The parasite was not
noticed until last summer (1876). During the present season its presence has been
detected in almost every section where I have been.

In Lake County is an extenstve section of cultivated land, lying along the main
Arkansas. For four years the ranchmen have been “eaten out of house and home by
the ’hoppers.” In 1876 strong hopes were entertained that they would be exempted
from the dreaded scourge, but in July and first weeks of August vast swarms came
from the southwest in such numbers as precluded any attempt to prevent their ravages.
Every green thing was eaten except pease (a portion of the crop had been harvested).
The insects remained about fifteen days, and passed off to the east. The adjoining
county of Park suffered considerably, especially the pasturage.

Very few grasshoppers hatched in Lake County the present season, the early crop
dying similarly to those in Huerfano County, and about the same time.

Park County comprises a vast extent of grazing land and but little cultivated; it |
embraces the famous South Park, which has an altitude of 8,000 feet. Grasshoppers

:

hatched in the eastern portion in March and disappeared. During my trip another
crop were hatching, which has done but little damage thus far. This county is also
a breeding-place in its extensive sandy plains, and furnishes the late recruits to destroy
the valley products. .

Crossing the dividing range between Lake and Gunnison Counties, at Cottonwood
Pass, I found crops in the Gunnison Valley in a fairstate of forwardness; a few grass-
hoppers had made their appearance. This promising county has been recently settled,
within two years, and there is but little to report as to past experience. The adjoin- |
ing county on the north summit has more direct connections with Northern Colorado,
has been longer settled, and has suffered considerably. I can only speak from reports, .

Passing down the valley of the Gunnison, miners, prospecters, and hunters informed
me that vast swams had followed the course of that stream in a northwesterly direc-
tion ; that in some seasons the herbage was completely destroyed. These swarms had
evidently hatched in the vast plains of Western Utah.

The counties of Hinsdale, Ouray, San Juan, and La Plata are principally devoted to
mining, although in the valleys of the numerous streams on the western slope are
many tine bodies of arable land. The Utes still hold possession of a large portion of
Southwestern Colorado, which prevents improvement by whites.

In the valleys of the Rio San Miguel and Rio Dolores, grasshoppers had not com-
menced hatching in June, but eggs had been deposited. These streams are in Gunni-
son County.

In the neighborhood of Parrott City, La Plata County, are extensive cattle ranges,
and the country is rapidly settling up. .

The valley of the San Juan River, both in Colorado and New Mexico, as far as the
boundary-line of Utah, suffered very little in 1876, and the early crop of ’hoppers in 1877
disappeared without doing material injury.

Adjacent portions of New Mexico have been injured very little. The president of
the New Mexican Stock and Agricultural Association informed me that no trouble was
experienced by his colony (in Colfax County) in 1876, and up to June 15 were entirely
free, while on the opposite side of the mountains the Taos Valley had been swept clear.

In all this vast extent of territory there are absolutely no means of preventing
hatching or destruction either of young or old insects. The extensive plains—many
of a sandy, barren nature—afford the best hatching-places that could be devised.

The young are hatched in these sections in July, August, and September, and take
flight as soon as able for regions where subsistence can be easily obtained. In their
course they cross the highest ranges of mountains; taking advantage of the strong
westerly winds which prevail. Flying requires little exertion. Until some means shall

APPENDIX VII—COLORADO DATA FOR 1877. [113]

be devised to destroy the young in their hatching-ground, the locusts hatched in mid-
summer in these altitudes must ever be a terror to the husbandman of the valleys.

I returned from the San Juan Valley by the way of Conejos and Costilla Counties.
These extensive sections are principally devoted to pasturage, and have not been much
injured. Late crops have uniformly been cut off, however. ;

My observations have confirmed my previous statement to you, that investigations
would be more profitable later in the season. The attention of the people bas not
heretofore been called to the advantage of scientific researches, but with the personal
explanations given and the extensive distribution of printed matter, a desire to assist
has been expressed, which will be manifested during the season, I presume.

I shall take pleasure in collecting statementsand facts during the remainder of the
season, as my duties as a correspondent take me into the different portions of the ele-
vated plateau of the Rocky Mountain region.

Respectfully,
W. HOLLY.

Det Norte, July, 1877.

DupD.Ley, May 5.—There are no grain ranches within fifty-six miles of here and too
much snow for grasshoppers. Eight inches of snow fell last night, and it is still
snowing.

Morrison, May 5.—As far as I can ascertain, there will be from 25 to 30 per cent.
more wheat sown in this vicinity this year than last. It is the opinion of the ranch-
men that many of the grasshoppers have been destroyed by recent storms, but this
cannot be relied upon.

Fair Piay, May 5.—No wheat is raised in Park County, and Iam told that not over
one hundred acres of wheat will be sown in Fremont County. The snow has destroyed
some of the grasshoppers here, but in the wheat region they are very plenty and wait-
ing patiently for grain to come to have a feast.

CENTRAL City, May 5.—I am informed that little or no wheat is sown near here. It
is thought that the recent heavy and frequent rains have killed a great number of the
hoppers.

GEORGETOWN, May 5.—No wheat ever sown in Clear Creek County. No grasshop-
pers to speak of.

Ipano, May 5.—No wheat is seen around here, and not many grasshoppers have been
seen here since the storms.—[ Rocky Mountain News.

COLORADO SPRINGS, May 5.—The wheat is looking nicely, and ranchmen are looking
forward to a good crop, provided it is not destroyed by the ’hoppers, upon which there
is a variety of opinions. The general impression, however, is that the recent storms
have destroyed a large quantity of them, and that the greater part of the damage
will be done by the fliers rather than by those hatched in this vicinity.

BOULDER, May 5.—The general impression indicates confidence in a forthcoming
abundant harvest. No apprehensions are entertained with regard to the young grass-
hoppers, und a feeling prevails that the late storms have aided the prospects ot speedy
growth, and at the same time retarded and in some measure destroyed the grasshop-
pers.

LONGMONT, May 5.—The grasshoppers have done no damage as yet. The recent
storms have killed a good many, and no danger is anticipated from what is left, as
they have plenty of water to fight them. All the ranchmen seem confident of a large
crop.

CANON City, May 5.—Reports come from every direction that the recent storms
have destroyed large numbers of the grasshoppers.—[ Colorado Farmer.

Evans, May 5.—In some places the grasshoppers have made their appearance,
though as yet too small to do any damage to growing crops. The recent storms have
had no effect in destroying them.

GREELEY, May 5.—Very few grasshoppers have hatched out as yet, but the storm
has not materially affected those that were hatched. Some claim that the storm killed
those that were about to hatch. Farmers are feeling well at the prospect of a good
er: and not much fear of ’hoppers. Everything looks prosperous and good in this
valley.

HuaGues, May 5.—We find no grasshoppers yet, but have seen shells some four weeks
ago. There is considerable white corn planted, as some farmers claim it to be grass-
hopper proof. Quite a quantity of pease are being sown. All grain was sown early,
and there is some talk about the weather being too wet and cold.

GOLDEN, May 5.—In places where the grasshoppers had hatched and begun ravages
the wet weather has nearly destroyed them. Some report eggs hatching on warm
days, and the ’hoppers all right, but the general impression is that the wet season will
check their depredations sufficient to prevent any serious damage.

PUEBLO, May 5.—But few grasshoppers have put in their appearance as yet, and
the farmers generally do not apprehend any danger from them this year. The only
section that reports grasshoppers in any considerable numbers is along the Greenhorn,
where they are in great numbers. It was believed the recent heavy storms would

[3 G]

([114] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

prove very destructive to them, but the reappearance of the sun and the warm weather
seemed to impart renewed life in the seemingly dead ’hoppers, and made them as active
as ever; but the farmers along the Greenhorn do not despair, and the acreage sown
this year along that stream will fully equal that sown last year, and promises a good
crop, if no damages are sustained from the ’hoppers.—[ Colorado Farmer.

Bulletin No.2 to hand. By way of information concerning the grasshoppers, will
say from some cause the majority of those hatched early in the season have disap-
peared. A severe snow and rain storm of some days the latter part of April seemed to
have such an effect upon the larve just ready to hatch that a large proportion never
came forth. Large flocks of birds destroyed many. At this writing I hear of no dam-
age being done to crops by them. Those that have escaped seemed demoralized and
are scattered so the farmers apprehend no serious danger from them. I know of no
extended efforts being made to destroy them. Crops are looking splendid; a heavy
harvest is anticipated. We have not found the grasshoppers in sufficient numbers yet
to experiment with our exterminator, so we have nothing more to report concerning
it.—[J. 8. Flerry, Greeley, May 28, 1877.

From Mr. Joseph Coberly, who has just returned from Deadwood, we learn that from
fifty miles north of Laramie City to Custer there are plenty of little *hoppers. In Red
Cafion, he said they are thicker than he ever saw them, literally covering the face of
the earth. If these plagues are not killed by some natural causes, we may expect them
down on us about the last of July. Thanks to the energy of our farmers and their
early planting, most of the crops will be out of the way.—[ Colorado Farmer.

During a residence of five years in Colorado I have repeatedly examined the species
that do the most damage in Colorado, and have found it to be the single migratory
species, Caloptenus spretus, although at certain points the @dipoda corallipes is found ip.
limited numbers; but I doubt whether it does much damage.

The grasshoppers which have done the most damage have been the migratory. The
unfledged insect can do but very little harm, on account of the suddenness and late-
ness ot our spring.

Fhe hatching has been retarded this year for three weeks or a month, owing to the
severe weather in early spring, and the consequence has been that hatching has been
going on incessantly for the last month or six weeks, and I believe by the time hatch-
ing is completed most of the young will have perished. Instead of being very active,
as I believe is the rule with the young, they are very weak, are quiet, and seem to
show very little tendency to travel.

On the divide, near Colorado Springs, they are quite numerous, and seem to be tray-
eling northeast, but perishing in large numbers owing to heavyrains. About Denver
they are few in numbers, and farmers for miles around are rejoiced, thinking that
Providence has in some way destroyed theeggs. We have had numerous heavy snow-
storms, saturating and loosening up the ground, making it, to my idea, exceedingly
unfavorable for the eggs. To show what effect moisture may have had on hatching
of the eggs, Sergeant Barwick, of the Signal Service, shows an excess of moisturg in
Colorado (in inches) 4.11, from whence the excess appears to lessen somewhat in all
directions except west. This excess is for the year 1577 and over the last five years.
To this I believe to be due the grasshopper deficiency here, and the question is whether
it will exert its influence east of here, so that the flying hoppers will also be few.—
[Aug. Jacob, Denver, June 1, 1877.

DENVER, Jnne 2.—Mr. J. S. Stanger, editor of Colorado Farmer, tells us that in 1876
there was a swarm of spretus three hundred miles long along the Kansas Pacifie Rail-
road eastward of Denver. He thinks they came from a little east of north, and not
from the west.

Mr. A. H. Arnett, says spretus hatched abundantly in the spring, but since died.
Had hatched *“ within a week,” namely, about May 25. He thinks they have all died
from natural causes, i. e., meteorological, as I understood him. I saw them about his
farm on the plains, next to his wheat-fields, among the cactus, &c. He says the young
are more feeble than ever before ; that immense quantities of eggs were laid, but the
Anthomyice (?) laid their eggs in the autumn in the holes and among the eggs laid by
the locust—‘“ would deposit a nit on the egg-sac of the locust, and hatch out in the
spring and destroy the eggs.”

There were very heavy cold rains early in May which must have destroyed the young,
and there were light snows, four inches; more fell at Denver than at Cheyenne, and more
at Greeley than at Denver. This combination of rains and cold weather is sufficient
to account for the destruction of those young which escaped the ravages of the fly and
other insects.

Mr. Ellwood, of Denver, tells me that the fly destroyed the locust-eggs and ‘many
were laid barren, containing only a thin finid [this may have been normal, the
albumen and yolk], and millions became defective in the autumn, were weakened by
a parasite fly [mite].

All the farmers agree, Mr. Arnett says, that they can take care of the young locusts,

APPENDIX VII.—COLORADO DATA FOR 1877. [115]

They want to know when to expect the winged swarms. Grain was sowed a month
earlier this year, so that everything except corn could be harvested by July 14-20.

Sergeant J. A. Barwick gave me full meteorological data about the snow and cold
rains April 24-30. There was from December, 1876, to April, 1877, an enormous rain-
fall for Colorado, amounting to 8.17 inches, being an excess of 4.06 over the aver-
age for five years. So itis evident that the cold, rainy spring had the same effect on the
young grasshoppers as in Kansas, Nebraska, &c.

June 3.—Spretus very abundant about Sloan’s Lake, on the plains near the farms in
second larval, third larval, and first and second pupal states; and many promised to
become winged in about a week or ten days. The second pup were just molting
their cast skins. The second larvee were scarce; they were mostly in the third larval
and first pupal stage. They were in schools scattered over the plain. Flies of two
species were seen resting on the grounds about them. No mites to be seen.

GREELEY, June 4.—Mr. Joseph Ramsay, of Greeley, told me that he had just returned
from Julesburg, and saw 7 miles east of Julesburg ahigh-flying swarm, one dropping now
and then, and flying with the wind from the south in the afternoon. This was May
29. May 30 he saw them 17 miles west of Julesburg, at noon, flying high from the
south; very numerous, as far as the eye could see. (He says that white Mexican corn
does not suffer much as it is so early and is not eaten by the young.)

Mr. J. Max Clark says spretus hatched out by millions this spring, eggs having been
laid by millions in the autumn, but 50 per cent. were killed by insects, a ground beetle
larva, ‘“‘ mites,” &c.; then came the cold and rain and snow, much more than at Denver
‘April 24-27, which destroyed most of the remainder. In March the eggs were sound.

June 5.—I walked two miles up the railroad to Daniel Boyd’s farm. Saw a school
of larve in the third stage traveling southward. A small red wasp, a species of Lav-
rada was busily engaged in stinging and killing the young. David Boyd says the first
brood were destroyed, though the young locusts are numerous in townships northwest
of Greeley.—[Notes made by A. S. Packard, jr.

Having been requested to communicate to you any information in regard to the
locust or grasshopper, I take this opportunity to do so. The section of country in
which I live, known as the South Park, is principally a dry plain; elevation from
8,000 to 9,000 feet. The locusts visited ¢his section about the middle of September
last, and the swarm was from four to six days in passing. There were a few that
remained till cold weather. The direction of travel was from northeast to the south-
west. They deposited their eggs over the entire country. The eggs commenced to hatch
about the 20th of May, and are not all hatched at the present time. As this is not afarm-
ing country, there has been no effort mace to destroy them; and if there are any insects
that destroy either the eggs or young locusts I have been unable to discover them. I
am convinced from observation and conversation with others that where the ground
is kept thoroughly saturated with water for at least two days.at a time, any time after
the eggs are laid till time of hatching, that it very effectually destroys them.—[T. H.
hobbins, Rocky Park County, June 12, 1877.

The grasshoppers during the past week have made a very successful clean-up on
Ute Creek, but if they will let the farmers alone for the balance of the season they
will try and raise a kind of a crop yet.

The grasshoppers have not troubled the farmers away from the mountains until
within the past few days, but they are now, however, becoming numerous and trouble-
some.—[ Colorado Farmer, June 14, 1877.

The locusts here have not commenced to fledge yet, though they will very soon. I
have observed carefully, and none have been seen in the air here.—[W. D. Arnett,
Morrison, June 18, 1877. : :

Your letter of date the 4th instant was received a few days ago, and in reply I
would say that last summer I only noticed grasshoppers at this place on one occasion.
This was on July 11, 1876, and they were brought up in a whirlwind which enveloped
the Peak from the southeast and moved off to the northwest in a few minutes. They
were carried up doubtless against their will, just as were a number of other insects
and also considerable dust. J have never seen any eggs in the neighborhood of the
summit, and think it entirely too cold for the ’hoppers to deposit them near here.
Even at the lake lying southeast of the summit, at an elevation of 10,225 feet, I have
seen no signs of the eggs.—[C. W. Hobbs, Pike’s Peak, June 20, 1877.

I have nothing particularly interesting to communicate about the hoppers. They
hatched out in immense quantities in the spring. Snow storms in April and May de-
stroyed nearly all that were hatched. Some have hatched since, and in spots they
are now quite plenty; appearance is not general throughout county; damage, so far,
slight. Nomeans has ever been tried of circumventing them here except with water—
flooding crops, keeping water running in ditches around crops, &c., which is ina
measure effective so long as they are small.—[ W. B. Felton, Saguache, June 21, 1877.

Now as to the habits and range of the grasshopper in this part of Colorado. The
grasshopper commonly so called—I mean the fellow that goes by millions in clouds that

a>
.

[116] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

cover the sun and that eat up the country in a day or two—the red-legged rascal that
strikes terror into the hearts of the Kansas and Colorado farmers—does not, as far as
my observations go, ever come into the San Juan basin in migratory swarms. At least
for five years it has not, although immediately east of the mountains he has twice,
within that period, eaten up all green things. The Utes say that they have never seen
the ’hopper here in migratory swarms, by which I mean the country drained by the
San Juan and its tributaries. Nevertheless they are abundant enough. As I write
by the open window, I can hear thousands of them in the air and see them flitting
about in the sunlight, white specks on a blue sky. In the lower valleys they have
never done any harm to the crops, although they are numerous, except in the Spring,
when hatching out in warm sandy places, the young ’hoppers at times will eat oif
the wheat and oats. In August and September I have seen thousands of females
depositing their eggs near timber line; but never west of the divide of waters here
have I observed them migratory or in swarms. Even when they are most abundant,
especially about this time of year, and the air at times seems filled with them, they
do not devour growing crops nor migrate in masses. Immediately east of here,
however, it is quite otherwise. At Taos, they have, within three weeks past, as I
am informed by Mexicans lately from that place, devoured every acre of corn and
wheat and completely destroyed all crops. They appear especially numerous near
timber line about this time of year,and I have often seen the surface of lakes liter-
ally covered with the thousands that have fallen into the water, until the trout could
not be induced to look at one. I think it very likely that the swarms that appear in
the valley of the Rio Grande may come from here, although I have no ocular proof of
the fact ; but however that is, it is certain they are very numerous here, breed here in
vast numbers, but never do any damage to speak of. Possibly, however, when the
country gets more thickly settled and larger areas of growing crops are offered to their
voracious appetites, they may change their lines of march and favor us with a visit.
[T. M. Trippe, Howardsville, August 3, 1877.

No “hoppers have appeared in the valley or plain east of the mountains to deposit
eggs since you were here. In South Park and San Luis Park many hatched at differ-
ent times during the season, and some damage was done to crops ; but, so far as I have
heard, no eggs were deposited. [James C. SHattuck, Denver, October 19, 1877.

WET MOUNTAIN VALLEY, October 31, 1877.—The hay-crop in some parts of Wet
“Mountain Valley was much better than was anticipated when we commenced cut-
ting, the yield exceeding that of last year, while in other parts it was lighter than
on previous years. There was but little farming done here the past summer, all seem-
ing to fear the pests which have for a few years ravished our valley. I fancy it will
be carried on quite extensively the coming year, as the grasshoppers did not deposit
their eggs with us, and all feel confident they have bidden us a long good-bye.—|[ Col-
orado Farmer.

This section of country, Southwestern Colorado, filled up rapidly last year, and has
now a large farming population. The Taos Valley, opening up in a fan-like manner
from New Mexico, was devastated last summer, and many eggs were deposited. Incur-
sions of grasshoppers are feared in the San Luis Park and adjacent sections from this
direction.—[ W. Holly, Animas City, January 5, 1878.

APPENDIX VIII.

NEBRASKA DATA FOR 187%.

[Being a journal kept by Prof. Samuel Aughey, of the University of Nebraska, as Special Assistant of
the Commission. ]

Kearney Junction, Sunday, March 25, 1877.—Very warm. Mean temperature this day,
70° F. In afternoon went to the blutts north of town. Dug over several square feet
to ascertain the number of locust eggs in the soil. On first foot found 317 eggs. On
the second, which was on an elevation of loose soil, recently disturbed, found a great
number of nests, which I counted, and, averaging them at twenty-eight to anest, there

were 21,700 to a square foot. This, however, was an exceptional number for this

locality, as I found by further investigation. In the first spot examined, about 90 per
cent. of the eggs were sound, and at the last about 80 per cent. The unsound ones
were in the upper end of the nests, and seemed to have been segmented at some pre-
vious period, and then to have gone into semi-decomposition. A few entire nests in
this condition of decay. The upper end of many nests seemed to be in a healthy
state. Some nests that were well protected by old grass or weeds were apparently
unaffected in any way. At one spot on the hill-side entirely bare of grass or weeds, I
found a dozen of young locusts that had just come out of the shell. They were of a
eream-color, and very lively. On the bottom found very few locust eggs.

March 26, 1877.—Left Kearney this morning at 8 o’clock, and crossed the Platte
bridge south of town, and then passed through the Sand Hills, where I found few eggs
of the locusts, and no locusts. At noon reached and took dinner at Mr. Nedlund’s—
section 30, township 6 north, range 17 west, Phelps County. Found some old break-
ing where the ground averaged about 211 eggs to the square foot. A few were hatched
out, and a few were decayed. About 85 per cent. appeared to be good. Found further
on in the afternoon some young live locusts on the banks of Turkey Creek, on and
near new breaking. Made no estimate here of the number to the square foot. Of
the eggs examined, abont 90 per cent. appeared good. Reached Orleans at 7 p. m.
Mean temperature this day, 68° F. .

Orleans, March 27, 1877.— Orleans is located on the Republican River bottom—second
terrace. Examined new breaking north of town and found 1,300 eggs to a square |
foot in one place, and elsewhere from 30 to 300. About 10 per cent. of the eggs were
hatched out, and 10 per cent. were spoiled; interior yellow, and with an offensive
odor. Went south of the Republican on bluffs where the soil is loose, and here on
cultivated land in places found from 100 to 400 eggs to the square foot. On the uncul-
tivated prairie found none. A few had been hatched out, some were segmented, and
some already half formed, and some ready to come out. Probably not enough here to
do much damage.

Watson, Harlan County, Nebraska, March 28, 1877.—This morning before breakfast
examined the ground at some old breaking, and found from 50 to 200 eggs to the square
fooot—some places none at all—none on the raw prairie, except around some old gopher
hills. About 80 per cent. were good; those that were spoiled seemed to be in a state
of decay—offensive. Most of the eggs not spoiled were segmented. Mean tempera-
ture this day, 67° F.

At noon, south of the Republican, found very few eggs on any kind of land; 80 per
cent. good.

Reached Manning’s this evening.

Manning's, Furnas County, March 29, 1877.—This morning above the house, on old
A oem found afew eggs in the same condition as those found yesterday ; found no

ive ones.

At noon at Indianola, Red Willow County, examined the ground; found only one
spot that contained any eggs—about 150 to the square foot. Of these 30 per cent. had
been hatched out; a few were decayed. About 60 per cent. appeared good; most of
these mete segmented. Mean temperature to-day, 50° F. This day unusually disa-
greeable.

Fitch’s Hitchcock County, March 30,1877.—Cold, chilly morning. Dried my clothes
and started away at nine; crossed the Deadwood and went to Nettleton’s; went up
the Driftwood fifteen miles and examined the ground in various places for locust eggs;

[117]

[118] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

found only a few places on bare hill-sides where there were about fifty eggs to a square
foot; most on second terrace and the bluffs ; very few eggs here seemed to be spoiled ;
camped near section corner between 10, 11, 14, and 15, township 1 north, range 32
west; few locust eggs here; mean temperature 48° Fahrenheit.

Camp, Hitchcock County, March 31, 1877.—This morning hunted an hour before find-
ing any locust-eggs. Founda few on the hills of an old, abandoned; prairie-dog town
not more than from 30 to 60 to a square foot.

Camp, Hitchcock County, April 1, 1877.—Camp about thirty miles west of Culbertson.
Sandy, and intensely cold. Found a few locust-eggs in the cave where we were
camped in the sand, about 30 to a square foot. None around this point elsewhere.
After breakfast weather began to moderate; walked south for three miles. Found no
locust-eggs, though I examined the ground in the most favorable spots for them.

At 2 p. m., temperature had risen to 25° above zero F. Started up thevalley. Half
an hour before sundown found a good camping-ground about two miles above the
forks of the Republican, on South Fork. Here in the bluffs found a few locust-eges—
about 30 to a square foot.

Camp, Dundy County, two miles west of forks, April 2, 1877.—Wind from the south;
cold and blowing hard. Along the southwest slopes of the bluffs along this creek
found a few locust-eggs near the Kansas line—about 60 to a square foot. We were
much chilled by this ride.

After our return, and dinner over, we crossed the South Fork of the Republican and
across the peninsula between the two rivers. On top of this, about half-way between
the rivers, found a few locust-eggs—not more than about 60 to a square foot. Went
up the North Fork after it was reached, about eight miles. Campedina cave. Found
no eggs of locusts along the river. Mean temperature this day, 45° F.

Ten miles above forks of Republican, Dundy County, April 3, 1877.—Going up the river
and examining the ground in many places; found locust-eggs only in one spot, on a
second terrace—about 30 to a square yard. Reached the Arickaree River, which flows
into the Republican from the southwest. Took dinner here.

From some young men here engaged in herding cattle, learned that there were few
locust-eggs laid in this section. About a mile above this, on high land, at the foot of
bluffs, found a nest of eggs containing 30 eggs.

Reached the Colorado line about four p. m., and at six, about four miles farther,
camped. Mean temperature 463° F.

On Republican, four miles beyond the Nebraska line, in.Colorado, April 4, 1877.—Traveled
this day to head of the Republican, where it rises ina shallow basin; went above this
on to the Colorado plain, then returned and camped at an old burnt-down sod house.
Found no locust-eggs this day, though I- looked diligently. Found the head of the
river by barometer to be 4,050 feet above the sea-level.

Republican, fifteen miles west of Nebraska line, April 5,1877.—Came down the valley some
15 miles to-day, but found no locust-eggs, but in a few places on high, sandy terraces a
few newly-hatched locusts; mean temperature, 48° F.

April 6, 1877.—Spent most of this day in boring, but examined the soil carefully for
locust-eggs; found none. Towards evening came down the river to mouth of the
Arickaree, where staid all night in hut, Perkins & Co.’s ranch. Mean temperature, 7° F.

Lincoln, April 11,1877.—Reached Lincoln to-day at noon. This afternoon went east
to Antelope and beyond. Part of the locust-eggs seemed well on in hatching, about
one-half hatched. In low places—bottoms—the largest part seemed spoiled. Some
few nests had the lower tier hatched out.

Lincoln, April 12, 1877.—Considerable numbers of locusts hatched out to-day. Mean
temperature, 50° F. They feed on the young grass.

To-day exposed same 20 nests that had commenced to hatch; seemed to be about one-
half formed. Break their covering. South side of the Antelope. Great fears are en-
tertained by the people that the crop will be destroyed.

Lincoln, Friday, April 13, 1877.—Mean temperature to-day, 52° F. Went to south
side of the Antelope. Many hatching out. Examined the 20 nests that I had exposed
yesterday. They seem to be shriveling up. Exposed 20 more.

Vast numbers are hatching out on the capitoi grounds. Many eggs are bottled and’
sent away.

_ Went to South Lincoln and found vast numbers hatching out. At this rate the
great body of them will soon be out.

Lincoln, April 14, 1877.—Mean temperature to-day, 70° F. Locusts hatched out to-
day in enormous numbers.. Southwest wind.

Examined the eggs that I had exposed on south side of the Antelope. First lot
withered and destroyed by the exposure. Exposed a new lot that were almost ready
to come out of the shell, also a few that I found that were yet unsegmented.

On the capitol grounds the locusts were coming out in great numbers, also in South
Lincoln and for miles in the country. In South Lincoln exposed a large number that
were about ready to come out. Found large clusters in many places—many pale ones
and an equal number that had reached a dark color. Hear of them hatching out in
several adjoining counties and in various portions of the State. ;

|

APPENDIX VIII.—RECORD KEPT BY PROF. AUGHEY, 1877. [119]

By examining the ground closely with a glass found thousands of dead ones, shriv-
eled up and merging with the soil, not merely the cast off cuticles, but the entire locust.
Probable cause of death, either cool nights, want of food, or lack of constitutional
vigor.

eanaoln; Sunday, April 15, 1877.—Temperature at 9a, m., 59° F.; at 12m., 70° F.;
at2 p.m., 80° F. in shade, and sheltered. In wind much higher; wind from south-
west.

Locusts hatched out to-day in unprecedented numbers. Wherever there were eggs
locusts seemed to swarm out. Ground in many places covered with them. Some
places the ground seemed white with the newly-born locusts.

Examined the eggs that I had exposed in South Lincoln and east of the Antelope
and found them partially dried and shriveled up. Judging from these experiments
the laying bare of eggs will, if left exposed, destroy them. Some few live ones are
eating prairie-grass east of the Antelope.

I learn from a few persons who have come up by buggy from Beatrice that the lo-
custs come out of the ground there by the countless millions—ground white with them
and all the way between this and Beatrice. They cover the lower trunks of trees and
the grass in spots being destroyed by them. -

Lincoln, Monday, April 16, 1877.—Temperature at 9a. m., 50° F.; at 12 m., 69° F.;
at 2 p.m.,71° F. Southwest wind still blowing. Cloudy and sultry. Locusts still
hatching out. Ground still, in places, alive with them. Have observed them eating
grass on the prairie south of the capitol. Many clustering, moving south. Went into
the country seven miles south of the penitentiary and found them at work on the
wheat.

To-night a terrific hail and rain-storm, with loud thunder and intense lightning,
occurred. Ground flooded and still warm.

Lincoln, Tuesday, April 17, 1877.—Ground this morning very wet. Many low places
are still, and more must have been, under water last night.

Temperature at 9 a. m., 58° F.; at 12 m., 68° F.; at 2 p.m.,71° F.; southwest wind.

At 2 p. m. went south of town. Locusts lively. Saw many drowned and dead ones
in low places. Locusts eating prairie-grass and the borders of some fields. Stillmany
more are coming out.

Lincoln, Wednesday, April 18, 1877.—Rained hard to-day. Some severe claps of
thunder. Inthe evening, east of Lincoln, found thousands of locusts floating. Found
few live ones. They seemed to be hid away under stems, bushes, dead and live grass.
None hatching out to-day.

Temperature at 9 a. m., 48° F.; 12m., 60° F.; at 2 p. m., 64° F.

Lincoln, Thursday, April 19, 1877.—Temperature at 9 a. m., 50° F.; at 12 m., 629
Pea 2 Pp. m:, GSo Fh. :

After dinner found thousands of dead locusts east of the Antelope. Difficult to find
from their minuteness and the grass. Used a large glass. Could not estimate the
number and per cent. of dead ones; probably 10 per cent. of those that had hatched
out up to this time. Those not dead generally lively, but some seemed sick. Saw
some again eating prairie-grass. Still moving southward. Hear of them commencing
on wheat-fields up the valley—Oak Creek.

eer Friday, April 20, 1877.—Temperature at 9 a.m., 49° F.; 12m, 64° F.; 2p.
mi.,,06° F.

Many locusts hatched out again to-day. Five miles south of Lincoln, where great
numbers were reputed to be found, only vast numbers of dead ones in spots. Am
more and more convinced that their dying is caused by lack of constitutional vigor.
cf ae April 21, 1877.—Temperature at 9 a.m., 48° F.; 12 m., 66° F.; 2 p. m.,
4 ba

Locusts hatched out to some extent to-day. In examining the nests, found that the
under ones came out first. They still keep in bunches. Though many have died and
many still dying, their numbers not sensibly diminished. Above the salt basins west
of Lincoln found a great number of half-rotten and half-hatched-out nests.

At noon started for Omaha. Found locusts in spots along the road at stations, but
companatively few in numbers. Along the Bluffs at Bellview, twelve miles from
Omaha, found many nests of half-rotten eggs.

At Omaha, went west of town as faras Popellion bottom. Here on the bottom found

‘90 per cent. of the eggs spoiled; above the bottom found only about 10 per cent.

spoiled on some old breaking, where the eggs averaged about 1,000 to a square foot.

Omaha, Sunday, April 22, 1877.—Went south of Omaha. Locusts in spots. Found
many unhatched nests of eggs, some rotten and some sound; probably 50 per cent.
rotten on low land and about 10 per cent. on upland. Evidently low, wet land the
most unhealthy for them.

Lincoln, May 2, 1877.—On my return to-day from the east, with wife and child, saw
nothing of note until I arrived at Waverly. Here, a few rods from the station, found
a large number of locusts just hatched. Many were, from some cause, barely able to
move, and others apparently dying. Could not ascertain the cause.

[120] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Lincoln, May 3, 1877.—This afternoon, on the disputed 80, just east of Lincoln,
found thousands of dead locusts. Had to examine the ground closely with a large
magnifying-glass in order todistinguishthem. The newspapers claim that many were
destroyed by the storm on the —th of April. Few of the people, however, believe
that many were then killed. Probabilities are that millions died, but owing to the
fact that they almost immediately merge with the soil after death, especially when
young, they cannot be seen, and are unnoticed.

Lincoln, May 4, 1877.—Went this afternoon to Mr. Adams’s place, one mile southeast
of Lincoln. Temperature at 9 a.m., 50° F.; a at12 m., 65° F.; at 2 p. m., 669 F.

One lot of Mr. Adams’s was plowed early in March. Millions of locusts were plowed
under. By digging, found thousands of these hatched out and dead, being unable to
work through the ground. Depth from one anda half to four inches, at which hatched
ones were found, though the number hatched out at that depth was very few; the
great body of eggs at tour inches unhatched or in process of decay. The great body
cease to hatch out below two and a half inches.

On Adams’s ground, where the ground was not plowed under, millions of locusts
covered the ground. They clustered in patches. This placeisslightly elevated above
the general level. If all this ground had been plowed under early in the spring or
late in autumn, the greater part of the locusts would have been destroyed.

At Guthridge’s, northeastfrom Adams’s—also a market-gardener—the ground was all
plowed deeply early in the spring, and few locusts are there. It lies a little lower,
and probably not so many eggs were laid there.

Just across the road, and south of Adams’s house a few rods, the young locusts were
beginning to eat the wheat. There were great numbers in patches.

Appearances seem to indicate that a Jarge number of the locusts here have hatched
out. By long and close looking found a considerable number of minute dead locusts,
killed probably by the recent wet and cold.

Lincoln, Saturday, May 5, 1877.—Temperature at 9 a. m., 50° F.; at 12 m., 51° F.; at
2 pam. o0Cun:

Drizzling rain and chilly. Locusts stupid.and dying. Found them in heaps east of
the University on the disputed 80. East of the Antelope they seemed in a healthier
condition. Rained hard most of the afternoon and evening.

Lincoln, Sunday, May 6, 1877.—Temperature at 9a. m., 45° F.; 12 m., 52° F.; 2 p.
m.,50° F. In wind, temperature lower—blowing from the north.

On Salt Creek bottom found thousands of dead locusts; seemed to have been drowned
or killed by the cold and severe rain. Found many that were numb and some dead
ones even on the high lands.

Lincoln, Monday, May 7, 1877.—Temperature at 9 a. m., 45° F.; at 12 m., 55° F.; at 2
p. m., 60° F. Found many dead locusts again to-day. Three miles east of the univer-
sity, in a hollow, found dead locusts two inches deep. Must have been washed to-
gether. Evidently less locusts than two weeks ago. I hear the same from other sec-
tions, especially Sarpy, Saunders, and Cass Counties.

Lincoln, May 9, 1877.—Temperature at 9 a. m., 46° F.; at 12 m., 57° F.; 2p. m., 65°
F. Rained much of the day and covld not get out to examine the locusts. On the
disputed 80 east of Lincoln, found many dead locusts, by looking closely with a glass.
Most of the locusts about one size, one-fourth to one-third grown. Youngest must

have perished in the could and rains. Reports favorable as to the little damage done. |

On Poor Farm, up Oak Creek, the wheat was taken close to the ground. J advised
plowing under to bury the unhatched eggs. They did so and few have since appeared.
On neighboring farm of Dr. Lattas the locusts were coming out by the million when
furrowing out the corn ground; advised the same thing there. This covered up the
ground deep enough, I hope, to destroy the eggs.

Lincoln, Thursday, May 10, 1877.—Mean temperature to-day, 70° F.

Rained greater part ot to-day. Toward evening rode two miles east of town. Found
many dead locusts again. On one spot where they seemed to have been washed to-
gether counted 411 small dead locusts on one square foot of soil. Found many dead
ones at the base of weeds where they had apparently hidden. At another point south
of Hawley’s farm saw a large flock of blackbirds and yellow-heads feeding on the
young locusts.

Lincoln, Friday, May 11, 1877.—Spent some timeto-day in examining the spotsabound-
ing in dead locusts. Found a few with defective mouth parts; evidently could not
chew. But most of the dead ones had these parts perfect. Their dying must be pro-
duced by decay of constitutional vigor. They are evidently dying in spots with great
rapidity; much more in some places than in others. Some places die yonnger than
at others.

Lincoln, May 12, 1877.—Mean temperature to-day, 70° F. Rained hard last night.
Roads a mass of mud. This afternoon on banks of the Antelope found millions appar-
ently of dead locusts; some still hatching out but slowly. The greater part of those
now coming out are dying.

Lincoln, Monday, May 14, 1877—Temperature at 9 a. m.,70° F.; at 12 m., 72° F.; at

a /

APPENDIX VIII.—AUGHEY’S RECORD FOR 1877. [121]

2p.m.70° F. Rain again this forenoon and evening. Few locusts to be seen except
on fences and weeds. Al] small—old ones seem mostly to have died off.

This afternoon went to Salt Creek bottom, and, as usual, found a large number of
dead ones. All the living ones nearly of the same size. Found the same condition of .
things south of the penitentiary. Here on top of the bluffs many live ones and few
dead. On bottom many dead and few live ones. Found an unusual number that had
worked into the edge of the timber, where blackbirds and quail were working on
them.

Sent off large number of bulletins cf Entomological Commission to-day.

Lincoln, Tuesday, May 15, 1877.—Near Waverly to-day on the bottoms found great
numbers of dead locusts and many dying, coming out of the ground just about as fast
as dying. On the uplands they grow a trifle larger before dying. The dead ones that
I found to-day nearly a line longer on the uplands than in the valleys.

Lincoln, Wednesday, May 16, 1877.—Temperature at 9a. m., 71° F.; at 12 m., 73° F.;
at 2p.m., 70° F, Rain in the morning; clear betimes during the middle of the day ;
rain again at evening; south winds. Some still hatching out. Observed some com-
ing out of the ground on the disputed 8°. Seemed hardly able to shed their pellicle.
Some died in making the effort. About one-half of those I saw coming out of the
ground to-day died in the effort to shed the first skin. The weather probably helps to
hasten their death.

The new breaking on Hudson’s land, south of Lincoln about one mile, still full of
locust eggs; only one-third hatched out.

' Lincoln, Thursday, Mey 17, 1877.—Temperature 9 a. m., 60° F.; 12m., 80° F.; 2 p.m.,
86° F. Clear all day until toward evening. Enormous number of locusts came out
of the ground to-day. Anunusual number seen to-day. None, however, appeared over
a week old.

At 2 p.m. went to Historical Block to experiment with tar-pan to catch young
locusts. This one six feet long, eighteen inches high, and twenty-four inches from
front to rear. Sheet-iron cross-sections at bottom. One pint of coal-oil destroyed
about one-half bushel of locusts. The fumes of coal-oil kill the young locusts. This
machine can be dragged by two boys over about ten acres in a day.

Again found millions of dead locusts, some with my glass, and others were heaped
together by water currents. This near Holmes’s brick-kiln, west of town. One place
found dead locusts three inches thick on the ground. This evening again experimented
with the coal-oil pan. Tried tar. Laid on thin at bottom, and when locusts got too
thick, another layer is put on and then another. When filled all is scraped off and
boiled. The locusts are skimmed off, the tar thinned with coal-oil, and used again.

Heard this evening from Mr. Raymond, of Falls City, that the young locusts have
mostly died there. Farmers there expect a crop.

Lincoln, Friday, May 18, 1877.—Mean temperature to-day, 70° F: Rained nearly all
last night and this forenoon; ceased this afternoon, and the locusts appeared on weeds
and fences, but all small.

Again found many dead ones beyond the Antelope and up Salt Creek. On Salt
Creek again found dead locusts about two inches thick in some low places where the
water had washed them together.

Lincoln, Saturday, May 19, 1877.—Temperature9 a.m., 65° F.; 12 m.,69° F.; 2 p.m., 70°F.
Rained hard again all last night.

Was mowing and house-cleaning to-day and made few observations. Only sent off
a great number of Entomological Bulletins.

Lincoln, Sunday, May 20, 1877.—Mean temperature to-day, 75° F. Rained all last
night and most of the forenoon. Salt Creek overflows its banks. Found dead locusts
to-day almost wherever I looked for them.

Lincoln, Monday, May 21, 1877.—Temperature 9 a. m., 68° F.; 12 m., 72° F.; 2p. m., 79°
F. Found many dead and dying locusts to-day. Weather sultry. Locusts seem to
die off as fast in warm wet weather as in cold wet weather.

Sent off a great many circulars and bulletins of the Entomological Commission.

This evening a swarm of locusts lit down at Grand Island and around it. Came
from a little east of south. Telegram. Lieutenant-Governor Abbott’s authority.
Probably came from Texas. :

Lincoln, Tuesday, May 22, 1877.—Temperature 9 a. m., 67° F.; 12 m., 74° F.; 2 p. m., 78°
7 ae from Grand Island: “Locusts left this morning. Direction a little east
of north.

This afternoon again tried the machine for catching locusts with coal-oil. Success-
ful. Caught half a bushelin half an hour on the bottoms near Salt Creek. On northside
of Salt Creek bottoms tound one spot where the dead locusts were half an inch thick.

Lincoln, Wednesday, May 23, 1877.—Temperature 9 a. m., 60° F.; 12 m., 67° F.; 2 p. m.,
69° F. Went east beyond the Antelope. Again examined bottoms and uplands for
dead locusts. Found dead ones in all situations, but those on the uplands averaged
one line longer than those on the bottoms. Aconsiderablenumber still hatching out. On
the road-sides and on old breaking found a considerable number of unhatched eggs,

[122] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

and more rotten ones. South of Lincoln, on Hudson’s breaking, locusts still hatching
out.

Lincotn, Thursday, May 24, 1877.—Mean temperature to-day, 70° F. Continued in-
vestigations to-day four miles north of Lincoln. Found the dead locusts on high lands
again average nearly a line longer than those on the low lands. They probably can
survive longest in the driest situations.

Lincoln, Friday, May 25, 1877.—Temperature, 9 a. m., 65° F.; 12 m., 70° F.; 2p. m.,
75° F. Received many letters of inquiry about the locusts. Farmers generally much
encouraged, and begin to think the locust question settled. This is specially the case
where they fight them with coal-oil and other pans. They in such places think that
what nature does not do they can accomplish.

Lincoln, Saturday, May 26, 1877.—Temperature, 10 a. m., 69° F.; 12 m., 70° F.; 2p.
m., 79° F. A few more locusts hatched out to-day, aud yet their numbers are not in-
creasing.

Lincoln, Sunday, May 27, 1877.—Temperature at 9 a. m., 58° F.; 12 m., 67° F.; 2p.
m., 79° F. ‘Fhis afternoon, though warm, found many locusts dying beyond the Ante-

lope and elsewhere around town. Some other cause than low temperature evidently ~

fatal to the locusts. Rained heavily this afternoon.

Lincoln, Monday, May 28, 1877.—Temperature, 9 a. m., 64° F.; 12 m., 68° F.; 2p.
m.,77° I’. Another large hatch of locusts hatched out this afternoon. Many small ones
again visible. Occasionally there is one half grown. Caught first locust-mite of this
season to-day. South wind all day.

Lincoln, Tuesday, May 29, 1877.—Temperature, 9 a. m., 67° F.; 12 m., 73° F.; 2p.
m., 79° F. This afternoon went to South Lincoln and some miles into the country.
Where the young locusts were abundant yesterday and the day before, hardly one to
be seen to-day alive, but many dead ones, another evidence that most die within a
few days of the time that they ha‘ch out. At Hudson’s breaking found still a great
number of unhatched eggs. In evening went east beyond the Antelope to a ridge of
land. Here also found few live, but many dead ones. Wind blowing from the south
all day, and blowing hard.

Lincoln, Wednesday, May 30, 1877.—Temperature, 9 a. m., 63° F.; 12 m., 71° F.; 2p.
m., 80° F. Wind blowing hard from the south all day. Some few locusts to be seen,
but few, not many, hatching out. The supply gives signs of being exhausted.

Heard to-day that the western part of Nemaha County was desolated in part by the
locusts ; probably exaggerated. People fighting them by ditches, nets, and coal-oil
pans. Will probably succeed in saving their crops.

At 4p. m. a sudden fall of temperature, though the wind was still blowing from the
south. Fell in half an hour from 80° F. to 60° F.; in half an hourmore to55° F. At
dusk rain began to fali in torrents, and continued until 9.30 p. m.

Lincoln, Thursday, May 31, 1877.—Temperature, 9 a. m., 55° F.; 12 m., 744° F.; 2p.
m., 74° F. This morning wind still from south, but clear.

To-day, a few miles from Lincoln, on Oak Creek and elsewhere, again found a great
number of dead locusts. In an eddy in the creek found bushels; on the land in sevy-
eral places found them one and two inches deep. An unusual number died or were
-destroyed since yesterday.

Lincoln, Saturday, June 2, 1877.—Mean temperature, 63° F. Went with Mr. Leavitt
and Budd 12 miles south of Lincoln this afternoon. Found only one place where the
locusts were doing much injury, this 6 miles south of Lincoln. Here there must have
been over 500 to a square foot on small areas of a few rods in extent. One corner of
wheat-field entirely destroyed. The owner not doing much to protect himself; trusts
to Providence. At the foot of a hill here, found dead locusts 4 inch deep; had been
washed together by the rains. Also found near this place a great number of locusts
with defective mouth-parts; could not eat. This probably the cause of the dying off
of many at this place. Some of the farmers here testify to this; also to the fact that
great numbers have died and are dying.

All the farmers consulted testified that there were not near so many locusts as there
were three weeks and a month ago. They had little fear of them.

Lincoln, Sunday, June 3, 1877.—Temperature, 9 a. m., 57° F.; 12 m., 71°; 2 p. m.,
78° F. At the Antelope found a few more unhatched eggs to-day. To-day the birds
here, especially quail, Bartramian plover, and blackbirds, were unusually busy in pick-
ing up stray locusts. Watched them for an hour doing this.

Learned by telegraph that the locusts from the south lit down in large numbers,
coming from the south, and remained 2} hours, when they went on north.

Lincoln, Monday, June 4, 1877.—Temperature, 9 a. m., 50° F.; 12 m., 61° F; 2p. m.,
70° F. Rained heavily last night. Received a letter to-day from Wahac, Saunders
County. It reports the locusts as dying there in immense numbers. Where the water
can wash them together they often lie from 4to 2inches deep. A letter from Reamer,
in Richardson County, says that immense numbers of kerosene-pans are there em-
ployed to kill the locusts, and that it is successfully done.

{

APPENDIX VIIIL.—AUGHEY’S RECORD FOR 1877. [123]

Lincoln, Tuesday, June 5, 1877.—Mean temperature, 65°. Letter to-day from L. Beck-
man, at Beatrice, says that though countless numbers have hatched out there, few are
left. Noone knows where they have gone to, but all suspect that they have died or
have been eaten by birds, or that both causes have operated to destroy them. Only a
few fields have been injured by the locusts, and the farmers all hopeful.

Lincoln, Wednesday, June 6, 1877.—Mean temperature to-day, 67° F. Rained last night

and a little to-day. Letter from Johnson County, from Sol. Soder, reports that the

locusts have in a few places done some damage, but that in spots they have mysteri-
ously disappeared. On a few places the farmers were fighting what were left with
kerosene-pans. This day noon Professor Thomas came, and I had my first interview
with him at 3 p.m., at the Commercial Hotel. * * * Discussed generally with him
the locust question.

Lincoln, Thursday, June 7, 1877.—Mean temperature to-day, 63° F. This forenoon
went with Professor Thomas and Dr. Weelckines to South Lincoln and to Adams’s
market-gardens, one mile southeast of Lincoln. Found a considerable number of lo-
custs here, and doing much damage to a portion of his grounds. The part plowed
sufficiently in early spring escaped, except from the immigration onto it of locusts
hatched out elsewhere.

Missed the train to go to Tecumseh with Professor Thomas. Received letter from
James Dollman, Pawnee City, Pawnee County. He reports that little damage is done
to the crops by the locusts, though they hatched out in large numbers, and then in
spots over large areas mysteriously disappeared, but how he cannot tell.

Lincoln, Friday, June 9, 1877.—Mean temperature, 66° F. Went to Falls City to-day.

. Saw Professor Thomas at Tecumseh for only a few moments while train stopped.
{| Rained much of the day. Found locusts doing considerable damage around Hum-
| boldt, Table Rock, and Falls City. At Falls City, 700 kerosene-machines have been

made and sold to the farmers in the country. The damage being done is in separated
areas, and those farmers that are fighting them are doing it successfully. Some,
however, do nothing, and the town-people are more zealous and more successful in in-
citing to such efforts than the farmers themselves. I found by experience at Falls
City that some farmers were so faithless that it was with difficulty that they could be
induced to make the effort. Rain and mud interfered with making a thorough exami-
nation.

Lincoln, Saturday, June 9, 1877.—Left Falls City at 7.30 this morning. Professor
Thomas joined me at Tecumseh. He had been much exercised at Tecumseh about the
locusts, as they were doing some damage here in spots, and the farmers were not doing
much to head them off. Professor T. aroused them to the importance of the effort to
destroy the locusts, and was aided by Mr. O. U. Holmes. They succeeded in inspiring
confidence in the feasibility of destroying the locusts and led many to make the effort.
Those that manfully made the attempt succeeded.

Sutton, June 11, 1877.—Left Lincoln to-day at 12.45. Saw few traces of locusts on
our way here. Founda considerable number of dead and dying locusts. At the present
rate of dying or disappearing, the remainder ot this field will probably escape destruc-
tion. Locusts here very thicks, epecially through the middle of the orchard. He had
aman putting a coating of whiting on the trees to prevent the locusts crawling up the
trees. Locusts principally came in from an adjoining field on the east, eating up the
timothy in the orchard. <A ditch commenced on the north side of the orchard, and this
method—ditching—is most confided in here for destroying the locusts. All seemed to
rely on this method.

Rained hard in the afternoon, between three and four. After seeing this field, we
went to see the farm of Hon. J. Sterling Morton, 14 miles from town, on the north.
Here the locusts were abundant in spots. They had dug a ditch in front of the house,
in which they had captured an immense number of locusts. They had also tried the
kerosene and tar pans with only partial success, and esteemed it rather lightly. Pro-
fessor Thomas tried to convince Mr. Morton’s son that if he gave this plan a fair trial
it would be asuccess. The locusts were specially abundant in and damaging to the
clover. On the whole, they were encouraged to believe that they had found out how
to meet the locusts and to destroy them. .

Fremont, June 14, 1877.—Came here at 2 p.m. Saw Mr. Rogers soon after at the
bank. He took me to the northern part of the town, where, in the grounds of Mr. ;
a market-gardener, the locusts were doing animmense amount of damage. They had
eaten all the strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, &c., in one half of his grounds. In the
other half he was trying to destroy them with kerosene-pans, by dragging, and also by
ditching. He confessed that if he had commenced in time, he could have saved all his
grounds, though the greatest part of the locusts came in from his careless neighbors’
grounds. Thinks that hereafter the remedy is in his hands. He also thinks that
they are slowly disappearing. The locusts here of allages; some able to fly, and have
mature wings, while others seem to be but a few days old. Still farther north a half
a mile, I visited a field that was about one-quarter eaten on one side by the locusts, and

[124] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the man doing nothing to destroy them. Most of these seemed to have hatched out in
breaking of last year.

After supper at Mr. Rogers’s, he took me out to Judge Maxfield’s, who lives within two
miles of town, on asmallfarm. He had ditched around his grounds and through them,
and thus had saved his crops. They had been quite bad here, and he attributed his
success wholly to his industry in fighting them. He depended most on ditching. Be-
tween the judge’s homestead and town one farm only was badly eaten, and that only
on one side. The owner was doing nothing to protect himself.

Lincoln, June 18, 1877.—Many locusts now getting wings and testing them by flying
up into the air and an unusual number dying. I learn from visitors here that on the
Elkhorn and in Northeast Nebraska the locusts only doing damage in isolated spots,
and in many places have mysteriously disappeared.

Went with some parties southwest about five miles, and found the locusts thick in
spots and doing a little damage and immense numbers dying. A small maggot—ichneu-
man fly—at work on them.

Lincoln, June 23, 1877.—Returned from Nemaha County to-day. In west part of
the county the locusts in spots did much damage. Many farmers could have saved
their crops, but made no effort until it was too late. All admitted that all the crops
could have been saved by proper effort, and regretted that they had no faith in the
kerosene-pans until the damage was done. I succeeded in getting many at this late
period to adopt this method of fighting them. Some places partially eaten up, and
fields were in part covered with dead locusts. The dead and dying locusts that I ex-
amined nearly all contained a great number of minute maggots, some one-eighth and
others from one-third to one-fourth of an inch long, with a narrow red streak along
the back.

Lincoln, June 25, 1877.—Went with Professor Hitchcock to-day to see the grain-
fields on his farm, five miles west of Lincoln. The field slopes toward the north.
Grain, what was left, heading out, but it has been so badly damaged by the locusts
that probably he won’t have the seed. The Swedes who are farming his land did
not observe the damage that they were doing until it was too late. Now Professor
Hitchcock proposes to plow under and plant in corn.

Here many of the locusts able to fly. An immense number of dead locusts here,
some with fully-developed wings and some two-thirds grown. Many of the locusts
just dying. Some were barely able to fly, some could only jump a few inches, and
some could only crawl, and some were kicking in death. The afternoon warm and
pleasant. I examined an immense number of these dead locusts. I could have gath-
ered a peck from one-fourth of an acre. Found in many of these dead and dying
locusts a small maggot from one-eighth to one-fourth of an inch in length. Perhaps
three fourths of the locusts that I examined contained this maggot,varying from three
to ten in alocust. The maggots had a narrow streak of red along the back. Small
red mite also abundant on many dying locusts.

Lincoln, June 26, 1877.—Temperature (mean) to-day 81° F. Wind from south by
southwest. This is the first day that the locusts moved any distance. About 11
o’clock they rose gradually and a few moved north, and about 12 m. 20° east of north.
At three o’clock p. m. all the movements seemed to have ceased. Great numbers, as I
watched them with my glass, seemed to whirl around in a circle and come down again.
Some that did this fell dead, and these, when examined, had in them a small maggot,
with a narrow red line along the spine. Column three-fourths of a mile high; sparse;
velocity, 5 miles an hour. Rain last night.

Lincoln, June 27, 1877.—Mean temerature to-day 77° F. Some rain last night. At
ten o’clock a few locusts again rose up in the air and slightly increased until 1 o’clock
p- m., from which time they decreased until 2.30 p. m, when the flying ceased. Direc-
tion, 22° east of north. A small column of locusts was moving north in the same
direction, above the plane of those that were starting from this place. They must
have come from South Nebraska or Kansas. Many fell down dead from the flying
mass, but had no parasites on or in them that I could detect, except a few that had a
small maggot from one-third to one-fourth of an inch long in them, with the red stripe
down the length of its back. Velocity of the rising ones, 54 miles an hour.

North Platte, Nebr., June 30, 1877. Reached here last night about 2 a. m. :

Yesterday afternoon saw the locusts in small numbers flying around in the air at
various places between Crete and Kearney, and it was hard to determine in what
direction they were about or wanted to go. They seemed entirely demoralized. As
they had mostly disappeared over this section before flying-time, those on the wing
probably came from the south. Here at North Platte there are comparatively few
locusts ; found only scattering ones as I went round with La Nunion. Drove some eight
miles out among the sand-hills.

Kearney Junction, July 2, 1877.—This afternoon, coming from North Platte,I found ~
a considerable number of locusts east and west of Ogallala, on the N. road. They —
had lit down here on their way north from the south. Not enough to do any damage ue
unless they should lay their eggs here, which is not likely, considering the earliness

APPENDIX VIII.—AUGHEY’S RECORD FOR 1877. [125]

of the season. A good many were in the air at ten o’clock, apparently moving a little

east of north. At noon very thick, moving 15° east of north. Velocity, 6 miles an

hour.

All the crops are good between North Platte and Kearney. Abundance of rain this
season, and the locusts did no harm. Rain-fall at least 50 per cent. greater this season
than last or the year previous to the last. ;

Schuyler, Colfax County, July 3, 1877.—Reached here to-day at 12m. This afternoon
was taken by Mr. Clarkson, first south across the Platte, and then east over the bot-
toms, and then the bluffs. Traveled about 12 miles. Saw little damage done by the
locusts. Only an occasional field had been injured, and many that had been burt in
the early part of the season recovered themselves as the locusts died off. All the
crops magnificent. A few locusts flying again towards the north, ora little east of
north, at ten o’clock. At noon and till two o’clock, great numbers moving north. Ve-
locity, 54 miles an hour; height, ¢ of a mile.

Schuyler, Colfax County, July 4, 1877.—-This afternoon went across the Platte bottom
towards the north and struck the Shell Creek bottom, which we mainly followed for
fourteen miles. Only about one field in fifteen had been injured by the locusts. The
farmers that had fought the locusts succeeded in saving their crops, even where the
locusts were the thickest. Those few that lost portions of their crops did nothing to
fight the locusts. Crops splendid. Saw very many locusts moving north again to-day,

north 20° east. A few were falling down dead or dying. Those that I examined had

either the red dorsal-striped maggot in them or nothing that I could detect. One-third

composed those without anything. Velocity, 64 miles an hour; height, nearly a mile,

_ but sparse. Saw two gentlemen, whose names I cannot recall, direct from the Black

_ Hills, who report that the locusts came there in large numbers from the south and

were already laying their eggs there. They report them to be specially abundant
. around the south edge of the Hills.

Omaha, July 5, 1877.—This evening I met Lawrence Bruner, who had also received

| letters from the Black Hills stating that the locusts that had lit down there from the

south were laying their eggs, thus confirming the report that I received from the Black

Hills at Schuyler. Here in Omaha there seems to be universal satisfaction now with

the work of the Entomological Commission—more so than at any previous date. Some

locusts moving 17° east of north and about 4 miles an hour, and three-fourths of a mile
high.

Bahcotn, July 6, 1877.—Returned home to-day from Omaha. Some locusts flying to-
day—a few rising and more in the air, from distant regions. They weze moving about
25° east of north. Saw them from the Missouri river to Lincoln. Rate, about 5 miles
an hour. A few falling down dead; those that I examined had either maggots in them
or had from two to twelve red mites, mostly near the base of their wings.

Lincoln, July 9.—Large numbers of locusts were flying south to-day. Column nearly
a mile high; thick above and sparse below. Velocity 7 miles an hour. Flew from
ten to half-past two o’clock. A few fell down dead from the moving mass.

July 10.—A few locusts flew south to-day.

Platismouth, July 12. 1877.—Locusts flying 20° west of north over Plattsmouth to-day,
in large numbers. Went over the Missouri into Jowa, and found the same condition
of things there. They must have come from southwestern Iowa, though I supposed
that they had left there long ago. Estimated velocity, 6 miles an hour. Column a

-mile high; upper portion sparse.

Lincoln, July 13, 1877.—Returned to-day from Plattsmouth. Locusts all along the
road between this and Plattsmouth, moving towards the northwest, about 20° west of
north. Velocity,6 milesan hour. Barley and rye are being harvested in asplendid con-

_ dition. In aweek more a great deal of wheat willbe cut. The flying south of locusts
several days back has produced some anxiety.

Lincoln, Sunday, July 15, 1877.—To-day, between 10 a. m. and 2 p. m., the locusts were
_ flying south over Lincoln, probably only because the wind happened to be in that
direction. They were very high in the air. A rough trigonometrical measurement
made the distance three-quarters of a mile to the upper edge of the locusts. Velocity
about 6 miles an hour. Haye not heard of them lighting down anywhere in their
_ southern flight.

Lincoln, July 18, 1877.—To-day, from 10 to 1 o’clock, the locusts were moving south, or
a little east of south, in considerable numbers. About 12 m. the numbers were specially
large. Some fell down as they were flying, either dead or in a dying condition. Only
a few of those falling had parasites in them, and these parasites were all grubs, with
| the red line along the back. Have not been able to hear of them lighting down any-
_ where, though I have sent and telegraphed in various directions.

Sioux City, July 20, 1877.—Some locusts flying south to-day over Sioux City. Yester-
day a few were flying north while on my way from Lincoln to Omaha. Velocity, 6
miles an hour. Estimated the velocity by walking as fast as they flew, and noting
how long it took me to go 100 yards.

Dakota City, July 20, 1877.—As I came down from Sioux City to Dakota, just as I

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[126] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

was getting on the cars, and for a few minutes afterwards, one stream of locusts were
flying north and another above this stream, about half a mile above it, was moving
south. At the edge, where the two streams met, the locusts seemed to intermingle,
Both streams comparatively sparse.

Dakota City, Saturday, July 21, 1877.—At ten o’clock a few locusts were seen moving
north, and at eleven a stream above this northward-moving column was again going
south. Around town there are still some locusts left, but not doing any particular
damage. Movement of upper current six, and of the lower five miles anhour. Both
comparatively sparse.

Dakota Cily, Sunday, July 22, 1877.—After church, this forenoon, I went into the
country five miles, to the farm of Jacob Neikes. On the way some few locusts were
on the wing, mostly moving north. Mr. Neikes’s grain-field, east of his house, as also
his corn-field, is in danger of being destroyed. Great numbers of locusts have lighted
in it from those coming from the north; at least, this is the statement of those living
here. In going among these locusts, great numbers seemed to bediseased. Some were
hardly able to fly, and a few were either dying ordead. Found some parasites on these,
chiefly the grub, before mentioned, or else the red mites. On an adjoining farm,
William Armor’s, the locusts had come down from the north, and after remaining a few
days went back in the direction from which they came. Returned to Dakota this
evening. The birds destroying many locusts here.

Monday, July 23, 1877, five miles south of Dakota City.—To-day went with a party to
a land-slide at the bluffs, ten miles sonth of Dakota City and near Lee Warner’s farm.
Some locust flying to-day in a northeastern direction. Lee Warner insisted to day
that lime-water, instead of coal-oil, had answered every purpose for him in capturing
locusts with pans. Among the locusts flying to-day cliff swallows were at work. Some
Bartramian plover were mounting up into the air to capture them. Stopped at Dear-
ing’s all night.

Tuesday, July 24, 1877, five miles southwest of Dakota.—Came to-day to Mr. Neikes’s from
Dearing’s. The locusts still at work on his grain-field east of his house and on his
oats, west of his residence. On the oats specially bad. He commenced to cut them
in order to save them. Some of the locusts on his and the adjoining farm that were
working on the wheat moved nortb to-day, but still there are great numbers left.
Going among his wheat, I found great numbers of dead locusts. Some gave no evi-
dence of death from parasites, while others had a few mites on them or larvee of ich-
neumons in them.

Dakota City, Vednesday, July 25, 1877.—Went to William Brown’s yesterday afternoon,
from J. Steeke’s. Brown has been here only a year and is somewhat discouraged. His
cultivated land is mostly new breaking, and more than one-half of his wheat was
destroyed by the locusts that hatched out here, and came over from an adjoining farm.
He admits that had he known as much early in the season as he does now, he could have
saved his crops of wheat and corn. Some locusts also lit down here on their flight
south. ‘

To-day at ten o’clock the locusts were again flying northwest, but without much
vigor. At two o’clock they seemed to be moving in an extremely high current in an
opposite direction. The people much confused in their statements and quite contra-
dictory. Observed the cow-birds to-day picking up locusts, and the yellow-heads at
work among those that were flying at some elevation overhead. Birds generally much
more abundant than when I was here in former years. This is probably owing to the
increased number of groves and the cessation of the cruel habit of shooting birds.

Ponca, Thursday, July 26, 1877.—Reached here to-day at four o’clock. On the way
up the locusts were moving in two opposite directions. On the lower current the
locusts were moving a little east of north in considerable numbers. Above this cur-
rent large numbers were moving a little west of south. At the edge where these two
currents come together they seemed to intermingle. Crops looked grand all the way
up. Locusts had here mostly died off.

Ponca, Monday, July 30, 1877.—Visited the so-cailed voleano to-day, 12 miles north-
west of Ponca and near Ionia. On our way the locusts in considerable numbers were
moving a little east of north. The crops in the county splendid. Locusts died off
before destroying many fields.

Ponca, Dixon County, July 31, 1877.—Temperature 72° F. When we emerged to-
day near noon from the timber at the mouth of Ionia Creek, where we had gone to
visit some rock-exposures of the Cretaceous age, a considerable number of locusts were
flying about 20° east of north. In the afternoon, very high up in the air, many were
flying south.

Dakota City, Thursday, August 2, 1877.—Came from Ponca to-day by car. Locusts
were again in the air, but moving aimlessly about, sometimes in a circle. Moving in
a circle, I could not tell the numbers or even guess at the comparative number. Air
comparatively calm, though slightly from the south.

Dakota City, Saturday, August 4, 1877.—A few locusts again moving a little east of
north to-day.

APPENDIX VIII.—AUGHEY’S RECORD FOR 18:7. [127]

Came to George Leamer’s last night. His crops were threatened with destruction
in the spring from the number of locusts on his farm; but they died off or disappeared
in a mysterious way. Occasionally he found dead ones around his fields. He also
thinks the birds destroyed large numbers of them. His farm is two miles west of
Dakota. ;

Yankton, Dak., Monday, August 6, 1877.—Reached here this evening at five. On
our way up from Sioux City, on the Dakota Southern, between Elk Point and Sioux
City, the locusts were moving in two opposite directions. The lower current was
moving a little east of north in considerable numbers. An equally heavy column was
moving toward the south, above the one last mentioned. If there was any difference
in numbers, the last was the heaviest in numbers.

This whole section between Sioux City and Yankton had been locust-eaten. Some
fields every few miles gave evidence of the numbers and destructive work of the
locusts. Settlers on the route assured me that where crops were produced the locusts
died off; that only in a few places did the farmers fight them and destroy them with
ditches and kerosene-pans. Where crops escaped the locusts they were good.

Niobrara, Knox County, Tuesday, August 7, 1877.—Yesterday evening, at five, took the
steamer Black Hills and came up the river through the night, and landed here at five
o’clock this morning.

Mr. Westover, in his team, took me up the Niobrara River ten miles. Temperature,
77° F. Locusts moving in large numbers to-day toward the south from 10 a. m. to 2
p.m. Velocity, 6 miles an hour. Height, 3 mile.

' Niobrara, Knox County, Wednesday, August 8, 1877.—Crossed into Dakota Territory to-
day and went a great distance toward the northeast. Locusts in large numbers, high
up in the air, were moving south; were moving south all the way on our return, and
when we again reached Niobrara were still going south. Velocity of movement, 6
miles per hour.

Niobrara, Knox County, August 9, 1877.—Mr. Fry accompanied me to-day to the
Bazile Creek, which we ascended some distance. Locusts were moving again in small
numbers toward the south to-day, but not in such numbers as during the last few
days. Velocity, 4 miles an hour.

On the Missouri bottom, opposite Yankton, the locusts had been very bad in the
spring and early summer. Some fields of wheat they entirely destroyed. On other
tracts they simply died off, so the farmers report. Some of the farmers here saved
themselves by ditching and kerosene-pans, but these methods were not employed to
any considerable extent. Where the crops were saved or left undisturbed they look
magnificent. A few more locusts were flying south to-day. In some places on this
long journey they seemed to be confused, and were flying around in all directions. I
looked diligently and inquired of Buckwalters, Wynns, &c., for locust-data, but found
none.

Dakota City, Saturday, August 11, 1877.—This morning started at Yankton, Dak.,
al 6 o’clock, and reached Sioux City at 12.

At 10 o’clock in Dakota Territory, between Vermillion and Elk Point, a great many
locusts were moving south. Thecolumn, though sparse, must have been nearly a mile
high. They were still moving south at Sioux City, and continued until about 3 o’clock.
I saw the column decline as 1 was approaching this place, after I had crossed the Mis-
sourl. I saw a few fall down all along from this moving column, but could get none
until I reached Sioux City. A few here that I picked up contained the small maggot
before mentioned, and a few the red mites around the base of their wings.

Since I left Dakota City the people here report the locusts as having been moving
ee on the 7th, 8th, and 9th, the same days that they were moving south over Nio-

rara.

Dakota City, Sunday, August 12, 1877.—A few locusts were flying south to-day, but
not to compare in numbers with the moving column yesterday. Velocity, about 54
miles an hour.

Omaha, Monday, August 13, 1877.—To-day, as I was coming from Sioux City, Iowa,
to Council Bluffs, between 1 and 4 o’clock p. m., a few locusts were moving slightly
west of south. Some others in places seemed to be confused, and were flying around in
every direction. At Onawa, Iowa, I was told that the locusts that had lit down there
on the 7th, 8th, and 9th of August from the north, going south, mostly left on the 10th
and went toward the north, the direction from which they had come. The gentleman
who gave me the information when he came on the cars at Onawa gave me his name
as H.S. Perser. I have some doubts about his story.

Lincoln, Thursday, August 16, 1877.—On my way home from Omaha to-day saw a few
locusts flying, but was not sure in what direction they were trying to go. They
seemed to be moving high up in the air in every direction. An unusual number of
dead ones were falling down from among the flying locusts. Many that fell were at
first able to move around a few inches or feet, but soon lost motion and life. Many
of these I could find nothing on—no parasites and nothing else, Up to this time found
no traces of them pairing or getting ready for laying eggs,

[128] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA FROM CORRESPONDENTS.

FaL_ts City, RICHARDSON CouNTy.—I have lived here on the same 80 acres of land
since the fall of 1865, and have kept a journal all the time, so the data I give are not
from memory, but from records. We have seen the locusts come in here five times, and
at present the fifth swarm is being hatched. The first time we ever saw them they
came in large numbers from the west, on September 7, 1865, and consequently the first
hatch here was in the spring of 1867; the season was wet and the eggs hatched late,
as they are doing now, and I think there were quite as many here then as now. Nearly
all the wheat, oats, potatoes, and garden-vegetables were ruined, except pease, which
were not injured; the corn, which was thinned out in places by them before they left,
made a good crop. In 1867 the first swarm that hatched here began leaving on June
28, and kept leaving, flying north and northwest, every day when the weather was
suitable, so that on the 4th of July but few were left here. They came back again
from the north in large numbers, but not so many as the year before.

In the spring of 1803 they hatched out early, so that they began leaving June 20,
but they were not numerous enough to do us any serious damage. In the fall of 1858
a swarm came back, but smaller than either of the others, and our crops suffered but
little from the young in the spring of 1869. From the time that swarm left we were
not visited again till August 9, 1874, when the swarm came in from the southwest that
we shall always remember. [Those hatched from] the eggs laid by them caused a
total destruction of crops the next spring, and as a consequence nearly one-half of the
farms in this county are mortgaged to-day.

In 1875 a great many hatched on a south slope on the 19th of April. The weather
was dry, and almost every egg seemed to hatch. By the latter part of May almost every
farm in the two counties, Nemaha and Richardson, was as bare as in mid-winter.
After killing 200 apple trees for me, they began to leave on the 11th of June. Then
we planted our corn again, but when it came up it was destroyed by a flying swarm
that came down in a shower of rain.

Last fall the hoppers did not get here till September 14; they had been near, both
north and west, for several weeks, but a steady south wind kept them back; so there
were not as many eggs laid as in 1874. * * * The eggs were most numerously
hatching this year (1877) May 8.—[George Hutchings.

SUNLIGHT, Cass CouNTy.—(Answer to question 1, circular 1.)—Arrived at 2 p. m.
26th July, 1874. Wind from northwest, light, breezy; clear; direction of movement
to southeast, in clouds, low, flying and alighting all evening.

In 1875 first saw flying ones 11 a. m. 3d of June—most on the 16th—from the south,
moving to the north, they were not numerous on either day, and quite high.

In 1876, arrived 24th August, 10 a. m., with a light breeze from northwest, moving

southeast; but few quite high; following day alighted thick; weather clear.

In 1874, swarm departed September 4, to southeast ; all got away tbat day.

In 1875, flew northwest and north from 3d to last of June, very thick on 16th—[T.
N. Babbitt. Si

PLATTSMOUTH, Cass County.—The locust eggs have been hatching with us ever
since early in April, and are still doing so in shaded cooler places, as also where turned
under by the plow and less exposed to the heat of the sun. A few warm days in suc-
cession have repeatedly covered the ground with the newly-hatched insects. But one
peculiarity has been observed and generally commented upon by all observers, viz:
but a very small per cent. of the insects increase insize. They are still small, as though
but just hatched; and further, each successive hatching did not seem to increase the
sum total, and very few are occasionally seen of from one-half to three-quarters grown;
while it is time (with former experience) that the early-hatching should have wings
and be arriving at full growth, as the small swarm from the south yesterday also indi-
cates.—[A. L. Child, M. D., June 7, 1877.

GRAND JsLAND, Hatt County.—According to my memorandum-book of previous
years, the grasshoppers have visited this section of Nebraska, as follows, viz: while
we settled in this county (Hall) in July, 1857, we did not notice any grasshoppers until
in August, 1862. The first swarm appeared then and came with northwest wind;
weather clear.

On the Ist day of August, 1864, the ’>hoppers made their appearance again.

On July 15, 1865, all buckwheat in the county was destroyed by them, but no other
crops.

On July 8, 1866, grasshoppers came in large swarms without doing a great deal of
harm; northwest wind brought them ; weather clear.

In the season of 1868, grasshoppers-appeared again, but did no damage.

In 1869, grasshoppers came in the early days of August, and destroyed nearly all corn-
crops in Hall County.

In 1873, on May 22, grasshoppers came in large swarms with southwest wind, dam-
age light. They left with southwest wind, but on July 20th, 21st, and 22d, and on

August 5th and Gth, in 1874, grasshoppers came in swarms, which at times darkened _

i

APPENDIX VIII.—NEBRASKA DATA FOR 1:77. [129]

the sun; wind north and northwest; weather clear. Nearly all the crops, in particu-
lar, corn-crops in Hall county were destroyed; but hardly any eggs were deposited by
them here. They left before depositing their eggs and went into the southeast part of
Nebraska, into Kansas, Missouri, and Iowa.

In the year 1875, grasshoppers appeared again in this county, June 24, with south-
west wind, and on August 3 and 10 with northwest wind, and the damage in August
was considerable. The greater number of them in 1875 were diseased and fell dead
frequently when flying. Maggots, numbering from one to eleven in each ’hopper, were
feeding on them withintheir bodies. Also little red parasites were trequently noticed
fastened to their wings or bodies.

In the year 1866, the first swarm of grasshoppers arrived here on August 5, at 3 o’clock
p. M., with northwest wind; weatherclear. Thisswarm was not verylarge. On August
10 and 12, at m., large swarms arrived with northwest wind, and after a few days (August
13 and 14) commenced depositing theireggs. On the14th some left, but atthe same time
more and still larger swarms arrived; weather clear and northwest wind prevailing. I
worked hard with ten hands for ten days to save my corn-crop, vegetable-garden, and
orchard, by smudging fires, adding freely pulverized sulphur, but eventually had to
abandon one field after another, thus leaving the hoppers the victors. They stripped
every fruit-tree of its foliage and took even the bark of the large limbs. Fortunately
the small grain crops were nearly all secured in our county before the grasshoppers
came, thus confining the damage done to corn-crops, vegetable-gardens, and orchards.

The ’hoppers continued depositing their eggs until the 23d and 24th days of August,
1876, when the wind, which ever since the 15th of August had blown from the south
and southwest, changed again to the north and northwest, which carried all those
which were able to fly south and southeast. The extent of country devastated by
them, coming from north and northwest, reached from about the western boundary-
line of Nebraska to the Missouri as far south as the State of Nebraska is concerned,
and from the Platte bottom toward the northern boundary of the State, while farmers
twenty-five miles south of here got fair corn-crops, on account of the grasshopers
reaching them from ten to fourteen days later than us, in large swarms.

Of fruit-trees they relished the foliage of apple trees more than the foliage of crab
- apple, pear, peach, cherry, or plum trees; still all were more or less damaged, while
plum and crab-apple trees were damaged least. Of forest trees the coffee-bean tree,
box-elder, soft maple, honey locust, elm, beech, willow, Rocky Mountain evergreens,
red and white cedar, were injured and eaten by them but little, while black locust,
white or gray willow, white ash, catalpa, cottonwood, silver poplar, black and white
walnut, European larch, American larch, Scotch pines, white pine, and Norway spruce,
were eaten off and injured a great deal more than those trees enumerated first. Grape-
vines, Be cultivated as well as the wild were let alone until the apple trees were all
stripped.

The native grasses were injured but very little, while timothy, blue-grass, red-top,
and clover were eaten off clean by the full-grown ’hoppers.—[ Wm. Stolly.

Hooper, DopDGE CountTy.—The first time I noticed the Rocky Mountain locust in
this locality was June or July, 1859. They have since then, up to the year 1866, made
short visits, never doing any damage to crops, nor did they at any time leave any eggs
behind them. About the middle of September of the year last mentioned they came
upon us from the northwest in full force. : i *

In 1876, wind northwest, fresh breeze, the first swarm arrived here, August 15, four
p.m; clear, warm, with occasional flying dark clouds. The swarms were seen for
three hours in the distance, mistaken by some for banks of clouds.

(Answer to question 2.) In 1876, on every dry day, when the wind was favorable
from the northwest or west for some ten days, swarms were Jeaving each day to the
south and southeast, others arriving from the west and northwest, and after, for two
weeks longer deposited their eggs and leaving as soon as the job was done. Those
which are hatched to the north have uniformly gone to the southeast, while the eggs
which these deposited, when hatched, as uniformly move in the direction the parents
came from.

The Caloptenus spretus has such a spread of gauzy wings that they can neither fly
when the air is damp nor against the wind; they rise only when the dew is off, 10-11
a.m. to 4-5 p. m., and with no wind move about five miles an hour, or faster with the
breeze, and high or low as the air is more or less dry, and highest at noon. * *

(Answer to question 10.) A period of not less than ten days will elapse after full
wings are grown, to all appearance, before they will actually marshal their hosts,
which will bring it, as in 1867 and 1874, to the last days in June, and before which
there is no hope of being rid of them in this locality. —[C. F. Eiseley, May 14, 1877.

FARMER’S VALLEY, HAMILTON CounTy.—The young insects have not been noticed
to travel any particular direction. Having eaten a field of wheat, they have moved
north on one field, while on another they have moved south. They do not seem to be
governed by the points of the compass in their marching. The insects dropped on us
July 21, 1874, about 3 p. m., wind from the northeast, and destroyed all crops but
small grain, but departed July 31, 1874, about 11 a. m., wind northwest.

[9 @]

=

[130] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Birds have destroyed many of the young insects this spring. Blackbirds, being so
numerous, already have the thanks of the country for the very great benefit they con-
ferred upon us. Domestic fowls, prairie chickens, blackbirds, and quails partake of
the eggs as well as the insects.

In the fall of 1874, the country was surprised to see numbers of small grasshoppers.
The young insects were killed by cold weather that fall. We have not noticed any
plants that the young eat but what the full-grown like as well. When they were
here in 1874, they first eat the corn nearest maturity, whereas in 1876 they only injured
the earliest corn, while they eat the latest. Their taste seems to differ with the times.
Wild buckwheat is a great favorite with them, while they are partial to onions, cab-
bages, carrots, beans, asparagus, parsnips, and most garden-vegetables. Pease seem to
be as little relished as anything they reject. Never been any injury to grass here. Be-
sides birds, snakes, frogs, and toads eat the insects. They will eat, when full-grown,
during the night. I had a field of corn in 1874 that was standing and not seriously
damaged when night commenced. The next morning it was only corn-stalks, leaves
and ears having been eaten as early as daybreak. When the insects drop upon us they
remain only as long as the wind is unfavorable to take them upon their apparently
desired course ; as soon as it changes to suit they depart.—[J. Vosburgh, May 24, 1877.

FREMONT, DODGE CoUNTY.—Have not had eggs hatch here in the fall. In 1873 the
Texas ’hopper deposited eggs here in June; these hatched in about two weeks, I
think.—[G. F. Blanchard, May 11, 1877.

FRIEND, SALINE COUNTY.—The time that swarms arrive varies in accordance to ad-
verse winds to their general course. In 1873, the locusts, in passing from the north-
east, encountered a southwest wind, which caused them toalight in great numbers,
August 27, at about 4p.m. On the following day, the wind having changed to the
north, a considerable number of them passed on toward the southwest. In 1876, their
first appearance was August 25, at3 p.m. They came from the northwest, the wind
being favorable to their general course. They evinced no inclination to migrate fur-
ther, but deposited their eggs and remained till cold finally put a stop to their exist-
ence. Their descent has been either during clear, warm days, or upon the approach
ot sudden storms. The general direction of swarms is alternately from north to
south, going south, where they deposit their eggs, and when the young are sufficiently
large to fly going north the next season. The departure varies according to the amount
of dew on the ground; when there is no dew on the ground their departure will date
as early as7to&%a.m. They always fly with the wind, and in case the wind is ad-
verse they patiently wait for a favorable breeze.

This section was visted in 1858, 1874, and 1876. During the fall of 1876 my garden,
50 by 150, was literally filled with eggs, At that time I had seven common chickens,
and I noticed that they were scratching up the ground. For two or three mornings
after that I raked up one square rod with a garden rake, and by this time the fowls
understood the business well enough to need no further assistance, and in this manner
went over the entire plat. This spring I have kept close watch, but not to exceed a
dozen young insects have hatched.

Pease and sweet-potatoes are the least relished by both old and young. Native
grasses have not been injured to a degree to be visible—[E. Whitcomb, June 1, 1877.

PLEASANT HILL, SALINE CouNTYy.—In 1874 they came in from the northwest about
August 10. The season was exceedingly hot and dry, the thermometer reaching 114
in the shade. The locusts were very ravenous, eating everything before them, but
deposited eggs sparingly. Last fall they ate but little, but deposited eggs in enor-
mous quantities, in many places as many as three hundred to the square inch.

All domestic fowls eat them in vast quantities; our little chickens just hatched live
on the young ones without other food. All wild birds prey upon them, especially the
prairie-chickens and quails. It is believed that a prairie-chicken eats one pint per
day; quails about half that quantity. The birds which have done the best service is
a black bird with yellowish-white head and wings; never noticed them here until
this season. They came in great quantities, probably a thousand in a flock. They
marched over the field like a band of soldiers, cleaning the ground clean where it was
actually black with the ’hoppers. Ona pasture-field of about eighteen acres they
probably destroyed about five bushels a day.

The young insects are quiet during the night, crawling under old rubbish and into
the ground. The full-fledged collect on shrubs and trees in quantities sufficient someé-
times to bend the trees. When on the wing, I think they fly nightand day. In June
and July, 1875, there was an uninterrupted flight about fifty days, moving continually
in a northerly and westerly direction.—[E. S. Abbott, May 21, 1877.

Nortu PLATTE, LINCOLN CouNnTy.—The Caloptenus spretus are passing this place since
the 27th instant, going north 30° west, in immense numbers. They are very high,
1,000 to 3,000 feet; only a few have stopped here.

In 1873 saw a swarm, July 6, in latitude 42°, longitude 100° 15/ west, passing south-
east, but saw none in the settled part of the State.

APPENDIX VIII.—NEBRASKA DATA FOR 1877. [131]

In 1874 they came from northwest June 27 to August 6; then traveled northwest
to October 3, but did no damage in this locality.

In 1875, May 20, latitude 42, longitude 103; saw a large swarm going north 30°
west; June 6, at Camp Sheridan, saw them every day until 10th go northwest; June
21, latitude 41° 30’ north, longitude 101° west, saw them go southeast; continued to
go southeast each day when the wind was favorable until August 5, when they began
to go southwest, and continued until October 1. This is the first season that they
have done much damage here. They took all the crops. They lodged against the
snowy range of the Rocky Mountains in immense numbers and perished in the snow ;
a friend of mine says they were six inches deep on the snow.

1876, June 20, flew southeast to July 25, then drifted every way the balance of the
season; did but little damage west of longitude 100° 30’. Laid their eggs south of
latitude 41° from Colorado, at least east to 100 meridian; none north of this line.—
[J. W. La Munyon, June 1, 1877.

CHAPMAN, MERRICK COUNTY.—Our section was most severely visited in 1876. Was
visited in 1873, about the 15th May; did considerable damage to wheat, the only crop we
had at that date; staid about 48 hours; weather cool and damp while they stopped;
traveled from southwest to northeast. Was visited again iy 1874, in wheat harvest,
probably July 15; came from northwest, stopped about ten days, and left for south-
west. Againin 1875, when corn was waist-high, probably June 25, but notso many as
in 1874; they came from the south; stopped from three to five days, and left to the
north, returning again from the northwest about the 20th of August, injuring the
corn bad and destroying late corn entirely, and left in a few days without depositing
any eggs. There were no eggs deposited in any of the above visitations (I speak: only
of Merrick County). They always travel with the wind, that is, the same direction.
On nearly a calm day they travel as fast as the wind, but when the wind is strong
they right about face, letting the wind carry them, but do not travel as fast as the
wind. They always stop when the wind changes.—_[H. M. Cox, May 18, 1877.

ALBION, BOONE COUNTY.—Since the settlement of Boone County there has never been
any deposit of grasshopper eggs in the county. We have had considerable experience
with grasshoppers during the migrating season in previous years. We have been vis-
ited by the flying locusts four out of the last five years. In 1874 they were flying in
a southerly direction; the next year (1875) they were flying in the opposite direction,
toward the north; in 1876 it was again reversed and they returned south.

My observations of their movements and habits in the years I have named have led
me to the following conclusions :

First. That they fly north and south (or nearly in that direction) in alternate years,
over this section of country.

Second. That there is no particular time of day in which they alight or rise, depend-
ing entirely and absolutely on the course of the wind, either favorable or unfavorable
for the course which they are moving. I have seen fields literally covered with
them in almost all kinds of weather, clear, cloudy, and rainy. I haveseen them flying
very thick just before a heavy shower and immediately after it, and yet did not come
down, which has suggested the idea that they may rise above the rain during that time ;
if not, they must certainly fly through it.

In 1874 and 1876 they were moving from north to south, destroying our crops each
year in consequence of the almost continued south wind detaining them, sometimes a
week at atime. In 1575 they were fully as numerous and commenced their ravages
fully as often as in either of the other years mentioned, yet the wind being favorable
nearly all the time for flight in the direction they were going, their stay was very
short at all times during the season. I have never known them to alight while a fav- ©
orable wind was blowing, neither have I ever known them to remain an hour after a
favorable wind commenced blowing.—j Loran Clark, May 17, 1877.

OGALALLA, KEITH CouNTy.—S warms were observed passing northward over this place
26th, 27th, and 28th of May; they were flying high. Large swarms have never stopped
long in this section. No farming here.—[W. P. P. St. Clair, June 13, 1877.

GENOA, PLATTE COUNTY.—Movements of the locusts for the past month have been as
follows: From 5th to 13th, the flight was to the north; from 21st to 25th, in the same
direction ; on the 29th commenced going south and descended in considerable num-
bers, but on 30th went north; on the 3lst they again went south and southwest.—
[George S. Truman, August 1, 1877.

Ponca, Dixon County.—August 9, 1872, the hoppers (a small flight) came down
upon us, remaining about 34 days, doing very little damage.

May 28, 1873, about noon, we were visited by any amount of Mormon grasshoppers.
They went to work immediately depositing their eggs, doing but little damage to
vegetation. June 5, hoppers about all left to-day. On July 17, 1874, was our ter-
rible suffering. Legions came upon us, destroying our entire crop of corn, potatoes,
cabbages, and all gardens, without exception. Everything they could light on was
covered ; sheds, trees, and the earth could not be seen for them. On July 21 they
left. August 6, 1276, millions of ’hoppers lit down upon us.—[James Rockwell.

[152] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

LOCUST RECORD KEPT BY HON. J. STERLING MORTON, NEAR NEBRASKA
CRY

1877.

February 17.—Weather beautiful. Locust eggs all seem to be good. One bottleful
hatched out since Sunday.

March 24.—Locust eggs commenced to hatch out to-day on southern exposures.

March 30.—Many gardens made and many locusts hatching to get away with them.

April 12.—Locusts beginning to make their appearance in large numbers.

April 16.—Some farmers already report some damage done by the locusts, of which ~

there are many.

April 17.—Great rain-storm last night. Locusts apparently unhurt.

April 19.—Rain all day yesterday and last night.

April 21.—Locusts hatching out rapidly. Temperature 70° F.

April 23.—Locusts getting thicker every day.

April 24.—Locusts hatching out very fast.

April 27.—Snow-storul to-day.

April 28.—Locusts unhurt; taken from under the snow not hurt, but appetite not
good.

April 29.—This morning at 2, temperature 33° F. Ice formed by morning. Fruit
not hurt.

May 1.—Tried coal-tar successfully in trapping locusts.

May 2.—Thermometer 83° in the shade. Rain last night. Locusts appear lively.

May 4.—Slight frost last night.

May 7.—Heavy rain last night again. Locusts appear dormant, but alive.

May 8.—Locusts hatched out more rapidly to-day than on any previous day. Very
warm and pleasant.

May 9.—Locusts still hatching out fast, but no harm done as yet.

May 10.—Soaking rain to-day, and the ground very wet.

May 11.—Soaking rain continued all day long.

May 12.—Rain still continues. This is the greatest rain-fall for years. Earth com-
pletely soaked. ;

May 14.—Rained all yesterday and to-day, and yet after the rain the locusts hatched
out in great numbers. Thermometer 75° to 80° F.

May 16.—Locusts disappeared in many places. In Armstrong’s pasture saw many
dead ones.

May 17.—Rained hard again to-day.

May 18.—Noticed no locusts for several days. Don’t know what became of them,
unless they died.

May 19.—Saw no locusts to-day.

May 21.—Locusts appearing again; getting thicker all around. They are also get-
ting back their appetites. I hear that they are specially bad in the Weeping Water
Valley.) =:

May 22.—Locusts attracting much attention. They do not appear to grow any, and
do not now hurt us any. Rain last night.

May 23.—Rained hard last night.

May 24.—Locusts hatching, but doing no hurt. No big ones to be found.

May 25.—Locusts still getting more numerous, but we are not yet hurt, and less
scared.

May 26.—Locusts very numerous, but doing us no harm. Some farmers report their
wheat partially eaten.

May 2-.—Locusts very numerous and growing some, but doing no damage.

May 30.—Locusts still with us, and growing fast in size and in numbers.

May 31.—Rained hard last night, and I could not plow to-day.

June 4.—To-day in plowing up locust eggs that we had plowed down in the fall
they hatched out in four minutes after they came to the surface. I fear again that
we will be hurt.

night.

June 7.—Locusts very thick and threaten destruction, though little damage is yet
done.

June 9.—Locusts eating potatoes and clover. Chilly this evening. Locusts threat-
ening.

June 14.—Several showers to-day. Using tar-pans. :

June 12.—Eating more than before. Aughey and Thomas here this evening after
the rain and wind at 4 p. m.

June 13.—Locusts thick and growing, but without appetite.

June 14.—Locusts thick, and their appetite improving.

APPENDIX VIII.—NEBRASKA DATA FOR 1877. [ 133]

June 15.—Locusts getting more numerous. This morning many winged ones that
must have come here last night, as they were reported lighting down yesterday even-
ing from the south.

June 16.—Weather very warm and the locusts moving about very much.

June 18.—Warmest day of the season. Thermometer 92° in the shade. Rained
hard.

June 19.—Sultry and hot.

June 20.—Heaviest wind-storm of the year.

June 21.—Locusts thicker than ever before. Have wings and fly around. Rained
and blowed hard last night.

June 22.—Locusts though thick are doing no harm.

June 23.—Locusts doing no damage. Rained hard to-night; thundered and lightened.

June 25.—Many locusts found dead to- -day. Red parasites were under their wings
that probably killed them. Rain-storm was severe last night.

June 26.—Locusts sickly and doing no damage.

June 27.—Rained last night.

June 28.—Very warm and sultry. Rsined hard last night and this morning.

June 29.—Warm, and corn looking finely. Rain as usual last night.

July 5.—Warmest day of the season ; 98° F. in the shade.

July at .—Locusts have left, as many as were able to fly. Went mostly a little east
of nort

APPENDIX EX.

NARRATIVE OF THE FIRST JOURNEY MADE IN THE SUM- :
MER OF 1877, BY A. 8S. PACKARD, JR.

The following notes of my journey in the locust area, especially in the Western Ter-
ritories, and California and Oregon, comprise, first, my own observations, and second, the
information taken down from the statements made to me personally by others whom |
I met in the course of my journey, and are transcribed from my diary. ,

May 24, 1877.—Left Salem, Mass., arriving in Saint Louis May 26th to attend the
meeting of the Commission.

May 30.—Saw Prof. F. H. Snow, at Lawrence, Kans., who tells me that the young
locusts (Caloptenus spretus) do not occur this year at Lawrence, but are common in the :
larva state at a point on the Kansas Pacific Railroad 10 miles west of Lawrence. At
Topeka, Kans., the locust (C. spretus) in the second and third larval stages was com-
mon by the railroad, but were doing little damage. I was informed that many had
been killed by the heavy rains at Brookville, Kans., the soil of true prairie land, the
grass being high, no buffalo grass seen, although the prairie dog, antelope, and red
leaf-cutting ant were abundant. The true plains appear to begin 40 miles west of
Brookville.

May 31.—The locust (C. spretus) was not as common as the young of other Calopteni.
It was most common in the second and third stage of the larva state; especially about
farms, houses, and lawns. No C. spretus were seen along the Kansas Pacific Railroad
from this point to Denver, though the young of other species were observed.

June 2.—In company with Mr. J. S. Stanger, editor of the Colorado Farmer, I visited
the farm of A. H. Arnett, at Morrison, where young locusts (C. spretus) had hatched
out abundantly in the spring, and some had even hatched out within a week, he said.
Those that I saw were in the second and third larval stages, and were hopping about
on the plains in the cacti, &c., next to the irrigating ditches protecting the wheat-
fields. Mr. Arnett informed me that the young locusts were more feeble than ever
before. He said that immense quantities of eggs were laid in the summer of 1876, but
the fly (Anthomyia ?) laid their eggs at the time the locusts were themselves ovipositing,
the flies placing their nits on the egg of the locust; these hatching out in the spring
would destroy the eggs. In his opinion, the parasites, together with the heavy cold
rains late in April and early in May, must have destroyed the young. Mr. Arnett says
that the locusts came from the north in 1864, and he contends that their progeny fly in
a southwest direction over the Rocky Mountain Range. They fly, according to his
observations, at the rate of six and a half miles a day. Mr. Arnett also gave me valu-
able information regarding the means of fighting the young locusts, and as a preventive
remedy suggested planting wheat earlier than usual.

June 3.—I noticed on the plains about Sloan’s Lake, just outside the city limits, the
locust (C. spretus) very abundant in the second and third larval and first-and second
pupal stages, in schools, scattered over the plains. The second pupx were just molting,
their cast skins being frequently observed on the ground, especially in the grass, in
shallow dry ditches. The larva in the second stage were scarce, and the locusts were
mostly in the third larval and first pupal stages. Flies (Anthomyia and Sarcophaga)
were seen in abundance flying about them, and resting on the ground. No mites
were to be seen. é

June 4.—At Greeley I saw Mr. Joseph Ramsay, who had just arrived from a point
near Julesburg, Colo. He told me that at a point seven miles east of Julesburg he
saw a high, flying swarm, a locust occasionally dropping down. They flew with the
wind, from the south, in the afternoon of May 29. On May 30 he again saw them 17
miles west of Julesburg, at noon, flying high from the south. They were very numer-
ous, extending as far as the eye could see. (This was evidently a return flight from
Texas.) From Mr. J. Max Clark I received much new and valuable information. He
said that the locusts hatched out by millions this spring, and that while 50 per cent.
were killed by insects, maggots, grubs of beetles, and mites, what were left were
mostly destroyed by the cold rain and snow which fell April 24, 26, and 27, which was
heavier at Greeley than at Denver. In March he observed that the eggs were sound.

June 5.—In company with Mr. David Boyd I walked up the railroad to a point where
the young locusts were abundant, the schools of larve in the third stage traveling in

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APPENDIX IX.—NARRATIVE OF PACKARD’S FIRST JOURNEY. [135]

a general southerly direction, and falling into the irrigating ditches. A small red
wasp (Larrada semirufa) was busy killing the young; several were seen. I was told
that in places northwest of Greeley the young are quite common. In the streets of
the town I found a number of pupz of C. spretus in the second stage.

June 6.—At Cheyenne no young locusts were observed, and Mr. A. C. Dobbin, the
United States weather signal observer, informed me that none had been seen this
spring. At Sherman (8,240 feet elevation) the thermometer was 56° I’., and large
snow banks lay near the railroad track. Two station-men tell me that no locusts
breed here, as the peculiarly gravelly soil is too coarse for them to deposit their eggs,
though locusts are seen passing over. No young locusts were seen by me between
Sherman and Laramie City. At this place the thermometer stood at 62°. I was told
that no locusts had been seen here since 1874, and that few, if any, breed here. The
impression gains ground with me that the Rocky Mountain locusts breed rather in
the warm, grassy valleys and river bottoms than the elevated plains proper, and that
consequently in their flights they seek valleys and sunny slopes overlooking the valleys
rather than the dry, elevated plains.

June 8.—Spent the day at Farmington, Utah, on the edge of the Great Salt Lake,
where the young locusts were very abundant on the edge of a field of lucerne and on
the edge of a field of wheat. Some had very recently hatched and seemed not to have
molted; others were in the second larval stage ; most, however, were in the third larval
stage, but only one or two were in the first pupal stage. Mr. Haight, the owner of the
farm, says the eggs were laid the last of September, 1876, in the field of lucerne; they
came from due north, the wind being due north. The eggs hatched mostly May 1; a
few in the middle of March, but they died, owing to the heavy spring rains. As in
Colorado, few were seen away from the edges of the cultivated fields. In some places
from twenty-five to seventy-five could be counted on a single square foot of ground in
the beaten roadside between the field of lucerne and wheat. ‘Toads were very thick
and evidently were feeding on the young, though I made no direct observations in
proof of this. The red-winged and sooty blackbird were also common among them.

June 9.—At Lake Point, 20 miles west of Salt Lake City, young spretus were seen,
though very rarely, on the lower benches abont the shores of the lake. Mr. A. L.
Siler, of Ranch, a settlement situated 27 miles from the southern border of the Terri-
tory, tells me that none have been seen by him this year south of Salt Lake. He
says that a fall of four or five inches of snow, if it does not lie on the ground more
than two days, does not injure the young locusts in Southern Utah. He says that
many are destroyed by parasites; that a black wasp attacked them. In selecting its
breeding-grounds, the locust, he says, is very intelligent, selecting favorite, warm, and
sunny breeding-sites. Those eggs laid in the southern exposures hatch two or three
weeks earlier than those on the northern, but all arrive at maturity about the same
time, and ordinary rains do not affect them materially. The progeny of those that
come from the north for two years in succession flew in a northerly direction. Should
these observations be substantiated by others, there may occur in certain years in
Utah a northern return migration, much as in Texas and the Mississippi Valley north-
ward to latitude 40°.

In Southern Utah they harvest the wheat from June 20 to July 20, when the Iocust
arrive, too-late, however, to do serious damage to the wheat.crop. After the wheat is
harvested, the farmers living beyond the rim of the Great Basin, raise a crop of cern.
This is sometimes devoured by the newly arrived locusts, which eat the blades, silk, and
ears. Pease are the last vegetable they eat. In 1869 he observed them defoliating app!le-
trees, eating first the tender leaves and then the older, tougher ones; they would eat
either whole peaches, leaving only the stone, or eat half a peach, leaving the other half
as smooth as if cut with a knife.

Mr. John L. Barfoot, custodian of the Salt Lake Museum, who has taken great pains
to assist the Commission, tells me that the locust in 1876 was common in Salt Lake
City and on the bench or old lake terrace back of the city, and laid their eggs in
the trodden compact soil, rather than loose plowed land. The locusts, he says, prefer
onions to any other crop ; lucerne and young sorghum next. In Utah they do not use
coal-oil in their ditches, but have used tarpaulins daubed with. coal-tar.

June 11.—Wenttrom Salt Lake City to Franklin, Idaho Territory, over the Utah North-
ern railroad, which runs up Cache Valley, the “granary of Utah.” Young locusts were
very common at Ogden. Ten or fifteen miles above Ogden, the women were seen {fight-
ing grasshoppers with cloths and bags, waving them and thus driving the locusts from
the borders of the fieldsof grain. Were coal-oil used in the wet ditches as in Colorado,
much labor and money would be saved and the locusts more effectually destroyed.

Winged locusts were observed about 20 miles above Ogden flying southeasterly, the
wind being light and northwestin its course. At Brigham Iwas told that winged lo-
cusis first appeared June 4, and at Franklin June 3. The bodies were soft, and the
locusts had evidently just molted. In some places a third of the wheat crop had heen
devoured by the young. At one point I saw the young (pup) either walking or hop-
ping in a southerly course. At Hampton, a good many were seen flying down the val-

[136] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ley in a southeasterly course, the wind being northwest. Mr. Moses Thatcher, the
superintendent of the Utah Northern Railroad, informed me that there had been as
much rain in Cache Valley in the spring as about Salt Lake, and that the locusts in
Utah had hatched later and more irregularly than usual, still they were very destruc-
tive in Cache Valley, and on one occasion the cars were stopped by the young, their
dead bodies greasing the track so that the wheels would not readily revolve. They
were also nearly as destructive in Malade Valley, I was told by Mr. Haight.

Mr. Thatcher told me that in three settlements in Cache Valley the people drove
the young locusts into dry ditches in which large holes were dug, these were filled
with locusts and then buried; in this way, in the three settlements, 2,000 bushels of
- locusts had been destroyed during this season. At the present date, women and boys
and girls could be seen near Franklin, brushing the locusts away from the wheat-fields.

At Franklin, Idaho Territory, the locusts were very thick and destructive, and the
people seemed disheartened. I saw some young only recently hatched, while most
were in the pup state, and many were winged. Thousands of the unfledged locusts
could be seen covering the fences and sides of barns and houses.

Mr. Alexander Stalker, of Franklin, tells me that the parents of this swarm came
from a point about 200 miles to the north, and that they have this spring been hatch-
ing out between Franklin and said locality (near the Montana line) northward. The
swarm came early in September from a point a little eastof north. The young locusts
hatched this spring at irregular intervals, i. e., “‘ scattering.”

A person told me that at Kaysville a piece of ground containing the eggs was coy-
ered a long time with water, but the young locusts hatched out eventually, not having
been killed by the submergence.

The young locusts were observed in bands or schools, moving in a northeasterly
course. Otherschools moved southeast, according to the statement of another observer.
’ It is the opinion of farmers in Utah as well as Colorado, with whom I conversed, that
winter wheat stands the attacks of the young locusts best, as it gets tough before they
are old enough to eat the blades readily. I advocated both in Colorado and Utah the
sowing of winter wheat, and several farmers with whom I conversed acknowledged
that ¢his would be an important preventive measure, barring the liability in a climate
like that of Colorado and Utah of the crop to be cut off by severe cold.

June 12.—Started from Franklin in the overland stage to Virginia City, Mont.
Young locusts (both larve and papx) were observed in abundance along the road, but
about the shores of Market Lake were exceedingly numerous, the soil being light and
sandy.

June 13.—Locusts were observed all along the road as far as Snake River Bridge
(or Taylor’s Bridge), where they were abundant and winged. Iwas told by Mr. Wood,
of Missouri, a fellow-traveler, that he saw a large swarm of locusts near Camas Creek
(north of Market Lake), July 20, 1876, flying in a direction south of east.

June 14.—Crossed the ‘“‘ divide” into Montana early in the morning, in a snow-storm,
several inches of snow falling on the hills near the stage-road. No locusts were seen
on the divide or to the northward, though I walked two miles through the Beayer
Head Cafion in places where they would be likely to occur, and it was warm and
pleasant, with a bright afternoon sun. The rains had been very heavy all the past
month.

June 15.—Reached Virginia City without having been able to detect any locusts
along the road from the Rocky Mountain divide to this point.

June 16.—Spent the day at the toll-house, three miles from Virginia City, on the
Bozeman road. Though I was walking about all day in search of the locust and
other insects, not a single young or winged locust could be detected. I was also told
by residents of Virginia City that there were no locusts this spring between the divide
and this point. (The information received from persons I met here will be found in
the Chronological History of the Locust.)

June 17,—Rode by stage and wagons to Bozeman. Although a careful outlook was
maintained for locusts, none were seen, and none reported by the drivers and ranch-
men along the road, though valuable information about invasions in former years
was obtained from residents at Sterling.

June 18.—Obtained much valuable information from several gentlemen in and about
Bozeman, and from General Brisbin, United States Army, in command at Fort Ellis,
which is recorded in the chapter entitled Chronological History. Several persons tell
me that the locusts appeared at Bozeman and vicinity in 1876. They came from the
northeast or east, over the Big Belt Mountains, and departed in a southeast direction
in one case, but usually go southwest. It seems most probable that the swarms which
appeared in Bozeman and neighboring regions of Montana did not lay their eggs there,
but pushed on in a south or southwest course over the Rocky Mountain divide into
Idaho, into the region between Cache Valley and Pleasant Valley, where J encountered
their supposed progenv this summer in such numbers. The migration is invariably
fromthe Yellowstone Valley over the Big Belt Mountains, and many persons told me
that the swarms im their flight almest invariably, in crossing this elevated range,
passed over the farms lying immediately at the base of the mountains, which thus 12

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APPENDIX IX.—NARRATIVE OF PACKARD’S FIRST JOURNEY. [137]

each locust year enjoyed an immunity from their attacks. Dr. Lamme told me that
the unfledged locusts travel southward, going in the same general course as the winged
ones take afterward.

Mr. P. W. Macadow not only gave me important facts about former locust years in
Montana, but informed me that he had that day been told by Messrs. Malin and John
Johnson, who had just arrived from the Yellowstone Valley from Baker’s battle-
ground, that locusts were reported as having hatched out in great numbers there,
and all the way from Froze-to-Death Creek to Baker’s battle-ground, near the mouth
of Clark’s Fork, on the north bank of the Yellowstone River, in the Bad Lands. This
tract of country is about ninety miles in length, and the western limits of the area lie
about one hundred miles due east of Fort Ellis, Mont. Between this point and Fort
Ellis none were observed by Messrs. Malin and Johnson. I was informed, however,
by General Brisbin, that unfledged locusts were observed this spring by several Army
officers who were fishing at a point 18 miles east of Fort Ellis over the Big Belt Mount-
ains. This locality was on the Yellowstone River, just east of the mouth of Shields
River. Mr. Macfarlane also informed me that he saw no locusts this spring in the
region lying between Yellowstone River, near the Crow agency, and Summit Creek,
which empties into the Musselshell River, a region about 30 miles in extent. (From
these data, and taking into account the universally western course taken by the
swarms from the Upper Yellowstone Valley, it is most probable that the locusts which
appeared about Bozeman and Gallatin City late in the summer of 1877 came from the
vicinity of Baker’s battle-ground.)

June 19.—Rode from Bozeman to Helena, without seeing any locusts by the way.
None had hatched out this spring in the Jefferson, Gallatin, or Madison Valleys near
where they unite to form the Missouri River.

June st and 21.—Examined the plains about Helena, without finding any locusts (C.
spretus.

June 22 and 23.—Saw no locusts along the road from Helena to Fort Benton, and found
that none were seen by residents, though this region is nearly every year more or less
devastated by them.

At Fort Benton, Mr. J. J. Healy, of Sun River Settlements, told me that locusts
hatched at Fort McLeod (Fort McLeod is situated, in longitude 113° 35’, about 30
miles north of the United States boundary line, and about 180 miles northwest of Fort
Benton) in February, 1877, the weather then being very warm, but the young were
piterwards destroyed by the inclement weather.

Mr. James M. Arnoux, of Fort Benton, who has a ranch on Highwood Creek, gave
me many valuable facts. The locust has appeared in the vicinity of Fort Benton and
Highwood Creek, each year from 1873to 1876. The young hatch out in April and May,
and when winged fly in a southwesterly direction; the swarms always coming from
the northeast, and departing in a southwesterly direction. In Juneand early in July,
1376, large swarms flew from the region lying between Fort Benton and a point 400
miles north in a due east course, an exception to the ordinary rule. From Belknap, a
point in British America from 96 to 100 miles north of Fort Benton, and from the region
about Fort Browning, 150 miles northeast of Fort Benton, all hatched out and flew at
the end of June and early in July, 1876, toward the east; very heavy swarms having
come from an easterly direction in 1875 and deposited their eggs.

Mr. J. J. Healy tells me that he saw locusts at Battle River in British America. This
valley lies just south of and also upon the fifty-third parallel of latitude, and is the
most northern point to which the locust has been traced. From his conversation and
evident familiarity with the locust in Montana, I have little doubt but that the species
he observed was Caloptenus spretus.

Mr. Arnoux also told me that the locusts in 1876 extended from 250 to 300 miles
north by west, toward Fort Edmonton in British America (Fort Edmonton is on the
North Saskatchewan River, and is a little west of the one hundred and thirteenth me-
ridian; this is the Northernmost point of the locust area that I have been able to as-
certain on this journey). Mr. Arnoux also stated that the greater number of locusts
breed from eighty to one hundred miles north of Fort Benton. That snow does not
always kill the unfledged locusts is shown by Mr. Arnoux’s statement that May 24,
1876, there fell a foot of snow, but the young locusts were not destroyed.

Lieut. C. A. Booth, United States Army, of Fort Shaw, told me that he saw plenty
of grasshoppers (? C. spretus) along the Yellowstone River in the summer of 1876,
though they did not occur in swarms.

June 24.—Left Fort Benton in the steamer Red Cloud for Bismarck. Capt. W. R.
Massie, in command of the steamer, told me that unfledged locusts were seen by him
all the way between Bismarck and the Black Hills in June, 1876.

June 25.—No locusts were to be seen at any of the landing-places along the river.

June 26.—Passed Fort Peck at 5 a.m. and Wolf Point at11.30a.m. Mr. S. S. Hughes,
acting Indian agent at Wolf Point, which is 45 miles in a straight line east from
Fort Peck, stated that locusts hatched at Wolf Point the last of May, 1876, and that
June 20, 1876, swarms of locusts came from the east. The present season large swarms,
like masses of clouds, arrived June 18 from a point due east; some were seen on the

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[138] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

21st on the ground, having either dropped by the way or been forced back by the west
wind; but none hatched in the vicinity of Fort Peck or Wolf Point this spring. The
weather June 26th was cold and rainy, the wind being easterly. I was told by Mr.
Hughes that a great deal of rain had fallen about the Ist of June at Wolf Point—more
than for two months previous.

June 27.— Wind still east; cool and rainy. No locusts were seen at a point 20 miles
above Fort Berthold. I was told that locusts were seen flying at the end of June or
early in July, 1876, at Strawberry Island, 140 miles east of the Dakota State line, at
Fort Buford. None were seen this year. They occurred at this point, sometimes in
swarms, in 1873, 1874, and 1875.

Arrived at Bismarck at 11 a.m. Locusts were first seen at Bismarck June 21, 1877,
early in the morning, having probably descended the afternoon or night previous;
they came from the southeast, said my informant, Col. G. W. Sweet. Col. W.
Thompsor also told me that the locusts arrived here June 21 from a point almost
directly southeast, the wind being southeast. They afterward departed in a south-
westerly direction, beginning their flight about noon. He also said that July 1-5,
1876, myriads of locusts passed over Bismarck, in a southeasterly direction, toward
Minnesota, having come off the plains about Bismarck. Colonel Thompson thinks
that the locusts breed on the elevated, dry plains. The blackbird and “ snowbird”
destroy large numbers of locusts and nearly protect his crops. He also “fights” the
winged locust by drawing ropes over the fields of wheat, to which brush is attached
at intervals of four feet; and thus, by the aid of birds and the use of the brush, he is
not afraid of losing his crops. He is decidedly of the opinion that in migrating the
locusts if detained by a head wind wait for a fair one.

‘I observed on the afternoon of the day I arrived at Bismarck a few locusts (C.
spretus) in the streets, and especially on the plains about the town. On opening the
bodies of twenty females it was found that the eggs were not in any case ripe, but
only developed one-third or one-half of their full size, indicating that the females
would not lay their eggs probably for two or three weeks. One of the twenty females
opened contained a maggot of Tachina, which had rendered her sterile, the eggs being
undeveloped. :

June 30.—Detained near Crystal Springs, a station on the Northern Pacific Railroad,
over thirty hours by the heavy rains from the east, which caused heavy washouts. At
this point I saw two or three locusts (C. spretus).

At Jamestown (Fort Seward) I was told that locusts flew over the settlement from
the southeast June 18-20. A few only were seen. -

A fellow-traveler, Mr. Davis, just in from the Black Hills, says that locusts were
observed flying toward the west at Bélle Fourche, and on the Spearfish River, in the
Black Hills.

I observed that the true plains rather than the prairies extended from Bismarck to
near the Red River of the North. What prairie-land I observed was confined to the
river-bottoms. No locusts were heard of east of Jamestown. At midnight crossed the
Red River into the wooded country of Minnesota.

July 1.—Arrived at Brainerd, crossing the Mississippi River at 6 a. m., and, July 5,
reached Salem, Mass.

As the result of this journey the Commission were able to announce that there were
no unfledged locusts in a very extensive region of the Northwest, comprising large
portions of Montana, Dakota, and also British America for about 950 miles north of
the Upper Missouri, a region bounded on the north by the North Saskatchewan River.
As this region, together with the Yellowstone Valley, is usually the great breeding-
ground of the Rocky Mountain locust, the Commission felt authorized, from the state of
things there and in Wyoming and Colorado, to predict that there would be no invasion
of the border States from Texas to Minnesota in the summer and autumn, which would
necessarily insure an immunity from the attacks of young locusts, at least in 1878.
It was also ascertained that in the tracts of country in Colorado, Utah, and Idaho, where
eggs were laid the year previous, and unfledged locusts were observed in greater or less
numbers, that the cold, heavy rains of April and May, and the parasites, had, as in
the Mississippi border States, so materially reduced their numbers as to render them
powerless to do material harm, except in Cache and Malade Valleys in Northern Utah,
while serious local damage was committed by them in Bitter Root Valley, Montana.
Besides this, much information regarding the occurrence of the locust in the territo-
ries visited and the northern limits of the locust in British America, was obtained
either personally or from residents or travelers. It seems now probable that the locust
ranges as far north as latitude £2° or 53°; in Battle River Valley, situated south of the
North Saskatchewan River and in approximate longitude 109°-1119, and also near
Fort Edmonton, which is situated on the North Saskatchewan, in latitude 53° 30’ and
longitude 113° 40’ (approximate). Besides this, much information regarding the phys-
ical geography of the country traveled over was obtained, bearing especially on the
nature of the breeding-grounds of the locust, which seem to be confined rather to the
fertile river-bottoms and warm hill-sides overlooking them, than to the elevated, arid,
cooler table-lands, where farms can perhaps never be maintained.

APPENDIX X.

NARRATIVE OF A SECOND JOURNEY MADE IN THE SUOM-
MER OF 1877, BY A. S. PACKARD, JR.

August 6.—Left Salem, Mass., to attend the first Chicago meeting of the Commission,
held August 8 and 9.

August 10.—At Schuyler, on the Union Pacific Railroad, the locust (Caloptenus spre-
tus) was thick, rising in great numbers from the grass, being frightened by the cars ;
they flew vigorously, and had no appearance of being weary. They were common
from this point to Richland, being in one locality very abundant. None were seen be-
yond this point.

August 11.—Breakfasted at Sidney, Nebr., at 5 a.m. I saw small sage-bushes (Arte-
misia), and we were evidently near the eastern limits of the plains, which is probably
from 50 to 75 miles east of Sidney. At Pine Bluffs I saw a herder who said that no
swarms of lecusts had bee seen there, only a few grasshoppers flying about the plains.
At Cheyenne saw Mr. Dob din, the United States weather-observer, who said that no
locusts had been seen fiying in that vicinity.

August 12.—At Echo City a good many thousand locusts (C. spretus) were seen
flying in the air and resting on the ground. Those flying were observed to be moving
eastward up the cafion with the gentle west wind, while there were others to be seen
flying in an opposite course. It was very warm, the thermometer in the car being
88°. Myriads of them were seen in the grass toward the 1000-mile tree, but just before
reaching the tree almost none were to be seen in the air or on the ground, showing
how local the swarm was. At Weber, though there were extensive fields of wheat and
oats, mostly, however, harvested, only one or two locusts were seen. None were ob-
served at Ogden, where the young were so abundant in June, but two or three miles
south of the town a few were seen along the Utah Central Railroad.

August 13.—No locusts in sufficient numbers to attract attention have been observed
in or about Salt Lake City, as I was informed by the United States weather-observer,
and by Mr. Balfoot, the curator of the Salt Lake museum. Dr. E. Palmer and Mr. A.
L. Siler also told me that none had been observed by them in Central or Southern
Utah.

August 14.—At Lake Point, 20 miles west of Salt Lake City, on the shores of Great
Salt Lake, the locust (C. spretus) occurred in abundance, but not in much larger num-
bers than another species associated with it, in the moist land and tall grass bordering
a field where wheat had been harvested, and which had been irrigated. None were
seen pairing or laying eggs.

August 15.—Visited the American Fork Caiion, but found no locusts in the cafion, the
only grasshopper being a species of Gdipoda. On my return, however, locusts (C. spre-
tus) were seen flying about the edge of wheat-fields at Sandy, in much greater abund-
ance than at Lake Point.

August 17.—While on the train I met Mr. C. C. Wheeler, of Cornucopia, Nev.,
who got on at Golconda, and who gave me some valuable data regarding the swarms
of locusts which have this year for the first time in the knowledge of the settlers in-
vaded the northern limits of Nevada and Southeastern Oregon. From his account
the species could have been no other than Caloptenus spretus. He said that the locust
was very abundant and destructive to crops in the Bruneau Valley, Idaho, southwest
of Boise City. (I had previously heard that locusts had hatched out in abundance in
the spring at Boise City.) The 2d of August they were observed at the upper or south-
west portion of the Bruneau Valley. On the 5th and 6th of August, they appeared in
Nevada, flying in great swarms, eating up the crops and filling a well in one locality,
in the Owyhee Valley, seven miles northwest of Cornucopia, Nev. (Cornucopia is
situated 30 miles south of the Idaho line.) Mr. Wheeler had never heard of them
before and did not know where they came from. (It seems most probable that these
locusts came from the Bruneau Valley, in the neighborhood of Boise City, the distance
from Cornucopia~-to the Bruneau Valley being only about 100 miles in a northeast
direction. Mr. Wheeler also said that the cricket (Anabrus) was very destructive in
Northern Nevada. He observed them August 16 and 17 laying their eggs in the sand
on the road between Cornucopia and Winnemucca. In 1876 they devoured about

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[140] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLCGICAL COMMISSION.

three thousand dollars’ worth of grain and wheat. At Winnemucca I was told that
no locusts had ever appeared. None wereseen at Humboldt Station this year, though
in 1871 swarms of them were seen west of the station by Prof. Cyrus Thomas.

August 18.—At Reno I found Caloptenus Atlanis in small numbers in fields of alfalfa
or in the tall grass bordering the fields, but never away from the damper, irrigated,
more shaded grass-lands, never on the plains and on the roadsides, where the difterent
species of Gidipoda abound. The pupa was very much like that of Caloptenus spretus ;
exactly, in its general style of coloration.

August 19.—At Glenbroke, Nev., on the eastern shore of Lake Tahoe, in hay-fields
more or less damp, and in the stubble of wheat-fields, C. Atlanis occurred in abun-
dance.

August 23.—Arrived yesterday at Berryvale, Sisson’s Station, in the entrance to
Shasta Valley. The insects of the woods and fields in their general appearance, as
well as the vegetation, remind one of the forestsof Maine. Here occurred Caloptenus
femur-rubrum in great abundance, and every now and then Calopienus Ailanis, asso-
ciated with them in about the same proportion asin Maine and Massachusetts. Of
the C. Atlanis, some were dark-colored exactly like C. femur-rubrum, while others were
paler and much like C. spreius in their general appearance, though they were smaller,
and with much shorter wings. Caloptenus bivittatus was not uncommon here, and was
ovipositing, while C. femur-rubrum was observed in copula. As noticed in Utah and
Nevada, the species of Caloptenus almost invariably affect damp grassy fields and
gardens and mowed lands, while the species of @dipoda almost invariably frequent
the dry, hot, exposed road-sides and fields, where the grass was short and dried up.

August 25.—Ascended the crater-cone of Mount Shasta, and at and above the limits
of trees spent several hours in turning over stones for insects without perceiving any
traces of dead locusts (C. epretus) which are so commonly found on the peaks of the
Rocky Mountains. This would indicate, although it might not prove, that swarms of
locusts never pass from Nevada or Idaho over the Sierra Nevada.

August 30.—At Portland, Oreg., the common red-legged locust (Colopienus femur-
rubrum) which is the destructive species in the Atlantic States, was the most common
form about the outskirts of the city, although a few C. Atlanis were associated with
them, both locusts occurring in the same relative numbers as at Derryvale, near Mount
Shasta. In fields near East Portland, while the red-legged locust was abundant, the
Ailanis form was not to be found. In the same fields occurred in abundance a species
of Pezzotettiz, a locust with remarkably short wings, which bore a remarkable resem-
blance in color and markings to the red-legged locust, though differing in the form
of the male genital armature. The hind tibiz are bluish.

August 31.—At the cascades of the Columbia river the red-legged locust (C. femur —
rubrum) was common in company with Gdipoda Carolina on the grassy banks of the
river at the lower railroad station.

September 2.—At Umatilla, Washington Territory, found in abundance in the sage
and grease bushes Caloptenus Atlanis of a variety which approaches Caloptenus spretus,
in its large size and length of wing. With them were associated a beautiful blue-legged
Calopienus, which was especially abundant, feeding on the grease-wood, there being no
grass. This mixture of some of the characters of C. spretus with those of the species
Atlanis were of great interest. It were as though C. spretus had at this point hybridized
with C. Atlanis, resulting in forms which apparently showed that the two species had
interbred. This would seem to be a possible view, since swarms of C. spretus have flown
as far west as the vicinity of Walla Walla, which is only about 25 miles due east of
Wallula. But I think the explanation of the cause of the tendency of C. Atlanis to (in
this region) vary in the direction of C. spretus, the true Rocky Mountain locust, may
be discovered in the climate, soil, rain-fall, and physical geography of the Columbia
Valley east of the Cascade Range. In all respects it is a continuation of the alkali
desert of Nevada, the region being, however, less elevated. The elevation of the
Plains of the Columbia at Wallula and Walla Walla is only about 800 feet above the
sea; the country is level, forming a sandy desert, broken up by ranges of mountains
(such as the Blue Mountains) running nearly north and south, and in height and scenic
features is like the mountain-ranges in Central Nevada, as observed along the line of the
Union Pacific Railroad. The settlements are situated in oases in this desert. Walla
Walla is situated at the base of the Blue Mountains, in the head-waters of the Walla
Walla river; its elevation is 855 feet. There is no arable land at Wallula or Umatilla,
nor westward until we reach Dalles, at the foot of the Cascade Mountains. There are
no farms near Wallula, on the east, until we reach Walla Walla and Dayton, W. T.
The rain-fall is very slight,* much as in Nevada, droughts being prolonged, and in

* The mean temperature for eight years from 1857 to 1864, inclusive, was 51° 5’. The extremes were
lowest January 15and 16, 1862, when the thermometer went down to 24°. The highest, 107°, on the 7th
of August, 1860. The winters of 1856-'57 and of 1861-62 were very severe. The mean annual rain
fail for these eight years was 22.3 inches, but the fall was very irregular in amount, 50.66 inches having

fallen in 1862, and but 4.06 inches in 1863. Little rain falls in June, Joly, August, and September. The i:

prevailing winds are southwest and southeast. The changes in the temperature are ve.y Sudden.— |
{Hygiene of the United States Army, Washington, 1875, p. 491.

APPENDIX X.—NARRATIVE OF PACKARD’S SECOND JOURNEY. [141]

winter there is little, sometimes no snow falling, the moisture in the “ chinook” or
southwest winds blowing from the Pacific Ocean, is mostly absorbed by the Cascade
Range, what is left falling on the Blue Mountains and the Bitter Root Mountains be-
yond. The Plains of the Columbia, owing to their slight elevation, and the presence of
mountain-ranges on the east and west side, are very hot, the nights being hot as well
as the days.

i Rive entéted at some length into the description of this portion of the Plains of
the Columbia because the Commission was unable to obtain from books or geographers
any adequate idea of this region. I had supposed that the country was in its phys-
ical characteristics a western extension of the Rocky Mountain plateau, and in an
unpublished map showing the distribution of the Rocky Mountain locust, prepared
last year, I had ventured to extend its distribution west of the Rocky Mountains to
the Plains of the Columbia. Even in making inquiries regarding the nature of this
region in passing through Montana early in the summer, I was unable to elicit any
exact information, except that the country was like that of the level portions of Mon-
tana, but I found that the rain-fall is much less, the heat probably greater, the winds
dryer and hotter, and the soil absolutely incapable of maintaining a farming or grazing
community except in the river-bottoms of the smaller streams. Here, then, we have a
country which can only support the Rocky Mountain locusts in small quantities.
Swarms may invade Walla Walla and Dayton and adjoining farming-regions, but their
young would not have sufficient pasturage, they would die off, and when present on the
farms could easily be stamped out. For this reason, as in Nevada, while swarms may
occasionally appear, they will not gain a permament foothold on the Plains of the Ca-
lumbia, east of the Blue Mountains at least.

To return to the subject of the peculiar variety of Aitlanis found at Wallula, we

| have in its enyironment a great difference from the low, damp, temperate climate of

Western Oregon, and these differences are sufficient to account for the difference be-
tween the normal form of Atlanis and the Wallula variety.*

At the Dalles no locusts of any sort, except a small grasshopper belonging to an un-
known genus, were detected, as the hills and plains about the town were very dry and
parched. The sage-bush and grease-wood are frequent on the hills, and it is evident
that the flora and fauna of the Plains of the Columbia extend up to the foothills of
the Cascade Range, and there is apparently no physical reason why the Rocky Moun-
tain locust may not, under favorable conditions of winds and other circumstances, fl
quite to the foothills of the Cascade Range, although I was unable to obtain any evi-
dence that it has ever been seen west of Walla Walla.

I met here several persons who gave me important information regarding the inva-
sion, last month, of the Rocky Mountain locust in eastern Oregon. Mr. Frank Lough-
erty, of Clarksville, a settlement about 20 miles southeast of Baker City, told me that
locusts appeared in swarms in the settlements in the Burnt River Valley. This settle-
ment lies a few miles southeast of Baker City, in latitude 44° 45’, and about 20 miles
west of the Snake River, which here forms a great bend to the westward. The locusts
appeared in swarms in this region about the middle of August, coming from an east-
erly direction. They were very annoying, eating off the tops of onions and gnawing
the bark of fruit-trees, especially the peach. Mr. Lougherty thought that the locusts
would not advance much further west, as there was a barrier of mountains west of the
settlements, forming a divide between Burnt and Powder Rivers. Mr. W. F. Gwinn,
of Walla Walla, told me that the stage-driver on the route from Baker City to Walla
Walla informed him that a swarm of locusts appeared in the Burnt River country
about the 10th of July; that they ‘ate out three ranches,” devouring the beet-tops
and other vegetables. When seen they were traveling in the direction of Walla
Walla, namely, in a northwest direction and from the southeast. This fact would
indicate that these swarms of locusts came from Snake River Valley, about Boise City,
where they are known to have hatched in large numbers.

September 6.—Arrived at Victoria, Vancouver Island, en route for San Francisco. On
one of the Columbia River steamers I met Mr. J. K. Lum, of Skookumchuck, Wash.,
who gave me the only information I was able to obtain relative to the ravages of
locusts in Washington Territory, west of the Cascade Range. He tells me that in
August, 1856, grasshoppers were very abundant at Skookumchuck,t eating the heads of
wheat, blackening the grain. He thinks the species was larger than the Rocky Moun-
tain locust. It did no damage elsewhere.

At Victoria, Vancouver Island, a peculiar variety of Caloptenus atlanis occurred in
abundance on the dry open fields about the shores of the Straits of Fuca, associated
with Gdipoda pellucida (atrox),t which was equally abundant; but in the damper fields
Sn ES CP Se ENS OPE PO NE

* This case may be parallel in some respect to that of Colaptes Mexicanus and C. auratus, the western
and eastern yellow-hammer woodpecker.

tSkookumchuck is situated in Lewis County, Washington Territory, between Kaiama and Olympia,
the country being level and well wooded.

tI noticed that this species, which has been placed in a separate genus (Camnula). does not make a

| crackling noise like the species of @dipoda. Along the shores of tho Straits of Fuca @dipoda carolina

was common. Ialso captured it at Salt Lake City, Utah; Reno, Nev.; Shasta Valley, Cal. It isa

| common Pacific Coast form, and varies there much as in the Eastern States.

[142] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

of taller grass bordering the wheat-fields, and in the old wheat-fields the Caloptenus
was equally abundant. This variety of Caloptenus has been identified by Mr. Scudder
as Walker’s Caloptenus bilituratus, and I have also compared it with Walker’s descrip-
tion. Caloptenus bivitiatus also is a not uncommon Pacific Coast grasshopper. It occurred
at the base of Mount Shasta, Sisson’s Ranch.

September 16.—At San Francisco obtained such information from Messrs. Henry Ed-
wards and James Behrens as to lead me to think with the observations that I have
myself made that there is no reasonable doubt but that Caloptenus ailanis (and prob-
ably C. femur-rubrum which is often, as I have found, more abundant in some localities
incentral and northern California than C. atlanis), is the species which has locally devas-
tated portions of California, though Camnula pellucida may occasionally become inju-
rious.

September 20.—A diligent search in the Yosemite Valley as well as at the grounds
about the Big Tree Station (Clark’s) failed to reveal any traces of C. atlanis; none were
seen on the mountains by the valley nor along the roads from Merced to the valley,
only a few specimens of Mdipoda, which flourish by the roadsides’ and dry fields.
There was no evidence found to give any grounds for the belief that swarms of the
Rocky Mountain locusts have, or ever will, fly over the Sierra Nevada from Nevada or
the region north.

September 21.—Thomas Birmingham, a guide at the Big Tree Station, told me that
in the San Joaquin Valley in 156 or 1857 the grasshoppers were very abundant and
destructive, eating grains, vegetables, fruit-trees, flying in the face of the traveller,
and thus proving annoying. In one case they eat a man’s coat. They came in two
separate swarms from the south in June and July, after the wheat-harvest was over.
Thomas Givens, of Hornitos, told me that in that town in 1862 or 1863 a swarm of
grasshoppers came from the south, like a white glistening cloud, in’ June or July.
They were observed eating the bark of peach-trees. In April of the present year,
young grasshoppers were very abundant near Hornitos, but the subsequent heat and
drought destroyed the herbage, so that the grasshoppers disappeared. In 1856 or 1867
a swarm fifteen miles wide came from the north, and were so numerous as to fill a weil
at a locality known as the fifteen-mile house, near Stockton. Mr. W. L. Morton, of
Tulare County, told me that in 1869 the grasshopper was abundant in that valley in
6th township, 18th east—21st, 6th east. They flew from the southwest, appearing for
three weeks, from the last of May till the middle of June; they eat grape leaves, corn,
and wheat. In September they were abundant at Stone Corral, township 16 south,
24 east.

September 23.—Mr. J. B. Sears, of Stockton, says that in the year 1858 (?), in the sum-
mer, the grasshoppers were abundant, eating garden-vegetables, especially onions, frnit,
oak-leaves, &c., but came too late to injure the wheat-crop. Of a number of gentle-
men whom I saw none knew of any destructive species of grasshopper in California, and
I am inclined to think that the ravages committed by locusts in California at the
present day are not of great moment, and are paralleled by the occasional damage
done by swarms of the red-legged locusts (Caloptenus femur-rubrum) in the Atlantic
States.

The results of this journey may be summed up as follows: Definite information was
obtained concerning the invasion of Northern Nevada and Eastern Oregon by swarms
of the genuine Rocky Mountain locust, and they were traced with a good degree of prob-
ability to the Snake River Valley, in the vicinity of Boise City. The western limits of
the Rocky Mountain locust were definitely ascertained to be near the meridian of
120°, extending along this line from latitude 58° to 37°. It is most probable that while
this locust may occasionally, in Washington Territory and Oregon, ily to the eastern
flank of the Cascade Range, and in California as far as the eastern flanks of the Sierra
Nevada, swarms never pass over those mountains.

The species sometimes destructive in Washington Territory and Oregon, in the forest
region west of the Cascade Mountains, and in California, is Caloptenus atlenis and
probably, also, in some localities, C. femur-rubrum, both abounding and sometimes de-
structive in the Atlantic States.

NOTE REGARDING VARIATIONS IN CALOPTENUS SPRETUS, ATLANIS, AND FEMUR-RUBRUM. ~

As Caloptenus atlanis and femur-rubrum occurred in abundance in Upper California,
and the former in Oregon and Washington Territory and Vancouver Island, I have |
made the following comparisons between the specimens from different points in the |
Pacitic States and individuals from the Atlantic States. ,

C. ailanis g from Portland and Oregon compared.—While atlanis from Portland, Oreg.,
are normal, those from Wallula, in size and length of wing, approach C. spreius, though —
they still differ, the markings and colors being like atlanis.

Measurements.

C. spretus g, from Salt Lake, length of body and wings (folded), 314, 332; wings i
234, 25; hind femora, 133™™, 1

APPENDIX X.—NARRATIVE OF PACKARD’S SECOND JOURNEY. [143]

C. atlanis, from Wallula, smallest ¢, length of body and wings (folded), 25; wings,
173; hind femora, 13™™. : :

C. atlanis, from Wallula, largest ¢, length of body and wings (folded), 28; wings,
20; hind femora, 133™™.

C. atlanis g, from Portland, Oreg., length of body and wings (folded), 244-25;
wings, 17; hind femora, 133™™.

C. atlanis $ (bilituratus), Vancouver Island, length of body and wings (folded), 23;
wings, 16; hind femora, 123™™. :

C. atlanis $, Shasta Valley, Cal., length of body and wings (folded), 213-25™™.

C. atlanis 3, Lake Tahoe, Nev., length of body and wings (folded), 22mm,

C atlanis #, Massachusetts, length of body and wings (folded), 243™™.

In the male genital armor, especially the male cerci, the Wallula male atlanis ap-
proaches C. spretus, the cerci being shorter and broader than usual, and thus are like
those of C. spretus. The environment of the Wallula atlanis is like that of C. spretus,
and for this reason, probably, it approaches it more than a mountain form like that
from Lake Tahoe, or the normal form like that at Portland, Oreg. The body of the
Wallula atlanis* is slender, but not light-colored as in atlanis from Redding and Shasta
Valley, California, or Michigan, which closely resemble in coloration C. spretus. We
have here at least a mixture of spretus with the genuine atlanis characters. (In one ¢
from Wallula the hind tibiz are bluish; in all the others, red.)

In @ C. atlanis from Portland, Oreg., and Amherst and Essex County, Massachusetts,
there are no differences in size and markings, or in the form of the hind femora, except |
that in some Oregon specimens the tip of the abdomen of the Oregon examples is in

_ some cases higher and the notched portion rather narrower, but this difference is not

to be seen in any other ¢ from Amherst, whichis as high and narrow as in the Oregon

: one.

In ¢ C.atlanis from Portland, Oreg.,and g C.atlanis from Victoria, Vancouver Island,
(C. bilituratus Walker) the var. bilituratus is scarcely darker, but the spots on the fore
wings are much larger and more distinct, the hind femora are shorter and thicker,
with darker patches and spots; the body is shorter and thicker and the wings decid-
edly shorter, in the 9 not exceeding the tip of the ovipositor; the ¢ genital armature
and abdominal tip are the same in both.

I regard Walker’s bilituratus as simply a variety of C. atlanis, forming one end of a
series, of which the Wallula specimens and Redding, Cal. (and Michigan), specimens
form another, both resembling, but in a different way, C. spretus, the bilituratus being
most unlike.

I have, since my return, sent specimens of g¢ and @Q C. bDilituratus Walk. to R.
McLachlan, esq., of London, for comparison with Walker’s types in the British Mu-
seum. He kindly made the comparison, and writes me: “ C. bilituratus Walker is, so
far as the ¢ is concerned, decidedly the same as your larger species. But Iam not sure
that the presumed 9 of bilituratus is the same.” As I took the two sexes in abund-
ance, and no other species of Caloptenus was to be seen, I think that all the spe-
cimens I obtained were, without doubt, bilituratus.

In comparing ¢ atlanis from Portland, Oreg., and Massachusetts with a pair (¢
and 9 ) from Redding, Cal. (presented by Mr. Scudder), we have in the latter, characters
that so closely ally it to C. spretus that Mr. Scudder and myself on a hasty examina-
tion pronounced it simply a short-winged spretus, the form of body and pale coloration
and peculiar markings allying it very closely to C. spretus. Stillit graduated into Shasta
Valley forms which I collected, and the anal cerci are narrow, quite unlike those of C.
spreius, the head is rather large, while the fore wings are differently spotted with dark
in the 92, but in the ¢ the spots are as in the Shasta Valley atlanis.

In a male atlanis from near San Francisco, received from Mr. H. Edwards, the anal
cerci are much as in C. spretus, being broad, but otherwise the specimen is very much
like those from Shasta Valley.

The Shasta Valley C. atlanis g are in most cases rather smaller and decidedly paler

_ than in those from Portland, Oreg., but as large as some of the Massachusetts ones.
_ The anal cerci arenarrow. One C. atlanis from Shasta Valley, received from Mr. Ed-

wards, had blue hind tibiz; in all the others they were red.

Specimens from Glenwood, Nev., on the east side of Lake Tahoe, were dark-colored,
and spotted much as in those from Portland, Oreg., and Massachusetts, and if mixed
up with them could not be easily distinguished. The lateral claspers are narrow ; in
the Massachusetts specimens they are short and as broad as in the San Francisco ¢.
One @ from Lake Tahoe had blue hind tibiz. .

In Caloptenus spretus from Iowa, Missouri, Colorado, and Salt Lake I find, in my
specimens, no essential difference in length of wing; and they can be easily distin-
guished; not only are the wings much longer and the body larger, but the hind femora
are, as a rule, though not invariably, longer than in C. atlanis. 'The anal cerci are in-

* Mr. S. H. Scudder has kindly shown me a specimen of atlanis like the Wallula form, from the

i | Yukon River, where it was collected by Mr. Kennicott.

[144] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

variably short and broad, and, whether C. atlanis be only a smaller and short-winged
variety or not, it seems to me that the forms commonly known as C. spretus and C.
atlanis should receive distinct names, both common and scientific, for the sake of con-
venience; and I am, from a study of the material thus far examined, inclined to con-
sider the two forms as specifically distinct. Theoretically I regard atlanis, being the
more widely diffused form, as probably the parent stock from which C. spretus has sepa-
rated. That C. ailanis is a variety of C. femur-rubrum is not, I think, warranted by any
facts that I have observed, though both forms may have originated from a common
ancestor.

Caloptenus femur-rubrum.—This species occurs in abundance at Shasta Valley and
Portland, Oreg., C. atlanis being associated with it, but much less abundant, as in
the Atlantic States. I also received it from near San Francisco through Mr. Henry
Edwards, and from Salt Lake, Utah, through Mr. Barfoot. I can, after careful com-
parison, see no difference in size, length of wings, and the form of the anal cerci be-
tween the Pacific coast and Atlantic coast or Utah specimens. In one C. femur-rubrum,
from Portland, Oreg., there is a deep, well-marked notch in the tip of the male ab-
domen. In several instances I have seen a faint notch in Massachusetts specimens ;
on the other hand the male tip in C. atlanis is very slightly notched; sometimes it is
almost obsolete. The male of C. femur-rubrum is not only easily separated from the
male atlanis by the rounded, entire tip of the abdomen, but also by the very different
form of the anal cerci, which are triangular and produced at the end.

As regards the length of wing in C. atlanis or in C. femur-rubrum, it has for years
been known to me that many C. femur-rubrum have short wings as well as long wings.
I find this to be the case with atlanis. Ina ¢ atlanis from Amherst, Mass., the wings
are shorter than in C. femur-rubrum from Essex County, Mass. One ¢ atlanis from
Massachusetts and one @ from Illinois had wings of the same length as in C. femur-
yubrum from Massachusetts. Ina ¢ atlanis from Shasta Valley and C. femur-rubrum
the wings are of the same length. The wings in the Lake Tahoe C. atlanis are much
shorter than in San Francisco or Massachusetts femur-rubrum. From these examples,
selected at random, I infer that there are short and long winged C. atlanis as well as
C. femur-rubrum.

A singular variety of C. atlanis I captured at Amherst, Mass., this year, in October,
has curiously forked anal cerci, the males measuring (including the folded wings) 1
nch or 20", the wings in one case being slightly shorter than the abdomen.

APPENDIX XI.

DATA FROM BRITISH AMERICA.

[The notes and data collected during a trip made to Manitoba in August and Sep-
tember, 1877, by Mr. Riley, have been embodied in the main report. The Province was
remarkably free from the insects, and parties whom we met and who had traveled in
early summer from Battleford and from Montana reported the same freedom from the
insect throughout the country to the northwest and southwest. The information col-
lected for past years agrees precisely with the report of Prof. G. M. Dawson and with
what is givenin ChapterII. The prevailing winds, as we learned from Mr. J. Stewart,
signal officer at Winnipeg, are from the south in May and June, and from the north
and northwest in July, August, and during the autumn. The insects come into the
Province either from the south, sometimes as early as the latter part of June, but gener-
ally in July, or from the west and southwest later. Those which breed there leave in
July, August, and September, almost always towards the south and southeast. They
lave exceptionally reached as far east as Fort Francis, on Rainy Lake, in Keewatin.
We deem the following items of sufficient interest to go on record. |

Although the locust-hatch of 1877 has been almost unprecedented in extent, the ex-
emption of Manitoba and the plains extending westwardly in British America has
been established by a general concurrence of testimony. Theexodus of last year from
the Northwest Territory was so directly south and southeast as to turn the western
flank of this province, and we are glad to believe that there has been and will be no
return. The plague has passed, and we are informed that Montana and the whole
Missouri Valley, at least as far as Bismarck, have enjoyed a similar exemption. The
immense masses incubated in Minnesota, after much oscillation, departed southeast ;
but as yet we have no information where they have gone. ‘The American press is
greatly puzzled to solve this mystery which every day increases. The present proba-
bility is that the insects, harassed and debilitated by the attacks of ichneumon flies,
their natural enemies, have not sufficient vitality for reproduction, and that the innu-
merable hosts of the sky will scatter and perish, leaving not an egg behind. This
natural limitation of the scourge has been greatly aided by the “ beastly weather,”
especially the cold and heavy rains, which have excited so much senseless malediction
during the early part of the season. How seldom we penetrate the disguises which
mask the blessings of Providence. i $

The setslements along the North Saskatchewan are exempted by adequate summer
rains from the necessity of irrigation—a fact not only suggestive of capacity to sus-
tain a dense agricultural population, but adverse to the generation of the locust. He
may migrate thither, although there is no record of his ravages north of Fort Carlton,
but the more arid districts southward must be explored for his original breeding-
grounds. The conditions of his genesis may exist for a district as large as Belgium,
near and north of the international frontier, but tenfold that area will be found in
the Mauvaises Terres of Dakota and Nebraska, and the sterile plains of Wyoming and
Montana—a region as large as France. It is satisfactory to know that this extensive
district was fully depleted of the adult insect by southeast flights in. 1876,and we
welcome the exemption from return flights in 1877 as a guarantee that a considerable
cycle of years will elapse before natural agencies will suffer the great evil to be repro-
duced.—[ Winnepeg Standard, September 10, 1877.

Last year but few localities in the Northwest Territories were free from the locust,
either hatched or as a foreigner. This applies to the belt of country extending from
the Rocky Mountains to the Red River settlements and lying south of the South Branch
of Saskatchewan Kiver. West of the Red Deer River (a branch of the South Branch,
109° west longtitude, 51° north latitude) the branch is found on both sides of the river.
A small district lying east of the confluence of the South and North Branches and
south of the main stream is also free from the visits of locusts. Here farming is ex-
tensively and successfully carried on. These facts being pretty constant, it is easy to
draw a line on a map of the country showing the northern limits of the locust.

As far as I can make out, only a small brood was hatched in the hills, on the high-
lands about a mile from the fort. They were not dense. ‘They occupied a piece of
ground about one-fourth mile in length and about 150 yards in width. This was on
the 1st of August. They soon disappeared.

I was not at this post last year, and can get very little reliable information about the

[10 G| [145]

[146] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

movements of the locust previous to this summer. In 1875, eggs were extensively de-
posited throughout the hills, and the following year the hatched broods destroyed
everything green.

No cultivation was attempted here last year. This year we have a small vegetable-
garden, which is doing well, the number of insects that sojourned not being sutiiciently
great to do injury. These had their wings loaded with small red mites, a parasite very
destructive to the locust. I counted as many as 21 mites on one locust, and seldom
less than five. Many also contained one or two maggots (Sarcophaga carnaria). They
all seemed weak on the wing, and their diseased state was probably the cause of their
alighting. Most of those that alighted have gradually disappeared, in what manner
I cannot say. I have seen no swarms forming from them and no dead insects can be
found on the ground.—[J. G. Kittson, Fort Walsh, Cypress Hills, August, 1877

What is called the Cypress Hills isa very elevated part of the great water-shed sep-
arating the Missouri River and its tributaries from the northern rivers. The range
extends about 80 miles east and west and is over 40 miles wide. It is divided
into valleys by innumerable streams tending south to empty their waters into the
Milk River, a tributary of the Missouri. The valleys are deep and their sides steep,
often perpendicular; bottoms flat. The sides and small center are generally well-
wooded with poplar, larch, and spruce. The highest point of land is 3,300 feet above
sea-level. On the south, east, and west the hills terminate somewhat abruptly, but
north they gradually lose themselves by undulations into the level country. Fort
Walsh is situated 10 miles from the scuth side and 23 from the west end. I believe
farming in the hills would prove a losing speculation; frost comes as early as the
beginning of September.

The day before yesterday, when returning from the boundary-line, I came across
some grasshoppers in the valley of what is called the Middle Fork of the Milk River,
30 miles south of this post. They were not very numerous; about one to every
309 feet of surface. They were very busy copulating, although it was early in the
morning and very cold; about one-half inch of ice covered a small pond near our
camp. The bottom of this valley averages 200 yards in width. I had no time to see
how far the insects occupied the valley up and down.

The prevailing winds here are the northwest and southwest. To-day we are having
a severe snow-storm, and there are already three inches of snow on the ground.—{ Jdid.,
October 2, 1877.

In answer to Circular No. 4, I have the honor to report:

ist. But few insects remained within the immediate vicinity of our post; and half-
breed hunters now coming into winter-quarters say that the insects are not to be seen
anywhere on the plains. No eggs were deposited.

2d. No new swarms have appeared since my last report.

3d. In the Swan River districts eggs were very thickly laid in 1874 and 1875. The
same in the province of Manitoba.—[ Ibid., November 14, 1377.

I have known a small white worm destroy great numbers of eggs of late years; also
a small red parasitic insect deposits its eggs under the wings of the grasshopper when
quite young, which grow with the grasshopper, living on it in fact, and finally killing
it. It is only of late years that parasites have made their appearance in sufficient
numbers to be noticed, since which time they have destroyed large quantities, but not
sufficient to materially diminish the number of grasshoppers. - I have not known any
powders or liquids to be used. Neither harrowing nor plowing the eggs under has
done any good in the province. Have not tried ditching. No machines have been
used here, to my knowledge, for killing grasshoppers. Some years ago Isaved my gar-
den by dragging ropes over it several times a day.—[H. B. Hall, J. P., Heathingby,
Manitoba.

I have no doubt whatever as to the correctness ‘of your statement that the locust
breeds permanently in the third prairie steppe. From my knowledge of ’hoppers
generally the “bunch grass country” is their permanent home, as the conditions for
depositing and hatching their eggs are always there. p

The locust has never been able to pass a timber-belt of any considerable width, and
the reason seems to lie in the fact that when once they settle in a forest they can
never rise out of it, owing to the want of sunshine.

No locusts crossed the North Saskatchewan in 1875, nor can they ever reach the
Peace River country, on account of its position and general direction of the wind in
the summer months. £5

Hitherto locusts have been altogether unknown in the Peace River Prairie, and
as the whole region is constantly covered with a very luxuriant growth of grass,
Iam of the opinion that there are no fears of any invasion nor permanent settlement
by them in the country. They cannot reach the country on account of the forest, and
were it possibie for them to do so, scarcely a suitable place could be found for their
eggs.

From whatever cause, the low pressures pass from Manitoba to the southeast and the

)— hf ee on ae a ee ee ee ee

APPENDIX XI.—DATA FROM BRITISH AMERICA. [147]

wind-currents of the vast interior plains seem to be propagated on the interior pla-
teaus and pass outwards in the same way. The locusts coming on the wind will gene-
rally do the same thing, but not always, as alow pressure will cause an inward draught,
and if the sun shines the locusts will rise and travel on the wind, which may be
blowing from the northeast at the time.—[John Macoum, Belleville, Ont., September
22, 1877.

Lake Winnipeg, Sunday, August 17, 1800.—The beach was covered with grasshoppers,
which had been thrown up by the waves and formed one continued line as far as the
eye could see. In some places they lay from six to nine inches deep, and now were
in a state of putrefaction, which occasioned a horrid stench.

Pembina River, June 25, 1808.—I found great swarms of grasshoppers, which still
continue here, and have destroyed the greater part of my vegetables in my kitchen-
garden, in particular the onions, cabbage, melons, cucumbers, carrots, parsnips, and
beets. They also attacked the potatoes and corn, but those had acquired sufficient
strength at the root to resist and sprout up again, whilst plants of a weaker nature
had all been destroyed. Those swarms of grasshoppers appear about the 15th of June.
They generally come in great clouds from the southward and spread destruction
wherever they pass; even the very trees were stripped of their leaves. They pass on
northward until millions are drowned in Lake Winnipeg, and cause a most horrid
stench, as I have already observed.—[ Extract from M S. notes from Henry’s Journey
from Lake Superior to the Pacific Ocean, 1799-1816.

[From the Hon. Donald Gunn, one of the oldest settlers in Manitoba, and an enthusiastic observer of
nature, we obtained the following reports, the second one called forth by the fact that several other
old residents questioned whether the insects ever came into the Province as early as June. The
above-quoted notes from Henry’s journey and other data that we have elsewhere referred to corrobo-
rate the accuracy of Mr. Gunn’s records :]

These destructive creatures made their first appearance in the colony in the latter
' end of July, in the year 1818, six years after the commencement of the settlement.

The crops were ripe when they came, and they did not injure the wheat to any serious
degree, but it was otherwise with the barley, which they attacked by cutting off the
ears; but, with all their voracity, they could not eat the ears, and the settlers secured
as much as they were able to gather by gleaning. This great swarm, after accom-
plishing the work of reproduction, disappeared. * * i

After this digression we will turn our attention to what took place in the spring of
1819. After the genial rays of the sun had communicated to the earth the warmth
necessary to hatch the ova deposited during the preceding season, the young grass-
hoppers made their appearance in immense numbers. During the first eight or ten
days of their existence they are feeble, inactive, and innoxious, but as they become
strong enough to travel, they seemed to have moved in one direction, devouring every
green thing that they found in their way, leaving in the evening bare and black what
they found in the morning green and flourishing. And thus they destroyed the unfor-
tunate settler’s expectations of realizing what otherwise would have been the reward
of his industry.

If the myriads which ravaged the land in 1819 took their flight before they deposited
their ova, others in numbers equally great came to occupy their place, whose progeny
destroyed the husbandman’s hopes for 1820; and, owing to a similar cause, his fortune
was no better in 1821. Thus, for three successive seasons, were the fruits of the earth
destroyed by these pests.

Six and thirty years passed before these creatures made their appearance again
within the limits of the settlement. But in the summer of 1857 a swarm fell on the
Assiniboine. They deposited their eggs, and in the following spring and summer they
destroyed all the crops within their reach; but be it observed that their progress is
slow until they cast their slough; their wings expand and dry, when in a few days
they fly away. }

In the latter end of June, 1864, grasshoppers appeared in considerable swarms, ex-
tending over the whole of the settlement. They did very little injury to the wheat-
crop, but were the cause of great loss in the barley by cutting off the ears, which peo-
ple could find neither time nor hands to gather. About the beginning of July they
began to deposit their ova, and continued doing so until the beginning of October.
In the following summer of 1865 the young brood destroyed some fields and injured
many more, but they left many fields that they did not touch. After they got their
wings they left this part of the country. On the 9th of June, this year, a sprinkling
of grasshoppers fell, extending from Fort Alexander, on the river Winnipeg, to Mani-
toba Lake, and likely over the Swan River region, but they were not numerous near
the Red River, and although they deposited their ova, the young ones proceeding from
them were too few to do any perceptible damage; but in the month of August, 1867,
they made their appearance in such great numbers that they literally covered the
whole face of the country. The wheat was ripe and beyond their power to injure, but
many had great difficulty in preserving even part of their barley. I need not say that

[148] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

the ova deposited in the fall months produced immense swarms of these nauseous and
noxious vermin, which destroyed everything that had been sown throughout the
length and breadth of the land the next spring. The potatoes had their stalks eaten
into the ground, but, after the grasshoppers had left, so far recovered as to produce a
small quantity of very small potatoes.

In the month of August, 1869, great swarms of grasshoppers fell on each side of the
Red River from Pembina to a distance of ten miles below Upper Fort Garry and for
some miles up along the Assiniboine River. These, following their instincts, deposited
their ova and disappeared. In the spring of 1870, many of the farmers in the districts
where the young grasshoppers began to appear did not sow, but those who did sow
had the mortification to see their fine and fertile fields desolated. Some potatoes were
raised in these districts, but the perfection to which they attained was greatly owing
to the lateness of the fall.

And here permit us to remark that, from what we have been able to observe, we are
inclined to think that grasshoppers never deposit their ova in the soil in which they
themselves came into existence.—(Published by order of the legislature in 1871.)

CHARLES VY. RILEY:

DEAR Sir: I received your note of the 3d instant, which came to hand on the 15th.
I notice what you say in regard to my three skeptical friends, Hay, Kennedy, and his
grace of St. Boniface. But, fortunately, I have not trusted to that but too often
treacherous faculty, memory, but kept a journal of occurrences, though a very brief
one, and in my notes of 1864 I find it thus written :—“ June 28th. The grasshoppers
fell in great numbers from Upper Fort Garry to Laire’s post, on the Assinniboine, a dis-
tance of twenty-five miles, committing great ravages on the crops. July 7th. Clear
warm day, wind blowing freshly from the southwest, about 10a.m. Swarms of grass-
hoppers flew over this place (Little Britain) during the space of three hours, in a north
easterly direction the lowest a few yards from the ground the highest at a very
great height ; those near the ground falling down in great numbers, so much so, that
a dozen might be seen on a square foot. July 8,10 a.m. Swarms passing to the east
at a great height, very few coming to the ground. 9th. Havingrained during the day,
grasshoppers benumbed. 10th. Grasshoppers flying to the east, numbers falling to
the ground. 11th. Clear and hot, wind south. Grasshoppers pairing and depositing
their eggs. 24th. The last week very warm. The grasshoppers are laying their eggs
in great numbers; some of their nests contain from 26 to 31 eggs. They have cut off
the leaves of the wheat, but the grain is still growing. They extend 5 or 6 miles to
the west of the river. They destroyed the barley crops, cutting off heads. The pota-
toes did not suffer much.”

So much for’64. In’65I went to hunt at Shoal Lake, accompanied by my son and an
Indian. We left my place, Little Britain, on the 5th of June. On the evening of the
6th, we arrived on what was to be our hunting-grounds. Our object was to collect birds
with their nests, with every other creature that we could find, all of which we sent in
due time to the Smithsonian Institution, and, as our work demanded, kept asharp look.
On the 7th, we moved to a point near to where we expected to find fowls in great
abundance. 8th and 9th, my men were off hunting and returned late on the 10th; they
landed on the extremity of the point, and came to mein the night. Next day, which I
think was Sunday, was very clear and warm. We went to see the hunt, and on the
point found full-grown grasshoppers along the shore, having been drowned in the lake.
The wind began to blow from northwest and the grasshoppers began to fly before it.
‘‘ From their red legs, they appeared to be of the same species as those of last fall, but
there were no young ones within twenty miles of the place. June 12th, grasshoppers
flying to the northwest in great numbers. Windatthesouth. Skinning and cleaning
eggs allday. Tuesday, left the east side of Shoal Lake forthe Manitoba Lake. We
arrived at St. Laurent late in the evening; learned that the Franklin gulls had aban-
doned their former breeding-places at the south end of Lake Manitoba, and were only
to be found north of the Oak Point, for which place we set out ; traveled till dark, slept
on the open plain. Left camp early; were delayed at Oak Point for some hours by
heavy showers of rain; learned from the residents that the grasshoppers came with a
southwest wind that blew on the Yth. Passed on to Little Swan Creek; encamped.
Went to hunt in the marsh for gulls and eggs; secured some gulls, but found no nests.
Thursday, clear fine day, sent the Indian and William to hunt. They returned in the
afternoon with bushels of eggs and a number of the parent birds (Franklin gulls).
Helped skinning and cleaning eggs all day. Friday, raining and blowing freely from
the south. Left camp about 9 a. m.; traveled on the east of Manitoba Lake. Full-
grown grasshoppers numerous in some places along the road. Saturday, made an
early start and arrived at Poplar Point at 4 p. m.; very few locustsseen to-day. Re-
turned home on the 22d, where I found a few grasshoppers in the neighborhood of my
place, and learned that they made their appearance there on the 8th or 9th. After-
, wards found that a few visited Fort Alexander about the same time.” : ;
Here I have given you verbatim what I recorded twelve years ago for my own satis-

APPENDIX XI.—DATA FROM BRITISH AMERICA. [149]

faction and instruction, never dreaming for one moment that I would have to refer to
it in justification of my veracity on the locust question; and here I must acknowledge
my obligations to the mice for sparing my record, it having been thrown, after the
specimens had been packed, into an old box or trunk in the garret, among some other
loose papers to which these little customers showed no sparing mercy. I have found
a sheet of the list of specimens forwarded to Washington in 1865, but I do not see any
locust on it. If my memory serves me right, we forgot the vial i in which they were at
the place where we had breakfast the day we arrived at Poplar Point. If that has been
the case, I may not have written about them in my report on the egging expedition,
which has been published in full in the report of that year. I am not acquainted with
the army-worm, but of moths we have a great variety, and each of these varieties in
great numbers, during the summer months. You will observe that in this rambling
communication I have quoted my diary of occurrences as they were entered in my
note-book. My son, who had been with me on the trip to the lakes, remembers the ap-
pearance of the locusts near the lakes and of seeing them along the Red River after
we returned home, June 22. Other parties in this vicinity remember having seen them
that year in June, but not in great numbers.— Hon. Donald Gunn, September 16, 1877.

APPENDIX XIE.

RECORD OF AUTUMN FLIGHTS EAST OF THE ROCKY
MOUNTAINS IN 1877.

[The following replies are to a circular sent out by Mr. Riley, inquiring especially as to the move-
ments of winged locusts in the autumn of 1877, after the northward flight had ceased, the inquiry be-
ing as to whether such autumn swarms were noticed. These replies show that there was a consider-
able movement of scattering swarms; that the direction was essentially south, and that no serious dam-
age was done. Eggs were laid in but a few exceptional instances, and no young locusts will hatch in
the spring of 1878, except in a few small and restricted areas widely separated. The names of the
correspondents may be learned by referring to the list in Appendix 26.)

MINNESOTA.

Jamesville, Waseco County.—‘* Some few settled here about the time of the departure
of those first hatched, but all left again immediately. None since.”

Inwverne, Kock County.‘ Swarms passed over from north-northwest and northeast
on following dates: June 27; July 5, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 28, 31; August 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12,
13; some alighting in small squads, but doing no damage.”

IOWA.

Athol, Sioux County.—“‘After the departure of the young locusts, swarms from the
north-northeast and northwest passed over: July 15, 16, 20, 27, 28, and 31; August 1,
6, 7, 8, 9, 21, and 22. During the flights more or less of them alighted.”

Algona, Kossuth County.‘ The wind was from the north when the Minnesota crop
passed over.’’

Ames, Story County.—“A few swarms, or straggling parts of swarms, were noticed
high in the air, going south. No dense swarms were seen.”

Carroll, Carroll County.—“ Several swarms from the northwest passeG over us, and
small portions of them alighted. They lay all over in pairs, but took wing with the
first favorable wind, leaving ro eggs.” .

Chickasaw, Chickasaw County.— No.”

Council Bluffs, Pottawattamie County.—“ Fresh swarms passed over from the north.
Some settled for a nightly visit; in some cases remained a day or two waiting fora
wind to waft them southward; did no damage; laid no eggs.”

Denison, Crawford County.—Large swarms passed over in August from the north-
west. A few alighted, but went off again.”

Denmark, Lee County.—‘ Never been here to my knowledge.”

Des Moines, Polk County“ Fresh swarms came in from north and northwest in
August, but did little damage.”

Lemars, Plymouth County.—*‘ About one-third as many as we had the previous year
came down and settled foratime. They came from the northwest, and a portion of
them remained about two weeks, doing a little damage to gardens and small grain.”

Little Sioux, Harrison County.—“ Yes; a few swarms of limited numbers.”

Matvern, Mills County.—“A few swarms, not large, passed over here from the north-
west about the middle of September. None settled.”

Sac City, Sac County.— ‘‘ Locusts passed over this locality in great numbers during
August, going south-southeast and southwest, but none alighting.”

Shelby, Shelby County.—“ Yes, on the 17th August, from the north; staid three days.”

Sidney, Fremont County.—“ Frequent swarms were noticed on the wing, but their
stay with us was of short duratisn. None passed over or settled.”

Sheldon, O’Brien County.—‘ Yes; broken swarms were flying during most of the
season.”

Sioux City, Woodbury County.—“ None settled in this county to speak of, but a great
many passed over to the south.” :

Spirit Lake, Dickinson County.— Fresh swarms did pass over here from the north-
ward; but whether from north, northeast, or northwest, I cannot say.”

Webster City, Keokuk County—‘‘Myriads of grasshoppers passed over, apparently
going southward, as soon as they had acquired the power of flight. A few alighted,
but not enough to do appreciable damage.”

West Liberty, Muscatine County.—‘‘ No.”

Alta, Buena Vista County‘ They continued to pass back and forth for about three

[150]

APPENDIX XII.—AUTUMN FLIGHTS IN 1877. [151]

weeks after the first flight of young from this section, but were supposed to be driven
back and forth by adverse winds.”

Sioux County.—“ Yes; broken swarms were on the move.”

Tabor, Fremont County.—Answer to 2d interrogatory: “I find in my weather record,
June 22, locusts flying north. This was the first of their leaving. July 10 I find the
same record repeated. This was about the time most of our crop of locusts left us.
August 7, locusts flying northwest; but few have lighted. These were from some
other section. These left in a day or two and were the last we have seen here.”

NEBRASKA.

Pleasant Hill, Saline County.—‘‘ Large swarms passed over from the northeast, un-
doubtedly from Northwest Iowa, South Minnesota, and Southeast Dakota. Settled in
places here; avoided corn-fields; settled on small grain and grass; appeared to be in -
a feeble, degenerate condition; always left next morning; ate nothing; appeared to
come down simply to rest ; departed in a southwesterly direction.”

Steele City, Jefferson County.— From the 13th to the 23d of September a good many
passed over, mostly from the northeast.”

Genoa, Platte County.—‘‘ From August 6 they commenced going south and southwest
in swarms, which continued daily, whenever the wind was favorable, for over a month.
They showed no disposition to alight, except when compelled to do so by opposing
winds.”

Hendricks, Otoe County.— Not any.” .

‘Lincoln, Dodge County.— None visited, and none came from north or northeast or
| west. A faw passed over, going north.”

Great Bend.—“ Some from ths northwest passed over.”
Salem, Richardson County.—“ Yes. Fresh swarms were seen to pass over this point
. on the 8th and 9th of August. Locusts were flying over here on the 9th very thickly,
' and on the 9th a few settled, but departed in a day or two. Then on as late as the
25th of August stragglers could be seen at intervals of a few days passing over, and
invariably coming from the north and northeast and going toward the south and
southwest, traveling only with a gentle wind blowing from the north or northeast.”

Amazon, Franklin County.—“I believe not.”

Brownville, Nemaha County.—‘‘ No fresh swarms from north or northwest passed over
or settled in this locality after those hatched last spring had departed.”

De Witt, Saline County. Fresh swarms from the northeast passed over, and some
few settled, but went off again in a few days, except a few stragglers that remained
until October 1. No eggs were laid by these.”

Johnson, Nemaha County.—“ But few.”

Nebo, Platte County.—‘ After our own crop left, swarms were flying over us for
many days from the northeast. None stopped.”

Lincoln, Dodge County.—“ No.”

Omaha, Douglas County.—‘‘There were swarms in the air, but from whence or
whither bound I do not know. None settled. The migrating swarms were all-moving
in a northerly direction, mostly west of north.”

Patron, Butler County.— Some came from northeast, going south or southwest.
They lit down for three days.”

Plaitsmouth, Cass County.—“ No.”

MISSOURI.

Carthage, Jasper County.—“ No.”

Defiance, Worth County.— They did not.”

Forest City, Holt County.—‘I notic:d some flying in the air. They seemed to be
going in a westerly direction.”

Flag Springs, Andrew County.—“A few passed over from the northeast about the
2Uth of August last, but very fev settled with us.”

Greenfield, Dade County.—“ No.”

Lamar, Barton County.—“ On several days in August swarms were seen passing
southward. None settled down here. A very few came from the northeast aud lit
down during the last of October.”

Little Osage, Vernon County.—After those which hatched in spring had left, none
were seen to pass over or settle in the neighborhood.”

Morrisville, Polk County.‘ No. No swarms came or passed over that I heard of.”

Mount Vernon, Bates County,—“‘ No.”

Oregon, Holt County.—‘Some swarms did pass, but the wind was from the south.
Passed over and a few lit down before a storm one day along the railroad. No more.”

Oregon, Holt County.—“August 14, large numbers passed over, flying southwest. A
few came down, and from that time till the present they have remained.”

Pickering, Nodaway County.—“About the 20th of September, duiiag several days,
large swaims were observed to pass over our county from the northwest to the south-
east, but I cannot learn an instance of their settling down.”

Rochester, Andrew County.—“ No.”

=

[152] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Reed's, Jasper County.—‘‘ Some passed over, going northwest.”

Rockport, Atchison County.— Large swarms from the north passed over in August
and September, and a few dropped down, but did not deposit any eggs.”

Sareoxie, Jasper County.—*‘ Swarms passed over from the east and northeast about
the time they left here, but none settled.” ‘ No.”

Carthage Jasper County.—“‘ None passed over.”

Doylesport.—‘ No fresh swarms appeared this season.”

Golden, Barry County.—“ A few passed over for two days from northwest.”

Mount Vernon, Lawrence County.—‘ No; they did not.”

Rockport, Atchison County.—“ Yes; but very few.”

Seneca, Newton County.—“A very few passed over from the northwest. Once in a
great while one stopped ; would not have been noticed only by close observation.”

Stockton‘ Not that I have heard of.”

ARKANSAS.

Bentonville, Benton County.—‘ A few passed over the last days of September. A
very few alighted in some localities. Fresh swarms passed over from northwest, but
none settled.”

Carrollion, Carroll County.—‘ No swarms have been noticed to pass over since last
fall.” .

KANSAS.

Abilene, Dickinson County.—‘* There were locusts passing over in the early fall from
northeast; none settled.”

Alma, Wabaunsee County.—“ Some were observed high in the air for several days in
September, passing from northeast to southwest.”

Belle Plaine, Sumner County.—“ On the 9th and 10th of September they passed over
in considerable numbers from northeast; settled down in small numbers. Did no
damage.’

Buffalo, Wilson County.—‘‘ There were rumors that some locusts had passed, but I
doubt it. I have seen none but the few that summered here, and they have laid no
egos that I am aware of.” ,

Bunker Hill, Russell County — ‘About 26th to 30th August some passed over from
nearly north to a little west of south. For two or three days a very few settled down
toward evening, disappearing next day.”

Burlington, Coffee County.—“A few locusts passed over from the north. Did not
observe any egg; laid.”

Burr Oak, Jewell County.—“‘ The grasshoppers were seen flying over to the west of
north in the month of May. In the latter part of August grasshoppers flew from the
north to the south. A few came down, but did very little damage. The number was
not very great, not as many as passed over last year. The wind was in the north.
Some few locusts came down, enough to show that we were not deceived as to what
they were.” :

Centralia, Nemaha County.—‘ South-southwest;* wind generally westerly or north-
ester: Some flights very dense. Enough came down to satisfy me that they were

ocusts ”

Chanute, Neosho County.—“ Yes; two small flights were observed to pass on the 9th
and 17th of September; a few of them alighted and are here yet, but have done no
harm nor laid any eggs. Wind, on the 9th, was from northwest, and on the 17th from
northeast. Had rained the preceding nights.”

Clay Centre, Clay County.—“ They flew from north to south till the 6th of October.”

Concordia, Cloud County.—‘‘ Considerable numbers passed over this county from
north-northeast or northwest, as the wind happened to be. Settled in ‘ spots.’ Took
occasional fields of corn. Went south or southeast. No eggs. A good many have lit
in this vicinity recently, and some little damage has been done by them in places,
though not enough to make a fuss about. They have not staid long in any place;
ouly a few days at the longest; and they do not seem hungry at all. Millions of the
little pests have been flying over this place for several days past.” :

Cope, Jackson County.— Some seen on several days from the north; direction south-
west; very high.” ;

Elk City, Chautauqua County.—‘I did not see any locusts on the wing in any direc-
tion. Others say they did. Others, again, say that it was large ants, or willow or
thistle down.”

LElisworth, Ellsworth County.—‘‘ Winged locusts passed over in the fall from north
to south. Flight not very dense.”

Emporia, Lyon County.—‘‘ None passed over.” ;

Fenwick, Republic County.—“ From 9th to last of August they were going south in
all favorable winds ; most of them very high in air.” :

Junction City, Davis County—‘ Many were seen flying north, south, and east with
the wind ; a few dropped, but left without doing harm.”

APPENDIX XII.—AUTUMN FLIGHTS IN 1877. [153]

Great Bend, Barton County.—“’ Hoppers flew over at different times during August ;
course from northeast to southwest ; flight high, and at times very dense.”

Harveyville, Wabaunsee County.—“ They passed over in great numbers from the north
and northwest, but very few came down.”

Hiawatha, Brown County.—“ Some passed over from the 10th to 20th of August from
northeast to southwest; did not settle.” oy

Humboldt, Allen County—“A few scattering ones settled here this fall; they were
flying south from north.” deities

Hutchinson, Reno Cownty.—‘Ae few passed over in the fall; general direction taken
southeast.” ,

Indianola, Butler County.—“ They flew thickly in September with northwest wind.”

Industry, Dickinson County.—‘ Several droves passed over in a southerly and south-
westerly direction, chicfly during the month of August; wind was blowing from the
north ; none were noticed to settle. We have had some half-grown ones about here
until lately.”

Jewell City, Jewell County—“All that passed over were from southeast going north-
west and north.” .

La Cygne, Linn County.“ None seen.”

Le Roy, Coffey County.— None noticed.”

Lazette, Cowley County.—“A few passed over, none alighting.”

Lyons, Rice County.—“ Some passed over in September, flying in a northwest direc-
' tion. Light wind from southeast.”
Medina, Jefferson County.—“ Saw none flying this fall.”
Minneapolis, Ottawa County.—“ Some passed over going southwest. Wind northeast.

- None settled.”

Newton, Harvey County.— For several days in August they were observed passing
) over, course to southwest.”

Olathe, Johnson County.—“ None were seen flying over.”

Olivet, Osage County.—“About the 1st of September two small squads were observed
to pass over, going south, but few settled; did no harm and deposited no eggs.”

Osage Mission, Neosho County.— Locusts flew over September 10 to 13; some came
down, but generally left again; they came from northwest; seemed to fly with the
wind.”

Osborne City, Osborne County.—“ No locusts were observed to pass over us from the
north, northwest, and northeast in the fall; I observed some passing from the south in
June and July, traveling north, but they did not stop with us; they have not returned
from the north.”

Oswego, Labette County.—‘‘ No locusts passed.”

Russell, Russe County —“A few settled from northeast one day during last of July,
but went on next; a few dropped from time to time during the flight.”

Salina, Saline County.—‘‘ Yes, they were seen nearly every day at the end of August
and beginning of September, going first south and then northwest; a swarm passed
in late August or early September, going south. Afterward they came back, flying
west by north; none came down.”

Spring Hill, Johnson County.—“A few settled down here at different times in August
and September, but did no damage and were thought to be from swarms passing over
from the south; they are here yet, but have deposited no eggs.”

Tabor, Clay County.—‘‘ Several small swarms passed over from the north, but upon
the next change of wind they passed back north again; they had probably hatched
in section north of us.”

Valley Falls, Jefferson County.—‘‘ Winged locusts passed over Valley Falls during
August for several days, generally from northwest; did not settle or do any harm;
the general direction was southeast, one day in considerable numbers; an occasional
crippled or sick one would light. No damage done. Wind south or southeast.”

Wichita, Sedgwick County.—‘t A few passed over from the northwest till the wind
changed from north to south; a portion settled and destroyed some wheat; laid no
eggs. The northwest wind which prevailed last Sunday swept high overhead, scat-
tering flights of grasshoppers. The insects flew very high, but in such inconsiderable
numbers that, had they come down, no damage would have resulted.”

Wilmington, Wabaunsee County.—‘ Saw none pass over.”

Wi field, Cowley County.—‘ Not that I am aware of.”

Yates Center, Woodson County.—“‘ They were seen by some, passing from northwest
to southeast during prevalence of north wind; but for the truth of this statement I am
not willing to vouch, as I did not see them; however, there could not very well be
any mistake in regard to them passing with the wind. They did not settle.”

Oskaloosa, J fferson County.— Have seen none flying this fall.”

Paola, Miami County.—None were noticed passing over this locality. Don’t think
there were any ’hoppers in this county this year.”

Peabody, Marion County.—“ They flew over quite a number of days during the fall,
from northeast and northwest, often from east to southeast; none settled; flew most
densely on October 21, from northwest to southeast.”

[154] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Riley, Riley County.—“ Some passed over to the south; none settling down.”

Rush Centre, Rush County.—“ Yes; from the north; none settled.”

Salina, Saline County.—“ A few passed over, going south, about the 1st October; did
not settle in this vicinity.”

Seneca, Nemaha County.—‘‘ Yes. They did not settle in very large numbers and did
no harm; they seemed to be undecided about the direction, but generally went in a
southeast course. These flights, on favorable days, were quite dense. There was no
mistake about these being the genuine article.”

Smith Centre, Smith County.—‘‘ Some passed over during September and latter part of
August, northwest.”

Stockton, Rooks County.—‘‘ Some flew over in July; none settled.”

Lyndon, Osage County.—“ Yes, but not in great numbers. . few straggling ones
settled, but did no harm and disappeared again; the direction was from the north or
northeest to the south or southwest. They were few and scattering compared with
other flights.”

Toledo, Chase County.—“ None.” ;

Fredonia, Wilson County.—‘‘ A few passed over from the northwest; did not settle;
southeasterly direction; wind northwest.”

Uniontown, Bourbon County.—‘‘I saw no locusts flying in any direction this fall.
Some persons assert that they were seen flying south in September.”

Aichison, Atchison County.—‘ Some grasshoppers passed over, I am told, on their way
southward, but none alighted. Some passed over late in summer; could not tell i
what direction; only knew it from a few scattering ones alighting.” '

Belleville, Republic County.“ Yes; very few settled.”

Chanute, Neosho County.‘ Yes; a few were observed flying upon a northerly wind
on the 7th and 9th of September. A very few alighted and are here yet.”

Claytonville, Brown County.—‘‘ Large swarms passed over from the north and north-
east, but few fell down, and none remained.”

Elivon, McPherson County.—“A few passed over.”

Farland, McPherson County.—‘‘ They were seen for two days, about the middle of Sep-
tember, journeying southward.”

Galesburg, Neosho County.—‘‘ No swarms passed over or settled in this neighborhood
after those batched here had departed.”

Great Bend, Barton County.“ From the middle of August to the middle of October
occasional swarms passed over this section, mostly from the north, but sometimes from
the northwest or portheast.” :

Hiawatha, Brown County.—‘‘ No swarms passed or settled here.”

Iola, Allen County.—“ No locusts passed over or settled in this locality during the
present season.”

Irving, Marshall County.—‘‘No fresh swarms have settled here from any quarter,
but many have passed over from the south an:! east.”

Junction City, Davis County.—“ Did not identify any genuine swarms. Cottonwood-
seed and milkweed-down were flying, and were supposed by some to be grasshoppers.
On the 20th and 2ist of August there were large swarms flying over the eastern part
of this county, going south. They were nearer to the ground than any I have seen
this year. Swarms passed over, but none settled.”

Lane, Franklin County.—‘A few swarms were seen flying over, going north or north-
west. Only in a few cases did they visit us. They disappeared the following day,
doing no perceptible damage.”

Lawrence, Douglas County.—“‘ I saw no svarms pass over, only those that came from
the southeast, probably from Olathe or Fort Scott.”

Leavenworth, Leavenworth County.—‘‘ No locusts in this county this year.” :

Logan, Phillips County.—“A few passed over from the north, but very few settled in
this neighborhood, and those did not stay over twenty-four hours and did no damage.”

Manhattan, Riley County.—‘ Great numbers went over from the north, from the mid-
dle to the last of August. Some settled, but remained a very short time.”

Millwood, Leavenworth County.—‘A few came in this fall; are now here.”

Neosho Falls, Woodson County.—‘‘ No; but they passed over north from Texas.” _

Newton, Harvey County.—‘About the middle of September there were some flying
from the north and northwest to the south and southeast, but none lighted.”

Norton, Norton County.—‘‘Swarms passed over oc.asicnally from the 16th of July
until the middle of September, but they were very light.”

Oakwood, Linn County.—* No.”

Olathe, Johnson County.—‘‘ No.”

Oswego, Labette County.— No; none from any direction.”

Ottawa, Franklin County —‘‘No. A few passed ovez at various times.”

Parsons, Labette County.—‘‘ None that I saw or heard of. No.”

COLORADO.

Colorado Springs, El Paso County.—“ No locusts arrived in this region during the sum-
mer, nor do I hear of any fresh swarms having arrived in any portion of the State.”

APPENDIX XII—AUTUMN FLIGHTS IN 1877. [155]

Denver, Arapahoe County.—“‘ No. There were no fresh swarms from north, northeast,
or northwest. In the latter part of July they passed over here for two days, flying
northeast.”

Georgetown, Clear Creek County.—“ No swarms from the north, northeast, or north-
west passed over this district.’

La Porte, Larimer County.—“ Swarms from the northwest to southeast in August, but
think they came only a short distance.”

Larkspur, Douglas County.—‘ Yes, but not in any quantity.”

Pueblo, Pueblo County.—‘‘A few swarms were observed in the early part of July, pass-
ing over from the north or northwest. None of them came down.”

Wheatland, Larimer County.—“ None.”

Greeley.‘ I have seen none.”

Howardsville—“ No migratory swarms have appeared, to my knowledge, in this
locality.”

Pleasant Valley.—‘ None were noticed to pass over.”

Pueblo, Pueblo County.—“ A few swarms were observed in the early part of July
passing from north to northwest. None came down.”

Saguache.— None.”

TEXAS.

Austin, Travis County.—“ None over this section. No fresh swarms from the north
after their departure north and northwest.”

Bastrop, Bastrop County.—“ Swarms of unknown insects, in their flight resembling
: locusts, were seen high overhead in October, and occasional locusts alighted in coun-
‘ ties to the northwest last month, but are doing no harm.”
Black Jack Springs, Fayette County.—“‘I understand they have made their appear-
| ance in some counties.”

Calvert, Robertson County.—“ There were no swarms frcm any direction passing over
or settling herafter ours had left.”

Dallas, Dallas County.—‘ None. No.”

Denison City, Grayson County.—‘ No; there have been no fresh swarms.”

Headsville, Robinson County.—“‘About the last of August immense numbers passed
“shal our country, but high up in air. A very few came down, from exhaustion per-

aps.

Helotes, Bexar County.— On September 28, 29, and 30, swarms passed over this
country, but so far asI can understand none have laid, or even alighted on the ground.”

Houston, Harris County.—None. "

APPENDIX XEIIE.

RECORD OF LOCUST FLIGHTS EAST OF THE ROCKY
MOUNTAINS IN 1877.

[The following data form a calendrical register of locust flights during the year, and, together with
those in the preceding appendix, make a full record of locust movements. Wherever the name of the
correspondent is not given it may generally be ascertained by referring to Appendix 26.]

April 16. ;

Austin, Travis County, Texas.—The first flight of grasshoppers, I think, was on the
16th of April.—[Jno. H. Secrist.

April 21.

dustin, Travis County, Texas.—The first general flight was on the 21st of April; course,
northwest.—[Jno. H. Secrist.

April 19 to 24,

Bastrop, Bastrop County, Texas.—F lying north.—[ James Moore.
April 24.

Calvert, Robertson County, Texas.--Have been migrating from south of this for ten
days, and those which have attained wings here occasionally join them.—[W. L.

Coleman.
April 26.

Calvert, Robertson County, Texas.—Have been migrating south of this for ten days, and
the winged ones here occasionally join them.—[D. Parker.

\ May 1.

Travis, Travis County, Texas.—There was a flight of locusts here to-day.—[Jno. H.
Secrist.

Chickasaw, Chickasaw County, Iowa.—From 3 p. m. until sundown their direction of
travel is always with the wind, but they travel more by northwest winds than by any
other ; consequently they have operated farther east each succeeding year.—[O. H.
Hobbs.

Calvert, Robertson County, Texas.—They commenced flying in great numbers from this
place at about 12 o’clock. The thermometer was 44° at 6 a. m. and 72° at 12 m. in the
shade, and 95° in the sun.—[ W. S. Coleman.

Headsville, Robinson County, Teras—Numerous ’hoppers did “ come down” to earth
and stay all night—the night of May 1. On that day they made a fine drive by the
million for your country.—[W. D. Donaldson.

May 8.

Bastrop, Bastrop County, Texas.—They left northward.—[ James Moore.

Salado, Bell County, Texas.—They arrived at 11 o’clock and 30 minutes a. m. The
wind was blowing strongly from the south during the entire day. The weather was
mild, nights pretty cool, days warmer, and, until near 4 o’clock p. m., fair, when it
clouded up and remained so. Direction of the flight, north; swarm very dense; they
appeared in a higher strata of air than when going south last fall—[J. H. Myers.

May 12.
Ellis, Ellis County, Kansas.—No grasshoppers in this county.—[H. L. Brounson.
May 15.

Amazon, Franklin County, Nebraska.— Hoppers at noon flying north on a south wind ;

very thin, not more than one to a square rod.

May 16.
Chapman, Merrick County, Nebraska.—F lying to northwest at 3 p. m., wind southeast;
5 to 100 feet high; weather clear; thermometer 65°.
May 17.

Trego County, Kansas.—F lying west of north on a south-southeast wind.
Glencoe, Dodge County, Nebraska.—F light from southwest.

[156]

if
|
‘
|
|
if

(6
*

APPENDIX XIII.—RECORD OF FLIGHTS IN 1877. [157]

May 18.

Junction City, Davis County, Kansas—Not any locusts on the wing have yet been
seen here. Wind southwesterly for three days past.—[H. H. Mead.
Kearney, Kearney County, Nebraska.—Large swarms flying north; a few stragglers

alighting. es
ay 19.

Nebo, Platte County, Nebraska.—On the 19th of May I noticed one now and then come
down, but could see none in the air. The day was clear and warm, with southwest
wind; moderate breeze.—[ John Wise.

Patron, Butler County, Nebraska.—Going south; weather warm; thermometer 75°.

May 21.

Ellis, Ellis County, Kansas.—Going northwest; very high.

Lincoln, Nemaha County, Nebraska.—A swarm of locusts lit down at Grand Island on
the Union Pacific Railroad on Monday evening, May 21; they came with the south
wind and next day went a little east of north. [Samuel Aughey.

May 22.

Oswego, Labette County, Kansas.—They were flying over this place, from the south-
west.—[C. C. Perkins.
; May 23.
Norton, Norton County, Kansas.—They appeared on the 23d of May, going northwest.—
[Thos. Beaumont.
Logan, Phillips County, Kansas.—Wind from south ; locusts flying north at 10 a. m.

May 26.

Kit Carson, Bent County, Colorado.—A few ’hoppers dropped on ground in the even-
ing of May 26. There was a heavy storm passing over at the time, and so near night
we could not tell whether the air was full of them or not; wind blowing from north.—
[W. A. Morrison.

Logan, Phillips County, Kansas.—F lying north at 10 o’clock a. m., on.a south wind.

Ogalalla, Keith County, Nebraska.—F lying north from 9a. m. to 3 p. m.; wind light.

May 27. :

Kit Carson, Bent County, Colorado.—The air is full of ’hoppers this morning, flying
very high; very few are alighting ; wind blowing northeast, not over two miles per
hour.—[ W. A. Morrison.

Ogalalla, Keith County, Nebraska.—Large numbers of locusts were noticed flying
northward from early in the forenoon till late in the afternoon; light north wind;
moderately warm; partly cloudy; did not appear very dense, but were very high.—
[W. P. P. St. Clair. ;

Twin Falls, Greenwood County, Kansas.—F lying west of north; wind south of east.

Ogalalla, Keith County, Nebraska.—F lying very high, northward, from 9 a. m. to 3
p.m.; weather warm and clear.

North Platte, Lincoln County, Nebraska.—Immense swarms flying north 30° west;
very high; few alighting.

Monotony, Kansas.—Commenced passing over at 10.45 a.m.; north, 4 miles ; increased
to 10 miles per hour; clear and warm; last swarm passed at 3.30 p. m.—[B. Callahan.

May 28.

Ogalalla, Keith County, Nebraska.—Large numbers of locusts passed over from early
forenoon till late in the afternoon; wind north, light; moderately warm; partly
cloudy.—[W. P. P. St. Clair.

Twin Falls, Greenwood County, Kansas.—The air was full of them from the south, go-
ing north or little west of north, as the wind carried them that way; none dropped
here.—[ Milton M. Wheeler.

May 30.

Camp Robinson, Nebraska.—A light and scattering flight of locusts came here to-day
from the east, probably from Kansas.—[W. L. Carpenter.

Logan, Phillips County, Kansas.—Locusts passed over this place, and made their
appearance at about 10 a. m.; wind south, quite sharp; locusts flying north.—[J. W.
Benjamin.

Raymond, Rice County, Kansas.—This afternoon, at about 3.40 o’clock, a few locusts
came down with a light shower, about 100 to an acre; could see none in the air.
Wind strong from southwest. Warm and cloudy.—[C. D. Stevens.

May 31.
Deerfield, Steele County, Minnesota.—Swarms flying.
June 1.

North Platte, Lincoln County, Nebraska.—North 50° west; immense swarms flying;
few alighting.

?

[158] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

June 3.

Barton, Labette County, Kansas.—They commenced flying over northward in the lat-
ter part of May in small numbers; very few have come to the ground.—[J. Lindas.
Norton, Norton County, Kansas.—Going northwest, wind south.

June 5.

Raymond, Stearns County, Minnesota.—F lying southeast from 10 a.m.to 12m. Wind
nor hwest.
South Bend, Blue Earth County, Minnesota.—Fiying from 8 a. m. to 6 p. m.

June 9.
Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—Wind northwest, strong. Flying very high,
southeast.
West Newton, Nicollet County, Minnesota.—Locusts flying.
Saint Paul, Ramsey County, Minnesota.—Flying northeast; wind from northwest;
some alighting.
Watale, Benton County, Minnesota.—Flying southeast; wind northwest; weather
clear.
June 10.

Audubon, Becker County.—Alighted from south; remained till July 1; very limited
in numbers.

Morristown, Rice County, Minnesota.—Apheared at four o’clock.

Claytonville, Brown County, Minnesota.— Hoppers flying.

Smithfield, Cache County, Utah.—They first began to migrate, but the distance was
small and tue numbers limited.—[ James 8S. Cantwell.

June 11.

Pueblo, Pueblo County, Colorado.—Reports come in that large flights of locusts have
been noviced steadily winging their way northward.—[Saxon.

June 12.

Salina, Saline County, Kansas.—Flying very high to northwest; wind southeast,
moderate.
June 11-13.

Denver, Arapahoe County, Colorado—There have been clouds of grasshoppers in the
air for the last three days; they moved west on the 11th; on the 12th and 13th they
moved north; wind south.—[ Denver News.

June 12.

Bosland, Kansas.—Locusts passed over with a moderate southeast wind at about 11
o’clock a. m., and passed by in about two hours, in a northwest direction. Weather
clear, with about 90° F.—[J. T. McKitrick.

June 13.

Lindsborg, McPherson County, Kansas.—The first flying swarms of the season in this
locality passed over here June 13. The wind was blowing from the east, hence their
flight was westward. The day was cool and cloudy.—[Dr. J. B. Curtiss.

Agenda, Republic County, Kansas.—Locusts flying southwest; weather cool.

Tabor, Clay County, Kansas.—Locusts flying west.

Claytonville, Brown County, Kansas.—Locuszts flying ; wind south-southwest ; thermom-
eter 75°.

Alma, Wabaunsee County, Kansas.—Locusts flying at 2 p. m. in northeasterly direction ;
wind from southwest, 30 miles per hour; 800 to 1,000 feet high.

June 14,
Agenda, Republic County, Kansas.—F lying to the northwest ; weather warm.—[Stephen
Bradley.
Pawnee, Pawnee County, Nebraska.—F light of swarms came from southeast.—[ Several
persons.

Tabor, Clay County, Kansas.—Saw a few migrating from the soutb at about 11 o’clock;
not at all thick; none alighting. Weather clear; not very warm.—[C. H. Bagby.

Alma, Wabaunsee County, Kansas.—The locusts made their first appearance on Wednes-
day, 14th of June, flying from southwest to northeast, the wind having blown in the
same direction at 30 miles to the hour at 2 o’clock p.m; from 800 to 1,000 feet high;
very few came down; could not find one for examination. Weather warm and clear
by 97° Fah.—_[G. Zwanziger. |

Manhattan, Riley County, Kansas.—Observed locusts while riding on the Atchison, To-
peka and Santa Fé Railroad, between Newton and Larned, from 10 a. m. till 2 p. m., at
a height perhaps of 1,000 feet, scattered over considerable space, but not numerous.
Wind southwest, fresh, but not strong.—[L. R. Elliott.

Junction City, Davis County, Kansas.—Locusts flying north, some high, and some came

APPENDIX XIII—RECORD OF FLIGHTS IN 1877. [159]

down 10 miles west of this place. South wind, but not very strong. Weather fine and
warm.—[ H. H. Mead.

Osborne City, Neosho County, Kansas.—The first grasshoppers from the south made
their appearance to-day, flying over Osborne County. ‘They appeared in consider-
able quantities at times and theu would disappear; and at this time, 4 o’clock p. m.,
more are seen, indicating, I think, that the main body in the south are just about com-
mencing their northern flight. They are traveling due north, the wind being strong
in that direction.—[M. Mohler.

Patron, Butler County, Nebraska.—Few are flying, a little west of north; wind and
weather favorable.—[John Tannahill.

Athol, Sioux County, Jowa.—F rom 11 a. m. to 3 p. m. swarms passing over, but few
alighting ; ’hoppers going north; wind south, 10 miles per hour. Calling the heaviest
swarm 100, this would be about 10 in density. Heigat average. Thermometer 72° to
76°; few clouds.—[W. J. Newell.

June 15.

Athol, Sioux County, Iowa.—No ’hoppers; wind north.—[W. J. Newell.

Nebo, Platte County, Nebraska.—A quite dense flight of locusts passed over here from
about 11 a. m. till 3 p. m., traveling a little west of north. Wind southwest; clear and
warm, with astrong breeze. The flight was high and very few stragglers came down.—

[John Wise.

June 16.

Athol, Sioux County, Iowa.—F lying a little east of north, with southwest wind at 12
miles per hour from 10 a. m. to 4 p.m. Density 20; height average. Thermometer
70° to 78°; clear.—[ W. J. Newell.

Nebo, Platte County, Nebraska.—Locusts passing over from about 11 a. m. till 3 p. m.,
going a little west of north, with southwest wicd. The flight is quite dense and
high. Weather clear, warm, and with a strong breeze.—[John Wise.

Patron, Butler County, Nebraska.—A few locusts are passing over in the direction of a
little west of north, with the wind and weather favorable.—[ John Tannahill.

Guilford, Wilson County, Kansas.—Winged insects first began to migrate June 16 in
small numbers.—[G. B. Brown.

June 16.

Lawrence, Douglas County, Kansas.—A very few locusts flying quite high in the air.
They were so high that I was uaable to say whether they were locusts or not.—[ George
F. Gaumer.

June 17.

Agenda, Republic County, Kansas.—F lying north; wind south.—[Stephen Bradley.
Athol, Sioux County, Iowa.—Losusts passed from 10.40 a. m. to 12.30 p.m.; wind
south, 12 to 15 miles per hour; thermometer 76° to 82°; nearly clear; flight north;
density 3; height not average. Nearly all those that alizhted on the 16th rose and
flew north.—[W. J. Newell. ;
June 18.

ent Tepublic County, Kansas.—None flying; no wind; weather hot.—[Stephen
radley.

Lawrence, Douglas County, Kansas.—To day the locusts have been flying in consider-
erable numbers; they fly with the wind, which has been blowing steadily from south-
southwest at the rate of about 40 m les per hut all day. I first observed them very
high in the air at 11.45 a. m.; at that time only two or three could be seen at one time.
The number steadily increased until 2.35 p.m., when hundreds of them could be seen
at any time passing the sun. At 3.30 p.m. a few were seen flying in the lower air,
within one hundred yards of the earth. At this time they were seen to drop to the
earth, and continued to fall until 4.30 p.m. At 5p. m. they ceased to fly, and prob-
ably averaged one to every square rod in the garden. They flew very swiftly and in
straight lines in a north-northeast direction.—[ George F. Gaumer.

June 19.
Agenda, Republic County, Kansas.—Hoppers flying northwest; wind southeast;
warm.—[Stephen Bradley.
June 20.
eerie, Republic County, Kansas.—Flying northwest; wind southeast.—[Stephen
radley.
Claytonville, Brown County, Kansas.—To-day is hot and the wind is strong; a great

many are passing overhead, and I see my horses start two or three at almost every
step through my corn-field.—[H. M. Robertson.

June 29.

Tabor, Clay County, Kansas.—Winged insects commenced migrating.—[J. H.. Bagby.
Lane, Franklin County, Kansas.—Sky filled with locusts flying northwest, with a
strong wind. In the evening a few came down.—[Jas. Hanway.

[160] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

June 39.

Graham, Nodaway County, Missouri.—Grasshoppers flying in southeast direction at 3
p.m.; wind northwest; fly very high, and in considerable quantities.—[ J. Morton.

Manhattan, Riley County, Kansas.—Noticed the first flight from my fields; wind
northeast, consequently they went southwest.—[Solomon Whitney.

July 1.

Tabor, Fremont County, Iowa.—Toward noon they were rising very freely from our
place; wind southeast.—[J. E. Todd.

Sheridan, Sioux County, Iowa.—Grasshoppers passed over here to-day at 11 o’clock,
going nortiwest; wind blowing a gentle breeze from southeast. They were in large
numbers, and flying high; some were alighting. We havelarge numbers of them here
waiting a favorable wind to go; weather clear and warm.—[A. Edes.

July 2.
Tabor, Fremont County, Iowa.—Many in the air flying with the wind toward south-
east.—[J. E. Todd. ;

Alma, Wabaunsee County, Kansas.—Locusts leaving, with a moderate northeast wind ;
weather clear; 90° Fah.—[G. Zwanziger.

July 3.

Tabor, Fremont County, Iowa.—Locusts moving north and northwest in great
swarms.—[J. E. Todd.

Sarcofie, Jasper County, Missouri—The grasshoppers are leaving, and are going ina
northwest direction.—[ E. D. Barton.

Claytonville, Brown County, Kansas.—The first flight that I am certain of was on the
3d July during a strong breeze from the south; since then the greater bulk of them
have got their wings and are leaving at every favorable opportunity. Their course is
northwesterly, but they never attempt to fly unless the day is warm and dry anda
good breeze blowing from the southward.—[N. M. Robertson.

North Bend, Dodge County, Nebraska.—Noticed the first passing over at 11 a.m. to
northwest, with a gentle breeze from southwest. They flew very high; swarms not
dense; did not alight; weather warm and clear.—[C. C. Kendall.

July 5.

Tabor, Fremont County, Iowa.—Moving north and north by east. To-day they at
times are about as thick as I have seen them here other years; moving north and
north by west. There are comparatively few left here.—[J. E. Todd.

Russell, Russell County, Kansas.—Locusts have been so few that I did not think it
worth reporting at all. They have been flying in the air in small quantities a few
days in May and June, but not enough to make any note of. None have alighted here
at all.—[ Dr. H. A. Ellis.

July 5 and 6.

Nebo, Platt County, Nebraska.—Yesterday and to-day the ’hoppers are leaving us.
All that are able to fly have done so; there are but very few lefé; their course is
northwest ; the wind east of south and south; fair breeze; dryand very warm. ‘Ther-
mometer standing 100° in the shade.—[John Wise.

July 7.

Oswego, Labette County, Kansas.—Those locusts that fly are governed entirely by the
winds; they will fly only when it is in the right direction.—[C. C. Perkins.

July 8.

Yankton, Yankton County, Dakota.—The last few days flying ’hoppers have filled the
sky in thin swarms. The natives mostly rose and went north with the wind. Pre-
vailing breezes lately from south-southeast to north-northwest; moderate.—[A. W.
Barber.

Belleville, Republic County, Kansas.—Many locusts were noticed on the wing for the
past few days; not in large swarms, but have kept on passing at intervals; few have
come to the ground. Wind south for the last three or four days.—[J. P. Heaton.

July 9.
Alma, Wabaunsee County, Kansas—Locusts are passing with a moderate wind from
northeast by north; weather clear; 90° Fahrenheit.—[G. Zwanziger.
July 11.

Cheyenne River Agency, Ashmore County, Dakota.—Swarms of locusts arrived at 10a. m.
in a westerly direction ; not very dense ; 300 feet high; 10 miles in depth and as far
as the eye could reach in length; they did not stop. Wind west; weather warm and
clear.—[J. F. Cravens, United States Indian agent.

APPENDIX XIII.—RECORD OF FLIGHTS IN 1877. [161]

July 12.
Milwaukee, Wisconsin.—Telegrams from pointsin Minnesota, Iowa, and Dakota report
grasshoppers in large numbers flying with the wind. In Minnesota they are flying
north, only a few alighting.—[ Milwaukee Sentinel.

July 13.

Garden of Gods, Colorado.—Winged insects rising in Garden of Gods, sparsely; brisk
wind from northwest.—[C. V. Riley.

Fort Walsh, British America.—Swarm dense, with the wind from the south-south-
west; flying about 80 feet high. Weather clear; temperature 71°; light wind. A
few alighted.—[J. G. Kittson.

July 14. :

Denver, Arapahoe County, Colorado.—Flights first heard of at Wallon, Kansas, then at
Julesburg, then lighting at Deadwood.—[C. V. Riley.

Denver, Arapahoe County, Colorado.—F rom 10 a. m. to 4 p. m., spretus flying southeast-
wardly at the rate of about 12 miles per hour. Wind moderate, from northwest.
Swarms not dense and only seen looking into the sun. In one place, along Denver and.
Rio Grande Railroad, thick enough to cast shadow.—[C. V. Riley.

July 16.

~ Cheyenne River Agency, Ashmore County, Dakota.—Locusts coming back, going east at.
11 o’clock a. m.; swarm quite dense—boundless. Wind east, slight; weather clear
and warm.—[J. F. Cravens, United States Indian agent.

July 17.

Greeley, Colorado.—F lying northwest, sparsely; higher clouds from west.—[C.. V.

Riley.
July 18. ;

Norton, Norton County, Kansas.—The Rocky Mountain locusts made their appearance,.
going south; the wind blowing strongly from the northeast.—[ Thomas Beaumont.

Lincoln, Dodge County, Nebraska.—The locusts were again flying over Lincoln to-day
for three hours, going a little east of south. Have not been able to hear where they
have alighted, though I have telegraphed and written in all directions. They appear
to go in whatever direction the wind happens to be blowing, and don’t seem to wait this
season until it blows in a certain direction —[Samuel Aughey.

July 20.

Norton, Norton County, Kansas.—The swarm of locusts which came on the 18th staid
on the divide till to-day, when they left in a southwesterly direction.—[Thomas Beau-
mont.

Fort Walsh, British America.—Swarm very dense, with the wind from southeast,
flying about 150 feet high. Weather clear; light wind; temperature 73°. Some
alighted.—[J. G. Kittson.

Carroll, Carroll County, Iowa.—The ’hoppers have all gone, with the exception of a
few late hatched ones.—[ Andrew Beers.

July 21.
Bismarck, Dakoia.—F lying northwest with the wind.—[George W. Sweet.

July 22.

Bismarck, Dakota.—Swarm very dense, with the wind from the northwest; flying
about 200f-et high. Weather clear; brisk wind; temperature 68°. Very few alighted.
Possibly this was the second swarm forced back by a contrary wind.—[J. G.. Kittson.

Bismarck, Dakota.—F lying northwest with the wind.—[George W. Sweet.

Lincoln, Dodge County, Nebraska.—The locusts are again flying south, over Lincoln.—
[S. Aughey.

July 23.
Bismarck, Dakota.—Grasshoppers caught at Bismarck July 23.—[ George W. Sweet.
July 25. ,

Graham, Nodaway County, Missouwri.—There was no regular flight as in former years;
they changed their course as the wind changed; seemed bewildered, having no definite
directicn to go, and think most relighted and perished here.—-[J. Morton.

July 27.

vebo, Platte County, Nebraska.—On Friday, July 27, the wind in the north, fair breeze,
clear and warm, the ’hoppers moved southeast in a regnlar steady flight. At about
4 o'clock a slight shower came up, and the “hoppers came down until it began to look
rather dubious around the corn-fields and oat-patches.—[J. Wise.

[11 @]

[162] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

July 28.

Sioux City, Woodbury County, Jowa.—Immense swarms of grasshoppers have been
flying over in an easterly direction since morning; but few came down.—[ Iowa Register.

July 29.

Sioux City, Woodbury County, lowa.—Many hoppers leaving for the northeast; wind
strong and south.—[J. Wise.
July 30.

Sioux City, Woodbury County, Iowa.—Many ’hoppers flying north, with a strong south
wind.—[J. Wise.

July 31.

Nebo, Platte County, Nebraska.—Rainy ; “hoppers very stupid ; could pick them up any-
where. Hundreds we bound up in the wheat, too stupid or helpless to get out of the
Wey The weather was sultry and light rain; cleared about 10 o’clock; warm.—[John

WV ise.

Norton, Norton County, Kansas.—To-day the wind is in the north, and the ’hoppers
are going south, flying very high. They are not very numerous, however.—[Thomas
Beaumont.

Adamson, Rooks County, Kansas.—The grasshoppers made their appearance here on
July 31 in small quantities; came with a north wind, and left August 1; went south-
west. The weather is cool and wet.—[{ Moses Adamson.

Council Bluffs, Pottawatomie County, Iowa.—At Council Bluffs locusts were passing
‘south in small swarms in the afternoon.—[J. E. Todd.

August 1.

Tabor, Tremont County, Iowa.—To-day they have been passing in dense swarms (as
‘thick as I have ever seen them, I think) slowly to the southwest. If there is not a
hard north or northwest wind soon, we may have plenty of them down upon us again.—
[J. E. Todd.

Norton, Norton County, Kansas.—A few passed over, going southeast.—[Thomas
Beaumont.

August 1-3.

Nebo, Platte County, Nebraska.— Hoppers went west on these three days, till but few
were left. Wind southeast, with gentle breeze.—[John Wise.
August 3.
Norton, Norton County. Kansas.—A flight went over, flying very high and going in a
southwest direction.—[Thomas Beaumont.
August 5.
Norton, Norton County, Kansas.—A great many locusts passing over in a southwest
direction.—[Thomas Beaumont.
August 6.

Norton, Norton County, Kansas.—There are very few in the air.—[Thomas Beaumont.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakotaa—Wind northwest; great swarms passing south,
augmented by risings from the prairies.—[ Rev. G. S. Codington.

Claytonville, Brown County, Kansas.—Locusts are nearly all gone.—[ W. M. Robertson.

August 7.

Logan, Phillips County, Kansas.—Locusts are passing over this place. going in a south-
erly direction ; wind in the north; not as many passing as last year at this time; very
few went north this spring.—[J. W. Benjamin.

August 8.
Medary, Brookings County, Dakota. — Light swarms of locusts move south; wind
strong from the north west.—[ Rey. G. 8. Codington.
August 10.

Norton, Norton County, Kansas.—Locusts were going north in tho forenoon, and in
the afternoon the wind got in the west and they went east, a few alighting on the
divide.—[ Thomas Beaumecnt.

August 11.

Norton, Norton County, Kansas.—The air is full of locusts going southeast, fying very |

high.—[ Thomas Beaumont.
August 11 and 12.

Patron, Butler County, Nebraska.—Locusts on the wing; wind north—[John Tannahill. |

August 12.

Norton, Norton County, Kansas.—The air was literally full of locusts, going a little west
of south.—[Thomas Beaumont.

1a
1]

APPENDIX XIII—RECORD OF FLIGHTS IN 1877. [163 |

August 13.

Norton, Butler County, Nebraska.—Some very heavy clouds of locusts passed over here
to-day in the forenoon, but when night came there were not enough to notice.—[ John
Tannabill.

Norton, Norton County, Kansas.—The divide between the Prairie dog and the Sapper
was literally covered with locusts at 9 o’clock, and at 10.35 a gust of wind came from
a little west of north, when the whole of them rose and started off on their southern
tour.—[ Thomas Beaumont. ;

Tabor, Clay County, Kansas.—Some swarms passing over in a southerly direction ;
wind northeast, slow ; quite warm; clear; some few came down.—[J. W. Bagby.

Alma, Wabaunsee County, Kansas.—To-day locusts have gone over Alma, not very
thickly, flying; coming from northeast and going southwest.—[G. Zwanziger.

August 14.

Alma, Wabaunsee County, Kansas.—A few have gone the same direction as those of
yesterday.—[G Zwanziger.
August 15.
Tabor, Clay County, Kansas.—Wind chavged to south, and those which passed over
on the 13th came back with the wind and went toward the northwest; the few that
lit on the 13th started off also in the same direction at 2 p. m.—[J. W. Bagby.

August 27.

Little Sioux, Harrison County, Iowa.—Tremendous swarm made its appearance, coming
from the south. This wasataboutlla.m. Soon the heavens were clouded with them ;
the air was full; all hurrying on northward. About2 p.m, the wind changed and blew
from the north. Goodness! what a change. In an instant they commenced dropping
all around and upon us, and by 4 p. m. the entire su: face of the ground, the fences, and
the houses were covered. The corn was bent down, the trees hung loaded as with
swarms of bees; it seemed as if they were about to take every green and dry thing.—
[A. H. Gleason.

August 30.
Little Sioux, Harrison County, Iowa.—The wind changed and blew from the north,

when about 10 a.m. they commenced rising, and by 2 p.m. scarcely a locust could be
seen, they having all gone back in the direction they came from.—[ A. H. Gleason.

September 16.

Camp Supply, Cherokee Nation, Indian Territory.—Grasshoppers are flying over in great
numbers; they come from the northwest and go southeast; none alight. The wind
is from the south changing to a norther toward evening.—[T. E. Wilcox.

September 17.
Ellis, Ellis County, Kansas.—Locusts are moving west-northwest.—[L. Watson, M. D.

September 22.
Lillis, Ellis County, Kansas.—Gentle northwest wind; locusts moving sou_heast.—
[L. Watson, M. D.
September 24.
Adamson, Rooks County, Kansas.—Grasshoppers have been flying in small numbers
nearly all the time. They go any way the wind blows. They have been on the wing

in small quantities ever since July 31. The careless observer would say there are none
Lere.—[ Moses Adamson.

September 27.

Ellis, Ellis County, Kansas.—Locusts flying first south and then south-southwest;

wind gentle, northwest, then north, and then north-northeast ; temperature at 8 p. m.
60°.—[L. Watson, M.D.

October 8.

Ellis, Ellis County, Kansas.—Some were observed down, The wind on that and pre-
ceding day being a gentle northwest. On the 6th there was a gentle southeast wind
with slight rain ; temperature in the morning 53°.—[L. Watson, M. D.

October 21.

Ellis, Ellis County, Kansas.—Locusts moving southerly ; temperature in morning 26°,
being the first hard frost. Very gentle northerly wind ; day temperature not observed.
Another hard frost that night, with a calm morning.—[L. Watson, M.D.

October 22.

_ Ellis, Ellis County, Kansas.—Few locusts flying northeast. Wind thwest: i
perature 65°.—[L. Watson, M. D. a ind southwest; tem

October 23.
_ Lillis, Ellis County, Kansas.—Few locusts moving northeast.—[L. Watson, M. D.

[164] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

October 25 and 26.

Ellis, Ellis County, Kansas.—A few were observed. Wind gentle, southwest. Tem-
perature on the 26th, at 5 p. m., 649°.—[L. Watson, M. D.

[= The following data are more particularly from Minnesota, and the northern por-
tion of the locust area. Whenever the State or Territory is not indicated, Minnesota is
to be understood :]

E877.

June 14.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—Morning, wind west; changed to southwest; a
few fly.

Kasota, Le Sueur County.—First noticed fiying.

Kanaranzie, Rock County.—Seeu here; go north.

Lake Crystal, Blue Earth County.—Winged locusts seen; reported flying.

Nebo, Platte County, Nebraska.—Locusts flying until 3 p. m., going west of north;
wind strong from southwest ; weather clear and warm.

Schuyler, Colfax County, Nebraska.—F lying northward; wind from south. Flying
northward from extreme southeast corner of Dakota to Le Mars, in Plymouth County,
Iowa.

June 15.

Saint Wendall, Stearns County.—First winged seen.

Bondin, Murray County.—About the 15th a few went north.

Magnolia, Rock County.—Flew north.

Nashville, Martin County——F lying in a southerly direction very heavily.

June 16.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.~—Morning, wind northwest ; some swarms seen
going east.

Magnolia, Rock County.—F lying north.

Dell Rapids, Minnehaha County, Dakota.—Wind south ; some seen.

Luverne, Rock County.—Going north; a few lit here and there.

Worthington, Nobles County —Wind strong, south to southwest; some fly high.

Bigelow, Nobles County.—Heavy flight north and northeast, 11 a. m., 15 miles per hour.

Seward, Nobles County.—F ly thick northwest from 10 to 4 o’clock.

Little Rock, Nobles County.—F ly north; a few lit.

Adrian, Nobles County.—About the 16th fly over to nerth, a few alighting.

Stevens, Morris County.—Flew very high; think they went southeast.

Milltown, Armstrong County—Warm, clear; wind toward north. At 12 m. swarms
passing in large numbers and very high; were two and a half days passing.

Murray County.—F lying north.

June 17.

Luverne, Rock County.—Go'ng north, a few alighting here and there.

Bigelow, Nobles County.—Heavy flight going north and northeast; wind southwest.

Magnolia, Rock County.—Heavy flight going north.

Morris, Stevens County.—F ly very high, going southeast.

Fergus Falls, Otter Tail County.—F ly over to north ; vid. 18th.

Olivet, Hutchinson Coun.y, Dakota.—F ly northward irom 11a. m. to3 p.m. ; wind south;
weather clear; 20 miles per hour.

Murray County.—Going north.

June 18.

Worthington, Barnes County, Dakota.—A few were flying from south.

Fergus Falls, Otter Tail County.—Wicd changed; vid. 17th; flying back.

Marshall, Lyon County.—F ull-fledged locusts found this morning; must haye alighted;
were flying from south yesterday.

New Ulm, Brown County.—First seen flying southeast.

Hale, McLeod County.—First winged seen.

Worthington, Nobles County.—Wind northwest ; a few fly at noon.

Sauk Rapids, Benton County—Commenced taking a flight to southeast.

Saint Cloud, Stearns County—Commenced flying.

Monticello, Wright County.—Fly over from the northwest.

Madelia, Watonwan County.—Northwest.

Renville County.—South-southeast.

Sherburne County.—South-southeast.

June 19.

Linden, Brown County.—Wind south ; first seen flying northwest.
Severance, Sibley County.—First seen flying.

Saint Peter, Nicollet County.—First hatch getting wings.

New Ulm, Brown County—Change of wind, fly west.

APPENDIX XIII.—RECORD OF FLIGHTS IN 1877. [165 |

Madelia, Watonwan County.—Seen flying.
Beaver, Renville County.—F ly over in considerable numbers, westerly.
Sibley, Sibley County—Flying southwest from 10 to %. Daily flights same hour to
July 8.
June 20.

Newberg, Traill County, Dakota.—A few lit from south, not enough to do damage,
and not gone July 10.

Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—Wind north, fy south.

Appleton, Swift County.—First seen flying.

Tenhassen, Martin County.—First winged seen.

Redwood Falls, Redwood. County.—F lying southeast.

Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota.—Flying to northwest at 11 a.m. Wind south-
east; moderate breeze.

June 21.

Saint Wendall, Stearns County.—First seen flying.

Benson, Swift County.—First seen flying.

Lake Lillian, Kandiyohi County.—First seen flying.

New London, Kandiyohi County.—First seen flying, going southeast.

Renville, Renville County.—Four sizes of ’hoppers in this locality from one-quarter in
length upward; hatch does not appear to be completed yet.

Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota.—F lying northwest; wind southeast.

June 22. :
Gary, Deuel County, Dakota.—First seen flying; could hardly be seen; going very

_ high to the scutheast.

Saint Wendall, Stearns County.—F lying northwest.

Paynesville, Stearns County.—Some of our hatch went west.

Fairhaven, Stearns County.—Began to fly; went northwest.

Benson, Swift County.—Wind southeast; fly northwest.

Litchfield, Mecker County.—First flight; went northwest. ;

Corinna, Wright County.—Began to fly from here; went’ west on a strong east wind.

Severance, Sibley County.—F lying.

Mankato, Blue Earth County.—Took flight; west.

Madelia, Watonwan County.—First winged seen; some flying north.

New Londan, Kandiyohi County.—Going southeast.

Bismarck, Sibley County.—A dense swarm going northwest ; flying very high at 5 to
40 miles per hour; wind southeast.

New Auburn, Sibley County—F lying high to northwest from 9 a. m. to 4 p. m.; wind
from southeast. :

Bismarck, Dakota.—Hoppers left, having done but little damage.

June 23.

Gary, Deuel County, Dakota.—Same as 22.
New London, Kandiyohi County.—Going west.
Madelia, Watonwan County.—Some going north.
Morristown, Rice County.—First fly ; wind northwest, rather still; quite warm; going
southeast at 2 p. m.
June 24.

Saint Wendall, Stearns County.—Going east in great numbers.
Benson, Swift County.—Go east ; wind west; a few alighting.

New London, Kandiyohi County.—Go southeast.

Litchfield, Meeker County.—Go west; a few have been seen coupling.
Corinna, Wright County.—More left, vid. 22; go sonth nearly.
Madelia, Watonwan County.—The early hatched getting wings.
Bigelow, Nobles County.—¥irst winged seen.

June 25.
Saint Wendall, Stearns County.—Fly northwest sparingly.
Paynesville, Stearns County.—F ly northwest in considerable numbers.
Alexandria, Douglas County.—F ly northwest.
New London, Kandiyohi County.—F ly west.
Willmar, Kandiyohi County.—F ly west.
Manannah, Meeker County.—Commenced raising.
Marshall, Lyon County.—F ly north; very few.
Monticello, Chippewa County.—First seen flying southeast.
Beaver Falls, Renville County.—Fly northwest; air full.
Linden, Brown County.—F ly southeast; wind northwest.
Vicksburg, Renville County.—F ly northwest; wind southeast.
Hale, McLeod County.—F ly northwest; few.
Madelia, Watonwan County.—Fly west; not plenty.

[166] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Pringhar, O'Brien County, Iowa.—Light swarms flying to northwest; weather clear,
with south and southeast wind.

Hector, Renville County.—F ly northwest.

Osakis, Douglas County.—F ly northwest.

June 26.

Saint Wendall, Stearns County.—F ly southeast; few.

Holmes City, Douglas County.—F ly southeast; wind northwest.

Willmar,. Kandiyohi County.—Fly southeast; very high and numerous.

New London, Kandiyohi County.—F ly southeast.

Manannah, Meeker County.—Alighting.

Delano, Wright County.—F ly southeast.

Marshall, Lyon County.—F ly south.

Beaver Falls, Renville County.—F ly south; a few alighting.

Vicksburg, Renville County.—F ly southeast; wind northwest.

Saint Peter, Nicollet County.—F ly southeast.

Morristown, Rice County.—F ly quite numerously.

Tenhassen, Martin County.—F ly east; some wind west.

Lincoln, Lancaster County, Nebraska.—F lying northeast ; heavy rains.

Kerkhoven, Swift County.—F lying northwest at 9a. m.; quite low; wind southeast;
weather dry and clear.

June 27.

Holmes City, Douglas County—Wind northwest ; go southeast.

Vicksburg, Renville County.—Rainy ; none fly.

Saint Peter, Nicollet County.—Air full; go west; largest flight seen yet.

Hale, McLeod County.—Moderate wind from northwest; going southeast; ’hoppers
rose in clouds and left.

Madelia, Watonwan County.—Going north.

Luverne, Rock County.—Swarms very high; go southwest.

Delafield, Jackson County.—Go northwest; not very numerous; a few leave.
, Jackson County.—Go nearly north ; not numerous.

Middletown, Jackson County.—Go north; few; very high.
: The accounts for this date are confused; wind must have been changeable or very

ight.
Lincoln, Lancaster County, Nebraska.—East of north, heavy.
Excelsior, Hennepin County.—A thin flight at 9 a.m.

June 28.

Long Prairie, Todd County.—Wind west-northwest; clear and cool; first flight; with
wind; moderate numbers.

Burnhamville, Todd County.—Some passed east-southeast ; some of ours left.

Saint Cloud, Stearns County.—Air full, going southward and eastward.

Fairhaven Stearns County.—Some of our hatch went nearly south.

Saint Wendall, Stearns County.—Many fly southeast.

Benson, Swift Countya—Wind north; atew fly south ; a few came down in some parts
of the county.

Lake Elizabeth, Kandiyohi County.—Came from northwest and alighted.

Willmar, Kandiyohi County——Fly southeast for three days past; clouds seem to rise
and leave on 27th.

Litchfield, Meeker County.—F ly east at 12 m.; very high.

Dassel, Meeker County.—F ly southeast; few.

Corinna, Wright County.—In vast numbers from 12 m. to 2 p.m.; southeast; very
high.

Clearwater, Wright County.—An extra flight go in south direction ; advance passed at
M.; many joined from here.

Granite Falls, Yellow Medicine County.—Air filled all day; go little south of east ;
rising from here in large numbers.

Lac-qui-Parle, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Go southeast; slight movement.

Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Go southeast in quite large quantities, leaving here in
considerable numbers.

Vicksburg, Renville County.—Cloudy in the a.m.; at noon wind and *hoppers from
northwest.

June 29.

Benson, Swift County.—Cloudy.

Dassel, Meeker County.—Wind east ; strong; few rise and fly.

Silver Creek, Wright County.—Quite a number in the air fur the last seven or eight
days; go southeast.

Granite Falls, Yellow Medicine County.—Strong wind from southeast all day, but few
fly and few rising.

Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Wind coutheast ; none fly.

APPENDIX XIIIL—RECORD OF FLIGHTS IN 1877. [167]

Vicksburg, Renville County.—Cloudy ; wind southeast ; none fly.

Ridgeley, Nicollet Cownty.—F ly northwest in great numbers ; most of the hatch gone
northwest. Mey)

Kanaranzie, Rock County.—Go north; afew; a few alighting.

Little Rock, Nobles County—A few stragglers lit from south; wind strong.

Delafield, Jackson County.—Wind south; go north; a few alighting.

Lemars, Plymouth County, Iowa.—F ly northwest.

Paynesville, Stearns County—Immense swarms go southeast; many alight. Many
of our hatch rose from 11 a. m. to 3 p. m. Laie

Lane, Franklin County, Kansas.—F lying northwest ; few alighting.

June 30. -@

Benson, Swift County.—Cloudy.

Granite Falls, Yellow Medicine Couwnty.—Wind west; blew hard; none fly; none
rising.

Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Cloudy ; wind northwest ; none.

Vicksburg, Kenville County.—Wind northwest ; a few fly.

Ridgeley, Nicollet County——Cool; wind northwest; none fly.

Manhattan, Riley County, Kansas.—F ly southwest ; wind northeast. :
Lake Village, Brookings County, Dakota.—Flying high, four miles per hour; wind
eash. :

. July 1.

Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—Wind southwest and southeast; eight swarms
go north about noon.

Rockport, Hanson County, Dakota.—Wind southeast; fly very high from 1 to4 p.m.
A driving shower of rain caused many to alight on west bank of James River.

Sioux Falls, Sioux®ounty, Dakota.—Large quantities flew over northwest; about 3
o’clock wind changed and slight rain caused a few to drop.

Osakis, Douglas County.—F ly east in large swarms.

Brandon, Douglas County.—F ly southeast.

Holms, Douglas County.—F lying southeast in small quantities.

Burnhamville, Todd County.—Passed over in southerly direction ; swarm not very ex-
tensive.

Round Prairie, Todd County.—Commenced to fly south-southeast.

Long Prairie, Todd County.—Light wind from west; partly clear; fly southwest in
moderate numbers.

Fairhaven, Stearns County.—F ly southeast very thick; none alighted; between 3 and
4 they stopped flying.

Paynesville, Stearns County.—F ly southeast very slow; circling about in the air in
great numbers; wind changed to southwest.

Clear Lake, Sherburne County.—Go south; wind north.

Saint Wendall, Stearns County.—Southeast a. m., and northwest p. m.

Benson, Swift County.—Go south a. m., west in p. m.; not a great mary.

Appleton.—In the sky in vast numbers; did not seem to go either way.

Willmar, Kandiyohi County.—Slight wind; go south; immense numbers; move slow.

Albion, Wright County.—Some alighted ; leit on the 3d.

Corinna, Wright County.—F ly very thick southwest.

Silver Creek.—F ly very thick southeast.

Lac-qui-Parle, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Go southeast until 11 o’clock; then wind changed
to southeast, and they went northwest.

Baxter, Lac-qui- Parle County.—Slight wind ; large numbers high up, at 2 p. m.; wind
from southeast; fly northwest.
Granite alls, Yellow Medicine County.—Air full; large numbers; rise and go north-
east.

Brookfield, Renville County.—Large swarms fly with the east wind.

Vicksburg, Renville County.—Very hot and still ; locusts rising, circling, and alighting ;
main body go southeast.

Hale, McLeod County.—Large swarms go southeast.

Penn.—Gentle breeze ; locusts go south ; many drop; light on the 3d.

Cotionwood, Brown County.—In the air very thick.

et Wright County.—First seen iu any great numbers; came from east; many

stopping.

Linden, Brown County.—Large numbers; go southwest.

Ridgeley, Nicollet County.—F ly west in great numbers.

Long Prairie, Todd County.—F ly east ; quite a number alighted.

Union Center, Le Sueur County.—F ly north.

Morristown, Rice County.—Began to fly; wind northwest; clear; light clouds.

Windom, Cotionwood County.—F ly southeast in a. m.; a little west of south in p. m.

Mankato, Blue Earth County.—Sky alive with them; seem to tend scutheast in a. m..
and southwest in p.m.; hard to determine their course.

[168] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Madelia, Watonwan County.—Vast clouds go south in a. m., due west in p. m.

Butterfield, Watonwan County.—Wind very slight from southeast; fly very high—
northwest; very few, if any, alighted.

Luverne, Rock County.—Those hatched here rise and go northwest.

Kanaranzie, Rock County.—Hatch leaving for northwest; air full, going same way.

Township 103, range 47, Rock County.—Small flight.

Clinton, Stanton County, Nebraska.—Wind southeast; go northwest; large swarms;
afew dropped.

Beaver Creek, Rock County.—A heavy swarm of the hatch took flight to the northwest.

Magnolia, Rock County.—Go northwest; many leaving.

Worthington, Nobles County.—F ly west and northwest; high; at sunset some lit near
here. Some*lit in the county.

Adrian, Nobles County.—Some passing nearly north most of the day.

Delafield, Jackson County.—F ly west.

Jackson, Jackson County.—F ly west.

Heron Lake, Jackson County.—First seen here flying.

Minnesta, Jackson County.—Go north; very many ; very high; some leaving.

Christiana, Jackson County.—First seen flying.

Fairmount, Martin County.—Stiff, northeast breeze; went with wind.

Fox Lake, Martin County.—Wind southeast; go northwest; quite a movement, but
not very heavy.

Center Creek, Martin County.—Go southwest; air full.

Tabor, Fremont County, Iowa.—Rising and flying southeast toward noon.

Sheridan, Sioux County, Iowa.—Large numbers flying high to northwest at 11 p. m.
Some alighting.

Dawson County, Nebraska.—Seen flying.

Grafton, Sibley County —Weather waim; wind northeast. Loc&sts flying southwest
at 12 m.

Bigelow, Nobles County.—F lying west at 20 miles per hour from 11 a. m.to4p.m.
Wind from east.

Lincoln, Lancaster County, Nebraska.—Seen.

July 2.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—None of any consequence for last two weeks. -

Wind south, light ; and light swarms moving north. :
Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—Wind north ; *hoppers returned; none alighted.

Rockport, Hanson County, Dakota.—Wind west-northwest; high; a few seen from
11 to 12.30.

Round Prairie, Todd County Wet and cloudy; none move.

Benson, Suift County.—Fly south in small numbers.

Lac-qui-parle, Lac-qui-parle County.—Slight move to northwest.

Baxter, Lac-qui-parle County.—Stiff wind from northwest; few fly southeast; some
leave.

Granite Falls, Yellow Medicine County.—Air full; going east; others rise and go
east; none alighted yet.

Montevideo, Chippewa County.—Wind northwest; went southeast.

Corinna, Wright County.—Numbers quite small.

Vicksburg, Renville County.—Southeast wind and cloudy in a. m.; at m. wind west.

Cottonwood, Brown County.—F ly northeast.

Linden, Brown County.—Wind northwest ; none seen.

Little Prairie, Nicollet County.—F ly southeast; quite a number alighting.

Ridgeley, Nicollet County.—Wind west; but flew fly ; some of them alighted

Pipest ne, Pipestone County.—F ly southeast; very high.

Louville, Murray County.—Go northwest.

Windom, Cottonwood County.—Fly west; very high.

Riverdale, Watonwan County.—First flight.

Butterfield, Watonwan County— Wind from north ; none seen.

Kanaranzie, Rock County.—Go east; vid. 7th.

Bigelow, Nobles County.—Wind west; cool; cloudy; few fly east.

Adrian, Nobles County.—Some fly from east (?).

Tenhassen, Martin County.—Few go east.

Jo Davis, Faribault County.—No flight in swarms yet.

La Platte, Sarpy County, Nebraska.—F lying east of north.

Tabor, Fremont County, Iowa.—F lying northwest; wind southeast.

July 3.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—First appearance; enly a few going west at m.

Gray, Deuel County, Dakota.—F ly west.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakoia.—Wind south ; stronger; light swarms go north.

Dell Rapids, Minnehaha County, Dakota.—Wind southeast; quite a number alighted,

Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—Cloudy ; none seen.

\

APPENDIX XIII.—RECORD OF FLIGHTS IN 1877. [169]

Rockfort, Hanson County, Dakota.—Southeast wind ; fly very high and numerous.
Elbow Lake, Grant County—Wind southeast ; considerable numbers go northwest.
Tlerman, Grant County.—Go northwest on 3a, 4th, and 5th—most on 4th.

Brandon, Douglas County.—F ly west; air full of them.

Burnhamvitle, Todd County.—Some left to west-southwest.

Round Prairie, Todd Ceunty.—Raised in great numbers and went west-southwest. —

Long Prairie, Nicollet County—Wind east, partly clear; fly with wind in moderate
numbers.

Morris, Stevens County.—Began to fly at 9; go west ; wind southeast, clear and warm ;
began to alight about 1 o’clock.

Westport, Pope County.—F ly little south of west; extensive movement ; very high.

Fair Haven, Stearns County.—Go southwest in great numbers.

Paynesville, Stearns County.—Go west very thick; many of ours joined them; many
came down, but rose again mostly.

Saint Wendall, Stearns County.—Go west, many.

Clear Lake, Sherburne County.—Wind nerthwest; go southeast.

Ortonville, Big Stone County.—First seen ; a few go west.

Lac-qui-Parle, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Go northwest; immense quantity.

Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Wind little south of east; good breeze; large numbers
go northwest.

Montevideo, Chippewa County.—Wind southeast; fly very thick northwest.

Dassel, Meeker County.—Warm, bright; wind easterly, very light; went southwest
till 1.30, then west; large swarms rise and a continuous line passed from 11 to 3.

Manannah, Meeker County.—Upper flight west of southwest ; lower flight west.

Corinna, Wright County.—Go due south; air seemed fuli as far as the eye could reach.

Cokato, Wright County.—Took flight.

Stockholm, Wright County—Commenced flying to west.

Granite Falls, Yellow Medicine County.—Come down in small swarms at 11; at 12, ris-
ing and air full; go northwest.

Beaver, Renville County.—Go northwest. During a greater part of the day, a swarm
as innumerable as the sands on the shore took its flight over this section, going in a
westerly direction.

Vicksburg, Renville County.—Morning cloudy; clear at noon; wind east by south-
east ; “hoppers go with wind.

Palmyra, Renville County.—Go westerly ; high.

Lrookfield, Renville County.—Southeast wind ; swarms go west and southwest.

Hale, McLeod County.—Wind southeast; immense swarms go with wind.

Penn, McLeod County.—Those that lit on 1st left, going northwest.

Marshfield, Lincoln County.—Go northwest; first swarm seen; light movement.

Marshall, Lyon County.—Go west freely ; in the evening alighting.

Tracy, Lyon County.—Go west; did not alight.

- oes Redwood County.—Go west-northwest; high and very fast from 12 to 3.30;
rst flight.

Walnut Station, Redwood County.—Small flight to west and northwest, from 11 to 2.30;
a few alighted.

Lamberton, Redwood County.—3d, 4th, 5th, and 6th, came in with east-southeast wind.

Cottonwood, Brown County.—Go southwest in a.m. and northwest in p.m.

Linden, Brown County.—Wind south; vid. 5th.

Albin, Brown County.—F ly west; wind east.

Saint Peter, Nicollet County.—Large flight southwest.

Ttidgcly, Nicollet: County.—F ly west in great numbers; our own go with them.

Currie, Murray County.—F ly west.

Windom, Cottonwood County.—F ly west ; very high.

Butterfield, Watonwan County.—Light southeast wind; ’hoppers commenced passing
over; many alighted.

Madelia, Watonwan County.—Continuous flight all day to alittle south of west; those
of ours that had wings joined them.

Luverne, Tock County.—Go a few degrees west of north in considerable numbers.

Kanoranzie, Rock County—Go northwest; vid. 7th.

Township 103, range 47, Rock County.—Go northwest.

Bigelow, Nobles County.—Clear; light southeast wind; fly thick from 11 to 4.

Worthington, Nobles County.—F ly northwest at noon, quite heavy.

Graham Luke, Nobles County.—Large numbers go west ; few came down.

Adrian, Nobles County.—Some fly; a few alighted.

Delafield, Jackson County.—Wind south of east; go northwest; mostly very high;
none alighted.

Christiana, Jackson County.—Go little north of west; a few alighted about 3 p. m.

Tenhassen, Martin County,—Wind south-southeast, moderate, very warm; fly north-
west.

Claytonville, Brown County, Kansas.—Go southwest; wind nortlieast.

[170] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

La Platte Valley, Nebraska.—F lying east of north; heavy rains.

Omaha, Nebraska.—F lying very ‘high to northwest at 11 a.m. ; wind southeast ; clear.
Tabor, Fi ‘emont County, Iowa.—Go ‘north and northwest.

Pipestone, Pipestone County.—Go southwest at 10 a. m., none alighting.

Lig Stone Lake, Pipestone County.—Go northwest, many alighting.

July 4.

Yellow Banks, Deuel, Dakota. —Wind east; very warm; go west about noon; pretty
thick; high.

Gr ay, Deuel County, Dakota.—Wind east; fly west; high; none lit yet.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota. —Wind southeast some fly with wind; a few
stragglers alight; Astoma gryllaria quite numerous.

Dell Rapids, Minnchaha County, Dakota. —Wind southeast; quite a number lit.

Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—Wind south; plenty flying; very high.

Rockport, Hanson County, Dakota.—Wind southeast ; alight on upland west of town.

Detroit, Becker County—Few fly southeast; ours have not left yet.

Elbow Lake, Grant County.—Still go northwest.

Herman, Grant County.— Vid. 3d.

Morris, Stevens County—Saw them early this a. m.; very clear; clouded over about
11 and they began to alight; at 1p. m. thick; wind ‘southeast ; go northwest; a5 4p.
m. they cover the eround.

Westport, Pope County.—Extensive movements to little south of west; very high.

Saint Cloud, Stearns County.—F ly west.

Elk River, Sherburne County y.—Those hatched here went south by southeast.

Benson, Swift County.— Very thick northwest.

Lac-qui- Parle, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Go northwest; immense quantities.

Baxter, Lac-qui- Parle County.—Go northwest; very large quantities; wind southeast.

Montevideo, Chippewa County.—Wind southeast ; fly northwest; very thick.

Lake Lillian, Kandiyohi County.—Go northwest.

Chatham, Wright County.—Begin to leave ; go southwest.

Corinna, Wright County.—Very few move.

Monticello, Wright County.—F lew away by millions.

Granite Falls, Yellow Medicine County.—At 1 o’clock ’hoppers rising and air full; go
northwest.

Canby, Yellow Medicine County.—Wind southeast ; a few fly ; very few alighted.

Beaver Falls, Renville County.—Air full; go west 3 another large invoice “fly north-
west; large numbers in this vicinity rise ml join them.

Vicksburg, Renviile County.—Very hot wind southeast.

Brookfield, Renville County—Swarms go west; SPUNLGZ wind; fly northwest very
thick; at 4p. m., dropping down on everything.

Palmyr a, Renville County.—Go westerly ; high.

Severance, Sibley County.—Air full.

Marshall, Lyon County.—Few go west; some lit.

North Hero, Redwood County.—Alighted ; seemed to come from west.

Lamberton, Redwood County.— Vid. July 3.

Cottonwood, Brown County.—Go northwest; all gone that have wings.

Linden, Brown County.—Wind east; vid. July 5

Albin, Brown County.—F ly northwest ; wind southeast.

Ridgeley, Nicollet County.x—Fly west; many of ours going; not as thick in the air as
on previous days.

Long Prairie, Nicollet County.—Fly west.

Currie, Murray County.—F ly north.

Butterfleld, Watonwan County.—Light southeast wind ; still go over; many more
alighted.

Kanaranzie, Rock County.—Go northwest ; vid. July 7.

Wor thington, Nobles County.—F ly northwest; high.

Bigelow, Nobles County.—Wind south ; light clouds ; nove seen till 2.30, then go north.

Adrian, Nobles County.—Some fly west ; ” few alighted.

Delafield, Jackson County.—Wind southeast ; go northwest ; none alighted.

Tenhassen, Martin County.—Wind south; hot, cloudy; not many fly.

Fox Lake, Martin County.—Go northwest ; quite a movement, but not very large.

Tabar, Fremont County, Iowa.—Go south.

Schuyler, Colfax County, Nebraska.—F lying.

July 5.
Sisseton Agency, Dakota.— Vid. letter.
Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—Wind east; warm; a few go west; high.
Medary, Br ookings County, Dakota.—Same as Ath; northwest.
Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—Wind south and southeast ; ; plenty fly all day;
began to light abont 3; vid. 6th.

{

APPENDIX XIII.—RECORD OF FLIGHTS IN 1877. [171]

Rockport, Hanson County, Dakota.—Wind southeast ; 96° in shade; wind 3 miles per
hour; fly in large numbers from 11 to 6.

Parker’s Prairie, Otter Tail County.—F ly west or northwest ; not in great numbers.

Scambler, Otter Tail County West ; commenced flying.

Ebon Lake, Grant County.—No wind; plenty go south.

Herman, Grant County.— Vid. 3d.

Alexandria, Douglas County.—F ly southwest.

Holmes City, Douglas County.—F ly west; wind southeast.

Long Prairie, Todd County.—Wind north ; clear and warm; fly with wind, thick and
high; our main body left to-day.

Burnhamville, Todd County.—Some left south-southwest.

Morris, Stevens County.—Moving northwest all day ; some coming down.

Westport, Pope County.—Extensive move to little south of west; very high.

Oscar Lake, Pope County.—F ly west for last 4 days; thick on 4th and 5th.

Paynesville, Stearns County.—Go west in great numbers; many left us; from 10 to 4.

Fairhaven, Stearns County.—Go southwest in great numbers.

Saint Wendall, Stearns County.—Go nearly west; heaviest flight so far.

Saint Cloud, Stearns County.—Clouds in air ; go southeast.

Clear Lake, Sherburne County.—Wind northeast ; go southwest ; our own join as fast

as winged.

Elk River, Sherburne County.—Hatch went south by southeast ; none passing except
those hatched here.
Ortonville, Big Stone County—Swarming in the air from 10 to 4; alighted in large
numbers in this county.
Benson, Swift County.—Still go northwest in countless numbers.
Kerkhoven, Swift County.—F ly west ; come down in large numbers.
Lac-qui-Parle, Lac qui-Parle County.—Y¥ly northwest very thick.
Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle Couwnty.—F ly northwest ; wind southeast ; all that could fly left
here.
Montevideo, Chippewa County.—Winds east-southeast ; fly high and very thick north-
west.
Lillian, Kandiyohi County.—F ly northwest.
Swede Grove, Meeker County.—F ly west in great numbers.
Mananah, Meeker County.—F ly west, many rising.
Monticello, Wright County—Flew away by millions.
Cokato, Wright County.—Took flight.
Montrose, Wright County.—-Fly southwest in great numbers.
Silver Creek, Wright County.—About three-fourths have taken wing and gone ina
southeast direction.
Corinna, Wright County.—Many fly up from fields, swarming like bees.
Granite Falls, Yellow Medicine County.—One o’clock ; go west, air full.
Beaver Falls, Renville County.—Air full; go west.
pe cers: Renville County.—Morning cloudy; wind north; fly east-southeast, set-
tling at 4.
Brookfield, Renville County.—Swarms go west; southeast wind.
Penn, McLeod County.—F ly northwest.
Glencoe, McLeod County.—¥F ly little south of west nearly all day.
Severance, Sibley County.—Air full.
Shakopee, Scott) County.—Commenced to fly ; go southwest.
Blakeley, Scott County.—F ly west and northwest in clouds from 11 to 4; none dropped.
Tracy, Lyon County.—Go west, few alighting.
Marshall, Lyon County.—F ly northwest.
Walnut Station, Redwood Countyn—Heavy swarms go northwest from 10.30 to 2.30;
drop quite thick in places.
Lamberton, Kedwood County.—Vid. July 5.
Albin, Brown County.—F ly west.
Linden, Brown County.—East wind on 3d, 4th, and 5th took most of them away.
Cottonwood, Brown County.—Go west.
L. Prairie, Nicollet County.—F ly west.
Tidgeley, Nicollet County.—Wind northeast; cloudy; none seen.
Lowville, Murray County.—Fly northwest.
Ben Franklin, Murray County.—Fly northwest ; first seen yet; quite large quantity.
Currie, Murray County.—F ly west.
Windom, Cottonwood County.—Hot ; 98° in shade; millions go southwest ; very high;
occasionally one drops.
Bee sield, Watonwan County.—Light southwest wind; began to move with wind
about 9.
Kanaranzie, Rock County.—Go west.
Vienna, Rock County.—A few alighted.
Mognolia, Rock County.—Go southwest same evening.

e

[172] REPORT. UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Bigelow, Nobles County.—Clear; very hot; wind southeast; turns east at noon; fly
very thick west from 10.20 to 5; large swarms alight at 4 p. m.; vid. 8th.

Graham Lakes, Nobles County.—Large numbers go west; few came down.

Delafield, Jackson County.—At 1.30 p. m.; wind east; swarms increasing; go west.

Christiana, Dakota County.—Alighted ; fly west; few alighted.

Tenhassen, Martin County.—Morning; wind southeast; very warm; upper fly west,
lower northwest; very thick.

Yankton, Dakota.—Go north-northwest.

Tabor, Fremont County, Iowa.—Go north and northeast.

July 6.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—Wind south and southeast; none.
Gary, Deuel County, Dakota.—Wind southeast; heavy; fly northwest; very high.
Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—Wind south; fly north; large swarms.
Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—Wind north (?) ; very warm; began to leave at
10; vid. 5th.
Rockport, Hanson County, Dakota.—Wind southeast; blowing hard; 97° in shade; fly
from 10.30 to 5.
Audubon, Becker County.—Few lit from southeast ; others passed northwest.
Herman, Grant County.—Alighted in vast numbers ; vid. 7th.
Elbow Lake, Grant County.—Still fly north-northwest; considerable numbers alight
in places.
Detroit, Becker County.—Fly north at 10 a. m.
Holmes City, Douglas County.—Go west; wind southeast.
Alexandria, Douglas County.—Fly northeast in clouds; few alighting.
Burnhamville, Todd County.—Some left south-southeast.
Round Prairie, Todd County.—Left in great numbers to southwest.
Long Prairie, Todd County.—Brisk southwest wind; fly with wind; some lit.
Morris, Stevens County.—Go northwest all day; all left in morning; more lit in p. m.;
have been going west and northwest for past three days.
Westport, Pope County.—Go northwest; wind southeast, strong ; not so numerous as
before.
Saint Cloud, Stearns County.—F ly northwest in considerable numbers.
Saint Wendell, Stearns County—Go west; nearly as many as on 5th.
Melrose, Stearns County.—F ly northwest with wind in large numbers.
Eik River, Sherburne County.—A few go north.
Becker, Sherburne County.—Strong southeast wind; arose about two miles east of here
and flew about two hours to northwest.
Big Lake, Sherburne County.—¥ ly northwest; rone alight.
Ortonville, Big Stone County.—Rose about noon and went west; strong wind.
Benson, Swift County.—Go northwest in great quantities.
Lac-qui- Parle, Lac-qui-Parle County.—F ly northwest ; quantity decreasing.
Montevideo, Chippewa County.—Wind south; go north.
Willmar, Kandiyohi County.—Fly north in large quantities ; northwest for last four
days.
Lake Lillian, Kandiyohi County.—Fly northwest.
Dassel, Meeker County.—F ly west and south.
' Litchfield, Meeker County.—F ly northwest about noon; large numbers.
Sweede Grove, Meeker County.—F ly north in small numbers.
Clearwater, Wright County.—Heavy flight to northwest; all that could fly are gone.
Corinna, Wright Couaty.—Strong north wind; vast numbers left; go south.
Waverly, Martin County.—Rising and fly northwest.
Montrose, Wright County.—F ly northwest; few.
Granite Falls, Yellow Medicine County.—At noon air full; go west. All gone from
here and none alighted yet.
Beaver Falls, Renville County —Fly northwest.
Vicksburgh, Renville County.—None.
Brookfield.—South wind; swarms go northwest.
Hale, McLeod County.—Wind east; go west.
Severance, Sibley County.—Air full,
Tracy, Lyon County.—F ly northwest; none alighted.
Walnut Station, Redwood County.—Go northwest; heavy swarms.
Lamberton, Redwood County.— Vid. July 3; are now quite plenty in spots.
Cottonwood, Brown County.—Go northwest; very thick.
L. Prairie, Nicollet County.—F ly west.
Ridgeley, Dodge County, Nebraka,—F ly northwest.
Morristown, Rice County.—A few fly westerly till 11 a. m.
Ben Franklin, Murray County.—Wind southeast; flying.
Currier, Murray County.—F ly northwest.
Windom, Cottonwood County.—Few fly north.
Kanaranzie, Rock County.—Go northwest; vid. 7th.

SS

APPENDIX XIII.—RECORD OF FLIGHTS IN 1877. [173]

Magnolia.—Go northwest; five hours passing.

Luverne, Rock County—Good many fly north; some drop and some rise.

Bigelow, Nobles County.—Light southeast wind; fly northwest.

Adrian, Nobles County.—Light south wind; plenty fly.

Delafield, Jackson County.—Wind east of south; not so many fly; higher go west ;
lower northwest; a few stragglers alighted.

Tenhassen, Martin County—Cloudy, and southeast wind; warm; some fly.

Sheldon.—Have been flying since 1st; not numerous to-day.

Sibley. —A few alighted at night; went on 7th.

Bigstone Lake.—Many fly northwest.

Luverne, Rock County.—Go northwest; wind southeast; five hours passing.

Tabor, Fremont County, Iowe.—Go north and northwest.

Yankton, Dako a.—Go north-northwest ; wind south-southeast.

Nebo, Platte County, Nebraska.—Swarms leaving ; go northwest; wind south.

July 7.

Fort Sisseton, Dakota.—F ly southeast; wind northeast; 15 miles per hour.

Sisselon Agency.—Vid. letter.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—North wind, light; warm; ’hoppers thick ;
some lit about 4; vid. 10th.
. Gary, Deuel County, Dakota.—Fly south; a few lit; wind hauling from north to
northwest.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—Calm till 3; ’hoppers moving slowly; wind
changes io northeast.

Dell Rapids, Minnehaha County, Dakota.—Great numbers go northwest; a large num-
ber came down in our vicinity; vid. 10th.

Foresitburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—No wind and po ’hoppers till noon; then a
heavy northeast wind carried large swarms southwest; none lit.

Rockport, Hansen County, Dakota.—Southeast wind; 98° inshade; wind southeast till
1 p.m., then changed to northwest; very few fly.

Detroit, Becker County.—As we go to press the air is thick with them flying from
north.—[ Record.

Herman, Grant County.—Arose at 11 and went west.

Elbow Lake, Grant County.—F ly in great numbers south-southeast ; wind north.

Burnhamville, Todd County.—Some left to northwest.

Round Prairie, Todd County.—Left in great numbers; go west.

Long Prairie, Todd County.—North wind; warm and clear; go south thick.

Morris, Stevens County.— Hoppers quiet till 10 o’clock, when they began to alight in
showers, and kept it up till 5.30; coming from southeast.

Paynesville, Stearns County.a—Few fly west.

Saint Wendall, Stearns County.—Go northwest ; flight not so heavy nor course so well
defined ; many fly in circles very high.

Ortonville, Big Stone County.— Millions from north-northeast from 5to7 p.m.; dropped
and ate savagely. :

Benson, Swift County.—Wind changed to northeast; go west.

Lac qui Parle, Lac qui Parle County.—Wind north; go south in small quantities.

Daxter.—Wind north; go south in considerable numbers; gentle breeze.

Montevideo, Chippewa County.—Wind northwest; fly south; some fall.

Corinna, Wright County.—Quite a number left the fields, going a southerly course.

Vicksburg, Renville County.—Very hot; no wind; a few flying.

Severance, Sibley County.—Wind east in forenoon; go west.

Waconie, Carver County.—Fly over; but few alighted.

Harriston, Scott County.—None seen in air or on the ground.

Merriam.—All left; none seen flying.

Marshall, Lyon County.—None.

Walnut Station, Redwood County.—A few fly southeast.

Ridgeley, Nicollet County.—Few to be seen flying.

Le Sueur Centre, Le Sueur County.—F ly two points south of east; heavy flight.
eis Sueur County.—More went northwest than any other direction; general
statement.

aad Lake, Cottonwood County.—Almost all we have seen went north or north-
west.

Windom, Cottonwood County.—None fly ; wind little east of north.

Saint James, Watonwan County.—A few go north.

Madelia, Watonwan County.—A few go north.

Mankato, Blue Earth County.—Wind southwest; none fly.

Kanaranzie, Rock County——Go north July 1 to 7; air full; as many come down as
leave; alight in evening and leave in morning.

Magnolia.—Go northwest, alighting in west and north parts of the county.

Luverne, Rock County.—Good many fly north.

[174] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Worthington, Nobles County.—None flying.

Bigelow, Nobles County.—Wind southwest; a few fly with wind.

Adrian, Nobles County.—South wind ;. fly very thick; many lit.

Winnebago City, Faribault County.—F ly northeast.

Alden, Freeborn County.—Firs‘ began to fly from our fields; wind northwest; medium ;
continue to fly from 11.30 to 2.30.

Haskins, Iowa.—For last seven days have been flying west or northwest in very large
numbers. All ours have left, but others come in from southeast.

East Orange, Iowa.—¥our days of this week they have been flying west and north-
west in very large numbers; majority of those hatched here have gone with them.

Le Mars, Plymouth County, Iowa.—In the air for last few days; fly west.

Yankton, Dakota.—Go north-northwest; wind south-southeast.

Norwood, Carver County.—Go southeast; wind northwest.

sero City, Douglas Couniy.—F ly from 10 to 2; wind northwest; weather warm and

clear.

Luverne, Rock County.—Wind southeast ; locusts flying northwest, alighting in the
west and north part of the county.

Saint Paul, Ramsey County.—F ly northwest ; some rising and some passing.

July 8.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—Wind north; cool; a few in the afternoon.

a Deuel County, Dakota.—Continued to fly south in great numbers; lower than
before.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—Light northwest wind; none observed.

Dell Rapids, Minnehaha County, Dakota.—Wind northeast; many fly.

Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—Wind north ; a few go south; very high.

Rockport, Hanson County, Dakota.—Wind southeast till noon, then northwest; none
fly; 88° in shade.

Fails, Sioux County, Dakota.—None fly.

Township 136, Range 45, Wilkin County.—Wind south-southeast (?), moderate ; fly high.

Clatterall, Otter Tail County.—Go southeast.

Saint Olaf, Otter Tail County.—Go south.

Herman, Grant County.—sth, 9th, and 10th, went south and southwest.

Elbow Lake, Grant County.—F ly southeast; wind northwest.

Osakis, Douglas County.—Vid. 10th.

Burnhamville, Todd County.— Some left for southeast.

Long Prairie, Todd County.x—Wiad northwest ; warm and clear; fly southeast; high;
moderate numbers.

Morris, Stevens County.—Go southeast all day; some left, but many alighted.

Saint Wendall, Stearns County.—Southeast ; not so many.

Paynesville, Stearns County.—Go southeast, considerable numbers ; many of ours joined
them.

Clear Lake, Sherburne County.—Go southeast; few ; wind northwest.

Becker, Sherburne County:—Go southeast, immense swarms; strong wind from north
of west.

Ortonville, Big Stone County.—Left at noon; go southeast; swarms did not extend
more than 10 miles west of here.

Benson, Swift County.—Go almost due south; not many as yet.

Lac-qui-Parle, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Wind northwest; none moving.

Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Wind northwest; good breeze; large numbers; go
southeast.

Montevideo, Chippexca County.—F lv very thick southeast.

Lake Lillian, Kandiyohi County.—F ly southeast.

Corinna, Wright County.—Go south ; quite thick.

Chatham, Wright Cownty—Large numbers alight; left at once; no damage

Brookfield, Renville County.—Few fly southeast.

Boon Lake, Renville County.—Wind northwest; go southeast all day.
+ Palmyra, Renville County.—Go southeast.

Vicksburg, Renville County.—Wind northwest; a few fly southeast.

Penn, McLeod County.—Go southeast; alighted very thick.

Glencoe, Dodge County, Nebraska.—Fly a little east of south for several days.

Hutchinson, McLeod County.—F ly a little east of south for several days.

Round Grove, Scott County, Iowa.—Fly southeast, thick; wind northwest.

New Auburn, Sibley County.—Go southeast in vast numbers.

Severance, Sibley County.—Go east; brisk west wind ; clear. .

Chauhassen, Carver County.—Fly in considerable numbers from a few degrees north
of west, from 11 to 3.

Watertown, Carver County.—Fly south in large numbers,

Laketown, Carver County.—F ly high east-southeast.

Watonic, Carver County.—Alighted and left next day.

:

{

‘
re

APPENDIX XIII.—RECORD OF FLIGHTS IN ist7. [175]

Hollywood, Carver County.—Alighted and left next day. ke

Young America, Carver County.—F ly southeast ; seem to be coming down by millions.

Norwood, Carver County.—F ly southeast; thick.

Waconia, Carver County.—F ly over; but few alighted.

Shakopee, Scott County.—F ly southeast.

Farmington, Dakota County.—A small multitude fly over this way, east, at 1 p.m.;
none lit. \

Albin, Brown County Wind northwest; fly southeast.

New Ulm, Brown County—Immense swarms go southeast at 2.30 p.m.

Lake Prairie, Nicollet County.—A few go southeast.

Ridgeley, Nicollet County.x—Go southeast; immense swarms very high; none alighted.

Mankato, Blue Earth County.—F ly easterly ; lit in Beauford, Daconia, and other east-
ern towns.

Wilton, Waseca County.—Fly very high southeast; moderate wind from northwest.

Kanaranzie, Rock County.—Large swarms fly southeast.

Vienna, Rock County.—In the air, and many rising.

Magnolia, Rock County.—Go southeast; large swarms ; many leave.

Worthington, Nobles County.—Some flying.

Bigelow, Nobles County.—Clear; high northwest wind ; fly southeast very thick from

. 11 to 5. Most of those that lit on the 5th and those that hatched here leave.

Adrian, Nobles County.—Wind north ; most of them left by noon.
Delafield, Jackson County.—Wind northwest ; fly southeast; small swarms; very few
alighted.
Christiana, Jackson County.—F ly south, quite thick.
Lake Village, Brookings County, Dakota.—Few alighting ; wind southeast.
Marshfield, Lincoln County.—Go northwest ; wind southeast.
Big Stone Lake, Lincoln County.—Go northwest, many.
Excelsior, Hennepin County.—F lying from 11 to 3; wind northwest ; none alighting.
Lawrence, Kock County.—F ly southeast ; wind northwest ; many leaving.
July 9.
Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—Wind north ; cool; thick from 11 to 3. A good
many lit. Vid. 10th.
Gary, Deuel County, Dakota.—Fly south.
Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—Wind northwest ; a few fly southeast.
Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—Same as 8th; cooler.
Rockport, Hanson County, Dakota.—Wind north ; very few fly, and very bigh.
Lort Sisseton, Dakota.—Wind northwest; 20 miles per hour; fly southeast.
Clitherall, Otter Tail County.—Go southeast.
Saint Olaff, Otter Tail County.—Go south; immense swarms.
Herman, Grant County.— Vid. 8th.
Elbow Lake, Grant County.—F ew fly southeast ; wind northwest.
Osakis, Douglas County.— Vid. 10th.
Lake Prairie, Todd County.—Wind northwest ; cool and clear; go southeast in moder-
ate numbers.
Burnhamsville, Todd County.—Some left ; go scuth.
Morris, Stevens County.—Go south all day; wind north; swarmed here about noon
and many left.
Paynesville, Stearns County.—Go southeast two or three hours; tolerably numerous.
Saint Cloud, Stearns County.—F lying southwest for three days.
Saint Wendell, Stearns County.—Go southeast ; few.
Clear Lake, Sherburne County.—Wind northwest ; go southeast; few.
Big Lake, Sherburne County.—F ly southeast.
Orionville, Big Stone County.—Northwest wind ; in the air thick.
Benson, Swift County—Go south ; not very many.
ee Lac-qui-parle County.—Wind northwest; fly southeast in large quan-
1ties.
Baxter, Lac-qui-parle County.—F ly southeast in large quantities.
Montevideo, Chippewa County.—High north wind; fly very thick.
Lake Lillian, Kandiyohi County.—F ly southeast.
Willmar, Kandiyohi County.—F ly southeast; wind northwest.
Dassel, Meeker County.—F ly southeast; none alight.
Corinna, Wright County.—Wind southeast (?); cloudy; none fly.
Vicksburg, Renville County.—Go southeast; wind northwest; cool.
Boon Lake, Renville County—Go southeast ; wind northwest.
Penn, McLeod County.—F ly southeast; thick.
Round Grove, McLeodCounty—F ly southeast; thick; wind northwest.
Chauhassen, Carver County.x—Wind few degrees north of west ) numerous.
Laketown, Carver County.—Winds north; fly south.
Waconia, Carver County.—Fly over; few alighted.

s

[176] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Young America, Carver County.—Those that came on 8th left on 9th and 10th.

Farmington, Dakota County.—A few scattering ones go east.

LaPrairie, Nicollet Countyx—Vast numbers flying; quite a number alighted, doing
considerable damage.

Kidzeley, Nicollet County.—Go southeast ; immense swarms; very high; none alighted.

Saint Peter, Nicollet County.—F ly south.

Morristown, Rice County.—Going low; mostly east ; not very numerous; none alighted.

Mankato. Blue Earth County.—¥F ly east.

Wilton, Waseca County.—F ly very high, southeast; moderate wind from northwest.

Kanaranzie, Rock County.—Go southeast.

Magnolia, Rock County—Go southeast; some alighting and some leaving almost
every day.

Worthington, Nobles County—Wind northwest and north; fly as near southwest as
possible.

Delafield, Jackson County.—Wind northwest; fly southeast; few; a few alighted.

Sibley County.—F ly southeast; wind northwest.

Swift County.—F ly southeast; wind northwest.

Scott County.—F ly southeast; wind northwest.

Luverne, Rock County.—Go southeast; wind northwest; a few alighting; weather
warm.

July 10.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota——Wind north; cool in morning. ’Hoppers
came about 10.30 a. m.; very thick, anda part of the time very low; lower course
150 feet high and extending upward as far as the eye could reach. Those here (vid.
7th and 8 h) left about 11 a.m.,and about 12 m.as many more lit, but only about
half as large as the others.

Gary, Deuel County, Dakota.—F ly southeast in great numbers; came down in swarms
about 11 a. m.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—North wind ; a few fly; a few stragglers lit in
spots.

Dell Rapids, Minnehaha County, Dakota.—North wind; great numbers fly south;
many rose here and left.

Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—North wind; cooler weather; those seen are
very high.

Rockport, Hanson County, Da’ ota.—North wind; millions in the air; Astoma gryllaria
seen; none lit.

Lake Village, Brookings County, Dakota.—F ly north; wind from south, 20 miles per
honr.

Audubon, Becker County.—A few in the air from northwest.

Detroit, Becker County.—Air full from 10 to 3, but very few alight; wind northwest ;
millions go southeast.

Township 136, range 47, Wilkin County—Wind moderate and steady; fly thick and
high.

Saint Olaf, Otter Tail County.—Go south; immense swarms.

Clitherall, Otter Tail County.—Go southeast.

Elbow Lake, Grant County.—F ly southwest; wind northeast.

Osakis, Douglas County.—On 8th, 9th, and 10th favorable winds took vast numbers
away.

Holmes City, Douglas County.—Very large swarms go southeast 11 till 12, then went
south; good north wind.

Long Prairie, Todd County.—Wind north; cool and clear; fly south; moderate num-
bers.

Morris, Stevens County.—Winpd north; go south; both low and high; from 10 to 3.

Paynesville, Stearns County.—Go nearly due south, great numbers; very high in after-
noon; little west of south; none of our own left us.

Clear Lake, Sherburne County.—Go southeast; few; wind northwest.

Becker, Sherburne County.—Go due southeast; wind northwest; good breeze; two
honrs passing. ,

Big Lake, Sherburne County.—Go southeast.

Ortonville, Big Stone County.—Wind northwest; thick and high in air.

Benson, Swift County.—Go southwest in large numbers. ; :

Lac-qui-parle, Loc-qui-parle County—Fly south and southwest; very thick; wind
north.

Baxter, Lac-qui-parle County—Go southeast in greater numbers than any day before
by all odds; wind northwes., gentle. [

Montevideo, Chippewa County.—High northwest wind ; fly very thick; none alight.

Lake Lillian, Kandiyohi County.—Go southeast.

Manannah, Meeker County.—Leit in great numbers; flew southwest.

Corinna, Wright County,—Go due south; more plenty than at any time yet.

Canby, Yellow Medicine County.—North wind; large swarms fly ; most alighted.

APPENDIX XIII.—RECORD OF FLIGHTS IN 1877. [177]

Vicksburgh, Renville County.—Go south ; wind northwest.

Boon Lake, Renville County.—Go south in swarms; wind north.

Penn, McLeod County.—Go southeast; thick from 1] to 4; most that we had left
to-day.

Ee coe, McLeod County.—Go a little east of south: very thick.

Severance, Sibley County.—Go southeast, myriaas; wiud northwest; some alight.

Chanhassen, Carver County.—F ly from north-northwest; those that alighted on the
8th left, also others; many remain.

Lake Town, Carver County.—Few fly.

Benton, Carver County.—Commenced leaving.

Young America, Carver County.—Commenced leaving.

Marshall, Lyon County.—Go southeast. Lit from 3 miles west of here, to Gary, very
thick.

Marskfield, Lincoln County.—Go southwest ; heavy swarms. |

Lamberton, Redwood County.—Vide July 6; then wind changed to north and north-
west, and they came in thinly until the 10th; then heavy flights; many lit in spots in
evening; many rise, and others drop every day.

Albin, Brown County.—Go south; wind north; alighting.

Bridgeley, Nicollet County—lInmense swarms go southeast; very high; none aligbt.

Saint Peter, Nicollet County.x—Myriads move south ; all around here joined, I think.

Kasota, Le Sueur County.—Go southwest; more fly than I ever saw at one time.

Le Sueur, Le Sueur County.—Go southwest; heavens black with them ; air full, and
we learn a number are alight on prairies adjacent to town.

Currie, Murray County.—Wind northwest; came down; left as soon as wind changed..

Westbrook, Cottonwood County.—F ly southeast; large swarms.

Mountain Lake, Cottonwood Cow: ty.—F ly south in great numbers,

Windom, Cottonwood County.—F ly southwest.

Madelia, Watonwan County.—Wind northwest in morning; due north at noon; went
south; and in afternoon went southwest; a few fell here.

Madelia, Cottonwood County.—Terribly thick; go south and southwest; in afternoon
a few fall.

Mankato, Blue Earth County —Wind northwest; heavy flight southeast, from am
early hour to late in the evening; greater numbers than on any previous day; flew
high; occasionally a disabled one dropped.

Waseca, Waseca County.—F ly southwest with wind.

Kanaranzie, Rock County.—Go southeast.

Vienna, Rock County.—F ly over.

Magnolia, Rock County.—Go southeast; some alight.

Worthington, Nobles County.—F ly southwest; wind northwest and north, mostly
north; good many fly; none alight.

Delafield, Jackson Cownty.—Wind nearly northwest; higher go southwest, Jower
southeast; largest swarm so far; quite a number alight.

Hunter, Jackson County.—Go south.

Christian, Jackson County.—Go south; alight in west and northwest part of the
town.

Wells, Fairibault County.—Fly over; few alighted.

Freeborn, Freeborn County.— Light swarms go south; vid., 11th.

Austin, Mower County.—Seen in small numbers; pass over city in southerly direction.

Pipe Stone, Pipe Stone County.—F lying at 10 a.m. southwest; wind north ; high.

Saint Paul, Ramsey County.—F lying southeast.

Elk River, Ramsey County.—F lying southeast.

Lig Stone Lake, Ramsey County.—F lying northwest.

July 11.

Lake Village, Brookings County, Dakota.—F ly north.

Cheyenne River Agency.—F ly west at 10 a.m.; weather warm and clear.

Wathalla, Pembina County, Dakota.—First seen ; very few; high; go with wind from
south to north.

Fargo, Pembina County, Dakcta.—None seen.

Yeliow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—South wind; pleasant; very few ’hoppers;
hail and rain at night.

Gary, Deuel County, Dakota.—Vid. 10th, south wind; none seen flying;, those here
still remain; are destroying crops, vegetation, and grass.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota—South wind; go northwest in large swarms.

Dell Rapids, Minnehaha County, Dakota.—South wind; many fly north.

Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—Southeast wind; cool; fly high.

Rockport, Hanson County, Dakota.—Scutheast wind; brisk ; fly very high and thick;
very few fall.

Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County, Dakota.—Few fly.

Moorhead, Clay County—Small swarms fly northwest from 11 to 12.

[12 @]

[178] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

i Glyndon, Clay County.—Gentle wind from southeast; fly quite thick northwest; none
it.

Audubon, Becker County.—F ly northwest 10 to 4; the young join them; wind south,
15° east.

Detroit, Becker County—Wind northwest; millions go southeast. (?)

Township 136, Range 45, Wilkin County. —Wind south; very unsteady; few fly, and
those very hi oh.

Clitherall, Otter Tail County —Go north.

Herman, Grant County.— Wind southwest; fly northeast.

Elbow Lake, Grant County.—F ly northwest; wind southeast.

Alexandria, Douglas County.—F ly north.

Lound Prairie, Todd County.—Arose and flew southwest.

Burnhamville, Todd County.—Passed northwest.

Paynesville, Stearns County.—Go north; thick, part of the time.

Albany, Stearns County.—F ly northwest in countless bumbers.

Saint Wendall, Stearns County.—Go north ; scarcely any fly.

Clear Lake, Sherburne Couwnty.—Go east; wind west; few.

Clear Lake, Sherburne County.—F ly in great numbers; none lit.

Lig Lake, Sherburne County.—F ly sout2east.

Ortonville, Big Stone County.—Go southeast in air thick and high.

Benson, Swift County.—Go nearly north; quite thick.

Kerkhoven, Swift County.—Quite a number fly northwest.

Lac-qui-parle, Lac-qui-parle County.—Wind southeast; fly northwest; few.

Baxter, Lac-qui-parle County.—Wind south; fly north.

Montevideo, Chippewa County.— High wind from northwest; (?) fly very thick;
none lit.

Saint John’s, Kandiyohi County.—In large numbers; flying before a high southwest
wind.

Atwater, Meeker County.—Very few fly northwest.

Litchfield, Meeker County.—But iew fly.

Corinna, Wright County.—Few fly southwest.

Waverly, Wright County.—Rise and go northwest.

Palmyra, Renville County.—Fly north.

Vicksburg, Renville County.—Fly north; wind southeast.

Boon Lake, Renville County.—Wind south ; fly north, moderately.

Penn, McLeod County. County.—S rong south wind; none fly.

Glencoe, McLeod County.—F ly north; thick.

Laketown, Carver County.—None fly.

‘Carver, Carver County.— Hoppers just hatching in meadows across the river.

Marshfield, Lincoln County—Heavy swarms go northwest; wind south.

Tracy, Lyon County.—Go northwest; drop down thick.

Marshall, Lyon County—Go northwest; many dropped all around.

Lamberton, Redwood County.—Wind southwest ; few flew; main body seem to be 5 to
12 miles east and north of us. ;

Saint Peter, Nicollet County.—Wind south.

Le Sueur, Le Sueur County.—Fly southwest; have alighted this week on Ottawa 4
Prairie and the opposite side of the river in somewhat “alarming numbers ; general © |
course this week southeast, south, and southwest. ; |

Currie, Murray County. —Fly north; very thick.

Westb: “ook, Cottonwood County.—F ly northwest; very large swarms.

Mount Lake, Cottonwood County.—F ly north; not so many as yesterday.

Windom, Cottonwood County.—F ly little west of north; natives leaving.

Madelia, Watonwan County.—Wind south; go northwest.

Kanaranzie, Rock County.—Go northwest.

Magnolia, Rock County.—Go northwest; large swarms.

Worthington, Nobles County——Wind southeass ; fly northwest; quite heavy; none lif.

Delafield, Jackson County.—F ly northwest ; those that alighted on 10th leaving.

Hunter, Jackson County.—F ly northwest.

Freeborn, Freevorn County.—Wind changed to south; (vid. 10th); going north.

Sioux City, Jowa.—Passed over northwest, between here and Fort Randall.

Pipestone, Pipestone County.—F ly high to northwest at 10 a.m.; wind southeast.

Saint Paul, Ramsey County.—F ly southeast.

Moorhead, Clay County.—F ly northwest; wind southeast; few alighting. |

Pope County. —F ly northwest.

Luverne, Rock County.—F ly northwest.

Chippewa County.—F lying.

July 12.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakotaa—West wind; warm; a few “hoppers.
Gary, Deuel County, Dakota.—South wind; heavy; still remain here.
Medary, Brookings County, Dakota. —South wind; strong; fly northwest.

—————_——

*

SSS SS —

| |
APPENDIX XIIIL—RECORD OF LOCUST FLIGHTS. [179]

Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—South wind. :

Rockport, Hanson County, Dakota.—Southeast wind; very high; none seen till11a.m.,
when a large cloud passed over; very fow lit. é

Lake Village, Brookings County, Dakota.—Go north; 20 miles per hour; wind south.

Glyndon, Clay Counly.—None seen.

Moorhead, Clay County—Sireng southeast wind ; fly northwest; quite a number lit.

Detroit, Becker’ County.—Wind southeast; back again northwest.

‘Detroit, Becker County.—A few fly northwest.

Breckinridge, Wilkins County.—Large quantity fly northwest; good breeze; none lit.

Township 136, Range 45, Wilkins County.x—Wind south ; few fly (?).

Oscar Lake, Otter Tail County.—Alighting.

Clitherall, Otter Tail County.—Go north.

Elbow Lake, Grané County.—F ly northwest; wind southeast.

Alexandria, Douglas County—F ly northwest in moderate numbers.

Round Prairie, Todd County.—F ly northwest; wind southeast.

Long Prairie, Todd County.—Southeast wind; partly clear; go northwest; moderate
numbers. :

Paynesville, Stearns County.—Fly north in small numbers.

Saint Wendall, Stearns County.—Fly northwest in great numbers; southeast wind;
pretty strong; none lit.

Saint Cloud, Stearns County.—F ly northwest; large numbers; very high, with strong
wind; none alighted.

Melrose, Stearns County.—Very large numbers fly rapidly northwest, with strong wind ;
none lit.

Big Lake, Sherburne County.—Fly northwest in small numbers; none lig.

Clear Lake, Sherburne Couny.—F ly west ; immense numbers; none lit.

Ortonville, Big Stone County. Wind southeast; none to be seen here.

Benson, Swift County.—Go nearly north; not so many as before; wind high; a little
cloudy ; have nearly all Jeft this vicinity.

Lac-qui-Parle, Lac qui-Parle County.—¥ ly northwest; few; wind southeast.

Baxier, Lac-qui-Parle County.—F ly north; very few; wind south.

Montevideo, Chippewa County.— Wind northwest [to northwest ?]; coming back again,
but not in such vast numbers.

Lake Lillian, Kandiyohi County.—F ly northwest; consideravle numbers alighted.

Kandiyohi, Kandiyohi County.—Fly northwest in small numbers; weather dry and
ho

t.
Willmar, Kandiyohi County —Fly northwest.

Swede Grove, Meeker County.—Wind southwest; none fly.

Litchfield, Meeker County.—Not many fly; go northwest; high southeast wind.

Dassel, Meeker County.—Large numbers fly northwest.

Smith Lake, Wright County.—None fly.

Corinna, Wright County.—Air seems alive; go northwest ; strong southeast wind.

Delano, Wright County.—For past three or four days, air fairly alive.

eco, Wright Countyw—Have been rising and flying south every clear day this
week.

Vicksburg, Renville County.—Wind southeast; fly northwest.

Boon Lake, Renville Countym—Wind south; few seen.

Beaver Falls, Renville County.—Vast swarms continue to pass over this section, mov-
ing southeast, south-southwest, west-northwest.

Penn, McLeod County.—Strong south wind; none fly.

Glencoe, McLeod County.—Fly north; thick.

Severance, Sibley County.—Wind south.

Marshfield, Lincoln County.—None in sight of any account.

Marshall, Lyon County.—F ly southeast; dropped in northern part of county.

Ltedwood Falls, Redwood County.—Have been flying in immense numbers in different

directions, according to wind; more or less swarms each day, but those dropped one
day would start up the next.

Saint Peter, Nicollet County.—Fly northwest; but few; none lit.
Le Sueur, Le Sueur County.—Wind southwest; none fly.

Morristown, Rice County.—Wind northwest; 80°; at noon fly very high; most went
over.

Westbrook, Cottonwood County.—Fly north.

Mount Lake, Cottonwood County.—Fly north; few.

Madelia, Watonwan County.—Go northwest; wind south.

Kanaranzie, Rock County.—Go north; a very few alight.

Magnolia, Rock County.—Go northwest.

Worthington, Nobles County.—Strong southeast wind; fly northwest; heavy.
Delafield, Jackson County.—Few in air; go northwest.

Omaha, Douglas County, Nebraska.—F ly north.

Platismouth, Cass County, Nebraska.—F ly north 20° west.

~

[180] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

July 13.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—Southeast wind} thick from 11 to 2; those
that lit on the 10th left about noon; and about 2 o’clock twice their number lit; at 6
p.m. high wind and rain.

Gary, Deuel County, Dakota.— Vid. 10th; still remain; wind south.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—Wind changeable; cloudy; some rain.

Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—None seen; not much wind.

Rockport, Hanson County, Dakota.—North wind ; hoppers very lively ; wind changed
to southeast at’4 p.m.; none lit.

Traill, Caledonia County, Dakota.—No signs of any in this county yet; none hatched
here.

Glyndon, Clay County.—None seen,

Detroit, Becker County.—Cloudy, with rain.

Elbow Lake, Grant County.—F ly in great numbers northeast from 12 to 2; wind south-
west; alighted all over the county; nearly all left on 14th; no damage.

Long Prairie, Todd County Wind west-southwest; partly clear; go east-southeast;
moderate numbers.

Saint Wendall, Stearns County.—Cloudy; none fly.

Ortonville, Big Stone County.—Heavy rain and hail last night; in morning very warm;
slight wind; very few in air; go southeast.

Benson, Suift County.—F ly east in small quantities.

Lac-qui- Parle, Lac-qui-Parle County.—F ly northwest; few; wind southeast.

Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County— Wine south; none fly.

Monticello, Chippewa County —Vid. 12th.

Corinna, Wright County.—None fly.

McLean Township, Ramsey County.— Quite large numbers flew over at 6 a.m.; fly low;
go northeast; none alight.

Boon Lake, Renville County.—Wind southeast; fly northwest.

Hector, Renville County—Wrnd south; fly with wind.

Severance, Sibley County.—Wind south; cloudy.

Marshfield, Lincoln County.—None in sight of any account.

Marshall, Lyon County——None in sight cf any account.

Westbrook, Cottonwood County.—Cloudy ; none seen.

Mount Lake, Cottonwood County.—F ly north; few.

Kanaranzie, Rock County —Very few fly.

Magnolia, Rock County.—Go northwest.

Worthington, Nobles County.x—Wind varying from southeast, south, and southwest;
rain in morning; none fly.

Middleton, Jackson County.—Took flight from here to northwest.

None flying on Sioux City and Saint Paul or main and branch lines of Saint Paul
and Pacific Railroad.—[ Saint Paul Dispatch.

Platismouth, Cass County, Nebraska.—F ly north 20° west.

Luverne, Rock County—F ly northwest; wind southeast.

July 14.

Walhalla, Pembina County, Dakota.—F lying from 9 to 11 a.m.; wind south; few lit.
Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—Wind south; warm and clear; no ’hoppers.
Gary, Deuel County, Dakota.—Wind southeast; began to leave (vid. 10th) about 10;
at 1 p.m.all are gone to northwest. This swarm extended only 3 miles south of here.
Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—Strong scuth wind; immense swarms move north-
west; a few lit.
Dell Rapids, Minnehaha County, Dakota.—Strong south wind; many lit late in after-
noon.
Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—Strong south wind; going north.
Rockport, Hanson County, Dakota.—Strong south wind; plenty flying very high.
Fargo, Cass County, Dakota—Commenced flying at 10; gentle southeast wind in
morning; at noon air full; fly northwest; afternoon wind changed to northeast; air
full; fly southwest; flew low all day; none alight.
Moorhead, Clay County—Fly northwest, very thick; wind southeast; quite anumber
alighted, vid. 16th.
Detroit, Becker County—Wind southeast; go northwest.
Township 136, Range 45, Wilkins County—Wind southeast; hoppers very thick; go
northwest; a good many rising; some alight.
aiid Lake, Grant County.—Fly northwest; wind southeast; plenty of them ; vid
oth.
Burnhamville, Todd Countyx—Moved north ; nearly all the hatch gone.
Long Prairie, Todd County.—South-southeast wind ; warm and clear; go north-north-
west; thick.
Saint Wendall, Stearns County—Fly northwest in great numbers; some alight, more
leave; saw two copulating.

|

APPENDIX XIII.—RECORD OF LOCUST FLIGHTS. [181]

Benson, Swift County.—Fly north in great quantities.

Lac-qui-Parle, Lac-qui-Parle County Wind southeast ; fly northwest; few.

Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Wind south ; fly north; small number.

Montevideo, Chippewa County.— Vid. 12th.

Canley, Yellow Medicine County.— Vid. 10th; main body left at 12 m; fly north.

Hector, Renville County—Wind southeast ; fly with wind.

Benton, Carver County.—F ly northwest; small numbers.

Marshfield, Lincoln County.—None in sight of any account.

Marshall, Lyon County.—None.

Ceresco, Redwood County.—F ly northwest; alighting.

Albin, Brown County.—F ly northwest ; wind southeast.

Douglas, Rice County——A few have appeared in a field near town, not enough to do
damage; occasionally can be seen in small squads flying southeast.

Mountain Lake, Cottonwood County.—F ly north; few.

Kanaranzie, Rock County.—F ly orth.

Magnolia, Rock County.—F ly northwest.

Worthington, Nobles County.—Heavy rain last night; wind settled to southeast, and
many flew northwest.

Luverne, Rock County.—F ly northwest; wind southeast.

July 1d.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—Wind south; warm and clear; no “hoppers.

Gary, Deuel County, Dakota.—Wind southwest; fly northeast. |

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota .—Wind northwest; some carried southeast; so far
winds from south carry immense swarms; winds from north carry over but few.

Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakotuu—F lying low and thick; none lit.

Rockport, Hanson County, Dakota.—Wixd northwest; very cloudy; not easy to see
them, but some are moving. .

Detroit, Becker County.—None fly.

Scambler, Otter Tail County.—F ly east. ;

Elbow Lake, Grant County.—F ly south-southeast; wind from northwest; very few.

Long Prairie, Todd County.—Wind west-northwest; cool and clear; go south-south-
east ; moderate numbers.

Saint Wendell, Stearns County.—Go southeast in great numbers ; many dropped.

Benson, Swift County.—F ly southerly in small numbers.

Lac-qui- Parle, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Wind northwest ; flew southeast about one hour,

Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County——Wind strong, northwest ; flew southeast ; few.

Montevideo, Chippewa County.—None to be seen.

Hector, Renville Countyn—Heavy rain.

Young America, Carver County.—Large numbers came down.

Benton, Carver County.—F ly southeast in large numbers; large numbers dropping in
this town.

Marshall, Lyon County.—Fly southeast; some alighted.

Albin, Brown County.—Fly south-southeast ; wind north-northwest; large swarms
leaving here.

Mountain Lake, Cottonwood County.—Wind from north, strong; vast numbers fly
south; began to fly south this day, and continued to do so till 2 o’clock.

Butierfield, Watonwan County.—Go southwest with strong wind in great quantities;
many light and remain till 20th; vid. 20th.

Kanaranzie, Rock County.—F ly southeast.

Magnolia, Rock County.—F ly southeast ; wind northwest; almost all gone from here.

penguin, Nobles County.—Wind northwest; quite a number fly as near south as
possible.

Hunter, Jackson County.—F ly south.
ia Martin County——Wind northwest; came on us in great abundance; staid

i :

Tenhassen, Martin County.—First alighted here; staid a few hours and then left.
Glencoe, Dodge County, Nebraska.—F ly southwest in abundance; some alighting.
Dassel, Mceker County.—F ly southwest from 11th to 12th; wind east.

Luverne, Rock County.—Fly southeast ; wind northwest.

July 16.

‘ Cheyenne River Agency.—Fly east at 11 a.m.; wind west; returning swarms quite
ense.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—Wind north; warm; a few ’hoppers.

Gary, Deuel County, Dakota.—F ly east with wind; very high.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—Wind northwest ; light; none.

= teal Bramble County, Dakota.—No wind; cool; fly in every direction; plenty
in the air.

Rockport, Hanson County, Dakota.—Light northwest wind; at 3 p,m. wind southwest;
*hoppers still in the air till 6 p.m, ;

[182] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Crookstone, Polk County.—Fly north; few.

Moorhead, Clay County.—Many of those that alighted on the 14th left; going north-
east.

Detroit, Becker County.—Wind west; a few go east; large numbers here yet.

Scambler, Otter Tail County.—F ly east.

Elbow Lake, Grant County.—A few fly southeast.

Long Prairie, Todd County.— Wind west ; warm and clear; go east; moderate numbers.

Saint Wendell, Stearns County.—Few flying; some elight.

Denson, Swift Coun’y.—Wind northwest; small numbers fly southeast.

Lac-qui-Parle, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Wind northwest; flew southeast; few.

eel Lac-qui-Parle County—Wind northwest; stiff breeze; flew southeast, low ;
very few.

Montevideo, Chippewa County.—Vid. 15th.

Willmar, Kandiyohi County.—A few go southeast.

Hector, Renville County.— Wind northwest ; a few fly.

Severance, Sibley County.—Warm and clear; plenty fiy.

Marshall, Lyon County.— West wind; few fly east.

Albin, Brown County.—But few left; wind north-northwest.

Le Sueur Centre, Le Sueur County.—Heavy flight in easterly direction; many drop
during the day.

Morristown, Rice County.—Clear; northwest wind; fly southeast in considerable
nuinbers.

lVaseca, Waseca County.—F ly over to southeast.

Ianaranzie, Rock County.—F ly east; very few alight.

Vorthington, Nobles County.— Brisk west wind ; very few fly about noon.

July 17.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—North wind; warm; a few “hoppers.

Gary, Devel County, Dakota.——F ly southeast in millicns; some lit about 9 a.m.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—Cloudy part cf the day; none.

Dell, Rapids, Minnehaha County.—Wind northwest; many flying; some lit.

Torestburg, Bramble County. Wind northwest; quite cold; cloudy; none seen.

Rockport, Hanson County, Dakota.—Wind north; light to 12 m.; after that a strong
breeze carried many over.

Crookstone, Polk County.—Fly north; few.

Detroit, Becker County.—Cloudy, cool, and damp; none move.

Township 136, Range 45, Wilkin County—Wind northwest; blowing hard; at 10 a.m.
*hoppers were alighting; at 12 m. began to rise; nearly all rose and went southeast.

Scambler, Otter Tail County.—F ly east.

Iilbow Lake, Grant County.—A few fly southeast; wind northwest.

Long Prairie, Todd Countyn—Wind west; warm and clear; go east, thick.

Lurnhamsvilie, Todd County.—Extensive swarms go east-southeast.

Saint Wendell, Stearns County.—F ly sparingly.

Benson, Swift County.—Fly south, quite thick. (4

Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Wind northwest; few fly southeast. 1

Montevideo, Chippewa County.—17th, 18th, and 19th very cold; none to be seen.

Willmar, Kandiyohi County.—A few go southeast.

FHecior, Renville County.—Wind northwest; a few fly.

Severance, Sibley County Warm and clear; plenty fly.

Denton, Carver County.—Dark day; none fly.

Marshall, Lyon County.—Wind west; fly east; many Cropped in this vicinity.

Le Sueur Centre, Le Sueur County.—Go southeast, very thick.

Waterville, Le Sueur County.—Settled down on about two sections lying east of town.

Morristown, Rice County.—F ly southeast; rone alight, but many rising.

Tvaseca, Waseca County.—F ly north; large numbers.

Kvanaranzie, Rock County.—Only a few fly south and southeast.

Worthington, Nobles County.—Wind west to northwest; scarcely any fly.

July 18.

Worthington, Barnes County, Dakota.—Wind blowing from northwest for three days;

a few brought. (4
Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota—Wind north; cloudy; quite cool; no hoppers.
Gary, Deuel County, Dakota.—Wind northwest; fly southeast; cloudy.
Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—Wind northwest; cloudy and cold; occasional

mists of rain. |

Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—Wind northwest; cloudy; quite cold; none |

seen. a
Rockport, Hanson County, Dakota.—Wind northwest; cool and cloudy; none seen. !
Audubon, Becker County.—Cold; none moving.

Detroit, Becker County.—Cloudy, cold, and damp; none moving.
Elbow Lake, Grant County.—Wind northwest; none flying.

APPENDIX XIII.—RECORD OF LOCUST FLIGHTS. [183]

"Saint Wendell, Stearns County.—Wind northwest, strong ; none fiying; cool.

, Benson, Swi ft. County.—Cold and cloudy ; no ’hoppers.

" Benton, Carver County.—Dark day; none flying.

Marshall, Lyon _County.—Wind northwest ; cold and cloudy; none fly.
Lac-qui- -Par le, Lac-qui-Parle County. —Wind northwest; cloudy; none flying.
Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Wind northwest, strong ; cloudy and cold; no’hoppers.
Montevideo, Chippewa County.—Very ccld; none to be seen.

Hector, Renville County.—Wind northwest; cold and cloudy; none seen.

Morr istown, Rice County.— Wind northwest; cloudy and cool; fly east.
Kanaranzie, Rock County.—Onlvy a few fly south and sout heast.

Wor thington, Nobles Cownty.—Wind northwest; clcudy and cool; none fly.
Glencoe, Dodge County, Nebraska.—¥ ly southwest i in abundance; some alighting.
Lincoln Lancaster County, Nebraska.—F ly east of south. :

Norton Norton County, Kansas.—Wind northeast; fly south.

July 19.

Walhalla, Pembina County, Dakota.—Wind north; pretty strong; clear; fly south;
not in great numbers.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—Wind north; quite cold; a good many lit

about 4 p.m. Vid. 20th.

_ Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—Same as 18th; wind northwest; cloudy and
cold ; occasional mists of rain.

Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—Wind northwest; quite cold; clcudy; none
seen.

Rockport, Hanson County, Dakota.—Wind northwest; cool; cloudy; none seen.

Moorhead, Clay County.—N‘ arly all the balance (vid. 16th) ; left to-day; go south.

Audubon, "Becker County.—Cold ; none moving until p. m.

Detroit, Becker County.—Cold, damp, and cloudy; none moving.

Townshi ip 136, Range 45, Wilkin County.—Wind uorthwest ; ’hoppers flying ; some rise ;
some alight.

Elbow “Lake, Grant County.—Wind northwest; a few fly southeast.

Saint Wendell, Stearns Cownty.— Wind OUI SOE 5 ; cloudy ; cool ; many rose and went
south.

Lenson, Swift County. —Fly south in Perernobale not very thick.

Lac-qui-Parle, Lac-qui-Parle County.— Wind northwest : cloudy; none fly.

Baxter, Lac-qui- Parle County.—Cold and cloudy; very few fly southeast.

Montevideo, Chippewa County.—Very cold ; none to be seen.

Hector, Renville County.—Wind northwest; cold and cloudy.

Beaver Falls, Lenville County—Great majority seem to have departed.

Denton, Carver County.—Dark day ; none fly.

Carver, Carver County.—Large swarms ; fly in a south or southwest direction.

Marshall, Lyon County. —Wind northwest 3 cold; fly southeast in af:ernoon.

Redwood Falls, Redwood County.—Last week they litin all parts of the county, and
staid ja few days, doing some damage; all now gove.—[ Gazette.

Kanaranzie, Rock County.—Only a few fly south and southeast.

Wvor thington, Nobles County.—Wind northwest ; cloudy and cool; none fly.

Dakota, Dakota County, Nebraska.—F ly south.

July 20.

Walhalla, Pembina County, Dakota.—Light northwest; sunshine; fly southeast; not
numerous.

Caledonia, Traill County, Dakota.—North wind for five days past; good many go
south; none have passed from south this season.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—Light northwest; warm; a frightful swarm
came about 9 a.m. Those that were kere joined the flight at once, making a dense
swarm from about 40 feet high to as high as the eye could reach. By 11 a. m. the
AGE ones were from 150 to 200 feet high ; ; continued much the same to 3 p. m.; none
alighted.

Gary, Deuel County, Dakota.—Strong wind; fly south in great numbers very high.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota. ” North wind; clear; immense swarms go “south
alday. The few scattered on the prairie rise and ‘leave.

Dell Rapids, Minnehaha County, Dakota.—Wind northeast ; great many go southwest.

Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—Wind northwest ; fly south.

Rockport, Hanson County, Dakota —Wind northwest; pegan to fly at 1 p. m.; very
thick ; none lit.

Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County, Dakota.—F ly south; few alightedas yet. The greatest
quantity of *hoppers that has yet been seen passed over southeast. A few came down
about six miles south of here, but did no damage.

Moorhead, Clay County.—F ly south ond southeast. very thick.

Audubon, "Becker County.—-Wind north 10° west; air full; highest I ever saw; strag-
glers alight. é

‘

[184] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Detroit, Becker County.—Wind northwest; very pleasant; began to fly at 10a. m., and
all we had here left us; an immense quantity passed. .

Township 136, Range 45, Wilkin County.—Wind northwest, very unsteady ; ’hoppers fly
over; our hatch that are Jarge enough rise most when the wind comes in gusts.

Fergus Iralls, Otter Tail County.—Commenced flight to southward.

Lilbow Lake, Grant County.—F ly southeast; wind northwest more than at any time
this season.

Long Prairie, Todd County.— North wind; cool and clear; go south, thick.

Saint Wendell, Stearns County.— Wind nearly north; great numbers fly nearly south;
some come down.

Saint Cloud, Stearns County.—Fly south in great numbers; a few alight.

Becker, Sherburne County.—The last lefé here; go southwest; good breeze from north-
west.

Benson, Swift County.—F ly west of south in great numbers; few alight.

De Graff, Swift County.—F ly east; none alight.

Lac-qui- Parle, Lac-qui-Parle County.—F ly south-southeast, thick; wind northwest.

Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County.x—Wind northwest; clear and warm; vast numbers fly
very high, southeast.

Montevideo, Chippewa County.—Wind northwest ; no ’hoppers scarcely.

Kandiyohi, Kandiyohi County Good many fly southeast ; only a few drop.

Willnar, Kandiyohi County.—Lots fly southeast.

Manannah, Meeker County.—The remainder (vid. 10th) flew northwest (?); but few
are left.

Palmyra, Renville County.—Passed over southerly; none seen for two weeks past.

Hector, Renville County.—Wind northwest.

Glencoe, McLeod County.—F ly very thick, southeast.

Penn, McLeod County.—A few scattering go south.

Benton, Carver County.—Great numbers fly southwest ; wind from north.

Carver, Carver County.—Large swarms fly in southerly or southwesterly direction;
some alight near town.

Shakopee, Scott County.— Wind northwest to north; clear; fly in great numbers south-
east to south from 10 to 3 o’clock.

Marshfield, Lincoln County.—Wind north ; immense swarms came in sight about 11
o'clock, flying south till sundown.

Marshall, Lyon County.—Pleasant; air full; go southeast all day.

Lamberton, Redwood County.—Wind from north and northwest; 8th to 20th flight has
been steady, and culminated in a grand rush on the 20th; the heaviest flight I ever
saw.

Albion, Brown County.—Few flying; wind north-northwest; no coupling or laying

et.

Saint Peter, Nicollet County.—Very thick; most of them very high; all go southeast.

LeSueur, LeSueur County.—Passed over to south in greater numbers than at any pre-
vious time; were at a great height, and the sun was almost obscured by the immense
mass.

LeSueur Centre, LeSueur County—Heavy flight to south; some few dropped near
night on some farms.

Waterville, LeSueur County.—All left from all around here and went south ; none lif.

Morristown, Rice County.—F ly little west of south more than ever before.

Morristown, Rice County—Went east in large numbers ; most of those hatched here
went with them.

Pipestone, Pipestone County.—Wind north ; fly thick.

Windom, Cottonwood County.—F ly south.

Mount Lake, Cottonwood County.—The last passed south 2.30 p. m.

Madelia, Watonwan County.—Fly south ; wind northwest.

Butterfield, Watonwan County.—From 15th to 20th wind west and northwest; to-day
changed to north and nearly all left; go south.

Saint James, Watonwan County.—All left here to-day.

Mankato, Blue Earth County.—Millions fly high at 11 a.m.; go south.

Wilton, Waseca County.—Large numbers fly south ; very few have alighted here.

Waseca, Waseca County.——The ’hoppers in this section arose and flew to south-south-
west.

Luverne, Rock County—Immense swarms go south, rot alighting except rarely ; at
12.30 p. m., fell'in small numbers in places to south and east. Upper region filled
with ’hoppers; fly southward. é

Magnolia, Rock County.—Large swarms fly south, southwest, and southeast, varying
with wind. Many alight in south part of county.

Kanaranzie, Rock County.—Fly south ; largest swarm seen yet; none alighted.

Little Rock, Nobles County.—Immense swarms go south ; a few cripples fall.

Adrian, Nobles County.—-Wind north; fly very high and thick.

APPENDIX XIII.—RECORD OF LOCUST FLIGHTS. [185]

Worthington, Nobles County.—Flying in clouds; few come down in this vicinity.
Wind north, tending east ; quite a good many fly as near west as wind wili allow.

Bigelow, Nobles County.—Wind north; clear; large swarms flew south.

Brownsburg, Jackson County.—Immense numbers go south; wind from north.

Jackson, Jackson County.—Are flying nine miles deep as we go to press.—[ Republic.

Hunter, Jackson County.—Go south; most numerous I have seen this year.

Blue Earth City, Faribault County.—Clouds fly over south; only a few stopped in this
vicinity.

Banecbago City, Faribault County—Air full from 9 a. m. to 6 p.m.; fly southeast.
Began to fly at 9.30 a little east of south with good breeze; dense numbers as high as
the eye could see; flew till 3.—[ Pioneer Press.

Alighted quite thick.—[ Dispatch.

Alden, Freeborn County.—Left here, and the air was full; thicker than I ever saw
before ; flying from 11 a. m. to 3 p. m.; wind north-northeast; some commence to
couple.

ecb, Freeborn County.—Began to fly at 11 a. m.; go southeast to south; air full
till 4; some alight; none left us.

Albert Lea, Freeborn County.—F ly south at 11 a.m.; stropg north wind.

Geneva, Freeborn County.—First flight ; left here in large numbers; go southeast.

‘i Algona, Kossuth County, Iowa.—A large number are said to have alighted around
. Algona.

Carroll City, Freeborn County, Towa.—Large swarm flew over to southeast for two hours.

Dakota City, Humboldt County, Iowa.—Weather clear; wind northwest; ’hoppers fly
southeast in afternoon, some alighting.

Lake Village, Brookings County, Dakota.a—Wind north; cloudy; small swarms.

Banks, Faribault County, Dakota.—Fly southwest; wind northeast.

July 21.
Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota.—F lying high to northwest ; wind southeast ; occa-
sionally one dropping. ;
Dakota, Dakota County, Nebraska.—At 2 o’clock flying south; low and north three-
fourths mile higher.
Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—South wind; none.
Gary, Deuel County, Dakota.—F ly northeast; none lit.
Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—Light south wind; a few flying.
Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—Plenty going rorth.
Tockport, Hanson County, Dakota.—Very light south wind; flying very low at 9; at
12 m., falling like hail; many have stopped, but do not seem to eat.
Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County, Dakota.—Those that lit on 20th rose to-day and went
northeast.
pene, Minnehaha County, Dakota.—A great many are flying from southeast (?)—[ Pio-
neer Press.
Glyndon, Clay County.—A few came down with a routh wind: left next afternoon;
scarcely any flying to-day.
Detroit, Becker County.—No air stirring ; none moving.
Perham, Otter Tail County.—For three or four days have been flying southeast ; to-day
wind southwest; nove moving.
Fergus Falls, Otter Tail County.—A flight to the south generally cleared us of what
had not already fled or died.
Herman, Grant County.—A few fly southeast; none alight.
4 eres Douglas County.—Are leaving ; go south or southeast; seem diseased; many
ead.
Long Prairie, Todd County.—Wind southwest ; warm and clear; go northeast; mod-
erate numbers.
Morris, Stevens County.—Go north; wind south.
Hancock, Stevens County.—F ly southeast.—[ Pioneer Press. Few to be seen.—[ Dispatch.
Saint Cloud, Stearns County.—F ly south in small numbers; none alight.
Saint Wendell, Stearns County.—Clear northwest wind; but very few fly.
Big Lake, Sherburne County.—A few fly southeast; none alight.
Clear Lake, Sherburne County.—Small numbers fly southeast; none alight.
Benson, Swift County.—F ly west of south in small quantities.
De Graff, Swift County.—Few in the air to-day.
Lac-qui- Parle, Lac-qui- Parle County.—21st to 26th, wind southeast; no’hoppers in any
great quantity.
Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Wind northwest ; very light, clear, and warm; very
few fly southeast.
Montevideo, Chippewa County. Wind northwest; no ’hoppers scarcely.
Saint John’s, Kandiyohi County.—F ly south in very small numbers for a few hours.
Willmar, Kandiyohi County.—A few circling round in air; don’t appear to go in any
particular direction.

[186] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Kandiyohi, Kandiyohi County.—Very few fly.

Litchfield, Meeker County.--Very few fly ; seem to work south; progress slow.

Dassell, Meeker County.—A few tly southeast to-day.

Swede Grove, Meecer County.—A few fly southeast this morning; none alight.

Albany, Wright County.—Very few southeast.

Albion, Wright County.—For a number of days air full; fly over; very few alight,
and those left the next day.

Hector, Renville County.x— Hoppers very thick.

Benton, Carver County.—Few tly southwest; very little damage done here.

Marshfield, Lincoln County.x—Wind south in morning; west in afternoon; none fly.

Marshall, Lyon County.—Pleasant; fly southeast in morning; east to northeast in
afternoon.

Saint Peter, Nicollet County. —Fly south about noon; but few alight; not enough to
do any damage.

Morristown, Rice County.—8 a. m., air very still; flying higher; lower, go south; 12
m., wind northeast ;. clear; very few fly.

Pipestone, Pipestone County.—F ly thick ; and south.

Windom, Cottonwood County.—None fly.

Madelia, Watonwan County.—Go south ; wind northwest ; have all left here ; the latest
hatch have got wings and gone.

Mankato, Blue Larth County.—Air filled all day at a great height with immense num-
bers; go slightly west of south; wind pretty strong.

Lake Crystal, Blue Larth County. —A few fly south this morning ; none alight.

Waseca, Waseca County.—Arose and flew to south southwest.

Kanaranzie, Rock County.—Very few fly to northeast.

Luverne, Rock County.—Fly southeast; few alighting.

Magnolia, Rock County.—Many in air; no wind; some go north, some south.

Bigelow, Nobles County.—Clear ; north wind ; large swarms flew south.

Adrian, Nobles County.—Wind south; none.

Worthington, Nobles .County.— Wind south- southeast; very light; quite a good many
fly high, to northwest.

Brownsburg, Jackson County.—Immense numbers go south; wind from north.

a

.

Delafield, Jackson County.—Flying very irregularly since last report; few flying
to-day.
Lake Village, Brookings County, Dakota.—Go north.
July 22.

Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota.—F lying with the wind from southeast to north-
west; did not alight.

Yeilow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.x—Wind south 3 no ’hoppers.

Gary, Deuel County, Dakota.—F ly northwest from 9 a.m. to 6 P- m. ; none came down ;
wind south for five days, to 27th.

Medary, Brookings County.—Wind south ; some large swarms move northwest; some
lit west and northwest of here.

Dell Rapids, Minnehaha County.—Southwest; some fly north.

Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—Plenty going north.

Rockport, Hanson County, Vakota.—Very brisk southeast wind ; ’hoppers in the air;
at 12 m. began to leave here, but more lit in the evening.

Dog’s-Foot Station.—Are very thick here, and are still coming from southeast in large
numbers.

N. B.—No one can tell us where Dog’s-Foot Station is; it may be Dog’s-Tooth Station,
about 30 miles west of Bismarck, on tne way to the Black Hills.

Moorhead, Clay County.—F ly northwest ; very numerous nearly all day.

Andubon, ’ Becker County.—F ly in great numbers from about noon to 4 p. m., from
south 15° east to north 15° west; some fall, but not enough to do damage.

Detroit, Becker County.—Wind southeast; fly back northwest; good many light to-
ward evening.

Fergus Falls, Otter Tail Countyx—Wind south; clear; none fly.

Brown's Valle, y, Traverse County.—A few go north; most of the swarms that have passed
here have gone trom northwest to southeast.
Long Prarie, Todd County.—Wind south; warm and clear; go north; moderate num-

ers.

Morris, Stevens County.—Still go north; fly very high, but very few.
: Saint Wendell, Stearns County.—Clear ; ‘wind west ; “put very few fly ; all gone from

ere.

Benson, Swift County.—F ly north ; not very many.

Lac-qui-Parle, Lac-qui-Parle County——Wind southeast; no ’hoppers in any great
quantity.

Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County.— Wind south ; clear; hot; good breeze; but few flying
southeast. (?)

APPENDIX XIIJ.—RECORD OF LOCUST FLIGHTS. [187]

Montevideo, Chippewa County.—Wind northwest; no ’hoppers scarcely.

Hector, Renville County.—Wind southeast.

Marshall, Lyon County.—Wind south ; many fly north.

Morristown, Rice County,—Very few go nearly west. |

Pipe Stone, Pipe Stone County.—Wind south ; flying thick.

Magnolia, Rock County.—Go northwest. ;

Kanaranzie, Rock Couwnty.—A few fly north.

Worthington, Nobles County.—Wind southeast ; guod breeze all day; heavy flight to
northwest; high. :

Adrian, Nobles County—Wind south; none.

Delafield, Jackson Cownty.—Great swarms go southwest; first seen at 2.30 p.m.; very
high.

Hunter, Jacison County.—Go north.

Dakota, Dakota County, Nebraska.—Go northwest.

Platismouth, Cass County, Nebraska.—F ly north from 12 m. to 7 p.m.; wind south;
one-quarter mile deep.

July 23.

Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota.—Alighted in considerable numbers in the morn-
ing very early.
Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota. —Wind south; none.
Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—Wind south ; none observed.
Forestburg, Bramble County, Dusxota.—Wind south; clearand pleasant; lightswarms
o north.
. Rockport, Hanson County, Dakota.—Wind southeast; very high; in the air at noon ;
many have stopped.
Crookston, Polk County.—A few fly lazilv north; fresh south winds,
Moorhead, Clay County.—Few fly south (?).
Audubon, Becker County.x—Wind south, but none fly at 10 a. m.
Detroit, Becker County—Wind south, strong; moving; good many here, but eat
nothing yet.
Tergus Falls, Otter Tail County.—Wind south; clear; none fly.
Morris, Stevens County.—Still go north; very few; wind south.
Benson, Swift County.—Fly north; very few; still a few here, but cannot see them
eating or depositing eggs.
Lac-qui-Parle, Lac-qui-Parle County—Wind southeast; no ’hoppers in any great
quantity.
Bexter, Lac-qui- Parle County.—Wind south, strong; clear and warm; none fly.
i ee ee, Chippewa County.—Wind southeast; but few fly; none lit; all have
eit us.
Hector, Renville County.—Wind south ; none.
Marshfield, Lincoln County.—Wind south; very few fly; have but two reports of
their beginning to couple.
Kanaranzie, Rock County.—A few fly north.
Adrian, Nobles County.—Wind south ; none.
Worthington, Nobles County.—Wind strong, south-southeast; heavy flight from 11
a.m.; flew late and high.
Delafield, Jackson County.—Very few in the air; go north with wind.
Hunter, Jackson County.—Fly north; a few drop; not enough to do serious injury.
Platismouth, Cass County, Nebraska.—F lying at 8.30 a.m.

July 24.

Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota.—F lying northwest and high.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—South wind ; none.

Medary, Broskings County, Dakota.—South wind ; none observed.

nae pe ge Minnehaha County, Dakota. —South wind, high; ’hoppers fly quite low,
with wind.

A eathid Bramble County, Dakota. —Wind south ; clear and pleasant; light swarms
go north.

Rockport, Hanson County, Dakota.—Wind southeast; very high; ’hoppers seem reluc-
tant to move; doing damage in some spots.

Detroit, Becker County.—Strong southeast wind ; few fly northwest.

Fergus Falls, Otter Tail County.—Wind south; clear; none fly.

Benson, Swift County.—F ly north; very few.
pee ht Parle, Lac-qui- Farle County.— Wind southeast ; no’heppers in any great quan-
ity.

Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Wind south, strong; clear and warm.

Montevideo, Chippewa County.—Wind southeast ; but few fly; none lit.

Hector, Renville County.—South wind.

Transit, Sibley County—Have left this town and move in southeast direction.

Waseca, Waseca County.—Flew north in large numbers; comparatively tew are left.

[188] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Kanaranzie, Rock County.—None flying.

Worthington, Nobles County.—Wind south-southeast; at noon some were flying; flew
late to northwest.

Middletown, Jackson County.—F ly very high over here every day (?) to northwest; no
coupling yet; some stragglers come down, “put don’t stay.

Delafield, Jackson County.—Wind south; none in air to speak of.

July 25.

Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota.—F lying high to northwest; more numerous than
on 24th.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—South wind; none.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—South wind; stragglers go northwest.

ad Bramble County, Dakota.—Wind south ; ; clear and pleasant; light swarms
go nort

Rockport, Hanson County, Dakota.—South winds, very high; very few moving; most
have left here.

Detroit, Becker County.—Wind southeast, strong; few fly northwest.

Breckenridge, Wilkin County.—None here.

Fergus Falls, Otter Tail County.—Wind south; clear; none fly.

Alexandria, Douglas County.—All gone and none flying.

Saint Cloud, Stearns County.—Strong southwest wind; none seen to day.

Benson, Sw ift County.—F ly north, very few.

Lac-qui- -Parle, Lac-qui-Parle County. —Wind southeast; no “hoppers in any great
quantity.

Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Wind south, strong; clear and warm.

Montevideo, Chippewa County.—Only a few fly and none seem to drop.

Willmar, Kandiyohi County.—F ly quite thick to north; none here and none alight.

Litchfield, Meeker County.—None fly.

Hector, Renville County.—South wind; ’hoppers thick, thicker, thickest.

Vicksburg, Renville County.—Are very thick, but no signs of laying yet.

Mankato, Blue Earth County.—None.

Kanaranzie, Rock County.—A few fly north.

Worthington, Nobles County——Wind south-southeast; good breeze; not many fly.

Delafield, Jackson County.—None.

Dakota City, Humboldt County, Iowa.—F lew southeast in the afternoon; wind north-
west; weather clear; some alighted.

July 26.

Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota.—F lying northwest; many alighting.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.— South wind; none.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—South wind; cloudy; a little rain.

Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—Wind south; clear and pleasant; light swarms

o north.
: Moorhead, Clay County.—Few fly northwest.

Detroit, Becker Count, y.—Few fly northwest; strong southeast wind; what are here
are not inclined to rise up.

Scambler, Otter Tail County.—F ly north.

Benson, Swift County.—Fly north ; very scattering; there are a few left in county,
mostly late-hatched.

Lac-qui-Parle, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Wind southeast; no “hoppers in any great ©

quantity.

Baxter, Lac qui-Parle County.—Wind south, strong; clear and warm.

Willmar, Kandiyohi County.—Have entirely left; seldom see even one; a few fly over
in small numbers.

Hector, Renville County.—Cloudy; no ’hoppers.

Montevideo, Chippewa County.—Only a few fly and none seen to drop.

Ttidgeley, Nicollet County.—All gone; none worth noticing left.

Kanaranzie, Rock County.—A few fly north.

Worthington, Nobles County.—Wind south-southeast, quite strong; could see none fly.

Delafield, Jackson County.—Very few in the air.

July 27.

Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota.—F lying northwest; many alighting.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—Wind southwest; a few.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—Cloudy ; rain.

Dell Rapids, Minnehaha County, Dakota.—Wind north; ’hoppers rose and left. (Does
not say whether they had already alighted or not.)

Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—Cloudy; none seen.

Detroit, Becker County.—Wind about west; immense numbers fly little south of east;
most of them here left with this wind.

i

APPENDIX XIII.—RECORD OF LOCUST FLIGHTS. [189]

Ocean Lake, Pope County.—Few seen for last few days; the wind has blown from all
uarters.
; Benson, Swift County.—F ly in afternoon quite thick almost south.
Lac-qui-Parle, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Wind northwest; plenty move southeast.
Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County.x—Wind northwest; slight breeze; move southeast in
small numbers.
Hector, Renville County.—Southeast wind; ’hoppers thick.
Penn, McLeod County.—Some fly northwest.
Marshall, Lyon County.—Wind changed after noon from southerly to northwest, and
nearly all the ’hoppers for miles around were up and off in a short time.
Magnolia, Rock County.—Passing southeast, some lit.
Kanaranzie, Rock County.—A few fly northeast. 7
Worthington, Nobles County.—Wind varying from south-southeast to northwest; none

y-

Delafield, Jackson County.—Few in the air.

Montevideo, Chippewa County.—Only a few fly and none seem to drop.

Luverne, Rock County—Southeast ; wind northwest.

Nebo, Platte County, Nebraska.—F ly southeast; wind north; clear and warm; many
alighted about 4 p. m.and began eating wheat and oats.

Dakota City, Humboldt County, Iowa.—Alighted from northwest in afternoon; weather
clear; wind northwest.

July 28.

Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota—F lying northwest, but alighting when wind
changed from northwest to southeast.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—Wind northwest; warm; came up at 11 o’clock
pretty thick; continued much the same till within half an hour of sunset; may have
flown in the night, as none lit before sunset, and a good many were found in the morn-
ing. They were very low and lost in height, buf not dense as at other times.

Gary, Déuel County, Dakota.—Came again to-day in millions from northwest; nono
lit; wind has been trom south for five days, with no ’hoppers.

Medary, Brockings County, Dakota.—Wind northwest ; clear; immense swarms go
southeast all day; some lit east of here.

Dell Rapids, Minnehaha County, Dakota.—Wind west in morning, then northwest; im-
mense numbers fly southeast, with wind, from 12 to 6.

Forestburg, Bramble County, Dakota.—Wind northwest; going southecst.

Crookston, Polk County.—Slight northwest wind; at 2.30 p.m. fly southeast very
thick.

Detroit, Becker County.—Wind southeast; none fly.

Audubon, Becker County.—Fly in large numbers from north 20° west to south 20°
east.

Township 136, Range 45, Wilkin County.—Wind west-northwest; *hoppers flying; ours
rise; not one to be seen at sundown on grass or grain.

Long Prairie, Todd County.—Large numbers go southeast. [Southeast wind; cool
and clear; go nerthwest in moderate numbers. ] (?) (Seems to be an error of date.)

Paynesville, Stearns County.—None fly since 16th; to-day considerable numbers go
southeast.

Saint Wendell, Stearns County.—Clear ; strong northwest winds; began to pass south-
east ; at 11.30 quite a number passed for two or three hours; a few lit.

Benson, Swift County.—F lying in afternoon southeast ; quite thick.

Lac-qui-Parle, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Wind northwest; plenty go southeast.

: Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Wind northwest, strong ; go southeast in large num-
ers. ;

Brookfield, Renville County.—Small swarms fly southeast ; few seen since 10th. *

Hector, Renville County—Wind northwest ; ’hoppers thick.

Marshall, Lyon County.—Air full all day; go southeast, very high.

jah iene, Pipe Stone County.—Wind northwest; fly in immense swarms; none
alighted.

Mount Lake, Cottonwood County.—Strong northwest wind; fly south; very numerous.

Madelia, Watomoan County.—Passed southeast thickly.

Mankato, Blue Larth County.—Large swarms fly southeast; none lif.

i Luverne, Rock County.—F ly southeast ; strong wind; large swarms; not alighting at
p- m.

Clinton, Rock County.—F ly from northwest ; lit in south part of county, and in Lyons
County, Iowa; no damage done yet.

Magnolia, Rock County.—Large swarms go southeast and south; nine hours passing.
ante, [tock County.—Large swarms passed southeast and alighted; left on the

st.

Little Rock, Nobles County.—Wind from northwest; air full; go southeast; one falls
occasionally.

[190] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

WVorthington, Nobles County.—Wind northwest to west; afternoon a heavy flight fly
in large swarms southerly.

Bigelow, Nobles County. —Clear; high northwest wind; at 2 p.m. a great swarm fly
over “southeast ; more than on any day previous.

Christiana, Jackson County.—F ly very thick ; some lit.

Delafield, Jackson County.—Wind northwest; qnitestrong. At 1p.m.asmall swarm,
increasing in numbers till 3 p. m., then quite numerous; more lit uban any day during
the season.

Hunter, Jackson County—Immense numbers go southeast.

Center Cr eek, Martin County.—Wind northwe-t; flew over pretty thick, and a good
many dropped down. I think they were the tired ones.

Tenhassen, Martin County.—A few lit, and still remain (August 3); do not seem to do
any damage.

Sioux City, Iowa.—Immense swarms have been flying east since morning; but few
came down.

Lyons County, Iowa.—Vide Clinton Rock County. ,

Ponca, Dixon County, Nebraska.—Go southeast.

July 29.

Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota.—F lying northwest in considerable numbers.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—High southwest wind; none.

Gary, Deuel County, Dakota.—South wind, a gale; fly high and very scattering.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—South wind, strong; a few straggling to north-
west.

Dell Rapids, Minnehaha County.—South wind; some flying.

Crookston, Polk County.—At 2 p. m. fly northwest; high, and very thick.

Moorehead, Clay County.—F ly in great numbers northwest nearly all day.

Detroit, Becker Countyx—Wind southeast ; none fly.

Audubon, Becker County.—F ly northwest; lit in limited numbers a few miles north-
west of here.

Long Prairie, Todd County.—Southeast wind; ciear and warm; go northwest; thick
and very high; some lit.

Paynesville, Stearns County.—F ly northwest; came down in great numbers.

Saint Wendell, Stearns County.— —Fly Lorthwest : wind sou heast : many lit.

Benson, Swift County.—Began to fly about 10 o’clock in northwestern direction ; could
see them fly tell almost sundown ; but I have heard of no large swarms coming down
in any of the adjoining counties.

Lac-qui-Parle, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Wind southeast ; none moving.

Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Wind south, strong; fly north in considerable num-
bers.

Hector, Renville County.—None.

Brookfield, Renville County—Small swarms fly northwest.

Penn, McLeod County—Fly north quite thick; a few lit; stopped but a few hours.

Marshall, Lyon County Wind south; few flying.

Kasota, Le Sueur County.—F Jy north all day ; quite anumber here yet, but not enough
to do damage.

Le Sueur C ‘entre, Le Sueur County.—Fly northwest for quite a while.

Mount Lake, Cottonwood County. —Strong south wind; afew drop, but not many fly-
ing.
Mankato, Blue Earth County.—F ly north.

Kanaranzie, Rock County.—Some fly northwest.
TForthington, Nobles County.—Wind southeast again ; could see but few in the air.
Delafield, Jackson County.—Wind south, very strong.
Center Creek, Martin County.—Strong south wind.
Winnebago City, Faribault County.—F ly northwest.
Freeborn, Fr ceborn County.—Wind southeast ; fly northwest; very high; few lit.
Geneva, Freeborn County.—Have been leaving since 20th (vid. 20th); to- day a good
many have gone.
Ponca, Dixon County, Nebraska.—F ly southeast.
Nebo, Platte County, Nebraska.—F lying ucrtheast ; wind south.

July 30.
Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota.—F lying in various directions, their general course
being northwest.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakoia.—High scuthwest wind; none.

Mcdary, Brookings County.— High south wind; some fly northwest.

Dell Rapids, Minnehaha County. --High south wind; some fly low.

Moorhead, Clay County.—Few fly northwest ; none seen laying yet.

Detroit, Becker County.—Very strong southeast wind; a few fly northwest.

Long Prairie, Todd County.—Wind southeast; clear and warm ; go northwest in mod-
erate numbers; some lit.

APPENDIX XIII.—RECORD OF LOCUST FLIGHTS. [191]

Benson, Swift County.—F ly in afternoon quite thick, northwest.

Baxter, Lac qui-Parle County.—Strong southeast wind; clear and warm; none fly.

Lac-qui-Parle, Lac-qui-Parle County (vid. 29th).—Nearly all have left here.

Hector, Renville County.—South wind, very strong; fly thick, very high.

Marshall, Lyon County.—South wind; all quiet.

Mankato, Blue Karth County.—Few fly northwest, very high; fly north.

Worthington, Nobles County.—Air full, returning north; fly very high; wind south-
southeast, backing to north-northeast ; in afternoon a heavy flight on last-named wind.

Delafield, Jackson County.—Wind south; none to speak of.

Nebo, Platte County, Nebraska.—F ly north; wind south.

July 31.

Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota.—F lying in different directions at different alti-
tudes.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—Scuth wind and rain till 11 a. m.; wind changed
to northeast; a good many ’hoppers from 1 to 2 p. m.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakotaa—Wind northwest; rain in morning; go south in
afternoon.

Dell Rapids, Minnehaha County, Dakota.—Wind northwest; many fly with wind late
in the afternoon. .

Moorhead, Clay County.—Strong northwest wind; quite a number flew southeast.

Long Prairie, Todd County.—No observations.

Paynesville, Stearns County.—A few fly this afternoon to south.

Benson, Swift County.—In morning, rain; flew southwest in afternoon; quite a good
many.

Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County.—No wind; cloudy, and some rain; none fly.

Hector, Renville County.—Still thick.

Marshall, Lyon County—Showers in morning; *hoppers fly southeast in afternoon;
many left about here; others were very high. i

Magnolia, Rock County.—Fly south: many leave.

Kanaranzie, Rock County—The large swarms that alighted on the 28th left; they
waited for a favorable wind to go south.

Worthington, Nobles County.—Wind from northwest to northeast; rained a little in
afternoon ; after dinner, wind northwest; good flight till late.

Delafield, Jackson Counly.—Late in afternoon go south; wind northwest; a few lit.

Hunter, Jackson County.—F ly south, immense numbers.

Tenhasson, Martin County——Morning rainy ; wind southeast ; afternoon rainy; wind
northwest.

Ltepublican City, Harlan County, Nebraska.—Cloudy till 8 a.m.; wind light; ’hoppers
passing over from 9 to 3; vast numbers alighting.

Nebo, Platie County, Nebraska.— Hoppers very stupid and helpless.

Adamson, Rooks County, Kansas.—F ly south; wind north.

Norton, Norton County, Kansas.—Vly south; wind northeast.

Luverne, Rock County—Fly south; many leaving. ©

Auyust 1.

Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota—Same as July 31.

Yellow Banks, Deuel Couniy, Dakota.—Cool; wind southwest; a few.

Gary, Deuel County, Dakota.—A few fly southeast with wind.

Ledary, Brookings County, Dakota.—Wi1:d northwest ; large swarms go south.

Dill Rapids, Minnehaha County.—Wind northwest ; considerable numbers flying.

Lort Sisseton, Dakota.—Northwest wind—15 miles per hour; fly southeast.

Lergus Falls, Otter Tail County —Flying from west and nortiiwest.

Long Prairie, Todd County.—West wind ; go east-southeast, thick.

St. Cloud, Stearns County.—F ly south in swarms; some few lit.

Paynesville, Stearns County.—F ly southeast ; not in great numbers.

Benson, Swift County.—F ly little east of south, quite thick.

Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Wind northwest; good breeze; clear.

Hee or, Renville County—Wind northwest ; ’hoppers with wind.

Beaver Falls, Renville County.—An extensive migration to the southeast.

Marshall, Lyon County.— Fly southeast, very high.

Pipestone, Pipestone County.—Rained in morning; clear at noon; at 2 p. m. wind
northwest; fly southeast, very thick.

Madelia, Watonwan County.—Go south, quite thick.

Wilton, Waseca County.—F ly in large numbers to southeast.

Magnolia, Rock County.—Large swarms go east.

Worthington, Nobles County.—F ly over in large numbers most all day; not very stiff
breeze blowing; seem to go southwest; fly very high, and none lit in the county; wind
light from west to northwest; quite a good flight in afternoon.

Hunter, Jackson County.—Go south in large numbers.

Delajield.—Go south ; wind northwest; none lit.

[192] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Tenhassen, Martin County.—F ly southeast ; wind northwest.

Plymouth, Iowa.—F ly little east of south by the millions.

Tabor, Fremont County, Iowa.— Hoppers flying northeast ; wind southwest.
Norton, Norion County, Kansas.— Hoppers flying southeast.

Adamson, Rooks County.— Hoppers flying southeast; leaving.

Nebo, Platte County, Nebraska.—Go west ; wind southeast.

Lyle, Mower County.—Go southeast.

Luverne, Rock County.—Large swarms fly southeast.

| August 2.

Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota.—Same as July 31.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—Wind northeast; warm; a good many “hoppers.

Gary, Deuel County, Dakota.—F ly again by millions; first seen go southeast about 9
a. m.; about 10 p. m. wind changed to northeast, and ’hoppers go southwest till 5
o’clock.

Medary, Brookings County.—Wind light from southeast; great swarms move slowly
to northwest all day; moved so slowly that theiz direction could hardly be determined.

Dell Rapids, Minnehaha County.—Wind south; many flew north.

Glyndon, Clay County.—W hat little wind there is from north; fly south, thick; haven’t
heard of any dropping.

Audubon, Becker County.—F ly from north 15 degrees west to south 15 degrees east ;
afterward directly south till 5 p. m.

Breckenridge, Wilkins County.—F ly southeast.

Fergus Falls, Otter Tail County.—Fly over from west and northwest.

Alexandria, Douglas County.—F ly southeast in considerable numbers; none lit.

Osakis, Douglas County.—F ly southeast in large numbers; but few lit.

Long Prairie, Todd County.—Wind northwest, cool and clear; go southeast, thick; all
of ours that could get away went; had been quite thick, but did no perceptible dam-
age since July.

Paynesville, Stearns County.—Fly-nearly due south in considerable numbers; first
saw them little before noon; flew till between 4 and 5 o’clock; those that lt about a
week ago have nearly all left.

St. Cloud, Stearns County.—F ly south this morning; some few lit.

Clear Lake, Sherburne County.—Air full; fly southeast, very low; some alight.

Anoka, Anoka County.—Millions fly over.

Benson, Swift County.——Fly west of south, very thick; have not seen any lighting
down in this place for a long time.

Baxter, Swift County.—Wind northwest, very slight; clear and hot; very few fly.

Willmar, Kandiyohi County.—F ly southeast.

St. Paul, Ramsey County.—F ly southeast, high.

Minneapolis, Hennepin County.—F ly southeast, high.

Palmyra, Renville County—Thick swarms go southeasterly all day.

Hector, Renville County Wind northwest; fly with wind.

Glencoe, McLeod County.—F ly southeast, very thick; don’t seem to alight.

Penn, McLeod County.—F ly south, very thick; most of them high up; some lit.

Shakopee, Scott County.—F ly southeast in numberless quantities at noon.

. St. Peter, Nicollet County.—Fly southeast, very thick; weather clear and pleasant.

Ridgeley, Nicollet County.—Some fly each fine day; don’t know of any alighting or
laying.

Le Sueur Centre, Le Sueur County.—Fill the heavens for two consecutive hours; go
about two points east of south; wind west, quite brisk.

Morristown, Rice County.—F ly from northwest ; seem to darken the sun.

Fairibault, Rice County.—Fly south by southwest, quite thick; none fall at present.

Northfield, Rice County.—Flew over in considerable numbers. ~ :

Dundas, Rice County.—Millions fly quite high in a southerly direction; occasionally
a straggler falls.

Pipestone, Pipestone County.—Wind northwest; began to fly about 10 o’clock; heavy;
some lit.

Madelia, Watonwan County.—Quite thick; go south.

Mankato, Blue Earth County.—Air full; fly south, thick and low.

Waseca, Waseca County.—Millions fly over to south.

Wilton, Waseca County.—F ly in large numbers to southeast.

Kanaranzie, Rock County.—Some fly northwest.

Magnolia, Rock County.—Fly southwest; very numerous; large squads lit in some

laces.
: Vienna, Rock County.—Wind northeast; many lit; damage to gardens and corn.

Worthington, Nobles County.—Almost a calm in morning; about 11 a. m., "hoppers

. were up in the air high, circling upward till about 1 p. m., when wind set in from
souuheast, and there was a very heavy flight till very late; none lit.

APPENDIX XIII.—RECORD OF LOCUST FLIGHTS. [193]

Middleton, Jackson County.—Main army passed very slow from north; lit at head of
Spirit Lake, Iowa.

Hunter, Jackson County.—-Go south ; immense numbers.

Delafield, Jackson County.—Go southwest ; moderate wind from west of north. Those
here (vide July 31) left.

Tenhassen, Martin County.—Wind northwest ; fly southeast; air actually full.

Freeborn, Freeborn Countyx—Wind northwest; clear; heavy swarms go southeast.
Began to fly at 9 o’clock ; at 1 the air is full; very high; none alighted.

Le Roy, Mower County.—A cloud flew over in afternoon.

Plymouth, Iowa County.—F ly little east of south by the millions.

Marshall, Lyon County.—Many go southwest.

Lyle, Mower County.—Go southeast.

Luverne, Rock County.—¥ ly southeast in great numbers; largest swarm yet.

Glencoe, Dodge County, Nebr.— Hoppers fly southwest. Alighted when wind changed.

Pleasant Home, Polk County, Nebr.— Hoppers fly with the wind from 2 to 11.(?)

Nebo, Platie County, Nebr.—F ly west; wind southeast.

August 3.

Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota.—-Seen flying daily in different directions, their gen-
eral course being northwest, but moving in different directions at different altitudes.
Yellow Banks, Deuel County Dakota.—High southwest wind; none.
' Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—Southeast winds; some fly northwest.
Dell Rapids, Minnehaha County, Dakota.—Many going nerthwest.
Audubon, Becker County.—Wind from south 20° east; none returning.
Benson, Swift County. Very few fly northwest in afternoon.
‘ Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle.—Wind southeast ; clear in morning ; cloudy in afternoon ; none
y.
Hector, Renville County.—Cloudy ; no ’hoppers.
Penn, McLeod County.—Wind south; a few went north; those that lit on the 2d left..
Pipestone, Pipestone County.—F ly north; a good many lit.
Wilton, Waseca County.—Wind changed; some few fly north.
Vienna, Rock County.—Wind southeast ; ’hoppers do not leave.
Worthingtun, Nobles County. Wind southeast nearly; very few fly.
Delafield, Jackson County.—A few go north; wind south.
Tenhassen, Martin County.—Calm.
Lyle, Mower County.—Go southeast.
Nebo, Platte County, Nebr.—Go west; wind southeast.
Norton, Norton County, Kans.—Go southwest.

August 4.

perch, Burleigh County, Dakota.—F lying in various directions, with the currents.
of wind.
Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota.—High southwest wind; none.
Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—Strong south wind.
Benson, Swift County.—Very few ; fly north.
Baxter, Lac-qui- Parle County.—Wind south ; clear and warm; none fly.
Marshall, Lyon County.— Wind south; none fly.
Hector, Renville County Wind northwest ; ’hoppers as usual.
Mankato, Blue Earth County.—A few stragglers fly northward.
Vienna, Rock County.—Wind scuth; hoppers do not leave.
Worthington, Nobles County.—Wind southeast ; scarcely any fly.
Delafield, Jackson County.—Wind south; very strong; have seen none..
Lyle, Mower County.—Go southeast.

August 5.

Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota.—Same as August 3 and 4.

Yellow Banks, Deuel County, Dakota —High southwest wind; none.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—Light south winds; none seen flying.
Benson, Swift County —Cloudy ; none seen.

Baxter, Lac-qui- Parle County.—Wind southwest ; cloudy and warm; none fly.
Hector, Renville County.—Cloudy and still; no’hoppers.

Marshfield, Lincoln County.—Wind south; none fly.

Pipestone, Pipestone County.—Those that lit on 2d flew south.

Vienna, Rock County.—Wind southeast; ’hoppers do not leave.

Worthington, Nobles County.—Wind south and southwest ; could not see any fly.
Delafield, Jackson County.—Wind south very strong; not a ’hopper seen.

Lyle, Mower County.—G5 southeast.

Glencoe, Dodge County, Nebraska.—Wind from northwest ; *hoppers fly over.
Genoa, Platte County, Nebraska.— Hoppers go north; wind south-southwest.
Norton, Norton County, Kansas.—¥ lying very high, southwest.

[13 G@]

[194] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

August 6.

Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota. —Same as 2d and 3d.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—Wind northwest; great swarms pass south.

Benson, Swift County —Fly very thick west of south; very high.

Baxter, Lac-qui- Parle County——Wind northwest; considerable numbers go southeast.

Beaver Falls, Renville County.— Vid. 9th.

Ackley, Hardin County, Iowa.—F ly southerly.

Palmyra, Renville County.—Not great numbers flying for two weeks past, except on
2d; have not alighted all summer.

Palmyra, Renville County.—Thick in air going southeasterly direction ; none lit.

Hecior, Renville County.—’ Hoppers settled thick; wind northwest.

Hastings, Dakota County.—F ly over at 2.40 rate to southeast in large numbers; none
came down.

Charlestown, Redwood County.—F lying thick to-day.

Between Niobrara and Yankton.—F ly southward dense and high.

Ridgeley, Nicollet County.—Go southeast ; but few come down; none seen depositing
eggs.

Dundas, Rice County.—Air full; several fell to the ground and died soon after.

Mankato, Blue Earth County.—Clear wind north; immense swarms fly south from 10
a. m. till near sundown. ~

Vienna, Rock County.x—Wind changed north; ’hoppers leave.

Worthington, Nobles County.—Wind northwest; quite warm last night; heavy flight
this morning.

Christiana, Jackson County. Hoppers are gone (vid. July 28).

Delafield, Jackson County.— Wind northwest ; small swarm fly south.

Brownsdale, Mower County.—F ly over from 11 till 3; all were very high ; none came
to the ground.

Genoa, Platte County, Nebraska.—F ly north; wind south and southwest.

Norton, Norton County, Kansas.—F ly southwest.

August 7.

Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota.—’ Hoppers decreas ng in rumbers.

Fort Sisseton, Burleigh County, Dakota.—F \y southeast ; wind northwest, 20 miles per
hour.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—High northwest wind; none.

Benson, Swift County.—F ly thick due south.

Z Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Wind northwest ; good breeze; fly southeast ; a very
ew lit.

Beaver Falls, Renville County.—Vid. 9th.

Hector, Renville Countyk—Wind north; ’hoppers rising (vid. 6th).

Ackley, Hardin County, Iowa.—F ly southerly.

Penn, McLeod County—F ly southeast high, and as thick as any previous day ; a very
few sickly ones dropped.

Ridgeley, Nicollet County.—Go southeast ; but few came down; none seen depositing
eggs.
borin County, Nebraska.—¥Few fly south.

La Sueur, La Sueur County.—Air has been full of flying ’hoppers at times during the
past week; have not heard of any alighticg.

Northfield, Rice County.—F lew over in considerable numbers.

Magnolia, Rock County.—Go south; many leave here; vid. August 2, Magnolia and
Vienna.

Iuverne, Rock County Go south.

Worthington, Nobles County.—Light southeast wind; none fly.

Seward, Nobles County—Have been flying every day; generally go west (refers to all
summer).

Delafield, Jackson County.—Wind southwest in part of morning, northwest in after-
noou; nore fly.

Glencoe, Dodge County.—F lying southeast all day; clear.

August 8. +

Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota.— Hoppers still flying, but decreasing in numbers, —

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—Wind northwest; light swarms go south.
Benson, Swift County.—Fly due south; not quite so thick. P

Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County.x—Wind northwest ; clear and cool; small numbers fly _

over southeast; a few drop.
Beaver Falls, Renville County.—Vid. 9th.
Hector, Renville County—Wind north; ’hoppers flying high. :
Palmyra, Renville County.—Thick in the air; going in southeasterly direction.
Carver, Carver County.—F lying over occasionally all last week (vid. 7th).
Ridgeley, Nicollet County.—But few came down; none seen to deposit eggs.

.
ia
9

}

= - ee

APPENDIX XIII.—RECORD OF LOCUST FLIGHTS. [195]

Magnolia, Rock County.—Go southeast.
Worthington, Nobles County—Brisk north-northwest wind; heavy flight; high and

late.

Delafield, Jackson County.—Wind northwest; small swarm fly south.

Hunter, Jackson County.—Go in less numbers; a number alighted. : )

Alden, Frecborn County.—Have all left; but are to be seen in air every day going with
the wind; have not commenced to deposit eggs to any extent.

Ackley, Hardin County, Iowa.—About the 8th, flew for a day or two quite thick;
alighted quite thickly nine miles north of Ackley, and to some extent in and around
Ackley.

Lyle, Mower County.—Fly southeast.

Luverne, Rock County.—F ly southeast.

Patron, Butler County, Nebraska.—F ly southwest; wind south. (?)

August 9.

Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota.—Siill flying in decreased numbers.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—From 9th to 27th none seen.

Benson, Swift County.—F ly south in afternoon; not so many as on 8th.

Baxter, Lac-qui- Parle County.—F ly southwest; slight northwest wind.

Hector, Renville County.—Wind north; flying high. During the past three days im-
mense swarms have winged their way over this locality, going for the most part ina
southeasterly direction.—[ Renville Times, Beaver Falls.

Waseca, Waseca County.—F lying over in large numbers very high.

Magnolia, Rock County.—Go southwest.

Worthington, Nobles Cownty.—Wind about northwest; heavy flight, high and late.

:; Hunter, Jackson County.—Flew very thick to south-southeast; those that lit on 8th
eft.

Delafield, Jackson County—Wind northwest; fly south ; small swarm; none lit.

Winnebago City, Faribault County.—A few fly southeast.

Luverne, Rock County.—F ly southwest.

Genoa, Platie County, Nebraska.—Wind south-southwest; ’hoppers fly north.

Glencoe, Dodge County, Nebraska.—F ly southwest all day; some alighting.

Pleasant Home, Polk County.—Fly with the wind.

Norton, Norton County, Kansas.—F ly northwest ; wind southeast ; few alighting.

August 10.

Bismarck, Burleigh County, Dakota.—Nearly all have ceased flying.

Benson, Swift County.—Small numbers fly little west of north ; none alighting or de-
positing eggs that I had heard of in any part of this county.

Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Slight scutheast wind; clear and warm; very few fly
northwest.

Hector, Renville County.—Wind southeast; fly with wind.

Magnolia, Rock County.—Go northwest.

Worthington, Nobles County.k—Wind southeast; none fly.

Delafield, Jackson County.—South wind ; none in air.

Genoa, Platte County, Nebraska.—F ly north ; wind south-southwest,

Lyle, Mower County.—Fly southeast.

Luverne, Rock County.—F ly northwest.

August 11.

ile Burleigh County, Dakota.—Have all disappeared; none flying or on the
ground.

Baxter, Lac-qui-Parle County.—Slight northwest wind; clear and hot; very few fly
southeast; no eggs have been deposited by those that have dropped.

Hector, Renville County.—Wind northwest; fly very high.

Magnolia, Rock County.—Go south and southwest, varying with the wind.

Luverne, Rock County.—Disappeared several days since; have been seen going south,
but did not alight.

Worthington, Nobles County.—Light southeast wind ; none seen.

Delafield, Jackson County.—Wind southeast in morning, northeast at noon, and north-
west at 3 p. m., aiter which a few were seen flying.

Lyle, Mower County.—Go southeast.

Genoa, Platte County, Nebraska.—Fly north ; wind south-southwest.

Glencoe, Dodge County, Nebraska.—F ly southeast.

Patron, Butler County, Nebraska.—Swarms departing.

Norton, Norton, County, Kansas.—F ly southeast very high.

August 12,

Benson, Swift County.—A few fly in afternoon about due south.
Hector, Renville County.—None.
Worthington, Nobles County.—Wind northwest ; cloudy; none seen.

[196] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Delafield, Jackson County.—Wind northwest ; a few in the air.

Center Creek, Martin County.—About all left.

Lyle, Mower County.—Go southeast.

LInuverne, Rock County.—Go southeast.

Genoa, Platte County, Nebraska.—F ly north; wind south-southwest.
Glencoe, Dodge County, Nebraska.—Some fly over to northwest.
Patron, Butler County, Nebraska.—Departing. i}
Norton, Norton County, Kansas.—F ly west of south; air very full.
Tabor, Ciay County, Kansas.—FEly south; wind northwest; quite dense.

August 13.

Benson, Swift County.—A few fly in afternoon a little west of south; a little cloudy.

Worthington, Nobles County.— Wind northwest; cool; afew seen; fly high. |

Delafield, Jackson County.—Wind northwest in morning, and north at1lp.m.; cloudy; I}
none seen.

Tabor, Clay County, Kansas.—Few fly northeast.

Alma, Clay County, Kansas.—F ly southwest.

Lyle, Mower County.—F ly southeast.

Inwerne, Rock County.—F ly southwest.

August 14.

Benson, Swift County.—Scattering ; very few to be seen flying south.

Marshall, Lyon County.x—When wind is north they are in the air; mostly very high;
seem to be stragglers.

Worthington, Nobles County.—Wind varying ; none seen.

Delafield, Jackson County.—Wind northwest ; none pass over.

Glencoe, Dodge County, Nebraska.—F ly southeast in great abundance.

Alma, Dodge County, Nebraska.—F ly southwest; few alighting.

Sioux City, Woodbury County, Iowa.—Seen flying.

August 15.
Delafield, Jackson County.—Wind west; not one to be seen.
Tabor, Clay County, Kansas.—¥ ly northwest; wind south; returning.
Glencoe, Dodge County, Nebraska.—F ly southeast in great abundance.
Omaha, Douglas County, Nebraska.—A few flying.
Sioux City, Woodbury County, Iowa.—F lying.
August 16.
Delafield, Jackson County.—Wind west; not one to be seen.
Glencoe, Dodge County, Nebraska.—F ly southwest abundantly.
August 17.
Delafield, Jackson County.— Wind southwest; none.

August 18.

Hector, Renville County.—11th to 18th none seen.
Marshall, Lyon County.—None fly for past week.
Delafield, Jackson County.—None flying.

August 19.

Delafield, Jackson County.—Wind southwest; none seen; have seen one in act of de-
positing eggs, but no coupling; have found ten males to one female.
Genoa, Platte County, Nebraska.—Go north; wind south.

August 21.

Christiana, Jackson County.—F lew very thick east; were very high, anda very fewlit. _
Genoa, Platte County, Nebraska.—Wind south and southwest; ’hoppers fly north till |

25th.
August 28.

Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—None seen since August 8 till to-day ; a few strag-
glers go south.

August 29.
Genoa, Platte County, Nebraska.—Wind from west ; ’hoppers fly south.
August 30.
Genoa, Platte County, Nebraska.—F ly north; wind from southwest.
August 31.
Genoa, Platie County, Nebraska.—F ly south from 11 a. m. to 4 p. m.
September 1.

Genoa, Platte County, Nebraska.—Fly south and southwest; wind north and north-
east from Ist to 21st.

APPENDIX XIIJ.—RECORD OF LOCUST FLIGHTS. [197]

September 2.
Medary, Brookings County, Dakota.—A few stragglers go south.
Ackley, Hardin County, Iowa.—F ly over to south very high.
September 3.
Waseca, Waseca County.—A few go north very high.
Ackley, Hardin County, Iowa.—F ly over to south very high,

September 4.
Ackley, Hardin County, Jowa.—Same as 3d and 4th.

September 16.

Camp Supply, Indian Territory. ’Hoppers fly southeast; wind south in morning,
porth in afternoon. None lit.

September 29.
Calvert, Texas.—Fly southward at neon and all alighting ; wind north.

APPENDIX XEV.

Did any of the locusts remain in your locality after the departure of those which
hatched and developed with you ; and, if so, were any of them noticed to lay eggs?

ARKANSAS.

Bentonville, Benton County.—None; No. But few were noticed to remain over sum-
mer. None laid eggs.—[J. W. Williams.
Carrollton, Carroll County.—None remained.—[ Jno. L. Sims.

COLORADO.

Colorado Springs, El Paso County.—No locusts hatched here this year.—[H. McAl-
lister, jr.

Denver, Arapahoe County.—No ; none remained.—[C. L. Campbell.

Fort Collins, Larimer County.—One of my neighbors said to me that on his place the
locusts that hatched remained and died on the field. He did not observe that they
deposited any eggs.—[R. Q. Tenney.

Georgetown, Clear Creek County.—None remained.—[H. W. Pollitz.

Greeley, Weld County.—No locusts remained in this locality after those departed
which hatched here.—[G. B. Hight.

Howardsville, San Juan County.—The few locusts that hatched in this region remained
here all summer and fall.

La Porte, Larimer County.—None remained.—[E. N. Garbutt.

Larkspur, Douglas County—But few staid ; some laid eggs.—[W. R. Leverson.

Pleasant Valley, Tremont County.—The locust hatched and developed with us last
Spee but in July and August they left by degrees. No eggs deposited.—[S. C.

rown.

Pueblo, Pueblo County —None remained.—[Judge Hallett.

Saguache, Saguache County.—None.—[ W. B. Telion.

Wheatland, Larimer County.—None remained ; in fact never developed. All at once
were missing. Scarcely any of them ever flew.—[J. C. Abbott.

IOWA.

Algona, Kossuth County.—After our locusts left, some from Minnesota stopped about
forty-eight hours here; no eggs laid.—[H. C. McCoy.

Alta, Buena Vista County.—A few were here the whole season, but they were very
small; left no eggs.—[Crowell & Thompson.

Ames, Story County.—A few have been with us the whole season ; have noticed none
laying eggs.—[C. E. Bessey.

Athol, Sioux County.—No locusts remained here more than three or four days ata
time aiter the departure of those which hatched and developed here, and none of them
were noticed to lay.—_[ W. J. Newell.

Carrollton, Carroll County.—None remained.—[ Andrew Barr.

Chickasaw, Chickasaw County.—It is frequently the case that a number do remain ©
from late hatching or other cause, not being fully developed and ready for flight.
Those that remain lay their eggs.—[ William Tucker.

Council Pluiffs, Pottawattamie County.—A very few remained all the season, but no —
eggs were laid.

Denison, Crawford County—None. No.—[M. H. Wygant.

Des Moines, Polk County.—Yes; very few.—[ William H. Fleming.
Estherville, Emmett County—Not to any extent. For a period of six weeks the air
was filled with grasshoppers every fair day ; some alighted to rest apparently ; none —
laid eggs, nor could any signs of eggs be found in them as late as the 1st of August. —

None staid any length of time.—[W. C. Jarvis. ;

Lemars, Plymouth County.—As fast as the locusts developed they left. None laid
eggs, to my knowledge.—[F. M. Jenkins.

Little Sioux, Harrison County.—Yes ; many remained till they died of disease. I do
not know of their depositing eggs.—[A. H. Gleason. .

[198]

aseiiis

APPENDIX XIV.—LOCUSTS IN TEMPORARY REGION. [199]

Malvern, Mills County.—I think none remained ; but am not confident.—[Rev. J. R.
Brown.

Onawa, Monona County.—Yes; before those that hatched reached maturity the
locusts began to come in from the south. This continued till about the 20th July,
when they began returning from the north. On my farm we were at no time without
locusts from hatching until the latier part of September. I observed no eggs
laid.—[ Addison Oliver.

Sac City, Sac County.—All left.—[Washington Allen.

Sheridan, Van Buren County.—Never had any in this locality.—[A. Eides.

Sheldon, O’Brien County—Some remained; laid no eggs.—[J. C. Elliot.

Shelby, Shelby County—Yes; but they died of disease. No eggs laid.—[W. Jal.
Brown.

Sidney, Fremont County.—It would be a difficult matter to tell just when the grass-
hoppers did leave, as they continued to fly from different directions, and occasionally
light down and remain for a short time; but in no case did we notice them depositing
eggs, None staid with us.—[G. V. Swearingen.

Sioux County.—Some remained; laid no eggs.

Sioux City, Woodbury County.—Only a few remained; none were noticed to lay
eggs.—[ William R. Smith.

Spirit Lake, Dickinson County.—No locusts remained in this locality.—[Emmet F.

Tabor, Fremont County.—No.—[J. F. Sanborn.
Webster City, Keokuk County.—A few remained, but soon died off. No eggs were de-
posited as far as I can learn.—[C. Aldrich.

KANSAS.

Abilene, Dickinson County.—None remained.—[W. T. Davidson.

Atchison, Atchison County.—No grasshoppers hatched except in the western part of the
county; no flight was made by those hatched; none laid eggs. A few of the locusts
remained after time of departure, but none were noticed to lay eggs.—[C. W. Johnson.

Belleville, Republic County—Not many. No.—[J.P. Heaton.

Belle Plaine, Summer County.—None remained.—[H. C. St. Clair.

Beloit, Mitchell County.—No.

Buffalo, Wilson County.—There did a few ’hoppers remain all summer. I have seen
them every day when able to be out; and as late as to-day, October 31, 1 saw a pure
red-leg near my smoke-house door.

Bunker Hill, Russell County.—A few remained, but did not appear to lay any eggs.
Disappeared early in the season.

Burlington, Coffey County.—None remained ; no eggs laid.—[B. L. Kingsbury.

Centralia, Nemaha County.—All left.

Chanute, Neosho County.—None remained.

Cherryvale, Montgomery County.—None remained.—[C. G. Brooks.

Claytonville, Brown County.—Numbers of the locusts that hatched here were not strong
enough to fly, and were killed off by red parasites; none laid eggs —[ W. M. Robertson.

Concordia, Cloud County.—Very few; none noticed to lay eggs.—[C. F. Moore.

Cope, Jackson County.—None, except a few of late hatching that still remain.

Llsworth, Elisworth County.—All died and vanished early in the season; no eggs laid.

Elivon, McPherson County.—Not any.

Emporia, Lyon County.—Locusts remained when they hatched, but died or disappeared
suddenly.—[S. C. De lap.

Eureka, Greenwood County.— Do not think any locusts hatched in this county last spring
ever left. They came forth in myriads, would be alive for a few days, and then vanish
without depositing eggs.
me McPherson County.—I believe a very few remained, and are even now laying

eir eggs.

Fairfax, Osage County—None remained.

Fenwick, Republic County.—None staid that I know of.—[D. Doran.

Galesburg, Neosho County.—No locusts remained in this section after the departure of
those developed here.—[D. B. Skeels.

Geneva, Allen County.—None noticed as remaining.—[ Van Deman.

Girard, Crawford County.—Locusts did remain where they hatched, but seemed to
vanish without ovipositing.

Great Bend, Barton County.—A few hatched in this county in gardens and wheat-
pee early in May; did no damage; laid no eggs; disappeared very soon.—[D. J.

ivans.

Hays City, Ellis County.—No locusts here in spring.

Hiawatha, Brown County—None remained; no eggs here. Some remained, but laid
no eggs.—[E. M. Pratt.

Hutchinson, Reno County.—None remained.—[S. T. Kelsey.

e pee Dickinson County.—Very few remained. None noticed to lay eggs.—[G. J.
mart.

[200] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Indianola, Butler County.—None remained.

Iola, Allen County.—No.—[H. F. Rice.

Irving, Marshall County.— Only a few scattered individuals remained after the gen-
eral flight. None were known to deposit eggs.—[B. T. Ward.

Jewell City, Jewell County.—All left.—[ Harrison Keely.

Junction City, Davis County——Very few hatched; none were noticed to lay eggs.
None remained. No eggs were laid.—[Chas. 8S. Davis.

Lane, Franklin County.—No.—[ Jas. Hanway.

Le Roy, Coffey County.—A few remained. No eggs that I can hear of. None noticed.—
[M. F. White.

Logan, Phillips County.—Very few hatched, and none remained.—[Jno. Benjamin.

Lyndon, Osage County.—No.

Lyons, Rice County.—None remained; died before they were large enough to fly.

Manhattan, Riley County.—I think none remained; I noticed none.—[N. A. Adams.

McPherson, McPherson County.—They laid no eggs; but few remained.

Medina, Jefferson County.—All left.

Millwood, Leavenworth County.—A few came in this fill and are now here, but laid no
eggs.

SCO Falls, Woodson County—No. No. No.—[J.T.Goodnow.

Newton, Harvey County.—None remained with us.—[F. L. Knott.

Oakwood, Linn County.—No.—[W. E. McIntyre.

Olathe, Johnson County.—No.—[ Is. P. Diehl.

Osborne City, Osborne County.— None remained.—[M. Mobler.

Osage Mission, Neosho County.—A|) left.

Oswego, Labette County.x— No. None remained.—[T. B. Abbott.

Oskaloosa, Jefferson County.—A very few remained. I did not notice any ovipositing.

Ottawa, Franklin County.—None remained.—[H. J. Smith.

Oxford, Sumner County.—A few locusts remained after the departure of those hatched
here, but there was a new feature with regard to the departure. Heretofore they have
left as they came, in swarms, but this year they gradually left, and I think a month
was occupied in their departure. We had extremely wet weather during May, and
they were forced to leave. So far as my knowledge extends there have been no eggs
deposited since a year ago this fall.—[A. Gridley, jr.

Parsons, Labette County.—None remained; no eggs laid. Very few; no.—[Angell
Mathewson.

Peabody, Marion County.—A few remained all summer, but none deposited eggs.

Riley, Riley County.—None remained. :

Salina, Saline County.—No; all left about the Ist of July. None remained. None
remained.—[S8. J. Gilmore.

Seneca, Nemaha County.—Very few ; have heard that a few have been seen oviposit-
ing, but am of the opinion that very little was done in that way.—[G. W. Johnson.

South Center, Smith County.—All left.

Tabor, Clay County.—Very few remained; no eggs laid.—[ J. W. Bagby.

Fredonia, Wilson County.—Within the scope of my observation, few, if any, got wings,
but died or vanished prior to making any deposits.—[S. C. Carley.

Uniontown, Bourbon County.—Few or none remaincd here after their maturity; no
eggs laid this fall that I have seen or heard of.—[ George Wier.

Valley Falls, Jefferson County.—None remained in this county; no eggs laid this fall.

Wichita, Sedgwick County.—No, all left.—[ Levi Branson.

Wilmingion, Wabaunsee County.—Few or none remained.

Winfield, Cowley County.—Yes, but all died.—[ Wirt W. Walton.

Yates Center, Woodson County.—All left after acquiring wings.—[J. Powell.

MISSOURI.

Carthuge, Jasper County.—They did not.—[J. Tilden.

Defiance, Worth County.—A few.

Forest City, Holt County.—No ’bhoppers remained with us; they all left as soon as they
were able to travel.—| J. D. White.

Flag Spring, Andrew County.—But few remained in our Jocality after the departure
eL Biuore which hatched and developed; they were not noticed to lay eggs.—[J. K.

ite.

Greenfield, Dade County.—No.—[W. G. McDowell.

Lamar, Barton County.—A few remained, but I did not observe them laying eggs;
there are a few here now, but they are doing no damage; so far as I can ascertain, they
have laid no eggs.—[A. A. Dye.

Little Osage, Vernon County.—A few of the locusts remained in this locality, but none
have been noticed to lay eggs.—[M. L. Modrell.

Morrisville, Polk County.—1 think not; a few hatched out in isolated spots in this
country in the spring, but in a short time they disappeared.—[H. C. Pritchett.

Mount Vernon, Bates County.—None remained here.—[ W. S. Goodman.

APPENDIX XIV.—LOCUSTS IN TEMPORARY REGION. [201|

Oregon, Holt County—Some few still remain here; have not observed any depositing
eggs. None; no.—[C. L. Irvine.

Pickering, Nodaway County.—A large number remained after the main body had left,
but I have not observed them to lay any eggs.—[M. B. W. Harman.

Rochester, Andrew County.—No.—[J. Kimbertin.

Reeds, Jasper County.—No.—[ J. M. Thornburg.

Rock Port, Atchison County.—A few remained after the departure of the main swarms;
I do not think any eggs were deposited by them.—[Jobn D. Dopf.

Sarcoxie, Jasper County.—A few have been here all the summer, but very few have
been noticed laying. No.—[E. D. Barton.

MINNESCSTA.

Jamesville, Waseca County.—None remained.—[J. J. Headley.

Luverne, Rock County.—None remained of any consequence, but occasionally detach-
ments of swarms alighted for a brief period to feed, and then departed. No eggs laid ;
but very few coupling.—[ H. Brockway.

Minneapolis, Douglas County.—None.—[R. J. Mendenhall.

NEBRASKA.

Omaha, Douglas County—There was no general flight, and none were known to lay
eggs. A very few locusts remained after the departure of those which hatched in this
vicinity, but they seemed to have very little vitality. They did not lay eggs.—[Ex-
Gov. Alv. Saunders.

Patron, Builer County None remained.—[J. Tannahill.

Platismouth, Cass County.—None remained; no eggs deposited.—[D. H. Wheeler.

Pleasant Hill, Saline County.—None remained.—[E. 8. Abbott.

Salem, Richardson County.—Not in 1877; but in 1875 a limited number remained and
deposited eggs. There were some remained till fall, I thick, but never noticed any of
them to lay any eggs; have not been able to find any eggs, as yet, this fall—[B. F.
Miles.

Amazon, Franklin County.—Some remained. No eggs laid.—[H. O. Hendricks.

Brownville, Nemaha County.—A few remained all the season. Have seen a few scat-
tering ones to-day (October 27). None have laid eggs, so far as I know.—[Rob. W.
Furnas.

Dewitt, Saline County.—None remained that I noticed. No eggs laid this season.—
[W. F. Ware.

Genoa, Platte County.—I am not aware that any of the locusts which hatched here
last spring remained, though I think a few left by passing swarms spent some time
with us. I saw no eggs laid.

Hendricks, Otoe County.—A few, and but a very few, commenced to lay eggs, but sud-
denly ceased.

Johnson, Nemaha County.—_No.—[J. B. Johnson.

Nebo, Platte County. None remained or returned.—[ John Wise.

Lincoln, Dodge County.—No. None remained.—[Silas Garber.

TEXAS.

Austin, Travis County.—None, or, if any, an occasional one that disappeared, probably
picked up by birds; I don’t think any remained in this section of the country through
the season; they went North, to a grasshopper.—[ V. O. King.

Bastrop, Bastrop County.—None remained.—[ James Moore. .

Black Jack Spring, Fayette County.—No.—[ J. C. Melcher.

Culvert, Kobertson County.—Not a locust left remaining in the whole county.—T. J.
Moulton, jr.

Dallas, Dallas County—No. None remained. None remained.—[J. Boll.

Denison, Grayson County.—No. All lett very early in the season. I do not think they
laid any eggs. No. The locusts all left at once.—[T. V. Munson.

Headsville, Robinson County.—None remained after the general flight north.

Helotes, Bexar County.—None remained, hence no eggs were laid.—[H. Brous.

Houston, Harris County.—In answer to your 1st, I would state that, so far as I know,
that all took their departure northward as soon as they were large enough to fly, very

. few, if any, remaining, and I have heard ef no deposits of eggs.—[ A. B. Small.

Plana, Collins County.—A few remained, but no eggs laid.—[H. CU. Overacker.

APPENDEX XV.

MOVEMENTS OF THE YOUNG LOCUSTS,

[Answers to question 15, circular No. 1:-The prevailing direction in which the young
insects traveled, and any other facts in relation to the marching of the young, ]

IOWA.

Spirit Lake, Dickinson County.—Young ’hoppers seem to move northward.—[ Mosher

Mount Hope, Sac County.—They staid where they hatched until they acquired
wings.—[ Holmes.

fae City, Calhoun County.—In 1874 the young ’hoppers seemed to travel north.—
[Jack.

Alta, Buena Vista County.—No particular direction ; mostly with the prevailing winds.
—[Thompson.

Fort Dodge, Webster County.—Seems to be northward.—[ Mrs. Swain.

Dakota City, Humboldt County.—Mostly toward the north and northwest.—[ Adams.

Estherville, Emmett County.—In every direction, apparently hunting for food.—/ Jarvis.

Alia, Buena Vista County.—In the pupa state they have traveled in a southerly direc-
tion from 11 a. m. to 6 p. m.—[ Crowell.

Pringhar, O Brien County.—They travel in every direction in search of food.—{ Long-
shore.

Sidney, Fremont County.—The prevailing direction of travel is nearly east, perhaps
from 5° to 10° north; this course I have decided upon from examining different schools
in different localities, and at various times.—[G. V. Swearengen.

labor, Fremont County.—T be locusts commenced flying due east this afternoon; yes-
terday afternoon flying southeast; pupz, when traveling at all, move in a south and
east direction, generally following the roads.—[J. E. Todd.

NEBRASKA.

Plattsmouth, Cass County.—Toward food.—[ Child.

Pleasant Hill, Saline County.—Their line of travel depends on the surface of the ground
and proximity to crops.—[ Abbott.

Arago, Richardson County—Northeast and north.—[ Gerdes.

Hebron, Thayer County.—Travel but little; with the wind.—[J. W. Fitzpatrick.

Niobrara, Knox County.—South.—[ Halliban.

Farmers Valley, Hamilton County.—No particular direction.—[ Vosburgh.

Sunlight, Cass County.—They march for some field of grain and stay till fledged, if
good picking.—[ Babbitt.

Ponca, Dixon County.—Nearly always to the north or northwest.—[ Rockwell.

Platismouth, Cass County.—Southeast.—[ Wheeler.

Genoa, Platte County. Northeast.—[ Truman.

Burr Oak, Otoe County.—Northwest direction.—[ Davidson.

Friend, Saline County.—The young insects do not travel, except in search of food;
they will not average more than three feet in 24 hours.—[ Whitcombe.

Salem, Richardson County.—No particular direction.

Hooper, Dodge County.—Those hatched here invariably go northwest.—[ Eisley.

Tecumseh, Johnson County.—All directions; they go to the nearest barley or wheat
field.—[ Holmes. )

Nebo, Platte County.—According to promise, I give you a few observations of my
own in regard to the Rocky Mountain locusts within the limits of Cirenlar No. 2.
The locusts are now about three-quarters of an inch long, and grow very slowly, on
account, I think, of the continued cold, wet weather. They have done no perceptible
harm, except in small spots here and there, for the last six weeks. For the past few
days, in clear weather, of which we bave but little at a time, they move in a north-
west course, leaving their hatching-ground for the prairie ot adjoining pieces of grain.
To-day we have a brisk northwest wind and cold alternate showers and sunshine, yet
they are striving to march on, the wind often whirling them back many feet; but, like
the gritty bug that they are, they up and try it again. Some of my neighbors dug deep
and wide ditches, but they prove of no avail; those that do not make a clean jump
climb up some other way—the same as many persons try to get into the sheepfold.

[202]

APPENDIX XV.—MOVEMENTS OF THE YOUNG LocusTs. [203]

Besides this, they (the *hoppers) seem to know that there are obstructions in the way,
and many make an oblique march and flank the enemy. I observe the same maneuver
where there is water in front of the marching-column, which has been the case fre-
quently the past six weeks. Some persons claim that many are dying from some un-
known cause, but I have failed to discover the fact to my satisfaction. It is a truth,
however, that the birds and devouring insects, such as spiders, bugs, &c., have feasted
on them to a great extent, from the fact that the cold and continued wet weather
has kept them in a numb and helpless state the most of the time since their first ap-
pearance. I feel confident that if the weather had been warm and dry, as it usually
is in this country at this time of year, our crops would have been destroyed to a
great extent ere this. Ishall ina few dayssend you another lot of the advanced growth
of hoppers so you can see what progress they have made. I would state that the nature
of the soil where ditches were made is a stiff, clay soil, on what we call rolling or bluff
prairie-land. So far, crops that have suffered most are wheat, and this only a small
percent. Oats, barley, rye, and corn a mere trifle. Crops of all kinds look very promis-
ing, taking out the few pieces of grasshopper wheat, with the exception of corn; that
is backward from wet and cold, otherwise good.—[ John Wise.

DAKOTA.

Saybrook, Clay County.—North.—[ Hall.
( Unknown.)—Generally south and southeast; occasionally in the opposite direction.
Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County.—Do not appear to travel in any particular direction.—
[ Everett.
MINNESOTA.

Carver, Carver County.—Northwest, but west and north along paths and public
highways; brush and timber will change their course.—[ Dunn.

New Auburn, Sibley County.—To north and northwest.—[Clevinger.

Norwood, Carver County.—Mostly northwest.—[ Tiffany. .

Worthington, Nobles County.—No particular direction until fully winged, then always
south.—[ Churchill.

Excelsior, Hennepin County.—The young insects move in every direction from their
hatching-ground.—[ Powers.

Lake Park, Becker County.—Mostly south and southeast.—[ Holton.

Magnolia, Rock County—Generally travel with the wind.

Lake Eunice, Becker County.—In every direction before acquiring wings; after, south-
east.—[McLelland.

Saint Peter, Nicollet County —In 1875, northwest.—[Arnold.

Glenwood, Pope County.—In every direction ; mostly with the wind._{[Campbell.

Mankato, Blue Earth County.—No particular direction. I have known swarms in the
same vicinity to travel in opposite directions.—[ John C. Wise.

Marshall, Lyon County.—Young locusts only move about to obtain food. They will
come to a wheat field from the prairie.—[ Weymouth.

Holmes City, Douglas County.—Southeast.—[ Blackwell.

Detroit, Becker County.—North.—[ Wood.

Alden, Freeborn County.—No preferred direction.—[ Cross.

Becker, Sherburne County.—South of east.—[ Wagner.

Burnhamwville, Todd County—The young insects generally travel in the direction of
the wind, but when once on their way a change in the direction of the wind would not
induce them to change their course. They hike to follow roads and paths and seem

more inclined to travel shortly before they enter the winged state than at any other
stage.—[ Rhoda.

( Unknown).—In this locality, north.

Seward, Nobles County.—Always with the wind.—[Terry.

Madelia, Watonwan County.—June 16, 1877, southwest.—[Sylvester.

Norseland, Nicollet County.—It seems to me that they generally prefer to travel against
the wind, because I have observed that when the wind is from a northerly direction
they go that way, and when it is from the south they turn in that direction; but when
they feel the scent of a wheat field they care neither for wind nor direction, all seem
instinctively to turn toward it.—[ John Webster.

Dassel, Meeker County.—Invariably with the wind.—[ Maxon.

Worthington, Nobles County.—Mostly west or south in droves.—[ McDowell.

Collins, McLeod County—When the wind changes the young ’hoppers seem to hop

against it for the period of 24 hours, and then in every direction until another change
takes place.—[ Canfield.

Banks, Faribault County.—Southeast.—[Payne.

Golden Gate, Brown County.—They traveled in all directions.—| Letford.

Kerkhoven, Swift County—The young ’hoppers, before they had wings, seemed to
move mostly northwest.—[ Jacobson.

Willmar, Kandiyohi County.—They seem to move southeast when very young.—[ Haly.

Sibley, Sibley County.—General direction north, although it has varied in different
localities at different times.—[ Woodbury.

[204] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Vicksburg, Renville County.—They are not governed by the wind, but travel toward
the fields.—[ Mrs. Rich.

Worthington, Nobles County.—West and south.

Otio, Pepe County.—In all directions.—[ Hoffman. — \

Alexandria, Douglas County.—In any direction, in quest of food.—[ Aaker.

La Verne, Rock County.—Southeasterly direction. I am inclined to believe that they
do not make acontinuous march, but march a few days, then have a season of rest
and feeding. I have discovered that they shed their coat or outer covering, I should
think, at about four weeks old, and during the time of shedding, and for a few days
after, they are quite stupid; so much so, that they can be easily caught with the hand.
Inclosed I send you some of their skins. Also, at the time of taking wings, they shed
their coat again. Before shedding, there are to be seen on their shoulders elevations
resembling black buttons, in which the wings are folded, and immediately after shed-
ding unfold and take their natural shape; and in three days they are ready to fly.
Immediately after shedding they are very stupid—can neither fly nor jump—and ap-
pear quite soft and clumsy. When they take their wings I will send some specimens
if you wish.—[ H. Brockway.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Oitawa, Kansas.—Northwest.—[A. Willis.

Atchison, Kansas.—In the direction where there was something good for them to
eat.—[E. Snyder.

Tonganoxie, Leavenworth County, Kansas.—Young locusts traveled backward, for-
ward, and criss-cross.—[ H. V. Needham.

Tabor, Clay County, Kansas.—Insects seem to search for protected places.—[I. W.
Ragby.

Calvert, Robertson County, Texas.—They traveled in shoals, in all directions. For five
miles’ travel you could meet them going to various points of the compass the same
day.—[D. Parker.] Alternately, north and south, or northeast and southwest. They
seemed to march in swarms, and in portions of the country went to all points of the
compass.—[ W. L. Coleman.

Austin, Travis County, Tecas.—The yourg grasshoppers commenced to travel early
in the season, and went in a northwest course generally. Some days they would go
north. They commenced to travel as soon as they could hop about in the fields. In
the timber or brush they remained some longer; did not travel so fast. I think the
cause of it was, they were not disturbed as they were in the fields. ‘There were no
means of any kind used in this section to protect crops from the young locust.—[John
Secrist.

Diamond City, Jasper County, Missouri.—South-southwest from ten in the forenoon
till sundown, after which they began to feed. The unfledged locusts would be all over
a field one day, and the next would be gone, and no one could tell where or when they
went.—[ Wm. G. L. Craig.

Smithfield, Cache County, Utah—The young insect generally travels south and west,
unless headed by streams or insurmountable obstacles, such as barren or marshy
lands.—[James S. Cantwell, P. M.

APPENDIX XVE.
TIME OF YEAR WHEN THE INSECTS GET FULL WINGS.

[Answers to question 9, circular No.1. Date at which the first insect acquired full
wings. |

IOWA.

Dakota City, Humboldt County.—July 15.—[ Adams.

Pringhar, O’Brien County.—May 15, 1877.,—[ Longshore.

Lake City, Calhoun County.—About July 1, in former years.—[ Jack,
Mount Hope, Sac County.—June 25, 1877.—[ Holmes.

Alta, Buena Vista County.—June 20.—[ Crowell.

NEBRASKA.

Tecumseh, Johnson County.—June 20 to 25.—[ Holmes.

Platismouth, Cass County.—June 5, 1875; a few June 6, 1877.—[Child

Sunlight, Cass County.—About June 3, 1875.—[ Babbitt.

Pleasant Hill, Saline County.—About June 1, 1875.—[ Abbott.

Ponca, Dixon County.—Insects acquired full wings when about six weeks old.—
[ Rockwell.

Arago, Richardson County.—June 18.—[ Gerdes.

Hooper, Dodge County.—About 50 days after hatching, June 25 to 30.—[ Eisley.

Friend, Saline County.—About June 28.—[ Whitcombe.

(Unknown), Richardson County.—About June 28.

MINNESOTA.

Holmes City, Douglas County.—June 25.—[ Blackwell.

Grafton, Sibley County.—June 20, 1877.—[ Gardner.

Burnhamville, Todd County.—June 22.—[, Rhoda.

Alexandria, Douglas County.—The latter end of June.—[ Abercrombie.

Excelsior, Hennepin County.—July 1.—[ Powers.

Dassel, Meeker County.—June 20, a very few.—[Maxon.

Seward, Nobles County.—July 8, 1876.—] Terry.

( Unknown).—1st to 10th of July.

South Bend, Blue Earth County.—Last of June.—[ Davis.

Carver, Carver County.—June 12, a few.—[ Dunn.

New Auburn, Sibley County.—June 20.—[ Clevinger.

Albert Lea, Freeborn County.—May 15.—[ Johnson.

Norwood, Carver County.—June 15.—[ Tiffany.

Banks, Fairibault County.—July 10.—[ Payne.

Pipe Stone, Pipe Stone County.—July 11.—[Sweet.

Jackson, Jackson County.—July 1 to 10.—[ Chamberlain.

Raymond, Stearns County.—July 6.—[ Raymond.

Vicksburg, Renville County.—June 25 to 27.—[ Rich.

Oak Lake, Becker County.—About June 30.

Lake Eunice, Becker County.—July 4.—[McClelland.

In Verne, Rock County.—First insects acquired wings June 25. Commenced leaving
July 1.—[H. Breekway.

Vicksburg, Renville County.—June 25 to June 27.—[ Hale.

Oak Lake, Becker County.—About June 30.—[McGrew.

KANSAS.

Claytonville, Brown County.—It is difficult to tell with certainty just when the locusts
commenced their fledging here, as others from the south have been occasionally drop-
ping for a month past every time the wind has been from that direction. About the
beginning of this month, however, I observed the larger ones gathered theniselves to-
gether and seemed dull and listless for a day or two, then crawled up sticks and straws,
and pulled themselves into another stage of their existence.—[H. M. Robertson.

Mount Pleasant, Atchison County.—About June 15.—[F. M. Dougan.

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[206] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

COLORADO.
La Porte, Larimer County.—Latter part of June —[E. N. Garbutt.
MISSOURI.
Diamond City, Jasper County.— June 20.—[ William G. L. Craig.
TEXAS.

Calvert, Robertson County.—April 20. It was full three months from the time they
commenced hatching here before any of them had wings.—[W. L. Coleman.] April
20.—[D. Parker.

Austin, Travis County—Some, but not many, acquired wings the 19th of April._[ John
H. Secrist.

NEW MEXICO.

Socorro, Socorro County.—July 1.—[ George May.

UTAH.
Smithfield, Cache County.—From 1st to 5th of June.—[James S. Cantwell, P. M.

APPENDIX XVII.

HABITS AT NIGHT.

[Answers to question 23, circular 1, and 30, in Mr. Thomas’s additional questions :
State all you know about the habits of the young or full-grown insects during the
night, and especially whether you have ever known them to march or contiaue to
fly after the sun is down, and if so, how long into the night. ]

IOWA.

Alta, Buena Vista County—Neither fly nor eat, but sit still where they are when
night comes.—[Thompson.] The very young get under clods or anything to keep
warm. The older prefer to ascend anything to roost. Do not march nor fly, but de-
stroy where they roost.—[Crowell.

Lake City, Calhoun County.—They will gather on trees, fences, weeds, cornstalks, &c.,
to roost. Do not eat nor travel at night.—[Jack.

Pringhar, O’ Brien County.—Young insects seem not to eat at night, but seek protec-
tion from wind by getting under clods and grass. The grown insects eat a little at
night.—[ Longshore.

Sioux City, Woodbury County.—The young ’hoppers are generally dormant at night.
As evening approaches they will climb upon straw stubble, fences, small trees, or any
other substance that is high and dry, and remain there until morning. The old ’hop-
pers seem to work about the same, unless in flight. It is generally thought that they
do not light at night unless the wind becomes unfavorable.—[ Skinner.

DAKOTA.

Saybrook, Clay County.—Appear to sit still behind the sheltery side of anything, to
keep warm. Sit still; don’t eat.—[Hall.

Olivet, Hutchinson County.—They surely fly at night during their passage, as they are
seen every fair day during summer on the wing, but do not light at night.—[Jones.

Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County.—Young ’hoppers will go five or six rods to get into
straw or high grass for the night.—[ Everett.

Milltown, Armstrong County—Think they lie still at night.—[Taylor.

Wahpeton, Richland County.—Neither fly, march, nor eat at night. Congregate in
piles two cr more inches deep, or on small shrubs and weeds.—[Smith.
‘ Walhalla, Pembina County.—Locusts neither fly, march, nor eat at night.—[Miss

fayer.
NEBRASKA.

Farmers Valley, Hamilton County.—At night and in rainy weather they go to high
grass or stalks for shelter. I had a field of corn in 1874 that was standing and not
seriousiy damaged when night commenced. The next morning it was only cornstalks,
leaves and ears having been eaten.—[J. Vosburg.

Plattsmouth, Cass County.—The young cluster under leaves, clods, roots, &c., not at
night, but in rain and cold weather ; do not eat under such circumstances. The grown
remain perched on trees, bushes, &c. When on the wing, I am much inclined to
think they fly all night.—[Child.

Sunlight, Cass County.—Grown ones fly up to roost; young crawl up on stubble
weeds, &c.—[ Babbit. ie ie OUDS: Y ,

Steele City, Jefferson County.—They rest during the night on bushes, cornstalks,
&c.—[ Gantt.

Arago, Richardson County.—They crawl up to the top of fences, bushes, weeds, and
grain.—[ Gerdes. r
Grand Island, Hall County.—Toward evening the young ’hoppers climb bushes, poles,
sticks, small trees, and on wet and cold days they seek shelter under anything that
will hold them.—[Stolley.
Hooper, Dodge County.—Never move at night unless disturbed.—[ Eisley.
Pleasant Hill, Saline County.—Young insects quiet at night. The old ones collect on
trees and shrubs, sometimes in sufficient numbers to bend the trees.—[ Abbott.
Chapman, Merrick County.—They feed mostly on cloudy days, in the evenings and
| warm nights. They crawl upon all kinds of vegetation of an evening and stay until
_ the hot sun of the next day, then they seek the shade.—[ Cox.
_ Fremont, Dodge County.—Do not fly but sometimes eat at night. If flying they will
light before sunset.—[ Blanchard.

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[208] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Ponca, Dixon County.—The young do not eat at night but crouch down under some
grass or bush, or around a lump of dirt. The old ones eat all night as well as all day
to my certain knowledge.—[ James Rockwill.

Friend, Saline County.—The young and growing remain under straw, earth, hay, old
grass, and fallen wecds, during the night.—[ Whitcomb.

Niobrara, Knox County.—They remain quiet until morning.—[ Hulliban.

MINNESOTA.

Avon, Stearns County.—Think the young do most damage nights.—[ Brakefield.
tet Gate, Brown County.—They climb on plants, trees, and fences (in fact roost).—

etford.

Banks, Faribault County.—Get in dry places; sit dormant.—[Payne.

Le Sueur, Le Sueur County.—They gather in clusters during the night, either on the
ground or vegetation.—[ Chapman.

_ Willmar, Kandiyohi County.—The young and the old insects seem to have about the
same habits; they get up on the grain in the evening, and, I suppose, feed during the
night. I do not think they march much during the night-time.—[ Haly.

Detroit, Becker County.—The old stop at night to feed; the young do the most mis-
chief at night.—[ McLelland.

South Bend, Blue Earth County.—Young on houses and fences, as general rule.—[ Davis.

Cooleyville, Steele County.—Ttey go to roost early in the evening, in the most sheltered
places that they can find.—[ Clark.

Worthington, Nobles County.—Young ’hoppers, as the sun goes down, leave the grass
and go down to the ground, crawling under Jumps of dirt and into cracks in the ground.
They are hard to be found during a cold rain, but the sun is never too hot for them;
even the focus of asun-glass will not kill a full-grown ’hepper. Strange as it may
seem, it is neverthelesstrue. Thisis from my own experimental knowledge at different
times, holding the glass above the head so as to get a direct focus; which, if the same
focus was placed on paper, and the glass moved slowly along, 1t would burn a streak
through the paper as fast as it was moved. Fifteen minutes of such a trial has proved
insufficient to destroy the life of his ’hoppership.—[Churebill.

Seward, Nobles County.—Young always roost in grass or furrows. Winged *hoppers
always roost on grain, tall grass, sides (%. ¢. walls) of houses, barns, fences, &c.—
[ Terry.

Windom, Cottonwood County.—Both seem to roost on fences, weeds, trees, and anything
they can get upon, except when quite young, when they appear to hide under chunks
of dirt. I have been told by persons who claim to have seen them that they sometimes
fly during moonlight nights; but I am doubtful on the subject. My experience has
been that they never fly or march after sundown, and seldom ever fly before nine o’clock
in the morning, and usually light about noon; but have krown them to keep coming
down till nearly sundown, Think they do not eat much after sunset.—[ Huntington.

Becker, Sherburne County.—Certainly eat, but don’t travel.—[ Wagner.

Tenhassen, Martin County.—They seem to lie in groups on fences and houses, in shel-
tered spots on the ground. Don’t march nor eat.—[ Merry.

Madelia, Watonwan County.—The young seek shelter from cold in dry straw or grass;
but in warm nights they crawl up on all surrounding objects, such as fences, old weeds,
and upon growing crops and grass.—[ Sylvester.

New Auburn, Sibley County.—They gather on grass, grain, high weeds, fences, &c.,
about one to two hours before sundown, and remain thus until the dews are off in the
mornings. Do not eat nights or very cold days.—[Clevinger.

Dewald, Nobles County.—As far as my observations extend they do not eat nor fly.
At night they climb on weeds, grass, hay, or grain, &c.,so as to get sheltered appar-
ently from heavy dews, and so remain till sunrise. We often take advantage of that
habit of theirs in this way: Spread hay or straw on the ground two or three inches
thick, or so, an hour or more before sunset. They will get on and under the straw in
great numbers before dark. Then fire all round as soon as it is dark. Morning and
evening seem to be their feeding times. I don’t think they eat either at midday or
night; but I may be mistaken in that respect.—[ Bates.

Norseland, Nicollet County.—At night both young and grown insects sit still; if they
are near any fence, growths, or anything elevated from the ground they will crawl
upon it; if they are on bare ground they will go in clusters to remain all night.—
[ Webster.

Dassel, Meeker County.—Young’ hoppers congregate atsunsetin groups or bunches at the
foot of fence-posts, under sides of logs, at roots of stumps, by the side of buildings, &c.
During night remain quiet. When larger they climb upon fences, buildings, trunks of
trees, &c. The full-grown ’hoppers also climb the stack of grain, small bushes, fences,
buildings, &c. During night, at other times, they remain quiet. I have known them
to eat the weatherboards on my house in one night, so that it looked like newly-
planed lumber (it was bass-wood siding) ; also to eat the leaves of trees during night,
and other nights the bushes would remain unharmed, although so loaded with hoppers
that the limbs would nearly break with their weight.—[ Maxson.

APPENDIX XVII.—HABITS OF THE LOCUST AT NIGHT. [209]

Clear Lake, Sherburne County.—They roost on the fences and trees; do not think they
eat during the night.—[Frye.

Alden, Freeborn County.n—Remain on the ground unless disturbed. Eat on what they
light on.—[ Cross. ;

Worthington, Nobles County.—The young at night, when warm and pleasant weather,
climb up on grass, weeds, hay, stubble, or straw; but if cold or wet they crawl in the
ground, under clods, or in cracks or holes. The winged locusts mostly alight at night,
but sometimes fly all night with a favorable wind.—[ McDowell.

Heron Lake, Jackson County.—Atter they are one-half grown they will swarm upon
fences and buildings as bees will hang on the outside of the hive; or where they cannot
find such places they will climb upon the tallest weeds or grain and appear sleepy ; and
I do not think they eat any during the night.—[ Edwards.

Watab, Benton County.—The old ones climb up on bushes or the sides of buildings
when they are handy; if not handy they sit on the ground and eat; the young ones
do the same.—| Gilman.

Cosmos, Meeker County.—I think they never march or fly except they are already on
the wing. Do not think the young ones eat at night; gather on stalks, &c.—[J. N.
McDonald.

Saint Peter, Nicollet County——They rest on the bare ground, fences, bushes, or tall
weeds.—[ Arnold.

Holmes City, Douglas County.—Eat all night if they are on anything they like; never
march.—[ Blackwell.

Glenwood, Pope County.—Roost on stalks, &c.; if cold, seek shelter low.—[Campbell.

Luverne, Iock County.—Old ones remain quiet. I have often been to the grain-field,
between sundown and dark, and could hear the hoppers dropping from the grain to
the ground; they make a noise like a heavy shower of rain.—[H. Brockway.

Norwood, Carver County.— Remain during the night.—[ Tiffany.

Mapleton, Blue Larth County.—Remain on fences; don’t fly, &c.—[ Williams.

Sibley, Sibley County.—Young climb on the grass or seek some sheltered spot, &c. I
have seen long grass in the meadows at suuset look as black as hazel brush, fairly
loaded down with young ’hoppers.—[ Woodbury.

Blue Earth City, Faribault’ County.—Climb upon grass, weeds, &c. Seem to feed
freely before leaving.—-[ Bonwell.

Leenthrop, Chippewa County.—They eat.—[Rollerson.

Orr, Jackson County.—The young always seek some place for cover during the night.
Never knew them to travel or eat during the night. Never knew grown insects to fly
during the night, bot think they usually eat at night.—[ Palmer.

Collins, McLeod County.—Toward night they climb on fences, grain, weeds; in fact
anything in their reach. They feed mostly after 5 p. m.; sometimes all night, and
quite early in the morning.—[ Canfield.

West Newton, Nicollet County.—They climb up on the straws and on the small trees,
and, as I have heard, they do eat.—[ Kyllander.

Marshall, Lyon County.—If they fly nights no one knows it. If they go to roost they
are in the same spot next morning, and do not move till the dew is all off-— [ Weymouth.

Saint Cloud, Stearns County—When very young and nights rather cool they crawl
under small lumps of dirt, or old grass, or leaves, or bits of chips, &c. As they get
clder they select ihe warmest bare ground, or old straw, leaves, &c., but do not burrow
under; then afterward they select bushes, tall grass, wheat, or grain of any kind, or
in fact almost any vegetable that will keep them from the ground, crawl on the fences,
old boards, logs, &c. This more markedly when heavy dews prevail. I believe the
young and the old sometimes eat in the night, when there is no dew and the night
proves warm; do not think they fly or march much after night.—[J. I. Salter.

MISCELLANEOUS.

I have never known them to fly after sundown, nor to march after that time. They
generally gather on grass, grain, or bushes in the evening, and remain inactive during
the night. The eggs are generally deposited in patches, and, after hatching, the ’hop-
pers move together in some direction, east, west, north, or south, eating as they go,
until they meet with some obstacle, water, or trench, when they will stop for days,
jinally turning and moving off at right-angles from their former course. I have known
a batch in one field to be moving north, while a batch in a neighboring field would be
going south. When they get wings, so that they can fly, they will leave grain or gar-
den with the first favorable wind. They never move in flights without a fair wind,
and I have seen but one flight going west in the past ten years.—[E. N. Garbutt, La
Porte, Larimer County, Colorado.

The crops which have suffered most in this section are wheat and barley; those that

have suffered least are corn and oats; that is, from the young hoppers of this season.

The prevailing direction of travel has been south. I have never known them to con-
tinue their flight at night. I have not known of their coming or leaving in the night,
which they probably would have done, did they continue their flights after dark, for

[14 G]

[210] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

in this country the wind changes mostly at night, and in case of their flying over at
night a change of wind would cause them to alight,and we should find them in the
early morning, where there was none the previous evening.—[N. J. Newell, Athol,
Lyon County, Iowa.

Do not think they fly during the night. So far as I have observed, swarms passing
over commence alighting aboutd o’clock p.m., and remain during the night.—[H.
Brockway, Luverne, Rock County, Minnesota.

When on green trees and shrubs they feed very considerably during the night, strip-
ping trees of their leaves, and also gnawing the bark so as to girdle small tender barked
trees, and giving tougher bark a ragged uneven surface as it grows after. I have
never known locusts, either large or small, to move nights. They are clumsy, and not
inclined to move when the thermometer is below 60°. Ido not think the eggs devel-
ope at all with the thermometer below 60°, and perhaps 65°. I should like to know
at what point of warmth the eggs develop.—[C. C. Perkins, Oswego, Kans.

Never saw them travel at night. As long as dew or rain lasted they huddled to-
gether on tall weeds or plants, grape-vines, small trees, poles, &c.—[ Herman Jaeger,
Neosho, Mo.

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—_—

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APPENDIX XVIII.

RELATING TO THE EGGS.

[ Answers to the following questions in circular No. 1: 3. Date when the first eggs, if
any, were deposited the present year. 4. Date when the eggs were most numerously
hatching the present year. 5. Date when the eggs were most numerously hatching
in previous years. 6. Proportion of eggs that failed to hatch the present year and
probable causes of such failure. 7. Nature of the soil and situations in which the
eggs were most largely deposited. §&. Nature of the soil and situations in which the
young were most numerously hatched. ]

COLORADO.

La Porte, Larimer County.—3. No eggs deposited this year. 4. From the middle of
May to the middle of June. 5. During May. 6. One-fourth on account of parasites.
7. Gravel-patches, meadows, and pasture, whether heavy clay, sand, or gravel. 8.
Gravel places first ; clay and sand next.—[E. N. Garbutt.

Greeley.—4. In the middle of May they hatched out in considerable numbers in some
spots, and were all around my wheat, but by keeping the water running in the ditches
all the time I have been able to head them off, and then we had a heavy and cold
snow-storm. 6. From what I hear there was a good many all formed and just ready
to come out, and would have hatched out right, but the snow-storm reduced them. 7.
Sandy and dry knoll. 8. Sandy knolls and hill-sides with a southern exposure.—[H.
Smith.

DAKOTA.

Olivet, Hutchinson County.—4. April and May. 7. Bare ground. 8. Black, sandy
mold; high, dry places.—[Jones.

Bonhomme, Bonhomme County.—4. Fifth to tenth of May. 6. About one-fourth failed ;
cause, warm weather in midwinter followed by extreme cold. 7. Light, sandy soil.
8. Light, sandy soil.—[ Bradford.

Wahpeton, Richland County.—4. Commenced May 10; most numerous by May 25, con-
tinuing until after June 27,1877. 6. Few failed; cause, small worm and small bug. 7.
Most thoroughly packed sandy soil. 8. Most thoroughly packed sandy soil.—[Smith.

Saybrook, Clay County.—4. About May 15. 7. South side of side hills and in gravelly
or sandy ground.—[ Hall.

Milltown, Armstrong County.—4. About May 15. 6. Nine-tenths; cause, wet weather.
Early spring followed by freezing. 7. High dry soil; new plowing and breaking. 8.
On grass lands.—[ Taylor.

Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County.—4. Nearly all hatched. (Date of letter May 26, 1877.)
The heavy rains retarding the hatching. 6. About half. 7. On last year’s breaking
and sandy knolls, and other places where the ground was not shaded by vegetation. 2.
eset, be no difference, except that the hatch is a week later in low places.—

iverett.

Sioux Falls, Lincoln County.—4. April 20 to May 15. About May 5 most numerous.
oy one destroyed by birds and some by parasites. 7. Sandy soil; new breaking.—

acobs.

Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County.—4. In February and in May (5 to 18). 6. About two-
thirds failed; alternate cold and warm weather; parasites. 8. Breakings; sandy
soils and south side of hills. 9. About two weeks after hatching.—[ Unknown.

Jamestown, Stutsman County.—4. Few from May 10 to 28. 5. May 12 to 20, 1874. 7.
Sandy, high, rolling prairie. 8. Ditto.—[Moore.

Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County.—4. From 10 to 18 0f May. 6. Nearly all hatched. 7.
On last year’s breaking almost exclusively. 8. Have hatched in all situations, but
those on low ground were the last to hatch.—[Clark.

Dell Rapids, Minnehaha County.—7. On new breaking. 8. Undisturbed sod.—[Hill.

IOWA.

Alta, Buena Vista County.—6. One-third failed ; cause, deep plowing and harrowing

in the fall and in February. 7. Breakings, roads, gardens, and sandy rolls.—['Thomp-
son.

[211]

[212] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION

Fort Dodge, Webster County.—4. April 14 to May 21, 1877. 7. Sandy loam and south
side of knolls. 8. Sunny situations.—[Mrs. Swain.

Alia, Buena Vista County.-—4. 1st to 10th of May, 1877. 6. 50 per cent.; cause, red
parasite; wire worm; deep plowing; snow-birds; 7. Dry, black loam breaking, south
east slope; sandy knolls. 8. Same.—[Crowell.

Estherville, Emmett County.—4. May 10 to 25, 1877. 5. May 1 to 25, 1874. 6. Red par-
asite destroyed a few.—[Jarvis.

Shelby.—4. April 15 to May 2.—[W. H. Brown.

Dakota, Humboldt County.—4. May 20 to June 15,1877. 6. About two-thirds failed.
7. Sandy soil ; exposed situations; road-beds. 8. Sandy hill-sides; breakings.—_[ Adams.

Pringhar, O’Brien County—4. Middle of April to June 1, 1877. 6. One in 100 failed;
cause, red bug. 7. Breaking; blackloam. 8. South exposure; sandy soil.—[ Longshore.

Lake City, Calhoun County.—4. April 23 to 26, 1877. 5. May 1, previous years: 6.
Fifty per cent. failed; wet, cold condition of ground. 7. Dry sandy, clear road-sides ;

Teakings. 8. High, dry, warm situations.—[Jack.

Mount Hope, Sac County.—4. May 20,1877. 6. About one-third failed. 7. Breakings;
dry soil. 8. Dry soil. New ground.—[ Holmes.

Sioux City, Woodbury County.—4. April to May 7,1877. 6. Small proportion hatched;
cause, warm winter, then cold; fall plowing; red-bug. 7. New breakings, fallow
ground; large; road-sides. 8. High, dry places.—[Skinner.

Hazard, Cherokee County.—4. The first week in May. 7. In sod-lanes broken last
season.—[ Pierce.

Chickasaw, Chickasaw County.—7. It seems to not make much difference as regards
soil for depositing eggs. It is anywhere where they happen to be when the time for
depositing arrives. I think, however, if any particular kind of soil has an advantage
it is a sandy soil.—H. H. Hobbs.

Little Sioux, Harrison County.—3. First eggs deposited August 11,1876. 4. April 18,
1877. (Remark: Many eggs were hatched during a warm spell] in March, but mostly
perished by the wet that immediately followed.) 5. From May1to May 15. 6. Diffi-
cult to answer, but will hazard the assertion of one-third ; causes, violent rains in the
fall of 1876 causing them to be uncovered, and cold and wet thisspring. 7. Tight, com-
pact earth, rather sandy, smooth bare places, as in the highways; August-plowed
fields. A tremendous amount of eggs has been deposited in the timber grounds upon
the Missouri River bottoms. 8. Dry, light, sandy soil of river-bottom ground, bluff
grounds, and invariably on road-side.—[A. H. Gleason.

Des Moines, Polk County.—4. Eggs hatched most numerously about May 25 to June1;
commenced hatching about May 10, that is,in great numbers. 7. They were depos-
ited most numerously cn new or last season’s breaking, along road-sides, railroad em-
bankments, &c.; almost none in corn-fields or stubble ground. (This was the condition
of ground at the time of deposit of eggs.) 8. They hatched as deposited, no ground
observed to be deleterious to the eggs.—[C. L. Watrous.

KANSAS.

Belleville, Republic County—4. Eggs deposited in the fields where there was an ex-
posure to sun, were the first to hatch. These commenced hatching as early as the 4th
of April, 1877, but the general hatching was not until about the 14th or 15th follow-
ing, and they have not all hatched yet, for the young white ones are seen occasionally
just kicking off their shells; of those that hatched first I can see but few now.—l[J. P.
Heaton.

Argyle, Sumner County.—3. Not. any. 4. April 3 to14. 5. Latter part of May, 1875.
6. In some places 80 per cent.; in others 50 to 25; cause of such failure unknown as
yet. 7. Soil sandy; in some places hard clay; in some places sheltered by timber on
the creek and river. & Same as the above.—[ Thomas Nixon.

Ottawa, Franklin County.—3. About October 1, 1876. 4. Very few hatched at all in
this vicinity. 5. In 1875, from April 1 to April 10. 6. Nearly all; do not know the
cause. 7. In soil moderately hard and free from weeds. 8. In creek bottoms, but I
think not many there.—[A. Willis.

Coyville, Wilson County.—6. On May 2,1 could not find any damaged eggs or any
traces of them, or any young locusts. in the localities I found them before. For the
past ten days or two weeks we have had cloudy and wet weather, which may have
destroyed all traces of the damaged eggs. In another location I found some that have
the appearance of the egg shrunken and dried.—[O. J. Thwaites.

Mount Pleasant, Atchison County.—6. I found but very few eggs that failed to hateb;
of these most, I think, were “spoiled” by exposure to the sun and air; those remain-
ing in the “cells” failed, I think, from not being fecundated or impregnated. As
there are no eggs here the present year, Ido not know the proportion of failure to
hatch; but I doubt if it is more than 5 per cent., judging from previous years. 7.
Eggs most numerously deposited in stiff clay, early-plowed stubble (wheat or oats)
land and blue-grass swards; level or southern, and eastern or western exposures seem
to sait them best. The chief condition, I think, is a stiff,compact condition of the

APPENDIX XVIII.—DATA CONCERNING THE EGGS. [213]

soil, to prevent the cells from being covered too deeply by the action of frost and
rain,and to guard against the efforts of small birds to get at the eggs. In the in-
vasions of 1865~68, there was but little blue grass here, and their favorite ground
was the road-sides; but in that of 1874 the greater portion of the eggs here were de-
posited in the blue-grass pastures. 8. If there was one place where they hatched
relatively more (to the eggs deposited) than another, I would say clay land with south-
ern slope.—[J. M. Dougan.

Oxford—6. Many eggs nearly ready to hatch in February were injured by cold
weather in March. 7. The eggs were most largely deposited (1876) on sod-land that
was turned over that summer; and when on old land, generally the harder portions
were chosen, or some road or path through the fields. 8. Young most numerously
hatched on new ground, and other things being equal in bottom-lands near the streams
rather than on uplands.—[Ch. Gridley, jr.

Atchison, Atchison County—4. The constant and heavy rains prevented the hatching
of eggs early in the season; the most were hatched frcm the middle cf May to Ist of
June. 5. Frost to middle of May. 6. A large proportion of the eggs destroyed by
parasites, the washing off of top soil by heavy rain, exposing eggs to birds, &c. 7. On
high, dry, and bare places. 8. Dry south exposures.—[ E. Snyder.

Tabor, Clay County.—6. Probably 5 per cent. failed; some became covered by wind
and rains; oihers exposed eaten by wild fowls, insects, &c. 7. Sandy loam and land

that had been stirred a few weeks previously.—[J. W. Bagby.

Tonganoxie, Leavenworth County.—4. Eggs most numerously hatching about the first
week in May.—[H. V. Needham. .

Oswego, Labetie County.—4. More locusts have hatched at this point during the last
twelve days (from the 14th to the 26th of May) than all previous, and I think the
hatching is nearly done for this season.—[C. A. Perkins.

Lane, Franklin County.—4. The first week in June I visited a portion of our county,
and was very much surprised to find that thousands of young locusts had just hatched
out. A week or so after they vanisked without doing any irjury.—[James Hanway.

Manhattan, Riley County.—8. The ’hoppers began to hatch on the sandy bottoms
about April 1, and continued to hatch on warm days, especially when the ground was
soft, after rains, until after the lst of June. On the north of the farm of one of my
neighbors is a large field, on which rye was raised last year, and it was not plowed
either last fall or this spring, and the ’hoppers have come from it on to his farm and
done a good deal of damage. They are there now, in large numbers, from one-quarter
of an inch long to full-grown.—[J. C. Wells.

Guilford, Wilson County.—4. April 27. 6. All hatched. 7. High, dry, red soil, free_
from weeds, where apple-seedlings had been raised.—[Geo. B. Brown.

MINNESOTA.

Mapleton, Blue Earth County.—4. June 4, 1877. 7. Sandy, rolling lands. 8. Sandy,
rolling Jands.—[ Williams.

Janesville, Waseca County.—4. May 26 to June 3. 5. May17toJnne 3. 6. Large part
failed. Cause: Cold nature of the soil; insect enemies. 7. Hardest and driest. 8.
Hardest and driest.—[ Headly.
oe Jackson County.—4. Middle of April to May 25. 7. Solid bare ground.—

avis.

Cosmos, Meeker County.—4. About the middle of May. 7. Driest soil. Places most
open to the sun. 8. Driest soil. Places most open to the sun.—[McDonald.

Albion, Wright County.—4. Middle of May to 1st of June. 6. One-quarter failed. 8.
Gardens and road-sides.—[ Howard.

Lac-qui Parle, Lac-qui- Parle County.—4. Between 15th and 20th of May. 6. About 1
in 100 failed. 7. Sandy soil, gravelly knolls and points; breakings done in 1877. 8.
Same as 7.—[ Morrill.

Vicksburg, Renville County.—4. April 30 to May 24, 1877. 5. April 30 to May 24, in
previous years. 6. One-half; red bug and grub. 7 and 8. Dry and sandy.—[Hale.

Morris, Stevens County.—4. May 10 to 20. 6. Large part; red parasites. 7. Road-
sides and edges of fields. 8. Rather sandy soil.—[ Heath.

Kandiyohi, Kandiyohi County.—4. April 30 to May 10-22. 6. All hatched.—[ Whitney.

Oak Lake, Becker County.—4. May 10 to15. 5. May 15 to 20. 6. Small percentage ;
red parasites. 7 and 8. Streets, roads, cattle-yards, gardens, and hard, dry, sandy soil
generally.—[ McGrew.

Otoe, Pope County.—7. Dry, sandy soil, free from water. 8. Dry, sandy soil, free from
water.—[ Hoffman.

Pelican Rapids, Otter Tail County.—4. Saturday and Sunday, May 19 and 20. 5. Twen-
tieth to 25th of May, 1675. 6. Two-thirds destroyed by cultivating, breaking last
fall, and by birds and parasites. 7. New breaking, gravel and sandy knolls. 8. Break-
ing and knolls.—[ Mrs. Colby.

Moorhead, Clay County.—4. May 12 to 20. 5. Fifth to last of May. 6. Two-thirds
failed; cause, red bug. 7. Land withcut vegetation on surface.—[Unknown.

[214] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION,

Fairmount, Martin County.—4. April 14. 6. Many rotted in 1875~76; the red-bug is
doing some good this year. 7. Any bare spot.—[Bullard.

Bigelow, Nobles County.—4. May 15 and 16,1877. 5. May 20 and 21, 1874. 6. Six-
tenths failed ; 60 per cent. destroyed by red-bug and three different kinds of worms.
7. High, rolling, sandy, gravelly, stony; last year’s breaking or new sod. & New
La hard earth, and on spots of prairie burned in July and August, 1876.—[Mc-

owell.

Detroit, Becker County.—4. May 15 to20. 5. May 20. 6. Three-fourths failed; cause
red parasite and white grub. 7 and 8. Sandy soil.—[Day. i

Saint Peters, Nicollet County.—4. Last of May. 7. Grass-lands and new breakings.
6. One-tenth hatched.—[ Arnold.

Morristown, Rice County.—4. May 28. 6. Two-thirds failed; cause, a larva.—[Ken-
ney.

Monticello, Wright County.—4. From second week in May to Istof June. 6. Five per
cent. failed ; maggot, prairie-chickens, blackbirds. 7. Clay andsandy-soil roads, break-
ing old pastures, old deserted fields; any good, warm, bare spot. 8. Timothy patches,
light sandy soil.—[ Mehose.

Lake Park, Becker County.—4. May 1 to 15. 7. Bare, dry places.—[ Holton.

Raymond, Stearns County.—4. May 10 to June 1. 7. Sandy loam, new breaking, old
land, and prairie-sod. 8. Sandy, dry, rolling.—[Raymond.

Banks, Faribault County.—4. June. 6. One-sixth: cause: changeable weather. 7.
Rather high, hard, or sandy. 8. Dry, sandy soil.—[ Payne.

Golden Gate, Brown County.—4. May 10._ 6. Three-fourths exposure; little red bug.
7 and 8. In the edge of timber; prairie-sod broken the previous year.—[ Letford.

Kerkhoven, Swift County.—4. May. 6. Forty per cent. destroyed by insects; freezing
and thawing weather in winter and spring.—[Jacobson.

Pipe Stone, Pipe Stone County.—4. May 10 to 20. 7 and 8. On breaking and sandy
knolls.—[ Sweet.

Jackson, Jackson County.—4. Between the 10th and 25th of May. 6. One-fourth
failed ; warm, open weather in March and February, and freezing afterward. 7. High,
open grounds; roads new breaking. 9. June 19.—[Fiddes.

Willmar, Kandiyohi County.—4, Between 8th and 20th of May. 7. New breakings,
gardens, &c. Those plowed under did not hatch.—[ Haly.

New Auburn, Sibley County.—4. 1st to 10th of May. 5. 10th to 20th of May, 1875.
6. One in 100; small red bug. 7 and 8. New breaking; black sandy loam; high and
exposed places.—[ Clevinger.

Norseland, Nicollet County. 4. Between 24th and 30th of April. 5. Between 18th and
24th of May. 7 and 8. High, solid ground, late-emown meadows, well-grazed pastures.
—[ Webster.

Albert Lea, Freeborn County.—4. About June 1. 5. Three-fourths or more; wet. 7.
High, sandy knolls and breakings. 8. High sandy knolls and breakings if heavy and
clayey.—[ Johnson.

Norwood, Carver County.—4. May 1 to June 20. 5. Junel. 7. Old abandoned fields
and breakings. 8. Sandy.—[Tiffany.

Becker, Sherburne County.—4. May 1 to June 13. 5. May 25. 7. Breakings and un-
plowed fields. 8. Sandy loam.—[ Wagner.

Orr, Jackson County.—4. May 15 to 20. 5. May 10 to 15, 1875. 6. One-half; red
mite, birds, fowls, &c. 7 and 8. Bare ground with southern slope, some sandy.—
Palmer.

South Bend, Blue Earth County.—7. Sandy. 8. In sand, and all over at present.—
[ Davis.

Heron Lake, Jackson County.—4. 10th to last of May. 5. 10th tolastof May. 6. One-
fifth to one-third; red parasites; plowed land.—[ Edwards.

Wilton, Waseca County.—4. The first week in June. 8. Elevated portions.—[Kene-
han.

Carver, San Francisco Township, Carver County.—4. May 1 to 20. 6. Large proportion
failed ; little white grub. 7. High, dry soil. with compact surface, and road-sides.
8. Light, dry, sandy soil, facing the south.—[ Dunn.

West Newton, Nicollet County.—4. Beginning of May to 7th of June. 5. In May. 7.
New breakings, corn-fields, asd gardens. 8. Ditto.—[Kyllander.

Collins, McLeod County.—4. May 12 to 20, 1877. 5. May 20 to 25,1875. 6. 15 per
cent. (1877) of those deposited in marshes; dragging in the fall destroyed a few. 7.
New breaking and corn-fields. 8. High, dry, rolling lands, the more compact the more
successful the hatch.—[ Canfield.

Dassel, Meeker County.—4. May 25to June 15. 7. Dry, hard soil; road-sides; soil de-
scending south and east; south and east side of buildings; stumps and large logs.—
{ Maxon.

Seward, Nobles County.—4. May 15 to 25. 5. May 3 to 13. 6. One-half to one-third
red mite, rot, birds, and chickens. 7 and 8. Gardens, high, dry knolls, well-trodden
breaks.—[Terry.

APPENDIX XVIII—DATA CONCERNING THE EGGS. [215]

Nashville, Martin County.—5. Early spring, 1874. 7. Hard knolls, old pastures, not
very particular, only not on prairie. 8. High, dry places, with southern exposures.—
[ Bottomly.

Jackson, Jackson County.—4 and 5. May 15. 6. Red parasites destroyed many. 7.
Cornfields, highways, gardens. 8. High ground.—[Chamberlain.

Alexandria, Douglas County.—4. A few in February; most April 20 to June 1. 6.
one-fifth ; cause, red mite, plowing under, and dragging. 7 and 8. Hard, dry, sandy
soil, destitute of grass and vegetation.—[ Donaldson.

Albert Lea, Freeborn County.—4. June 1. 6. One-half; late and wet weather. 7.
Dry ridges, sandy knolls, new breaking, side hills, old roads. 8. Sand and gravel.—
[ Parker.

Excelsior, Hennepin County.—4. June 15. 7. Southern slopes and timothy pastures.—
[ Powers.

Dewald, Nobles County.—4. May 8 to 17. 5. May 8 to 17, 1874. 6. On some farms all
failed, others 50 per cent; caused by red parasites, and rotting. 7. High, warm soils,
south slopes. 8. High, warm soils, south and east slopes. 9. Gravelly ridges; prairie
sod.—[ Bates.

Tenhassen, Martin County.—4. May 20 to June 2, 1877. 5. May 10. 7 and 8. Sandy
soil, hard roads close to fences.—[ Merry.

Alexandria, Douglas County.—4. Latter days of April and former half of May. 7.

Sandy, loamy soil, railroad cuts, and banks of asandy character. 8. Same as 7.—[ Aber-

crombie.

Glenwood, Pope County.—4. May 15 to Junel. 7. New broken prairie, sandy clay.
8. Earliest on sandy soil and land sloping to the south.—[ Campbell.

Excelsior, Hennepin County.—4. May 1 to June 15. 7. Southeast exposures. Sandy
bare spots, pastures; close fed, &c.—[ Post.

Watab, Benton County—4. May 20. 7 and 8. Sandy and dry.—[Gilman.

Windom, Cottonwood County.—4. May 10 to 21. 5. Latter half of May; a few on
southern slopes of sandy knolls as early as April 15. 6. Three-fourths failed; cause,
red parasite. 7 and 8. New breaking generally.—[ Huntington.

Magnolia, Rock County.—4. April25to May 16. 6. Three-fourths destroyed ; animals,
pis: and insects. 7. Sod broken last summer in roads and beaten paths. 8. Sandy
oam.

Alder, Freeborn County.—3. Last 10 days of May. 6. One-tenth; open winter, then
frost (cause). 7. Sandy loam, gravel knolls.—[ Cross.

Cooleyville, Steele County.—4. 10th to 15th of June. 6. Nine-tenths failed ; all depos-
rol Us low, wet, and muck land rotted. 7. Hard dry knolls; breaking road-sides.

ark.

Detroit, Becker County.—4. June 5, 6, and 7. 6. About one-fourth; cause (in his
opinion), ‘The commencement of the end of these pests.” 7 and 8, Sandy and hard
soil; new breaking, old roads.—[ Wood.

Holmes City, Douglas County.—4. Through May. 7. New breaking, road-sides, &c.—
[Blackwell.

Grafton, Sibley County.—4. Last of May, 1875 and 1877. 6. One in 1,000 failed. 7.
breaking ; hard, compact soil._[ Gardner.

Burnhamville, Todd County.—4. May 25 to June 10, in-plowed ground; 10 to 15 days
sooner when not disturbed. 6. 90 per cent. rotted. 7. Firm, sandy land. 8. Firm,
sandy land.—[ Rhoda.

Hersey, Nobles County.—4. May 12 to 20. 5. Before May 15. 6. About one-half de-
stroyed by red parasite and white grub; some by birds; few rotted. 7. In roads on
breaking ; few on prairie. Soil sandy loam, 2 feet deep.—[Cunningham.

Clear Lake, Sherburne County.—4. From 1st to 10th of May. 7. Last year’s breaking.
8. Last year’s breaking.—[Frye.

Detroit, Becker County.—4. May and June. 5. May and June. 6. About one-half;
cause, red bug. 7. Sandy soil, with southern slope. 8. Sandy soil, with southern
slope.—[ McLelland. :

Avon, Stearns County—4. May. 6. One-fifth. 7. Light sandy soil.—[Brakefield.:

Madelia, Watonwan County.—4. May 10 to 15. 7. High exposures and roads; hard-
packed ground near buildings and roads. 8. High dry lands.—[Sylvester.

Herman, Grant County.—3. Loose, deep soil surrounding marshes. 4. May 1, middle
of May, and June 1.—[ Hodgson.

_Alexandria, Douglas County.—4. May 15 to June 15. 5. Last of August to September
15. 6. Red parasite destroyed some. 7 and 8. Sandy soil, bare hill tops and sides, new
breakings, and stubble-fields.—[ Whitcomb.

Sibley, Sibley County.—1. Most of the eggs hatched between the 10th and 25th of
Bey 6. One-fourth. 7. High, open ground, in roads, new breakings, &c.—[Wood-

ury.

Wegdal, Chippewa County.—4, Last of May and first of June. 5. Same time. 6..

Small proportion not hatching; cause, parasites, rain, and heavy soil. 7. Sandy soil
facing south.—[ Rollerson.

[216] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Mankato, Blue Earth County.—7. Generally sandy knolls and soils in which sand pre-
dominates.—[ Mias.

Blue Earth City, Faribault County.—4. From middle of May to June l. 5. First part
of May. 7. Pasture grounds; notable on sheep pastures.—[ Bonwell.

Morristown, Rice County.—4. I think the most of the grasshopper eggs are now, June
17, hatched, except under the following circumstances: There are several pieces of land
that were plowed quite early, before any of the hoppers hatched. This land is now being
plowed with a shovel-plow, being planted to corn, and as soon as the ground is stirred
up with the shovel-plow, the same day and the day following, and I do not know how
many days, the young ’hoppers come forth in Jarge numbers. We had supposed they
were past resurrection. 1 have not heard any complaint of plowixg done late in the
fall. Mr. Chislone’s farm, east of mine, is full of >hoppers that have come out since he
plowed out his corn. Another field west of mine plowed early is the same way. I
have 12 acres of corn that they have ate considerably before being plowed out; six
acres more on timothy sod that is not so bad, except on the edge of the field.—[Seth

. Kenny.

- Saint Cloud, Stearns Connty.—3. Eggs began to hatch about the 10th of May, and
seemed to be most numerously hatching about the 25th. 6. I think all are hatched
about the 7th of June, except perhaps a few that have been plowed under in heavy
soil. Eggs were mostly deposited in dry and hard soils, mostly on high ground, new
breaking, old unused roadways, and on the sides of the beaten track of used roads.—
[J. T. Salter.

MISSOURI.

Graham, Nodaway County.—6. I have examined grasshopper eggs here April 25, and
find not over 1 per cent. that will hatch; July 25, not one-half ever hatched.—[J.
Morton, P. M. ;

Diamond City, Jasper-County.—4. They hatched in February and March; again from
April 20 to June 1. Those hatched prior to April 20 perished with wet and cold. 6.
I think probably one-tenth, on account of the warm weather in November, February,
and March, causing them to swell. 7. In high, dry, and hard ground; preferred bare
ground if hard.

Oregon, Holt County.—The hatching was from last of March to the middle of May.—
[Clarke Irvin.

NEBRASKA.

Hooper, Dodge County.—4. 10th to 20th of April. 5. 10th to 30th of April. 6. One-third
failed; cause, mild winter weather. 7. Dry, sandy, naked, hard or compact soil, and
on new breakings and road-sides.—[ Eisley.

Salem, Richardson County.—®5. Last of April to 1st of May. 6. About5 per cent. ; cause,
cold rains. 7. Any kind of soil when smooth and hard. 8. June 1.—[{ Lincoln.

Friend, Saline County —4. May 1 to. 15. 5. May 1. 6. About 25 per cent. 7. De-
posited in hard-ground, sloping toward south ; new breaking; early fall, plowed land.
8. New breaking,—[ Whitcombe.

Tecumseh, Johnson County.—4. From March to May and June. 5. May. 6. Three-
fourths or more; wet season. 7. Slopes of hills, roads, and pastures ; usually they select
hard ground. 8. Light soil, sandy; south and east slope of hills.—[ Holmes.

Chapman, Merrick County.—4. April 15. 8. Sandy and clay about equal; hatched on
sandy land first.—[ Cox.

Amazon, Franklin County.—April 15. 5. May 10, 1875. 7. Last year’s breaking, and
on cultivated land that had become packed.—[ Hendricks.

Niobrara, Knox County.—4. Early part of February,1877. 6. Large numbers were
frozen after the warm weather in February ; cold wet weather. 7. Sandy, high roads.
8. Plowed and sandy grounds.—[ Hulliban.

Glencoe, Dodge County.—4. May 15 to June 4, most numerousiy May 17. 7. Hard
bare ground. 8. On land that had been plowed under.—[ Dodge.

Fremont, Dodge County.—4. April 19 to May 11. 7. Most on new breaking; then
clear ground; next, sand ridges; few, if any, on grass-land or stubble. 8. Hatched
where most deposited.—[ Blanchard.

Burr Oak, Otoe County.—4. April 22, April 28, May 9. 6. About seven-tenths failed ;
cause, cold, damp weather, and deep plowing. 7. Old pastures and ground adjoining
corrals.—[ Davidson.

Grand Island, Hall County.—4. April 6 to 13. 6. One-fourth failed; cause, white
maggot; warm winter; spring freezing. 7. Warm, sandy, well-settled soil, as corn-
fields and pastures where there are bare spots.—[Stolley.

Plattsmouth, Cass County.—4. April 28 to May 5, 1877. 7. Hillsides with south expo-
‘sure, or roadsides hard packed. 8. Same as 7.—[ Wheeler.

Hebron, Thayer County.—4. April 15 to 20. 6. Say 60 per cent.; cause, cold, wet
weather. 7. Sandy loam in dry situations. 8. Same as 7.—[Fitchpatrick.

Platismouth, Cass County.—4. From 16th to 20th of April. 5. Sometimes as early as
March 25; mostly April 5 to 10. 6. It is estimated that one-third failed to hatch;
cause, disturbing, breaking up the eggs, scattering, exposing, &c. 7. A compact earth

APPENDIX XVIII.—DATA CONCERNING THE EGGS. [217]

or a path on firm bare ground exposed to the sun. 8. Warm, sunny exposures not
beaten too hard.—[ Child.

Steele City, Jefferson County.—4. March 20, in large quantities. 7. A bare sandy soil,
or on hillsides. 8. Sandy soil or bottom land.—[ Gantt.

Sunlight, Cass County.—4. May 15, 1877. 5. May 10, 1875. 6. But few fa.led. 7.
Soil with a clay tendency, and well drained. 8. Same as 7.—[Babbitt.

Falls City, Richardson County.—4. May 21 to 28, 1877, in great numbers. 5. About

- the middle of April, 1875.—[ Unknown.

Farmers’ Valley, Hamilton County.—4. April 20,1877. 5. April 20, 1875. 7. Breaking
sandy soil. 8. Where deposited.—[ Vosburgh.

Genoa, Platte County.—4. April 15. 6. About two-third of the eggs failed to hatch,
owing to continued cold wet weather. 7. Soutb and southeastern exposures, and sandy
soils along the banks of rivers, and particularly in new breaking. 8. Similar to last.—
[Truman.

Pleasant Hill, Saline County—4. May 19, 1877, in vast quantities. 5. About the same
time in 1875 not numerous.- 6. About one-half; cause, blowing-off of covering by wind
and exposure of eggs. 7. On naked, hard, dry ground, well-fed pastures, old roads, &c.
8. Driest and hardest ground.—[ Abbott.

Falls City, Richardson County.—4. Hatching most numerously May 8, 1877. 5. April
19 to May 8 in 1867, 1868, 1875. 6. One-half per cent. failed in 1877.—[ Hutchings.

' Ponca, Dixon County.—4. May 1 to 15, 1877, greatest numbers. 5. April 1 in previous
years. 6. One-sixteenth failed ; cause, wet weather. 7 and 8. Newly-broken ground,
hard- beaten roads.—[ Rockwell.

Arayo, Richardson County.—4. May 28. 5. May1. 6. Small per cent. in this locality ;
cause, wet weather and exposure to frosts. 7. Hard soil and spots of bare ground road-
ways and fall plowing. 8. Same as 7.—[Gerdes. .

TEXAS,

Salado, Bell County.—4. Eggs hatched most numerously during March. In places
where on one day none could be seen, on tle next day the ground would be covered.
They deposited eggs in almost all kinds of soil, and, not being choice of location, they
filled the hilly and rocky country with their progeny, as they did the valleys and level
es, but the hatching was more numerous in open places than elsewhere.—[J. H.

yers.

Calvert, Bell County.—3. None. 4. From the middle of February to the middle of
March. 5. January, 1869. 6. There was no general cause to interfere with the hatch-
ing,and but few failed. They hatched most rapidly aiter a rain, and they are still
hatching at this date, April 24. 7. Sandy soil covered with weeds and bushes or stub-
ble. 8. Same as above.—[ W. L. Coleman.

Austin, Bell County.—Eggs hatched February 10 to March 15. Eggs deposited in
dry, sandy soil in bottom-land; in dry, sandy timber-land, and gravelly, clay hill, south
side.—[ John H. Lecriat.

UTAH.

Smithfield, Cache County.—4. Eggs hatched most numerously from the 15th of April
to the 15th of May, 1877. 5. Eggs were hatched in previous years generally about the
same time as the present year. 6. From all appearances every egg that was deposited
hatched. 7. Eggs mostly deposited in a sandy, gravelly soil. 8. The young were most
numerously hatched on sandy, gravelly soil, uncultivated._[James S. Cantwell.

Se

APPENDIX XIX.

MEANS OF DESTRUCTION.

[Answers to the following questions in Circular No. 1: 16. The means employed in
your section tor the destruction of the unfledged insects, or to protect crops from
their ravages, and how far these have proved satisfactory. 17. The means employed
in your section for the destruction of the winged insects, or to protect crops from
their ravages, and how far these have proved satisfactory. 18. Descriptions, and, if
possible, figures of such mechanical contrivances as have proved useful in your
locality for the destruction of either the young or the winged insects. ]

DAKOTA.

Olivet, Hutchinson County.—Smoking has been tried with varied success. They were
kept off of small gardens and patches by driving.—[Jones.

Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County——Burning prairie-grass, which does but little good,
owing to the fact that so many remain in grain.—[ Newton Clark.

Madison, Lake County.—Smoking, which did very little good.—_[ Law.

Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County.—Sheet-iron pan, 8 or 10 feet long, with a back 1 foot
high; bottom covered with kerosene oil. Burning prairies. This is objected to, how-
ever, on account of its destroying too many birds’ eggs and young and unfledged
birds. During a rain the locusts on a large piece of last year’s breaking crawled under
clods of earth for protection. As soon as practicable the ground was rolled with a
heavy roller and the entire number exterminated.—[ Everett.

Wahpeton, Richland County.—The sheet-iron ’hopper-dozer, a strip of sheet-iron 12 or
14 feet long, turned up at the back and ends 6 or 8 inches, in front one inch; pan
covered with tar, kerosene, soft soap, &c.; whole drawn by wires or cords.—[ Smith.

Mitltown, Armstrong County.—Kerosene oil.—[ Taylor.

Saybrook, Clay County.—The tin pan and kerosene oil; burning hay, straw, &c.—
[ Hall.

Sioux Falls Post-Office, Lincoln County.—Nets were used, but the outlay of labor ex-
ceeded the benefit derived from them.—[ Jacobs.

NEBRASKA.

Burr Oak, Otoe County.—Crushing with heavy rollers, burning prairie-grass and win-
nows of straw, were means used for destruction of unfledged locusts.—[ Davidson.

Fremont, Dodge County.—Sheet-iron pan, 3 to7 feet long, something in the shape of a
road-scraper (the sides being higher). The back part of the bottom is dropped in the
shape of a pan 3 inches deep and 1 foot wide, nearly filled with water, which is covered
with kerosene oil. The oil kills the hoppers, and they sink into the water. The larg-
est pans are without wheels, and are drawn by two men; theshort ones are on trucks,
and are pushed. Some are made with wire-cloth covers, hung with hinges, so that
when the motion stops, the top will drop and secure the ’hoppers.—[ Blanchard.

Glencoe, Dodge County.— Burning and plowing under for the young.—[ Dodge.

Amazon, Franklin County.—Burning the unfledged by scattering straw and firing the
prairie grass.—[ Hendricks.

Grand Island, Hall County.—Canfield Grasshopper Exterminator, with coal-oil for the
unfledged.—[Stolley.

Salem, Richardson County.—Unfledged: Principally sheet-iron pan, 8 feet long, 2 feet
wide, edges turned up in front 1 inch, 3 inches on back; back 20 inches high; muslin,
well saturated with coal-oil placed in bottom; drawn by two boysormen. * * *
With better success, a box 12 to 14 feet long, bottom 4 inches wide, made out of 1-inch
lumber; top, with space between, for hoppers to jump into; wire screen and box be-
hind for their reception. The locusts remain until the box is filled. Ten bushels per
day have been captured by this machine. Burning, ditching, &c., have also been
resorted to.—[ Lincoln.

Tecumseh, Johnson County.—Coal-tar, kerosene, and nets; ditching and plowing also
very satisfactory. The nets and platforms for tar were built on runners, and drawn
by horses.—[ Holmes.

Hooper, Dodge County.—By burning straw, plowing the eggs under deep on cultivated
soil, by various traps and machines, and, above all, by protecting the birds. The es-
sential features of the machines used are: Ist. A platform that runs on the ground on
runners or wheels. 2d. A canopy, meeting platform at an angle. 3d. A reservoir at

[218]

APPENDIX XIX.—MEANS OF DESTRUCTION. [219]

the junction of the two, containing water or coal-oil or both. The ’hoppers, jumping,
will strike the canopy and fall into the reservoir.—[ Hisley.

Hebron, Thayer County.—For destroying uufledged, have depended upon blackbirds
principally, they having proven themselves competent if in sufficient numbers, For
full-grown, driving with smoke has been tried with moderate success.—[Fitchpatrick.

Falls City, Richardson County.—Pans of galvanized iron, 8 feet long, only practicable
on smooth prairie and short, small grain. Have been working a large brush on the
prairie with four horses. It is carried on wheels in front and weighted down behind.
Not so successful as expected.—[ Hutchings.

Farmers’ Valley, Hamilton County.—Burning the prairie-grass destroyed large num-
bers of the young, unfledged locusts.—[ Vosbargh.

Sunlight, Cass County.—Burning prairie-grass, straw, and hay all satisfactory.—

Babbit.
; Falls City, Richardson County.—One of the most effective means now being used is
coal-oil in shallow sheet-iron pans.—[Smith.

Pleasant Hill, Saline County.—Burning straw.—[ Abbott.

Platismouth, Cass County.—Burning prairies and straw-piles. Hand-machine, 12 feet
long, drawn by two men.—[Child.

Friend, Saline County—1. Harrowing during fall, winter, and early spring. 2. De-
stroying the insect by bushes, boards, &c., while very young. 3. Digging trenches,
and driving them in, where they are easily destroyed; placing straw around growing
crops as a resort, and burning early in the morning and late at night. 4. Driving
them into unburned prairie and firing the same. 5. Various machines constructed for

. their destruction.—[ Whitcombe.

Arago, Richardson County.—Pans of sheet-iron or zinc, &c., with a mixture of kero-

/ sene oil, coal-tar, turpentine, and lime-water. This has proved very satisfactory.

Trenches have been dug. A machine-like a reaper, consisting of an elevator which car-
ries the insects from the front edge of the platform and crushes them tbere. Back of
this are two rollers which crush all that may escape the elevator. This works very
satisfactorily.—[ Gerdes.

Ponca, Dixon County.—A sheet-iron scoop drawn against the wind, the bottom hold-
ing kerosene oil. No means have been used for destroying the winged insects.—[Rock-
well.

Steele City, Jefferson County.—There are several contrivances in use for catching the
young. I have just heard of one that catches them in front and passes them back
through two rollers to crush them.—[ Gantt.

IOWA.

Estherville, Emmett County.—Preserving the prairie-grass and burning on the 18th
May.—[Jarvis.

Alta, Buena Vista County.—Sheet-iron pan and coal-oil have given good satisfaction.
—[Crowell.] The catching of unfledged ’hoppers by machines has proved a great suc-
cess. Burning straw around gardens was resorted to with some success. The “ Ne-
braska catcher” is almost altogether used now in this section.—[Tzompson.

Pringhar, O’ Brien County.—Unfledged: Coal-oil pans and ditches. Winged: Sheet-
iron boxes on wheels with high backs. ’Hoppers rise; fall into box; not very success-
ful.—[ Langshore.

Dakota City, Humboldt County.—The kerosene-oil pan is best. The same pan filled
with strong soap-suds did the same execution. Coal-tar pans were good, but more
trouble to use.—[ Adams.

Fort Dodge, Webster County.—A long box about one foot square, covered with wire-
cloth. The box is raised a little from the bottom piece to make a draught of air through.
A lip projects in front, something on the principle of the cow-catcher on an engine.
Drawn by horses or any other power. It is claimed that 140 acres can be effectually
cleared in one day.—[Mrs. Swain.

Spirit Lake, Dickinson County.—A long box on runners, with a front made of tin; the
top of wire-cloth. The insects are killed with hot water. Another machine, which
appears to be preferable, is composed of rollers, which revolve under a canopy of cloth,
the back part of which is white. The insects jump toward the light, drop on the roller
and are crushed. On the under side is a scraper to clear the rollers. It works well
for the young, and winged also.—[ Mosher.

Lake City, Calhoun County——Rolling the fields with heavy rollers where the land is
smooth ; scattering hay and straw in places where they are thick, and burning it;
burning prairie-grass in the spring. The great objection to this is that it destroys too
many young birds and eggs.—[Jack.

Sioux City, Woodbury County.—Have the most confidence in the kerosene pan of any
of the means used for destroying locusts.—[ Skinner.

Hazard, Cherokee County.x—Some have drawn straw and scattered it 6 to 8 feet wide,
and after driving the young ’hoppers into it have burned it. Some use a tin pan 12
feet long set in a wood box, and holding a little kerosene oil; others, a similar one 6

[220] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ee drawn by hand. A trap which will hold two bushels of ’hoppers is also used
—[Pierce.
MINNESOTA.

Alexandria, Douglas County.—Burning, ditching, tar-dozers, and nets. Success bup
partial—[Whitcomb.] Ditching around; and a piece of board or sheet-iron coveret.
with coal-tar, and pulled or drawn along the ground.—[ Abercrombie.

South Bend, Blue Earth County—Unfledged: Ditching. Winged: Nets.—[Davis.

Raymond, Stearns County.—Ditches, ’hopper-dozers, coal-tar, and kerosene, all used
without etfect.—[ Raymond.

Cosmos, Meeker County.—For destroying the winged, a line has been dragged across
the field by two men, thus disturbing the ’hoppers so that they sometimes leave.
Sean pans, with coal-tar in them, have been used for destroying the young.—[ Mc-

onald.

Mankato, Blue Earth County.—Ditching very successful. *Hopper-dozers with coal-
tar and kerosene spread on surface very effective.—[ Mias.
ences Waseca County.—Late plowing, dragging, sheet-iron pan, and coal-tar.—

eadly.

Albion, Wright County—Coal-tar and lime made into a whitewash and put onto a
sheet-iron pan. Nets made of sheeting, about 3 feet long, attached to a bow, put into
a strip ef board about 2 inches wide and 3 feet long.—[ Howard.

Albert Lea, Freeborn County.—Burning and tar-dozers.—[ Johnson.

Burnhamville, Todd County.—For the yonng, coal-tar has been used with some success
when the grain is not over 6 to 8 inches high. Ditching has been made use of only in
isolated cases, bnt is the most effective remedy.—[ Rhoda.

Avon, Stearns County.—A sheet-iron pan, 6 to 7 feet long by 2 to 3 feet wide, raised 2
or 3 inches on the back, with a strip of muslin raised above and smeared with tar.
This is dragged over the ground and seems to be death to them.—[ Brakefield.

Worthington, Nobles County.—Burning the prairie-grass and plowing deep for the
young.—[ McDowell.

Holmes City, Douglas County—Burning with hay or straw; did no good.—[ Black-
well.

Detroit, Becker County.—Burning the prairie-grass. Sheet-iron pan with coal-tar or
kerosene.—[ Day.

Cooleysville, Steele County.—Plowing under the eggs and the young when they first
hatch ; also, coal-tar and ’horper-dozer.—[ Clark.

Alden, Freeborn County —Two sheet-iron pans, each 16 feet long, attached to a sulky-
rake, one three or four feet in the rearof the other, covered with tar, with an apron of
light cloth attached to the rear pan to prevent them from hopping over the pans.—
[ Cross.

Madelia, Watonwan County.—1st. Tar pans. 2d. A machine mounted on wheels with
reel in front, with pan of coal-tar. This runsin front of team, and wken vegetation
is too high the reel can be removed, and by pushing it rapidly against the grass after
the “hoppers have gone to roost, they very readily fall into the tar.—| Sylvester.

Detroit, Becker County.—Coal-tar and coal-oil have been used with good success. A
dray of sheet-iron smeared with tar is commonly constructed, to be pulled by horses.—
[Wood.] Sheet-iron pan and coal-tar.—[ McLelland.

New Auburn, Sibley County.—Ditching and catching in sheet-iron pans covered with
coal-tar.—[ Clevinger.

Clear Lake, Sherburne County.—Sheet-iron pans with coal-tar ; ditching and dragging.
—([Frye.

ieee Nobles County.—The sheet-iron pan with coal-tar has done excellent service
Smudges of any kind of material that will make a dense smoke have been used, but
generally with poor success.—[Cunningham.

Norseland, Nicollet County—Burning coal-oil smeared on large sheet-iron plates; no
great benefit. A board fence two feet high, perfectly tight, with a three-inch batten
nailed to the top so that the batten is on the outside of the field. The edge of this
smeared with coal-oil three or four times a day. When the ’hoppers come to the fence
they will march up until they come to the batten, when smelling the coal-oil they will
either retreat or jump and fall back on the ground ready for another trial ; finally they
will commence to march in one direction alongside the fence, where an occasional pit
is ready to receive them ; and by accumulating in these pits they will die of them-
selves. Thirty bushels have been caught in one pit. Very successful. Winged: Large
bag attached to wheels, with another sack to empty them out through.—[ Webster.

Saint Peters, Nicollet County—Ditchivg ; nets.—[ Arnold.

West Newton, Nicollet County.—Burning straw and ditching; latter but little use.—
[ Kyllander.

Norwood, Carver County.—Ditching round the exposed sides of the field is the best
method while they are young. Sheet-iron pans and tar will catch some of the winged
ones.—[ Tiffany. ;

Golden Gate, Brown County.—Nets, and pans of sheet-iron 8 or 9 feet long, 2 feet wide,

APPENDIX XIX.—MEANS OF DESTRUCTION. [221|

and 24 inches deep, bottom lightly covered with kerosene oil or tar. Burning straw
did some good.—[ Letford.

Banks, Faribault County.—Two sheet-iron pans, one behind the other, saturated with
coal-tar, drawn by two men or one horse.—[ Payne.

Becker, Sherburne County.—Sheet-iron pan with coal-tar; burning and ditching; all
very good.—[ Wagner.

Glenwood, Pope County.—Coal-tar on sheet-iron boats; supplied too late to do much
good.—[ Campbell.

Morristown, Rice County.—Digging pits; burning straw. Very successful.—[ Kenney.

Dassel, Meeker County.—Coal-tar pans are successful.—[ Maxon. ;

Willmar, Kandiyohi County.—Tar-pans not as successful as ditching round the fields.— ©
[Haly.

Sibley, Sibley Couwnty.—’Hopper-dozers used with varying success.—[ Woodbury.

Kerkhoven, Swift County.—Tar-pans; burning with straw; prairie-fires; ditching to
the depth of seven or eight inches, ia which are pits at intervals of two or three rods ;
the young ’hoppers walk into the trenches and afterward into the holes (made with
fence-post augers) and are buried with dirt.—[ Jacobson.

Carver, Carver County Hopper-dozers; ditching; both give good satisfaction.—
[ Sulter.

Wilton, Waseca County.—Tar-pans; nets; harrowing; all satisfactory.—[ Kenehan.

‘Heron Lake, Jackson County.—Tar-pans are used successfully.—[ Edwards.

Jackson, Jackson County.—Tar-pans decidedly effective.—[Chamberlain.

Magnolia, Rock County.—Burning prairies.—[ Unknown.

Detroit, Becker County.—Burning prairie-grass ; tar-pans also good.—[ McLelland.

Seward, Nobles County.—Burning wild grass little or no use; burning hay and straw

' around the field a little better; straw burnt in a ditch better still; none really pay ;

tar-pans nearly a complete success.—[ Terry.
Worthington, Nobles County.—Burning prairie-grass; plowing deep; farmer mo.t
effectual.—[ McDowell.
; eerie Centre, Martin County.—Tar-pans for winged and unfledged locusts.—[ Bot-
omly.
Orr, Jackson County.—Burning prairie-grass, hay, and straw; tar-pans.—{ Palmer.
Tenhassen, Martin County.—Burning grass, hay, and straw had no effect as locusts
were too numerous; tar-pans were not satisfactory.—[ Merry.
Peake Lea, Ireeborn County.—Tar-pans; advantageous with short vegetation.-—
arker.
Collinge, McLeod County.—Burning prairie-grass, straw, &c.; tar-pans.—[ Canfield.
Dewald, Nobles County.—Tar-pans; burning prairie-grass; best results from deep fall
plowing.—[ Bates.
Worthington, Nobles County.—Tar-pans; successful.—[ Churchill.
Lake Park, Becker County.—Dozers; ditching and burning.—[ Holton.
Monticello, Wright County.—Trenching; burning and ’hopper-dozers.—[ Mehose.
Excelsior, Hennepin County.—Tar-pans; nets; efficacious.—[ Powers.

COLORADO.
Larkspur, Douglas County.—Irrigating where practicable.

OREGON.

_ Clarksville, Parker County.—The means employed for the destruction of the winged
insects, or rather for the protection of the crops, was smoke from the burning of old
bones, but with poor success.—[Heisy.

APPENDIX XX.

ESTIMATES OF INJURY; MANNER IN WHICH DIFFERENT
CROPS WERE AFFECTED.

[Answers to the following questions in circular No. 1: 11. Estimate the injury done in
your county and State. 12. Crops which suffered most. 13. Crops most easily pro-
tected. 14. Crops which suffered least. ]

NEBRASKA.

Niobrara, Knox County.—12. Corn. 13. Rye, wheat, barley, oats, or any other
bearded grain. 14. The above.—[T. G. Hulliban.

Ponca, Dixon County.—12. 1874, corn, potatoes, cabbage, all gardens without excep-
tion ; leaves of soft maple and cottonwood, also by gnawing the bark off of soft maple;
1876, August 6th, corn partially, gardens wholly. Gardens three-fourths destroyed ;
from eight to ten thousand dollars’ worth destroyed. 13. Strawberry-vines and pease.
14. Strawberry, pumpkin, tomato, squash vines.—[J. Rockwill.

Hebron, Thayer County.—12. Corn and garden vegetables. 13. Potatves. 14. Sugar-
cane, broom-corn, prairie-grass.

Farmers Valley, Thayer County.—12. Small grains on breakings this year. 13. None
special. 14. Crops not on breaking.—[J. Vosburgh.

Glencoe, Dodge County.—12. 1873, everything, total failure of corn and oats. 1876,
destroyed everything.—[G. M. Dodge.

Salem, Richardson County.—12, 13, 14. In 1875 no particular crop escaped; all de-
stroyed in the following ratio: Clover, timothy, barley, wheat, oats, and corn.—{[J.
C. Lincoln.

Friend, Saline County.—11 and 12. This county 20 per cent. corn; this State 50 per
cent. corn. 13. Small grain crop; 14. Oats, barley, and wheat, or those which mature
earliest.—[E. Whitcomb.

Chapman, Merrick County—12 (May 18, 1877). Little damage done yet; probably 1
per cent. (lacrein 100). 12. Wheat, rye, barley, oats,andcorn. 14. Sorghum, broom-
corn.—[H. M. Cox.

Pleasant Home, Polk County.—11. Wheat will average 15 bushels to the acre; rye, 20
bushels per acre.—[ W. W. Elliott.

Platismouth, Cass County.—12. Corn (1876).—[D. H Wheeler.

Fremont, Dodge County.—11. Comparatively little damage done yet (May 11, 1877).
12. Wheat, oats, and tame grass; 14. Winter rye and pease.—[G. F. Blanchard.

Genoa, Platte County.—11. About 15 per cent. 12. Wheat on new breaking; 14,
rye.—[Geo. S. Truman.

Plattsmouth, Cass County.—12. Wheat, oats, corn, barley, and garden vegetables. 13.
I know of no effectual protection. 14. Potatoes, pease, and sorghum.—[A. L. Child,
1. bl 9

Sunlight, Cass County.—11. (In county) 1874, 25 per cent.; 1875, 50 per cent. ; 1876,
10 per cent. 12. 1874, corn and vegetables; 1875, wheat, barley, and vegetables;
1876, corn and vegetables. 13. Corn.—[T. N. Babbitt.

Tecumseh, Johnson County.—11. Not to exceed one-half of 1 per cent., and I think
inet liberal. 12. Spring wheat and barley. 13. Small grain. 14. Corn.—[C. A.

olmes.

Burr Oak, Otoe County.—11. Amount of injury done in this township up to May 28
1877, is 20 percent. 12. Barley and wheat. 13. Corn.—[J. H. Davidson.

Grand Island, Hall County.—12. Wheat, barley, rye, oats, by the young. Some damage
done early to shrubbery in orchards.—_[ Wm. Stolley.

Hooper, Dodge County.—11. To May 13, about one-sixth wheat and one-third gar-
dens. 12. Wheat and gardens. 13. All small grain. 14. 1876, corn, flax, potatoes,
and late gardens. 1875, corn; most came in August.—[C. F. Eiseley.

Arago, Richardson County.—11. 30 per cent. in the eastern part of the county. 12.
Barley, wheat, and oats. 13. All crops were subjected to their ravages, and all crops
alike protected. Corn (maize).—[Wm. Gerdes.

Ginn Boone County.—12. Corn crop entirely destroyed in 1874 and in 1876.—[ Loran
ark,

Amazon, Franklin County.—11. Not to exceed 1 per cent. of the small grain. 12.
Wheat, oats, and barley. 14. Corn, rye, flax, &c.—[H. O. Hendrick.

[222]

APPENDIX XX.—ESTIMATES OF INJURY. [223]

IOWA.

Dakota City, Humboldt County.—12. Oats. 13. Oats, wheat, barley, &c. 14. Wheat.—
[Al. Adams.

Hazard, Cherokee County.—12. Wheat. 14. Barley.—[ Merrit D. Pierce.

Fort Dodge, Webster County.—11. May 21,1877. Little damage yet. 12. Small grains
and garden vegetables with juicy leafage. They do not attack young corn if they can
get anything else. Prefer young tame grass to any other food.—[Mrs. J. Swain.

Alta, Buena Vista County.—11. Buena Vista Connty very little damaged. 12. Garden
stuffs, excepting pease. 13. Pease and potatoes have not suffered.—[ Charles Thomp-
son.

Lake City, Calhoun County.—11. In 1876, about 10 per cent. of the corn crop. In 1874,
about 50 per cent. of all crops. In 1868, almost total destruction. 12. Barley, wheat,
oats, potatoes, corn, in the order mentioned. 13. Small grains and gardens. 14. Sugar-
cane and corn, pease, and potatoes._[A. N. Jack.

Mount Hope, Sac County.—11. In Eureka Township, Sac County, damage to crops 3
percent. August 20,1677. 12. Barleyand wheat. 13. All small grain. 14. Oats and
corn.—[A. B. Holms.

Estherville, Emmet County.—12. Wheat and oats from invaders. Wheat from those
we raise. 13. None. No more than from a hail-storm. 14. Oats, pease, corn, when
young. Nothing but what they will eat when hungry.—[C. W. Jarvis.

MINNESOTA.

Dewald, Nobles County—11. Loss about one-third. 12. Oats, flax, corn, wheat, and
| potatoes (in the order given) suffered most. 14. Pease, horse-radish, cockle-burr purs-
lane, and belianthus.—{ David Bates.

Worthington, Nobles County.—11. Estimates the loss for the county at one-tenth for
/ 1876. 12. Wheat, oats, flax, and corn. 13. Wheat, oats, barley, and flax. 14. Broom-
corn, sorghum, pease, and barley.—[ Dr. B. D. Churchill.

Excelsior, Hennepin County.—11. No answer. 12. Wheat and oats. 13. Pease and
corn.—[ George M. Powers.

Lake Park, Becker County.—11. No estimate given. 12. Barley, wheat, and oats, in
order given, 1876. 13. Potatoes,corn. 14. Pease and potatoes.—[Theodore Walton.

Albert Lea, Freeborn County.—Loss trifling, June 16, 1877. 13. Not damaged enough
in this region to determine.—[ D. G. Parker.

Watab, Benton County.—11. No estimate given. 12. All suffered alike. 13. No an-
swer. 14. Barley.—[ David Gilman.

Excelsior, Hennepin County.—11. No estimate given. 12. Timothy, barn-grass, clover,
weeds (wild), buckwheat, radishes, and lettuce.—[T. Bost.

Tenhassen, Martin County.—11. Crops all destroyed. 12. All crops. 13. No protec-
tion. 14. Pease.—[ William Merry.

Windom, Cottonwood County.—11. Very little damage in 1877; previous years nearly
total destruction. 12. Wheat and oats. 13. None more than others. 14. No general
answer can be given.—[C. C. Huntington.

Lake Eunice, Becker County.—11. One-half crops destroyed in the county. 12. Wheat
up to July 8, 1877. 13. Wheat most easily protected. 14. Corn, pease, and potatoes.—
[John McLelland.

Morristown, Rice County.—11. No estimate given. 12. Onions, corn, beans. 14. Pease,
sugar-corn.—[ Seth H. Kenney.

Cosmos, Meeker County.—11. No estimate. 12. Wheat and oats. 14. Corn.—[J.N.
McDonald.

Alexandria, Douglas County.—11. No estimate. 12. Barley in the ear. 14. Oats in
1877; Field-pease, squash and pumpkin vines, and tomatoes.—[John Abercrombie.

Glenwood, Pope County.—11. Damage estimated at one-half in county. 12. Wheat,
corn, potatoes, garden vegetables. 13. Grain more easily than root-crops. 14. Pease
and oats, from the young.—[ David Campbell.

Detroit, Becker County.—11. But little injury done up to date, May 25, 1877. 12.
fone one are suffering most, particularly wheat. 13. One as easily as another.—
| . K. Day.

Saint Peter, Nicollet County.—11. No estimate given. 12. Wheat is preferred to oats
and corn. 14. Oats, corn, and potatoes.—[J. T. Arnold.

Janesville, Waseca County—11. Comparatively trifling.—[J. J. Headly.

Nobles, Bigelow County.—12. Cabbage, lettuce, onions, radishes, turnips, beets, toma-
_ toes.—[.N. V. McDowell.

Detroit, Becker County.—12. Wheat, oats, and onions. 13. Millet, India buckwheat,
pease, and potatoes. 14. Potatoes and India buckwheat.—[F. E. Wood.

Holmes City, Douglas County.—11. Seventy-five per cent. 12. Wheat. 14. Corn and
potatoes.—[Henry Blackwell.

_ Clear Lake, Sherburne County.—11. Very little damage as yet. 12. Beans, wheat,

garden vegetables. 13. Corn, rye, pease, sorghum. 14. Rye.—[Daniel Fry.

Seward, Nobles County.—11. No estimates yet. 12. Beans, turnips, cabbage, oats, bar-

[224] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

ley, wheat. 14. Pease, sugar-cane, and broom-corn, box-elder and black walnut trees
are not eaten.—[ Alfred Terry.

South Bend, Blue Earth County.— 12. Wheat and everything farmers raise. 13. Not
any. 14. Pease.—[D. P. Davis. ‘

Avon, Stearns County.—11. Thinks everything nearly will be destroyed. 12. Last year
ruta-bagas, buckwheat, and corn.—[John Brakefield.

Carver, Carver County.—11. Very little injury done to take the country at large.
Wheat crop in localities along the Minnesota River almost a total loss. 12. Wheat
and garden plants. 14. Corn,rye, oats, and pease.—[ Jacob Dunn.

New Auburn, Sibley County,—11. No estimate given. 12. Wheat, barley, and flax.
13. Oats, corn, and pease. 14. Pease, oats, corn, in order named.—[S. S. Clevinger.

Dassei, Meeker Countya—11. From 7 to 10 per cent. of wheat crop. Other crops have
not suffered much except gardens which have suffered generally. It is estimated that
Hee bushels of wheat have been destroyed in Minnesota this year, 1877.—[S. W.

Jaxon.

Wilton, Waseca County—12. Wheat.—[ Patrick Kenehan.

Nashville Center, Martin County.—12. Garden vegetables. 13. Wheat, oats, barley.
Wheat suffered more than other crops in 1874.—[James Bottomly.

Becker, Sherburne County.—12. Wheat and oats. 13. Corn, pease, and potatoes. 14.
Corn.—[ John A. Wagner.

Willmar, Kandiyohi County—11. Crops damaged about one-half. 12. Wheat and
oats. 14. Pease, pumpkins, and squashes.—[John Haly.

Raymond, Stearns County.—11. In the county, in 1876, 500,000 bushels of grain; in
1877, 1,000,000 bushels. In the State, in 1876, 6,000,000 bushels; in 1877, 8,000,000. In
1875, 120,000 bushels of grain were raised in this township; in 1876, 10,300; in 1877,
there will not be 1,000 bushels of grain saved. 12. Wheat, barley, and oats. 13. Pease.
14. Pease and oats.—[L. B. Raymond.

Norseland, Nicollet County.—11. In the county, 90 to 95 per cent.; in the State, 20 or
25 per cent. 12. Wheat, corn, and beans. 13. Pease and oats. 14. Oats, pease, and
sorzhum.—[ John Webster.

Albert Lea, Freeborn County.—11. No damage done in Freeborn in 1876.—[A. M. John-
son.

Pipe-Stone, Pipe-Stone County.—11. Nothing destroyed but a few beets, cabbages, &c.,
in this county so far.—T[D. E. Sweet.

Burnhamville, Todd County.—11. Half a crop, valued at $350,000,in the county. 12.
Wheat, barley, corn, timothy, beans, and turnips. 13. One crop as difficult to protect
asanother. 14. Rye, oats, potatoes, and pease.—[Albert Rhoda. <

West Newton, Nicollet County —11. More than two-thirds in the town of Severance.
12. Garden-vegetables, wheat, oats, tobacco, young trees, and pie-plant. 14. Last year,
Sup AL eer, broom-corn, and pease; but this year they spare nothing.—{Gustaf Ky-
ander.

Norwood, Carver County.—11. Not much in this county,it being timbered. 12. All
kinds more or less. 13. Pease. 14. Wheat, corn, and oats.—[A. W. Tiffany.

Jackson, Jackson County.—11. Very little in this county. 12. Wheat. 13. No differ-
ence. 14. Slight damage to any.—[G. C. Chamberlain.

Banks, Faribault County.—11. One-tenth in the county. 12. Wheat, oats, and flax.
13. Any small grain. 14. Corn and pease.—[ William O. Payne.

Golden Gate, Brown County.—11. In county, two-thirds; in State, one-fourth. 12,
Wheat, oats,and barley. 14. Pease.—[J.S. Lelford.

Sibley, Sibley County.—11. No estimate given. 12. Wheat has beeninjured most. 14.
Oats aud pease least.—| C. E. Woodbury.

Mapleton, Blue Earth County.—12. Late corn, turnips, vegetables, and tame grass.—
LC. A. Williams.

Faynesville, Stearns Couwnty.—12. Wheat, corn, vegetables, tansy, tobacco, wormwood,
and spignet. 14. Tomatoes, pease, and oats.—[S. P. Roach.

Brookfield, Renville County.—11. Nine-tenths of the wheat-crop in this town. 12.
Wheat. 14. Oats and corn.—[Charles E. Porter.

Moorhead, Clay Couaty.—11. Injury so far insignificant. 12. Young garden-vegeta-
bles just coming up, ovions, beets, lettuce, cabbage, and carrots. Among grain crops,
buckwheat, barley, oats, and wheat most liable to destruction in the order named. 13.
Can’t state; depenés en circumstances. 14. Pease, sorghum, and corn, in the order
Lamed.—T[R. M. Roestfield.

Burnhamville, Todé County.—12. Wheat, barley, artichokes, nettles, wild buckwheat,
timothy, clover, onions, tobacco, turnips, cabbage, and beans eaten by old and young.
14. Pease, cucxoxbers, and the kindred vines, beets, potatoes, corn, and the native
grasse3.— [ A}eezt Rhoda.

Wortw tor, Wobles County.—12. Oats, wheat, corn, and all cultivated crops are eaten
yy beth. yearg and old. 14. Pease, pumpkins, squashes, and tomatoes.—[N. V. Me-

owel,

Vic o 9, Feenville County.—11. Nine-tenths in this county. 12. Everything but
sorgh.g. 0. vease. 13. Unknown. 14. Pease and sorghum.—[E. B. Hale.

eee

APPENDIX XX —ESTIMATES OF INJURY. [225]

Morris, Stevens County.—11. Haif the crops destroyed. 12. Barley, wheat, and oats.
13. No difference. 14. Corn and pease.—[ Heath.

Saint James, South Branch Township.—12. All kinds of garden-vegetables, strawber-
ries, wheat, barley, oats, corn, turnips, and potatoes. 14. Tomatoes, pease, squashes, and
pumpkins.—[ Theo, Lambert.

Oak Lake, Becker County.—11. In 1872, almost total; in 1875~76, three-fourths. 12.
Wheat, oats, barley, rye, corn, and all tame grasses. 13. Potatoes. 14. Tomatoes and
pease.—[ J. G. McGrew.

Alexandria, Douglas County.—11. Seven-eighths destroyed in Douglas County. 12.
Barley, oats, wheat,and corn. 13. None. 14. Pease and squashes.—[ George F. Whit-
comb.

Saint Cloud, Stearns County.—In 1856, all vegetation eaten up.—[P. L. Gregory.

DAKOTA.

Spring Valley, Turner County.—11. They took three-fourths of everything except na-
tive grasses. 12. Corn and garden-sauce.—[S. F’. Andrews.

Olivet, Hutchinson County.—11. None. 12. Corn and watermelon-vines. 14. Pump-
kin, squash, and cucumber vines and small grains.—[ A. Sheridan Jones.

Willowtown, Armstrong County.—11. Comparatively none. 12. Garden-vegetables;.
easily protected. 13. Gardens. 14. Barley and rye.—[J. W. Taylor.

. Wahpeton, Richland County.—12. Wheat. 13. Pease.—[D. Wilmot Smith.

Madison, Lake County.—11. Twenty per cent. estimated in this county (injury). 12:.

. Oats, corp, and garden-vegetables. 14. Wheat, pease, and sorghum.—[J. H. Law.

Saybrook, Clay County.—11. Not more than 5 per cent. yet, May 28, 1877. 12. Wheat
and garden-vegetables. 14. Sugar-cane.—-[J. W. Hall.

Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County.—11. May 26,1877, damage as yet none, excepting a
few small pieces of flax.—[F. E. Everett.

Jamestown, Stutsman County.—12. All kinds of roots and vines. 13. Pease and beets.
14. Pease and beets.—[ Merrick Moore.

Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County.—11. Hardly any to speak of. 12. Corn. 13. Pota-
toes, early grain, sorghum, flax, hemp, and roots.

[15 G]

APPENDIX XXI.

PREVIOUS VISITATIONS—AID OF ANIMALS.

[Answers to the following questions: 19. If your section was not visited in 1876, please
state this fact? 20. If visited any previous years, please give the date? 21. To what
extent have birds, domestic fowls, and other animals, domestic or wild, been useful
in destroying these insects ? ]

NEBRASKA.

Plattsmouth, Cass County.—19. We were heavily visited in 1876. 20. 1857, 1858, 1861,
1864, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1873, 1875. Domestic fowls in gardens, home lots, &c., are very
useful. Birds little use.—[ Child.

Albion, Boone County.—20. 1874, 1875, 1876.—[ Clarke.

Falls City, Richardson County.—20. 1866, 1867, 1868, 1869, 1874, 1675, 1876.—[ Hutchings. ;

Glencoe, Dodge County.—20. 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877.—[ Dodge.

Arago, Richardson Countya—19 Visited and eggs deposited, September. 20. 1866,
1867, 1874, 1676. 21. To no apparent extent.—[ Gereres.

Hebron, Thayer County.—19. Visited after harvest; little injury. 20. 1874. 21. All
kinds of birds and domestic fowls destroy vast numbers.—[Fitchpatrick.

Niobrara, Knox County.—19. In large numbers; did little damage. 20. 1874, 1875;
former took everything. 21. Very useful in destroying young ’hoppers, but do not
touch the winged ones.—[ Hulliban.

Farmers Valley, Hamilton County.—19. August, 1876, in swarms and deposited eggs.
20. July 21,1874; left July 31,1874; deposited. 21. Blackbirds, domestic fowls, prairie
chickens, quails; eggs and young locusts.—[ Vosburgh.

Sunlight, Cass County.—19. Visited in 1876. 20. July 26,1874; June, 1&75. 21. Very
useful.—[ Babbitt.

Steele City, Jefferson County.—20. July 26, 1872, 1873, 1874, 1876. 21. Good, especially
the quail.—[ Gantt.

Ponca, Dixon County.—19. Was not. 21. Very little use; the fowls become disgusted
with so many.—[ Rockwell.

Ponca, Dixon County.—20. August 9, 1872; May 28, 1873.—[ Rockwell.

Plattsmouth, Cass County.—19. It was visited. 20. Spring, 1857; spring, 1867; fall,
1874; September, 1875. 21. Very large extent.—[ Wheeler.

Genoa, Plaite County.—21. Blackbird, cowbird, and domestic fowls destroy large
numbers of eggs and young locusts.—[ Truman.

Glencoe, Dodge County.—21. Hegs, dogs, and poultry are very fond of them.—[ Dodge.

Tecumseh, Johnson County.—19. Were, butno damagedone. 20. July,1*74. 2i. Very
largely. Blackbirds have been our most valiant friends. All birds, as well as domes-
tic fowls, have aided.—[ Holmes.

Chapman, Merrick County.—19. Most severely visited in 1876. 20. May 15, 1873; July,
1874; June, 1875.—[ Cox.

Amazon, Franklin County—19. It was. 20. Only in 1874 to do much damage. 21.
They have destroyed about one-half.—[ Hendricks.

Friend, Saline County.—19. This section was visited in 1876. 20. 1874 and 1878. 21.
Prairie-hens, quails, snipes, blackbirds, &c., are useful. Whitcombe.

Grand Island, Hall County.—20. August, 1862; August, 1864; July 15,1865; July 8,
iste 1868, 1869; May 22, 1873; July and August, 1874; June and August, 1875.—

tolley.

Hooper, Dodge County.—20. About every other year. 21. Blackbirds, snowbirds,
Prairie-chickens, domestic fowls, &c.—[ Eisley.

Burr Oak, Otoe County.—10. It was visited in 1876. 20. August, 1874. 21. All domes-
tic fowls and hogs eat them with avidity.—[ Davidson.

IOWA.
Spirit Lake, Dickinson County.—21. Birds destroy a great number—grakle, yellow-
headed blackbird, barn-yard fowls, wheat-birds, &c.—[ Mosher.
Mount Hope, Sac County.—19. It was. 20. In 1875,a few. 21. They have destroyed
many.—[ Holmes.
Lake City, Calhoun Countu.—19. Yes. 20. September 4, 1867; June 21 or 22, 1873. 21.
[226]

APPENDIX XXI.—PREVIOUS VISITATIONS. [227 |

Domestic and wild fowls are very efficient in destroying the young. My garden was
saved in 1874 by about seventy-five chickens.—[A.N. Jack. —

Alta, Buena Vista County.—19. Visited. 21. To no great extent.—[Thompson.

Fort Dodge, Webster County.—19. Came August 18, left August 24, 1876, from north to
south. 20. Twice. 21. Birds, squirrels, ground-mice, hogs, domestic fowls, and black-
birds most.—[ Mrs. Swain.

Dakota City, Humboldt County.—19. Millions of them. 20. 1869, 1871, 1873, and 1875,
with hatching in intermediate years. 21. Chickens have saved gardens here; turkeys
also.—[ Adams.

Estherville, Emmet County.—19. It was. 20. June 12,1873. 21. Turkeys and prairie-
chickens.—[ Jarvis.

Alta, Buena Vista County.—21. Birds, domestic fowls, and hogs. Hogs will plow the
ground for them.—[ Crowell.

Pringhar, O’Brien County.—19. Was visited in1876. 20. May, 1873; July, 1874; June,
1875; July, 1876.—[ Longshore.

MINNESOTA.

Heron Lake, Jackson County.—19. This is the fifth year this section has been visited.
21. A great many eggs and young locusts are destroyed by all kinds of birds.—[ Ed-
wards.

West Newton, Nicollet County.—19. More plenty than in 1876. 20. July 4, 1874, depos-
ited eggs for 1875; came again in 1876 and deposited everywhere. 21. They destroy
a good many.—| Kyllander.

New Auburn, Sibley County.—19. It was. 20. 10th to 20th July, 1874; deposited. 21.
Probably one in fifty.—[Clevinger.

Norwood, Carver County.—19. Came just as we commenced to stick the grapes in 1876.
20. Last year was the first. 21. Domestic and wild birds do much good, domestic
turkey the best.—[ Tiffany.

4 Mapleton, Blue Earth County.—20. July 4, 1874. Remained only a few days.—[ Wil-
jams.

Worthington, Nobles County.—19. It was. 20. Visited in 1873, 1874,1876. 21. All wild
birds are very useful. The tame ones seem to tire after a few days.—[ Churchill.

Albert Lea, Freeborn County.—19. Raids came near September 1, and deposited eggs
1876. 21. Hens and chickens are of great benefit, will keep a garden entirely free
from ’hoppers.—[ Parker.

Dewald, Nobles County.—19. Visited four years in succession, viz, 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876;
last much the worst. 21. Birds are of greatest use, especially blackbird and its varie-
ties. The prairie hen and most other terrestrial birds do good service.—|[ Bates.

Excelsior, Hennepin County.—19. Not visited until autumn. 20. 1857 and 1858. 21.
Domestic fowls are very useful.—[ Powers.

Lake Park, Becker County.—19. It was visited in1876. 20. 1876, 1875, 1874.—[ Holton.

Alexandria, Douglas County.—20. Slightly (in a few localities) in 1872 and generally
in 1856 and 1857 ; at this latter date this section was comparatively new and unsettled.
21. Only an imperceptible extent, but a very small fraction of the immense aggre-
gate.—[ Donaldson.

Magnolia, Rock County.—19. They visited us in 1876. 20. In June, 1873. In 1874
raised a crop from eggs and were visited by raids the last week in July; 1875, the last
week of July and 1st of August; 1876 raised a crop from eggs and received visit from
raiders the last week of July.—[Brockway.] 21. They destroy immense numbers.—
[ Unknown.

Tenhassen, Martin County.—19. Was visited from July 1 to 10, 1876. 20. Was visited
ue 16, 1873. 21. Domestic and wild birds of all kinds have destroyed considerable.—

erry.

Windom, Cottonwood County.—19. Visited in 1876. 20. 1875, 1874, and 1873; different
times May, June, and as late as August they have alighted each year.—[ Huntington.

Excelsior, Hennepin County—20. Had *hoppers in 1856 and 1857. 21. Hens are very
effective in small patches with young ’hoppers.—[ Post.

Watab, Benton County.—19. It was. 20. Here in July, 1856; left in 1857. 21. Black-
birds and hogs to no great extent.—[Gilman.

Saint Peter, Nicollet County.—19. Not until September; did little harm. 20. In 1874,
ae = eggs and hatched. Ate worse than this year as yet. 21. Very little good.—

rnold.

Monticello, Wright County.—20. Visited in 1856; left in 1857.—[ Mehose.

Morristown, Rice County.—21. Blackbirds, quails, and hens.—[ Kenney.

Cosmos, Meeker County.—19. It was. 20. About twenty years ago. 21. Birds and
domestic fowls appear to subsist on them, but the difference they make is impercepti-
ble.—[ McDonald.

Alexandria, Douglas County.—20. Slightly five or six years ago and eighteen or nine-
teen years ago. 21. Chickens have been the only destroyers. When caught by the
pailfull and given to hogs they appear to eat them with a relish.—[ Abercrombie.

[228] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Mankato, Plue Earth County—21. Blackbirds and robins very destructive, but not
enough birds in the State.—[ Wise.

Glenwood, Pope County.—19. Visited heavily in 1876. 21. Both domestic and wild
birds and fowls destroy great numbers of eggs and insects.—[Campbell.

Detroit, Becker County.—19. Millions here in 1876; eggs deposited everywhere in the
county. 21. The biras destroy countless numbers.—[ Day.

Janesville, Waseca County.—19. Were not. 20. September 1,1874. 21. Some extent.—
[| Headley.

Grafton, Sibley County.—20. 1375; 1874 deposited eggs.—[ Gardner.

Holmes City, Douglas County.—19. No. 20. July 4, 1864, left in a few days. 21. Ate
what they could.—[ Blackwell.

Detroit, Becker County.—19. Yes. 20. 1873, 1874, 1875. 21. Blackbirds are powerful
aids. Domestic fowls sometimes save whole gardens.—[ Wood.

Ros ues Steele County.—20. August and September, 1876. 21. Toalarge extent.—
ark.

Alden, Freeborn County.—19. August 25, 1876. 20. Never here to deposit eggs. 21.
Very small. Turkeys and geese.—[ Cross.

Becker, Sherburne County.—20. 1856. 21. Blackbirds best; chickens good; hogs.—
[ Wagner.

Burnhamville, Todd County.—19. July 19, 1876. 20. Not visited before. Prairie
chicken. 21. Crow, robin, turkeys, ducks, and chickens. Twenty chickens and duck-
lings, when two weeks old, at the time the ’hoppers begin to hatch, will clean cut one
acre, however thick the eggs were deposited.—[ Rhode.

Alberta Township, Sauk Rapids, Benton County.—20. August 13, 1874, deposited eggs;
have come every year since, from the first week in August to 10th of September.—
[ McCulloch.

Avon, Stearns County.—21. A great deal.—[ Brakefield.

Detroit, Becker County.—19. It was. 20. For the past six years.—[ Unknown.

Hersey, Nobles County.—20. June 13, 1873, deposited eggs, stayed five days. 1874 had
the young ones. 1875 came again and deposited eggs very thick. 1876 eggs hatched.
July 23 flying “hoppers came and deposited, which hatched this year. 21. The birds
destroy a large number of eggs when exposed by harrowing, also the young.—[Cua-
ningham.

Seward, Nobles County.—20. July 7, 1873, deposited eggs. In 1874 the young took the
crops, and raid came and left about the same time. 1875 came and deposited. 1876
a few came lastof June. Cloudscame July 12. 21. Eggs were too multitudinous for a
large proportion to be destroyed by birds.—[Terry.

Madelia, Watonwan County.—20. July 3, 1873. 1874 hatched. 1875, July 9. 1876
hatched and came August 18, and laid for this spring hatch. 21. The best friends we
have.—[ Sylvester.

Orr, Jackson County.—20. August, 1864. June 12, 1873. 21. Destroyed one in ten.—
[ Palmer.

South Bend, Blue Earth County.—20. No full crop for four years. 21. Hoppers too
numerous this year.—[ Davis.

Norseland, Nicollet County.—19. In harvest-time in 1876, and deposited. 20. Middle
of July, 1874, deposited eggs, which hatched in the spring of 1875. 21. Not to any ex-
tent.—[ Webster.

Jackson, Jackson County.—19. Crops mostly destroyed in 1876. 20. 1876~74—73: a
little circle here escaped in 1875. 21. No doubt have been useful.—[Chamberlaine.

Dassel, Meeker County.—19. August 1, 1876, and deposited. 20. Twenty years ago.
21. To no perceptible extent.—[ Maxon.

Eagle Lake, Blue Earth County.—20. Fall of 1874.—[Reynolds.] 19. By flying ’hop-
pers. Laid eggsin August. 20. Domestic fowls like them very well. Blackbirds pre-
fer to dig corn.—[ Unknown.

Worthington, Nobles County.—19. We were visited in 1876. 20. Jaly 24 and 25, until
August 10, 1876; July 26 to August 8, 1875; August 1, 1874; June 2, 1873. 21. Wild
and domestic fowls have destroyed 20 per cent. of the young hatched and 5 per cent.
of the raiders.—[ McDowell.

Collins, McLeod County.—20. July 4, 1874; 1875; July 18, 1876.—[ Canfield.

Le Sueur, Le Sueur County.—19. August 25, 1876.—[Chapman.

Banks, Faribault County.—19. Fall of 1876 for first time. 21. Broods of turkeys or
chickens are very destructive. I had a garden of 4 acres covered with hoppers. I
hatched about 100 turkeys and chickens; in a week they had cleaned them out.—
| Payne.

Gotan Gate, Brown County.—19. Was visited. 20. Three years from 4th to 15th of
July. 21. All kinds of birds to some extent.—[ Letford.

Kerkhoven, Swift County —21. Chickens, turkeys, and other domestic birds were use-
ful; also, the large yellow-headed blackbird.—[ Jacobson.

Raymond, Stearns County.—19. First visitation in 1876. 21. They have all been use-
ful.—[ Raymond. ;

APPENDIX XXI.—PREVIOUS VISITATIONS. (2201)

Sibley, Sibley County—19. No ’hoppers were hatched in 1876 ; swarms came in the fall
of 1876. 20. 1857, 1858, 1864, 1865, 1874, 1875, 1576, 1877. 21. Tosome extent.—-[ Wood-
bury. :

Herman, Grant County.—19. Were visited for first time. 21. Birds have doné good
work; blackbirds most.—[ Hogeson.

Pipe Stone, Pipe Stone County.—19. Yes, plenty came. 20. No.—[Sweet.

Pelican Rapids, Otter Tail County—19. Twice in 1876. 20. They have visited this
place for the last six years, not always doing damage. 21. They eat all they can.—
[ Mrs. Colby.

Morris, Stevens County.—19. Yes. 20. 1874. 21. Birds destroy many, fowls some.—
[ Heath.

Vicksburg, Renville County.—20. 1873.—[ Hale.

Worthington, Nobles County.—21. Blackbirds, wheat-birds, blue, lake-gulls, prairie-
chickens, ducks.—[ McDowell.

Fairmount, Martin County.—20. 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, 1877. 21. All kinds of the
feathered tribe, both tame and wild, eat all they can.—[ Bullard.

Moorhead, Clay County.—19. Had a most numerous visit in 1876. 20. 1863, 1864, 1865
(1865 little damage done), 1866, 1867, 1869, bad in few places; 1870, 1871, 1872, bad;
1873, 1874, 1875, 1876. 21. From the crow down to the little wren they are useful.—[ Un-
known.

‘Otto, Pope County.—20. 1871, did little injury.—[ Hoffman.

Oak Lake, Becker County.—19. Flew in. 20. Came in 1871; deposited eggs which
hatched in 1872; in 1874, hatched in 1875; again 1876. 21. Domestic fowls, crows,
blackbirds, and grouse, do good work.—[ Unknown.

Swansea, Renville County.—20. 1864; 1074 latter deposited eggs.—[ Davis.

Alexandria, Douglas County.—20. July 1, 1871. 21. Very little.—[ Unknown.

DAKOTA.

Sioux Falls Post-ofice, Lincoln County—19. Our county had its full share in 1876. 20.
1874. 21. They are destroying a great number.—[ Jacobs.

Springfield, bon Homme County.—20. August 3, 1872; 1874, 1875, 1876.—[ Hitchcock.

Willowtown, Armstrong County.—19. Was. 20. 1875. 21. All feathered tribes seem to
destroy them.—[ Taylor.

Forestburg, Bramble County.—20. July 25, 1876; July 12, 1875.—[Santee.

he Ttapids, Minnehaha County.—19. Crops almost entirely destroyed. 20. 1874.—
[ Hill.

Madison, Lake County.—20. July 17, 1874; July 19, 1875; July 14, 1876.—[ Law.

Bon Homme, Bon Homme County.—19. It was visited. 20. Beginning with 1858, and
every year since. 21. Domestic fowls have destroyed many; birds have destroyed
more than all other animals.—[ Bradford.

Saybrook, Clay County.—19. In the fall, very numerous and deposited eggs. 20. Six
years out of nine; increasing every year. 21. All kinds of birds and fowls.—[ Hall.

Wathalla, Pembina County.—19. We were not visited last year. 20. Every year from
1863 to 1875. 21. Prairie chickens feed on the eggs; their crops, on being opened, ap-
pear to contain nothing but locusts in their season; domestic fowls, pigs, and toads
feed on them.—[Mayer.] 20. 1875 and 1876. 21. Slight.—[Unknown.

Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County.—21. Birds have destroyed myriads; many fields hav-
ing been kept clean.—[ Everett.

Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County.—19. This section was infested in 1876. 20. They flew
over thickly the three previous years, but did serious damage only once.—[Clarke.

Jamestown, Stutsman County.—19. July 12, 1876. 20. About July 21, 18.5. 21. In
this section blackbirds.—[ Moore.

Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County.—19. Was visited, but very little harm done. 20.
August, 1875; July, 1873; September, 1871. 21. Birds, &c., prove very desiructive,
but do not seem to visibly affect the number. At this time (May) the young as fast
as hatched are devoured by birds, &c. The birds will readily follow a team all day,
| going over breakiugs where the team disturbs the eggs.

Spring Valley, Turner County.—19. It was. 20. In 1874 and 1872.—[ Andrews.

Olivet, Hutchinson County.—19. It is the only year in which damage has been done.
Came from the north, and stayed 20 days.—[ Jones.

APPENDIX XXUHIBE.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES FROM MINNESOTA.

Saint Paul.—I find that I can add another grasshopper year to the Minnesota list,
i.e. 1866. It was not a visitation, but simply an appearance. They passed over a
town in Kandiyohi County, and stopped over for one night; left the next day, and
nothing more was heard of them in this place. They were also seen in nearly the
same way at or near Redwood Falls. Probably these were only some stray swarm of
the invasion of that year, and though it amounts to nothing as an ‘ invasion,” goes
to swell up the facts in regard to the general state of the case.

I have been expecting to alight on something that would show the appearance of
locusts here in 1867, but so far I have found nothing. The invasion was so close to
us (in Iowa) that probably swarms passed over Southwest Minnesota; but the country
was unsettled then.

Mr. C. H. Bates, a surveyor living at Yankton, writes, January 28, 1878:

‘“‘ Since receiving your letter, I have examined files of our local papers, and find no
mention of them (locusts in 1873). Taylor (editor of the Herald) tells me that it was
an understanding between the papers to make no mention of them that season. The
grasshoppers were here that year, but did not do much damage. I have talked with
several of the farmers in this vicinity, and find their memories are a little conflicting
as regards events that year, but all say they were here. From information received,
I will say : Grasshoppers were here during the summer of 1873, and damaged the crops
somewhat, as near as I can learn, in sections or streaks, that is, in some localities they
did considerable damage, while in others they did none. The wheat was most all har-
vested ; and I see that the papers reported the crop good, both as regards quantity and
quality, and, the papers say, better than in 1872. Corn and oats were but part of a
crop; in some sections it was all taken. The first Hying of the grasshoppers was from
the northwest to southeast, about the 4th of July. No eggs were deposited; and, in
fact, none, to any extent, ever have been, except in the summer of 1876. I mean by
the above that no eggs were deposited within the settlements in Southeastern Dakota.
In the central part, some hatched in 1874.” Z

On further inquiry as to this latter statement, Mr. Bates adds: ‘‘ The sand-hills of
the Cheyenne of the North, and west of the Missouri River, near the west boundary of
the Territory, about the 46th parallel of latitude. This I get from a man who was in
that country in 1874.”

From what Mr. Bates says in regard to the injury—slight to wheat and severe to
oats and corn—I should judge that the visit in Dakota Territory that year was later
than in Minnesota and in Iowa, and I believe I have already told you that Mr. F. J.
Cross, immigration agent, said that a few eggs were Jaid near Yankton in September.
But, though they did appear early in June in Minnesota and in Iowa, they kept com-
ing, were going north over Jackson, Minn., on the 2d of August, and came into some
lowa counties in August—Harrison, for instance.

In regard to Iowa, I have now reports:

1857, 1958.—Ida, Harrison, Pottawattamie, and Montgomery Counties.

1858, 1859.—Woodbury County.

1864, 1865.—Woodbury County.

1867, 1868.—Dickinson, Kossuth, Sioux, Palo Alto, Plymouth, Buena Vista, Pocahon-
tas, Humboldt, Ida, Lac, Calhoun, Webster, Hamilton, Carroll, Greene, Boone, Harrison,
Audubon, Guthrie, Cass, Adair, Warren, Montgomery, Union, Page, and Ringgold Coun-
ties.

1868, 1869.— Woodbury, Crawford, and Pottawattamie Counties.

1874.—Hatched in the counties of Lyon, Osceola, Dickinson, Emmett,! Kossnth,'
Sioux,? O’Brien? (eggs deposited in June 4, 1873, and hatched same year), Plymouth,?
Pocahontas, Humboldt, Wright (in west half), Woodbury, Lac, Calhoun (many in north
half), Webster, Monona(?), Harrison, Pottawattamie,! Mills,2 Montgomery, Union (a
few). Often appeared to be about the east limit in that latitude.

1In very great numbers. 2In very small numbers.

[230]

’

APFENDIX XXII.—NOTES FROM MINNESOTA. [231]

1875.—Hatched in the counties of Lyon? (?), Palo Alto, Plymouth,? Wright (a few in
west half), Guthrie, Cass (?), Mills,? and Fremont.?

1876.—Hatched in the counties of Lyon (?) (few), Osceola,? Plymouth,? Wright (a
few in west half) (?), Crawford, Audubon,! Cass,! Mills, Montgomery, Fremont! (?), Page,
and Taylor (in west half).

1877.—Counties of Lyon,! Osceola,! Dickinson, Emmett,? Kossuth, Winnebago, Worth,?
Sioux,! O’Brien (?), Clay, Palo Alto (no damage), Hancock, Plymoutb, Buena Vista, Po-
cahontas,? Humboldt, Wright (in west half), Woodbury,! Ida,! Lac, Calhoun,' Webster,
Hamilton, Monona, Crawford,? Carroll,! Greene, Boone, Story (in northwest corner),
Harrison, Guthrie, Dallas (in northwest corner), Pottawattamie, Cass,? Adair,! Madison
(in northwest quarter), Mills, Montgomery,? Adams,! and Page.?

Mitchell County—None hatched here.

Cerro Gordo County—None ever hatched here. Eggs were deposited in 1876, but did
not batch.

Floyd County.—Never troubled.

Brewer County.—Some people thought they saw them flying over Waverly in 1877.

Hamilton County.—None between 1868 and 1876.

Hardin County.—None ever hatched here; never troubled. But I picked them up
last September at Ackley, in the northeast corner of the county (some, then, evidently
alighted), and a farmer passing told me that they were thicker out in the fields than
they were in the spring.

Grundy County.—None ever hatched here, but flew over Grundy Center in 1877.

Black Hawk County.—Some people thought they flew over Waterloo in 1877.

Greene County. Have been with us more or less since 1867. In some years but few,
however.

Story County.—Never hatched until 1877, in northwest corner. Professor Bessey
says they were at Ames in 1867, 1874, 1875, 1876, and 1877; in 1873 and 1874 a few speci-
mens, considerably more in 1875, while in 1876 they were abundant. Hatched in 1377,
but did not amount to much.

Marshall County.—F lew over Marshalltown in 1877.

Tama County.—F lew over Toledo in 1877.

Benton County.—Some thought they flew over Vinton in 1877.

Jasper County.—None came here.

Poweshiek County.—F lew southwest over Montezuma in 1877.

Warren County.—Came in 1867, and a few have been hopping about ever since; no
damage since 1867 and 1268.

Marion County.—None.

Clark County.—None.

Lucas County—WHave never had them; have resided here since 1857, and think I
sbould have known it if they had ever done injury here.

Monroe County.—Have never had them.

Ringgold County.—In 18€7, 1868. None have hatched since 1873.

Decatur and Wayne Counties—None hatched here since 1873.

I thought at first that 1868~69 must be a slip of memory for 1867-68, but my re-
ports from Woodbury and Pottawattamie Counties are very carefully written, evidently,

- and are probably correct; that from Crawford County is very brief, but may be correct

also.

I was considerably surprised to find that there was so much hatching in Iowa in
1876, but I think tke reports are correct, because the writers go on to speak of the
occurrences of 1877; and in several cases these eggs appear to have been laid by swarms
moving up from the south in June. But the statements are generally so brief that it is
hand to say exactly what is meant, and I do not know how good authority the writers

ave.

N. B.—It seems to me that considerable work was left undone lact summer in the
way of collecting facts. So far as I am concerned, I am sorry that I didn’t have my
work mapped out better, but that was my fault.

In regard to 1877, what Professor Bessey says about damage to crops is confirmed
from almost every county. Out of the whole list there are only two or three that
admit serious injury, while most of them report that the yourg largely failed to hatch,
or where they were numerous failed to prove as destructive as formerly.

I am sorry I did not have all this to send to you a month ago, but some of it has just
come in. I have written to some counties three times, first to county auditors, then
to clerks of courts, and lastly to postmasters, and in this way have got some kind of
a reply from almost every county.—[Allen Whitman.

Saint Cloud.—I have seen and conversed with many of the old residents of Stearns
County—Americans, Irish, Scotch, English, and Germans—and as I speak the German
sufficiently to hold conversation in that language, I have used it with the last nation-
ality, so that there should be no mistake in their understanding me, and they are nearly

1In very great numbers. 2In very small numbers.

[232] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

all positive that the grasshoppers came in 1856, deposited their eggs that year, and
hatched and left in 1857. A few rather thought 1855 and 1856 were the years, but they
were by no means positive. I was a resident of Saint Paul in all of the years above
named, and recollect distinctly that in 1856 we had the news of a serious invasion of
the upper country by the ’hoppers. In 1862 they came also in vast numbers as far
south and east as the old crossing of the Ottertail River. I was at the time in com-
mand of mounted troops, escorting a train of supplies for Fort Abercrombie, and about
twelve miles on this side of the fort they alighted, while we halted for dinner, in count-
less millions, and began an indiscriminate attack on everything eatable, even to our
saddle-blankets. I believe they left without depositing their eggs, however, but of
this am not positive. From very reliable and quite disinterested information I am sure
your assertion as to the years 1856 and 1857 is correct. As to the flies, they were the
flies described in your bulletin as the Tachina fly. Some two or three weeks before
the final flight of the “hoppers I noticed thousands of those flies on my timothy and
clover meadow, where the locusts were in great numbers, and noticed that they seemed
to be in fear, restless, and uneasy. I found by watching that they had cause to be, for
no sooner would one take wing, or even hop, but he would be attacked by those flies.
Finally the locusts rose en masse aud left, and shortly after (I have now forgotten how
soon) the flies left in a cloud or swarm, nearly all. I saw the locusts leave, also the
flies. Then, about the last flights of locusts going southeast, or shortly after, I saw
at two different times, on different days, flights of what I believed, and still believe,
were the same flies before spoken of. My neighbor, Donald McIntosh, also saw one, if
not more, swarms of these flies, apparently following the locusts. In every instance
they (the flies) took the same course as the locusts.—[J. I. Salter.

Sibley, Sibley County.—They have visited us in the years 1857, 1858, 1864, 1865, 1874,
1875, 1876, and 1877. When there is no wind they fly about 8 or 10 miles an hour, but
when going with the wind they move much faster. They only fly three or four hours
in the mid le of the day.—[C. E. Woodbury, July 8, 1877.

Marshall, Lyon County.—Mr. Lorenzo Lawrence, of Yellow Banks, an educated Indian,
who is fifty-five years old, and less reticent than most Indians, was here last week. He
says the ’hoppers always came into this country occasionally since his infancy—he
thinks once in three to five years; generally laid eggs, and the next year few away
westward, and no more was seen of them till three or four years after. But since crops
are sown here they like grain, and do not return as before, but fly only a few miles—
say, from 20 to 100 or 150, settle down and breed, and the hatch of the following year
go no farther than to where the parents hatched.—[D. F. Weymouth, July 18, 1877.

Collins, McLeod Countyn—When the wind changes the youvg ’hoppers seem to hop
against it for the period of twenty-four hours, and then in every direction until another
change takes place. * * * In 1874, July 4, the first hoppers I ever saw alighted
here. While I was in the Army, in 1865, some were hatched here. There were very
few settlers here at the time and I cannot learn much of their history. Commenced
depositing eggs July 25, 1874, hatched in May, and left mostly July 9, 1875, forty-nine
days after hatching. Arrived here July 17, 1876, and commenced laying July 20, and
kept at it two months. Travel from 4 to 20 miles per hour ; usually fly from 9 a. m. to
4p. m., but when two or three nights pass without dew collecting mature ’hoppers will
frequently fly in the night. There is no habit that is not abandoned at some time dur-
ing the season.—[G. C. Canfield, June 14, 1877.

Herman, Grant County.—The ’hoppers came here Jast year on the 4th of July, stopped
two days, and proceeded in a southeast direction. They came again in the latter part
of the same month and stopped several weeks; deposited their eggs everywhere. They
did not fly here in either case, but came on the ground.—[ Thos. C. Hox gson, June 22, 1877.

Orr, Jackson County——Answer to question 20. August, 1864; June, 12, 1873. Eggs
laid both years.—[Jared Palmer, June 18, 1877.

Dewald, Nobles County.—1 have sown a varied assortment of farm seeds for the past
five years, and know of but one crop that is free from their attacks, viz, peas. Sor-
ghum will escape pretty well if it has attained large size before it is attacked. Some
of the neighbors have a hard-strawed variety of wheat—Red Osaka—which suffered less
than the Fife, although it is by no meansproof againstthem. * * * After theyare
a month or so old they havea habit of getting off to the low-land, ravines, banks of
streams, timothy meadows, &c., and remaining there till they get their wings; they
then congregate in swarms and raid on the crops. Pease and horse-radish are the only
cultivated plants J am acquainted with that they won’t eat; and, among wild plants,
cockleburr, purslane, and helianthus, seem to be exempt, but the native grasses are
eaten by them when they can get nothing to suit their palate better. Raiders (invad-
ing swarms) always attack oats first, then flax, corn, wheat, and potatoes, in the order
-given.—[ David Bates, June 13, 1877. 3

Dassel, Meeker County.—The ’hoppers came here August 1, 1876; not visited in any
previous year except 20 years ago I am told they were here, but cannot obtain any re-
liable information concerning their depredations at that time. Young *hoppers con-
gregate at sunset in groups or bunches at the foot of fence-posts, under sides of logs,

APPENDIX XXII.—NOTES FROM MINNESOTA. [233 |

at roots of stumps, by the sides of building's, &c., and remain quiet. When larger
they climb upon fences, buildings, trunks of trees, &c. The full-grown ’hoppers also
climb the stalks of grain, small bushes, fences, buildings, &c., during night. Sometimes
they cat during night, at othertimes they remain quiet. I have known them to eat the
weatherboards in my house in one night so that it looked like newly planed lumber.
* * * Young ’heppers never march during night, but Iam of the opinion that the
old ones fly all night some nights.—[S. W. Maxson, August 1, 1877.

Burnhamville, Todd County—Among wild birds useful in destroying the young and
fledged insects is, first, the prairie chicken or grouse, the crowrobin. Of the domes-
tic fowls, ducks and hens are the most effective. I had 150 young and old turkeys,
ducks, and hens; constructed light coops that could be moved and kept the fowls out
night and day; were only supplied with water. Twenty chickens or ducklings when
two weeks old at the time the ’hoppers begin to hatch, will clear out one acre however
thick the eggs were deposited. Eggs were deposited on about 20 acres of my farm
and “hoppers hatched accordingly. With tar and fowls I save almost the entire crop,
but the latter were my chief reliance. Kept them in the grain till the ’hoppers left—
about the fifth of July. I am confident that a twenty or thirty acre field can be saved by
a farmer if he provides for poultry in season. The young should be about two weeks
old when the first ’hopper eggs hatch. The ground must be plowed in the Fall or
Spring so they will hatch gradually.—[ Albert Rhoda, August 24, 1877.

New Auburn, Sibley County—Locusts flying 22d June, and almost daily since from 9
a.m. to 4 p.m., mainly from the southeast, but sometimes from north and northwest
from from 5 to 40 miles per hour, averaging, probably 15 miles. Temperature 70° to
90°; weather clear, sometimes scattering clouds. I can scarcely give an idea of the
density ; apparently like a heavy snow-storm; height from 100 feet to as far up as the
eye can reach; to protect the eyes and look toward the sun, seemingly one mile, at
least as bigh as a bright object of that size can be seen with the naked eye, and, prob-
ably, much higher.—[S. 8. Clevenger, July &, 1877.

Becker, Sherburne County.—Were visited in 1856. The ’hoppers did not act (in 1876)
as they did in 1856, for then they did not begin to lay until the nights began to get
cold ; but this time they began to lay next day after they arrived.—[ John A. Wayner.

Banks, Faribault County—I had a garden of four acres covered with ’hoppers. I
hatched about 100 turkeys and chickens; in two weeks they had cleaned them out.—
[ Wm. O. Payne, July 21, 1877.

Excelsior, Hennepin County.—Had ’hoppers in 1856; left 1857, having damaged spring
wheat, but not much winter wheat.—['T. Bost. |

Medalia, Watonwan County.— Hoppers visited us July 3, 1873. In 1874 hatched and
destroyed nearly all crops. Came in 1875, July9. In1876 hatched and did great dam-
age; also visited us in immense swarms from northwest August 18, which laid eges.
—[C.C. Sylvester, June 16, 1877. ,

Grafton, Sibley County.—July 1, 1877, at noon, ’hoppers in great numbers fill the air
from 20 rods high to just as high as the eye can see them ; seem to be going southwest,
as the wind is northeast. They fly at all times just the way the wind blows. The
weather is very warm; tbe upper current of air is very mild; ’hoppers moving very
slow, while the lower current is a little stiffer, and, consequently, the lower ’hoppers
are moving much faster than the higher ones.—[Geo. R. Gardner, July 2, 1877.

Lagle Lake, Blue Earth County.—In answer to question 20 1 can say we were visited
by the grasshoppers the Fall of 1874. They laid eggs and died with us. The spring of
1>75 they commenced hatching out about the 20th of May; on the 25th of May I wrote
In my diary ‘grasshoppers very thick”; again May 31, “‘’hoppers very thick, some
think they will take everything.” They did us but very little damage and went away
without laying any eggs. It was in May, that summer, that Blue Earth County paid
out over $30,000 within ten days for grasshoppers. No one here believes that our crops
were saved by that operation. It distributed that amount of money among the people
who actually needed it, and that is about all the good we can see that it did. It is
worse than folly for any county or even State alone to attempt by paying a bounty to
destroy the hoppers, and by that means expect to save their crops. It would bank-
rupt the State to pay ten cents a bushel for grasshoppers this year.—[Ira B. Reynolds,
June 15, 1877.

Marshall, Lyon County.—When flying high in the air old locusts always go direct with
the wind, but often beat up against the wind, or at some angle of it by short flights
near the surface. In 1865, July 13,a large caravan passed across my claim going west
in the teeth of a strong northwest wind. The advance was two days ahead of the rear
guard, and between them there was, at least, a grasshopper to the square inch all the
way, and all the time. I do not think they went quite a mile an hour, and they eat
all in their way, and left the country as soon as the wind changed to the southeast.
They had been batched in the lower valley of the Redwood, and eaten it clean, and
started west for food and pressed on as fast as the winds would admit, and when they
could not fly in the usual way they flew as far as they could, and then flew again, feed-
ing as they went. The same swarm of locusts will fly in every direction, short flights.

[234] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

I have most satisfactory evidence that they have flown from the north part of Lyon

County to Lake Benton—say 40 miles—ene day, and returned to the central part of

pee eounly the third day, and after remaining a day or two gone east and not re-
urned.

They do not fly high in cloudy weather, but will go from one wheat-field to another.
Do not fly in hard winds, and never are seen flying except between 8 a.m. and7 p.m.,
generally from 10 a. m.to4 p.m. If they fly nights no one knows it. If they go to
roost they are in the same spot next morning, and do not move till they breakfast and
the dew is all off. They only float with the wind when flying high, and go just as
fast as the wind blows. With a strong glass I can plainly see locusts and cottonwood
seeds flying together, and they keep the same rate of progress, but the locusts will
leave the cottonwood seeds to the right and left, and go below and above them, show-
ing that they make use of their wings to keep up and gyrate in flying, but I think
they propel ahead none at all after they get high, but fly forward and upward very
tast when rising from the ground to fly away, or for short flights.

As to how far they fly, I have no reliable data, nor much basis for an opinion. But
we can, at least, judge pretty certainly the age of a locust; for a locust breeds but
once, never couples until it has flown, but does directly after, doing his courting tying,
and dees not live long after it lays its eggs. So we can judge by their age in what
latitude they hatched, and by that give a good guess how far they have traveled.
Now, those that came here in 1873, June 17, began to couple as soon as they lit. They
hatched and came to the winged state far south of this, and came here pretty rapidly.
Last summer flights came bere in August (I cannot tix date), asd began to couple as
soon as they alighted. We could trace them back by telegraph as far as Manitoba. I
believe they came from the Saskatchewan Valley and hatched after the middle of June.
I think they fly above the limits of human or telescopic vision, in long journeys, and it
may be day and night, for a thousand miles.

As to preference in food the locust, while willing to eat anything, is really epicu-
rean; but of all things, they love the tender leaves and new wood of maples, poplars,
ash, box-elder, bass, currant, and raspberry; lilacs they will eat to the ground, and
kill rhubarb and asparagus of large growth; pepper, tobacco, mustard, cabbage, tur-
nips, celery, beets, carrots, spinach, parsley, and lettuce they generally take clean;
beans, they are fond of; corn, they do not like so well as tender prairie-grass till about
silking, then they are very fond of it. They eat barley, rye, wheat, oats, and flax about
alike; some seasons they seem to eat wheat more, some oats more, accoraing as one is
more tender than the other when they arrive. Vines—cucumbers, melons, pumpkins,
&c., they let alone generally ; also potatoes, tomatoes, and pease, but will eat any of
them if hard pressed.

I think all birds eat some grasshoppers, but ducks, partridges, quails, and prairie-
chickens, are so much vegetarians that I seldom find a grasshopper in their craws.
Crows, blackbirds of all stripes, snipe, plover, king-birds, ground-birds, pigeons of all
kinds, geese, cranes, turkeys, and common fowls destroy great numbers. The fancy
hens are too lazy to catch them. Ten turkeys and their young will keep a ten-acre
lot free from grasshoppers ; I have tried it successfully. But in this country frogs are
very numerous, hatching in the “‘sloos,” and going into ponds, lakes, and streams as
the “sloos” dry out, and they kill more grasshoppers, ten to one, than all the birds (?).
I have seen a frog in the twilight in my door-yard eat 5 large locusts in 8 minutes;
and he kept it up all night for all that I know. Skunks eat them.—[ D. F. Weymouth,
Jaly 7, 1877.

Sk Rapids, Benton County.—The section I live in has not been troubled with grass-
hoppers since I have lived here—that is since 1870. This is a timbered section and
they do not appear to thrive in it. On 13th August, 1874, a great many came from the
northwest and deposited eggs, but there was very few of them hatched out the follow-
ing spring. There is a regular flight of them from the northwest to southeast from
about the first week in August until about September 10, every year since the date
first mentioned.—[ James McCulloch, June 18, 1877.

Morristown.—I have watched probably twenty egg-masses go through the process of
hatching. They all cast off the outer shell before any leave the cocoon; and with
their bodies and long legs covered with a translucent film, opened in front, with their
heads and fore legs protruding they writhe and press the foremost individual against
and through the covering of earth. So badly is the first one punished by squeezing
that it is sometimes the last of the lot to make a jump. After the first, the others
quickly follow by the wriggling, moving their heads to and fro and pushing with their
short fore legs. As they emerge from their cells and reach the surface of the ground
they tip over sidewise or upon their backs, and by the motion of their bodies and re-
strained legs, helped by the legs and feet that are free, they slide this gown, which
restrains them, backwards; when it has approximated the posterior extremity they
whop over upon their faces and make a jump. By this first jump, if successful, they
are freed from this gossamer sack, and are entirely at liberty. If the first attempt
fails they try another jump, and until they become free. The sacks (the thin white

APPENDIX XXII.—NOTES FROM MINNESOTA. [235]

coverings) are all left (from one cocoon) on a spot of earth not larger than a fifty-cent
piece, and look like diminutive mushrooms, so neatly are they folded back and _ar-
ranged by the young locusts as they disrobe themselves.—[D. L. B. Coe, June 14, 1877.

Clear Lake, Sherburne County.—Early crops stand the best show with the ’hoppers,
for the reason that the early crops get a start and get tough before the ’hoppers are
large enough to eat much. I notice that those that planted early, their crops are not
being damaged near as much as those that planted late. It is not best to work the
crops so long as the “hoppers are in them. I have twenty-four acres of corn. The land
on which it was planted was very weedy last year. I planted my corn the 15th of
May, and now there is not a weed to be seen on the whole piece. The corn has not
been eaten but very little, but the weeds have been eaten as fast as they came out of
the ground. I have information from those that were here twenty years ago that those
that worked their crops lost them, and those who did not saved them.—[ Daniel Frye,
June 11, 1877.

Mankato, Blue Earth County.—One remarkable fact is observable: that the ’hoppers
frequent the woods, and are generally found quite thick in timber. Never observed
this before. In cases, have left grain-fields and taken to the timber.—[ John C. Wise
June 6, 1877.

APPENDIX XXUHEE.

ARE THE EGGS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN LOCUST LAID
THICKLY FOR TWO CONSECUTIVE YEARS IN THE SAME
LOCALITY ?

[Have you ever known the eggs of this Rocky Mountain locusi to be thickly laid for
two consecutive years in the same ground or in the same locality? Answers to the
above question sent out by Mr. Riley. ]

ARKANSAS.

Bentonville, Benton County.—1 have not.—[J. W. Williams. ]
Carrollion, Carroll County.—No.—[ John L. Sims.

COLORADO.

Colorado Springs, El Paso County.—Cannot answer from personal observation.—[ H.
McAlister.

Denver, Arapahoe County.—Yes. No. 3. In 1874, 1875, and 1876 they laid their eggs
very thickly on my farm and in its immediate vicinity, three years in succession, and
in the same breeding-spots.—[C. L. Campbell.

Fort Collins, Laramie County.—For three years, on my farm, have taey propagated
luxuriantly.—[R. Q. Tenney.

Georgetown, Clear Creek Countya—Eggs have been laid for two consecutive years in
the same locality, but whether in the same ground exactly I cannot say.—[H. W.
Pollitz.

Greeley, Weld County.—The eggs of the locust have been thickly Jaid in this vicinity
for two consecutive years. In the fall of 1875 and cf 1576 eggs were laid, avd in the spring
of 1876 and of 1877 the young hatched in such numbers as to destroy, or to be able to
destroy if left alone, crops in many parts of this valley (Cache Le Poudre) and on
the Saint Vrai, and Boulder Creek, in Boulder County. I speak from personal observa-
tion.—[G. B. Hight.

Howardsville,San Juan County.—In certain warm, sandy spots along the Animas
River, I have uoticed eggs laid and locusts hatch out for three successive seasons. Per-
haps, however, they were not true migratory locusts.

La Porte, Larimer County.—Yes; three years in succession (1875, 1876, 1677).—[E. N.
Garbutt.

Larkspur, Douglas County.—I think not.—[W. R. Leverson.

Pleasant Valley, Fremont County.—1 have not.—[S. C. Brown.

Pueblo, Pueblo County.—1 have not.—[Judge Hallett.

Saguache, Saguache County No.—[W. B. Felton.

Wheailand, Larimer County.—I have. They generally lay each yearon thesame knolls,
especially if it is sod ground, and there is anything on which they seem to love to feed
near.—[J. C. Abbott.

IOWA.

Algona, Kossuth County.—They have never deposited eggs here two years in succes-
sion.—[ H. C. McCoy.

Alta, Buena Vista County.—No; I have not.—[ Crowell & Thompson.

Ames, Story County.—I have not; but Iam on the very edge of the locust region, and
have seen comparatively little of them.—[C. E. Bessey.

Athol, Sioux County.—I have not.—[W. J. Newell.

Chickasaw, Chickasaw County.—Not thickly.—[ William Tucker.

Council Bluffs, Pottawattamie County.—No. Ihave resided here twenty-five years, and
have been visited by locusts several times, but I have never known them to lay eggs for
two consecutive years in the same ground.

Denison, Crawford County.—I have not.—[M. H. Wygant.

Des Moines, Polk County.—Eggs have never been laid thickly for two consecutive
years, so far as I am able to ascertain.—[ William H. Fleming.

Le Mars, Plymouth County.—I have no personal knowledge that the eggs have been
laid for two consecutive years in one locality, though it is said to have occurred in
some counties in Minnesota.—[J. M. Jenkins.

Little Sioux, Harrison County.—I have never known of their having been thickly iaid,
but have known them to be sparingly deposited by other swarms coming in fr m the
north-northwest; but the swarms coming in the second season are always small.—[A.
H. Gleason.

[236]

APPENDIX XXIII.—CONSECUTIVE EGG-LAYING. [237]

Sidney, Fremont Cownty.—Never knew the same ground with any eggs two consecu-
tive years.—[G. V. Swearingen.

Sioux County.—No; I have not. ‘ :

Sioux City, Woodbury County.—I have observed the grasshoppers in this locality ever
since 1857, and have never known it to be the case.—[ Wm. R. Smith.

Tabsr, Fremont County.—No.—[J. T. Sanborn.

Spirit Lake, Dickinson County.—In this county they did not lay their eggs any two
years in succession, but I am iuformed they did in part of Jackson, Nobles, Rock, Cot-
tonwood, and some other counties in Minnesota.* Some residents of this town inform
me that they deposited eggs in the above-named counties in 1873, 1874, 1875, and 1876;
others say 1874, 1875, and 1876, and others 1875 and 1876. Iam inclined to think that
1874, 1875, and 1876 is correct.—[ Emmet T. Hill.

Webster City, Keokuk County.—So far as my observation extende, the hoppers have
not deposited their eggs here during any two consecutive seasons.—[C. Aldrich.

West Liberty, Muscatine County.—No.—[E. H. King.

Onawa, Monona County.—Yes; I have. In 1867, the deposit of eggs in this county was
universal, and the ground was literally filled with them. In 1868, the ’hoppers re-
turned from the north, and in some localities in this county again deposited eggs so
thickly that the young ’hoppers in 1869 destroyed the spring grain in some places and
badly injured it in other places. I desire to say that here the fall-fledged ’hoppers
uniformly travel north up to the middle or 20th of July, and uniformly travel south
after that time.—[Addison Oliver.

Sac City, Sac Cownty—Have never known them to deposit eggs here two consecutive
years.—[ Washington Allen.

Shelby, Shelby County.—No.—[W. H. Brown.

Sheldon, O’ Brien County.—No.—[J. C. Elliot.

Sidney, Fremont County.—Our observations extend back some twenty years, and we
never knew eggs to be deposited two years in succession.—[G. V. Swearingen.

KANSAS.

Atchison, Atchison County.—Personally I have not. I think the eggs of this insect
have never been laid to any extent the year following the first hatching among us in
any part of our State, at least in the inhabited parts.—[H. P. Stebbins.] In 1866 and
1867 eggs were deposited in great abundance in the same localities; but the last crop
did not hatch out very good, and were not very destructive when they did hatch.—
LC. W. Johnson.

Belleville, Republic County.—No; I have not.—[J. P. Heaton.

Burlington, Coffey County.—A few in 1867 and 1868.—[B. L. Kingsbury.

Chanute, Neosho County.—No.

Cherryvale, Montgomery County.—I don’t think they ever laid eggs two years in suc-
cession in this country.—[C. G. Brooks.

Claytonville, Brown County.—In the past ten years we have been four times visited by
locusts. In the fall of 1867 they came and laid a feweggs. In August, 1868, they came
again in greater numbers, and laid their eggs, which hatched and did much damage in
1809. In August, 1874, they came again in still greater numbers, and left their eggs,
which hatched in 1875 and devoured almost everything. In September, 1876, they
came thicker tha ever before, and deposited their eggs s» closely that in many parts
the ground was covered; but the wet Fall and spring destroyed the eggs, and they did
but little damage. I have not seen eggs in the same ground or locality for two con-
secutive years.—[ William M. Robertson.

Lillis, Ellis County.—Have not observed particularly; but think not.

Llivon, McPherson County.—No.

Farland, McPherson County.—They bave never Jaid eggs in this county till last fall.

Geneva, Allen County.—I have not.—[Van Deman.

Great Bend, Barton County.— Have never known them to deposit eggs in same locality
for two consecutive years in this section of the State.—[D. J. Evans.
eal, Brown County.—Negative answer from allI have put the question to.—[E.

. Pratt.

Industry, Dickinson County.—No; nor has any one about here.—[G. J. Smart.

Iola, Allen County.—I have not.—[H. T. Rice.

Irving, Marshall County.—Several old settlers here tell me that in both the Fall of
1866 and 1867 grasshopper-eggs were thickly deposited in some localities in this dis-
trict, but the latter year they soon disappeared, after hatching in the spring, doing but
little harm.—[B. P. Ward.

Junction City, Davis County.—No; I have not.—[Charles S. Harris.

Lane, Franklin County.—No.—[ James Hanway.
eee renee Douglas County—No; and I have been here twelve years.—[George F.

aumer.

Leavenworth, Leavenworth County—I have not. They were laid here in 1867, hatched
out 1863, laid again in 1874, hatched out in 1875.—[J. A. Haldeman.

[238] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Logan, Phillips County.—I have never known them to deposit eggs two successive
years in this locality; but they deposited eggs two years in succession on my farm in
Cottonwood County, Minnesota.—[John Benjamin.

Manhattan, Riley County.—I think not, but am not sure.—[N. A. Adams.

Millwood, Leavenworth County.—\ have not.

Neosho Falls, Woodson County.—The eggs of the locusts were laid in the years 1875
and 1876, some three or four miles from this place, upon an extensive plowed field of
Thomas Herdman, and on a number of other farms near or inthe same ground in these
consecutive years.—[J. T. Goodnow.

Newton, Harvey County Have never known them to lay eggs for two consecutive
years in the same locality.—[T. L. Knott.

Norton, Norton County——No; and I observed them ten years ago in Northwestern
Iowa; six years agoin Jefferson County, Nebraska, and four years here.—[Thomas
Beamont.

Oakwood, Linn County.—No.—[W. E. McIntire.

Olathe, Johnson County.—No.—[E. P. Diehl.

Osborne City, Osborne County.—I have not.—[ M. Mohler.

Oswego, Labette County.—No. I have not.—[F. B. Abbott.

Ottawa, Franklin County.—No. No. Ne. Quite a large number of eggs were depos-
ited in the autumn of 1876, in the same localities that had received the deposits of
1874. These, however, generally came to nought in the egg, and the rest, as I have
stated, were destroyed after hatching. Eggs have never been deposited two years in
succession in our part of the State.—[H. J. Smith.

Parsons, Labette County.—_No. No.—[Anzell Mathewson.

Russell, Russell County.—I have not.—[ Dr. H. A. Ellis.

Salina, Saline County.—Yes ; they laid eggs for three consecutive years in Idaho Ter-
ritory—1866, 1867, and 1868.—[A. G. Whitney.

Salina, Saline County.—Have not known of such an instance, and cannot learn of
any.—LS. J. Gilmore.

Spring Hill, Johnson County.—No.—[H. Perley.

Tabor, Clay County.—No.—[J. W. Bagby.

MISSOURI.

Bigelow, Holt County.—Yes; I think in the fall of 1866, the fall of 1867, and I believe
the fall of 1868.—[J. H. Crow.

Carthage, Jasper County.—Never knew them to be laid two consecutive years in any
quantity in the same locality. No.—[J. Tilden.

Defiance, Worth County.—I have not.

Doylesport, Barton County.—I think I am safe in assuring you the locusts have never
settled or deposited their eggs for two consecutive years in this county, Barton.—[J.
J. Bryning.

Forest City, Holt County.—Never knew them to lay eggs two consecutive years in the
same ground.—[J. W. White.

Flag Spring, Andrew County.—I have never known them to do so.—[J. K. White.

Golden, Barry County.—They never laid here but once that I know of.—|W.F.
Tuttle.

Greenfield, Dade County.—No.—[R. A. Workman.

Lamar, Barton County.—No. No.—[ William H. Avery.

Little Osage, Vernon County.—The locusts have visited this section three times in ten
years, and, as far as my observation goes, have deposited eggs in the same ground, or
nearly so, but not for two consecutive years.—[M. L. Modrell.

Morrisville, Polk County.—I have not.—[J. M. Loafman, M. D.

Mount Vernon, Lawrence County.—I have never known them to be laid in same ground
two successive years. No.—[{John Cecil.

Oregon, Holt County—No; I have not. A path over which it was my daily habit to
pass was filled with eggs each fall, and they hatched in tke spring afterward. Some
vacant lots near my residence, which are annually covered with dog-fennel (Maruta
gilt were always filled with eggs in the fall and young in the spring.—[J. W. Ma-

e.

: Pickering, Nodaway County.—There has never been an instance of their laying for two
consecutive years in this county.—[M. B. W. Harman.

Rochester, Andrew County.—I have not.—[J. Kimbertin.

Rockport, Atchison County.—No; I have not.—[Jno. D. Dopf.

Reeds, Jasper County.—No.—[J. M. Thornburg.

Sarcozie, Jasper County.—No.—[ Thomas McNallie.

Seneca, Newton County.—In an experience of twelve years, no.—[W. H. Wetherell.

Stockton, Cedar County.—No.—[J. W. Montgomery.

MINNESOTA.
Janesville, Waseca County.—I have not.—[J. J. Headley.

APPENDIX XXIII.—CONSECUTIVE EGG-LAYING. [239]

Luverne, Rock County.—I have; in 1875 and 1876 they deposited their eggs in the same
ground and in the same locality.—[H. Brockway. cides

Minneapolis, Douglas Cownty.—Yes, thickly, two years in succession in same ground.—
cD. C. Bell.

NEBRASKA.

Amazon, Franklin County.—I have not.—[H. O. Hendricks.

Brownville, Nemaha County.—Have never known eggs laid for two consecutive years
in same ground in same locality. Have been here now twenty-two years.—[ Rob. W.
Furnas.

Jewett, Salem County.—I have never known the eggs of the locust to be laid for two
consecutive years in the same ground or locality.—[W. F. Ware.

Genoa, Platte County.—Although I have seen the locusts for several years, I have never
observed them deposit their eggs before last year.

Hendricks, Oloe County.—No; not in a residence of one score years here.

Johnson, Nemaha County.—I have not.—[J. B. Johnson.

Nebo, Platte County.—I do not believe there are a thousand eggs laid in Platte County
this fall, and never knew of them laying eggs two years in succession in the same lo-
cality or ground to any extent.—[John Wise. .

Lincoln, Dodge County——No; never did.—[Silas Garber.

_ Omaha, Douglas County.—I have never heard of a single instance. During a period
of twelve years I have closely observed the doings of the Rocky Mountain locust, and
have never known them to lay eggs two consecutive years in the same locality, and
very rarely every other year.—[Ex-Gov. Alv. Saunders.

Patron, Butler County.—Never knew the eggs to be laid in the same ground for more
than one year.—[J. Tannahill.

Plattsmouth, Cass County.—Yes; but hatched and matured only one season to do any
damage.—[ D. H. Wheeler.

Pleasant Hill, Saline County.—They have never laid eggs in the same ground in this
portion of Nebraska for two consecutive years. Eggs were laid in 1874, none in 1875,
vast quantities in 1876, and none in 1877.—[E. 8. Abbott.

Salem, Lichardson County.—No; I have never known the eggs of this locust to be
thickly laid in the same ‘ground for two consecutive years.—[ B. F. Miles.

Springjicld, Valley County.—No.

Steele City, Jefferson County.—Never ; and I have known them here for ten years.—
LD. T. Gantt.

TEXAS.

Austin, Travis County—No. I have not, to any great extent, in this locality. The
grasshoppers that came into this section in 1876 deposited their eggs in the same
ground that the ’hoppers that came in 1874 had chosen. The only difference was that
the eggs laid in 1876 were much more numerous.—|[ V. O. King.

Bastrop, Bastrop County.—I have vot.—[James Moore.

Black Jack Spring, Fayette County.—No.—[J. C. Melcher.

Calvert, Robertson County.—In the years 1867 and 1868 the locusts visited this region
aad deposited their eggs, but not so thickly the last named year as the first.—['T. J.
Moulton, jr.

Dallas, Dallas County.—I have not. No. No.—T[J. Boll.

Denison, Grayson County.—Not thickly, but they laid eggs in 1875 and 1876. Never.
I have not.—[T. V. Munson.

Headsville, Robinson County.—Never, as to my own experience, but I have heard old
Texans say the Brazos conntrv was visited two consecutive seasons, and eggs were
deposited each. The second visitation, however, was feeble.

Helotes, Bexar County.—For three consecutive years past there have been laid eggs
of the Rocky Mountain locust in the same locality and in the same ground; each time
in very great numbers, yet in 1875 and 1876 they were more so than in 1874. This year
we will have none, as before stated ; no eggs are laid.—[H. Brous.

Houston, Harris County—I have not heard of any, and none within my personal
knowledge sufficient in numbers as to become destructive.—[A. B. Small.

Plana, Collin County.—No.—[.H. C. Overacker.

APPENDIX XXIV.

MISCELLANEOUS DATA.

[Answers to questions 23-31 in Mr. Thomas’s special circular, as follows: 23. State all
you may know in refereuce to egga hatching in the fall. 24. What plants, culti-
vated or wild, appear to be preferred by the young, and what by the full-grown
insects? 25. What plants, cultivated or wild, appear to be least relished? 26.
State to what extent the invading swarms have been observed to injure the native
grasses, and to what extent the young have been observed to injure them. 27.
What animals, such as quadrupeds, birds, and reptiles, have been observed feed-
ing upon the young or full-grown insects or their eggs? 28. State what measures
for destroying the eggs have been tried, and how far they have proved effectual.
2’. State the ratio of prairie to timber in your section. 30. State all you know in
reference to the habits of the young or grown insects during the night; where they
remain; whether they ever march, continue to fly, eat, &c. 31. At what rate do
Swarms move during flight ?]

MINNESOTA.

Norseland, Nicollet County.—26. Invading swarms have not injured the native grasses,
but the young irjure it greatly; from one-third to one-fourth is devoured by them.
27. Have observed none but tame chickens feeding on insects and eggs. 28. No meas-
ures for destroying the eggs have been tried in this section. 29. County consists of
one-fourth timber and three-fourths prairie. Township all prairie, with only one-
fourth mile to timber on the east, from two to three miles on the south, and a small
grove just north of it. 30. At night both the young and grown insects sit still. If
they are near any fence, growths, or anything elevated from the ground, they will
crawl uponit. If they are on bare ground, they will go in clusters to remain over-
night. 31. Depends upon the force of the wind; probably 10 to 15 miles per hour —
[ Webster.

Dewald, Nobles County.—23. Do not hatch here in the fall to any great extent. 24
and 25. Pease and horse-radish are the only cultivated plants lam acquainted with that
they won’t eat, and among the wild the cockleburr, purslare, and helianthus seem to
be exempt. When they can, they eat oats, flax, corn, wheat, and potatoes in this order.
29. No timber in this part of the State, excepting young plantations two to four years
old. 30. Do not eat nor fly, roost on the fences, or get under clods of dirt, &c. 31.
Rate of speed depends on the force of the wind.—[ Bates.

NEBRASKA.

Farmers Valley, Hamilton County.—23. In the fall of 1874, the county was surprised
to see numbers of small ’hoppers. 24. Wild buckwheat, onions, cabbage, carrots,
beans, asparagus, parsnips, &c.; 1874, corn nearest maturity ; 1876, earliest corn; their
taste seenis to differ with the times. 25. Pease. 26. Never been any injury done here.
27. Birds, snakes, frogs, toads eat insects; birds eat the eggs. 28. Harrowing. 29.
Twenty-nine-thirtieths prairie, one-thirtieth timber. 30. At night and in rainy weather
they go to high grass or stalks for shelter. I had a field of corn in 1874 that was stand-
ing and not seriously damaged when night commenced. The next mcrning it was only
corn-stalks, leaves and ears having been eaten. [J. Vosburgh.] 23. A very few hatched
in Fall of 1876. 24. Corn, timothy, clover, onions, potatoes, beans, turnips, petunias,
foliage of fruit trees, willows, poplars. 25. Chufa, tomato, phlox, pansy, Madeira
vine. 27. Harpalus Pennsylvanicus and a dipterous larva; red bug destroying eggs.
29. No timber except narrow belts along streams.—[G. M. Dodge.

Plattsmouth, Cass County.—24. Cabbage, turnips, and wheat invariably ; others vary.
My neighbor on an adjoining lot had his lettuce and pease entirely destroyed, while his
other plants are untouched. In mine nearly all are gone but lettuce and pease, which
are unharmed. 27. Hogs and birds. 28. About four-fifths prairie in Cass County.
30. The young cluster under leaves, clods, roots, &c., not at night, but in rain and
cold weather; do not eat under such circumstances. The grown remain perched on
trees, bushes, &c. When on the wing Iam much inclined to think they fly all night.
3l. Movements regulated by the wind.—[ Child.

Sunlight, Cass County.—23. Never known any to hatch. 24. Radishes, cabbage,
onions, tansy, rhubarb, wild and tame buckwheat. 25. Pease, tomatoes, sweet and

[240]

APPENDIX XXIV.—MISCELLANEOUS DATA. [241]

Irish potatoes, and vines. 26. No damage yet. 27. Hogs, squirrels, prairie, gray, and
striped chickens, birds. 28. Fall plowing. 29. 93 to 100. 30. Grown ones fly up to
roost; young crawl up on stubble, weeds, &c.—[ Babbitt.

Steele City, Jefferson County.—26. They have never injured the native grasses. 27.
Wolves and skunks eat many ’hoppers. 28. Dragging and plowing. 29. The only tim-
ber is along the streams. 30. They rest during the night on bushes, corn-stalks, &c.
31. According to the velocity of the wind, 15 or 20 miles per hour.—[ Gantt.

Falls City, Richardson County —23. Do not hatchin the fall. 25. Green pease, sorghum,
cornu. 26. Clover is killed almost the first thing. Timothy stands a poor chance. 28.
Deep plowing and harrowing. 29. Nearly one-fourth is timber.—[ Hutchings.

Arago, Richardson County.—23. Never hatched in the Fall here. 24. Cabbage, to-
bacco, turnips. 25. Sugar-cane, sorghum. 26. The grass has not been injured. 27.
Hogs and domestic fowls. 28. Plowing. 29. Ninety per cent. 30. They crawl up to
the top of fences, bushes, weeds, and graiv. 31. Five or six miles.—[Gerdes.

Grand Island, Hall County.—25. Apple trees, crab-apple trees, pease, cherry, plum,
peach, were all more or less damaged; plum and crab-apple least. The coffee-bean
tree, ash-leaf maple or box-elder, soft maple, honey-locust, elm, black willow, Rocky
Mountain evergreens, red and white cedars, were injured but little. The black locust,
white or grey willow, black and white walnut, European larch, American larch, Scotch
pine, white pine, Norway spruce, were injured a great deal more. The grape-vines,.
wild and cultivated, were let alone until the apple trees wereall stripped. 26. Native
grasses injured very little. 27. Wild and tame pigeons, on eggs and young; domestic
chickens, turks ys, prairie chickens, grouse, and quails in any stage of their develop-
ment. Blackbirds feed on the young. 23. Deep plowing satisfactory. 30. Toward
evening the young ’hoppers climb bushes, poles, sticks, small trees; and on wet and
cold days they seek shelter under anything that will shield them.—[Stolley.

Genoa, Platte County.—25. Sorghum and broom-corn. 29. Timber 1 per cent.—
[ Truman.

Niobrara, Knox County.—25. Pease, tomatoes, beans. 26. No injury to grass, but they
are to young trees. 29. One-fifteenth timber. 24. By the young, tender blades of
wheat. By the old corn, and ripe kernels of oats.—[ Hulleban.

Hooper, Dodge County.—25. Broom-corn, sugar-cane. 26. Never injure them worth
mentioning. 28. Scarcely any. 29. From 5 to 10 percent. 30. Never move at night
unless disturbed. 31. From 5 to 20 miles per hour.—{[ Eisley.

Pleasant Hill, Saline County.—23. No evidence of Fall hatching. 24. Everything but
sorghum and pumpkin vines. They have a particular regard for tobacco and onions.
26. Have never injured the native grasses. 27. Snakes. 29. Probably not one-fiftieth
timber. 30. Young insects quiet at night. The old ones collect on trees and shrubs,
sometimes in sufficient numbers to bend the trees. 31. Owing to force of wind,.4 to
30 miles per hour.—[ Abbott.

Chapman, Merrick County.—23. Know of no eggs hatching in the Fall. 24. Onions,
cabbage, corn, sweet potatoes, potatoes, grains inthe order mentioned. 25. Sorghum,
broom-corn, peach trees, box-elder. 27. Prairie chicken, plover, blackbird, lark. 26.
They do not injure native grasses. 29. But littleor notimber. 30. They feed mostly
on cloudy days, in the evenings, and warm nights. They crawl up on all kinds of vege-
tation of an evening, and stay until the hot sun of the next day ; then they seek the
shade. 21. Always travel with the wind.—[Cox.

Burr Oak, Otoe County.—29. One acre of timber to one hundred of prairie.—Davidson.

Fremont, Dodge County.—23. Eggs have not hatched here in fall. 26. Never have
known them to eat native grass except when hatched on it, and when they could get
nothing else. Will eat anything rather than “ passin their checks.” 28. Deep plowing
successiul. 29. Proportion of timber very small. 30. Do not fly, but sometimes eat
at night. If flying, they will light before sunset. 31. They move with the wind, so
their flight depends on that.—[ Blanchard.

Ponca, Dixon County.—24. Onions, cabbage, tobacco. 25. Tomatoes, beets, pease. 26.
Never knew native grass to be injured by old or young ones. 29. Prairie 20 to 1 of
timber. 30. The young do not eat at night, but crouch down under some grass or
bush or around a lump of dirt. The old ones eat all night as well as all day, to my
certain knowledge.—[ James Rockwill.

Friend, Saline County.—23. No eggs are known to have hatched in the fall exeept
by artificial means. 24. Yotng prefer onions, strawberries, wheat, oats, and barley.
Old onions. 25. Pease and sweet potatoes by both. 26. Native grasses have not been
injured visibly. 29. Prairie to timber, ninety-nine-hundredths prairie. 30. The
young and growing remain under straw, earth, hay, &c. 31. From 4 to 6 miles per
hour, according to force of wind.—[Whitcombe.

IOWA.

Alta, Buena Vista County.—23. A very few, which were deposited early in the season
by straggling ’hoppers from swarms in a warmer climate, hatched out in the Fall;
those deposited by invading swarms did not until spring. 24. Tobacco, corn, onions,

[16 G]

[242] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

and cabbage. 25. Sugar-cane, broom-corn, flax, pease. 26. Notatall. 27. Hogs and all
birds, domestic and wild. 28. Deep plowing and harrowing in the Fall, and harrowing
in February. 30. Neither fly nor eat, but sit still where they are when nightcomes. 31.
Rate varies with the force of the wind.—_[Thompson.] 23. Sandy knolls with southeast
slopes produced a few young last fall. 29. Exclusively prairie. 30. The very young
get under clods or anything to keep warm; the older prefer to ascend anything to roost.
Do not march or fly, but destroy where they roost. 31. Owing to force of wind. Last
oa whe they went from here they went at the rate of from 40 to 60 miles per hour.—
rowell.

Lake City, Calhoun County.—22. I do not think they ever hatch in the Fall. 25. On-
ions, tobacco, barley, wheat, oats, corn, full-grown same as young. 25. Prairie-grass,
pease, sugar-cane, and most of the weeds. 26. Very little in either case. 27. Turkeys,
chickens; native wild birds feed on both young and old; the red parasite destroys
many. 28. Plowing deep and harrowing late in the Fall and early in the spring. 29.
About 1 to 40. 30. They will gather on trees, fences, weeds, cornstalks, &c., to roost.
Do not eat nor travel at night. 31. They go with the wind.—[Jack.

Sioux City, Woodbury County.—26. The young ’hoppers appe.r to eat the young, ten-
der wild grass about as much as anything else. 31. The young ’hoppers appear to lie
dormant at night, congregated on fences, straw, stubble, young trees, &c.; the old
ones seem to work the same.—[ Skinner.

DAKOTA.

Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County.—23. None hatched last fall, it being very wet. 24.
Corn, wheat, oats, turnips, beans, onions, foliage of fruit-trees, currants, &c. 285.
Sugar-cane, pease, tomatoes, and squashes. 26. Not any. 27. Blackbirds and wheat-
birds appear to pick up eggs. 29. All prairie.—[ Clark.

Saybrook, Clay County.—23. None. 24. Corn, cabbage, and onions. 25. Strawberries
and tomatoes. 26. Never injure it the least. 27. The little red bug. 29. Not more
than 1 per cent. 30. Appear to sit still behind the sheltery side of anything to keep
warm; sit still; don’t eat.—[ Hall.

Madison, Lake County.—25. Sorghum and pease; especially sorghum. 26. Very little

damage done. 27. Nearly all domestic aud wild birds. 31. Depends entirely upon

velocity of the wind.—[ Law.

Spring Valley, Turner County.—23. None hatched here. 24. Wheat, corn. 25. Tum-
ble-weed. 26. None at all. 27. Blackbirds and domestic fowls. 28. None. 29. No
timber here.—[ Andrews.

Olivet, Hutchinson County.—29. No timber. 30. They surely fly at night during their
passage, as they are seen every fair day during summer on the wing, but do not light
at night. 31. They always go with the wind and at the rate of the wind.—[ Jones.

Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County.—27. Hogs eat the full-grown insects. 30. Young
“hoppers will go five or six rods to get into straw or high grass for the night.—[ Everett.

Willowtown, Armstrong County.—23. Few only, caused by late setting in of winter.
24. Grain, corn, pease, and nearly all other cereal.’ 25. Rye, barley, and grass. 26.
None. 27. Nearly all feathered tribes. 28. None. 29. 99 to 100; i. e., 99 prairie, 1 tim-
ber. 30. Think they lie still at night. 31. According to velocity of wind.—[ Taylor.

Wahpeton, Richland County.—24. Garden truck, oats, barley, wheat, potatoes, buck-
wheat. Coats, or other clothing, saddles, leather whips, &c., left on the ground a few
hours would be ruined. 26. They do not seem to have made much impression. 27.
Domestic fowls. I have observed my tame crane gathering themin. 28. Plowing in
fall and early spring. 29. Almost entire prairie; small clumps of timber. 50. Neither
fly, march, nor eat at night. Congregate in piles two or more deep, or on small shrubs
and weeds. 31. About the same velocity as the wind.—[Smith.

Walhalla, Pembina County.—23. They do not hatch in the Fall. 24. It is said they
begin to eat in the places where they alight, and that they don’t care whether they
are cultivated or wild. They prefer plants which are young and tender, especially
onions and lettuce. When they came to Manitoba in 1868 they ate things which were
not eatable, such as the paint off the doors and cupboards, the bark off the trees and
logs; they ate holes in the carpets and articles of clothing. An acquaintance of mine
gave a pill to one, and it ate it. They were lying so thick around the fort (Garry)
that those residing in it had to hire some men to haul the dead ones away. * * *
They had died simply for want of food; they were so famished that they devoured
each other. * * * The prairie and woods were quite close by. Why did they not
go there? 25. They do not relish pease. 27. Prairie chickens, domestic fowls. 23. No
measures have been taken. 29. About one-eighth timber to prairie. 30. Locusts
neither fly, march, nor eat at night. 31. Swarms moved at the rate of three miles per
hour.—[Ernestine Mager.

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APPENDIX XXV.

REPORTS FROM DAKOTA, MONTANA, UTAH, AND NEW
MEXICO.

DAKOTA.

[After giving direction of flights through the summer, as furnished by the Signal
Service.] I have not seen the deposits of their ova in either this or previous years,
though [ have been informed by General Stanley that prior to the year 1870 they
hatched in great numbers in this vicinity.

At Swan Lake, about forty miles northwest of Fort Sully, grasshoppers were hatched
the present season and attacked a field of corn, which had reached the height of
about four or six inches, and devoured every spear of it, eating it quite even witk the
ground; but it sprang up again, and the planter sustained no loss save the retarding
of his crop.

At Yankton the ’hoppers appeared a few days earlier than at this post, and the corn
being in “silk and tassel,” they destroyed the foliage, leaving the bare stalk to blight
and wither in the sunlight. At Fort Thompson they destroyed the crops completely ;
so also at Brulé agency. They have done comparatively no damage in the vicinity of
Sully, neither at the adjacent settlements at Medicine Creek, Peoria Bottom, or the
Little Bend of the Missouri. I can account for this only on the fact that the soil only
on the river-bottom is tilled at these settlements, while the hoppers have a preference
for the upland prairie, and seem to be satisfied with the rich pasture afforded by the
buffalo and graina grass, rarely attacking the foliage of the cottonwood and other
deciduous trees, though these in the vicinity of Yankton fail to escape their depreda-
tions.—[ Letter from A. J. Comfort, acting assistant surgeon, United States Army, Fort
Sully, September 11, 1876.

In the summer of 1875 the grasshoppers hatched in the vicinity of this post, took
wing about June, and left in the beginning of July.—[Letter from L. C. Hunt, lieu-
tenant-colonel Twentieth Infantry, Fort Totten, December 28, 1876.

Vid., also, Capt. William Ludlow, Report of a Reconnaissance of the Black Hills
of Dakota in the sammer of 1874:

Page 9.—Grasshoppers at Fort Lincoln in June.

Page 10.—July 10, immense numbers on North Fork of Grand River.

Page 14.—July 30, grasshoppers appeared, eight or nine miles from Harney’s Peak.

Page 15.—August 7, grasshoppers in creek valleys of the Hills.

Of the grasshopper invasion of Minnesota in 1856 or 1857, I know almost nothing.
I was then living near the Yellow Medicine in Minnesota. We had in those years an
abundance of grasshoppers, but no army, and no considerab)e damage was done.

In the month of June, 1873, a comparatively small number of grasshoppers came
from the westward and alighted near this place. They did some damage, but it was
not extensive. They left in a few days but it was found in the spring of 1874 that
they had deposited their eggs, from which came an innumerable multitude. They
destroyed all the gardens and wheat-fields in a circle of five miles about the agency.
* * * This year (1875) they have passed over this part of the country, going in a
southeasterly direction. (I tried to get Mr. Riggs to fix the date, but he could not re-
call it.) One day they lit down in considerable numbers, and there is reason to fear
they deposited their eggs. [They did, and a few were hatched there in 1876.]—[ Letter
of Rev. 8S. R. Riggs, Sisseton agency, Dakota, September 9, 1875. -

1875.—The grasshoppers in 1875 came from the north on or about the 10th of July.
They alighted here, but seemed to be sluggish and did no damage, and after remaining
three days arose and flew southeast.—[ Hector Bruce, Grand Forks, Dakota.

1875.—Grasshoppers hatched in this county in the year 1875, and the country north
and northwest of this place for a long distance was alive with young ’hoppers. Those
hatched here took flight about the 10th of July, taking a southwesterly direction.
Other swarms from the northwest passed over this place high up, bearing a south
course. I cannot recall the dates, but they were from about the 20th of July till late
in August.—[Extract from letter of Merrick Moore, Jamestown, Stutsman County,
April 16, 1877.

Yours of the 7th instant duly received. In reply I would state that I believe locusts
hatched to a very large extent in the valley of the James River in 1876, as I know they

[243]

[244] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

did on the Coteau, and just off on the low lands for ten miles to the west of this post,
which was as far as I visited in that direction last year.

During 1877 locusts hatched in this vicinity last spring in considerable numbers,
but did but little destruction in this vicinity.—[ Extract from letter of Dr. Charles E.
McChesney, Fort Sisseton, Dakota, September 13, 1877.

While I was on the Missouri River, near Fort Sully, there was an alighting of ’hop-

' pers about the 10th of this month. They came on the west wind. For several days

they were flying, but not in great numbers. They came down and seemed to increase
from day to day for several days, until they were very abundant. They tried the
corn in the Missouri field, but it was too hard for them to damage much. The potato
tops were still green; they ate them pretty well off. They worked on melons and
beets considerable. If it had been a month earlier they would have greatly damaged
the field—perhaps destroyed it. As it was they did but little hurt. On the way over,
as we came eastward, we found them on the Missouri Coteau, somewhat annoying in
traveling, but in no large numbers anywhere.—[ Extract from letter of Rev. S. A.
Riggs, Sisseton agency, September 28, 1877.

Fort Rice, Dakota, September 12, 1877.—I am not aware of any locusts having hatched
here in the spring, and no swarms have been observed passing over this locality or
neigborhood this year. An occasional grasshopp-r was seen here during the summer,
but never in swarms, and the crops have not been injured by insects of any kind.—[ Blair
D. Taylor, assistant surgeon, United States Army, post surgeon.

Fort Totten, Dakota, September 16, 1877.—1st. No grasshoppers were hatched in this
vicinity last spring. 2d. There is no record of the time at which swarms were seen
passing thissummer. It was some time in July, and they were not noticed more than
three or four times. None alighting and no damage whatever was occasioned. Their
general movement seemed to be to the southeast, but varied with the wind, coming
back from the same direction. 3d. No eggs have been left in this immediate vicin-
ily.—[_A. A. Harbach, captain Twentieth Infantry, commanding.

Lower brulé agency, September 16, 1877.—In relation to the incubation and movements
of grasshoppers in this region, I have to say that the hospital records at this post indi-
cate that, so far as can be ascertained, no grasshoppers have batched or passed or
alighted during the present year within seventy-five miles of this station—[L. D. De-
Russy, Captain First Infantry, commanding the station.

Fort Sully, Dakota, October 6, 1877.—1. No locusts were discovered as having hatched
in this vicinity. 2. Swarms were first seen flying north on ths 22d of June, and con-
tinued to fly in a northerly direction in immense clouds until about the 10th of July,
when they stopped flying past here. None of the swarms alighted. It has been ob-
served by me that when the grasshoppers are on the wing, if the wind is fair they do
not alight; but should the wind suddenly change and blow a little fresh, they imme-
diately alight and remain until the wind becomes favorable again, when they with
wonderful unanimity,take wing and fly off on their intended course. I observed this
pecniiarity, particularly in June, 1875, when they alighted here, remaining only three
days, but destroying all small vegetables during their short stay. 3. Grasshoppers
have been quite numerous along the river-bottom in this vicinity during the past
month, but Iam of the opinion that they have been driven in here by prairie fires
that have burned the country for many miles around this post. I observe them copu-
lating quite extensively up to the present. We had quite a severe frost the night of
the 2d and 3d instant, making ice a half inch thick, smce which time some of them
have disappeared. I think they have sought shelter in the long grass and weeds.
They seemed very ravenous, eating up everything green, and even the small potatoes
left on the ground ungaihered. I have just this day, for the first time, discovered some
few of them depositing their eggs, but I do not think any danger may be apprehended
next summer from the small number in this vicinity—[Leslie Smith, captain First
Infantry, commanding post.

1877.

Milltown, Armstrong County.—Very few hatched in this county this year; some died
off, cause unknown.

Forestburg, Bramble County.—No ’hoppers nor eggs at present, May 18.

Scotland, Hutchinson County.—No eggs within 18 miles of here.

Gary, Deuel County—New settlers from Yankton to Lake Kampeska did not see a
single grasshopper. I was out 18 miles northwest of here yesterday and saw none};
none in the county.

Grand Forks, Grand Forks County.—No grasshoppers in this section this year. A few
passed over at different times during the month of July, but none lit. No eggs here.

So far as I have been enabled to learn by inguiry, which has been confined, however,
to the southeastern part of Dakota Territory, the series of invasions by locusts tacluded
in the period 1872-1877 are all that can be reported. Occasionally I have met Indians
who vaguely say, “ Me see plenty ’hopper five, six, eight year ago.” I have not been
able to learn anything about such early visitations. A late resident of Brookings
County, now living in Massachusetts, reported to me that during the summer of 1870

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1

APPENDIX XXV.—REPORTS FROM DAKOTA. [245 |

a great swarm of the locusts made a descent on the prairies in one part of that county
where there were no cultivated fields, and that he also observed birds of a new species to
his observation, that seemed to prey on the’hoppers. The birds were in great numbers,
and the swarm of ’hoppers soon disappeared. Such is the substance of his report. It
is as complete as his observations enabled him to make. I have met with some appar-
ent reluctance to give information, because many people object to having the report
go out that locusts cause us any trouble. ‘

My own first observation of the locusts was in the month of May, 1873, in Union
County, in the southeast corner of this Territory. While crossing a broad flat prairie,
between Richland avd Elk Point, where the land was at the time covered with water
from six to ten inches deep, the air suddenly seemed clouded and filled as with snow-
flakes, and the locusts loaded every blade of grass that reached above the water, and
continued flying in great numbers overhead all day. It was a new pbenomenon to me
and I was much astonished. Great numbers perished in the water. Where the lands
were cultivated and the young grain was just getting a start, the work of destruction
was very apparent. This was early in the season, and the locusts were full fledged.
Where they came from IJ did not learn. I had not at that time any thought of investi-
gating their babits.

The swarms of locusts during that year, 1873, did very great damage ever a consid-
erable portion of Southeastern Dakota as far northward as in Minnehaha County,
where I had opportunity to observe their ravages. In October of that year I rode
across the country from Canton, in Lincoln County, to Vermillion, in Clay County, and
observed a large number of fields that had not been harvested, because the locusts had
destroyed the grain.

The next year, 1874, was the year of most marked devastation. During the summer
from somewhere about the first part of June, the swarms of locusts were observed
moving with the wind, and occasionally some would settle on the prairies, but not so
as to damage much, if any. In our part of the country, in Brookings County, I think
no general alarm was felt. We had never suffered from them, and hardly realized that
there was danger. The 17th day of July the locusts were observed as flying lower than
usual, and when soon after noon the wind, which had been blowing from the north-
west, ceased, the locusts came down like a thick snow-storm, and covered ground,
woods, fields, and everything, loading down corn and other grain until it would droop
to the ground, unable to support the weight. Many means were tried, fire and smoke,
and stirring and whipping with brush, to try to drive them off, but to no purpose. The
attempt to cover plants in the garden proved futile, for the ’hoppers would eat sheets,
quilts, blankets, and carpets. By constant labor with brush my wife and I fought for
a little patch of potatoes in our garden, and prevented their total destruction. This
visitation continued until the morning of the 19th, when a northwest wind sprang up
and the locusts left. On reviewing the situation it was found that some portious cf
some fields might partially recover and so a little be saved. It was observed that the
devastation was mostly on the north and west sides of fields. Also that broad fields
had lost much less in proportion than long narrow fields. The red parasites on the
wings were observed, but not on a Jarge proporticn of those examined.

This visitation gave our settlement almost a panic. The swarms continued to fly
overhead, and now we were constantly in expectation of avother visit from them. The
time passed on, however, so that we began to entertain a hope that we might be per-
mitted to harvest what had been left to us, until, on the last day of July, the locusts
again descended on us in forces exceeding even the former visit, and after two days of
their work the settlement was in consternation at the loss of every vestige of grain
and produce of any kind. Only one little garden spot, for which my wife and myself
struggled through day and night to save, escaped total destruction. We raised cur
potatoes, cabbages, and ruta-bagas that year, and they were, so far as I know, the only
crops saved by fighting the ’hoppers.

I have here to report a curious phenomenon. My farm lies along the southeast shore
of a little lake, that is about two and one-half miles long, and averages about three-
quarters of a mile wide. A farm lying just across the lake from mine, distant only the width
of the lake, was not injured at all by the locusts. With that one exception, the devastation
extended throughout the whole county, and through nearly all of the southeastern
counties of the Territory. This gave occasion for the efforts that were made to pro-
cure relief for impoverished settlers that following winter. The poverty and the suf-
fering were by no means mythical, as some have seemed to believe.

J have no memoranda of flights and movements of locusts for that year.

Early in the spring of 1875, on account of a failure of health resulting from undue
exposure to weather and storms, I started on a tour in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wiscon-
sin. ‘Traveling through the southwestern part of Minnesota, I observed the effects of
the work of the locusts in deserted farms.

On turning again toward home I left Saint Paul July 23. I passea Redwood Falls,
Minn., on the 25th, and found that I was in a region in which grasshopper devastation
was going on. They seemed to be moving westward. I reached Lake Benton in Lin-

[246] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

coln County, Minnesota, on the evening of the 26th; the locusts were just getting into
work there.

The next day I reached home, distant 30 miles west of Lake Benton. I observed
the locusts at work on the east side of the Big Sioux River. My own part of the set-
tlement on the west of the river was yet free from locusts. On the 28th, however, all
seemed to be lost. The immense swarms, of which I had just kept in advance on the
route from Redwood Falls, came rolling over the country. The word “rolling” seems to
express the appearance of the movement. The movement of the mass seemed like a
great roller moving over the ground. They would drop and rise, make a curved flight
and drop again. They did not begin ravenously as they did the previous year. Some
would eat, and great numbers continued their motion. It would seem almost as
though they would tell us they had come for a long visit and proposed to take their
time. The visit lasted seven days. It appeared as though the swarm was making a
kind of progress, during the first three days, toward the west, after which they seemed
to desire to go south. The movement was constant during the day, but at night
ceased. In the morning they seemed to do most of their eating. A shower of rain in-
duced them to settle for a time, and when the rain ceased their ravages were fearful.
The return of sunshine set them in motion again.

On the third day they were observed to be copulating. The general apparent
progress of the swarm was kept up, however, and while the ground would be covered
with the locusts the air would be fall of those moving on.

The fifth day they were observed to be depositing eggs. This continued during the
remaining period of the visit, and on the 4th day of August the swarm took final leave
ofus. The destruction had been very great, but rot soas to leave us without resources.
Our settlement saved grain and produce enough so that we were able to live. The
phenomenon of the year before was repeated on the farm just across the lake from
mine. No harm was done there and no eggs were laid.

When we had a chance to look around to see what had been Gone in other parts of
the Territory, it was found that partial destruction had extended down the valley of
the Big Sioux River, but nowhere except in the south part of Brookings County had
the eggs been deposited. The region of the ovipositing extended eastward into Min-
nesota. :

We were not troubled any more by locusts so far as I know in the Territory during
that year. We were, of course, somewhat anxious about the coming of the next
spring. The question whether enough young l«custs would hatch to damage materi-
ally was fall of melancholy interest in our settlem: nt. Eggs were dug up and exam-
ined in the Fall to see what their condition wonld promise. The young locust was
found to be fully formed and filling the shell. Question, will they winter-Lill? Some
thought yes, some no, butno one knew anything about it.

Spring came and the ground was anxiously watched. Every farmer put forth all his
ability in the way of preparation for crops. The 11th of May, while I was marking a
corn-field for a neighbor, he called me to look at the young ’hoppers coming from the
ground on a southern slope near his house. They came up from the soil; color, yel-
low, rather flat, about three-sixteenths of an inch long; color soon changed to dark
brown. The next day the hatching progressed rapidly. During about seven days, a3
near as I could observe, there were accessions to numbers by hatching. They came to
the surface with an appetite,;and began imniediately to gratify it. Their workseemed
wonderful for such small creatures. On fields that had not been plowed since the de-
positing of the eggs, the young locusts swarmed in great numbers allover. On fields
that had been plowed, either in Fall or spring before the hatching, they began depre-
dations on the edges, and in the case of broad fields there was not total destruction.

The advances were made from the north and the west sides of fields. The young
locusts, the larve, seemed especially fond of strong garden vegetables, such as onions,
peppers, turnips, &c. Potatoes were eaten also. They did not seem to relish toma-
toes, nor squash, nor cucumber-vines, They would eat cabbage-plants with avidity.
A patch of field-peas (called Canada field-peas) they would pass over and not eat.
Garden-peas of earlier and sweeter kinds they would eat tosome extent. Strawberry-
plants were eaten, and also rhubarb (pie-plant). The general grain crops they would
make steady work on. They do not like Hungarian.

I had a field of oats on the west side of which the larve had begun their work, and
I wanted to plant a row of trees on the edge of the field, so I plowed about four fur-
rows in width, thus stirring up fresh soil and turning under large numbers of the
*hoppers. The destruction ceased entirely along that side of the field. They made
some advance from the north side of the field, but I saved finally more than half an
average crop from the whole field.

I have no doubt of the efficacy of Fall or early spring plowing, to the depth of five
inches, in causing the destruction of very nearly all the eggs.

The period from hatching to fledging was forty-five days. From June 25 to July 3
the full-fledged locusts were observed to rise in occasional swarms and move off with
the wind.

PPENDIX XXV.—REPORTS FROM DAKOTA. wan

That part of the Territory of which I am treating, the southeastern, up to the mid-
dle of July, gave glorious promise of abundant harvests. In my travels I observed
fields such as I had never seen before for their richness. All kinds of grain seemed to
promise the heaviest possible yield. We in our settlement, having suffered consider-
able loss from the young ’hoppers, yet hoped for such abundance near us that we
could get supplies without distress. During the last half of July immense swarms of
locusts were observed, and at the last (I have not the date, but about the last of July)
the enemy swooped down on those magnificent fields, and they melted away like frost
before the morning sun. In the extreme south part of the Territory some wheat was
saved by early ripening. Wherever the grain had so far matured as to make it seem
possible to save any, reapers and harvesters were run day and night. The net result
was an average of about one-half a crop saved, but of immature grain, and therefore
of inferior quality. Grain in the bins would be astrange-looking mixture of mutilated
and dissected ’hoppers.

In this connection may be put the report I made to you of the geographical deposit
of eggs during that year. My reports will then cover all that I am able to give dur-
ing this year, except to answer your question, as to how far the hatching region proved
to coincide with the reported egg region.

I have not been able to get as fuli information as I desired on this point. Ifyou

can refer to the map I sent you, you will observe that the line commences in Moody

County, and making southwesterly, strikes the Missouri River not far from Spring-
field. The hatching in general would on its northwestern boundary be marked by the
same line. Moody, Minnehaha, Turner, Hu‘chinson, Yankton, and I think also Bon-
homme Counties, .had some experience with young locusts last spring. Lincoln and
Clay and Union I am notable toreport. Methods were invented, and ‘’hopper dozers”
were used quite extensively, and with good results. The ’hoppers did hatch, but have
not been able to do much in the way of damage. In fact, it seems almost as though
the difficulty were solved by human ingenuity. Persistent attacks on young locusts
as were made last spring, with the united forces of all interested, oughs to be a safe-
guard for the future.

The general conduct of the locusts during the past summer has been curious in mv
view. ln this part of the Territory only here and there an occasional field has suffered.
The farm across the lake from mine, which has heretofore escaped, had a visit, with
only slight loss, however, this year. A field of oats about one and one-half miles.
northwest of my place was so far destroyed as to make it a total loss, for it would not
pay to harvest. In a settlement in the northern part of Brookings County, in one
field and one garden considerable damage was done. In Minnehaha County the same
conduct was observed. The cases of damage were sporadic, in some places a field
totally lost, and some only slightly damaged.—[G. S. Coddington, Dell Rapids, Minne-
haha County, Dakota, December 10, 1877.

Sir: In compliance with your request, I send a report of my observations during
HD present season, made at this plave, upon the Caloptenus spretus, or Rocky Mountain
ocust.

y There were no eggs deposited here in 1876, consequently no young insects hatched
ere.

The first seen flying were, insmall numbers, observed June 20, at about 11a. m.; the
wind, a moderate breeze, blowing from the southeast. Their course was with the
wind to the northwest. On the following day they were seen in slightly increased
numbers flying in the same direction and generally with the wind. A few alighted,
but on the 22d they had all left, having done no damage to crops; in fact they did not
seem inclined to eat anything.

On the 21st July they were again seen qaite high, and flying with the wind toward
the northwest ; and, occasionally, one alighting. On the following day they were
seen In greater numbers, their course, as well as the direction of the wind, being from
southeast to northwest. They did not seem to alight on the night between the 21st
and 22d, but on the morning of the 23d they were found on the ground in consider-
able numbers.

24:h.—F lying northwest and high.

25th.—The same, but more numerous.

26th, 27th, and 23th.—F lying in the same direction, but many alighting, especially
on the 23th, when the wind was blowing from northwest toward southeast.

From this time to the 7\h of August they were seen daily, and in about the same
numbers, their general course being northwest, though occasionally they were seen
flying east or southeast with the wind, and sometimes they were moving in different
directions at different altitudes, when the currents of wind were moving in that
manner. From the 7th to the 11th they kept decreasing, until, on the latter date, they
had all disappeared, none to be seen either flying or on the ground.

When on the ground they ate nothing, and not more than 1 per cent. paired, and no
eggs were deposited. -Red parasites were found upon many of those caught in the
latter part of July and first week in August.

[248] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

I have sent specimens of Caloptenus, preserved in alcohol in tin can, to headquarters
Saint Louis, as requested.—_[Geo. W. Sweet, Bismarck, Dak., September 18, 1877.

J have just (to-day, January 14, 1873) been able to get hold of the Yankton Press f.r
1871~72. For 1871 you will see there is very little. The item about hoppers about
Berthold indicates that they probably appeared there. The contradiction in the edi-
torial is probably a contradiction of the alleged destruction, not of the fact of
appearance. For 1872, it seems there was a migration southward across the south-
eastern counties. It is stated in one of the items that it did not reach as far east as
Sioux Falls, and in the letters that I have received from the East Dakota counties
north of Sioux Falls nothing has ever been said of their appearance there, nor in any
of the Southwestern Minnesota counties. In fact, all those counties, both in Minne-
sota and Dakota, were hardly settled then. The damage seems to have been trifling;
at least I should judge so from all that the pross has to say about the crops that fall.—
[A. Whitman.

The following item we found in the Chicago Tribune of the 26th. From passengers
by steamboats that passed Berthold at a later date than this informant purports to
have written, we learned that crops have not been injured, and the probability is there
is not the least foundation for the report: ‘‘ The destructive force of a grasshopper vis-
itation is indicated in a note from a settler in Dakota, who writes from Fort Berthold,
July 26: ‘Everything was growing finely on the farm until this morning, when, at
about 11 o’clock, the grasshoppers arrived, and have very nearly cleaned us out. Our
gardens are entirely ruined. From the oats we may save enough straw for the horses,
but everything in the gardens and in the fields of the Indians is totally consumed.
The whole work of the season was destroyed in less than eight hours over a country of
three hundred acres.’”—[ Yankton Press, August 30, 1871.

In a letter from Liberty, Dak., a storm is reported. Some oat-fields out of range of
the storm are badly damaged by the native grasshopper (large yellow). They eat off
the kernels until the ground is covered. During several days of the past week the air
has been filled with those pests, which but a few years since were such a terror to the
farmer of the Northwest. They appeared to be making their way due south, and will
probably bring up somewhere in our sister State of Nebraska. A few of them, weary
of their pilgrimage, dropped down upon our people in certain localities; but from all
we can learn, Dakota has little to fear from these unwelcome visitors the present
season. If they must visit Dakota, a flying visit, like the present one, will suit our
people best.—[ Yankton Press, August 7, 1872.

H. Beardshear, living in Dixon County, Nebraska, says that the grasshoppers ap-
peared near Ponca on Friday, and were committing fearful ravages. He noticed fields
of oats and corn perfectly black with them, they being so thick as to bend the oat-
stalks to the ground. They seemed to be devastating a strip of country about sixteen
miles in width, and appeared to be working in a westerly direction.—[ Sioux City
Journal, 1872.

The latest news from all parts of the Territory convey the happy intelligence that
the grasshoppers have departed for parts unknown. The damage done by these un-
welcome visitors has been but small, and it is sincerely to be hoped that th's is an end
of the big grasshopper scare. The grasshoppers gave Sioux Falls the cut direct—
didn’t even make that point a way-station.—[ Yankton Press, August 14, 1872.

The grasshoppers have not all left Dakota; we have them here, though not so many
of them as have visited some of the adjacent counties, and they have not doue much
injury to the corn so far.—[ Letter from Hutchinson County, August 22, 1872.

From Union County, August 24, the news comes that the grasshoppers had injured
crops but very little, and finez fields of wheat and oats than those which grace the
farms of Union County are never seen except in imagination.—[ Yankton Press, Sep-
tember 4, 1872.

MONTANA.

Fort Peck, Mont., June 30, 1877.

Sir: Your circular in regard to the Rocky Mountain locusts was received some days
ago, and I have been hesitating about au answer, because I do not feel competent to
communicate anything of scientific value. I am not a naturalist; and have never
given the habits of the ’hoppers any consideration. ;

1. I recall arrivals at Standing Rock, Dak., in 1875, and at Fort Randall, Dak., in
1876, in the afternoon. In 1874, in Southwestern Minnesota, saw a wheat-field at-
tacked and swept away in the forenoon, but did not inquire the time of the arrival of
the pest in that vicinity. This was early in July, or before the middle of the menth.
a. Direction of wind not noted, or not remembered. b. Weather generally, if not in-
variably, warm and clear. c. Generally, if not invariably, with the wind. Height
and density various. Sometimes invisible to the natural eye except when viewed nearly
in the direction of the sun, when the volume seemed of great depth and density, and
continued for many hours undiminished; also much nearer the surface of the earth,
presenting, in the distance, the appearance of the smoke of immense prairie-fires, and

APPENDIX XXV.—REPORTS FROM MONTANA. [249 |

again skimming along the surface of the earth, rising and falling in countless myri-
ads.

2. Do not recall the time of day of the departure of any swarms.

3. The locusts, numerous here at present, have been copulating for several days.
They were hatched here before my arrival. Have never noticed the deposit of eggs.

4, Have generally noticed the appearance toward the end of May. Recall large
crops at Grand River, on the Missouri, in 1874, and at Fargo, Red River, in 1876, while
attending court there. They appear to attain full growth toward the end of June.
Those now here were hardly grown when I arrived, twelve days ago.

5. Recall no material departure from the foregoing times.

_ 6. No observations.

7. Observations confined to non-timbered bottom-lands and low prairies on this (Mis-
souri) river, and the valley of the Red River of the North.

8. Bottoms dry and sandy, covered with grass, weeds, and wild roses; prairie, black
loamy sod, covered with grass.

9. See answer to question 4.

10. Early in July. Observations mostly north of 45th parallel; from that to the
48th, north latitude; and they have generally left without attacking the gardens in
the vicinity of their nativity.

11. Have seen great devastation in Minnesota early in July, 1874; also in Southwest
Iowa aud Southeast Dakota at the same time, while traveling in those parts. The
damage in thesame region of Dakota last July (1876) was considerable. In both instan-
ces the hoppers came from parts unknown tothe west, southwest, and northwest. No
agriculture near the posts on thisriver where I have been stationed except garden-patches.
These gardens have occasionally been destroyed by ’hoppers, but more frequently by
potato-bugs and gray beetles.

12. They generally spare nothing in fields or gardens where they light.

13. Knew one man to save his potatoes by covering them with straw during the pas-
sage of the locust. Have only slight newspaper knowledge of the various expedients
that have been tried for the protection of crops to the east of us.

14. See answer to question 12.

15. No data.

16. None.

nz. i o effort at destruction. The only successful effort at protection is given in an-
swer 13.

18. None.

19. Was not here in 1876. Was stationed at Fort Randall, Dak., which was visited,
but the garden, about 30 acres, on bottom-land, surrounded on three sides by timber
aud the fourth by bluff, was not attacked. Visit in July.

20. Do not remember the dates of visitations at other posts in Dakota, but do not
think that any occurred later than the end of July, or the early part of August.

21. Little chance for observation. Domestic fowls at the military posts feed on the
insect with avidity.

Finally, I have noticed no difference in the insects seen at various times and places.
The only parasite I have seen preying upon them is a small red bug. In 1875, if I re-
member events correctly, a season of ample rain-fall in Southeast Dakota, these para-
sites attacked the locusts in great numbers, and it was believed they were the means
of forcing the pest to return west without doing any appreciable damage to the crops.

Very respectfully,
S. S. TURNER,
Acting Assistant Surgeon, United States Army.
To A. S. PACKARD, Jr., Salem, Mass.

DEER Lopenr, Mont.—The locusts arrive all times of day, never at night, always com-
ing with the wind; and if it becomes adverse or blows very hard, they light until it
ceases or nearly so. The swarms depart usually as soon as the sun warms them up, at
Sor 9a. m., the direction of wind at the time being usually north or northeast, the
weather being clear and warm. They usually fly to the south or southwest, but in
some instances to the southeast, rarely to the east; the flight in the latter direction
local only. No eggs were deposited this year (1877), but they are usually deposited in
dry soil, mostly in August. The eggs usually hatch in May. Large fields of grain
are injured less than small ones by the young broods, for the reason that they usually
mature and fly away before reaching the middle of the field. The young locusts usually
travel to the south and southwest, the course in which they afterward fly, but if any
obstacles are met with, will diverge and sometimes return on their trail. Blackbirds
and snowbirds are particularly useful in destroying them.

In 1876, swarms hatched in several places in this valley, and did considerable local
damage before taking flight. A heavy swarm from the northeast passed over in July,
going southwest, being several days in passing. The crops were too far advanced for
them to do much injury.

[250] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

The locust years and directions from which the swarms came at Deer Lodge were,
1866, from north ; 1869, from northeast; 1872, from northeast; 1874, 1875, 1876, usually
from north and northeast. They mostly departed in a southerly course.

I came to Montana in 1857, but saw or heard of no grasshoppers until 1866, except-
on the Yellowstone, where my brother, James Stuart, met with swarms of young* in
1263. Those of 1866 were very dense swarms of unknown extent. They did not do
much damage, as there were but few farms then. They have hatched in different
places in the Territory ever since, but have never been all over it at once or in any
single year. Young broods begin to fly about June 15, and seem to begin to deposit
eggs about July 15 to August 30. The prevailing winds at Deer Lodge are west and
northwest, but the locusts always come with north and northeast winds. I have no
doubt but that their flight is in a great measure governed by the direction of the
winds.—[ Granville Stuart.

HAMILTON, GALLATIN County, Mont., May 10, 1877.

Sir: In reply to the interrogations contained in circular No.1, addressed to the post-
master at Hamilton, Mont., and received some days since, I beg leave to submit for the
information of the commission such data conceruing the series of topics set out in said
circular, as well as any other information bearing upon that subject, as I am able at
the present time to command.

As these inquiries have special reference to the year 1877, it will at once be obvious
that but little positive information can be given, owing to the early date of this com-
munication, and hence it will appear that prior years must form the subject of this
communication.

It may, however, be preper to state that, in this immediate vicinity, no deposits of
grasshopper eggs occurred during the season of 1806; nor, so far as can be learned,
were there any within a distance of one hundred miles, on an east and west or norih and
south line from this locality.

. The period designed to be covered hy this paper is from July, 1875, to the present
time. On the 4th of July of the foregoing year dense crowds of grasshoppers appeared
in the air as early as 9 o’clock a. m. and at 3 o’clock p. m. commenced settling down,
and soon covered the face of the whele country.

Their course was from the east and south. They have seldom,if ever, come from
the north or west. These swarms continued fora period of twenty days, during which
time they drilied the earth with eggs. In the following year, they commenced to
hatch out about the 4th of April and continued hatching for a space of twenty days.
As soon as they batch, they commence to move at 9 o’clock a. m. and continue hopping
until about 3 o’clock p. m., when they settle down for rest and feed until the following
day, when they again commence marching as before, and so continue from day to day
until they obtain wings, which is from the 4th to the 25th July. As soon as furnished
with wings they move as before. When meeting with no adverse winds, or when the
currents are favorable, they never light down until their day’s journey is completed.
Their velocity is increased in proportion to the force of the winds, and their height was
unascertainable, even with the most powerful field-glass. The density of the swarms
at certain periods of the day varied, generally the greatest between the hours of
eleven and two o’clock.

The date of deposit of eggs has generally been from the 10th of July to the middle
of August, and the following years they commence as before stated, hatching about
4th of April—from the 15th to 25th cf Aprilis the period when they hatch most numer-
ously. This period, however, is slightly changed as tae spring is early or late. In
1866, the proportion of eggs that failed to hatch was variously estimated from one-
quarter to one-third.

In depositing their eggs, light sandy loam, or benches above the river bottoms are
here chosen, and in this soil a larger portion hatch than in lower lands.

They acquire wings first about July 1 to 4, and in two or three days after are ready
to fly. The wings which seem to be full grown are covered by a thin coating, drawn
close around their bodies, and the work of cutting along their sides to exvose them—
requires but a few moments. Thisis done by the little hooked teeth, similar to a
rotary saw, which cover the legs from the feet to the second joint, by pushing their legs
backward horizontally with and along their sides, cutting the fibrous coating, at once
exposes the double or back wings, which are equal in length to iheirentire bodies. As
they first appear wet, a few minutes of sunshine is all that is required to dry them and
they are ready for use.

The estimated injury to crops in Montana during the year 1866 from them was about
15 per cent.

The crops which suffered most were wheat, barley, and oa's; those which suffered

* Near Bannack City is a stream named Grasshopper Creek, in 1862, from the Jarge number of grass,
hoppers found on its banks. On the Yellowstone River, near where Bear River comes in, April 26-
1863, the ground was almost covered with young grasshoppers.—[Journal of the Yellowstone Expedition
of 1863, by James Stuart. (Contributions of the Historical Society of Montana, vol. 1.)

APPENDIX XXV.—REPORTS FROM MONTANA. [251 |

least were potatoes and pease. All these crops are protected from the young before they
obtain wings, by means of ditches filled with running water surrounding the fields.
These ditches are from 3 to 4 feet wide and 20 inches deep. As all the farm lands in
Montana require irrigation, this process is universally adopted for protection against
grasshoppers, as well as drought.

There are no means as yet known to prevent their devastation when they become
full fledged.

As yet but little is known here of the effects of wild or domestic fowls upon these
insects. Hens, turkeys, and many of the wild species of fowls are known to prey upon
them, also a small ground-squirrel, quite numerous in the mountain region. But as
these squirrels are destructive to grains and vegetables, the farmers destroy them in
quantities by poisons. I may add, in conclusion, there were ro eggs deposited here
last season, consequently none are hatching, but it is not improbable we shall have
immigrants during the month of July.

Respectfully submitted.

JOHN PATTEN.

A. 8. PackarD,

Salem, Mass.
Fort Benton, Mont.,
August 4, 1877.

Sir: Respectfully referring to your circular No. 1, the following information is given
referring to this particular character:

Question 4. July 1 to 5.

Question 7. Soft, loamy, and alkali.

Question 8. Soft, loamy, alkali, and rolling prairies.

Questions 9 and 10 cannot be answered.

The weather at time of hatching warm and moist, with occasional rain.

No swarms have yet appeared in this section, though they are reported 90 miles south
of here in large numbers, coming from the east.

I will communicate further in a couple of weeks.

Yours, respectfully,
O. O. MORTSON.
UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION, |
Saint Louis, Mo.

NOVEMBER 6, 1877.

Srr: I am sorry that a number of specimens of grasshoppers which I had procured
to forward to you have, by an untoward accident, been destroyed, leaving me only able
to reply to your circular No. 1.

_1. Was answered by me in my former communication. No swarms arrived here
since.

2. August 13 and 14, moderate swarms arrived from east-southeast. They were mov-
ing generally from 11 a.m. to4 p.m. Temperature about 85° or 90° Fah., the air being
moist and warm. I conclude that the swarms arriving here were only an offshoot from
the large swarms which arrived about that time south of us about 100 miles, the mount-
ain rauges having separated them.

3. As far as known to me, the month of July.

4. The latter end of May. I found a new hatching took place the latter part of Sep-
tember, this being in the valleys of the Belt Mountains.

5. The latter end of May and beginning of June.

6. Unable to give the proportion, but it must be this year nearly cne-fourth, owing
to prevalence of wet weather last spring.

7. Loose alkaline soil, generally on uplands.

8. Loose alkaline soil, generally on uplands.

9. Auguss 6 to 13.

10. August 13.

11. Cannot answer, as little agriculture is done in this section.

15. Answered before.

16. None.

17. None.

18. Do not know of any.

_19. This section always has suffered more or less each year. This year it has been
lighter than usual, as the wet weather in spring retarded the hatching of the eggs and
enabled vegetation to obtain a more mature growth, and thus resist their ravages better.
Good crops are reported all through this section.

21. Little visibly, owing to the large number of insects. By personal observation,
however, I conclude all the birds of this section make them their principal food.

In connection with this report I would respectfully draw your attention to the great
change which the climate of Montana has been undergoing for the past three years,
aud which must exercise a vast influence on the production of this insect. In former

[252] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

years there was generally a scarcity of rain from the middle of Jane to September.
This last three years, however, the rain-fall has been greatly increased, especially in
the month of July and early part of August. It has consequently increased the vol-
ume of rivers and creeks, created new springs, and hay has been cut this last two years
of good quality where there was not even grazing before. This increase of damp not
only a the growth and hatching of the young insect, but also destroys an immense
numbez.
O. O. MORTSON.
UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION,
Saint Louis, Mo.

Fort SHaw, Monrt.,
December 26, 1°77.

Sir: I have yours of the Ist instant, and regret exceedingly that it is not in my

power to give you any satisfactory information in regard to the grasshoppers in this ©

region. During the summer of 1876 they hatched out here and did the crops a great
deal of harm, but I was absent during the wholesummer on the Yellowstone and made
no observations. Last summer I left here July 29, and left directions for observations
to be made, so that the inquiriesin yuur circular could be answered, but the matter was
neglected, and now all the information I can get hasto be collected from the men who
had charge of the gardens during our absence, for we saw very few of the insects dur-
ing our trip west of the mountains, our observations being more particularly directed
toward catching “Joseph” and his band. I am teld that last year the grasshoppers
caine here in large swarms during the first part of August, remained aJl sammer, laid
their eggs here, and died here, so that our prospecis fur next year are poor, the young
insects being worse even than the full-grown ones in destroying the young crops. The
only hope where the insects lay their eggs in any locality is in a prematurely early
spring, when aspell of warm weather hatches out the eggs and is succeded by a sharp
frast which kills them.

The insects last summer came here from the southeast, as we heard of them at Camp
Baker, 80 or 90 miles southeast of here, before they got here, but they do not appear to
have migrated from here at all. In their depredations cabbages seem to have suffered
the least, and these were vigorously protected by one of our old soldiers, who broke off
the large outside leaves and placed them over the plants. The grasshoppers eat these
leaves, and hence did not destroy much ofthehead. Potatoes and onions suffered most,
and whenever the potato vines are badly eaten the tubers do not come to perfection
and the potato is watery, a very unusual thing in this country, which is remarkable
for its fine mealy potatoes generally.

I assure you I take very great interest in the labors of your commission and regret
not being able to give you more information forits use. If you are able todo anything
to rid this western country of these pests, you will perform a valuable service, and as we
have but few Israelites in this country by letting go whom we might appease the Lord
sending these pests, we shall have to depend upon science and patient investigations to
get rid of them.

Respectfully, yours,
JOHN GIBBON,
Brevet Major-General, Colonel United States Army.
Prof. A. S. PACKARD,
Salem, Mass.

DIAMOND City, August 11, 1877.

DEAR Sir: Some time since I received your circular concerning the grasshoppers,
and would have answered the questions sooner but for the fact until very recently
there have been but few of the pests in the country.

In the western section of our Territory (Bitter Root Valley) the grasshoppers
hatched out early in June and remained there until the 5th of July, when they began
to depart, taking a southwesterly direction. They were detained several days longer
in the country on account of frequent rain showers, which brought them down, and
when they lit in swarms they did great damage to crops.

Ten or twelve farms, of 100 tu 150 acres each were totally destroyed, while as many
more were partially eaten up, reducing the yield of wheat in that valley about one-
third.

In Eastern Montana there were no eggs deposited in 1876 and crops were firm and
flourishing until the 24th of July, when they passed in by the millions in swarms
from 500 feet to probably 2,000 feet high, and, when directly over the Gallatin and
Missouri Valleys, they came suddenly down.

They all appeared to arrive in three or four days’ time. They remained on the fields
from three to seven days, in many instances completely destroying the crops.

APPENDIX XXV.—REPORTS FROM MONTANA AND UTAH. [253]

The wheat in most places was too far advanced to be injured by them, but the barley
and oat fields sustained a loss of at least one-third.

In the central portion of Montana there has as yet been but very slight damage. I
would, at a rough estimate, put the loss of barley and oats by the ’hoppers in the
whole Territory at only about one-fourth. This is light compared with other seasous.
The past three years the crops harvested have been less than one-half.

The parasite is doing a great service in the destruction of the ’hoppers. In Bitter
Root Valley, where they hatched out, the fly killed many of them. I noticed in many
places after they left that the ground was literally covered with dead hoppers, and
now here in Eastern Montana the number that are dying is enormous.

The ’hoppers are now depositing eggs in Eastern Montana but I have not learned of
their arrival in any other sections than above named.

Have occasionally mailed a copy of our paper to you. Would be pleased to have
statistics or summary of results of your commission when out, and will take pleasure
in giving you further information if the movements of the ’hoppers develop anything
further worthy of mention.

Truly, yours,
k. N. SUTHERLIN.

A. S. PackarpD, Salem, Mass.

DIAMOND City, November 18, 1877.

Dear Sir: There were no eggs laid in the settled portions of Eastern or Central
Monrana in 1876. But in Western Montana (Missoula County), eggs were deposited
in 1876, and in the following spring (1877) they hatched out and did a considerable
damage to crops, but, when large enough, they flew away, and have not appeared again
in that section of the country.

In Eastern Montana they came in from an easterly direction, and seemed to remain
there, only traveling from one field to another. The valleys visited by them were
Gallatin, Missouri, Crow, Creek, Jefferson, Sun River, and Madison. In these valleys
they destroyed at least one-half of the barley and fully one-third of the oats. The wheat
was so far advanced that they could do it but little damage.

In the valleys above named they have deposited an immense amount of eggs, and
many of our farmers are troubled to determine as to how much s-eding they shall risk.
There was no damage by emigrant ’hoppers to crops in Deer Lodge and Missoula
Counties, nor has there been any eggs deposited there.

Should you visit Montana again I would be glad to have you call upon me.

Very truly, yours, R. N. SUTHERLIN

Helena, Montana.—Swarms of locusts arrived July 28, 1677, at 8 a. m., the wind
blowing from the southeast to northwest, the weather being clear. The directions of
the locusts’ flights were from the southeast, and they flew all day. None were hatched
here this season, but they did in 1876. In former years they hatched most numerously
in the beginning of May. This place has been visited more or less every year. Birds,
domestic fowl, wolves, foxes, badgers, skunks, bears, &c., feed on them.—[James
Fergus.

Canton, Meagher County.—Locust swarms dense enough to cloud the sun arrived from
10 a. m. to5 p. m., coming from the northeast; they depart in a southwest direction,
the wind being north or northeast. Eggs were laid July 10, 1877; none hatched this
year in this vicinity. They usually hatch in April. They acquire their wings July 1,

‘and begin to fly off July 4to 20. Two-row barley and oats sutfer most. Six-row bar-
ley and wheat are the most easily protected. ‘The young always move in a southwest
course. In 1876 there were any amount of young, but no old ones. This locality has
been visited every year since 1864 to 1876.—[ William G. Tierny.

Mr. Ernest Ingersoll informs us that he saw swarms of locusts almost all the way
from Helena to Fort Benton, for a distance of 60 miles, September 1-7, 1877.

NOTES FROM UTAH, OBTAINED BY DR. E. PALMER.

Information obtained from Joseph Bishop, of Adamsville, Utah, eight miles west of
Beaver.—This place suffered much by grasshoppers. In 1855 they came; in August,
1866, they left. The crops of 1855 were nearly all destroyed, but 1855 crop good. In
the fall cf 1866 the grasshoppers made their appearance, laid their eggs, and these were
hatched out in the spring of 1867, and for four years the crops might be said to be an-
nihilated. The fifth year a little was saved; for instance, one man saved seven bush-
els from a twenty-acre field; another, five bushels from a forty-acre field. At this
period there were twenty-six families residing at this place. They suffered a loss of
4,500 bushels of grain. The locusts seemed to like wheat, oats, cabbage, rhubarb;
and they peeled the stems of the gooseberry. Barley and currents suffered less. The

[254] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

grasshoppers left at this visitation the latter part of August. They hatched, in clay
soil, late in May ; but in the warmer sandy soil they hatched at the beg nning of May.
Of eggs laid in clay soil, one-third failed to hatch. Sandy soil was preferred to lay eggs
in; bat the grasshoppers would lay their eegs in the hard, traveled roads.

About the 1st of August they gained full wings. The unwinged ’hoppers were gath-
ered by the bushels and fed to hogs, by digging pits and driving them in there; and
they killed them by driving them into the water. Ditches were resorted to, the cur-
rent carrying them to a bend in the ditch, where they were caught by brush or sacks
by millions, taken out and destroyed or fed to hogs. .The winged grasshoppers were
destroyed more easily in the morning, as, while torpid, they would gather upon straw,
sticks, and weeds that were laid for them to collect on; the fire was applied, and in
this way vast millions were destroyed by fire.

Paragoonah, Utah, south of Salt Lake. Information obtained from Silas Smith, bishop of
Paragoonah.—In 1871 grasshoppers came, laid their eggs, and in the following year
hatched out; but half a crop saved. During the planting of the wheat and corn, the
grains left uncovered were all devoured by the grasshopper. Lucern was eaten down
to the roots. Some fruit-trees had their bark so stripped off that they died. But po-
tatoes were not eaten in any settlement by ’hoppers. Previous to 1871 no information
could be obtained.

I was informed that a woman saved fifty bushels of wheat from a five-acre field by
drawing a rope across so as to touch the ears. As the grasshoppers moved, they were
frightened away by the noise set up by several tin pans. Narrow paths at intervals
were made through the wheat, so that they could march to and fro several time a-day
with the rope; the tin music thus saving what was very much prized during a scarcity.

Enformation odtained from Daniel Tyler, Beaver City, Beaver County, Utah—chief mag-
istrate of Beaver, Utah.—In 1865 grasshoppers came first in the fall, and hatched out the
next spring; but two-thirds of a crop was sived after fighting hard the vast herde.
Ditches were dug, the grasshoppers (unwinged ones) were driven in and stamped to
death, or the ’hoppers were driven into ditches filled with water, the current carrying
them down to a bend, where they were caught in sacks or on brush by millions and
destroyed. Rollers were much used to kill the nnwinged ones. Fall plowing was
resorted to in order to expose the eggs to the influence of frost, that they might be
killed.

The winged ones were easiest killed, as they congregated on straw or brush while
they were torpid in the morning by firing the same ; several pits were dug, then the
grass fired around them, smoke and heat driving tke grasshoppers into the pits, the
lire passing over singed them so that they could not fly, and they were easily killed.

The grasshoppers mostly hatehed cut in March or April. They laid their eggs wher-
ever they lit. By July they had full wings. They left by September 1. Wheat suf-
fered most ; pease and potatoes they did not eat. The ’hoppers generally left with the
wind southwest to northeast.

They were destroyed by three or four larve of insects in each ’hopper.

In 1866 the ’hoppers came again and laid their eggs, which hatched next spring, and
for tive years but little was saved, despite the efforts .f the people, who were driven to
the verge of starvation; every native plant and fruit that was at all eatable was
used as food ; many lived almost entirely on roots of wild plants.

This gentleman said that the crickets, that several years ago were so numerous and
destructive about Salt Lake, were eaten in vast numbers by gulls. I was told that this
same cricket was exceedingly destructive about Payson, Utah.

It seems to me that heat is a barrier to the southward distribution of grasshoppers,
for their swarms have been fewer in number as they neared Saint George, Southern .
Utah, and some years they have not reached there, or if they did, were so few that
they were not noticed. Beyond Saint George is a desert waste for 110 miles to the
small settlement of Saint Thomas, Nevada. on the Muddy River. Before this settle-
ment was formed, there was but a little very indifferent grass and few plants that
would even tempt the grasshopper’s appetite; and if an army of grasshoppers tray-
eled over that waste of 110 miles the heat, that dries up the vegetation so that there
is nothing green left, would by the intensity of its rays prevent their movements ; be-
sides, there is nothing for them to eat, only cactus and bitter or tough woody plants
that they cannot eat. From all I can ascertain, Saint George may be concluded as the
southern limit of the distribution of the Rocky Mountain locust.

I would remark that, previous to the settlement by whites, Utah must have been
anything but a paradise for grasshoppers; for there was little or no vegetation, except
along the streams. In traveling irom one stream to another it was dry picking,
the distances being often many miles and no vegetation. Now that the river bottoms
are settled and cultivated by means of artificial irrigation from the rivers and crops
raised, the grasshoppers thickly settle upon the same, as the artificially-raised crops
are tenderer than the tough native plants of the dry desert. In early days, the Indians
gathered many bushels of grasshoppers, and dried them for food; in fact, they con-
sidered the hoppers one of their best food-product. Of late, the Indians have decreased

APPENDIX XXV.—REPORTS FROM UTAH. [255]

in numbers, gathering fewer grasshoppers, as he has learned to relish better white
man’s food.

Information obtained from B. F. Johnson, formerly of Payson, now of Spring Lake,
Utah.—Swarms of grasshoppers arrived about 4 p.m. Wind northwest to southeast.
Wind variable, generally clear. Departure generally 10a. m.; generally clear weather ;
the ’hoppers leit in small swarms.

Eggs laid middle of August to frost; the time of hatching depended upon the warmth
of the soil.

Plowing in winter failed to kill eggs. Eggs were more largely deposited in sandy
and fine gravely soil.

They acquired their full wings about the time the wheat was in the ear—say the
10th of July. They moved off soon after their wings matured.

Payson had 100 families, which lost 1,500 acres of grain; half a crop saved; this was
in 1855~56. The grasshoppers coming ia the fall laid egzs hatched in 1856, and did
the damage in that year.

In the fall of 1865, grasshoppers made their appearance, laid their eggs ready to
hatch the next spring, and for five years all crops except small patches were de-
stroyed; the small patches saved was by patient labor; possibly one-fourth of a crop
was saved. There were 200 families in Payson which had double the number of acres
under cultivation that they put in in 1856,

Wheat suffered the most, then corn ; potatoes, beans, pease, broom-corn, and sugar-
cane sutiered less. Large crickets made their appearance, not only in this but
in the surrounding settlements, in great numbers, and helped the destructive hoppers
to devour the crops. To kill unwinged locusts, rollers were very profitably used ; and
in the morning while they were torpid, and gathered together on straw or brush, they
were destroyed by fire; ditches were dug, the unwinged ’hoppers driven in and beaten |
to death ; they were often driven into ditches containing water and drowned. The
winged ones were killed by burning and by criving them into pits dug for that pur-
pose, and fire made around them, which, by its heat and smoke, drove the ’hoppers into
pits, which, as they passed over, singed their wings, so that they were easily killed.
‘They were also driven into ditches containing water, and carried down stream to a
bend in the ditch, where sacks or brush caught quantities, which were easily killed.
Often while plowing the corn the ’hoppers would carry it nearly all off. Pigeons
destroyed a great many grasshoppers.

Information collected by John Vickers, of Nephi, Juab County, Utah.—This is-an impor-
tant locality, as it is surrounded by deserts, co:'sequently locusts take hold vigorously
aud destroy the crops. Locusts came in 1854~55 and 1867; they arrived from the
north in the middle of the day, with a light wind from the north; they departed from
the first to the middle of August. The young always hatch out the first week in
April, and become fledged about July 1 and emigrate about August 15. In 1854 they
eat every green thing, including grass and willows, and the people bad to depend on
replanting for their bread; at tbe other years they took about half the crops. The
young insects always traveled toward the most tender vegetation without regard to
direction. Various means were used to destroy the young locusts, such as driving them
into water ditches, and catching them with gunny tacks, and burning them with straw;
they were also driven into narrow ditches or pits, and then destroyed. The winged
locusts were driven away with brush, while little good was ever done by birds, domes-
tic fowl, or quadrupeds.

SMITHFIELD, CACHE COUNTY, July 26, 1877.

1, Swarms began to come about 2 p.m.on the 10th of August, 1876, and continued
until the latter part of September, 1876.

a. Wind, a gentle breeze from the southwest.

b. Weather generally dry and clear; temperature about 90.

c. Flight, from the north a few degrees east; density, heavy, from the ground up as
high as the eye could see; extent, over the entire neighborhood.

2. Swarms would depart about 10 a. m. the first or second day after their arrival; for
the first ten or fifteen days after that they were more sluggish, and gencrally remained.

a. Wind, a geutle breeze from the southwest.

b. Temperature, 90; weather dry and clear.

ce. Flight, generally south by west; density and extent not so heavy or numerous as
the arrivals.

If the wind was strong the insects would not rise very high, and would fly only a
short distance. ‘The general time of departure was from 10 to 11 a. m., and arrival from
2t)3p.m., but on windy or cloudy days the departures and arrivals were small.

3. Eggs were deposited immediately on arrival.

4, Uggs were hatched most numerously from the 15th of April to the 15th of May, 1877.

. Eggs were hatched in previous years, generally about the same time as the pres-
ent year.

6. From appearances every egg that was deposited hatched.

o

[256] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

7. The eggs were mostly deposited in a sandy, gravelly soil.

8. The young were most numerously hatched on sandy, gravelly soil and uncultivated.

9. The first insects acquired their wings from the 1st to the 5th of June, 1877.

10. June 10 they first began to migrate, but the distance traveled was short and the
numbers limited.

11. In this district about one-fourth the crop.

12. The wheat-crop suffered most.

13. Pease are most easily protected.

14. Pease and rye suffered least, also fall crops.

15. The young insect generally travels south and west unless headed by streams or
insurmountable + obstacles, such as marshy or barren lands.

16. The means employed for their destruction are numerous: in the early stages, driv-
ing on tostraw and burning, a brush-drag on dry cultivated lands: advanced stages, dry
ditches from two to four feet deep, sloping under on the side next to the crop, and pits
in the ditch every one or two rods, about three feet deep, narrow in the bottom; in this
last method hundreds of bushels have been destroyed; by burying them in the pits,
and then digging others ; another method is to drive them into running streams, catch
them in sacks and bury them; in this way large quantities have been destroyed; the
dry ditch is a good protection against their ravages.

17. We have not been able to protect our crops against or destroy the winged
insects.

18. We have not employed any mechanical means to any great extent, and are there-
fore unable to report how far they might be useful.

19. We were visited in 1876.

20. We were visited in the years 1865, 1867, 1268, and 1869, the first visitation being

on the 10th of September, 1866; the crops were totally destroyed i in 1867, and partially
in 1868 and 1869.

21. Domestic chickens have been very useful in destroying grasshoppers in gardens,
&c., and on some parts of the farming land, but not to any great extest.

22. On the 10th of September, 1866, was the first invasion I know of; cabbages, tur-
nips, and a few late vegetavles were destroyed ; the grain was mostly cut and in the
stack ; they continued to arrive for some time that fail, depositing their eggs, which
were hatched the following spring.

In 1869 large numbers of the insects were destroyed by a parasite eating their vitals.
IT am informed the parasite is formed by a small black fly depositirg an egg in the
grasshopper. A few have died in this manner this year.

Respectfully,
FRANCIS SHARP.

Prof. A. S. PACKARD, JR.

LoGaN City, CACHE County, UTA, June 15, 1877.

DeEaR Sir: I have lived in Utah since 1852, but have not kept a correct journal of
the grasshopper invasions. But in the fall of 1254 they came from the north and
laid their eggs and then swarmed the country in the sprivg of 1855, and eat up three-
fourths of the crops in Utah. They came from the same direction in the fall of 1866,
and eat up about one-half of the crop of Cache County; they came again in the fall of
1376 from the same direction. They hatch when the weather becomes warm, and after
a little rain they commenced to fly, this year, about the lst of June. They eat about
one-third of the crops this year in this county. They hurt pease less than anything.
They commence flying about 10 o’clock a. m., with a little breeze from the south; they
travel south by wings, but this spring they hopped to the west a little south. They
lay their eggs mostly in clay land. I have proven the best mode to save crops to be
to dig holes and drive them into them and bury them. A large proportion of the crop
lias been saved by ditching and digging holes in the bottom of the ditch about a rod
apart.

One year they drifted into Salt Lake, and it was a well-known fact that at one point
they drifted ashore and piled up on the beach six feet high and two miles long.

I remain, yours,
HENRY BALLARD.

Prof. A. S. PACKARD, Jr

HEBER CiTy, WasaTcH County, UTAH,
July 23, 1877.

Str: In answer to your communication in regard to the grasshopper habits, &c., the
following is the best information that I can obtain from farmers and others living in
this county.

They fly from 10 a. m. to 4 p. m., from northeast to southwest, light breeze, gener-
ally with the wind.

Departure in July and August, carried by a light breeze, generally clear weather.
In the summer of 1868 they were like a cloud between us and the sun, and when the

APPENDIX XXV.—REPORTS FROM UTAH. leon

wind subsided the grasshoppers dropped to the earth, covering every thing, trees,
fences, and vegetation generally. None appeared this year, and have not been any
since 1870. They used to hatch early in the spring on the sunny slopes, in May and
June. They would lay their eggs in the fall on sunny slepes and in hard level land.
The highways were full of holes made by them and filled with eggs. They are able to
fly by the last of June and in July. The damage done to crops in this county was
very great, considering the smali population in 1268. Corn, oats, wheat, barley, pota-
toes, and onions, they are particularly fond of. Pease are not molested by them if other
vegetable matter is attainable. -Damage done in 1863 could not be less than $50,000 in
this county. The only means at all effectual in keeping the young hoppers off (that is
before they fly) has been ditches around the field, filled with water. Domestic fowls have
been tried, but not to do any good.

A gentleman living in Provo, Utah County, in the summer of 1863, fearing famine,
determined to fight the young horde hatched around the fields. He commenced to
protect a twenty-acre field, and to do so got several wagon-covers, large sheets, and
two persons with each sheet went to work taking hold of two corners, dragged the
sheet over the field; as they went along the ’hoppers jumped up several feet in the air
and dropped on to the sheet. This method he followed up daily, as long as the ’hop-
pers lasted. He caught near 50 bushels of them and buried them, tramping the earth
hard over them, and saved his wheat while every body else lost theirs.

Respectfully,
CHS. SHELTON.
Prof. A. S. PACKARD.

Plain City, Weber County, Uiah.—The locusts generally came with a gentle breeze to
tke northeast, in clear weather, from 11 a.m. till4 p.m. In height as far as the eye
could reach, and in size from a few square rods to miles in extent. They left June
15, 10 a. m., flying with the wind, the weather b-ing warm and clear. Until this year
they have flown southwest, but this season to the northeast. The eggs hatched this
year unusually late, many not until June. In former years they have hatched when
vegetation started in April. About three-fourths of the eggs failed to hatch; but
opinions differ as to the cause. The eggs were deposited principally in sandy soil,
where they also hatched earlier. The first winged forms were seen about June 1, and
they began to migrate June 10. The damage cannot be estimated at present, but whole
regions are devastated. They seem to relish especially onions, turnips, radishes, &c. ;
the more pungent the more rclished. Sorghum aud pease are left when other things
are within reach. The methods employed for their destruction have been laying down
straw and burning when they have perched for the night; digging trenches and driv-
ing them in; but the most effectual method was plowing them under before they had
acquired wings. Our region was visited in 1876, but not to such an extent as in former
years. The first invasion was in 1855, then a skip of twelve years; considerable dam-
age in 1867, 1868, 169; in 1870, all vegetation destroyed. On a small area, chickens
will destroy them when first hatched. There are no printed records within reach.—
[John Spiers.

Ogden, Utah.—Swarms arrived July, 1856, with a northeast tempest, the weather
being hot and clear. The direction of the flight was west. They remained and laid
their eggs in dry snd sandy soil in October, and apparently nearly all hatched. The
young acquired wings in July. In 1875, the crop of lucern hay and corn destroyed;
wheat, oats, and barley suffered little. The young went east. Burning, digging
ditches, and drowning have been employed for their destruction. This region has
been visited every year from 1463 to 1870. No records at hand.—[John I. Hart.

Payson, Utah County, Utah Swarms usually came in the afternoon with a south or
southeast wind, in clear weather. They fly very high and in swarms so dense as to
darken the air. They leave in the forenoon in the same manner that they come. No
eggs were deposited or hatched here this year. The eggs are usually laid in dry, hard
gravelly soil, and the young acquire wingsin June. They destroy all crops nearly
equally, sorghum a little less than the others. Ditching and burning have been tried
for their destruction, but are not satisfactory. Not visited in 1876.—[Isaiah M. Combs.
_ Corydon, Morgan County, Utah, August 11, 1877.—Eighteen hundred and seventy-seven
is the first year since 1868 and 1869 of grasshoppers. They came in swarms or patches
last fall (October), and laid in hard or unplowed ground. They hatched in June, but
appear to be at different times as full-grown, and different sizes are to be seen. They
all work south before taking wing, afterward fly north. None have left this place to
date; none have arrived from other places. Reports that after full wings a great many
die from gnats. At present grain has not suffered, but all lucerns and tame hays were
destroyed. Many are seen on heads of grain, but the leaves are all that are gone at
present.—[ Chas. Buntine.

Ranch, Utah, July 27, 1877.—In 1876 the grasshoppers came onto Cajion Creek, thrie
miles south of Salt Lake City, about the 20th of September, keeping close to the mount-~
ain on the east side of the valley; they seemed to come down the caiions from the

[17 @]

[258] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

east, shaping their course to the south after they came into the valleys. It is the gen-
eral opinion that they came up Weber Caiion and Valley, and crossed over the Wah-
satch Mountains; observations for several years show them to come the same way
each year. They commenced laying on their arrival; usually laid their eggs on hard,
stony ground or gravelly knolls, preferring the latter places to nellow or loamy soils.
In 1577 commenced hatching 2d day of May; the bulk of them hatched about June 1,
and were still hatching June 1l. They have been known to lay their eggs in July,
which eggs would hatch the same season when they were laid in warm, sandy loca-
tions. Generally hatched about May 1, before snow-storms had ceased. All of the
eggs appear to have hatched this year. In previous years would flyin June. When
they leave they go southwest, often carried into Great Salt Lake by the south wind.
Crops that suffer the most are cereals—corn, lucern, onions, tomatoes, pepper, cabbage.
They never injure sorghum after it is knee-high; will eat clothing in preference to
sorghum. Trapping in water-ditch, in baskets or sacks, and burying. The only
means of starting them on the wing is to drive them. When they are ready to emi-
grate they seem to take wing on a signal; one of them will rise up inthe air with a
whirring sound for a few seconds, when those within hearing of the sound will begin
to rise, and they rise in a larger circle until the whole flock have taken wing. Many
die before they lay their eggs; have seen as high as five maggots in a grasshopper.
Grasshoppers laid their eggs in 1754, 1355, 1¢56, and 1876. Those hatched in 1877 are
not like those of previous seasons; they seem to be smaller; the eggs seem smaller;
the eggs grow clear and enlarge previous to hatching.

The above notes taken during conversation with Bishop W. C. A. Smoots, at Paper
Mill Post-office, Utah. About six per cent. of the eggs laid in 1876 have failed to hatch
this season, owing to being shaded by lucern and on moist soil. Commenced in pre-
vious years to fly about July 1 to 15; bulk took wing about July 10. There is a grub
preying on theireggs. They usuaily start to fly, when they migrate, about noon, choos-
ing open fine weather always to fly, so as to resemble a snow-storm. In 1868 and 1869
they destroyed everything on the brush land. When first hatched they inclined to go
south, but as they grow older they will change their pasturage. Have been observed
to stop for a few minutes and turn at right-angles and march forward to a wheat-tield
a half mile off. In 1°56 three hundred and eighteen bushels were destroyed in thres
days with the help of ten persons. Method of killing was burning and burying. Sheep
have been very useful in destroying them; have known75 per cent. destroyed by sheep
before they got wings.

The above statement is from Mr. Charles I. Robson, Paper Mill Post-office, Caiion
Creek, Salt Lake County

Mr. Casper, Brenton’s Post-office, answers as follows:

5th question in circular. April, in 1854 and 1855. 8. Bench, adobic, and gravelly
ground. 9. Last daysof June. 10. Last days of June wheat had been eaten up, and
corn was planted 29th of June. 11. Ninety per cert. 12. Cereals, corn, potatoes, &e.
13. None. 15. South; gostraight along; willcrossrunning streams. 16. Dug ditches,
burned, trapped in sacks. 1/. No means an entire success. 19. By only a few late
in the fall. 21. Sea-gulls have been very destructive to the ’hopper.

Statement of Mr. William Casto, sau e post-office, eleven miles south of Salt Lake
City: In July, 1853, the first grasshoppers came into Salt Lake County. Most of them
were at Haliday’s Settlement (residence of Mr. Casto). They came from the east about
noon. (I saw them on the Cache la Poudre, between Laramie and North Fork of the
Platte, in 1247.) Prefer a gentle breeze from the east or north to travel in; always fly
in bright, clear weather. When they alighted in 1853, would cover the ground an inch
deep.

In 1852 they went in awesterly direction, but spread out a great deal; they will not
travel against a head wind or in cloudy weather; they rise about 10 o’clocka.mw. 5. In
April, if very warm; in favorable locations about March 20. 7. Dryest, gravelly, and
clay soils. 8. Same. 9. In July. 10. In July about 1st; planted garden the 4th of
July and raised vegetables. 11. Eighty per cent. 12. Wheat and corn. 13 and 14.
Potatoes. 15. To thenearest grain-fieldsfrom hatching-grounds; will not eat sorghum
until other supplies are exhausted. 16. Trapping in ditches, with sacks hung over
wheat, and killing them on clover in the morning. 17. Driving in swift running
ditches, and trapping with sacks and buryiag them. 19. No. 21. Have been very de-
structive, but hardly perceptible.

Bishop J. McCullough’s statement, Alpine City, Utah County, thirty miles south of
Salt Lake City: 5. Generally latter part of Apriland May. 7. Waste lands, roads,
sides of roads, and travel for the nearest wheat-patch. 12. Small grains, vegetables;
not very fond of sorghum. 13. Pease and sorghum. 15. South, but will move in every
direction to obtain pasturage. 16. Driving into straw and burning; brushing with
heavy brush. Sheep are very efficacious. 19. No. 20. Yes,in 1854 and 1855. 21.
Chickens ahead of other birdsor animals. We have saved our grain by water ditches,
.and have trapped in sacks in ditches, and have buried bushels in pits.

While in San Pete County and traveling up the Saven River to this place, fifteen

APPENDIX XXV.—REPORTS FROM NEW MEXICO. [259]

miles south of head waters of Saven River, I have sought to add any further informa-
tion to the above statement, but I find that every fact that I have been able to glean
is obtaired in the above statements.—[ Andrew L. Siler.

Saint John’s, Tooele County, Utah, July 11, 1877.—I am sorry that I am unable to send
you all the information required in regard to the grasshoppers and the ravages com-
mitted by them, as we have not kept any record relating to those matters. From recol-
lection I can state that in this settlement great swarms of grasshoppers came here in
the latter part of the summer of 1867 and deposited their eggs mostly on the bench
land west of the settlement. The nature of the soil is mostly a sandy loam. In the
spring of 1868 the eggs were hatched out and immense multitudes of the young ’hop-
pers covered the cultivated fields, and in many instances made 2 clean sweep of every
kind of vegetation as soon as it came up through the ground. Some few of our farm-
ers fought the pest, some by trenching, with here and there holes dug in the bottom of
them, and then taking the young in bags and destroying them. The most effectual
plan adopted by others was to place many small heaps of straw over the fields in the
afternoon, and then, in the evening, pass through, men, women, and children, and with
noise and sometimes drawing a rope over the land held by the ends, and by this means
the young were caused to go into the heaps of straw, which was then set fire to, burn-
ing straw and the ’hoppers. Several of: the people succeeded by this means in saving
a portion of their crops. When fledged the grasshoppers gathered in dense multitudes,
on the prairie and along the roadsides for miles, and at some signai seemingly they
rose and ascended up to a considerable height, and, I believe, went south, or nearly so.

In the fall of 1869 we were again visited with them, i. ¢., the grasshopper eggs were
laid in the fall; the results in the spring of 1870 were much the same as above men-
tioned for the year 1-68. The same methods were resorted to in fighting them, with
much better results, a much greater portion of the crops having been saved.

Last fall a few ’hoppers were seen near the settlement, and this spring we find that
two or three fields of wheat have been troubled with the young pest. By a resort to
the old method of laying straw in small heaps over the land they have been burnt up,
so that but very few remain, and the damage done will not amount to much. Should
we be again visited with these destroyers will endeavor to note and record, so that
we may be better able to aid the commission in their labors.—[Geo. W. Burridge.

Spanish Fork City, Utah County, Utah, September 4, 1877.—As I resided here the sum-
mer of 1255 and saw the effects of their ravages, I will give a few answers to the
questions contained in the circular from memory, without, however, any memoranda
of dates to refer to.

Question 1. They commenced coming in swarms early in July, usually alighting from
1 o'clock p. m. until near sunset ; the wind being from north, northeast, or northwest,
aud all swarms came from this direction ; weather generally clear, and if the wind was
blowing heavy or strong there were no swarms flying. 2. Swarms when raisirg to fly
generally in the fore part of the day, but sometimes as late as 2 o’clock p. m., and in-
variably contiiued their course to the southward.—[ George D. Snell.

Kanab, Kane County, Utah.—Swarms of locusts arrived from the southeast August
10, 1871, at 10 o’clock, the wind being southeast, blowing half a gale. They departed
in large swarms August 15, 1871, at 2 p. m., in a northeast [probably southwest was
intended] direction. No eggs were deposited in 1877. They hatched most abundantly
in March, 1875, and became fledged in May. Since 1871 they have done us no special
harm.—[W. J. Johnson, jr.

Silver [eef, June 16, 1877.—Grasshoppers migrated very largely to this section some
five or six years ago; there were no eggs deposited to amount to anything. The in-
sects came from the north and did much damzge to orchards, vineyards, and gardens.—
LC. E. Johnson.

Saint George, Utah —We had a light visitation from the north in 1869, and a few in
1870 ; none others for over twelve years.—| J. E. Johnson.

NEW MEXICO.
RANCHOS DE Taos, NEw MExico, July 11, 1877.

ed requested, I send you the answers to your inquiries regarding the Rocky Mount-
ain locust.

First swarms of grasshoppers arrived in September, 1875; deposited eggs in a few
places; hatched in March and April, 1876; destroyed crops in a few townships, and
left latter part of July, 1876.

Answer to circular: 1. Swarms arrived again from August 20 to September 30,
some days swarms so large that the sun could not be seen for an hour at the time;
deposited eggs in October and November, 1876. 1a. Wind most prevailing at the
time northeast. 1b. Weather warm andclear. 1c. Southwest, largeswarms. 2. Left
here about November 5; generally commenced rising about 10 o’clock a.m. 2a. A
little west of south. 2c. Dry and rather warm for the season. 3c. Southwest. 3.
None yet. 4. Eggs commenced hatching in February; brood died; hatched again in
March and mostly died; were hatched very numerously during April and May, and a

[260] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

few hatching in June, and even up to this date. 5. Some ia March, but mostly in
April, 1876. 6. Not one-tenth were hatched; ground wet. 7. Deposited in all kinds
of ground from black clay to sclid gravel. 8. On gravelly side-hills and upland
prairie. 9. About June 10. 10. Commenced migrate about July 5. 11. Injury, at
lowest estemate, in Taos County, $500,000, and probably three times as much in the
Territory. 12. Wheat, but destroyed everything, only very little corn and a few pease
left inthe whole county. 13. None. 14. Pease. 15. In all directions, where anything
could be found to eat. 16. Catching on large sheets with a hole in center, to which a
cotton sackis sewed. Thousands and thousands of pounds were caught this way, but
very unsatisfactory, as expenses are nearly as much as crops willcometo. 17. Nothing,
as there are no crops to protect. 18. None. 19. Yes. 20. Gave before. 21. Not at
all, as locusts were so plenty that chickens and turkeys would not eat them.

The grasshoppers are dying very fast, by the millions; a small gray fly is killing
them. They have alla small white grub inside after death. I send you by to-day’s
mail a small box with grasshoppers, also one of the gray flies. The grasshoppers are
all sizes.—[ Alexander Gusdorf.

APPENDIX XXXVI.

LIST OF CORRESPONDENTS WHO HAVE ASSISTED THE COMMISSION,

ARRANGED

ALPHABETICALLY BY STATES,

AND EITHER ALPHABETI-

CALLY BY NAME OR BY POST-OFFICE ADDRESS, WITHIN THE STATES,

ARKANSAS.

J. W. Williams, Bentonville.

W. Stephenson, Bentonville,

F. Finley, Bentonville.

G. Osborne, Bentonville.

J. L. Sims, Carrollton.

L. Munnally, Carrollton.

Hon. T. M. Gunter, M. C., Fayetteville.

W. M. Fishback, Fort Smith.

P. K. Roots, Fort Smith.

Hon. Lucien C. Gause, M. C., Jacksonporé,
H.S8. Reynolds, Judsonia.

J. H. Neubern, Little Rock,

J.P. Russell, Little Rock.

O. F. Sheldon, Little Rock.

BRITISH AMERICA.

Lieut. Garr. Laird, Battleford, Northwest
Territory.

Hon. M. Ryan, Battleford, Northwest Ter-
ritory.

J.B. Maloney, Battleford, Northwest Ter-
ritory.

Captain Walker, mounted police, Battle- |

ford. Northwest Territory.

Mr. Dickinson, Indian superintendent,
Battleford, Northwest Territory.

John Little, telegraph office, Battleford,
Northwest Territory.

Stewart D. Mulkins, Battleford, Northwest
Territory.

Charles Steward, Boyne, Manitoba.

Kenneth McKenzie, Burnside, Manitoba.

Major Walsh, post-commander, Cypress
Hills, Northwest Territory.

John G. Kittson, M. D., Cypress Hills,
Northwest Territory.

H. Belanger, Cumberland, Northwest Ter-
ritory.

F. T. Bradley, East Lynne, Manitoba.

U.L. Wood, Edmonton, Northwest Terri-
tory.

Mr. Lawrence Clark, Fort Carleton, North-
west Territory.

H. McDonald, Hudson Bay factor, Fort
Ellice, Northwest Territory.

Col. H. McLeod, Fort McLeod, Northwest
Territory.

W. B. Hall, Headingly, Manitoba.

Hon. McDonald Gunn, Lower Fort Garry,
Manitoba.

C. P. Brown, Palestine, Manitoba.

W. Lairy, Point de Chiene, Manitoba.

A.C. Harvey, Poplar Point, Manitoba.

His Lordship Bishop of Saskatchewan,
Prince Albert, Northwest Territory.

Mr. Moore, Prince Albert, Northwest Ter-
ritory.

Captain Moore, Prince Albert, Northwest
Territory.

Mr. McLean, Hudson Bay factor, Quap-
pelle, Northwest Territory.

R. Miller, M. D., Swan River Barracks,
Northwest Territory.

R. H. Claire, Westborne, Manitoba.

William Nimmons, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Hon. Donald Gunn, Winnipeg, Manitoba. .

J. Stewart, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Consul J. W. Taylor, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Bishop Taché, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Gov. A. Morris, Winnipeg, Manitoba.

CALIFORNIA.

R. E. C. Stearns,
County.

J. H. Sisson, Berryvale, Siskiyou County.

Thomas Birmingham, Big ‘Trees, Cala-
veras County.

Lorenzo G. Yates, Centreville, Alameda
County.

John Bidwell, Chico, Butte County.

W. S. Green, Colusa, Colusa County.

J. L. Crittenden, Hill’s Ferry, Merced
County.

E. W. Buffum, Hornitos, Mariposa County.

S. W. Carr, Hornitos, Mariposa County.

Thomas Givens, Hornitos, Mariposa Coun-

Berkeley, Alameda

ty.
J udge McClury, Hornitos, Mariposa Coun-
y.

Prof. W. A. Saunders, Kingsburg, Fresno
County.

Pentland Brothers, Knight’s Ferry, Stanis-
laus County. :

John Wasley, Linden, San Joaquin Coun-

ty.
W. Webster, Oakland, Alameda County.

| I. N. Hoag, Sacramento, Sacramento Coun-

ty.

George Rich, Sacramento, Sacramento
County.

J. W. A. Wright, Sacramento, Sacramento
County.

James Bebrens, San Francisco, San Fran-
cisco County.

William Boericke, San Francisco (234 Sut-
ter street), San Francisco County.

[261]

[262] REPORT UNITED STATES

A. C. Bradford, San Francisco (808 Mont-
gomery street), San Francisco County.
Henry Edwards, San Francisco, San Fran-
cisco County.

T. H. Goodman, San Francisco, San Fran-
cisco County.

Arthur B. Stout, San Francisco (box 429),
San Francisco County.

Edward J. Wickson, San Francisco, San
Francisco County.

Elwood Cooper, Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara County.

Dr. C. Grattan, Stockton, San Joaquin
County.

E. W. Holden, Stockton, San Joaquin
County.

G. Ladd, Stockton, San Joaquin County.

W. L. Overhiser, Stockton, San Joaquin
County.

W. G. Phelps, Stockton, San Joaquin
County.

Cuther Salmon, Stockton, San Joaquin
County.

P. D. Wigginton, Stockton, San Joaquin
County.

ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Andrew Wolfe, Stockton, San Joaquin
County.

S. B. Sears, Stockton, San Joaquin County.

W. L. Morton, Tulare, Tulare County.

John Graves, Visalia, Tulare County.

R. C. Sargent, Woodbridge, San Joaquin
County.

S. V. Treadway, Woodbridge, San Joaquin
County.

Galen Clark, Yosemite, Mariposa County,

John Oleyer, Yuba City, Sutter County.

Mr. Cowley, Victoria, Vancouver Island.

Prof. F. Sumichrast, Santa Ephigenia,
Mexico.

R. Minter d’Oca, Hospital Real, No. 3,
Mexico.

Prof. Dugés, Guanajinto, Mexico.

Dr. Earl Flint, Grenada, Nicaragua.

Col. James Hendrick, Grenada, Nicar-
agua.

Francis G. Sarg, care Hockmeyer & Rits-
cher, Guatemala.

Manuel Medina, Merida, Yucatan.

COLORADO.

P. A. Leonard, Boulder.

John A. Ellet, Boulder.

J. P. Lescher, Boulder.

Joseph Wolff, Boulder.

J. B. Long, Boulder.

W.A. Helm, Canon City.

H. C. McAllister, jr., Colorado Springs.

B.S. Lake, Central City.

A. H. Arnett, Denver.

C. L. Campbell, Denver, Arapahoe County.

E. A. Kessler, Denver.

Benjamin H. Smith, Denver.

Gov. J. L. Rowett, Denver.

J.S. Stanger, Denver.

Aug. Jacob, Denver (care of F. J. Bancroft,
M. D.)

Sergeant J. A. Barwick, Denver.

H. H. Ellwood, Denver.

William Holley, Del Nerte.

W. O. Wise, Erie, Weld County.

J. A. Pace, Evans.

Rk. O. Tenney, Fort Collins.

W.F. Watrous, secretary Agricultural Col-
lege, Fort Collins.

H. Stratton, Fort Collins.

W.H.H. Loveland, Golden.

DAKOTA.

D.T. Flannery, Bismarck, Burleigh County.

Linda W. Slaughter, Bismarck, Burleigh
County.

George H. Sweet, Bismarck, Burleigh
County.

Col. W. Thompson, Bismarck, Burleigh
County.

G. H. Walsh, Bismarck, Burleigh County.

D. P. Bradford, Bonhomme, Bonhomme
County.

G. 8. Codington, Dell Rapids, Minnehaha
County.

William T. Hill, Dell Rapids, Minnehaha

M. D. L. Pettigrew, Flandreau, Moody
County.

H. W. Pollitz, Georgetown.

G. B. Hight, Greeley.

David Boyd, Greeley.

II. Smith, Greeley, Maple street.

Benjamin Eaton, Greeley.

A. E. Gibson, Greeley.

Daniel Hawkes, Greeley.

J. M. Clark, Greeley.

Florry & Co., Greeley.

B. F. Grange, Greeley.

Joseph Ramsay, Greeley.

Louis Wyatt, Greeley.

T. M. Trippe, Hermora, La Plata County.

A. A. Fuller, Hermora, La Plata County.

William McLelland, Julesburg.

C. H. Marsh, La Porte.

E.N. Garbutt, La Porte.

M.R. Leverson, Larkspur, Douglas County.

C. S. Brown, Pieasant Valley, Fremont
County.

Judge Hallett, Pueblo.

A. C. Rupe, San Luis.

W. B. Felton, Saquache.

Col. Charles B. Lamborn, South Pueblo.

J.C, Abbott, Wheatland.

G. W. Santee, Forestburg, Bramble |
County. |
Colonel Moore, Fort Buford, Howard !
County.

Dr. Blair D. Taylor, Fort Rice, Morton
County.

Dr. C. E. McChesney, Fort Sisseton, Deuel
County.

A. I. Comfort, Fort Sully, Sully County.

Capt. Leslie Smith, Fort Sully, Sully
County.

Capt. A. A. Harback, Fort Totten, French
County.

Lieut. L. Hunt, Fort Totten, French
County.

APPENDIX XXVI.—LIST OF CORRESPONDENTS.

Lieutenant White, Fort Totten, French
County.

H. H. Herrick, Gary, Deuel County.

J. H. Prosser, Gary, Deuel County.

Haloor Berg, Grand Forks, Grand Forks
County.

Hector Brace, Grand Forks, Grand Forks
County.

D. M. Holms, Grand Forks, Grand Forks
County.

George H. Walsh, Grand Forks, Grand
Forks County.

H. H. Platts, Hillsdale, Moody County.

Merrick Moore, Jamestown, Stutsman
County.

I. A. Foswick, Lake Village, Brookings
County.

Capt. L. D. D. Russey, Lower Brule

agency.

J. H. Lau, Madison, Lake County.

C.W. Wright, Madison, Lake County.

Rev. G. 8S. Codington, Medary, Brookings
County.

8S. M. Daball, Olivet, Hutchinson County.

A.S. Jones, Olivet, Hutchinson County.

[263]

Butler Olson, Pembina, Pembina County.

F. B. Foster, Rockport, Hanson County.

J.M. McBride, Rosedale, Hanson County.

J. W. Hall, Saybrook, Clay County.

John Stafford, Scotland, Hutchinson
County.

N. Clark, Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County.

T. C. Everett, Sioux Falls, Minnehaha
County.

Rev. S. R. Riggs, Sisseton agency, Rich-
land County.

S. Hitchcock, Springfield, Bonhomme
County.

Rev. Abbot Martin, Standing Rock, Bore-
man County.

S. F. Andrews (township 97, range 54),
Turner County.

D. W. Smith, Wahpeton, Richland County.

George Emerling, Walhalla, Pembina.
County.

Miss Ernestine Mager, Walhalla, Pem-
bina County.

L. D. Marsh, Worthington, Barnes County..

C. R. Bates, Yankton, Yankton County.

A. W. Barber, Yankton, Yankton County..

John Maxwell, Olivet, Hutchinson County. | B.C. Jacobs, Lincoln County.

Wi. B. Goodfellow, Pembina, Pembina
County.
IDAHO.
Rev. William Ballard, Boise City, Ada | Alexander Stalker, Franklin, Oneida
County. County.

General L. F. Carter, Boise City, Ada | General a C. Rich, Paris, Bear Lake.

County.

County.

IOWA.

Prof. C. E. Bessey, Ames, Story County.

H. C. McCoy, M. D., Algona, Kossuth
County.

Crowell & Thompson, Alta, Buena Vista
County.

W.J. Newell, Athol, Sioux County.

Jobn L. Barry, Barryville.

Audrew Barr, Carroll.

William Tucker, Chickasaw, Chickasaw
County.

William Larrabee,
County.

J. L. Oliver, Clinton.

A. Adams, Dakota City, Humboldt County.

C. C. Parry, Davenport.

M. H. Wigant, Denison.

G. B. Brackett, Denmark, Lee County.

William H. Fleming, Des Moines.

Jobn Patten, Des Moines.

Cub. Watson, Des Moines.

G. H. Warner, Des Moines.

Maj J. L. Rochussen, Emporia.

John Walker, Emnetsburg, Palo Alto
County.

D. L. Watson, Ellis.

C. W. Jarvis, Estherville, Emmett County.

J. M. Shaffer, Fairfield.

aa F Duncombe, Fort Dodge, Webster
County.

Mrs. J. Swain,
County.

A. W. Hoffmeister, Fort Madison.

Mrs. .C. J. Peabody, Hazard, Cherokee
County.

Clermont, Fayette

Fort Dodge, Webster

G. C. Garpenter, Indianola.

J. N. Weeks, jr., Iowa Falls, Hardin
County.

A.N. Jack, Lake City, Calhoun County.

J. M. Jenkins, LeMars.

A. H. Gleason, Little
County.

Rev. J. R. Brown, Malvern, Mills,County..

T. M. Alstrop, Malvern, Mills County..

W.K. Follett, Malvern, Mills County..

A. J. Boston, Malvern, Mills County.

A. Burkheimer, Malvern, Mills County.

Charies Thompson, Maple Valley, Buena.
Vista County.

James Root, jr., Marengo.

A. B. Holms, Mount Hope, Sac County.

F. M. Witter, Muscatine.

E. G. Day, Nevada, Story County.

J. L. Frazier, Nevada, Story County.

O. E. Strong, Pocahontas Centre, Pocahon-
tas County.

S. J. Morris, Princeton.

C. Longshore, Pringhar, O’Brien County.

Caleb Brown, Rose Hill, Mahaska County.

Washington Allen, Sac City, Sac County.

J.C. Elliot, Sheldon, O’Brien County.

TW. Bashford, Sheldon, O’Brien County.

W.H. Brown, Shelby, Shelby County.

G. V. Swearingen, Sidney, Fremont
County.

James Knox, jr., Sidney, Fremont County.

T. G. Stevenson, Sidney, Fremont County.

EK. W. Skinner, Sioux City, Woodbury
County.

Sioux,. Harrison.

[264] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

William R. Smith, Sioux City.

A. A. Mosher, Spirit Lake, Dickinson | V. W. Hollingsworth, West Branch.
EK.

County.
J. F. Sanborn, Tabor, Fremont County.
J. E. Todd, Tabor, Fremont County.
D. W. Adams, Waukau.

KANSAS.

Thomas Nixon, Argyle, Sumner County.
C. W. Johnson, Atchison.

. H. P. Stebbins, Atchison.

. C. S. Murphy, Barrett.

.M. Sanford, Burlingame, Osage County.

B. L. Kingburg, Burlington, Coffey
County.

W. Flint, Chitopa, Labette County.

J.P. Heaton, Belleville.

Pp. J. Thwaites, Coyville, Wilson County.

A. G. Chase, Easton, Leavenworth County.

S. C. Delays, Emporia.

J. W. Chandler, Emporia.

Robert Milliken, Emporia.

L. M. Chamberlin, Ellinwood.

T. H. Watson, East Norway, Doniphan
County.

John W. Robson,
County.

C. G. Brooks, Cherryvale, Montgomery
County.

W. M. Robson, Claytonville.

J. Brown, county clerk, Fort Scott, Bour-
bon County.

F. E. Wilcox, Fort Leavenworth.

Mr. Connor, Frankfort, Marshall County.

S. C. Carley, Fredonia, Wilson County.

Herbert C. Sunderland, Gaylord, Smith
County.

H. J. Evans, Great Bend, Barton County.

D. B. Skeels, Galesburg, Neosho County.

J. H. Lanter, Garnett.

L. H. Osborne, Garnett.

H. E. Van Deman, Geneva.

Brown Brother, Guilford, Wilson County.

C. W. Johnson, Hiawatha.

E. M. Pratt, Hiawatha.

E. Soyder, Atchison.

Robert Hay, Holton.

FI. A. Root, Holton.

Fred. Stewart, Humboldt.

‘S$. T. Kelsey, Hutchinson.

J. W. Bagby, Ioben, Clay County.

H. F. Rice, Iola.

Harmon Scott, Iowa, Allen County.

B. T. Ward, Irving, Marshall County.

Mr. Preston, Irving, Marshall County.

Charles S. Davies, Junction City.

John Davies, Junction City.

H. H. Mead, Junction City.

James Hanway, Lane, Franklin County.

C. E. Abbe, Lawrence.

G. C. Brackett, Lawrence,

R. H. Fitts, Lawrence.

George F. Gaumer, Lawrence.

John Savage, Lawrence.

Prof. F. H. Snow, Lawrence.

J. H. Haldeman, Leavenworth.

William Carpenter, Leavenworth.

Ed. Russel, Leavenworth.

Dr. A. Axelson, Lindsborg.

J. B. Curtis, Lindsborg.

John A. Swenson, Lindsborg.

John benjamin, Logan, Phillips County.

Cheever, Dickinson

ete RR a Selle ee =e

v8 4 0 te 0d Steer en “na
ae eee ~ bs

C. Aldrich, Webster City.

H. King, West Liberty, Muscatine
County.
H. C, Warner, West Union,

B. P. Hanan, Langdon, Reno County.
N. A. Adams, Manhattan.

John A. Anderson, Manhattan,

W. Dent, Manhattan.

Prof. E. Gale, Manhattan.

A. N. Godfrey, Manhattan.

Prof. W. K. Kedzie, Manhattan.

B. F. Mudge, Manhattan.

T. C. Wells, Manhattan.

J.S. Whitman, Manhattan.

L. R. Elliot, station agent, Manhattan.
Solomon Whitney, Manhattan.

A. R. Bardrick, Minneapolis, Ottawa.

|
|
|

L. W. Williston, Monument, Wallace
County.

I. T. Goodnow, Neosho Falls.

M.S. Goss, Neosho Falls.

J. Rynearson, Newton.

F. L. Knott, Newton.

Thomas Beaumont, Norton, Norton
County.

R. A. Case, North Lawrence.

W. E. McIntyre, Oakwood.

M. Mohler, Osborne City, Osborne County.

S. B. Abbott, Oswego, Labette County.

E. P. Diehl], Olathe.

Dr. A. H. Knapp, Osawatomie.

H. J. Smith, Ottawa.

E. Topping, Ottawa.

William W heeler, Ottawa.

A. Willis, Ottawa.

C. O. Perkins, Oswego, Labette County.

A. Gridley, jr., Oxford.

Angell Mathews, Parsons.

A. M,. Fellows, Parsons.

N. C. Rockhold, Parsons.

Dr. C. R. Lee, Pleasanton, Linn County.

Dr. H. A, Ellis, Russell.

C. D. Stevens, Raymond, Rice County.

H. L. Jones, Salina.

S. J. Gilmore, Salina.

A. G. Whitney, Salina.

S. M. Palmer, Salina.

H. Perley, Spring Hill, Johnson County.

Eugene Palmer, Tarland, McPherson,

F. G. Adams, Topeka.

J. W. Rogby, Tabor, Clay County.

W. Burlingame, Topeka. .

G. P. Cooper, Topeka.

Alf. Gray, Topeka.

J. K. Hudson, Topeka.

G. W. Martin, Topeka.

C. D. Merrill, Topeka.

E. A. Papineau, Topeka.

S. S. Tayler, Topeka.

Dr. George Wyman, Topeka.

R. M. Spivey, Topeka. b

A. §. Johnson, Topeka, land eommissioner
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Rail-
road.

M. Wheeler, Twin Falls.

S. Hatch, Washena.

A. N. Moyer, Wyandotte.

W. W. Walton, Wintield.

APPENDIX XXVI.—LIST OF CORRESPONDENTS. [265]

MINNESOTA,

Abercrombie, John, Alexandria, Douglas
County.

Abbott, E. E., Detroit, Becker County.

_ Acker, L. K., Alexandria, Douglas County.

Alden. C. H., Alexandria, Douglas County.

Andrews, B. C., Breckinridge, Wilkin
County.

Andrews, J. Q., New London, Kandiyohi
County.

Andrews, C. F., Centre Creek, Martin
County.

Andrews, R., Wells, Faribault County.

Anderson, A. M., Montivideo, Chippewa
County.

Arnold, J.T., Saint Peter, Nicollet County.

Barnes, G. S., Glyndon, Clay County.

Barues, J. O., Saint Paul, Ramsey County.

Bailey, H., Elk River, Sherburne County.

Bates, Davies, Dewald, Nobles County.

. Baltes, P. J.. New Market. Scott County.

_Barnum, E. P., Sauk Centre, Stearns

County.

| Barrows, C. A., Hersey, Nobles County.

| Beatty, S. B., Dryden, Sibley County.

| Beatiy, Hon. H., Dryden, Sibley County.

Benton, R. C., Roseville, Kandiyohi
County.

Blackwell, Henry, Holmes City, Douglas
County.

Blair, ‘Thomas, Delevan, Fairibault
County.

Bost, T., Excelsior, Hennepin County.

Bottomly, James, Nashville Centre, Martin
County.

Bonwell, A., Blue Earth City, Faribault
County.

Brockway, H., Luverne, Rock County.

Biaucser, J., sr, Sauk Rapids, Benton
County.

Brawn, A. J., Watertown, Carver County.

br. kefi ld, J., Avon, Stearns County.

Bradford, M., Madelia, Watonwan County.

Bryan,J.G., Lake Benton, Lincoln County.

Bullard, C. H., Fairmount, Martin County.

Bullock, E. C., Oakland, Freeborn County.

Burt, T., Excelsior, Hennepin County.

burt, 8. V., New Auburn, Sibley County.

Burtmwan, J. P., Brush Prairie, McLeod
County.

Burns, James, Berlin, Steele County.

Burchard, W., New Ulm, Nicollet County.

Buswell,G. W., Blue Earth City, Faribauit
County.

Callender, Hon. J. W., Jordan, Scott
County.

Campbell, Danie), Glenwood, Pope County.

Canfield, G. C., Collins, McLeod County.

Carpenter, Adna, Jonesville, Waseca
County.

Chamberlain, G. C., Jackson, Jackson
County.

Chapman, J. U., LeSueur, LeSueur County.

Chapman, C. H., Redwood Falls, Redwood

County.

Churchill, Dr. D. B., Worthington, Nobles
County.

Clarke, Ellis M., Murray Centre, Murray
County.

Clevinger, S. S., New Auburn, Sibley
County.

Clark, T. J., Cooleyville, Steele County.

Coe, Dr. 8. B., Morristown, Rice County.

Cochrane, J. E., Chatham, Wright County.

Coffin, Samuel, Oshawa, Nicollet County.

Collins, H. B., Alden, Freeborn County.

Colbert, Patrick, Hancock, Carver County.

Cooley, J. B., Alexandria, Douglas County.

Colby, Mrs. L. H., Pelican Rapids, Otter-
tail County.

Copman, C. H., Redwood Falls, Redwood
County.

Cowan, William, Minnetonka, Hennepin
County.

Cowing, G. T., Fergus Falls, Otter Tail
County.

Crandall, E., Sumter, McLeod County.

Crogan, Clement, Clitherall, Otter Tail
County.

Cross, Stephen, Albert Lea, Freeborn
County.

Cross, T. J., Shelbyville, Blue Earth
County.

Cunningham, John, Hersey, Nobles
County.

Curran, John, Darwin, Meeker County.

Davis, A. P., Marysburg, Blue Earth
County.

Davis, D. P., South Bend, Blue Earth
County.

Davies, John, Middletown, Jackson
County.

Davis, H. H., Swansea, Renville County.

Day, C. K., Detroit, Becker County.

Deakin, Robert, Morris, Stevens County.

Denney, H. K., Carver, Carver County.

Devine, J. F., Madelia, Wa*onwan County.

Dickerson, Jacob, Lake Johanna, Pope
County.

Donaldson, A. B., Alexandria, Douglas
County.

Dow, C. W. W., Ransom, Nobles County.

Dunn, Jacob, San Fraucisco, Carver
County.

Edwards, D. W., Heron Lake, Jackson
County.

Edwards, William F., Silver Lake, Martin
County.

Edwards, H. P., Easton, Faribault
County.

Emery, B. C., Marshall, Lyon County.

Ewing, J. H., Ewington, Jackson County.

Fiddes, Alexander, Jackson, Jackson
County.

Field, J. W., Marshfield, Lincoln County.

Fitzgerald, J., Osakis, Douglas County.

Flanders, Joseph, Madelia, Watonwan
County.

Ford, 8S. E., Mountain Lake, Cottonwood
County.

France, Joseph, Albert Lea, Freeborn
County.

Freudenreich, George A., . Alexandria,
Douglas County.

Fost, E. §., Willmar, Kandiyohi County.

Frye, Daniel, Clear Lake, Sherburne
County.

Fuller, J. F., Clearwater, Wright County.

Gardner, G. R., Grafton, Sibley County.

Gerdson, H., Chaska, Carver County.

Getty, J. J., Getty, Stearns County.

a

[266] REPORT UNITED STATES

Gibbs, J. L., Genoa, Freeborn County.
Gilmore, H. D., Praha, LeSueur County.
Gilman, D., Watab, Benton County.

G: man, om Sauk Rapids, Benton County.

Gilman, H. D., Lanesburg, LeSueur
County.
Gillam, S. S. Windom, Cottonwood
County.

Gley, F. C., Springfield, Brown County.

Gowdby, i. , Aurora, Steele County.

Goward, J., "Freeborn, Freeborn County.

Greene, eT. , Little Rock, Nobles County.

Green, P. A., Langola, Benton County.

Green, J. J., Le Sueur, Le Sueur County.

Gregory, P. L., Saint Cloud, Stearns
County.

Gretzwiller, J.,jr., Delano, Wright County.

Hall, H. T., Clear Lake, Sherburne
County.

Hall, M. O., Granite Falls, Yellow Medi-
cine County.

Hall, D. A., Wood Lake, Yellow Medicine
County.

Haly, John, Willmar, Kandiyohi County.

Hale, E. B., Vicksburg, Renville County.

Hand, A. C., Chain Lake Centre, Martin
County.

Hanson, And., Emerald Lake, Faribault
County.

Hart, G. W., Lake Lillian, Kandiyohi
County.

Harriman, ——, Corinna, Wright County.

Hardy, William, Manannah, Meeker
County.
Haskin, W.R., Walnut Lake, Faribault
Conuty.

Hawkins, L. B., Prior Lake, Scott County.

Henderson, J., Green Lake, Kandiyohi
County.

Headly, J. J., Janesville, Waseca County.

Heath, Samuel D., Morris, Stevens County.

Herriot, W. B., Redwood Falls, Redwood
County.

Higgins, H. H., Butterfield, Watonwan
County.

Hodgson, H., Deerfield, Steele County.

Hogeson, T. E., Herman, Grant County.

Hofelt, Geo., Alma City, Waseca County.

Holly, H. W., Winnebago City, Faribault
County.

Holton, Theodore, Lake Park, Becker
County.

Hoffman, P., Otto, Pope County.

Horner, John, Granby, Nicollet County.

Howard, J. F., Albion, Wright County.

Howard, J. M., Litchfield, Meeker County.

Hughes, Thomas, Lake Prairie, Nicollet

County.
EK. F., Glencoe,

Huntington,
County.

Huntington, E. C., Windom, Cottonwood
County.

Hurels, Henry, Shakopee, Scott County.

Irgens, H. M. F., Oscar Lake, Pope County.

Jacobson, J. P., Kerkhoven, Swift County.

Jewett, E. B. re Marshal, Lyon County.

Johnson, A. M., Albert Lea, Freeborn
County.

Jones, H. H., South Bend, Blue Earth
County.

McLeod

Se eetnaeae

ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Jorgenson, Rev. L., Clark’s Grove, Free-
born County.

Keesling, Benjamin, Wayzata, Hennepin
County.

Kennedy, M. J., Winnebago City, Fari-
bault County.

Kenehan, P., Wilton, Waseca County.

Kenney, Seth, Morristown, Rice County.

Kirk, J. C., Claska, Carver County.

Kimball, C. T., Cornish, Sibley County.

King, Mrs. J. M., Ben. Franklin, Murray
County.

Knight, B. M., Walnut Station, Redwood
County.

Koons, J., Glencoe, McLeod County.

Kylander, Gustaf, West Newton, N.collet
County.

Lambert, Theodore, Saint James, Waseca
County.

Larkin, J. S., Belleview, Blue Earth
County.

Larson, Peter, New London, Kandiyohi
County.

Lathrop, A. W., Appleton, Swift County.

Letford, J.S.,Golden Gate, Brown County.

Lizcoln, Oliver, Vienna, Rock County.

Lindburgh, August, Melrose, Stearns
County.

Logan, T. J., Tyrone, Le Sueur County.
Luedloff, Charles, Dahlgren, Carver
County.

Luce, A. J., Granite Falls, Yellow Medi-
cine County.

Maxson, 8. W., Dassel, Meeker County.

McCarty, Thomas, Saint Paul, Ramsey
County.

Mayer, S. R., Montevideo, Chippewa
County.

McDowell, N. V., Worthington, Nobles
County.

MeDouand, P. H., Nicollet Station, Nicol-
let County.

McDonald, J. N., Cosmos, Meeker County.

McGrew, J. G., Audubon, Becker County.

McKenzie, K., ” Glenwood, Pope County.

McCulloch, Sauk Rapids, Benton County.

McLelland, John, Detroit, Becker County.

McPadden, Stephen, Young America, Car-
ver County.

Mead, J. M., Myrna, Blue Earth County.

Meehan, me Blooming Prairie, Steele
County.

Merrill, F., Lac-qui-parle, Lac-qui-parle
County.

Mills, A. B., Mountain Lake, Cottonwood
County.

Moberly, R. W., Adrian, Nobles County.

Moon, J. K., Saint Peter, Nicollet County.

Moore, J., Benson, Swift County.

Morse, John H., Deerfield, Steele County.

Murdy, P., Iosco, Waseca County.

Murphy, W. W., Madelia, Watonwan
County.

Murray, P., Oakman, Waseca County.

Murray, A. K., Handen, Becker County.

Murray, Hugh, Lemond, Steele County.

Nixon, James, Dunbar, Faribault County.

Nobles, J., Glencoe, McLeod County.

Olson, Eric, Lake Belt, Martin County.

Palmer, C. L., Hawley, Clay County.

APPENDIX XXVI.—LIST OF CORRESPONDENTS.

Palmer, Jared, Orr, Jackson County.
Parker, D.G., Albert Lea, Freeborn County.
Patterson, R., Benton, Carver County.
Patch, Henry, Courtland, Nicollet County.
Paulson, Edwin, Linden, Brown County.
Payne, Wm. O., Banks, Faribault County.
Payne, S. D., Kasota, Le Sueur County.
Pearsall, F. W., Lac-qui-parle, Lac-qui-
parle County.
Phelps, Wm. T., Winona, Winona.
Pierce, Oliver, , McLeod County.
Pitwan, J. M., Cedar Mills, Meeker County.
Plotts, Lieut, L. B., Worthington, Nobles
County.
Pope, M. L., Cedarsville, Martin County.

Porter, Charles, Lamberton, Redwood
County.

_ Porter, Charles E., ——, Renville County.

Potter, D. W., Windom, Cottonwood

County.

. Potter, M. C., Lyle, Mower County.

Post, T., Excelsior, Hennepin County.

_ Powers, G. M., Excelsior, Hennepin County.

i

Preston. L., Saint Olaf, Otter Tail County.

' Probstfield, R. M., Glyndon, Clay County.

Raymond, L.B., Raymond, Stearns County.

_ Reynolds, Ira B., Eagle Lake, Blue Earth

County.

Ruoda,Albert, Burnhamville, Todd County.

Rice, L. D., Albin, Brown County.

Rich, Mrs. 8. C., Beaver Falls, Renville
County.

Roan, T., Sauk Rapids, Benton County.

Roach, 8. P., Paynesville, Stearns County.

Robbins, Hon. A. B., Willmar, Kandiyohi
County.

Rogers, L. Z., Waterville, Le Sueur County.

Rollerson, O. J., Leinthrop, Chippewa
County.

Rosser, Dr. J. C., Brainerd, Crow Wing
County.

Russel, J., sr., Sauk Rapids, Benton County.

Salter, J. I., Saint Cloud, Stearns County.

Sandbury, N. T., Albert Lea, Freeborn
County.

Sandford, H.F., Elbow Lake, Grant County.

Schneider, Rey. E. P., Millersville, Douglas
County.

Scott, H. H., Round Prairie, Todd County.

Scoville, E. L., Meriden, Steele County.

Seeley, P. C., Clayton, Faribault County.

Shannon, C. E., Granite Falls, Yellow Med-
icine County.

Shaw, Col. 8. D., Butternut Valley, Blue
Earth County.

Sheiltis, Allen, Blue Earth City, Faribault
County.

Siver, J. W., Paynesville,
County.

Simmons, H., Ft. Ridgely, Nico!let County.

Sloan, W. H., Hope, Watonwan County.

Smith, J. H., Montevideo, Chippewa
County.

Kandiyohi

[267]

Smith, Wm., Meriden, Benton County.
Spencer, B. H., Sauk Rapids, Benton
County.
Steadman, B. F., Medo, Blue Earth County.
Stiles, A. M., Ashley, Stearns County.
Streeseman, A. F., Transit, Sibley County.
Stutz, Joseph, West Newton, Nicollet
County.
Sylvester,
County.
Swan, J. B., Rapidan, Blue Earth County.
Sweet, Dr. E., Pipe Stone, Pipe Stone
County. :
TenEyck, Levi, Ceresco, Redwood County.
Terry, Alfred, Seward, Nobles County.
Thompson, J., New Richland, Waseca
County.
Tiffany, A. W., Norwoed, Carver County.
Tyler, C. B., New Ulm, Brown County.
Underwood, A. J., Fergus Falls, Ottertail
County.
Urness, O. J., Moe, Douglas County.
Wade, Ed. F., Cedarville, Martin County.
Waener, J. A., Becker, Sherburne County.
Walker, D., Sauk Rapids, Benton County.
Walker, G. B., Westbrook, Cottonwood
County.
Walter, Clark, Sibley, Sibley County.
Warner, E. L., Rosewood, Chippewa Coun-

C. C., Madelia, Watonwan

ty.
Ward, Hon. W. G., Waseca, Waseca Coun-

ty.

Webb, Wm., Sterling Center, Blue Earth
County.

Webster, John, Norseland, Nicollet Coun-

ty.
Wellcome, Dr. J. H., Sleepy Eye, Brown
County.
Werner, E. S., Montevideo, Chippewa
County.
West, S. M., Warsaw, Rice County.
Weymouth, D. T., Marshall, Lyon County.
Weymouth, L.S8., Greenleaf, Meeker Coun-

ty.

Whitman, Prof. Allen, Saint Paul, Ramsey
County.

Whitcombe, G. F., Alexandria, Douglas
County.

Whitney, L. A., Kandiyohi, Kandiyohi
County.

Williams, C. A., Mapleton, Blue Earth
County.

Williams, A. P., Silver Lake, McLeod
County.

Wise, J.C., Mankato, Blue Earth County.

Wiseman, M.,Sauk Rapids, Benton County.

Wood, M. L., Marshiield, Lincoln County.

Wood, G. E., Detroit, Becker County.

Woodbury, A., Rose Lake, Martin County.

Woodbury, C. E., Sibley, Sibley County.

Worden, Park, Minnesota Falls, Chippewa
County.

Young, Samuel, Glenwood, Pope County.

MISSOURI.

E. D. Barton, Sarcoxie.
M. M. Tucker, Altona, Bates County.
J.T. Clark, Anson, Clark County.

James E.Gladish, Aullville, La Fayette
County.
H. L. Hewitt, Austin, Cass County.

[268] REPORT UNITED STATES

D. H. Webster, Austin, Cass County.

Dan Carpenter, Barry, Clay County.

William M,. Hastings, Barry City, Saint
Clair County.

J.S.Johnston, Golden City, Barton County.

J.C. McGeorge, Bethany, Harrison County.

John H. Crow, Bigelow, Holt County.

Samuel Miller, Bluffton.

J. Carson, Bolivar.

kh. H. Talbot, Bolekow, Andrew County.

L. A. Brown, Boonsborough, Howard
County.

Th, Kreglinger, Boyler’s Mill, Morgan
County.

M.S. Kellogg, Breckenridge.

Thomas Palmer, near Brunswick.

C. J. Ward, Bucklin, Linn County.

K. H. Burford, Burfordville, Cape Girar-
deau County.

H. Hilker, Bushberg.

G. E. Meissner, Bushberg.

M. W. Farris, Agency, Buchanan County.

E. P. Henry, Butler, Baies County.

J. Barlow, Cadet.

Jno. L. Rollins, Canton, Lewis County.

J.H. Burrows, Cainsville, Harrison County.

Jacobs & Marlow, Carthage, Jasper
County.

E. J. Montague, Carthage, Jasper County.

S. D. McPherson, Carthage, Jasper County.

J. Tilden, Carthage, Jasper County.

C. A. Lacoste, Central P. O., Saint Louis
County.

Dr. M. McKenzie, Centreville, Reynolds
County.

F.. Brewer, Chillicothe.

J.M. Gross, Chillicothe.

W. H. Miller, Chillicothe.

B. P. Hanan, Clark City, Clark County.

William H. Fillery, Collins, Saint Clair
County.

H. Krause, Concordia.

P.F., Pietz, Dutzow, Warren County.

J.J. Bryning, Doylesport, Barton County.

W. L. Snidow, Elkton, Hickory County.

J... Pores, M. D., East Lynne, Cass County.

Wm. A. Smith, East Lynne, Cass County.

C. J. Hostetter, East Lynne, Cass County.

Col. H. Fitch, Eagleville, Harrison County.

I. T. Moulton, jr., Farmington.

J. L. Motsinger, Fayetteville, Johnson
County.

J. K. White, Flag Springs, Andrew County.

J. D. White, Forest City, Holt County.

G. W. Kinney, Foristell, Saint Charles
County.

Wm. R. Howard, Forsyth, Taney County.

D. D. Martin, Freeman, Cass County.

T. J. Quick, Gaines, Henry County.

W. F. Tuttle, Golden, Barry County.

Hugh Stevenson, Gentryville, Gentry
County.

C. L. Gould, Gould Farm, Caldwell Coun-

ty.
W.G. McDowell, Greenfield, Dade County.
R. A. Workman, Greenfield, Dade County.
F. Brooks, Greenwood.
L. P. Munzor, Hannibal.
H. Eshbough, Hanover, Jefferson County.
J. C. Evans, Harlem, Clay County.

(Box 250.)

ee

ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

James E. Payne, Harrisonville.

W. R. Meador, Hardin, Ray County.

R. B. Palmer, Hartsville.

G. E. Schultz, Havana, De Kalb County,
L. R. Rupard, Hazle Green, Laclede Coun-

ty.
W. S. Parish, Hickman Mills, Jackson
County.
Ch. L. Carter, Holden, Johnson County.
W.A.Campbell, Holden, Johnson County.
T. D. Wallace, Hopkins, Nodaway County.
J. K. P. Idol, M. D., Houstonia, Pettis
County.
Ch. Roberds, Hudson, Bates County.
Levi Long, Island City, Gentry County.
A. Krekel, Jefferson City.
F. A. Nitehy, Jefferson City.
Ammon Ashford, Johnstown, Bates Coun-

ty.
Thos. B. Shrewsbury, Jchnstown, Bates
County.
W. T. Williams, Johnstown.
D. A. French, Kahoka, Clark County.
Frank Riblet, Kahoka, Clark County.
C. H. Allen, Kansas City.
Theo. S. Case, Kansas City.
D. L. Hall, Kansas City.
Jno. B. Wornall, Kansas City.
Frank Holsinger, Kansas City.
Rt. H. Stone, Kansas City.
H. A. White, Kansas City.
EK. W. Whitmore, Kansas City. (Box 1144.)
J. B. Reavis, Kingsville, Johnson County.
J. C. Dooley, Kirksville.
A. A. Dye, Lamar, Barton County.
Robt: Watson, Lee’s Summit.
Wm. H. Avery, Lamar, Barton County.
J. E. Stringer, Leesville, Henry County.
J. Belt, Lexington, La Fayette County.
W. B. Krimininger, Le Roy, Barton Coun-

ty.

M. L. Modrel, Little Osage, Vernon
County.

J.'I'. Ferguson, Snibar, La Fayette County.

| Wm. H. Clark, Luteston, Nodaway County.

Wm. Stark, Louisiana.

J. F. Brickell, Macon.

F. W. Gaunt, Maryville, Nodaway County.
Fred. Hastings, Maryville, Nodaway Coun-

ty.
A. H. Smith, Memphis.
A. Troth, Memphis.
Win. H Barton, Mexico.
W. G. Church, Mexico.
P. E. Locke, Mexico.
L. D. Shippee, Mexico.
Sam. McCray, Mitchellville,
County.
R. M. Walker, Monroe City.
H.C. Pritchett, Morrisville, Polk County.
J.M. Loafman, M. D., Morrisville, Polk
County.
G. B. Hickman, Mu'berry, Bates County. ~
Jno. Cecil, Meunt Vernon.
C. S. Whitescarver, Mount Pleasant, Gen-
try County.
J. H. Maxwell, Mount View, Benton Coun-
ty:
W.S. Goodman, Mount Vernon, Lawrence
County.

Harrison

APPENDIX XXVI—LIST OF CORRESPONDENTS.

H. Jaeger, Neosho, Newton County.

G. C. Broadhead, Neosho, Newton County.

Norman Gibbs, Mount Vernon.

Jno. Thrasher, Neosho, Newton County.

Jno. Snevely, Neosho, Newton County. (P.
O. box 126.)

H. Shepley, Nevada, Vernon County.

J. Whiteley, New Castle, Gentry County.

A. Irvine, Oregon, Holt County.

J. W. Maple, Oregon, Holt County.

Wm. Kaucher, Oregon, Holt County.

Bennett King, Oregon, Holt County.

T. W. Simpson, Payne’s Prairie, Polk
County.

T. W. Wilson, Payne’s Prairie, Polk Coun-

ty.
P. O. Connor, M. D., Pecuiiar, Cass Coun-

ty.
| D. M. Proctor, Philadelphia.
' T.J. West, Phelps City.

M. T. Rowe, Pink Hill, Jackson County.

M. B. W. Harman, Pickering, Nodaway
County.

Jos. Adkins, Platte City, Platte County.

R. P. C. Wilson, Platte City, Platte Coun-

ty.

A.J. McCraynor, Plattsburg.

Jas. H. Birch, Plattsburg.

J. H. Broadhead, Pleasant Hill.

C. C. Thomas, Point Pleasant, New Mad-
rid County.

B. V. Braddus, Princeton.

W. H. Barron, Raymore, Cass County.

David Defakaugh, Raymore, Cass County.

J. M. Thornburg, Reeds, Jasper County.

Jno. H. Dopf, Rockport, Atchison County.

J. Kimbertin, Rochester, Andrew County.

C. E. Treadwell, Rockport, Atchison
County.

O. Root, jr., Salisbury, Chariton County.

H. Baltegor, Saint Charles.

Kelsey & Co., Saint Joseph.

P. B. Sibley, Saint Joseph.

J. P. Singleton, Saint Joseph.

L. J. Winton, Saint Joseph.

[269]

Thos. McNallie, Sarcoxie, Jasper County.

E. D. Barton, Sarcoxie, Jasper County.

Wm. Challacombe, Savannah, Andrew
County.

L. N. Guild, Sedalia, Pettis County.

G. Husmann, Sedalia, Pettis County.

O. A. Crandall, Sedalia, Pettis County.

W.H. Wetherell, Seneca, Newton County.

W.G. L. Craig, Smithfield, Jasper County.

D. S. Holman, Springtield, Greene County.

F. H. Sheppard, Springfield, Greene Coun-

ty.

F. F. Fine, Springfield, Greene County.

A. J. Culbertson, Stewartsville, DeKalb
County.

John T. Pickett, Stewartsville, DeKalb
County.

J. W. Montgomery, Stockton, Cedar Coun-
ty.

W. Smiley, Stockton, Cedar County.

J.T. Ferguson, Sinibar, Lafayette County.

Jacob Grege, Stony Point, Jackson Coun-
ty.

J oa Hill, Taborville, Saint Clair County.

Wm. Hall, Walker, Vernon County.

J. Q. Thomson, Vernon County.

W. L. Lemmon, Warrensburg, Johnson
County.

Prof. Straight,
County.

J. L. Cleland, Warrensburg,
County.

R. T. Sill, Warsaw, Benton County.

James H. Lay, Warsaw, Benton County.

W.V. L. McClellan, Wellington, La Fay-
ette Couuty.

Rh. T. Ellifrit, Weston.

C. W. Jordan, Whitehare, Cedar County.

R. J. Lewis, Westport.

J. F. Smith, Whitesville, Andrew County.

H. G. Quincy, Wright City, Warren
County.

R. W. King, Young’s Creek P. O., Andrew
County.

Warrensburg, Johnson

Johnson

MONTANA.

Frank P. Davis, Bannock, Beaver Head
County.

J. V. Bogert, Bozeman, Gallatin County.

W. Clark, Bozeman, Gallatin County.

James Gomley, Bozeman, Gallatin County.

John Johnson, Bozeman, Gallatin County.

B. Klein, Bozeman, Gallatin County.

P. W. Macadow, Bozeman, Gallatin Coun-
ty. i

Dr. Lamme, Bozeman, Gallatin County.

J. D. McCammon, Bozeman, Gallatin
County.

George McCullum, Bozeman, Gallatin
County.

Mr. Malin, Bozeman, Gallatin County.

Thomas Shirley, Bozeman, Gallatin Coun-

y:

Gen. Lester Wilson, Bozeman, Gallatin
County.

Wm. E. Tierney, Canton, Meagher County.

Phil. E. Evans, Deer Lodge, Deer Lodge
County.

Henry B. Hoffman, Deer Lodge, Deer
Lodge Cotnty.

Conrad Kchrs, Deer Lodge, Deer Lodge
County.

C. H. Manning, Deer Lodge, Deer Lodge
County.

John §S. Pemberton, Deer Lodge, Deer
Lodge County.

R. N. Sutherlin, Diamond City, Meagher
County.

James M. Arnoux, Fort Benton, Choteau
County,

J. J. Donnelly, Fort Benton, Choteau
county.

Robert A. Miller, Fort Benton, Choteau
County.

O. O. Mortson, Ft. Benton,Choteau County.

S. 8S. Turner, U. 8S. A., Fort Peck.

Lieut. C. A. Booth, Fort Shaw, Lewis and
Clarke County.

Genl. Jno. Gibbon, U. S. A., Fort Shaw,
Lewis and Clarke County.

[270] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

Morgan Evans, Givendale, Deer Lodge | P. B. Clark, MRadersburg, Jefferson
County. County.

Henry Hebe, Hamilton, Gallatin County.| R. P. Bateman, Sheridan, Madison

John Potter, Hamilton, Gallatin County. County.

Phillip Thorpe, Hamilton,GallatinCounty. | S. Hall, Sheridan, Madison County.

James Fergus, Helena, Lewis and Clarke | J. W. Hyde, Sterling, Madison County.

County. R. M. Goin, Sterling, Madison County.
T. P. Tuller, Helena, Lewis and Clarke | P. V. Jackson, Sterling, Madison County.

County. Rk. 8S. Ford, Sun River Crossing, Lewis and
W.C. Gillette, Helena, Lewis and Clarke Clarke County.

County John Healy, Sun River Crossing, Lewis
M. C. Hodson: Helena, Lewis and Clarke and Clarke County.

County. George Steele, Sun River Crossing, Lewis
M. Hilger, Helena, Lewis and Clarke and Clarke County.

_ County. J. H. Baker, Virginia City, Madison
J. C. Kelsey, Helena, Lewis and Clarke County.

County. T. T. Baker, Virginia City, Madison
J. B. Porter, Helena, Lewis and Clarke County.

County. Judge H. R. Blake, Virginia City, Madison
Governor Potts, Helena, Lewis and Clarke County.

County. A. B. Knight, Virginia City, Madison
Thomas Reice, Helena, Lewis and Clarke County.

County. James Maynard, Virginia City, Madison

James McCartney, Mammoth Hot Springs. County.
Chauncey Barbour, Missoula, Missoula | R. R. Watkins, Virginia City, Madison
County. County.

NEBRASKA.

Abbott, C. S., Pleasant Hill, Saline County. | Kennedy, H., Omaha, Douglas County.
Aughey, Prof. Samuel, Lincoln, Lancaster | LaMunyon,I. W., North Platte, Lincoln

County. | County.
Babbitt, T. N., Sunlight, Cass County. Mills, B. D., Republican City, Harlan
Bailey, B. H., Bratton, Nemaha County. County.
Blanchard, G. T., Tremont, Dodge County. | Norton, Sterling J., Nebraska City, Otoe
Child, A. L., Plattsmouth, Cass County. County.
Clarke, Loran, Albion, Boone County. Reavis, Isham, Falls City, Richardson
Cox, H. M., Chapman, Merrick County. County.
Davidson, J. H., Burr Oak, Otoe County. Rockwell, James, Ponca, Dixon County.
Dodge, G. M., Glencoe, Dodge County. Smith, GC. C., Falls City, Richardson
Lisley, C. T., Hooper, Dodge County. County.
Elliot, W. W., Pleasant Home, Polk | St. Clair, W. P. P., Ogalalla, Keith County.
County. Stolley, William, Grand Island, Hall
Fitzpatrick, J. W., Hebron, Thayer County.
County. Touzaline, A. E., Lincoln, Lancaster

Gantt, D. T., Steele City, Jefferson County. County.

Gerdes, William, Arayo, Richardson | Truman, G. S., Genoa, Platte County.
County. Vosburg, J., Farmers’ Valley, Hamilton

Gratf, Lewis A., Kearney, Kearney County. County.

Hendricks, H. O., Amazon, Franklin | Wells and Neiman, Schuyler, Colfax
County. County.

Holmes, C. A., Tecumseh, Johnson County. | Wise, John, Nebo, Platte County.

Hulliban, T. G., Niobrara, Knox County. Wheeler, D. H., Plattsmouth, Cass County.

Hutchinys, George, Falls City, Richardson | Whitcomb, E., Friend, Saline County.
County.

NEVADA.
Ralston Brothers, Bull Run Creek. Ritchie & Brauner, Paradise Valley, Hum-
William 4H. Snyder, Cornucopia, Elko boldt County.
County. C. C. Pope, Reno, Washoe County.

C. C. Wheeler, Cornucopia, Elko County. I. Daniel Bonelli, Saint Thomas, Lincoin
Isaac V. Button, Little Humboldt Valley. County.
Merritt Carroll, Paradise Valley, Hum- | William Aiken, Sweet Water, Esmeralda

boldt County. County.
8. C. Carroll, Paradise Valley, Humboldt | Edward Ham, White Rock, Elko County.
County. Painter & Stoff, White Rock, Elko County.

NEW MEXICO.

George May, Socorro. | Alexander Gusdorf, Ranchos de Taos.

APPENDIX XXVI.—LIST OF CORRESPONDENTS.

[271]

OREGON.

R. W. Gwinn, Baker City, Baker County.

Henry Heisy, Clarksville, Baker County.

Frank Laugherty, Clarksville,
County.

Dr. Rafierty, East Portland, Multnomah

County.

Baker

George Benton, Portland, Multnomah
County.

C. Roop, Portland, Multnomah County.

J. R. Foster & Co., Umatilla, Umatilla
County.

J. H. Kenzie, Umatilla, Umatilla County.

TIEXAS.

D. A. Todd, Austin.

W.C. Walsh, Austin.

Hon. J. Hancock, Mic: Austin.

J. H. Shaw, Austin.

WO: King, Austin.

J.H. Secrist, Austin.

Governor Richard Coke, Austin.

J. W. Miller, Bastrop.

J.S. Moores, Bastrop.

William H. Thacker, Brenham.

' W.L. Coleman, Calvert.

_ T. J. Moulton, jr., Calvert.

D.N. Dodson, Cambridge.

_ G. W. Belfrage, Clifton, Bosque County.
O’Niel McKechbnie, Clifton, Bosque County.
| Hon. R. Q. Mills, M. C., Corsicana.

J. H. Stevens, Dallas.

A. J. Ross, Dallas.

H. J. Coe, Dallas.

J.C. M. Crockett, Dallas.
J. Boll, Dallas.
A. W. Acheson,

225 West Main street,
Denison.

T. V. Munson, Denison.

Wenk Brothers, Galveston.

Nelson & Sadler, Galveston.

W. D. Donaldson, Headsville.

H. Brous, Helotes.

A. B. Small, Houston.

C.P. B. Martin, Huntsville.

A. H. R.. Bryant, Pilot Point,
County.

D. Donavan, Maysfield, Milam County.

C.S. Taleafero, Navasota.

J.C. Melcher, O’Quin, Black Jack Springs.

H. C. Overaker, Plano, Collin County.

J. H. Myers, Salado, Bell County.

Denton

UTAH.

B. .D.
County.
Horton % Haight, Farmington, Davis
County.
William’ Vv. Haight, Farmington, Davis
County.
John Bartholomew, Fayette, San Pete
County.
William Jeffries,
County.
. H. Crossly, Hebron,
' County.
Charles ‘ghetton,
County.
W. D. Johnson, jr., Kanab, Kane County.
Henry Baliard, Logan, Cache County.
Wiliam B. Preston, Logan, Cache County.
Supt. Thacher, Logan, Cache County.
Jobn Vickers, Nephi City, Juab County.
F. A. Brown, Ogden, Weber County.
John I. Hart, Ogden, Weber County.
John Spiers, Ogden, Weber County.
Isaiah M. Combs, Payson, Utah County.
Andrew L., Siler, Ranch, Kane County.
Joseph L. Barfoot, Salt Lake City, Salt
Lake County,
Jobn Readings, Salt Lake City, Salt Lake
County.

Pickman, Diamond City, Juab

Grantsville, Tooele
Washington

Helen City, Wasatch

Serge. W. McGillivray, Salt Lake City, Salt
Lake County.

Col. A. P. Reckwood, Salt Lake City, Salt
Lake County.

Brigham Young, Salt Lake City, Salt Lake
County.

K. C. Johnson, Silver Reef, Washington
County.

Francis Sharpe, Smithfield, Cache County.

George D. Snell, Spanish Fork City, Utah
County.

B. F. Jobuson, Spring Lake, Utah County.

Joseph E. Johnson, Saint George, Wash-
ington County.

Edward Palmer, Saint George, Washing-
ton County.

George W. Burridge, Saint John’s, Tooele
County.

Joseph J. Bishop, Adamsville,
County.

Daniel Tyler, Beaver City, Beaver County.

Benjamin F. Johnson, Benjamin, Beaver
County.

Jobn Chatter’ ty, Cedar City, Iron County.

Rev. G. Charles Buntine, Croydon, Mor-
gan County.

Beaver

WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

J.H. Wilbur, Fort Simcoe, Yakima County.

Rev. Luther Wilbur, Fort Simcoe, Yakima
County.

D. N. Utter, Olympia, Thurston County.

J. G. Swan, Port Townsend, Jefferson
County.

J. K. Lum, Skookumchuck, Lewis County.

W. B. Blackwell, Tacoma, Pierce County.

W. Byron Daniels, Vancouver, Clark
County.

D. 8. Baker, Walla Walla, Walla Walla
County.

Charles Bessemer, Walla Walla, Walla
Walla County.

W. L. Gwinn, Walla Walla, Walla Walla
County.

Phillip Ritz, Walla Walla, Walla, Walla
County.

[272] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

WYOMING.

Capt. W. S. Collier, Camp at Red Cafion. | Maj. A. W. Evans, Fort Laramie, Laramie
J. K. Moore, Camp Brown, Sweet Water County.

County. P. P. Dickenson, Lander, Sweet Water
A. P. Frick, Camp on Hot Creek. County.
E. P. Snow, Cheyenne, Laramie County. | T. A. Maccory, Sandy Station.
William E. Carlin, Como Station.
Captain Coates, Fort Fetterman, Albany

County.

APPENDIX XXVIII.

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE LOCUSTS OF AMERICA.

[At the request of the Commission, Mr. B. Pickman Mann, of Cambridge, Mass., has
been kind enough to prepare a bibliography of locust literature for all countries. We
are, unfortunately, obliged to omit that part pertaining to other countries than Amer-
ica, for the reasons stated in the Preface, and for the further reason that the Govern-
ment Printing Office has no Russian type. The bulk of it will, however, be found in
Hagen’s “Bibliotheca entomologica” and in Képpen’s ‘‘ Ueber die Heuschrecken in
Siidrussland”. Those references preceded by an asterisk (*) have been verified by Mr.
Mann; those with a dagger (t), by Dr. Hagen’. ]

NORTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS.

*Asa Fitch, M.D. Reports on the noxious and other insects of New York. < Trans-
actions of the N. Y. State Agricultural Society. Albany.
Third Report. 1856. p. 315-490 + 2 pl. fig. .

p. 487-490++ 2 pl. Notice of the gigantic locusts of tropical America, Acrydium cristatum,
A. dua, A. latreillet, and A. semirubrum.

*tAlex. S. Taylor. An account of the grasshoppers and locusts of America. < An-
nual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1858. 1859. p. 200-213.

[Hagen, II, 394.] Accounts, mainly collated, of locust invasions in the Pacific United
States, in Mexico, and in Central America.

*B. Dann Walsh. Grasshoppers and locusts. < Practical Entomologist. 1866.
vy. 2, p. 1-5, p. 22. ;

First specifically recognizable mention of Oaloptenus spretus; its correct name; its ravae
ges and migrations; probable limits of its range; means of preventing its increase.

*B. Dann Walsh and C: V. Riley. Grasshoppers. < American Entomologist. 1868.
Wark, ps LG,

Occurrence of Caloptenus femur-rubrum, OC. differentialis, O. bivittatus, and Gidipoda caro-
lina in Illinois; their ravages in Iowa. :

*M.C. Nickerson. ‘ Grasshoppers.” Their devastations in western Iowa and the
good that has resulted from them. < American Entomologist. 1868. v.1, p. 27-28.

Seasons and ravages of Oaloptenus spretus in Iowa; importation by them of the seeds of
Vilfa vagineflora.

*B. D. Walsh. First- annual report on the noxious insects of the state of Illinois.
From the Appendix to the Transactions of the Iinois State Horticultural Society.
Chicago, 1868. 103 p.+1 pl.

p. 82-103. Insects infesting garden-crops generally. Chapter XIV.—The hateful
grasshopper, (Caloptenus spretus, Walsh.)

Eastern limit of the range of the locust; occurrence and ravages of the locust in Texas

and Missouri in 1866, and in the Mississippi Valley in 1867; its various irruptions in bygone

yeas east and west of the Rocky Mountains; distinction between it and Oaloptenus femur-
rubrum.

aga e i Walsh and ©: V. Riley. Grasshoppers. < American Entomologist. 1868.
Wate Ds Oue.,

_ Caloptenus femur-rubrum, OC. differentialis, O. bivittatus, Edipoda carolina, and Acheta abbre-
viata have been unusually abundant this year in Kentucky and in most of the northwestern

all al of the Mississippi river; at the same time, the locusts have been very scarce in
New York.

*B. D. Walsh and C: V. Riley. The hateful or Colorado grasshopper. (Caloptenus
spretus, Uhler and Walsh.) < American Entomologist. 1868. v. 1, p. 73-76, fig. 65.

Oaloptenus spretus distinguished from O. femur-rubrum ; native haunts, migrations, geo-
graphical range and ravages of the former.

2 oa The ‘‘ Colorado grasshopper”. <( American Entomologist. 1869. v.
, p. 94-95.

Native haunts, migrations, ravages, and enemies of the locust.

{18 G} [273]

[274] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

*D. A. A. Nicholls. Grasshoppers in the state of New York. < American Entomol-
ogist. 1868. v.1, p. 96.
Opposes the statement on p. 53 of this journal that locusts were scarce in New Yorkin
ee a least for the extreme western part of the state; what plants were destroyed by the
ocusts.
*V. Eee The “Colorado grasshopper”. <( American Entomologist. 1869. y.1,
p. 99.

Objects to the name as casting odium on Colorado, whereas it is equally numerous and
native in other regions; the habits of the native ‘‘spring grasshopper” are different from
those of the immigrating ‘‘ fall grasshopper”; effect of weather on the hatching of eggs.

*James H.Parsons. Grasshoppers. <_ American Entomologist. 1869. v. 2, p. 52.

Scarcity of locusts in Franklin, N. Y., in 1869.

*Cyrus Thomas. The hateful, or Colorado grasshopper.—(Caloptenus spretus, Uhler
and Walsh.) <( American Entomologist. 1870. vy. 2, p. 81-84.
A summary of investigations during a trip through Colorado and New Mexico. Seasons,
native haunts, migrations, and localities of occurrence of locusts.
*S.S.Rathvon. Rocky Mountain grasshopper cannot livein Pennsylvania. < Amer-
ican Entomologist. 1870. v. 2, p. 88.
Young locusts, accidentally introduced into Lancaster, Pa.,. all perished.

*F. V. Hayden. Reports of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories.
Washington, [1867-]1872-1877. Reports 1-9.
Fourth Report. 1872. p. 249-261. S. H. Scudder. Notes on the Orthoptera
collected by Dr. F. V. Hayden in Nebraska.

List of species observed in Nebraska. Remarks on the devastating grasshoppers of North
America, Caloptenus femur-rubrum, O. spretus, Gidipoda atrox n.sp.; ravages of O. femur-
rubrum in New England; notes upon C. spretus, as observed during its invasion of western
Iowa in August and September, 1867; ravages of @. atrox on the Pacific coast.

Fifth Report. 1872. p. 423-466-+ 2 pl. Cyrus Thomas. Notes on the salta-

torial Orthoptera of the Rocky Mountain regions.

Sources of information; systematic arrangement of families of Orthoptera; distribution
of species between the eastern, middle, and western districts of the United States west of
Missouri; list of species, with descriptions of new species; p. 445-466, Acrididz.

Sixth Report. 1873. p.719-725. Cyrus Thomas. Notes on Orthoptera.
General remarks on geographical distribution and on descriptive characters of the species.

Ninth Report. 1877. p. 589-809-+-9 pl. (pl. 62-70) +5 maps 23X27; 67 fig. A.
S. Packard, Jr.,M.D. Report on the Rocky Mountain locust and other insects
now injuring or likely to injure field and garden crops in the western states
and territories.

Locusts, p. 591-693 ; their occurrence and ravages in Colorado, Kansas, Wyoming, Utah
New Mexico, and Nevada; their northern range; their invasion of Texas, Kansas, Iowa, Min-
nesota, Nebraska, Dakota, Montana, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, and New Mexico in 1876;
their habits, seasons, development, classificatory characters, geographical distribution, and
migrations; the migratory locusts of Central and South America and those of Europe, Asia,
and Africa; external enemies and parasites of the Caloptenus spretus ; measures for prevent-
ing the ravages of the locusts; summary of our present knowledge of the locust; inquiries
to which answers are needed; meteorological data on the mean temperature, mean relative
humidity, prevailing wind, and total movement in the various months of the years 1871-1876 at
numerous stationsin the western United States; breeding habits of Caloptenus femur-rubrum ;
ravages and migrations’ of the latter species in the eastern United States; ravages of @di-
poda pellucida in California, and description of the imago; ravages of Acrydiwm americanum
in the southeastern United States; ravages of Anabrus simplex and A. haldemani in Utah
and neighboring regions; descriptions of the last two species.

*Cyrus Thomas. Synopsis of the Acrididz of North America. Report of the United
States Geological Survey of the Territories. Vol. 1, pt. 1. Washington, 1873.
10 + 262 p.+1 pl.

*S. EB. Wilber. Animal migrations. < Popular Science Monthly. 1874. v. 4, p.
745-746.

[Same?] < *New England Farmer. 1875. v. 53, no. 29.

The attacks of dipterous parasites the sole incentive to the migrations of locusts.

*Anonym. Grasshoppers in Minnesota. [From (Chicago) Inter-Ocean.] < New
York Commercial Advertiser, June 1, 1874.

Habitats, habits, and enemies of locusts.

*Anonym. Grasshoppers stopping-cars. [From St. Joseph (Mo.) Heraid.] < Hart-

ford Daily Courant, v. 38, no. 198 (11,163), Aug. 19, 1874.
Stoppage of railroad trains by locusts.

APPENDIX XXVII.—AMERICAN LOCUST BIBLIOGRAPHY. [275{

*Anonym. The locust in Minnesota. < Scientific American. 1874. v. 31, p. 65.
Description and habits of Caloptenus spretus; extent of its ravages; means against locust
in Europe and Africa; their natural enemies.
*Anonym. The western locust plague. < Scientific American. 1874. v.31, p. 119, fig:
Habits of Caloptenus spretus; damage done by locusts in Minnesota, and means agains}
them.
*J. Whiteford. The plague of locusts. <Scientific American. 1874. v.31, p. 196.

Means against and natural enemies of locusts.

*C:R. Dodge. The “lubber” grasshopper. < Rural Carolinian. 1874. v.5, p. 363.

Habits of and means against Lhomalea microptera.

*J,éon Provancher. Les sauterelles. < Naturaliste Canadien. 1874. v. 6, p. 270.
Excellence of locusts as human food.

*Dr. H. Weyenbergh. Mangas de langostas (Acridium paranense Burm.) en Ja Re-
publica Argentina durante 1873. < Periddico Zooléjico. 1874. v.1, p. 33-43.

Chronological summary of earlier observations; directions and times of flights; size of
swarms.

*W.tL. Carpenter. Artificial hatching of grasshoppers. < American Naturalist.
1875. v. 9, p. 312.

Locusts hatched in January in Dakota by the heat of camp-fires. Doubts (by the editors)
whether the hatching had not taken place in the previous autumn.

*C: V. Riley. Annual reports on the noxious, beneficial and other insects of Missouri,
made to the State Board of Agriculture. Jefferson City, Mo.
*Seventh Report. 1875. 196-+ 4 p. 39 fig.
p. 121-196, fig. 23-39. The Rocky Mountain locust—Caloptenus spretus Thomas; its char-

acters; its natural and chronological history, habits, ravages, enemies and parasites, home,
migrations and geographical distribution; means of preventing its ravages.

*Kighth Report. 1876. 185-4 4p. 55 fig.

p. 57-156, fig. 39-47. The Rocky Mountain locust—Caloptenus spretus Thomas; detailed
account of its ravages in Missouri and neighboring states in 1875; natural history of the
young: definition of the species; its native home, migrations, and ravages; changes that
eew the ravages; natural and artificial means of repressing the locusts; use of the locusts
as food.

*Ninth Report. 1877. 129-+3-+1pl.(fig. 16), 32 fig.

p. 57-124, fig. 16-29. The Rocky Mountain locust—Oaloptenus spretus Thomas; its doings
in 1876 in the northern and eastern states west of the Mississippi river; detailed reports
from counties in Missouri; source, direction, rate, and extent of its flights; its geographical
range and that of its allies; its manner of egg-laying and of hatching; new enemies and
parasites ; experiments to determine the best artificial means of reducing its ravages; laws
passed by Missouri, Kansas, and Minnesota providing for the destruction of the locusts;
prospects of locust invasions in 1877.

*Frank H. Snow. The Rocky Mountain locust. (Caloptenus spretus Uidler.)
< Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 1875. v. 4, p. 26-28.
Seasons, ravages, abundance, direction of flight, and natural enemies of the locusts.
*E. FP. Jackson. Grasshoppers again troublesome in Minnesota. < Field and Forest.
1875. v.1,p. 31.
Occurrence of locusts in Minnesota in 1875; they and their eggs destroyed by parasites.
*E. C. Huntington. Grasshoppers again troublesome in Minnesota. < Field and
Forest. 1875. v.1,p. 31.
Incursion of locusts in Minnesota in 1875; their eggs laid abundantly.
*Jos: Willcox. On the flight of grasshoppers. < Proceedings of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1875. p. 361.
Locusts were observed repeatedly in Colorado to descend to the ground before each shower
of rain, taking flight again after the shower.
*“C:J.S. Bethune. Grasshoppers or locusts. < Annual Report of the Entomological
Society of Ontario, for 1874. 1875. p. 29-42, fig. 30-34.

Confusion in the names locust and grasshopper; figures of Cicada septendecim, Cidipoda
migratoria, Cyrtophyllum concavum. History of visitations of locusts in earlier times in
America, and of the plague of locusts in 1874, especially in Nebraska, Minnesota, Kansas, and
Manitoba. Description and figures of Oaloptenus spretus and O. femur-rubrum. Means of
reducing the ravages of the locusts.

*S:H.Scudder. Habits and forms of Caloptenus spretus. < Psyche. 1876. v.1,
p. 144.

Doubts whether the destructive swarms of locusts start from the heart of the Rocky
Mountains; 0. atlanis perhaps a geographical race of OC. spretus.

[276] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

*C: J.S. Bethune. The western locusts. < Annual Report of the Entomological
Society of Ontario, for 1875. 1876. p. 45+54, fig.

Compilation, from various sources, of reports upon the occurrence and doingsof Caloptenus
spretus in 1875 in Manitoba and in the United States west of the Mississippi river; extract,
from Riley’s eighth report, of suggestions of means of reducing the ravages of the locusts;
locusts as an article of food.

George M. Dawson. Notes on the locust. Invasion of 1874 in Manitoba and the
north west territories. 16 p. 8°. .
[From the Canadian Naturalist.]
List of invasions of Manitoba by Caloptenus spretus. Directions in which the locusts travel.
Coniferous forests seem to cut off their migrations. Least endangered crops. Special reports
from numerous observers at distant stations.

*Geo. M.Dawson. Notes on the appearance and migrations of the locust in Mani-
toba and the north west territories—Summer of 1875. 20p. 8°.
[From the Canadian Naturalist. ]
[Subject expressed by title. }
Geo. M. Dawson. Notes on the appearance of the locust in Manitoba and the
northwest territories. Summer of 1876. May, 1878. p. 8°.

[From the Canadian Naturalist. ]

*J.B. Phillips. The Rocky Mountain locust. Caloptenus spretus. Statistics of
Minnesota for 1876. Being the Eighth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Sta-
tistics, p. 88-112.

On the wide distribution of destructive lecusts. Accounts of the flight of @dipoda migra-
toria far out on the Atlantic ocean and into Europe. Particulars of the European invasion
of 1747 and 1748, and accounts of other invasions of @. migratoria. Statistics of all the inva-
sions of destructive locusts within the United States since 1818. Tables showing the dam-
age done by locusts in Minnesota in 1875.

*J: C. Wise, Warren Smith, and Allen Whitman. The grasshopper, or Rocky
Mountain locust, and its ravages in Minnesota.—A special report to the Hon. C. K.
Davis, Governor of Minnesota.—Five thousand copies ordered printed.—Saint Paul,
Pioneer Press Company, 1876. 50 p. 8°. 8 fig.

List of writings and other sources of information; record of invasions of Caloptenus spretus
since 1819, and particularly of invasions of Minnesota; years, seasons, and places of invasion
and departure; ravages; characteristics, relationships, and descriptions (with figures) of
C. spretus, C.femur-rubrum, C. differentialis, C. bivittatus, C. atlanis; growth, habits, native
breeding-grounds, oviposition, and food of C. spretus ; natural and artificial means of destruc-
tion of the locusts; climatic influences; enemies; parasites.

*J:S. Pillsbury, C: V. Riley, and Pennock Pusey. The Rocky Mountain locust, or
grasshopper, being the report of proceedings of a conference of the governors of sev-
eral western states and territories, together with several other gentlemen, held at
Omaha, Nebraska, on the 25th and 26th days of October, 1876, to consider the locust
problem; also a summary of the best means now known for counteracting the eyil.
Saint Louis, 1876. [4]-+58-++ p. 23+15. 8 fig.

Proceedings; practical considerations and suggestions for the repression of Caloptenus

spretus ; description, oviposition, transformations, and habits of the locust; its enemies and
parasites; means against itin its various stages.

*C:V.Riley- Locusts as food forman. < Proceedings of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science. Salem, 1876. v.24, pt. 2, p. 208-214.
Use of locusts as food in different ages and countries; how they are cooked; what kinds
are eaten.
*C:V. Riley. The locust plague; how to avert it. < Proceedings of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science. 1876. v.24, pt. 2, p. 215-222.
Ravages of Caloptenus spretus in 1873-75; means to be employed against them.

*W.R. Gerard. Insects as articles of food. < Proceedings of the Poughkeepsie So-
ciety of Natural Science. 1876. v. 1, p.17-31.

Discussion of tastes ; methods of preparing locusts, crickets, larvz and imagos of beetles

and moths, ants, termites, flies and eggs of bugs and ants; chemical analysis of Corixa fiour.

*E. C. Merrick. Grasshoppers in the northwest. < Field and Forest. 1876. v. 2,
p. 64-65.
List of counties invaded by locusts in 1876 in Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, and
oe number of eggs deposited in a given area; usefulness of birds in destroying the
ocusts.
*C.R. Dodge. Editorial pencillings. < Field and Forest. 1876. v. 2, p.69-70. 1877.
p. 125-126.
Desirability of the appointment of a commission to study the locust-problem; text of @
bill introduced into Congress for the purpose of such appointment.

|
ni

APPENDIX XXVII.—AMERICAN LOCUST BIBLIOGRAPHY. [277]

*C.R. Dodge. Acridium americanum. < Field and Forest. 1877. v.2,p. 145, fig. 4.
Occurrence of swarms of Acridium americanum in Vevay, Indiana, and in Suffolk county,

Virginia,
*C.R. Dodge. The “lubber” grasshopper. < Field and Forest. 1877. v.2, p. 160-161.

Description of the eggs, young and imagos, and of the habits of Rkhomalea microptera.

*C.J.S. Bethune. The destructive locust of the west. < Annual Report of the
Entomological Society of Ontario, for 1876. 1877. p. 29-34, fig. 2.
History of the migrations of Caloptenus spretus, and theory of their cause.

eG We Riley. Locust flights east of the Mississippi. < Transactions of the Kansas
Academy of Science, for 1876. 1877. v.5, p. 62-64.

Home and limits of distribution of Caloptenus spretus,; flights of Acridium americanum.

C. V. Riley, A. S. Packard, Jr., and Cyrus Thomas. [United States Entomological
Commission.] Circular no. 1. 4p.

Queries on the migrations, appearance, habits, and devastations of Caloptenus spretus, with
directions for making replies.

*C. V. Riley. Circular no. 2 [of U.S. Entomological Commission]. 4 p.

Statement of the plans of each commissioner; area and divisions of the subject assigned to
each; petition for information on the natural history, insect enemies, and parasites of COalop-
tenus spretus and other locusis, and the remedial measures employed against the locusts in
their various stages.

*“A. S. Packard, Jr. Circular no. 3 [of U. S. Entomological Commission]. 4 p.

Petition for information on the habits, distribution, and extent of damage done by locusts
in Montana, Idaho, western Wyoming, Utah, Oregon, Washington territory, and California,
and for the collection and preservation of specimens; queries on the migrations, appearance,
habits, and devastations of locusts.

*C. V. Riley, A. S. Packard, Jr., and Cyrus Thomas, Commissioners. Bulletin of the
United States Entomological Commission. Destruction of the young or unfledged
locusts. No.1. Washington, 1877. 12p.

Announcement of the proposed publications of the commission. Enumeration of artificial
and natural means of destroying the young or unfledged locusts; reprint of laws passed by

Missouri, Kansas, and Minnesota to provide for the destruction of grasshoppers and their
eggs.

—— Supplement to Bulletin no. 1. 2p.

Summary of means for the destruction of young locusts.

——— Bulletin no. 1—second edition. 15 p.

Adds to the contents of first edition a reprint of a law passed by Nebraske, to provide for
the destruction of grasshoppers; also the contents of the supplement to Bulletin no. 1.

Bulletin of the United States Entomological Commission. On the natural
history of the Rocky Mountain locust, and on the habits of the young or unfledged
insects as they occur in the more fertile country in which they will hatch the pres-
ent year. No.2. Washington,1877. 15 p. 11 fig.-+ map.

Descripticn, oviposition, hatching, transformations, and habits of Oaloptenus spretus, with

figures; map of the country that will suffer most severely, showing the eastern limit of injury
the present year.

*

*

*

*

—— Second edition. 14 p. 11 fig.-+ map.
Differs from first edition in the suppression of some statements on p. 8, on the rupture of
the egg by the embryo.

“Alfred Gray. The Rocky Mountain locust in Kansas, in 1877. < Monthly Reports
of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture for August, September and October, 1877.
1877. p. 21-42, fig. 1-3.

p. 21-25. Report by Geo. F. Gaumer.
Times of appearance of young locusts; hatching of eggs; enemies of the locusts.
p. 25-31, fig. 1-3. Report by A. N. Godfrey.
_ Deposition of eggs; egg-parasites ; times'of hatching; measures and tools for the destruc-
tion of locusts; natural enemies; direction of flights.
p. 32-41. Address by Prof. C. V. Riley. Locusts—their origin, migrations, and
limits.—T wo successive hatchings, in same region, improbable.
Name; geographical range; native haunts; susceptibility of control; migrations; avoid-

ance of regions infested in the previous year; egg-parasites; summary of statistics of flights
in 1877; final destination.

p. 42. G. H. Gaumer. Confounding species.

per dea table distinguishing Caloptenus femur-rubrum, O. spretus, and 0. atlanis from
each other.

[278] REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

*C: V. Riley. The locust plague in the United States: being more particularly a
treatise on the Rocky Mountain locust or so-called grasshopper, as it occurs east of
the Rocky Mountains, with practical recommendations for its destruction. Chicago,
Rand, McNally & Co. 1877. 236p.+3pl. 8°. 42 fig.

Characters of the species; differences and resemblances between Caloptenus spretus, C.
Femur-rubrum and O. atlanis: comparisons of the three in early stages; chronological his-
tory of locust invasions; detailed account of invasions from 1873-1876; eastern limit reached;
native home and geographicalrange; source of disastrous swarms; causes of migration; natu-
ral history and transformations; philosophy of the egg-mass, hatching process; habits and
power for injury; direction and destinat_on of departing swarms; effects of young insectsin
country where they hatch, but where they are not indigenous; changes that follow the
locusts ; natural enemies; practical considerations; destruction of eggs, of young insects, of
winged insects; ravages of locusts east of Mississippi; nomenclature; prairie fires; locusts
as food; fasting and prayer, etc.

*C:V. Riley. The Rocky Mountain locust. < American Naturalist. 1877. v. 11,
p- 663-673.

Name, geographical range, native haunts, susceptibility of control, and migrations of Calop-
tenus spretus ; its avoidance of regions infested in the previous year; its final destination.
ee B 32-41 of the work cited next before this, where the same address is published more

y:
Cyrus Thomas. Sixth report of the state entomologist of Illinois. [First biennial
report of the present author.] 1877. p. 44-56.

Invasions and migrations of Caloptenus spretus. 0. differentialis is the species which
invades Illinois, but it is not habitually migratory. In 1875, C. femur-rubrum disappeared in
Illinois, and what seems to be OC. ailanis took its place. Extent of the hatching-ground of 0.
spretus. Direction of the migrations of this locust. Direction and extent of some migrations
of Gdipoda migratoria in Europe. Means against C. spretus.

Cyrus Thomas. Bulletin of Hayden’s U. 8. Geological and Geegraphical Survey of
the Territories, iv, No.2. On the Orthoptera collected by Dr. Elliott Coues, U.S. A.,
in Dakota and Montana, during 187374. Note on Caloptenus spretus. Washington,
May 3, 1878. 8°. pp. 20.

“A. S. Packard, Jr.. M.D. The injurious insects of the west. A report on the
Rocky Mountain locust, and other insects now injuring, or likely to injure, field and
garden crops in the western states and territories. Illustrated by 67 woodcuts, 6
plates, and 5 maps. Salem, Cassino, 1877. 8°.

[Extra copies from Hayden's report for 1875, and cited above. 80 copies only issued, with
a new title-page. |]

C. S. Minot. A lesson in Comparative Histology. <(American Naturalist. June,
1878. Plate 1.

Gives an account of the histology of the digestive canal of C. spretus.

SOUTH AMERICAN LOCUSTS.

All the citations in this list, not otherwise credited, are taken from the Periédico

Zooldéjico, Cordoba, 1874-1877, v. 1-2.

Anonym. Heuschrecken in Siidamerica. < Froriep’s Notizen. 1826. v.15, p. 177-180.

[Hagen, IT, 339.]

Capt. Andrew. Travels in the mining districts of South America.—[Extract:]
< Froriep’s Notizen. 1828. v.20, p. 134-135.

The extract is on locust-swarms in South America. [Hagen, I, 12.]

Herm: C: Conr: Burmeister. Reise durch die La Plata Staaten; mit besonderer
Riicksicht auf die physische Beschaffenheit und den Culturzustand der argentini-
schen Republik, ausgefiihrt in den Jahren 1857-1860. Halle, 1861. 2v. 8°. Maps
and title-illustration.

{Hagen, I, 108] v. 1, p. 491- , contains most of what was wriiten previous to 1874,
upon migrations of locusts in the Argentine Republic. {Weyenbergh, (1874).}

*B: Apthorp Gould,M.D. Aswarm of locusts. < Popular Science Monthly. 1874.
v. 4, p. 636.

Description of a swarm of lecusts seen at Cordova, Argentine Republic.

*Dr. H. Weyenbergh. Manga de langostas en Cérdoba. < Periédico Zooldjico.
1874. v. 1, p. 123-124.

Occurrence of Acridium paranense late in autumn (May) in the streets of Cordoba.

Dr. H. Weyenbergh. Manga de langostas en Cordoba. < Anales de la agricultura
de la Reptiblica Argentina. 1874. vy. 1, p. 135.

Dr. B: A. Gould. Manga de langostas en Cordoba. < Anales de Ja agricultura de la
Reptiblica Argentina. 1874. vy. 1, p. 164.

APPENDIX XXVII.—AMERICAN LOCUST BIBLIOGRAPHY. [279]

Dr. H. Weyenbergh. Otras observaciones sobre mangas de langostas. < Anales
de la agricultura de la Reptiblica Argentina. 1874. v.1, p. 164, fig.

Anonym. La langosta en la Rioja. < Anales de la agricultura de la Reptblica Ar-
gentina. 1874. v.1, p. 176.

Anonym. Langostas. < Anales de la agricultura de la Keptiblica Argentina. 1874,
v. 2, p. 17 4-117 + 201 + 227.

Several articles cited in the Revue de bibliographie zoologique de l’ Amérique méridionale.
< Periédico Zooléjico. 1875. v.1, p. 231-233.

Anonym. Langostas invadiendo un sembrado. < Anales de la agricultura de la
Republica Argentina. 1874. v. 2, p. 201.

Anonym. La langosta en Entre-Rios. < Anales de la agricultura de la Reptblica
Argentina. 1874. v. 2, p. 206.

Anonym. Estragos por la langosta. < Anales de la agricultura de la Reptiblica
Argentina. 1875. v. 3, p. 6.

Anonym. La langosta en la Rioja. <Anales de la agricultura de la Reptblica
Argentina. 1875. v. 3, p. 27. .

Anonym. La langosta. < Anales de laagricultura dela Reptiblica Argentina. 1875.
V. 3, p. 27.

Anonym. Langosta. < Anales de la agricultura de la Reptblica Argentina. 1875.
v. 3, p. 37.

Dr. H. Weyenbergh. El enemigo especial de las langostas. < Anales de agricul-
tura de la Repiblica Argentina. 1875. v. 3, p. 45.

Dr.H. Weyenbergh. La langosta. < Anales de la agricultura dela Reptblica Ar-
gentina. 1876. v. 4, p. 86-+ 102.

Anonym. Guerra 4 muerte 4 la langosta. < Anales de la agricultura de la Repfi-
blica Argentina. 1876. v. 4, p. 178-199.

Anonym. Instrucciones para la extincion dela langosta. < Anales de la agricultura
de la Reptibiica Argentina. 1876. v. 4, p. 182.

E. Oldendorff. Informe anual del departamento nacional de agricultura, del afio de
1874. Buenos Aires, 1875.
p- 69-86-++5 pl. Dr. A. Doering. Los enemigos y benefactores del maiz.
Describes and figures several insects, among them Acridium paranense.

p- 103-105. Sur les migrations des sauterelles.
Circular.

p- 148-149. Sur les sauterelles & Concordia.
Two letters from Mr. Bertram.
E. Oldendorff. Informe anual del departamento nacional de agricultura, de 1875.
Buenos Aires, 1876,
p. 117. La langosta.
p. 453-473. Dr. H. Weyenbergh. Informe anual del inspectadoro de la zoologia
agricola. Chap. 7: Animales titiles y dafinos.

Contains, inter alia: La langosta y sus enemigos, with figures of Acridiwm paranense, Ne-
morala acridiorum, Trox pastillarius, and Gordius acridiorum. ‘‘The plates are so bad that
several figures are irrecognizable.”

INDEX.

A.

Abbe, Cleveland, remarks on temperature of soil
and thermal constants, 425, 426.
statement by, 203, 204.
table by, 205-211.

Abdomen of the locust, 257.

Accentor, orange-crowned, [22].

Accipiter Cooperi [44].

fuscus, [44].
Acid, formic, 28.

Actiturus bartramius, [54].

Acridideg, 32, 33.

Acridii, 35.

Acridini, 35.

Acridium Americanum, 37, 237, 327, 448, 458, 463.
egg-laying of, time of, 221.
egg-mass of, philosophy

of, 226.
eggs of, number of, 228.
figure of, 236.
hatching of, time of, 232.
time of maturity of, 237.
A cridium, characters of, 30.
flay ofasciatum, 463,
frontalis, 37.
italicum, 40.
peregrinum, 34, 37.
rubiginosum, 36, 37,
sanguinipes, 38.
spretis, 43, 44.
spretum, 44.
Adams’s locust-pan, 385.
Zégialitis, semipalmata, 338.
vocifera, 338.
meloda circumcincta, [50].
semipalmata, [49].
vocitera, [49].

égiothus linaria, [29].

Affleck, statement by, 58, 59.

Africa, locusts of, 37.

Ageleus pheeniceus, [33].

Agonoderus dorsalis, 2289.

Agricultural bearing of the locust invasions, 123.

Agricultural Department, report to, 98.

reports of, quoted, 58,

63, 90.
Agriculture, diversified, to lessen losses from lo-
custs, 406.
Agriotes mancus, 304.
obesus, 304.

truncatus, 304.
Aid of animals, [226].
Ailanthus-trees eaten, 253.
Air-sacs of the locust, 267, 269.
Aix sponsa, [59].
Allen, W., statement by, 161.
Amarantus (Pyxidium) blitoides not eaten by the

locust, 254.

Amara obesa, 290-292.
Amblychila cylindriformis, 315, 316.
America, British, locust data of, [145].
America, South, locusts of, 465.
American Entomologist, quoted, 70, 213.
American Naturalist quoted, 274.
Amnion, 228, 278, 279.
Ampelis cedrorum, [26].

garrulus, [26].
Anacreon, statement by, 254.
Anabrus, [139].

‘purpurascens, 327.
Anas boschas, [58].

obscura, [58].

Anatomy of the locust, 257, 277.

Anderson’s coal-oil contrivance, 386.

Annales de la Société Entomologique de France,

quoted, 294, 296.

Annales des Sciences Naturelles, quoted, 295, 296.

Anorthura troglodytes hyemalis, [18].

Anser hyperboreus, [57].

Antenne of the locust, 260.

Anthidium, 302.

Anthomyia, 8.
angustifrons, 285, 289.
brassice, 288.
ceparum, 288.
egg-parasite, 285.
radicum, var. calopteni, 288.
raphani, 288.

Anthony, G. T., letter from, 7, 8.

letter to, 8-10.

Anthophora abrupta, 296.
retusa, 295.
sponsa, 296.

Antrostomus nuttalli, [38].

vociferus, [38].

Anthus ludovicianus, [19].

Ants, 305.

Apalus, 302.

Apiomerus crassipes, 334.

Apocynum, eaten less, 254.

Appearance of swarms, time of, 217.

Apple-trees eaten, 252, 253, 292.

Apricot-trees eaten, 253.

Arbor-vitz trees eaten, 253.

Archibuteo ferrugineus, [45.]
lagopus sancti-johannis, [45].

Archives Ge Physiologie quoted, 277.

Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte quoted, 274.

Ardea herodias, [55].

Aricia fuscipes, 288.

Aridity of northwest plains on5 cause of locusts,

126, 127.

Aristida oligostachya, 434.

Arizona, invasions of, 105.

Arkansas, autumn locust flights in, [152].

daimage done in, 7.
flights in, summary of, 171.
invasions of, 56, 64.
migrations into, direction of, 151.
Army grasshopper, 52.
Arnett, A. H., statements by, 99, 101.
his use of coal oil, 382.

Arnoux, James M., statements by, 94, 95, 108.

Avocet, [50].

Arseniate of copper, 402.

Asclepias, little eaten by locusts, 254.

Ash-trees eaten by locusts, 253.

Asia, locusts of, 37.

Asilid larve, 303, 304.

Asilus-fly, 317.

Asilus sericeus, 304.

Astur atricapillus, [44].

Atchison, Topekaand Santa Fé Railroad, aid by, 25.

Audouin, statement of, 294.

views of, on triungulin, 296.

Aughey, 8., engaged as assistant, 11.
observations in Nebraska, 22,
observations of, on height of swarms,
on the locust, data in Nebraska, [117].
report on food of birds in Nebraska,

13

report on locust-eating birds, 338.
report to the governor of Nebraska
by, 12-14.

[281]

[282]

Aughey, S., statement by, 91, 160, 172, 216, 219, 227,
243, 245.

Australia, locustsin, 477.

Autumn flights, [150].

Bs

Bagging locusts, 391.

Balm-ot-Gilead trees eaten by locusts, 253.

Baker, D. S., statement by, 107.

Baker, J. H., statement of, 155.

Barbour, Chauncey, statement of, 154, 155.

Barnett, W.B., statement of, 286.

Barriers against locusts, 381.

Bartholf, J. H., statement by, 107.

Basch, von, work by, quoted, 275.

Beans eaten by locusts, 292.

Beech-trees eaten by locusts, 253.

Bee-martin, [36].

Beets eaten, 251, 292.

Belford, Frederick, statement by, 60.

Belt’s locust-catcher, 398.

Benson’s locust-catcher, 396.

Bentley, L. R., statement by, 239.

Bessey, C. E., lowa locust data, [109].

statement by, 79.

Beverschau, J., Texan locust data, [65].

Bewick’s wren, [18].

Bibliography, [273].

Bindweed, black. (See Polygonum convolvulus.)

Birds as locust-destroyers, 334, 338, 342.

shooting, evils of, 345, 346.

food of, [14].

food of, 347.

insectivorous, destroyed by hawks, 348.
of prey, 348.

use of, 9,18.

Bittern, [55].

Blackberries eaten by locusts, 253.

Blackbird, 335, 338.

crow, [35].
red-winged, [33].
yellow-headed, [34].

Blanchard, G. F., statement by, 243.

Blattide, 32.

Blister-beetles, Life-history of, 297.

feed in larva state on locust eggs,
298.

Blister-beetle, ash-gray. (See Macrobasis unicolor.)
black-rat. (See Macrobasis murina.)
margined. (See Epicauta cinerea.)
(See Meloide.)
striped. (See Epicanta vittata.)

Bluebird, eastern, [15].

Rocky Mountain, [15].
western, [16].

Blue Mountain range, limit of locust, 25.

Bobolink, [33].

Bob White, [48].

Bohemian wax-wing, [26].

Bollard, William, statement by, 96.

Boll, Jacob, report on locust in Texas, [63].

statement by, 61, 223.

Bonasa umbellus, [48].

Bonelli, Daniel, statement of, 105.

Booth, C. A., statement by, 94.

Botaurus minor, [55].

Bounty law, working of, 11.

Box-elder trees not eaten by locnsts, 253.

Bracon capitata, 325.

Brachyotus palustris, [42].

Brachypeplus magnus, figure of, 255.

Brain, 265.

Branta canadensis, [57].

Brant, white, [57].

Breeding-grounds of the locust, 22, 25.

permanent, of Oalopienus atla-
nis, 135.
of Caloptenus femur-
rubrum, 135.
of Caloptenus spre-
tus, 131-136.
subpermanent, of Caloptenus
spretus, 136, 142.

Breeding of return swarms, 239-240.

Brisbin, General, statement by, 95.

British America, invasions of, 55, 56.

limits of migrations in, 138, 140.

nS

INDEX.

British America, locust data of, [145].
migrations into, direction of, 161.
observations in, 17.
British North America, invasions of, 108-112.
Broods, number of, 240-244. :
Broom-corn not eaten, 252.
Brown, F, A., statement of, 102.
Bruce, Hector, statement by, 90.
Brullé’s Histoire Naturelle, quoted, 40.
Bruner, statement by, 75.
Bryant's ‘‘ What I saw in California,’’ quoted, 97.
Bubo virginianus, [42].
Bucephala albeola, [60].
Buckwheat eaten by locusts, 252.
wilc. (See Polygonum convolvulus.)
Buhach, 400.
Bull-bat, [39].
Bunting, black-throated, [32].
lark, [32].
bay-winged, [30].
chestnut-collared, [30].
Henslow’s, [39].
towhee, [33].
Burdick, J. W., statement by, 81-84.
Burmeister’s Handbuch der Entomologie, quoted,
39.
Burying eggs, 356.
Burning locusts, 363.
Bursa copulatrix, 271.
Butcher-bicd, [28].
Buteo borealis, [45].
swainsoni, [45].
Butter-ball, 60.
Buzzard, ferruginous, [45].
red-tailed, [45].
Swainson’s, [45].
Byers, W. N., statement by, 96, 99, 100, 102, 144, 147,
213.
Byrne, Dr., statement by, 107.

C.

Cache Valley breeding-grounds, 25.
Calamospiza bicolor, [32].
Calliptamus, 37, 38, 39, 40.
italicus, 38, 39.
morio, 38.
" ganguinipes, 38.
California Farmer quoted, 104.
California, locust in, [140].
locusts of, 451, 456.
observations in, 21.
Calopteni, 35.
Caloptine, oil thus named, 442.
Caloptenobia, 306.
Caloptenus, 36, 37, 39, 40. _
angustipennis, 42, 43.
atlanis, 21, 23, 42, 43, 49, 51, [142], 299,
446, 458.
breeding-grounds of, perma-
nent, 135.
characters of young of, 284.
egg-laying of, time of, 220.
egg-masses, number of, laid by
one female of, 226.
egg-mass of, philosophy of, 225.
hatching of, time of, 232.
nomenclature of, 52.
number of broods of, 243.
range of, 140.
time of maturity of, 237.
bilituratus, 42, 43.
bivittatus, 39, 41, 42, 459.
egg-laying of, time of, 220.
cea of, philosophy of,
226.

deletor, 42.
devorator, 42.
differentialis, 41, 42, 299, 301, 447, 458.
egg-laying of, place of,
223.

ege-laying of, time of,
220

egg-mass of, philosophy
Of, 225, 226.
eggs of, number of, 228.
figure of, 298.
fasciatus, 42.

INDEX.

Caloptenus femoratus, 39, 40.
femur-rubrum, 21, 39, 40, 51, 77, 299, 444,
458.

breeding - grounds of,
permanent, 135.

obec ters of young of,
284,

egg-laying of, manner

ot,

egg-laying of, time of, -
220.

ege-masses, number of,
laid by one female of,
226.
egg-mass of, philoso-
phy of, 225.
measurements of, table
of, 51.
nomenclature of, 52.
range of, 140.
flavolineatus, 42, 43.
floridanus, 42.
gracilipes, 42.
griseus, 42.
hellus, 42, 43.
italicus, 39, 40, 471.
keelerii, 42.
luridus, 42.
lnurida, egg-laying of, time of, 220.
minor, 42.
occidentalis, 42, 43.
plumbum, 42.
ponderosus, 42.
punctulatus, 42, 43.
regalis, 42, 42.
repletus, 42.
robustus, 42.
rubrum, 37.
scriptus, 42.
spretus, 23, 34, 37, 41-52, [142], 298.
breeding-grounds of, perma-
nent, 131-136.
breeding-grounds of, subper-
manent, 136, 142.
characters of young of, 283.
description of, 46.
egg-mass of, figure of, 225.
ege of, figure of, 228.
figure of, 223.
habits of, 212-257.
mica surenicnts of, table of, 47-

natural history of, 212-257,
nomenclature of, 43-45, 52.
range of, 137-142.
young of, description of, 279-
young of, figures of, 279.
turnbullii, 42.
volucris, 42, 43.
yarrowiil, 42, 43.
Calosoma, 285.
calidum, 314.
externum, 314.
serutator, 314.
wilcoxi, 314.
Camnula pellucida, 35.
Campbell, James, aid by, 109.
Canadian Naturalist quoted, lil.
Candéze, views of, on triungulin, 295.
Canfield’s coal-oil pan, 384.
Cantharis, 293.
vesicatoria, 294.
Carabidz, 289-292.
Carabus comma, 239.
Carbonic-acid gas, 401.
Cardinal grosbeak, [33].
Cardinalis virginianus, [33].
Carlin, W. E., statement by, 99.
Carolina mantis, 334,
Carpenter, W. L., statement by, 105.
statements of, 157.
Carpocapsa pomonella, 333.
Carpodacus purpureus, [29].
Carrots eaten, 251.
Cascade Range, limit of locusts, 25.
Castor-bean eaten, 252.
Casto, William, statement by, 97.

[283]

Cat-bird, [15].
Catching locusts, 377, 391.
Carver, Jonathan, statement by, 80.
Cedar-bird, [26].
Celia obesa, 290.

patricia, 290.
Centrocercus urophasianus, [47].
Centurus carolinus, [41].
Ceratina, 294.
Cereals eaten, 251, 252.
Cercus of locust, 259.
Certhia familiaris, [17].
Ceryle alcyon, [39].
Chetura pelagica, [39].
Chaleid, 305.
Chapulin, 461.
Characters of the species, 31, 45-52.
Charadrius fulvus virginicus, [49].
Chat, yellow-breasted, [23].
Cedar-trees eaten, 253.
Chemical analysis of locusts, 28.
Cherry-bird, [26].
Cherry-trees eaten, 253.
Chewink, [33].
Chickadee, long-tailed, [17].
Chickens as locust-destroyers, 339.
Chemicals used in destroying locusts, 400.
China, locusts in, 477.
Chloéaltis conspersa, 293.

egg-laying of, place of, 223.

Chlorion ceruleum, 318, 319.
Chondestes grammica, [32].
Chordiles virginianus, [39].

‘ Chorion, 228, 278.

Chortophlia angustifrons, 288.
Chromacris, 35, 36.
Chronology of locust invasions, 53-113.
Chrysobothris femorata, 304.
Chrysochraon viridis, egg-laying of, time of, 220.
Cop dae of, philosophy of,
26.

Chrysomitus tristis, [29].
Chyle-stomach of locust, 262,:275, 276.
Cicada, 31.
Cinclus mexicanus, [16].
Cicindela circumpicta, 314.
formosa, 314.
fulgida, 314.
pulchra, 314.
punctulata, 314.
repanda, 314.
scutellaris, 314.
sexgutiata, 314.
splendida, 314, 315.
vulgaris, 314.
Circular No. 1, p. 2.
2, pp. 3-5.
3, pp. 5, 6.
Circus cyaneus hudsonicus, [43].
Cistothorus stellaris, [18].
Clark’s coal-oil pan, 388.
Clark, J. Max, on the locust in Colorado, [134].
statement by, 100.
Clark, W., statement by, 94.
Classification of locusts, 31-43.
Click-beetle. (See Elateride.)
Climate, effect of, 9, 14.
Clumsy locust, 255.
Clypeus, 260.

| Coal-oil pans, 383.

use of, 381.
Coal-tar. use of, 377.
Coates, E. M., statement by, 99.
Cock of the plains, [47].
Cock, sage, [47].
Cockroaches, 32.
Cocklebur eaten by locusts, 254.
Coccygus americanus, [40].
erythrophthalmus, [39].

Codington, G. S., statement by, 89, 90, 91, 92.
Cody, William, statement by, 94.
Cocca, gastric, 262, 275, 276.
Coe, 8. B., on use of Paris green, 402.
Coffee-bean trees eaten, 253.
Colaptes auratus, [41].
Cold, effect of, 11, 18, 28.

eggs destroyed by, 8.

young destroyed by, 9.

[284]

Coleman, N., statement by, 302, 303.
Collecting and destroying eggs, 361.
Colletes, 296.
Collier, W.S., statement by, 99.
Colon, 263, 276.
Colorado, autumn locust-flights in, [154].
Colorado Farmer quoted, 99, 101:
Colorado, invasions of, 54-56, 99-102.
locust data for 1877, [111].
migrations in, directions of, 157, 158, 178.
observations in, 16-21.
the locust in, [134].
Collurio borealis, [28].
ludovicianus excubitorides, [28]
Commission, benefit of, 125.
Commissures of nervous system, 265.
Concussion, effects of, on locusts, 405.
Contopts borealis, [37].
richardsoni, [37].
virens, [37].
Coot, American, [57].
Copper, arseniate of, 402.
Copulation, 221, 222.
Coral-winged locust. (See Edipoda phenicoptera.)
Corn, broom, not eaten by locusts, 252.
Corn-crop, losses on, 118, 119.
Corn eaten, 252, 253.
Correspondents, list of, [260!.
Corvus americanus, [36].
corax, [35].
cryptoleucus, [36].
Costa’s Fauna di Napoli quoted, 40.
Cottonwood-trees eaten, 253.
Coturniculus passerinus, [30].
Cotyle riparia, [25].
Coues, Elliott, statement by, 89, 108.
Cow-bird, [33].
blackbird, [33].
Coxa, 260.
Crane, sandhill, [56].
white or whooping, [56].
Crickets, 32.
Crop, 261, 274.
Crops, injury liable to, 25.
Crow, Clarke’s, [36].
common, [36].
Crushing locusts, 363.
Cucujus clavipes, 304.
Cuckoo, black-billed, [39].
yellow-billed, [40].
Cucurbitaceous plants eaten, 251.
Cupidonia cupido, [47], 338.
Curlew, esquimanx, [55].
hudsonian, [55].
long-billed, [55].
Cyanospiza cyanea, [33].
Cyanurus cristatus, [36].
Cygnus buccinator, [57].
Cyllene pictus, 304.

D.

Dactylotum, 35, 36.
Dafila acuta, [58].
Dakota, earliest flights in, 170.
flights in, summary of, 173.
invasions of, 54-57, 88-92.
local flights in, direction of, 165, 167, 176,
ii
locust in, [138].
losses in, 116.
migrations in, direction of, 178, 179, 180.
migrations from, direction of, 161.
migrations into, direction of, 150, 152, 161.
observations in, 10, 11, 17.
reports from, [243].
Danaus archippus, swarms of, 143.
Daniels, W. Byron, statement of, 106.
Dates of hatching, (6).
Davidson, W. T., statement by, 72.
Davis, statement by, 99.
Dawson, G. M., statements by, 109-112, 238, 254.
views of, on limits of migrations,
138, 140.
Decticus albifrons, 476.
DeGeer, views of, on triungulin, 294.
Degeneration of the locust in temporary region,
244-246.

INDEX,

TS

Deilephila lineata, 435.
Dendreca estiva, [20].
blackburnie, [21].
castanea, [21].
ceerulea, [21].
ccerulescens, [21].
coronata, [21].
discolor, [22].
dominica, [22].
maculosa, (21).
palmarum, [22].
pennsylvanica, [21].
pinus, [22].
striata, [21].
virens, [20].
Dendroides canadensis, 304.
Departing swarms, destination of, 238-239.
direction taken by, 238.
Destructive agents, use of, 399.
Destination of departing swarms, 238-239.
Detroit Record quoted, 239.
Devastation, consequence of, 28.
Devil’s-horses, 32.
Dictyophorus, 35.
Differences in young of allied species of locusts,
283-284.
Digestion in the locust, 264, 275.
Digestion, organs of, 273-277.
Dipper, [60].
Direction of flights, 143-182.
States. Invasions).
Directions of travel of young, 234-235.
Ditching, 378.
Division of labor, 1.
Dobbin, statement by, 98.
Dodge, G. M., statement by, 172.
views of, on number of broods, 240-
242.
Dogbane. (See Apocynum.) ;
Dog-fennel. (See Maruta.)
Dolichonyx oryzivorus, [33].
Donaldson, W. D., statement of, 251.
Donnelly, J. J., statement by, 89, 109.
Dongingk, Al., statement by, 235.
Dove, Carolina, [46].
common, [46].
Dragon-flies, 334.
Drum’s locust-crusher, 365.
Duck, black, [58].
dusky, [58].
ruddy, [60].
spirit, [60].
spoonbill, [59j. .
summer, [59].
wood, [59].
Ductus ejaculatorinus, 271.
Dufour, L., views of, on triangulin, 294.
Duration of stages of growth, 220-221.

E.

Earliest flights in the season, 170.
Earwigs, 32. :
Eaton, Benjamin, statement by, 98.
Eaton, B., statement by, 105.
Ectopistes macrura, [46].
Effect of locust visitations upon agriculture, 123-
130.
Egg, description of, 277-278, 228.
figure of, 228.
guide, 258, 272.
hatching of, time of, 278-279.
laying of, manner of, 223-225.
laying not extensive in two consecutive years,
247-249.
laying not by natives, 246-247.
laying of Caloptenus spretus, figure of, 224.
laying, place of, 222-223.
laying, season. of, 228.
laying, times of, 220-221.
masses, number of, laid by one female, 226-228,
mass of Caloptenus spretus, figure of, 225.
mass, philosophy of the, 225-226.
of Caloptenus spretus, figure of, 228.
parasites, [88].
plant eaten, [292].
structure of, 228-229.
Eggs, destroyed by cold, &.

(See the yarious

ss Ce ee tas Ae a —— ’ —.
Bi fact

INDEX.

Eggs, destroyed by parasites, 8.
destroyers of, 285-[305], 351.
effect of rain and cold on, [5].
temperature, effects of, on, 352.
location of, 27.
nuniber of, laid by one female, 228.
Eeret, [55].
Elanoides forficatus, [44].
Elaphrus rusearius, 314.
Elatar luctuosus, 304.
Elateride, larve of, 304.
Elm trees not eaten, 253.
Embryo, description of, 278.
figure of, 278.
Embryology, 277-279.
Emerling, George, statement by, 85, 88, 89.
Emory, W.H., quoted, 68.
Empidonax flaviventris, [38].
minimus, [38].
trailli, [38].
Enemies of the locust, 9, 14-15, 27, [89].
invertebrate, 284-[305].
Epicauta, 293, 297-301, 302.
atrata, 298.
cinerea, 292, 298.
debilis, 298.
fabricii, 298.
lemniscata, 298.
marginata, 298.
pennsylvanica, 293, 298.
vittata, 292.
Epicranium, 260.
Epididymis, 270, 271.
Epimerum, 260.
Episternum, 260.
Eragrostis poxoides, 434.
Erax bastardii, 303, 317.
larva of, description of, 304.
pupa of, description of, 304.
Eremophila alpestris, 18, [18].
Ereunetes pusillus, [52].
Erismatura rubida, [60].
Errata, [280].
Establishment of Commission, 1.
Eucoptolophus costalis, egg-laying of, time of, 221.
Se of, philosophy of,
sordida, egg-laying of, time of, 221.
Sie mines of, philosophy of,

Eudromias montanus, [50], 338.
Eupatorium eaten, 293.
Europe, locusts in, 467.
Euspiza americana, [32].
Evergreen-trees eaten, 253.
Exorista flavicauda, 323.

Eye, 260. 5

F.

Fabre, Jules, views of, on triungulin, 295.
work by, quoted, 295, 296.

Falco columbrius richardsoni, [44].

communis, [44].

mexicanus polyagrus, [44].

sparverius, [45].
Falcon, prairie, ad
Faltenblatt, 279.
Femur, 260.
Fergus, James, statement by, 94.
Finch, grass, [30].

gray-crowned, [29].

lark, [32].

he purple, [29].
Fires, prairie, influence of, on locust increase, 421.
Flanders, Joseph, statement by, 83.
Flax eaten, 252.
Flesh-fly, common.
Flicker, [41].
: Mexican, [42].
Flights, autumn, east of the Rocky Mountains in
1877, [150].
(See Migrations.)
Flight, velocity of, 216.
Flint, Earl, on locusts in Nicaragua, 463.
Flory’s locust-catcher, 374, 376, 377.
Fly-cateber, Arkansas, [37].
great-crested, [37].

(See Sarcophaga carnaria.)

[285]

Fly-catcher, Say’s, [37].

Pewitt, [37].

least, [38].

Traill’s, [38].

-yellow-bellied, [38].
Fly, common flesh-. (See Sarcophaga carnaria.)
Follett, W. R., statement by, 218.
Food, locusts used for, 28.
Food of birds, [14].
Forest-trees eaten, 253.
Fork, 259.
Forficulide, 32.
Formic acid prepared from locusts, 441.
France, locusts in, 467.
Frémont, J. C., statement by, 97.
Frequency of winds, tables of, 205-209, 211.
Frick, A. P., statement by, 99.
Frisch, , views of, on triungulin, 294,
Fruit-trees, injury to, 253, 436.
protection of, against locusts, 403.
Fulica americana, [57].
Fuller, J. P., statement by, 88.
Fuller, A., statement by, 112, 177.
Furcula supra-analis, 259.
supra-vulvalis, 258.

Furnas, Governor Robert, statement by, 74, 75.

G.

Gage, Thomas, on locusts in Central America, 460.
Gale, Professor, statement by, 253.
Gallinula galeata, [56].
Gallinule, Florida, [56].
Gallinago wilsoni, [51].
Galveston Daily News quoted, 63.
Ganglia, 265.
Garber, letter to, 12-13.
Gardens, losses on, 120.
Garden-plants eaten, 292, 293.
Gastric coeca, 262, 275, 276.
Gaumer, G. F., on Paris green, 403.
reports on the locusts in Kansas,

[85].
statement by, 72, 73-74, 246-247.
Geographical distributions of locusts, 25, 136.
Georgia, flights of locusts in, 37.
Geothlypis macgillivrayi, [23].
Philadelphia, [23].
trichas, [23].
Germany, locusts in, 468.
Gerstiicker, A., statement by, 224.
views of, on enemies of Pachytylus
migratorius, 285.
Gibbon, John, statement by, 94, 95.
Gilfillan, J. A., statement by, 80.
Gillett, W.C., statement by, 95.
Glands, rectal, 263.
salivary, 263.
Gleason, A. H., statement by, 77.
Guat-catcher, blue-gray, [16].
Godard’s locust-catcher, 395.
Godfrey, A. N., aid by, 298.
observation by, 304.
report on the locust in Kansas, [88].
Godwit, great marbled, [53].
Goedart, observations of, 294.
Goin, R. M., statement by, 93, 155.
Goldfinch, American, 29.
Gomley, James, statement by, 92.
Goniaphea ccerulea, [32].
ludoviciana, [32].
melanocephala, [32].
Gonzales Inquirer, quoted, 52,
Goose, Canada, [57].
snow, [57].
wild, [57].
Gordius aquaticus, 327.
linearis, 326.
robustus, 326.
seta, 327.
varius, 326.
Goshawk, American, [44].
Grackle, purple, [35].
Granulated grouse-locust.
Grave-vines eaten, 253.
Grasshoppers, 32.
army, 52.
hateful, 52.

(See Tettix granulata.)

[286]

Grasshoppers, meaning of name of, 31, 33.

Grasses eaten, 252, 253.

Gray, A., aid by, 10.

Great Plains, 133.

Great Salt Lake, region north of, 133, 134.

Grebe, American eared, [62].

Green-striped locust. (See Tragocephala viridi-

fasciata. )

Grillide, 32.

Grosbeak, black-headed, [32].

blue, [82].
evening, [28].
pine, [28].
rose-breasted, [32].

Ground-beetle, Pennsylvania. (See Harpalus penn-

sylvanicus.

Ground-beetles. (See Carabide.)

Grouse-locust, granulated. (See Tettix granulata.)
pinnated, as a locust-destroyer, 338.
pinnated, [47].
rufted, [48].
southern sharp-tailed, [47].

Growth, duration of, 220, 221.

stages of, 279-284.

Grus americana, [56].

canadensis, [56].

Gryllus neglectus, 327.

Guérin-Meneville, , observation by, 302.

Gull, Frank!.’s rosy, [61].

great bi>-k-backed, [60].

herring, [61].

ring-billed, [61].
Gunn, Donald, on the locust in British America,

26, [147].
statement by, 108.

Gwinn, W. F., statement by, 107.
Gymnocladus canadensis eaten, 292.

H.

Habits and natural history of the locust, 212-257.
at night, 219, 220.
sexual, 221, 222.
Hahn’s Iconographie des Orthopteres, quoted, 40.
Hair-worms, 326.
Hangnest, Chestnut, [35].
Hansberry’s locust-crusher, 368, 369.
Harkness, James H., statement by, 92.
Harpalus, 289, 290.
caliginosus, 314.
herbivagus, 290.
pennsylvanicus, figure of, 292.
pennsylvanicus, 314.
sp., larve of, description of, 290; figure
of, 290.
sp., larve of, figure of, 292.
Harporhynchus rufus, [15].
Harris, T. W., statement by, 294.
Harrier, [43].
Harrowing in the autumn, 353.
Hart, John L., statement by, 103.
Hatching, [88].
ates of, [6].
conditions of, 231.
process of, 279.
time of, 231-232, 278-279,
Hawk, California squirrel, [45].
chicken, [44].
Cooper’s, [44].
hen, [45].
marsh, [43].
night, [39].
rough-legged, [45].
sparrow, (asT,
Hawks, 348.
Hay, G. G., statement by, 218.
Head, 260.
Headquarters, 2.
Healy, J. J., statements by, 92-94, 109
Hearing, organs of, 272.
Heart, 266 267.
Height at which swarms move, 143.
of flight, 219.
Heisy, Henry, statement by, 107.
Helianthus eaten less, 254.
Helmitherus vermivorns, [19].
Helminthophaga chrysoptera, [20].
peregrina, [20].

INDEX.

Helminthophaga pinus, [19].
ruficapilla, [20].
virginia, [20].
Hemirhipus fascicularis, 304.
Hemlock-trees eaten, 253.
Hen, marsh, fresh-water, [56].
mud, [57].
prairie, [47].
Hens, destruction to locusts, 336, 339.
Henous, 293, 301, 302.
Henry’s Journey from Lake Supericr to Pacific
Ocean quoted, 1C9.
Henslow’s bunting, [30].
Hermit thrush, [14].
Hesiod, statement by, 254.
Hesperiphona vespertina, [28].
Hesperotettix, 35, 36.
Heron, great blue, [55].
snowy, [55].
white, [55].
Hickory-trees eaten, 253.
Hinman, W. M., statements by, 74, 97, 98.
Hirundo erythrogasira, [24].
Histology of the locust, 273-277.
History, chronological, 53-113.
Hoffmeister, A. W., statement by, 223.
Hog, destructive to locusts, 337.
Hogs as locust-destroyers, 415.
Hoily, William, report on the locust in Colorado,
20, [111], [116].
statements by, 101, 105, 157, 158.
Honduras, locusts in, 461.
Honey-locust trees eaten, 253.
not eaten, 292.
Hood, 259.

Hoos locust-crusher, 367, 368.
Hopper-dozers, 381.
Hopper, the, 52.
Harbach, A. A., statement by, 91.
Horia, 302.
Hornia, 293, 296-297.
minutipennis, 296.
Horse-radish eaten rarely, 252.
Hudson Bay factors, aid by, 22.
Hughes, 8. S., statement by, 91, 94.
Humming-bird, ruby-throated, [39].
Hunt, L. C., statement by, 90.
Hutchins locust-catcher, 396, 397.
Hyatt, Louis, statement by, 98.
Hydrachna belostome, 312, 313.
Hydrochelidon lariformis, [62].
Hypodermis, 269.

ii

Ichneumon-flies, 324.
Ickneumonid larva, 304, 305; description of, 305;
figure of, 305.
Icteria virens, [23].
Icterus baltimore, [35].
bullocki, [35].
spurius, [34].
Idaho, invasions of, 54, 55, 96, 97, 133.
the locust in, [135].
migrations in, direction of, 158.
observations in, 16, 17.
Territory, 133.
Tleum of the locust, 263, 276.
Illinois, flights of locusts in, 37.
Indiana, flights of locusts in, 37.
Indian Territory, damage done in, 7.
earliest flight in, 170.
flights in, summary of, 171.
invasions of, 55, 56, 63-74.
migrations from, direction of, 159,
migrations into, direction of, 151.
Indigo-bird, [33].
Infra-anal flaps, 259.
Infra-cesophageal ganglion, 265-266.
Ingluvies, 261, 274.
Injuries by locusts, effects following, 432.
Insecticides, 400.
Intestine, 263, 276.
Introduction, 1-29.
Invading swarms defined, 143.
Invasions by locusts, areas of, 53.
history of, 53.
Inyasions, direction of, 148, 217.

INDEX.

Invasions, duration of, 215, 216.
means of preventing, 126-128.
time of, 217.
years of, tabular view of, 113.
Invasions of locusts, effects of, modified by agricul-
tural improvements, 128.
Invertebrate enemies, 284, [305].
Towa, autumn locust-flights in, [150].
flights in, summary of, 172, 173.
Towa Homestead quoted, 78, 103.
Iowa, invasions of, 54-57, 77.
limits of migrations in, 138.
loca] flights in, direction of, 167, 169, 176.
locust data for 1877, [104].
losses in, 116, 118-121.
migrations in, direction of, 179, 180.
migrations from, direction of, 161.
migrations into, direction of, 148, 149, 152, 161.
observations in, 10, 14, 21, 25.
Lrigation, 359.
Italy, locusts in, 467.

J.

Jaeger, pomarine, [60].

' Jaquett, Dr., statement by, 96.
Jay, blue, 36.
Joel, statement by, 214, 215.
Jones, W.J., statement by, 98.
Junco hyemalis, [81].

US

Kansas, autumn locust-flights in, [152].
damage done in, 7.
earliest flight in, 170.
flights in, summary of, 171.
invasions of, 54-56, 68-74.
locust data for 1877, [85].
locust flights in, [90].
local flights in, direction of, 167, 176.
locust laws of, 410.
losses in, 115-116, 118-121.
migrations from, direction of, 159, 161.
migrations in, direction of, 178, 179, 180.
migrations into, direction of, 148, 149, 150,
151-152.
observations in, 7-10, 14, 22.
Pacific Railroad, aid by, 25.
State board of agriculture in, report of,
quoted, 115.
Katydids, 32.
Kaumagen of locust, 274, 275.
Kedzie, Prof. W. K., analysis of locust-juices, 441.
Keferstein, statement of, 226.
Kellogg, M. M., statement by, 83.
Kenney, Seth H., aid by, 298.
statement by, 252, 291.
Kerosene, use of, 9.
Kentucky coffee-tree. (See Gymnocladus canaden-

SiS.)
Kenworthy’s locust-crusher, 370.
Killdeer plover, 338.
King’s locust-catcher, 373, 374.
Kingbird, [36].
Kingfisher, belted, [39].
Kinglet, golden-crested, [16].

' raby-crowned, [16].
Kingsley, J. S., arrangement of meteorological

data by, 182-184.
Kirby, W., views of, on triungulin, 294.
Kite, swallow-tailed, [44].
Kittson, C., observations of, 26, 222, 254.
Kline, B., statement by, 93.
Kohlrabi eaten, 251.
Képpen, on locusts in Russia, 468, 472.

statement of, 285.
work by, quoted, 226, 235, 280.

Korte, statement by, 221-222, 227.
Kriinitz, statement of, 226.
Kunzie, J. H., statement by, 107.

L.
Labial palpus, 260.
Labium, 261.
Laboulbéne, statement by, 294.
Labrum, 260.

[287]

Lachnosterna fusea, 305.
Lanier, American, [44].
Lampronota brunnea, 325.
Lampyris nocteluca, 296.
Langosta, 461.
Lapland longspur, [29].
Lark, horned shore, 18.
horned, |18].
field, 3a)
meadow, [34].
shore, [18].
Larrada semirufa, 317, 318.
Larus argentatus, [61].
delawarensis, [61].
franklini, [61].
marinus, [60].
Latreille, statement by, 294.
Lawrence Journal quoted, 286-287.
Least injured crops, 130.
Legislation, in fighting locusts, 407.
on locusts, necessity of, 28,

Legs, 260.
Leguminous plants less eaten, 251.
or not, 254.
Leidy, on hair-worms, 328.
Leucosticte tephrocotis, [29].
Libellula, 234.
Lichtenstein, M. J., experiments by, 294.
Lilac-bushes, 253.
Limits of breeding grounds of Caloptenus spretus,
-136.
of migrations, 137-142.
Limosa fedoa, [53].
Linnzus, views of, on triungulin, 294.
Lincoln’s bunting, [30].
Lincoln Journal quoted, 245,
Linnet, red-poll, [29].
Lingua, 261.
List of correspondents, [260].
Liurus motacilla, [23].
nevius, [23].
Local flights, 165-170.
defined, 143.
Locust, American, 53.
area of abode, 20.
clumsy. (See Brachypeplus magnus.)
coral-winged. (See Gidipoda pheenicoptera.)
burning, 363.
crusher, 365.
destruction, 24.
enemies of, 24.
flight of, east of the Rocky Mountains, 170.
granulated-grouse. (See Tettix granulata.)
green-striped. (See Tragocephala viridi-
fasciata.)
hatching, 24.
history of, chronological, 53-113.
injury of, to agriculture, 24.
in Texas, [63].
invasions, 24.
laws, 409.
lesser, 23, 52.
losses, by, 24.
means of fighting, 24.
mite, 306.
Mormon, 52.
popular names of, 52.
permanent abode, 25. -
problem, relation of, to condition of the

country, 126.

Red-legged, 52. (See Caloptenus femur-ru-
brum.

Red-legged. (See .Caloptenus femur-ru-

brum, 23.)
remedies against, 350.
young, destruction of, 362.
Rocky Mountain. (See Caloptenus spre-
tus, 23.)
trees eaten, 253.
western, 52.
fish-bait, 441.
as food, 437.
trapping, 377.
Locusta viridissima, 285.
Locustidx, where found and description of, 32.
Locusts, bibliography on, for America, [273].
in Algeria, 476.
California, 451, 455.

[283]

Locusts in Central America, 460.
Europe, 467.
Mexico, 460.
Nicaragua, 463.
Oregon, 460.
South America, 465.
ravages of different, in United States, 443.
seventeen-year, 31.
uses of, 437.
Long’s locust-catcher, 386.
Longspnur, black-bellied, [30].
Loomis, Elias, statement by, 186.
Lophophanes, bicolor, [16].
inornatus, ye
Losses, in Minnesota, [11
statistics of, 114-122.
Lower Snake Valley, migrations in, direction of,
158-159.
Lucern eaten, 292.
Ludius attenuatus, 304.
Ludlow, W., statement by, 89.
Lum, J. K., statement by, 96.
Lycosa, 327.

M.

Macadow, P. W., statement by, 92, 93.
MacCown’s bunting, [30].
Macgillivray’s warbler, [23].
Macrobasis, 293, 301, 302.
murina, 298.
unicolor, 292, 294, 298.
Magpie, American, [36].
Malade Valley breeding-grounds, 25.
Mallard, [58].
Mandible, 260.
Manitoba, invasions of, 54-56.
limits of migrations in, 138, 139.
migrations into, direction of, 152-153.
observations in, 22, 26.
Mantide, 32.
Mantis, Carolina, 334.
Maple-trees eaten, 253.
Marsh, Henry, [56].
Martin, purple, [26].
Maruta eaten, 253-254.
by young locusts, 233.
Massey, W. A., statement by, 61.
Massie, W. R., statement by, 91.
Maturity, time of, 237, 238.
McAllister, H., statement by, 214.
McCammon, J. D., statement by, 92.
McChesney, C. E., statement by, 91.
McDowell, 8. J. P., statement by, 57.
N. V., statement by, 218.
McLockhead, statement by, 286.
Mazxilla, 260.
Maxillary, palpus, 260, 261.
May-weed. (See Maruta.)
Meade, R. H., aid by, 288.
Means of preventing ravages, 128, 129.
invasions, 126-128.
Measurements of Colouier: Semur-rubrum, table
of, 51.
Caloptenus spretus, table of, 47-49.
Mecistocephalus, 305.
Medina, Manuel, on locusts in Yucatan, 463.
Melanerpes erythrocephalus, [41].
Melanoplus, 37.
Melanotus communis, 304.
Melcher’s locust-crusher, 371.
Meleagris gallopavo americana, [46].
Meloé, 294-295, 301.
angusticollis, 295.
barbarus, 295.
cicatricosus, 295.
proscarabaeus, 295.
sp., figure of, 295.
larva of, description of, 295.
violaceus, 295.
Meloide, 293.
larve of, 292.
Melospiza lincolni, [30].
melodia, [31].
Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences, etc., de
Belgique quoted, 275.
Mémoires de la Société Royale des Sciences de
Liége quoted, 295.

INDEX.

Mermis, albicans, 327, 333, 334.
acuminata, 327, 332, 333, 334.

Mesothorax of locust, 259.

Metathorax of locust, 259.

Metcalf, T. M., statement by, 87.

se ase connection of, with migrations, 182-

Meteorological data, 183-201, 205-209, 2J1.
phenomena, periodicity of, 186.
Mexico, limits of migrations in, 141.
locusts in, 460.
Mice, destructive to locusts, 337.
Middleton, Miss., observations by, 48.
Migrations, p. 143-211.
. at night, 218-219.
causes of, 248-251.
conditions favoring, 143.
connection of meteorology with, 182-
211.
direction of, 25, 26, 27, 217.
directions of, 148-182.
direction of, changes in, 145-146.
direction of, different, at the same time,
176, 177.
height of, 219.
influence of wind or weather on, 145.
law governing, 175, 181-182.
limits of, 137-142.
local, 165-170.
rate of, 143, 215-217.
returning, extent of, 177-181.
time of, 217.
Migratory habits of locusts, 126.
locust of Europe, etc., 468.
distribution of, 472.
movements, direction of, 126.
Milk-weed. (See Asclepias.)
Miller, R. A., statement by, 94.
Mills, aid by, 22.
Mimus carolinensis, [15].
polyglottus, [15].
Minnesota, autumn locust flights in, [150].
earliest flight in, 170-173.
flights in, summary of, 173-175.
invasions of, 54-57, 80-89.
limits of migrations in, 138.
local flights in, direction of, 165-167,
169, 176, 177. ;
losses in, 116, 118-122.
locust in, [3].
locust laws of, 412.
migrations from, direction of, 161.
migrations into, direction of, 148, 150,
152, 159, 161.
migrations in, direction of, 178, 179, 180.
miscellaneous notes from, [230]
observations in, 10-11, 22, 25.
Minot, C.S., histological report, 273-277.
work by, quoted, 277.
Miscellaneous data, [240].
Mississippi Valley, saving of, 128.
Missouri, autumn locust flights in, [151].
damage done in, 7.
flights in, summary of, 170-171.
invasions of, 54-56, 64-6.
limits of migrations in, 138-139.
locust data for 1877, [83].
locust laws of, 409.
losses in, 117-122.
migrations from, direction of, 159, 161.
migrations into, direction of, 148, 149-150.
Ht.
observations in, 7.
Mite, locust, 306, 309.
Mites, occurrence of, on locusts, 248.
Mniotilta varia, [19].
Mocking-bird, [15].
sandy, [15].
Moffatt, Dr., statement by, 96.
Molothrus ater, [33].
Molting of young, 9.
process of, 280-283.
Molts, number of, 230.
Montana, invasions of, 54-57, 192-196.
locust in, [136].
migrations in, direction of, 153-156, 161.
observations in, 16-17.
reports from, [248].

INDEX

Monthly Report of Department of Agriculture,
quoted, 105.
Monticello Times, quoted, 22.
Moore, M., statement by, 90.
Moore, Stewart, statement by, 112, 177.
Morri.1,S., statement by, 78.
Morris, Governor A., aid by 22.
Morris, A., statement by, 247-248.
Most injured crops, 130.
Mortson, O. O., statement by, 95, 154.
Morton, W. L., statement by, 96.
Morton, Hon. J. Sterling, on the locust in Nebras-
ka, | 132).
Mountain plover, 338.
Mountains in 1877, [156].
Myer, A. J., aid by, 186-198.
Myiadestes townsendi, [27].
Myiarchus crinitus, (37).
Myiodioctes canadensis, [24].
mitratus, [23].
pusillus, [24].
Mylabris, 302.
Myriapods, 305.

N.

Naphthaline, 401.
Nebraska, autumn locust flights in, [151].
earliest flight in, 170.
local flights in, direction of, 167, 176.
flights in, summary of, 171-172.
invasions of, 54-56, 74-77.
locust data for 1877, [117].
locust-eating birds of, [14].
locust laws of, 413.
losses in, 116, 118-121.
migrations from, direction of, 160, 161.
migrations into, direction of, 148, 149,
150, 152.
migrations in, direction of, 178, 180.
observations in, 10-14, 22.
Nervous system, anatomy of, 264, 266.
figure of, 265.
Nets, for catching locusts, 392.
hand, 399.
Nettle, 434.
Nevada, invasions of, 105-106.
limits of migrations in, 142.
observations in, 21.
the locust in, [139].
Newbold, J. G., letter to, 14-16.
New Mexico, invasions of, 54, 55, 101, 105.
limits of migrations in, 141, 142.
reports from, [258].
Newport, G., views of, on triungulin, 294, 295.
Newell, H.J., statement by, 78.
Newell, W.J., statement by, 218.
New York Tribune quoted, #1.
Night flights, 218, 219.
Night, habits at, 219, 220.
Night hawk, [39].
Night, inflaence of, on flights, 145-147.
Nomenclature, 31, [43-45].
Norrington, W., statement by, 59.
Norris, G. W., statement by, 95, 96.
Northwest, observations in, 26.
Number of broods, 240-244.
Number of eggs laid by one female, 222.
Number of egg-masses laid by one female, 226-228.
Number of molts, 220.
Numenias borealis, [55].
hudsonicus, [55].
longirostris, [55].
Nutcracker, American, [36].
Nuthatch, red-bellied, [17].
slender-billed, [17].
Nycte#a scandiaaca, [43].

0.

Oak trees not eaten, 253.
Oats eaten less, 252.
Oaxaca, locusts in, 461.
Observer of nature quoted, 245, 246.
Ocelli, 260.
(Edipode, 34.
CEdipoda atrox, 454, 455.
carolina, 305, 306, 327.

[19 G@|

[289]

Gidipoda carolina, egg-laying of, time of, 220.
egg-mass of, philosophy of, 226.
morio, 38.
migratoria, 471.
pheenicoptera, 301.
description of, 237.
egg-laying of, time cf, 220.
egg-mass of, philosophy
of, 226.
eggs of, number of, 228,
figure of, 237.
pellucida, [141].
sulphurea, 299.
egg-laying of, time of, 229.
egg-mass of, philosophy of,
226.

tetiaica, 468.
vastator, 471.
@dipodini, 35.
(Esophagus, 261, 274.
Ohio, flights of locusts in, 37.
Oil, caloptene, 28.
Old Word, locusts in, 467.
Olive-back thrush, [14].
Olivier, work by, quoted, 294.
Omaha Herald, reporter of, statement by, 218, 219.
Ommato lampis, 35.
Onions eaten, 251, 252.
Oporornis formosa, [23].
Orchelimum glaberrimum, 327.
gracile, 327.
Oregon, invasions of, 106, 107.
Oregon, locust in, 456, {140}.
Oregon, observations in, 21.
Oriole, Bullock’s, [35].
orchard, [34].
Orthoptera, characters of, 32.
list of; 32.
Ortyx virginianus, :38, [48].
Osage-orange trees not eaten, 253.
Osmia, 302.
Otus vulgaris wilsonianus, [42].
Owl, American barn, [42].
burrowing, [43].
great horned, [42].
red, [42].
barred, [43].
mottled, [42].
screech, [42].
short-eared, [42].
snowy, [43].
Ovaries, 271.
Oviduct, 258.
Ovipositor, 258.

P.

Packard, A.S., jr., articles by, quoted, 71, 72.

Packard's circular, 5, 6.

Packard, observations by, 16, 17, 21, [134-144].

Packard, A.S., statement by, 230.

Packard, work by, quoted, 277, 290.

Packard, R. L., report of, 400-402,

Pacific coast, invasions of, 54.

locusts of, 451.

Pachytylus, distribution of, 473.
cinerascens, 468.
migratorius, 34, 468, 472.

travels of young of, rate
of, 235,
enemies of, 285,
stridulus, 471.
Palmer, E., statement by, 104.
Parasites, attacks of, 26.
eggs destroyed by, 8.

Paris green, 401, 402.

Parsnips eaten or not, 253.

Partridge, Virginia, [48].

Parula americana, [19].

Parus atricapillus septentrionalis, [17].

Pasimachus elongatus, 314.
punctulatus, 314.

Payne, S. D., aid by, 278.
statement by, 305.

Peaches eaten, 253.

Pear-trees eaten, 253.

Pease eaten, 253; or not, 252, 254.

Pediculus apis, 294,

[290]

Pediculus melittz, 294.

Pedicecetes phasianellus columbianus, [47].

Pelecanus trachyrhynchus, [60].

Pelican, [60].

Peiletier, C. M., aid by, [22].

Penis, 271.

Pennsylvania gronnd-beetle.
sylvauicus )

Pennington, Goveraor, resolution by, extract from,

20.

(See Harpalus Penn-

1
Pergande, Th., aid by, 227.
Periodicity of meteorological phenomena, 186.
Permanence of abode in temporary y region, 244-247.
Permanent breeding grounds of ‘Caloptenus atla-
nis, 135.
Permanent breeding grounds of Caloptenus femur-
rubrum, 135.
Permanens breeding grounds of C2loptenus spre-
tus, 131-136.
Persian insect-powder, 400.
Personnel of Commission, 1.
Peteler’s lecust-crusher, 371-373.
Peitrochelidon lunifrons, [25].
Pewee, wood, [37].
westera wood, [37].
Pezotettix, 35, 36, 32, 4v.
alpina, 471.
pedestris, 470.
picta, 36, 37.
unicolor, egg-laying of, time of, 220.
egg- -massof ,philosophy of, 226.
viola, egg-laying of, time of, 220.
egg-mass ‘of, philosophy of, 226.
Phalarope, Wilson’s, [51].
Phasmide, 32.
Phelps, W. F., statement by, 94.
Philohela minor, [51].
Pheeba bird, [37].
Phyljloptera oblongifolia, 327
Phytolacca decandra, 434.
Pica melanoleuca hudsonica. [35]
Picicorvus cclumbianus, [36].
Picus pubescens, [40].
villosus, [40].
Pigeon-grass eaten, 252.
Piccon, wild and tame, destructive to locusts, 337.
Pillsbury, Governor, address by, extracts from, 124.
aid by, 11.
on diversified agricnlture in
dealing with locusts, 407.
on legislation, 408.
Pimpla instigator, 305.
Pine-trees eaten, 253.
Piniccola enucleator, [28].
Pintail, [53].
Pipilo erytnrophthalmns, [33].
Pipit, [19]
Porzaua carolina, [56].
jamaicensis, [56].
Pisk, [39].
Plan of action, 2.
Plants eaten, 251-255.
Piateau, F., views of, on digestion, 264, 274, 275.
work by, quoted, 275.
Platyphyma, 35, 36.
Plectropnanes lapponicus, [29].
maccowni, [30]
nivalis, [29].
ornatus, [30].
Pleurum, 257.
Plover, black-bellied, [49].
destructive to locusts, 337, 328.
golden, [49].
killdeer, [49].
semipalmated, [49].
mountain, [50].
pipivg, (50).
ling, [49].
upland, [54].
Plowizg, 356.
Plum-trees eaten, 253.
Pneumora, 40.
Podiceps auritus californicus, [62}.
Pokeweed, 434.
Polioptila ‘coerulea, (16].
Polyandry in locusts, 470.
Polygamy in locusts, 470.
Polygonum convolvulus eaten, 254.

INDEX.

Pocecetes gramineus, [30].
Poplar-trees eaten, 253.
Porter, J. B., statement by, 97.
Postscutellum, 259.
Potatoes eaten, 251, 253.
sweet, eaten, 251.
Potato vines eaten, 2Y2.
crop, losses on, 120.
Potter, John, statement by, 93, 94.
Potts, R: Be aid by, 305.
Poultry, as locust: destroyers, 415.
Poweli, I. W., statement by, 106.
Practical Entomologist quoted, 70.
Prescutium, 259.
Preputium, 271.
Prairie-chickens destructive to locusts, 337, 344,
346.
Prairie Farmer quoted, 64.
Prairie fires, influence of, 28.
use of, in destroyi ing locusts, 421.
Pratt, S. M., statement by, 2386.
Previous visitations, [226].
Probstfield, Robert, statement by, 84.
Prediction of locust years, 202.
Preventive measures agajnst winged locusts, 417.
Price's coal-oil pan, 384.
Prince, E. G., statement by, 59, 62.
Priononyx atrata, 318.
Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural His-
tory quoted, 305.
Process of hatching, 228-231, 279.
molting, 280-283.
Proctocanthus milberti, 317.
Proctotrupes brevipennis, 320.
Progne purpurea, [26].
Prolificacy, 226-228.
influence of climate upon, 227.
Promachus apivora, 317.
Proscopine, 33.
Protection of birds, 346, 349.
Protergum, 260.
Prothorax, 259.
Protonotaria citrea, [19].
Proveutriculus, 261, 274.
Publications, 1-2.
Purslane eaten less, 254.
Putnam, J. D., statement by, 28, 99, 100, 104, 144.
Pyloric end of stomach, 262.
Pyranga estiva, [24].
ludoviciana, [24].
rabra, [24].

Q.

Quail, [48].
destructive to locusts, 337, 338, 334, 345, 346.
Queens, locusts not led by, 236.
Querquedula carolinensis, [59].
discors, [59].
Questions to be answered, 2-6.
Quiscalus purpureus, [35].

R.

Radishes eaten, 251.
Radish, horse, na 252.
Rail, king, [56].
little black, [56].
Rain-fall, data concerning, 185, 1S7-198.
effects of, on eggs, [5].

‘Rains, effect of, 18, 22

young destroy ed by, 9, 14.
Rallus elegans, (56).
Raspberries eaten, 253.
Rate of migrations, 215-217.

travels of young, 235.
Ratzeburg, work by, quoted, 294.
Ravages, extent of, 29, 212-215.

means of preventing, 128, 129.

Raven, [35].

white-necked, [35].
Réaumur, views of, on triungulis, 294.
Recurvirostra americana, [50].
Rectaldriisen, 276.
Rectal glands, 263.
Red-cedar-trees not eaten, 253.
Red-legged locust. (See Caloptenus femur-rubrum.)
Red mite, 306, 309.

INDEX.

Red River Colony, invasions of, 80.
Redstart, [24]. é
Reed-bird, [33]
Region in which eggs were laid in 1876, 6..
Regulus calendula, [16].
satrapa, [16].
Remedies, 28, [89].
Report, contents of, 23.
teproductive organs. 270-272.
Respiration, organs of, 269, 270.
Rectum, 263, 276.
Returning swarms defined, 143.
harmlessness of, 163, 164.
Return migrations, direction of, 159-165.
swarms, destination of, 238-240.
return of, 240
Reveschon, statements by, 57-60.
tevue Entomologique de Silbermann, quoted, 291.
Rhabdites, 272.
Rhomalea, 35.
Rice-bird, [33].
Rickli, J. C., statement by, 59, 61, 62.
Riggs, S. R., statement by, 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 177.
Riley, C. V., circular by, 3-5.
letter by, 14-16, 17-20,
letter from, 8-10.
observations by, 6-10, 14-16, 22.
statements by, 87, 98, 109, 159, 160, 161,
_ 177, 220, 226, 247, 254, 304, 327.
views of, on hatching of eggs, 279.
Riley’s locust-catcher, 393.
Locust Plague in U.S. quoted, 293-302.
Missouri Reports, quoted, 45-51, 53, and
generally.
reports quoted, 235, 238, 290, 432.
Ritz, Philip, statement by, 107.
Robbins coal-tar pan, 388-390.
Robertson, W., statement by, 289.
Robin, food of, fond of locusts, | 14].
ground, [33].
marsh, [33].
Robinson, Professor, 100.
Rose-bushes eaten, 253.
Ruge, 261, 274.
Russia, locusts in, 467, 462.
Rutabagas eaten, 251.
Rye, winter, eaten less, 252.

s.

Saint Paul Advertiser quoted, &2, 83.
Press quoted, 77, 88.
Weekly Minnesotian quoted, 82.
Weekly Times quoted, 83.
Saint Peter Free Press quoted, 83.
Salivary glands, 263.
Salt Lake Herald quoted, 103.
Salvia trichostemmoides eaten less, 254.
Salpinctes obsoletus, [18].
Salter, J. A., observations by, 302.
Sand burr, 434.
Sandpiper, Baird's, [52].
Bonaparte’s, [53].
Bartramian, [54].
buff-breasted, [54].
least, [52].
semipalmated, [52].
white-rumped, [53].
bairdii, [52].
spotted, [54].
Sarcophaga carnaria, 289, 322, 323, 324.
sarracenie, 289, 324.
Sauk Rapids Frontiersmau quoted, 82.
Saunders, William. statement by, 294.
Sayornis fuscus, [37].
sayus, [37].
Scarlet Tanager, [<4].
Schott, C. A., statement by, 186.
Scolecophagus cyanocephalus, [35].
ferrugineus, (354
Scops asio, [42].
Scott, W. J., statement by, 112.
Scudder’s Catalogue of Orthoptera of North Amer-
ica, quoted, 44.
Scudder, S. H., statement by, 105.
work by, quoted, 293, 305,
Scutellum, 259, 260.
Scutum, 259.

[291]

Season of egg-laying, 228.
Sebific duct, 271.
Sense-organs, 272.
Serous membrane, 278.
Serville’s Histoire des Orthcpteéres quoted, 38.
Revue Méthodique des Orthoptéres
quoted, 38.
Setophaga ruticilla, [24].
Shade-trees eaten, 253.
Shakopee Advocate, quoted, 82.
Saint Paul Daily Pioneer and Democrat, quoted, 82...
Shattuck, Colonel, statement by, 98.
Shaw, James, statement by, 94.
Shoveller, [59].
Shrike, Northern, [2&].
white-rumped, [28].
Sialia arctica, [15].
sialis, [15].
Siebold’s Anatomy of the Invertebrates, quoted,
272.
Sight, organs of, 272.
Signal-Oftice, Reports of, quoted, 57, 91.
Siler, A. L., statement by, 97, 102.
statement of, 158.
Sitaris, 294, 295, 296, 301.
colletis, 296.
humeralis, 296.
sp., figure of, 296.
larva of, description of, 296.
Sitta canadensis, 17.
carolinensis aculeata, [17].
pygmea, [17].
Sitzungsberichte der Wiener Akademie, qu:ted,
275.
Skunks, destructive to locusts, 337.
Simpson’s locust-crusher, 366.
Smartweed eaten, 254.
Smith, Emma A., observation by, 303.
Smith, J. W., statement by, 62.
Smith, C. A., statement by, 63.
Smith, L., statement by, 91.
Smith, S. A., statement by, 120.
Smithsonian Institution, contributions from, 461.
Report ot, quoted, 81.
Snake River Valley, 133.
breeding-grounds, 25. .
Snipe, American, [51].
gray, [52].
red-headed, [52].
Wilson’s, [51].
destructive to locusts, 337.
Snow, E. P., statement by, 99.
Snow, F. H., statements by, 71, 72, 159, 160, 245, 246,
226, 287.
Snyder, E., statement by, 218.
Soil, temperature of, 425.
Solanum carolinense, 434.
rostratum, 434.
Soldier-beetle, two-lined.
atus.)
Solidago eaten, 293.
Soper, E. B., statement by, 242, 243.
Sorghum not eaten, 252.
South America, locusts of, 465.
Southey’s Thalaba, quoted, 214.
Southward flights, 175, 176.
Spain, locusts in, 476.
Sparrow, Canadian, [31].
chipping, [31].
clay-colored, [31.]
Harris’s, [31].
Lincoln’s, [30].
song, [31].
white-throated, [31].
yellow-winged, [30].
Spatula clypeata, [59].
Speotyto cunicularia hypogea, [43].
Sphex ichneumonea, 318.
Sphinx, white-lined morning, 434.
Sphyrapicus varius, [41].
Spinach eaten, 292.
Spirades, 267.
Spizella monticola, pu.
pallida, [31
socialis, [31]
Sprigtail, [58].
Spruce-trees eaten, 253.
Squatarola helvetica, [49].

(See Telephorus biline.

[292]

Squier, E. G., on locusts in Central America, 461.
Squirrel, destructive to locusts, 337.
Stalker, Alex., statement by, 104.
Stal’s Recensio Orthopterorum, quoted, 37, 38.
Statistics of losses, 114-122, [11].
Stauronotus cruciatus, 471.
vastator, 471.
Steganopus wilsoni, [51].
Sterna forsteri, [61].
macrura, [61].
superciliaris antillarum, [62].
Stelgidopteryx serripennis, [26].
Stenobothrus sp., egg-laying of, place of, 223.
maculipennis, figure of, 256.
Stenopogon consanguineus, 317.
Stercorarius pomatorhinus, [60].
Sternum, 257-258.
Stevens, Governor, statement by, 88.
Stevens, J. H., Texan locust data, [67].
Stigmata, 267. ;
Stoikowitsch, statement of, 226.
Stomach, 262, 275, 276.
Strawberry-vines eaten, 252, 253.
Strayhorn, Robert E., statement by, 98, 99, 157.
Strength of locusts, 245, 246.
Strix lammea americana, | 42].
Strong, A., statement of, 77, 78.
Strong, O.J., statement by, 78.
Stuart, Jas., statement by, 82.
Stuart, Granville, statement by, 93, 154.
Sturnella magna, [34].
Styer, Dr., statement by, 107.
Subpermanent breeding grounds of Caloptenus
spretus, 136, 142.
Sully, General, statement by, 88.
Sulpho-carbonates, 400, 401.
Sumach-trees eaten, 253.
Summary of flights, by States, 170-175.
Supra-anal plate, 259.
Supra-cesophageal ganglion, 261, 265.
Sutherlin, R. N., statement by, 95.
Sutherlin, S. W., statement ot, 155.
Swallow, American barn, [24].
bank, [25].
cliff, [25].
cave, [25. |
rough-winged, [26].
violet green, [25].
Swan, trumpeter, [57}.
Swarms, appearance of, 213-215.
Swearingen’s locust-catcher, 387.
Sweet, G. W., statement by, 81.
Sweet, A.S., statement by, 109.
Syweet-potatoes eaten, 251.
Sweetwater River area, 134.
Switzerland, locusts in, 468.
Sy!vester’s locust-catcher, 397.
Sympathetic ganglia, 266.
Syrnoium nebulosum, [43).

m
i.

Table of locust-years, 113.
measurements of Caloptenus femur-ru-
prum, 51.
ae omens of Caloptenus spretus,
47-49.
wind frequency, 205-209, 211.
Tables of meteorological data, 185, 187-201, 205-209,
Pate
Taché, Bishop, aid by, 22.
Teachina, 20.
anonyma, 323.
fly, 319.
Tach; cineta tricoler, [25}.
thalassina, [25].
Tanager, Louisiana, [24].
scarlet, [24].
Tarsus, 260.
Taste, organs of, 272.
Tattler, [53].
solitary, [53].
wood, [53.]
Tayler, A.S., on locusts in Central America, 461.
South America, 465.
statement by, 57, 97, 98, 106.
Taylor, J. W., views of, 129; aid by, 22.
Teal, green-winged, [59].

INDEX.

Telephorus bilineatus, larva of, description of, 303;
figure of, 302.
Telitale, lesser, [53].
greater, [53].
Telmatodytes palustris, [18].
Temperature, data concerning, 185, 187-201.
Temperature, influence of, on flights, 143.
of the soil, 425.
periodicity of, 186. ©
Temporary region, habits of young in, 232-234.
permanence of abode in, 244-
247.
travels in, direction of, 235, 236,
238.
travels in, eastward extent of,
235, 236.
Tergum, 257.
Tern, arctic, [61].
black, [62].
Forster’s, [61].
least, [62].
Tetraonyx, 302.
Testes, 270.
Tettigine, description of, 34.
Tettix granulata, description of, 256: figure of, 256.
Texas, autumn locust flights in, [155].
damage done in, 6, 7.
earliest flight in, 170.
flights in, summary of, 170.
invasions of, 54-56, 57-63.
limits of migrations in, 141, 142.
locust data for 1877, [63].
migrations from, direction of, 159.
migrations into, directions of, 148, 149, 150,
151, =
observations in, 6, 7, 22, 25.
Thermal constants for locust-eggs, 426.
Thistle-bird, [29.]
Thomas, Cyrus, aid by, 298.
article on orthoptera by, quoted,
38.
articles by, quoted, 43, 44, 45.
circular, 5.
letter by, 11, 12, 14.
observations, 10-13, 21, 22.
statement by, 98, 99, 104, 105, 106,
157, 227.
synopsis of Acrididze of North
America, quoted, 44.
Thompson, W., statement by, 77, 89.
Thorax, 259.
Thrasher, [15].
Trush, golden-crowned, [22].
water, [23].
hermit, [14].
large-biuled water, [23].
tawny, [15].
Wilson's, [15].
wood, [14].
Townsend’s flycatching, [27].
Thryothorus bewicki, |13].
Tibia, 260.
Tierny, W.J., statement by, 93.
Tilaria locustus, 334.
Time of hatching, 231, 232.
Times of egg-laying, 220, 221.
Titlark, [19].
Titmouse, plain-crested, [16].
tufted, [16].
Toad, the, as a locust-destroyer, 338.
Tobacco eaten, 251.
Todd, D. A., statement by, 58.
Tolmerus, 317.
Tomatoes eaten, 251.
Tomatoe-vines eaten, 292.
Totanus flavipes, [53].
melanoleucus, [53].
solitarius, [54].
Touch, organs of, 272.
Traches, 267.
figure of, 260.
Tragocephala viridifasciata, 459.
description of, 255, 256.
egg-mass of, philoso
phy of, 226.
figure of, 256.
hatching of, time of.
232.

INDEX.

Tragocephala viridifasciata, egg laying of, time of,

Trains, railroad, impeding of, 215.

Tramping on eggs, 361.

Transactions of Linnan Society, quoted, 294, 295.
Academy of Science of Saint

Louis, quoted, 293-302.

Transformations, 27.

Trapping locusts, 377.

Travels of young, rate of, 235.

Treadwell, C. E., statement of, 286.

. Trenches, 378.

Tringa canutus, [53].

fuscicollis, [53].

minutilla, [52].
Tringoides macularius, [54].
Trippe, T. M., the locust in Colorado, [115].
Triungulin, 294-302. .
Triungulinus andrenetarum, 294.
Trochanter, 260.
Trochantine, 260.
Trochilus colubris, [39].
Troglodytes aédon, [13].

parkmanni, [18].

.Trombidium giganteum, 312.

locustarum, 306, 309, 311.
muscarum, 312.
scabrum, 310.
sericeum, 308, 310.
Tropideris, 35.
Truxalide, description of, 34.
Truxalini, 34.
Truxalis, 34.
Tryngites rufescens, [54].
Turdus fuscescens, [15].
swainsoni, [14].
migratorius, [14].
mustelinus, [14].
pallasi, [14].
Turkey, common wild, [46].
destructive to locusts, 337, 339.
Turner, S.8., statement by, 95.
Turnips eaten, 251.
Tuttle, Bishop, statement by, 97.
Tympanum, 267, 272.

U.

Ubler, P. R., statement by, 100.
Union Pacitic R. R., aid by, 25.
Urinary tubes, 263.
Uro-patagia, 259.
Uses of locusts, 28.
United States Entomological Commission:
Division of labor, i,
Its personnel, 1.
Its plan of action, 2.
Its publications, 1, 2.
Meetings of, 1, 2, 14, 21, 22.
United States weather Signal Service, statement
by, 98.
signal observer, statement

, 100.
Utah, invasions of, 54-56, 102) 105.
migrations in, direction of, 158,
observations in, 17, 21,
reports from, [253].
the locust in, [135, 189}.
Utter, D. M., statement by, 106.

Vis

Valery-Mayet, views of, on Mylabris, 302,
work by, quoted, 296.
Value of invertebrate enemies, 284, 285.
Vancouver Island, locust of, [141].
Vasa deferentia, 270.
urinaria, 263.
Vegetables eaten, 251.
Veith’s insect-fiuid, 400.
Velocity of flight, 216-217.
Velum penis, 259.
Ventriculus, 262, 275-276.
Vernonia novzboracensis eaten less, 254.
Vertebrate enemies of locust, 334.
Vesicule seminales, 270, 271.
Vilfa vagineeflora, 434.
Villebrun, Michel, statement of, 80-81.

[293]

Villot, on hair-worms, 330, 331.

Vireo belli, [28].
blue-headed, [27].
brotherly love, [27].
flavifrons, [27].
gilvus, [27].
noveboracensis, [27].
olivaceus, [27].
philadelphicus, [27].
solitarius, [27].
white-eyed, [27].

Virginia redbird, [33].

Wagtail, [19].
Walking-sticks, 32.
Wall, J. B., statement by, 97.
Walnut-trees eaten, 253.
Walker’s catalogue of Dermaptera saltatoria
quoted, 44.
Walsh, B. D., article by, quoted, 44.
statements by, 148, 149.
views of, on limits of migrations, 137.
Walsh’s Illinois reports, quoted, 64-7€, 75.
Warbler, bay-breasted, [21].
blackburnian, [21].
black-poll, [21].
black-throated green, [20].
black and white creeping, [19].
black and yellow, [21].
blue golden-winged, [20].
blue and yellow, [20].
blue-winged yellow, [19].
blue yellow-backed, [19}.
Canadian flycatching, 20.
chestnut-sided, [21].
cerulean, lee
golden, [20
hooded tlycatching, [23!.
Kentucky, [23].
mourning, [23].
Macgillivray’s, [23].
Nashville, [20].
pine-creeping, [22].
prairie, [22].
prothonotary, [19].
summer, [20]
Tennessee, [20].
Virginia, [20].
Wilson’s green black-capped flycatch-
ing, [24].
worm-eating, [19].
yellow red-poli, [22].
yellow-rump, [21].
yellow-throated, [22].
Ward, D.'l., statement of, 251.
Washington Territory, invasions of, 106-107.
locust in, [140].
observations in, 21,
Water, crossing of, by young, 234-235.
W atrous’s locust-catcher, 387.
Waxwing, Bohemian, [26].
Carolina, [26].
Weymouth, D. F., statement by, 217.
Weather, data concerning, 183-201, 205-209, 211.
influence of, on flights, 145.
on locusts, 423.
eggs, 424.
upon inigrations, 182-211,
Wells, T. C., statement by, 69.
Westcott, O.S., engaged as assistant, 21.
Western Farmer, quoted, 78.
Western Rural, quoted, 64.
Westwood, work by, quoted, 294, 295-296.
Wheat-birds, destroying locust-eggs, 336.
W heat crop, losses on, 119, 120.
Wheat eaten more or less according to the vari-
ety, 252.
Wheeler, C. C., statement by, 97-106.
Wheeler, W. J., statement by, 239.
Whippoorwill, (38].
Nuttall’s, [38].
Whitman, A., engaged as assistant, 10-11.
observations by, 22.
: report on locust in Minnesota, [3].
oats Report on the Locust, quoted, 83, $0,

[294]

Whitman, A., statement by, 173-175, 176, 226-227, ] Wren, western house, [18.]

INDEX.

242, 247, 287, 305.
views of, on migrations, 145-146.
Wyoming, invasions of, 97-99.
Wilde, work by, quoted, 274.
Willow trees eaten, 253.
Willson, J. A., statement by, 106-107.
Wilson-Rhode locust-catcher, 394, 395.

Wilson’s green black-capped flycatching war-

bler, [24].
thrush, [15].

Wind, data concerning, 187-201, 205-209, 211.
frequency, tables of, 205-209, 211.
influence of, on flights, 145-147.
River range, 133.

Winds, influence of, upon migrations, 209-211.

Winged locusts, destruction of, 404.

Wings, 260.

time of acquisition of, 237, 238.

Winnipeg Standard, quoted, 161.

Wisconsin, limits of migrations in, 138.

Wise, J. C., statement of, 152, 286.

Wise’s locust-crusker, 371.

Wiswell, E. G., statement by, 219.

‘Woodcock, American, [51].

Woodpecker, downy, [40].

golden-winged, [41].
hairy, [40].
red-bellied, [41].
red-headed, [41].
red-shafted, [42].
yellow-bellied, {41}.

Wood, statement by, 97.

Woods, W. H., statement by, 242.

‘W ood-thrush, [14].

Wolves, destructive to locusts, 337.

Worms, hair, 326.

Wren, Bewick’s, [18].
house, [18].
long-billed marsh, [18].
rock, [18].
short-billed marsh, [18}.
water, [18].

Wyoming, invasions of, 54-56.
migrations in direction of, 156, 157.
observations in, 17.

X.

Xanthocephaius icterocephalus, 338, [34].
Xicayan, locusts in, 461.

Y.

Years, locust, tabular view of, 113.

Yellow-bird, [29].

Yellow-headed blackbird, 338.

Yellowshanks, lesser, [53].

Yellow-throat, Maryland, [23].

Yersin, A., statement of, 226.

Young, Brigham, statement of, 102.

Young locusts, death of, 8-9, 14, 15.
description of, 279-281.
figure of, 279.
destroyed by cold, 9.
destroyed by rains, 9, 14.

habits of, in temporary region, 232-

234,
molting of, 9. ;
of allied species, differences in, 283-

travels of, directions of, 234.
travels of, rate of, 235.
Yueatan, locusts in, 461, 462.

Z.

Zabrus gibbus, 291.

Zaitha fluminea, 313.

Zimmermann, work by, quoted, 291.

Zenedura carolinensis, [46].

Zonitis, 302.

Zonotrichia albicollis, [31].
leucophrys, [31].
querula, [31].

ERRATA.

Page 97, in heading, for “chonology” read ‘ chronology.”

Page 77, in heading, for “eastern” read “return.”

Pages 183-203, in heading, for meterology ” read ‘‘ meteorology.”

Page 130, line 2 from bottom, for ‘ grapes”’ read “ grasses.”

Page 180, line 10 from bottom, for “they” read “ there.”

Page 431, table for Breckenridge, Oct. and Nov., 1875, for ‘““0 and 0” read ‘10 and
6,” respectively.

Page 431, line 2 from below, for “their number” read ‘‘ these numbers.”

Page 432, line 7, for “initial column” read “ vertical columns.”

Page 432, line 15, for “data....that” read “ dates.... those.”

Page 75, Abbe at Omaha, August, 1868; and again August 13, 1869.

1868. Saw many locusts flying and lighting ; garden much damaged ; saw thousands
of them ovipositing a few miles out of town.

1869. Saw some, but only very few.

aot Was in Southeastern Dakota Aug. 5-10, and saw no ’hoppers.

Page [72], line 24, after “‘broomweed” add “ (Gutierezia microcephala, Gray).”

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Unless otherwise stated, all the figures are enlarged, the increase in size usually indicated.

Fie. 1.—Caloptenus spretus, newly hatched, or in first larval stage, from side; 1b, same,
Fie.

FIG.
FIG.

FIG.

. 6.—Sixth stage, or mature insect, the figure showing a typical male from the Per-

. 7.—Typical female, with wings expanded—natnral size.

. 8.—Antenna of mature insect.

. 9.—-Enlarged thorax of mature insect, from above; 9a, same, from side.

Fic. 10.—Anal characters of male, from above; 10a, do., from side; 100, do., from

11.—Anal characters of female, from side.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

while yet pale, from above; 1a, antenna of same.
2.—Second stage ; 2a, antenna; 2b, thorax, from above; 2c, thorax, from side.
3.—Third stage; 3a, antenna; 3b, thorax, from akove; 3c, thorax, from side.
4.—Fourth stage, or first pupal stage; 4a, antenna; 4), thorax, from above; 4c,
thorax, from side.
5.—Fifth stage, or true pupa; 5a, antenna; 55, thorax, from above; 5c, thorax,
from side ; 5d, pupal exuvia, or last skin shed.

manent breeding-grounds; 6a, smaller form, as hatched in the lower and
moister country, where the species is not indigenous—nataral size.

behind.

A Hoen kloLat Lithocoustrye Galto.

RGN Olrs ee

eee 7 ae
Ext

( Caloptenus spretus)

IOCIey MOUINTALN

Rep US Ent. Comin.

Drawn by JH. Emerton

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Unless otherwise stated, all the figures are enlarged, the increase in size usually indicated.

Fig. 1.—Caloptenus femur-rubrum, newly hatched, or in first larval stage, from side;
16, same, while yet pale, from above; la, antenna of same.

Fig. 2.—Second stage; 2a, antenna; 26, thorax, from above; 2c, thorax, from side.

Fic. 3.—Third stage; 3a, antenna; 30, thorax, from above; 3c, thorax, from side.

Fic. 4.—Fourth stage, or first pupal stage; 4a, antenna; 4b, thorax, from above; 4c,
thorax, from side.

Fic. 5.—Fifth stage, or true pupa; 5 a, antenna; 56, thorax, from above; 5c, thorax,
from side; 5d, pupal exuvi2, or last skin shed.

Fic. 6.—Sixth stage, or mature insect, the figure showing a typical male—natural size.

Fie. 7.—Typical female, with wings expanded—natural size.

Fig. 8.—Antenna of mature insect.

Fic. 9.—Enlarged thorax of mature insect, from above; 9a, same, from side.

Fic. 10.—Anal characters of male, from above; 10a, do., from side; 106, do., from
behind.

Fic. 11.—Anal characters of female, from side.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Unless otherwise stated, all the figures are enlarged, the increase in size usually indicated.

Fic. 1.—Caloptenus atlanis, newly hatched, or in first larval stage, from side; 15, same,
while yet pale, from above; 1a, antenna of same.

Fig. 2.—Second stage; 2a, antenna; 2b, thorax, from above; 2¢, thorax, from side.

Fic. 3.—Third stage; 3a, antenna; 3), thorax, from above; 3c, thorax, from side.

Fig. 4.—Fourth stage, or first pupal stage; 4a, antenna; 4), thorax, from above; 4c,
thorax, from side.

Fic. 5.—Fifth stage, or true pupa; 5a,antenna; 5), thorax, from above; 5¢, thorax,
from side; 5d, pupal exuvia, or last skin shed.

Fic. 6.—Sixth stage, or mature insect; the figure showing a typical male—natural size.

Fie. 7.—Typical female, with wings expanded—natural size.

Fic. 9.—Enlarged thorax of mature insect, from above; 9a, same, from side.

Fic. 10.—Anal characters of male, from above; 10a, do., from side; 100, do., from behind.

Fig. 11.—Anal characters of female, from side; 11 4a, anal characters of female, from above.

‘Rep. 7S. Ent. Contre.

Draunby JH. Emerton.

See
Lr

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(Caloptenus atlanis )

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

All the figures enlarged unless otherwise stated, the hair-lines indicating the natural sizes.

Fie.

FIG.

FIG.

Fa.

Fic.

Fie.

Fia.

FIG.

FIG.
Fig.
FIG.
FIG.

FIG.

1.—Egg-pod of Caloptenus differentialis, with the mouth torn open, exposing the
newly hatched larva of Epicauta vitiata (1 a) eating into an egg, and the
passage which it made through the mucous covering—natural size.
2.—Dorsal view of the First larva, or triungulin, of £. viitata ; 2a, oneside of the
head of same from beneath, greatly enlarged, so as to show the mouth-
parts; 26, terminal joint of maxillary palpus, showing imbrications and
flattened inner surface armed with stout points; 2c, leg, showing more
plainly the tarsal spines; 2¢, labrnm; 2d, one of the abdominal joints,
from above, showing siout points, stigmata, and arrangement of spinous
hairs.
3.—Eggs of ZL. vitiata, the natural size indicated at side.
4.—Dorsal view of the Carabidoid stage of the Second Larva of E. vittata; 4a, its
antenna; 4 0b, its right maxilla; 4c, its leg; 4d, side view of the larva,
showing ifs natural position within the locust-egg mass.
5.—Lateral view of the Ultimate or full-grown stage of the Second Larva of
E, vittata ; 5a, portion of the dorsal skin, showing short setaceous hairs.
6.—Third head, or that from the Scarabeidoid stage of the Second Larva of
£. vitiata, from beneath, showing the reduction of mouth-parts as com-
pared with the first head (2a); 6a, antenna of same; 606, maxilla of same;
6c, mandible of same.
7.—Fourth head, or that of the full-grown larva of £. vittata, from above; 7 a, leg
of same; 7 b, the breast-plate or prosternal corneous piece.
8.—Laieral view of the pseudo-pupa or Coar ciate Larva of E. vitiata, ae the
partially shed skin adhering behind; 8a, dorsal view of same; 88, its head,
from the front; 8c, same, from HiGe 8d, tuberculous leg; 8¢, raised spi-
racle; 87, anal part of same.
9.—Lateral view of the true pupa of Epicauta cinerea Forst.; 9a, ventral view of
same.
10.—Epicauta vittata (lemniscata or trivittate var.).
11.—Epicauta cinerea Forst. (= marginata Fabr.). .
12.—Antenna of the triungulin of Epicauta pennsylvanica; 12a, maxilla of same;
12}, labial palpus of same.
13.— ¢ Hornia minutipennis, dorsal view; 13a, lateral view of same; 13), simple
claw of same; 13c, Coarctate Larva; 134d, leg of Ultimate stage of Second
Larva

ys ov. US Ent. Comm. PLATE IV.

CV. Riley, del

A.Gast & 0. St.Lours, lth

Hypermetamorphoses of hpicauta and Hornia.

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a enue AY Calipers AL

wei ety ree

iuala)

reve

ms. dit Beh way a
SL enioawite Talia),

eh We Nits

baiery wil) 7: dchaticn +

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Fic. 1.—Longitudinal median section of Caloptenus femur-rubrum, female, to show the
course and divisions of the digestive canal; 17, mouth; Oe, esophagus; Cr',
anterior, Cr?, posterior part of crop; P, proventriculus; Div., blind sack or
diverticulum of the stomach; ven, ventricle; JJ, ileum; Col, colon; R, rec-
tum; An, anus.

Fic. 2.—Optical section of Malpighian tube.

Ira. 3.—Section of the epithelium of the rectum of Caloptenus spretus.

Fic. 4.—Transverse section of the hind part of the crop; ss, spines of the cuticula;
rid, ridges ; L, longitudinal; muwe. C, circular muscular coat.

Fic. 5.—Epithelium of the ileal folds; A, middle of folds; B, furrow between folds;
L, longitudinal muscular band.

Fic. 6.—Epithelial cells of the gastro-ileal valve of Edipoda sordida.

Ia. 7.—Surface view of the gastro-ileal valves; Ven, ventricie; Bd, circular muscular
band undernecth the folds; Jl, ileum.

Fic. 8.—Transverse section of a diverticulum; Tr, trachea; muc, circular muscular
coat.

Fic. 9.—Transverse section through the furrow; #, between two ileal folds; cu, euti-
cula; Ep, epithelium ; conn, connective tissue; muc. C, circular muscles; L,
longitudinal muscular bands.

Fic. 10.—Transverse section of the gastro-ileal folds of Gdipoda sordida ; muc, muscular
band, Bd, of Fig. 7.

Notre.—For the permission to use this plate we are indebted to the publishers of the
American Naturalist, where it first appeared in June, 1878.

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