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k

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968

MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.

ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK

President

Vice President...
Rec. Secretary...
Corres. Secretary

Treasurer

Editor

Carol Burchard
Ron H. McPeak
Martin Schuler
Marjorie Bradner
Walter Robertson
Carole M. Hertz

VOLUME XIII

JANUARY - NOVEMBER

no ^ ^ ^

1981

nnnmvHWM «

THE f LttU V Uo,

/ r'X'Ji iiaJa {J'ia ii_;j

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968

MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.

ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK

President ...Carol Burchard

Vice President Ron H. McPeak

Rec. Secretary Martin Schuler

Corres. Secretary Marjorie Bradner

Treasurer Walter Robertson

Editor Carole M. Hertz

ANNUAL DUES: Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $4.00;

Family membership: $5.00; Student membership: $3.00; Overseas
surface: $6.00.

CLUB ADDRESS: Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club, Inc.

c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111

VOL. XIII JANUARY 1981 NO.

**********************************************************************
*

*

★

★

* PROGRAM: Peter Williams will give a talk entitled, "Reef Walking on Okinawa."

J He will accompany his presentation with slides.

*

J Slides of the Christmas party will be shown.

* Cypraea and their allied genera will be the featured shells

* at this meeting. Bring your Cyphoma, Ovula, Cypraea, Sirmia ,

* and Jennevia for display.

*

J Date: January 15, 1981 Time: 7:30 P.M. Room: 104

*****************************************^****^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

CONTENTS

Observations on two problem species from the Indo Pacific

D’ATTILIO, ANTHONY

A new book on the marine invertebrates of California (Book Review)
MYERS, BARBARA W

Bellaspira gvippi (Dali, 1908) (Gastropoda: Turrldae)

MYERS, BARBARA W

Club news

2.

The Festivus

OBSERVATIONS ON TWO PROBLEM SPECIES FROM THE INDO PACIFIC

BY

ANTHONY D'ATTILIO

Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park
P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

Several specimens each of two species of Muvex s.s. were submitted to me
recently for identification by Manfred Blocher of West Germany. Precise deter-
mination of these two species requires zoogeographic field work and a great deal
more material.

The shell characters of one of the species closely resembles Muvex k'i'tens'is
Kira, 1959 (known geographical range from southeastern Japan to the central
Philippines). The specimens studied were from Madagascar off southeastern Africa
in the Indian Ocean. They were collected by Manfred Blocher. Figures la, lb, 2a,
and 2b are illustrations of two of the Madagascar specimens. The protoconch has 2^^
whorls (Figure 3) as in Muvex k'tiens'Ls .

Fig. la. Apertural view Fig. lb. Dorsal view

Specimen from Madagascar showing poor development

of spines.

Vol. XII (1)

The Festivus

3.

Fig. 2a. Fig. 2b.

Specimen from Madagascar showing small but well developed spines.

The type illustration of M. kHensis
is in Kira, 1955:pl. 23, fig. 10. It is
listed as a Kuroda MS name. There is no
text. It is first illustrated with a
description (still referred to Kuroda MS) in
1959. The description is in Japanese and
does not describe the protoconch or mention
the existence of a holotype. A later edition
of Kira's work (1962) is in English with
only a few indications of descriptive data.

The presently known range of Murex
h'lTase'i Hirase, 1914-15 is the same as M.
l^iensis both being found from southeastern
Japan to the Philippines. The specimens I
examined were from Mactan Island in the Bohol
Straits between Cebu and Bohol. They are
Figures 4a, 4b, 5a and 5b. These specimens,
outwardly very similar to Murex hirasei, have
a protoconch of 1^, polished whorls as shown
in Figure 6.

I

Fig. 3.

Protoconch of specimen from
Madagascar

4.

The Festivus

Fig. 4a. Apertural view Fig. 4b. Dorsal view
Specimen from Mactan Island with weakly developed spines on canal.

Fig. 5a. Fig. 5b.

Specimen from Mactan Island lacking spines on the canal.

Vol. XIII (1)

The Festlvus

5.

A number of other specimens of M. hivasei
collected off Japan and the Philippines
were studied. They proved that this
species has a protoconch of 2^, whorls.
Though otherwise apparently similar, the
two species are distinctive based on the
number of whorls in the protoconch.

At this time I have planned no
further studies to resolve the precise
identification of these species, since
Dr. Winston Ponder is preparing an ex-
tensive monograph on Murex s.s.

Fig. 6. Protoconch of specimen from
Mactan Island.

A NOTE ON THE TYPE FIGURE OF MUREX HIRASEI AND ITS AUTHOR YOCHIRO HIRASE

The type of Murex hirasei in ILLUSTRATIONS OF A THOUSAND SHELLS by Hirase
(1914-1915) is a colored wood block illustration with no description (Figure 7).
The name is assigned to Dautzenberg in the index to the
volume but was never published by that author. The
illustration appears in a series of volumes meant to be
of purely artistic value and each volume of the ten
promised by Hirase was to contain 100 specimens. How-
ever, health and financial problems forced Hirase to
cease publication upon completion of the fourth volume.

Thus, the work comprises illustrations of only 400
species. The species on each plate of the accordian
type ancient Oriental book are organized in a visually
pleasing manner with no systematic arrangement. This
concept was a deliberate one as explained in a foreward
by Yochiro Hirase. The books were meant to be an
aesthetic memorial to his life work in malacology.

Single-handedly this extraordinary man of dedicated
purpose created the science of malacology for his
country in the earliest years of this century. These
four volumes remain a fitting memorial not only to the
man but to the spirit of aesthetic appropriateness
characteristic of the Japanese people.

Fig. 7. Murex hirasei from
original illustration

6.

The Festivus

Acknowledgments

Mr. Manfred Blocher of West Germany kindly submitted the specimens studied
and Mr. L.J. Bibbey of Imperial Beach and Mr. Don Pisor of San Diego helped with
the loan or contribution of comparison material. The excellent photography of the
specimens is by David K. Mulliner, Festivus staff photographer.

Literature Cited

Hirase, Yochiro. 1914-1915. ILLUSTRATIONS OF A THOUSAND SHELLS. Parts 1-4 not
paginated. Ca woodcut illustration in color without description of any kind
(pi. 47, fig. 232>i]. Kyoto, Japan.

Kira, Tetsuaki. 1955. COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SHELLS OF JAPAN. 204 pp. ,

67 pis. Osaka, Japan. The first Japanese edition. CThe species name
Muvex kizensis is referred to Kuroda MS5]. Notes of the plate in Japanese
appear on pp. 148-149. Illustration on p. 47, pi. 23, fig. 10.

1959. COLORED ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SHELLS OF JAPAN. 239 pp., 71 pis.

CSpecies reference still uses Kuroda MS for the author and gives the text and
description in Japanese (p. 58, pi. 23, fig. 10)].

1962. SHELLS OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC IN COLOR. Vol. 1. 224 pp . , 72 pis.

CAn enlargement of the original 1955 plate (p. 63, pi. 24, fig. 10) The
description is too generalized to further identify the species and there is
no indication of the locality of the holotype^ .

A NEW BOOK ON THE MARINE INVERTEBRATES OF CALIFORNIA

BY

BARBAPA W. MYERS

Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural history Museum, Balboa Park
P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

Intertidal Invertebrates of California

by Robert H. Morris, Donald P. Abbott and Eugene C. Haderlie
Stanford University Press, Stanford, California
$30.00. 690 pages, 200 plates.

This is a well researched study of the common marine invertebrate fauna to be
found along the coast of California. It covers the major groups with large sections
on the mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms and the tunicates.

Robert H. Morris took the majority of the 900 photographs, while Donald P. Abbott
and Eugene C. Haderlie were responsible for the text aided by 31 contributing
specialists. All photographs are in color with the exception of the Foraminifera and
there is at least one photo for every species treated. For some species there are
two or three photos to show variation or color forms. Some photos are especially

Vol. XIII (1)

The Festivus

7.

spectacular, but there are others in which the color seems faded. Norvis-ia norrisi
(Sowerby, 1838) pi. 74, fig. 13.30, for instance, which shows up as a yellow shell
with a white animal, is a chocolate brown shell with a crimson animal. Most species,
however, can be identified from these well executed photographs. Pteropui^pura
festiva (Hinds, 1844) has been mislabelled Maxuetlia gemma (Sowerby, 1879). Robert
H. Morris has done an outstanding job in assembling this collection of fine photo-
graphs. Many of the very small pen and ink drawings, also by Morris, did not repro-
duce well and have limited use as identification aids.

The text is a natural history treatment of the invertebrates rather than a
taxonomic or descriptive work. An introduction to each chapter gives general
information about each group. In the discussion of each species, the authors, Abbott
and Haderlie, have brought together the known information regarding habitat, biology,
life history, reproduction, range, etc. This was a prodigious task and merits high
praise. References to the pertinent literature both as general information con-
cerning the different phyla and major works relating to each species abound through-
out the text and will be invaluable to any researcher in the marine sciences of
this coast.

Disclaiming responsibility as a systematic or taxonomic work, the authors have
followed their own design in the order in which they have arranged the phyla. For
instance, if you turn to the last chapter expecting to find the tunicates, you will
be instead reading about the crustaceans. One realizes that continued controversy
exists regarding the systematic arrangement of the phyla, but in a book this size
a familiar system might have been more convenient. Within the phylum Mollusca, the
authors* classification shows careful research. Dr. A. Myra Keen acted as advisor
on the gastropods and bivalves and the book closely follows Keen's Sea Shells of
Tropical West America (1971). Although the gastropods are classified into super-
families, the bivalves are not. The opisthobranchs clearly differ from Keen (1971)
and the authors refer to other studies for further information regarding their
systematic arrangement. The Polyplacophora seem to follow A.G. Smith's work on
this group in Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology (1960).

This is a major work with evidence of intensive scholarly research and I think
it will be one of the classic studies of the invertebrate fauna of our coast. The
authors received a grant of offset publishing costs and, therefore, can offer this
impressive volume at a price most of us can afford. In my opinion this is one of
the best book bargains of the year.

LIBRARY NOTES

The Club would like to thank Virginia and George Hanselman for the donation
of the following publications to the Club library.

INDO PACIFIC SEA SHELLS, Sally Diana Kaicher, 1956
NATICIDAE, TONNACEA & Cypraeacea, Sally Diana Kaicher, 1956
SHELLS, Mani O' Mara, 1956

SOWERBY ON MUREX (1967 facsimile edition) G.B. Sowerby, 1879

Two new species and a new subgenus of lucinids, SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY,
#129, Joseph C. Britton, 1972
CATALOGUE OF LIVING CYPRAEIDAE, Walter Cemohorsky, 1963
LIST OF CHAMPIONS, Lost Operculum Club, 1973.

The following are missing from the library. Their return would be appreciated.

The VELIGER 16(4) and 20 (1)

The FESTIVUS 1978 numbers 1,4, 6, 8 and 10
1979 numbers 4 and 5

8.

The Festivus

BELLASPIRA GRIPPI (BALL 1908) (GASTROPODA: TURRIDAE)

BY

BARBARA W. MYERS

Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park
P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

Bellaspira grippi (Dallj 1908)

Bela gvippi Dali, 1908:137.

Lora grippii (Dali). — Dali, 1921: 74.

Lora grippi (Dali). — Dali, 1921 :pl. 3, fig. 8.

Bellasplra grippi- (Dali). — McLean & Poorman, 1970:8,9, figs. 12-15; Abbott, 1974:276,
fig. 3131.

The Excellent photographs
taken by Festivus staff
photographer, David K. Mulliner
show a live specimen of
Bellaspira grippi (Dali, 1908).

The black eye dot at the end of
the short tentacle is apparent
in Figure 1 and the dark, leaf
shaped operculum is clearly
visible on the milk white
animal as shown in Figure 2.

The specimen was collected by
David J. Myers in August 1980
at 70 feet off Pt. Loma, San Fig. 1 Bellaspira grippi (Dali, 1908)
Diego, California, and
measures 12 mm by 4.5 mm. This
specimen is retained in the Myers'
collection.

Dali originally assigned this
species to the genus Bela Gray, 1847.

However, Iredale (1915) and Dali
(1918) erroneously concluded that
Bela was a synonym of Mangelia Risso,

1826. This was based on a miscon-
ception of the types; they believed
the type species was the same for
both Bela and Mangelia. Dali (1921)
then reassigned B. grippi to the
genus Lora Gistel, 1848, misspelling
the species name (grippii) in the
text. Grant and Gale (1931) sug-
gested Lora grippi belonged to the
genus Bellaspira Conrad, 1868. McLean
and Poorman (1970) confirmed this
generic placement and their four
figures show the variability of this
species .

The color ranges from white to

Fig. 2 Bellaspira grippi

Vol. XIII (1)

The Festivus

9.

flesh, some having brown banding on the shoulder. Specimens can be strongly tab-
ulate with the axial ribs forming nodes at the periphery. The spiral sculpture in
some specimens is of deeply Incised lines. Our specimen is flesh-colored with
brown banding, not tabulate, the axial ribs are not noded and the spiral sculpture
is of faint spiral lines.

Bellaspira olarionensis ITcLean and Foorman, '1970, from Clarion Island,
Revlllagigedo Islands, Mexico, seems very similar to B. grippi-, differing in its
larger size (13.5 mm by 5.9 mm), having a narrower shoulder area and more numerous
spiral striae. Abbott (1974) states they may be the same.

B. gvi-ppi- ranges from Redondo Beach, California to Asuncion Island, Baja
California and Guadalupe Island, Mexico (McLean and Poorman, 1970).

Literature Cited

Abbott, R. Tucker. 1974. AMERICAN SEASHELLS, Second Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold
663 pp. 24 pis.

Dali, William H. 1908. Some new California shells. NAUTILUS 21:136-137.

1918. Notes on the nomenclature of the Mollusks of the family Turritidae.

PROC. USNM 54:313-333.

1921. Summary of the marine shellbearing mollusks of the northwest coast of
America from San Diego, California to the Polar Sea, etc. USNM BULL. 112:1-
217. 22 pis.

Grant, U.S.,IV and H.R. Gale. 1931. Catalogue of the marine Pliocene and Pleis-
tocene Mollusca of California and adjacent regions. SAN DIEGO NAT. HIST. MEM. 1
1036 pp. 32 pis.

Iredale, T. 1915. Some more misused molluscan generic names. PROC. MALAC. SOC.
LONDON. 11:291-306.

McLean, James H. and Leroy H. Poorman. 1970. Reinstatement of the turrid genus
BeVLasp'iva Conrad, 1868 (Mollusca: Gastropoda) with a review of the known
species. CONTRIB. IN SCI. LACM(NH) 189: 11 pp. 16 figs.

FOR YOUR INFORMATION

The American Malacological Union will conduct its 50th Anniversary Meeting in
Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., 19-25 July 1981. The meeting will include the regular sessions
of scientific papers, lectures, and exhibits on molluscan subjects. Field trips
encompass freshwater, terrestrial and fossil habitats. A special symposium will
be conducted: "Functional Morphology and Ontogeny of Mbllusca as applied to Higher
Category Systematics , " organized and chaired by Richard S. Hbubrick. Additional
information and registration forms are available from: Richard S. Houbrick, Dep't.
of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C. 20560.

The Western Society of Malacologists (WSM) annual conference will be held in
San Diego (at San Diego State University) from June 23-26, 1981. The San Diego
Shell Club will host this meeting. Further details will be forthcoming.

10.

The Festlvus

FROM THE MINUTES

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB MEETING: November 20, 1980

BY-.

CAROL BURCHARD

Vice President David Mulliner called the meeting to order at 7:50 P.M. and
introduced speaker John Duffy, marine biologist with the Department of Fish and Game.
He gave an informative slide presentation on diving in Australia. He showed his
underwater slides of the flora and fauna of and about Heron Island, Queensland, and
Gun Island, Western Australia. John was part of an archeological expedition ex-
ploring the 1727 ruin of the Dutch merchant ship ’Zeewyk'.

After the refreshment break the Club officers for 1981 were approved by accla-
mation. The new officers are: President: Carol Burchard; Vice President: Ron McPeak;
Recording Secretary: Marty Schuler; Corresponding Secretary: Marge Bradner; Treasurer
Walter Robertson; Editor: Carole Hertz.

Barbara Myers, Librarian, announced that several VeZigev and Festi-Vus issues
are missing and requested that they be returned (see Library News). She also
encouraged members to contribute any unwanted back issues of The Fest'ivus to the
Club Library. The meeting was adjourned at 9:20 P.M.

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB CHRISTMAS DINNER: December 13, 1980

BY

CAROL BURCHARD

The annual San Diego Shell Club Christmas party was held at the La Sala Room of
the Cafe Del Rey Moro. After a lively cocktail hour at which the thirty-one members
and guests attending gaught up on holiday events and the pleasure of seeing old
friends, all sat down in the beautifully decorated room for a very pleasant dinner.

Marty Schuler presided over the evening's agenda as dapper Master of Ceremonies.
Outgoing President Sandie Seckington presented gifts of appreciation to members who
had helped her and the Club throughout the year. The 1981 officers were installed
and applauded. Following this the popular shell exchange drew much excitement.

A highlight of the evening was the Christmas choral program presented by the
very talented Madison High Honor Ensemble under the direction of Mr. Gilbert Sloan.
Later Club members gathered around the piano and enthusiastically sang carols and
folk tunes as played by Carole Hertz.

The evening passed too quickly and everyone left in the real holiday spirit.

.CHANGES OF ADDRESS

Everson, Gene 5224 N.W. 17th Court, Lauderhill, Fla. 33313

Herrmann, Richard c/o U.N.E.X.O., Box F-2433, Freeport, Lucay, Bahamas

Mabry, Billee & Don c/o Bratcher, 8121 Mulholland Terrace, Hollywood, Ca. 90046

NEW MEMBERS

Coan, Eugene V. 891 San Jude Ave., Palo Alto, Ca. 94306

Williams, Loralynn 29841 Knollview Dr., Rancho Palos Verdes, Ca. 90274

DUES ARE DUE. Make checks payable to San Diego Shell Club, Inc. and send to the
Club address (See front page).

LVo/ . rv/j

0

n

JAN ? 6 1S82

ft Li da

1

L* 9

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968

MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.

ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK

President

Vice President...
Rec. Secretary...
Corres. Secretary

Treasurer

Editor

Carol Burchard
Ron H. McPeak
Martin Schuler
Marjorie Bradner
Walter Robertson
Carole M. Hertz

ANNUAL DUES: Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $4.00;

Family membership: $5.00; Student membership: $3.00; Overseas
surface: $6.00.

CLUB ADDRESS: Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club, Inc.

c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111

VOL. XIII

FEBRUARY 1981

NO. 2

**********************************************************************

*

*

*

* PROGPAM: Carol Skoglund will give a talk entitled, " Dredging for Mollusks.”

*

*

*

*

* Date: February 19, 1981 Time: 7:30 P.M. Room: 104

*

*************************************************************************************

She will accompany her presentation with slides,

CONTENTS

Coratt^obia fimbv'iata in shallow waters of Hawaii

BURCH, BEATRICE AND THOMAS BURCH 12

Club news 15

Two problematic coralliophilid gastropods

D’ATTILIO, ANTHONY 1 16

Excerpts from the 1981 TIDE CALENDAR FOR THE NORTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA 20

A day on Oahu at Fort Kamehameha - summer 1980

BRADNER, MARGE 21

12.

The Festivus

CORALLIOBIA FinBRIATA IN SHALLOW WATERS OF HAWAII

BY

BEATRICE AND THOMAS BURCH
236 Kuuhoa Place, Kailua, Hawaii 96734

Recently, the JANTHINA VII has dredged several of the interesting coral loving,
free living Coratliobia fimhviata (A. Adams, 1854). Two large living Coralliohia
of 27 mm were found on the underside of Leptoseris saabra Vaughn, 1907 in 45-50
fathoms near Waikiki in Mamala Bay, Oahu. Figures 1 and 2 show the dorsal and
ventral views of an adult CoraZliobia.

Fig. 1 Dorsal view of adult Fig. 2 Ventral view of adult

CoraZliobia fimbriata^ 27 mm CoraZliobia fimbriata, 27 mm

The living specimens were found with the siphonal canal facing towards the
outer margin of the coral and were creamy tan. The body of the large C. fimbriata
is white with a faint peach-pink operculum. The black eyes lay at the base of short
tentacles. Sculpture of the shell is formed of highly frilled lamellae overlaid by
spirally radiating cords. A striking feature of the species is the elaborate
layering which surrounds the aperture and which eventually completely encloses the
siphonal canal. The aperture is white. Researchers have never found a radula, so it
is supposed that feeding is suctorial. The CoraZliobia formed a depression at their
site and modification of the coral growth was quite evident. A fine sprinkling of
the sessile foraminifer Miniaaina miniaaea (Pallas, 1766) is on the shell and coral.
Occurring inside the mantle cavity of the shell was a translucent white commensal
pinnotherid crab which left the shell during photography.

Two recently dead shells, one of 5 mm and the other of 7 mm were taken in coral
rubble near Lahaina, Maui in 40 fathoms. Views of the 5 mm specimen are shown in

Vol. XIII'<2)

The Festivus

13.

Figures 3,4, and 5.

Fig. 3 Dorsal view C. f-imbri-ata^ 5 mm Fig* 4 Ventral view, C. fi-mbriata, 5 mm

This species of Corattiobia was
originally described by A. Adams in 1854 from
the Cuming collection. Specimens were taken
from coral reefs at Cagayan, Philippines.

A. Adams referred it to Conaholepas subgenus
CoratZiob'ia because of its resemblance with
the dilated aperture of Conaholepas although
recognizing its affinities to Leptoaonahus
and perhaps to Pediaularia. Tryon (1883) fol-
lowed H. and A. Adams (1854) who placed it
under Leptoaonahus although their definition
of Leptoaonahus stresses that it lacks an
operculum. Smith (1899) illustrated the large
specimen, such as we found here in Hawaii,
from a specimen in the China Seas and pointed
out its differences to the Adams specimen.

In 1941, Teng-Chien Yen reviewed the Chinese
gastropods in the British Museum and gave the
Smith specimen a new species name of C. smithi

Fig. 5 Lateral view, C. fimbntataj
5 mm

14.

The Festlvus

feeling that it differed sufficiently from the original specimen. He may be cor-
rect, but following Habe (1971), Smith (1899) and Kay (1979), I place them all as
varying forms and ages of Co'Palli-oh'ia fimbviata.

D'Attilio (1978) listed 270 species names and 27 genera. In 1979 he further
listed 17 more species and two more genera, so this worldwide family is large, but
many of those names must be synonyms. D’Attilio (1978) wrote that Coralliophilidae
occur in coral from intertidal to more than 1000 fathoms extending back to the
Upper Cretaceous with most species having fine or coarse spiral cords crossed by
prominent scaly lamellae. Apertures in this family are frequently frilled, some even
with internal lirae. Although usually the shells are creamy white, many are in
shades of pink, lavender and yellowish orange. D'Attilio (1972) described the
protoconch as variably smooth or finely transversely lamellated.

One of the adult specimens Lot#76477 and two juvenile specimens Lot//76478 of
the Covaltiohia fimbviata have been accessioned into the collection of the San
Diego Natural History Museum and one adult on its coral will be accessioned into the
molluscan collection of the USNM-NH in the Smithsonian Institution.

The earlier specimens found in the National Museum collection were from the
Thaanum Hawaiian collection from Waikiki in 22-23 fathoms taken in 1917. The
Smithsonian Institution has a small collection of this species from the Bay of
Bengal, similar in shape to this and two others similar to those illustrated in
Habe (1971) from the Caroline Islands and from Mauritius.

We wish to express our gratitude to Dr. Joseph Rosewater, Division of Mollusks,
Smithsonian Institution, for the use of the molluscan facilities and the library.

Our thanks go to Debbie Robertson of the Department of Invertebrate Zoology of that
same institution, for furnishing identification of the corals, to Anthony D’Attilio,
San Diego Natural History Museum, Department of Marine Invertebrates, for his interest
and suggestions on this paper.

Table 1

SITES OF C. FIMBEIATA DREDGED FROM THE JANTHINA VII

Station

Date

Site

Lat . /Long.

Depth

Bottom

Size

in fms

in mm

79054

9

Sept. 1979

Maui

020049. 3”N

40

s. , coral

5

f 1

1 1

156942. 2’W
\\

tl

rubble

f!

7

(specimens

found in the

coral rubble)

80010

3

Feb. 1980

Oahu

021016. 5’N

40-50

s. , coral

27

157°51.7'W

II M II

(live specimens on live Leptoseris saabra)

27

Selected References

Adams , Arthur

1854. Descriptions of a new genus, and of several new species of mollusks from
the Cumlngian collection. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1852, Pt. 20:92-95.
Adams , Henry and Arthur

1853-1858. The Genera of Recent Mollusca. Vols. 1-3:1-661, pis. 1-138.

London: John Van Voorst.

Vol. XIIU2)

The Festivus

15.

D'Attilio, Anthony

1972. Remarks on Coralllophilidae (Gastropoda, Muricacea). The Festivus,
3(8):2-5, figs. 1-16.

1978. Superfamily: Muricacea a catalogue of Coralllophilidae. The Festivus,
10(10) :69-96.

1979. Corrections and additions to the catalogue of the family Coralllophilidae.
The Festivus, 11 (10) : 83-85 .

Habe, Tadashige

1964. Shells of the Western Pacific in Color. Volume 2. 233 pp. , 66 pis.

Osaka: Hoikusha Pub. Co., Ltd. (1971 printing).

Kay, E. Alison

1979. Hawaiian Marine Shells Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii, Section 4:
Mollusca. 653 pp., 195 figs. Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press.

Smith, Edgar A.

1899. Notes of marine shells from north-west Australia, with descriptions of a
new species. Proc. Malac. Soc. London, 3 (6) : 311-314 , figs 1-5.

Tryon, George W.

1881-1884. Structural and Systematic Conchology. 1195 pp. , 140 pis.

Philadelphia: Author publication.

Yen, Teng-Chien

1942. A review of Chinese gastropods in the British Museum. Proc. Malac. Soc.
London , 24:170-289, pis. 11-28.

FROM THE MINUTES

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB MEETING: JANUARY 15, 1981

BY

MARTIN SCHULER

The first meeting of the new year was called to order at 7:40 P.M. by the new
president, Carol Burchard. Guests and seldom seen members were introduced.

Pete Williams then gave his talk on collecting in Okinawa. It was extremely
interesting because it covered all aspects of shelling from reef walking to scuba
diving. Several high points of the talk were the fluctuation of the tides around
the island, and the fact that anything can be purchased on Okinawa provided that you
have the money. A basketball watermelon sells for about $20.00J His talk was pro-
fusely illustrated with slides and he also brought many specimens that he acquired
while there as well as distributing maps of the area and lists of species collected
to the members.

Wally Robertson mentioned several books available to Club members at his cost
and reported that Jean Musgrove has the March 1969 National Geographic for sale.

After the break, the November minutes were approved and it was announced that
Carol Skoglund would be the speaker for February. The president announced the
following committees: Library, Barbara Myers and assistant Margaret Mulliner;

Hospitality, John Sage; Telephone, Pat Sage; and David Mulliner as Mentor/
Parliamentarian and Technical Advisor for WSM.

The Club voted to purchase the book. Intertidal Invertebrates of California.
Carol Burchard mentioned the immediate and pressing need for a new botanical rep-
resentative to the Botanical Garden Foundation and Margaret Mulliner graciously
volunteered .

Slides of the December and September parties were shown and were enjoyed by all.
The shell drawing was won by Marge Bradner. The meeting was adjourned at 9:30 P.M.

16.

The Festlvus

TWO PROBLEMATIC CORALLIQPHILID GASTROPODS

BY

ANTHONY D'ATTILIO

Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park
P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

Recently a re-examination of the illustrations of the new species of
muricacean gastropods described in the Prosobranchia of the Siboga Expedition by
Schepman was undertaken. Of particular interest to me were two species assigned
by Schepman to the Coralliophilidae as Latiaxis sibogae and Latiaxis via'inuloides .

Close examination of the figures and subsequent examination of the holotypes led me
to believe that both might also be assigned to the Muricidae in the genus
MurexielZa s.s. Clench and Perez Farfante, 1945, type hidatgoi Crosse, 1869. Lack of
soft parts for a radular examination prevented further examination to Indicate the
presence or absence of a radula. Its presence would be an unequivocal indication of
their assignment to Murex'ietla; the family Coralliophilidae is entirely lacking any
trace of a radula.

Because of the ambiguity of their family characters and the limited availability
of the Siboga work to most specialists and amateurs, I feel it a worthwhile en-
deavor to illustrate these two species and include the descriptions by Schepman.
Descriptive notes by me are added to indicate morphological characters not cited in
the original descriptions.

LATIAXIS SIBOGAE SCHEPMAN, 1911
Stat. 89. Pulu Kaniungan ketjil. Reef, i Spec.*

Shell elongately-biconical, white. Whorls about 7, of which the upper one forms a rather
smooth but not quite intact nucleus ; subsequent whorls angular, obliquely flattened above,
contracted towards the deep lower suture. Sculpture consisting of 4 strong spiral lirae on
body-whorl and numerous intermediate ones; the strong lirae are sjjinous, the upjjer one has
long, slender, hollow spines, which are turned up. on the up]jer whorls is a second row of
si'orter spines, on last whorl there are -fiv'e rows at all, of which the third is less conspicuous,
one or two rows on the canal are likewise more prominent, moreover the whole shell is covered
with lamellae, which in cro.ssmg the lirae are squamous, as well on the stronger as on the
intermediate lirae. Aperture triangularly rounded, upper margin short, outer one slightly convex,
iniernalh with 4 grooves, corresponding to the strong lirae; columellar margin strongly enamellous,
canal rather broad, tortuous, with a free lamella and an umbilical slit behind it, bordered b)'
a row of larger scales.

Alt. 17, lat. (without spines) about (with spines 14); apert. alt. (with canal) 8,

lat. 3 Mill.

T his species belongs to the group of diadoua Adams and seems, according to the
figure, to be the nearest ally of L. exfoliaius Sow. (Thes. Conch. Vol. V, Latiaxis, p. 3, PI. i,
'5)> it is however considerably less conve.x, the aperture is consequently narrower, the
spines aie more slender, straighter, more spreading; it agrees by being nearly without umbilicus.

* original description

•Vol. XI II (2)

The Festivus

17.

Fig. 2a. Apertural view of holotype of
L. sibogae.

Fig. 2b. Dorsal view of holotype of
L. sibogae.

Figures la and lb are reproduced from the original Schepman illustration
(Plate 2], figure 8). Figures 2a and 2b are photographs of the holotype.

Additional notes by the author- S^ell 16 mm, moderately high spired, fusiform,
protoconch 1^ whorls (somewhat damaged), teleoconch of five whorls, suture
strongly impressed, shoulder weakly angulate, aperture ovate, anal sulcus not
differentiated, inner lip very weakly erect mostly below, outer lip with four
undulations extending within and re-
flecting the outer spiral sculpture.

Canal moderately long, open, and
recurved with five old canal termina-
tions on the fasciole. Axial sculp-
ture on body whorl of seven varices
(eight varices on penultimate) ,
ornamented between varices with richly
fluted prominent lamellae strongly
erect at edge and relatively distantly
placed from each other. The same
fluted lamellae are found on all
spines. Axial sculpture crosses shoul-
der diagonally to left terminating at
the impressed suture. Spiral sculp-
ture consists of a prominent cord at
the shoulder terminating at each varix
into a long prominent open recurved
spine. Three additional scabrous
cords are found on the body whorl.

Figs, la and lb. Apertural and dorsal
views of L. sibogae from Schepman, 1911.

18.

The Festlvus

with four to five minor intercalary cords, four additional minor cords occur on
the canal. Shell color entirely white, lustrous within.

Discussion- Possibly capable of adding another whorl at maturity. The type possesses
in the five existing whorls entirely distinctive characters especially apparent in
the nature of the strong fluted axial lamellae with the leading edge well elevated.

Only about four or five of these distantly placed lamellae occur between varices
lending the shell a very distinctive character.

LATIAXIS EICINULOIDES SCHEPMAN 1911
Stat. 257. Du-roa-strait, Kei-islands. Till 52 M. Coral, i Spec.*

Shell shortly biconical, with short spire, pale yellowish-brown with rosy tints. Whorls
6’/„, of which 1^0 form a smooth nucleus, followed by a short bilirate space; subsequent whorls
angular, with a row of spines growing gradually larger, 7 on last whorl; these spines are slender,
spreading, slightly upturned, hollow, rose coloured in their interior; the upper part of whorls
is nearly horizontal, but a little declining, with narrow lirae, occupying also the upper surface
of spines and partly squamous, lower part of last whorl with 4 conspicuous lirae, interrupted
by varices below each spine; these varices form short spines or scales, about 2 on each crossing-
point; moreover fine intermediate lirae and slightly squamous growth-striae give a scabrous
appearance to the shell. Aperture elongately-triangular, upper margin nearly horizontal, outer
one thin, undulated by the lirae, slightly convex, interiorly of a beautiful rose-colour, with a
few grooves, corresponding to the lirae, columellar margin appressed above, free below, at the
narrow but conspicuous umbilicus, which is bordered externally by a row of coarse, rosy scales;
canal short, wide.

Alt. 14, lat. (without spines) S’/.t, (with s])ines 19); apert. alt. (with canal) SY2, lat. 3^2 1^1111-

Though this specimen is probably not quite adult, it is too beautiful and characteristic
to be neglected. 1 know no s{)ecie^ like it.

Figs. 3a and 3b. Apertural and dorsal views of L. r'io'tnuZo'ides
from Schepman, 1911

* original description

Vol. XIHC2)

The Festlvus

19.

Fig. 4b Dorsal view of the holotype of
L. riainuloides.

Shell 12 mm, broadly angulately
fusiform, spire low, protoconch of
1^, rounded whorls, body with four
whorls, aperture narrowly ovate,
columella with two swollen cord-
like areas posteriorly, inner lip
entirely adherent, outer lip undu-
late, reflecting the spiral cords,
and sulcus not clearly defined,
canal short, broadly open, very
weakly recurved, umbilicate, four
previous canal terminations on the
fasciole. Axial sculpture of six
varices, scabrous on their leading
edge. A strong spiral cord at the
shoulder terminates at each varix Fig. 4a Apertural view of the holotype of

into a long weakly raised open spine, L. v'ic'inutoides .

these spines are additionally incised
with seven to eight grooves, three
spiral cords on the body whorl and
one on the canal all terminating at the
varices into moderate raised open spines.

The minor cords are noticeably scabrous
and all axial sculpture crosses the
shoulder strongly to the left. Shell
color pale ochre yellow, columella
flushed with pink.

Discussion- Although without any extra-
ordinary characters the small shell is
distinguished by its low spire, the long
shoulder spines, and the broad angulate
shoulder. The nature of the aperture
appears to indicate immaturity within
the genus.

Figures 3a and 3b are reproduced
from the original Schepman illus-
tration (Plate 21, figure 7).
Figures 4a and 4b are photographs
of the holotype of L. V'io'tnu'lo'tdes
Additional notes by the author-

Acknowledgments

I thank Dr. Henry E. Coomans for
arranging the loan of the holotype
material from the Instituut Voor
Taxonomische Zoologie (Zoologisch Museum)
Universiteit Van Amsterdam and Mr. David
K. Mulliner, Festivus staff photographer,
for photographing the types.

20.

The Festivus

1

Literature cited

Clench, William J. and I. Perez Farfante

1945. The genus Muvex in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia l(17):l-58. 29 nls.
Crosse, H.

1869. Diagnoses Molluscorum novorum. Jour, de Conchyl. 17:408-410.

1871. Jeur. de Conchyl. 19:68, pi. 1, fig. 4.

Schepman, M. M.

1911. Siboga Espeditie, Monograph 49. Prosobranchia Pt. 4. Rachiglossa
247-363, pis. 18-24. '

EXCERPTS FROM THE 1981 TIDE CALENDAR FOR THE NORTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA

The Festivus entries will usually show only periods of low tides of -4.0 feet
and below beginning with March 1981.

These tidal measurements for Puerto Penasco are given in Mountain Standard Time,
To correct for San Felipe, subtract one hour from listed times (San Felipe is on
Pacific Standard Time). For Bahia de los Angeles, add 15-30 minutes to calendar
predictions (amplitude there is that of calendar measurements). Tides at Guaymas
and Santa Ro-

Mar .

Apr.

Mav

June

alia

larno*"

be

estimated

using this

calendar .

4.

-4.5'

at

7:00

P .M.

Jul\

' 1.

-4.8'

at

7:00

A.M.

5.

-5.8'

at

8:00

P.M.

2.

-4.5'

at

8:00

A.M.

6.

-4.0’

at

8:30

A.M.

3.

-4.0'

at

9:00

A.M.

-5.9'

at

8:40

P.M.

30.

-4.1'

at

7:30

A.M.

7.

-4.1'

at

9:00

A.M.

31.

-3.9'

at

8:50

A.M.

-5.0’

at

9:30

P.M.

8.

-4.2'

at

8:30

A.M.

Sept .

13.

-3.9'

at

6:30

A.M.

-3.9'

at

9:00

P.M.

14.

-4.0'

at

7:50

A.M.

9.

-4.0'

at

k50

A.M.

Oct .

12.

-3.9'

at

6:00

A.M.

2 .

-4.0'

at

6:50

P.M.

-4.0'

at

7:00

P.M.

3.

-3.9'

at

7:10

A.M.

13.

-4.0'

at

7:30

A.M.

-5.0'

at

6:30

P.M.

-4.5'

at

8:00

P.M.

4.

-5.0'

at

8:00

A.M.

14.

-3.9'

at

8:00

A.M.

-5.3'

at

8:10

P.M.

-4.8'

at

8:30

P.M.

5.

-5.9'

at

8:00

A.M.

15.

-4.1'

at

9:00

P.M.

-4.1'

at

8:30

P.M.

Nov.

9.

-4.0'

at

5:50

P.M.

6.

-5.7'

at

9:00

A.M.

10.

-5.2'

at

6:30

P.M.

7 .

-4.5'

at

9:40

A.M.

11.

-5.9'

at

7:30

P.M.

2.

-4.1'

at

6:30

A.M.

12.

-5.8'

at

8:10

P.M.

-3.9'

at

7:10

P.M.

1-3.

-5.0'

at

9:30

P.M.

3.

-5.8'

at

6:40

A.M.

-3.9'

at

7:00

P.M.

Dec.

8.

-3.9’

at

5:40

P.M.

4.

-6.0;

at

7:40

A.M.

9.

-5.0'

at

6:30

P.M.

5.

-6.0'

at

8:30

A.M.

10.

-5.9'

at

7:00

P.M.

6.

-5.0'

at

9:30

A.M.

11.

-6.0'

at

8:30

P.M.

12.

-5.9'

at

9:00

P.M.

1.

-5.8'

at

6:30

A.M.

13.

-4.0'

at

9:00

P.M.

2.

-6.0'

at

7:10

A.M.

3.

-5.9'

at

8:10

A.M.

4.

-4.3'

at

9:00

A.M.

17.

-3.9’

at

7:30

A.M.

oc

-3. 95 'at

8:00

A.M.

30.

-4.0'

at

7:00

A.M.

Vol. xiiif:(2)

The Festivus

21.

A DAY ON OAHU AT FORT KAHEHAMEHA - SUmER 1980

BY

MARGE BRADNER

1867 Camlnito Marzella, La Jolla, California 92037

The sun broke over the Kaulaus to a sparkling bright morning when Hans Bertsch
picked me up in Waikiki for a shelling trip to Fort Kamehameha. We made one stop
at Pearl Harbor for Bob Schoening before going to Fort Kam's mangrove bordered
beach. The tide was so low that water barely reached our knees as we sloshed through
the mud bottomed shallows, passing limu (seaweed) collectors, to a small sand island.
Beyond the island the water visibility cleared and the depth increased until we
reached the barely submerged reef. Here the gentle lapping of the water rarely
reached above our ankles except when the wash from the wake of a warship, excursion
boat, or pleasure craft sent ripples over the water surface. We were at the edge of
the deep water Pearl Harbor channel. Local legend tells of a 14 foot Hammerhead
shark that inhabits these waters, rarely (if ever) seen, but feared by locals and
visitors alike.

The reef drops to a plateau four to six feet below the surface before plunging
to the channel. This is a good snorkeling depth and I was in my element, turning
rocks, looking in crevasses, and admiring the sea life. There were sea urchins in
abundance, Eehinothvix diadema, E. calamaris , Eohinometra mathaei, E. obtonga,

"Stumpy bumpy" urchins and "sit-upons".

Hans immediately headed for the orange and slate gray sponge-covered canyon
walls with his camera looking for two nudibranchs, Hypsetodoris 'tnfuaata and
Chromodords godeffvoyana which were recently reported from this area for the first
time in papers by Hans Bertsch and Scott Johnson. Bob’s shell searching was limited.
The sleeve for his borrowed aqualung tank did not fit nor could it be modified to fit.
Bob's aborted attempts to dive were hilarious. Mouthpiece in place, tank tucked under
his arm, feet kicking, he was barely able to get below the surface. However, shallow
collecting was good. He came back with the most interesting find of the day — a tiny
unidentifiable, golden miter.

We found many common shells: MomAla uva, Dvupa vdaina, llevdta pdcea, Mitra
olivaeformis, Cypraea aaput serpent is , C. helvola, C. fimbriataj C. teres, C. macutifera.

A few days later at the monthly Hawaiian Malacological Society meeting on "buy,
sell, and trade" tables, we saw Cypraea ahinensis, C. rashleighana, C. sohilderiana,
and C. semiplota crawling up the sides of salt water containers. For gem specimen,
live, rare shells "Mo bettah go shell club meeting."

The Veliger Volumes 16(4) and 20(1) are still missing from the Library. If anyone
has theseTections or would like to donate duplicate copies to the Library, please

notify Barbara Myers.

♦ . . .■ » t

X

\

. 1'

li'TQ

■M^'

, ’ ;jj

‘ -xfi .t- »

l<.V-?!fVT'-

•v^-’

Al‘

■* / . I'ir 'iT'-

I '' ^ •' ij iA'* * M 4 '
t> ‘ M vV’ ^

.' ■ ,,v*!

•'• '-1 ■v: ;vr»

• ml V .Ulrli

»i m i ’fc^

>.:r: V. fwV'Jffftij

I', ■i-jt-

♦ifiV

( ! .

. I i

■’ '"'i

J i M

THE

FESTIVD5

JAN 2 6 198?

/\ r,l f ■ J

i^Ja i\iM h j ,

^ SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968

MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.

ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK

President Carol Burchard

Vice President Ron H. McPeak

Rec. Secretary Martin Schuler

Corres. Secretary Marjorie Bradner

Treasurer Walter Robertson

Editor Carole M. Hertz

ANNUAL DUES; Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $4.00;

Family membership: $5.00; Student membership: $3.00; Overseas
surface: $6.00.

CLUB ADDRESS: Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club, Inc.

c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111

VOL. XIII march 1981 NO. 3

*****************************************************************************************

*

*

*

*

* PROGFAM: Dr. Hans Bertsch will give an illustrated talk on Nudibranchs of Hawaii.

7C

*

*

* Bring in your minute shells. A display of micromollusks is planned for

* this meeting. Five microscopes will be available for viewing these tiny

* mollusks.

*

*

*

J Date* March 19, 1981 Time: 7*30 "P.M. Room: 204upstairs

VC ’

*

*****************************************************************************************

CONTENTS

Club news 23

One dive: September 24, 1980

EVANS, ROGER A 24

A review of several eastern Pacific B'itt'ium species (Gastropoda; Cerithiidae)

HERTZ, JULES 25

DUES ARE DUE BY JANUARY 1 AND ARE DELINQUENT BY APRIL 1. Please send dues to the Club
address or to Walter Robertson, Treasurer, by March 26 so you will be Included on the
1981 Club roster.

X-

23.

The Festlvus

FROM THE MINUTES

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB MEETING: FEBRUARY 19, 1981

BY

MARTIN SCHULER

Carol Burchard called the meetin.^ to order at 7:35 P.M, Guests and new members
were introduced. Ron McPeak then presented the evening’s speaker, Carol Skoglund who
spoke on Dredging for Mollusks. Her talk was profusely illustrated with slides in-
cluding many pictures of shells that were brought up from the depths. She gave much
useful information on the mechanics of dredging presenting her material in such a way
that we all wanted to try dredging. (The Festivus will publish her talk in a future
issue . Ed . ) .

After coffee break the January minutes were accepted and Carol Burchard called
upon the membership to donate shells to the annual shell auction to be held in April,

This auction raises the funds which support The Festivus and all members are urged
to donate generously.

The Board recommended raising the annual dues in 1982 to offset the rise in pos-
tal rates. The motion was discussed and passed. The dues for 1982 will be as follows.
Single member: $5.00, Familv membership: $6.00, Overseas surface: $8:00, Student: $3.00.

The Library Committee announced that the library was being reorganized and a list
of library holdings would be availble as soon as the project was completed. It was
requested that any outstanding books be returned to the library.

Carol “^koglund gave some information on the upcoming WSM meeting to be held in
San Diego in June. Details will be sent to the Club shortly.

John Sage won the shell drawing. The meeting was adjourned at 9:00 P.M,

THE ANNUAL AUCTION/POTLUCK
APRIL 25, 1981

The Club’s annual Auction/Potluck, our most fantastic social event (and only fund-
raiser) will again be held at the home of Marge and Hugh Bradner on April 25. A map
will be included in the April issue.

The auction proceeds provide the major portion of the Club’s operating funds. The
Festivus depends on its success for its budget. The Club’s purchases for the Library,
donations to scientific publications and participation in the Greater San Diego Science
Fair depend on the generosity of Club members in their donations and purchases at
this auction.

It seems that we have started late this year in requesting donations of quality
shells with as much data as possible from our members and friends. Members are
urgently requested to bring their shells for donation to the March meeting or to make
s with a Board member for their pickup or delivery.

Food signup lists and details of the auction arrangements will be discussed at the
March meeting.

The Western Society of Malacologists (WSM) will award a grant of $500 to an undergraduate
or graduate student for the academic year 1981-1982, The grant is offered to initiate
or further research concerned with molluscs, in systematics. biology, ecology, paleon-
tology, or related fields. Entrants must be undergraduate or graduate students at a
college or university, or marine or field station. Completed application and research
proposal and outline of academic background with a letter from a faculty member or
professional scientist supervising or knowing of the student’s work are required.
Deadline: May 1, 1981. For application form write to Dr. Vida C. Kenk. WSM committee
on student grants. Dept, biological Sciences, San Jose State University, San Jose, Ca.
95192.

Vol. XITI(3)

The Festivus

24.

QNE DIVE: SEPTEriBER 2^, 1930

BY

ROGER A. EVANS

1900 Camino de la Costa #1
Redondo Beach, California 90277

The cliffs of the Palos Verdes Peninsula in southern California are a formidable
barrier to a diver and his gear, but the collecting in the waters below provides in-
centive to negotiate the steep trails.

On September 24, 1980 I completed a scuba dive off the northern edge of the Palos
Verdes Peninsula in an area known as Flat Rock. Surface conditions were ideal and the

water visibility was an excellent 25 feet or more. This particular area has several

finger reefs running perpendicular to shore in 10 to 40 feet of water. A sandy bottom
separates the reefs and the entire area lies under the canopy of a MacroayBt-is pyrifera
bed. Live THowisia now'is'l are common on the Maovocystis as well as on the reefs
below. Several live Astraea undosa, ranging in size from about 50 to 80 mm, were

observed on the reefs in 10 to 20 feet of water. At a depth of 40 feet, Astvaea

gZbberosa became fairly common on the sand and ranged in size from approximately 40 to
50 mm. A few live Pteropurpura trialata were observed in less than 20 feet of water
along rock ledges. These specimens measured up to 60 mm and included the all white
variety as well as the usual dark banded form.

My collecting takes place in sand troughs where, at times, large numbers of
recently dead shells accumulate. Sand troughs, valley-like depressions in the sand,
are commonly found on sandy bottoms and are the result of wave activity. The physical
contours of the shallow ocean bottom are constantly changing resulting in fluctuating
collecting conditions. The positioning of sand troughs in any one area may vary from
dive to dive, as will the contents of those troughs. The trick is to locate sand
troughs with recently dead shells in abundance.

The following specimens were trough collected as dead shells in 30 to 40 feet of
water. They represent an average dive in this area, not one of my better collecting
efforts there. The measurements given represent the greatest dimension of the various
species collected, be it height, width, or length.

NUMBER COLLECTED

SPECIES

SIZE

1

Diodora aspera (Rathke, 1833)

11 mm

1

Calliostoma gloriosum Dali, 1871

15 mm

2

Norrisia norrisi (Sowerby, 1838)

46-47 mm

1

Astraea undosa (Wood, 1828)

54 mm

2

Hipponix timens Carpenter, 1864

10-16 mm

2

Crepidula onyx Sowerby, 1824

20-37 mm

1

Cvepipatella lingulata (Gould, 1846)

19 mm

4

Pusula oalifomiana (Gray, 1827)

8-10 mm

5

Pusula padreserrai Cate, 1979

17-20 mm

4

Cypraea spadioea Swainson, 1823 (juveniles)

20-26 mm

1

Sirmia vidleri (Sowerby, 1881)

18 mm

1

Olivella baetica Carpenter, 1864

12 mm

1

Conus calif ovnicus Reeve, 1844

31 mm

1

Bulla gouldiana Pilsbry, 1893

26 mm

1

Aateoaina oulcitella (Gould, 1853)

26 mm

1

Cyliohna diegensis (Dali, 1919)

14 . 4 mm

1

Einnites giganteus (Gray, 1825) (juvenile)

23 mm

1

Tr achy car dium quadragenarium (Conrad, 1837)

56 mm

2

Ventricolaria fordii (Yates, 1890)

33-41 mm

25.

The Festlvus

A REVIEW OF SEVERAL EASTERN PACIFIC BITTIUf^ SPECIES
(GASTROPODA: CERITHIIDAE)

BY

JULES HERTZ

Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park,
P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

INTRODUCTION

A historical review and status of the genus Bittium Leach in Gray, 1847 has
recently been presented by Houbrick (1977:101-103). The purpose of this paper is to
clarify the nomenclatural and taxonomic problems in some closely related species of
Bittium from the eastern Pacific. The following valid units of Bittium species:

Bittium asperum (Gabb, 1861); Bittium vugatwn Carpenter, 1864; and Bittivm subplanatum
Bartsch, 1911 are evaluated, clarified, and summarized with respective synonymies. A
conservative approach has been followed concerning generic placement. The subgenera
proposed by Bartsch (1911:384-385) are only mentioned from a historical standpoint.

DISCUSSION

Among the Bittium of the eastern Pacific are several that have similar sculpture
but are quite variable within species. This leads to difficulties in identification.
Those to be discussed here are Bittium asperum (Gabb, 1861); Bittium aspevum tomaense
Bartsch, 1911; Bittium rugatum Carpenter, 1864; and Bittium subplanatum Bartsch, 1911.
Bartsch (1911:384) placed these as well as others into subgenera based on shell
characteristics such as that of smoothness of the nuclear whorl, the presence or
absence of varices on postnuclear whorls, and the relative strength of the spiral and
axial sculpture. Grant and Gale (1931:759) suggested that many subdivisions of Bittium
were probably artificial and should be discarded when a natural classification is
worked out. Houbrick (1977:102) states that "most of the supraspecif ic taxa proposed
for Bittium are parochial in conception and scope, are based on specific rather than
generic characters and convey misleading or little phylogenetic information." He
suggests that a number of generic and subgeneric taxa be abandoned or synonymized and
suggests that species formerly referred to these taxa be considered as Bittium species
until the entire group is monographed and subgeneric taxa are properly evaluated on
the basis of more than shell characters. I concur with this approach.

Specimens examined in this study were obtained from the California Academy of
Sciences (CAS), San Francisco, California; Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
(ANSP) , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; San Diego Natural History Museum (SDNHM) , San
Diego, California; and the United States National Museum collections (USNM) in the
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Gabb (1861:368) originally described Bittium asperum from a fossil shell from
Santa Barbara, California and named it Turbonilla aspera. In 1866, Gabb provided an
additional description, recognized it as a Bittium, and figured a specimen. Carpenter
(1866:276) wrote that he was informed by Gabb that Turbonilla aspera was a Bittium
and that the type unfortunately was not accessible. Carpenter stated that should the
type be recovered and prove distinct from the shell he named Bittium asperum, then
this latter shell should take the name of Bittium rugatum. This confusing occurrence
is discussed in greater detail on page 32 .

Gabb's original description for B. asperum is "Shell elongated acute; expanded

VoL. XIII (3)

The Festivus

26.

at the inner anterior margin, angulated behind; columella nearly straight. Surface
of the whorls most prominent a little below the middle, and marked by about ten very
prominent longitudinal ribs not continuous from one whorl to another. These ribs
are crossed by three revolving lines, which take the form of acute ribs between the
longitudinal ones, but develope into large nodes on their crest; under surface of the
body whorl marked by four additional plain revolving ribs, becoming smaller in advance.
The shell described was reported as 7.1 mm (0.28 in) long, having a 2.0 mm (0.08 in)
wide body whorl, and a mouth length of 1.5 mm (0.06 in). In 1866, Gabb figured a
specimen that had a length of about 8.9 mm (0.35 in) and described it as follows.

"Shell long, slender; whorls twelve or thirteen; nuclear whorls smooth, others
marked by ten or twelve strong, longitudinal ribs, crossed by four or five sharp,
filiform, revolving ribs with broad interspaces; suture deep. Under surface smooth,
or marked by one or two ribs near the angle. Mouth longer than broad, produced below
and slightly expanded at the columellar angle; lips acute." Stewart (1927:357)
figured the anterior portion as well as a full apertural view of a specimen of B.
aspenon labelled in Gabb's handwriting "original specimen." These are reproduced here
as Figures 1 and 2. The shell, 8.3mm (0.33 in) long, was a little longer that the
length given in 1861 and a little shorter than the length given in 1866. He thought
it was probably the shell figured in 1866 and designated it as the neotype. Stewart’s
description of the neotype follows. "The suture is bordered posteriorly by an un-
broken prominent spiral; the other four spirals - the posterior one is small - are
crossed by eleven axials forming nodes at their intersections. The base has one
prominent spiral and two faint ones. The columella is straight and the outer lip is
broken." Stewart gives the neotype as ANSP 4333.

ANSP 4333 was borrowed for study and to my surprise contained 61 specimens.

Dr. Bogan (1980) of the ANSP assures me that the neotype had not been stored separately
Among these was one shell that I believe to be Stewart’s designated neotype.

Photographs of this specimen at a magnification of 13. 3X are shown here as Figures 3
and 4. The specimen’s nucleus is shown as Figure 5. The nucleus was damaged and the
mollusk apparently replugged the apical opening. The protoconch is slightly hetero-
strophic and submerged. Examination of ANSP 4333 revealed that most of the specimens
are probably Bittium rugatum Carpenter, 1864 and one specimen markedly different in
sculpture has yet to be identified.

Arnold (1903:291) described B. aspevum from specimens identified by Dr. Dali. A
specimen 10.5 mm (0.41 in) long was reported as having nine to ten whorls and sculpture
consisting of three spiral ridges crossed by sixteen to eighteen much more prominent
ridges. This is vastly different from Gabb’s descriptions in which smaller shells had

Figure 1. Neotype of

B. asperum (Gabb, 1861), 3X

Figure 2. Anterior portion of
neotype of B. aspenon^ IIX

27.

The Festivus

Figure 3. Apertural view of
neotype of B. asperwn, 13. 3X

Figure 4. Dorsal view of

neotype of B. asperwn, 13. 3X

more whorls and many fewer axial ridges.

Arnold's description is more typical of
B. rugatum than that of B. asperwn. His
description and figure of B. rugatum ^in
the same paper (1903:295) from shells
identified by Dr. Dai;Q is distinguished
by having flattened whorls, a nodose-
cancellated sculpture, and approximately
30 axial ribs on the body whorl. As will
be shown later, this is quite different
from the type of B. rugatum. Arnold's
figure and description of this latter
shell closely resembles the standard form
of Bittium munitum (Carpenter, 1864).

Bartsch (1911:405) described and
figured B. asperwn from a Santa Barbara
fossil, USNM 165231. This is the most
thorough description in the literature.

The shell he described had lost its nucleus and probably the first postnuclear turn,
and therefore his description of the nucleus must have been based on other specimens.
His description of the nuclear whorls was as follows: "Nuclear whorls small, a little
more than one, marked by two moderately strong spiral cords, one a little posterior
to the periphery and the other on the middle of the whorl, otherwise smooth." A
photograph of the specimen described by Bartsch is reproduced here as Figure 6. It is

Figure 5. Protoconch of neotype of
B. asperwn (Gabb, 1861), 50X

Vol. XIIK3)

The Festivus

28.

very similar in sculpture to Gabb's neotype (Figures 3,4)
Bartsch (1911:406) named a new subspecies Bittiion
asperum lomaense. He stated that it was similar to B.
aspevum (Gabb, 1861) but differed in being uniformly
smaller, more slender, and in having more ribs. He com-
pared a specimen of B. aspeTum having 10 postnuclear
whorls that was 8.1 mm (0.32 in) long with a specimen of
B. asperum lomaense having the same number of whorls.

The latter measured only 7.1 mm (0.28 in). The type and
21 specimens were dredged in 71 to 75 fathoms off Ft.

Loma Light, San Diego, California. Bartsch claimed that
B. asperum lomaense is a living representative of B.
asperum, the latter being a post-Pliocene species.

Bartsch also cited a second lot, USNM 23744, of B. asperum
lomaense containing 24 specimens dredged in 30 fathoms
off Santa Catalina Island, California. I studied these
and found them consistent in appearance and similar in
sculpture to the type figured by Bartsch. Recent
photographs of the type specimen of B. asperum lomaense
are shown as Figures 7 and 8. All of the specimens

Figure 6. Syntype of
B. asperum described by
Bartsch (1911)

Figure 7. Apertural view of Figure 8. Dorsal view of type
type specimen of B. asperum specimen of B. asperum lomaense,
lomaense, 13. 7X 13. 7X

29.

The Festivus

dredged off Santa Catalina were decollate,

Bartsch's type specimen was somewhat worn on the
nucleus, and Figure 9 is a drawing of the
protoconch.

Contrary to Bartsch’s claim that B. asperum
is a fossil species, there have been numerous
citations of living specimens in the literature.

These include Tryon (1887:153), Cooper (1888:230),

Arnold (1903:291), Weaver (1909:264), Smith (1912:

175), English (1914:210), Martin in Lawson (1916:

255), T.S. Oldroyd (1925:16), Burch (1945, 54:33),
and Hunan (1973:15). Most of the early citations
are based on the early reports by Cooper (1871 :iv
and 1880:230). I have not examined any of the
Recent specimens of B. asperum. Because of the
confusion in the literature on the appearance of
S. asperum and some species which closely resemble
it, I reserve judgement on whether B. asperum is a fossil species or both a fossil
and a living species.

In order to further study B. asperum, I borrowed a large lot of fossil specimens
from Dr. Barry Roth of the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California.
The following data were provided with this lot (CAS 82). "California: Santa Barbara;
pale yellowish gray sandstone interbedded with hard calcareous layers. Collector
and date not recorded but probably 1920 's or 1930’ s." Of the 84 specimens in this
lot, 36 had good protoconchs. The lot could be separated into two groups by sculp-
ture with a wide range of sculpture within groups. The first group consists of
shells which have the general appearance of B. asperum and B. asperum lomaense. The
range of sculpture is illustrated by the shells pictured in Figures 10 and 11.
Thirty-three shells fell into this group of which 15 had a complete and recognizable
protoconch. The others were decollate. The figured specimens are described in detail
in Table 1. The shells of Figure 10 are larger in size for fewer postnuclear whorls
than the shells of B. asperum and B. asperum lomaense described by Bartsch. Specimen
10b more nearly approaches the axial sculpture of B. asperum at its extreme.

Specimens 10a and 10c look like the neotype of B. asperum (Figures 3 and 4) in terms
of sculpture. The shells in Figure 11 are much longer than the specimens figured by
Bartsch and have about the same number of postnuclear whorls. They have one to two
more axial ribs on the body whorl than the type specimen of B. asperum lomaense.

Since the range of sculpture in this group of fossil shells covers the forms described
by Gabb and Bartsch respectively as B. asperum and B. asperum lomaense^ I propose that
B. asperum lomaense is neither a valid subspecies nor a valid species. Therefore, I
have included B. asperum lomaense Bartsch, 1911 in the synonymy of B. asperum (Gabb,
1861).

The protoconch for specimen 10b is illustrated in Figure 12, and Figure 13 is a
drawing of the protoconch of specimen 11a. The protoconch for B. asperum is
slightly heterostrophic and submerged. This agrees with the protoconch of the type
specimen of B. asperum lomaense illustrated in Figure 9.

Grant and Gale (1931:760) described and figured a new variety of B. asperum from
a single incomplete fossil specimen. They named this variety B. asperum dilatatum.

The shell (SDNHM 210) is "relatively much shorter and broader, with coarser sculpture,
fewer spirals, and fewer axials." The shell is decollate and therefore difficult to
really evaluate.

Figure 9. Drawing of the
protoconch of type specimen
of B. asperum lomaense. 5 OX.
Surface slightly eroded.

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31.

The Festivus

Figure 10. Specimens of B. asperwn from lot CAS 82.
From left to right, specimens 10a, 10b and 10c have
respective lengths of 8.0, 7.8, and 8.0 mm.

Figure 11. Specimens of B. asperum from
lot CAS 82. From left to right,
specimens 11a and 11b have respective
lengths of 9.5 and 11.0 mm.

I

r

Figure 12. Two views of protoconch of |
B. aspevum - fossil specimen (10b) l
from lot CAS 82, 50X. •

Figure 13. Two views of protoconch of
B. asperum - fossil specimen (11a)
from lot CAS 82, earliest portion of
protoconch is at right angle to whorl
and submerged, 50X.

ol. XIIK3)

'T’he ■^estlvus

32.

The remainder of the shells from CAS 82, although highly variable, appear to be
Bittium rugatum Carpenter, 1864. Carpenter first proposed the name*in 1864 (p. 539).
However, in writing the description, he referred it to B. aspevum (p. 655). The
description was brief as follows: "Same aspect: upper whirls fsic^ with 2 strong and
2 faint keels over less prominent ribs." The "same aspect" refers to the previously
mentioned specimen (5. quadrifi-Zatum) . Carpenter believed that the nucleus of B.
fiZoswn Gould (= B. eschviohtii Middendorf ) , B. quadrifilatum n.s., B. asperum n.s.,
and B. armitZaticm n.s. were clearly distinguishable from Cerithium or Rissoa.

Carpenter (1866:276) cleared up the confusion with the following statement. "Mr. Gabb
informs me that TuvhoniZZa aspeva is a Bittiim, Unfortunately the type is not acces-
sible; and as the diagnosis would fit several closely allied species it cannot be said
with precision to which it rightfully applies. As this is the coranonest of the group,
it is presumed that it is the "Tuvhon'iZZa" intended. Should the type, however, be
recovered, and prove distinct, this shell should take the name of B. rugatum, under
which I wrote the diagnosis, and which was unfortunately printed in the Brit. Assoc.
Report, p. 539. The fossil specimens are in much better condition than the recent
shells as yet discovered." Carpenter also included at this time a more detailed Latin
description of B. rugatum. The Carpenter description as translated by Col. George
Hanselman is included in Table 2. Much of the early literature continued the con-
fusion. Palmer (1958:179) notes that Bittium asperum "Gabb," Tryon, 1887, Man. Conch.,
vol. IX:153 in part, pi. 30, fig. 1 = B. rugatum copy from Reeve, 1865, Conch. Icon.,
vol. 15, Cerithium, pi. XIX, fig. 140. Other citations of B. asperum Carpenter besides
those of Carpenter are Cooper (1867:28) and Cooper in Williamson (1892:205). Arnold's
confusion (1903:291) has already been noted.

Bartsch (1911:397) wrote a more detailed description of B. rugatum and figured
two specimens to point out the large variations in shell characteristics. The Bartsch
description is given in Table 2. The specimen Bartsch described is one of six spe-
cimens (USNM 7971), from the post-Pliocene of Santa Barbara. One of the specimens he
figured was Carpenter's type (USNM 7154), Recent photographs of this specimen are
included h( , haracteristics

Figure 15. Dorsal view of

B. rugatum, type specimen, lOX
Hardened mounting wax on dorsum.

Figure 14. Apertural view
B. rugatum, type specimen.

lOX.

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Vol. XIII(3)

The Festivus

34.

between B. rugatxm and B. asp&wun are the nucleus and the number of axial ribs. The
nucleus of B. rugatum consists of a little more than one, well rounded, smooth whorl.
The shell has about 16 to 20 axial ribs on the penultimate whorl as compared to about
10 to 12 for B. asperum. The type of B. rugatum has about 20 axial ribs on the pen-
ultimate whorl rather than the 24 in Bartsch’s description. It is understandable
that B. asperum and B. rugatum have long been mistaken for each other, since they
have many outward similarities in sculpture and they are found together as fossil
specimens. In CAS 82, 51 of the shells were identified as B. rugatum. Twenty-one
of these had protoconchs, while the others were decollate. There were large sculp-
tural variations within the group of 51 B. rugatum^ and some of these are shown by
the specimens pictured in Figures 16 through 21.

Figure 16. Specimen of
B. rugatum from CAS 82,
approximately 18 axial
ribs on body whorl,
intercalary thread on
body whorl between two
anterior cords. 9.8X.

Figure 17. Specimen of
B. rugatum from CAS 82,
about 16 axial ribs and
two intercalary threads
on body whorl, 8.4X.

Figure 18. Specimen of
B. rugatum from CAS 82,
about 22 axial ribs on
body whorl, depression
along length of columella,
no intercalary threads,

10. 7X.

35.

The Festivus

Figure 19. Specimen of
B. rugatum from CAS 82 ,
similar to Figure 18,
several Intercalary threads
on body whorl, 9. IX

The protoconch for B. vugatim (specimen 17)
is illustrated in Figure 22. It shows a well-
rounded nuclear whorl rather than the canted
appearance of the nucleus of B. aspevum (see
Figures 12 and 13). Woodring,* Bramlette , and
Kew (1946:67) contrast the "stout rounded
nuclear whorls" of B. rugatum with "an angu-
lation at the upper edge of the nuclear whorls"
for B. asperum. They state that "the angulation
may be regarded as a spiral; a second spiral is
introduced below the periphery, either on the
nucleus or at the transition between nuclear and
postnuclear whorls."

Bartsch (1911:395-396) described and
figured a new species, Bittium subplanatum^ that
is very similar to B. rugatum with the excep-
tions that B. subptanatum has more axial ribs
and many more intercalated cords. Bartsch' s
description follows.

Figure 20. Two specimens of B. rugatum from
CAS 82, approximately 18 axial ribs on body
whorl, very prominent rounded cord in sutures, lOX.

Figure 21. Specimen of B.
rugatum from CAS 82, about
14 axial ribs on body whorl,
approaches the sculpture of
B. asperum j 13X.

J

Vol. XIII(3)

The Festivus

36.

Figure 22. Two views of protoconch of B. rugatum - fossil
specimen (Fig. 17) from CAS 82, 50X.

* Shell broadly elongate-conic, milk white. Nuclear whorls a little
more than one, well rounded, smooth. The first of the post-nuclear
whorls well rounded, marked by three spiral cords, one of which is at

the summit, another on the middle of the whorl, while the third is a
little above the suture. The succeeding turns show four spiral cords,
of which the one at the summit is a little less strong than the rest;
the remaining three divide the space between the sutures into four
equal parts. Beginning with the fourth whorl, intercalated cords
make their appearance between the primary ones, so that on the last
whorl we have an intercalated cord and. sometimes two between all
the primary cords; these, however, are never quite as strong as the
principal ones. ‘ In addition to the spiral cords, the whorls are marked
by decidedly curved, slender, well-rounded, almost vertical, axial
ribs, which are scarcely indicated on the first turn, while 14 of them
occur upon the second and third, 16 upon the fourth, 18 upon the
fifth and sixth, 22 upon the seventh, 24 upon the eighth, and 26
upon the penultimate turn. The intersections of the spiral cords
and axial ribs form weakly developed, roimded tubercles which are
truncated on their posterior margin, while the spaces enclosed between
them are very shallow quadrangular pits. Sutures strongly con-
stricted. Periphery and base of the last whorl well rounded, marked
by slender, spiral cords of which those immediately below the periph-
ery are the strongest and are truncated on the posterior margin,
sloping gently anteriorly. Of these cords, seven occur on the base
of the type. Aperture rather large, irregularly oval, channeled
anteriorly; posterior angle acute; outer lip thin, rendered sinuous by
the external sculpture; columella decidedly oblique, strongly curyed,
and reflected.

Figures 23 and 2A are photographs of the type of B. subplanatum (USNM 160076).
It has ten postnuclear whorls and measures 10.9 mm (0.43 in) in length and 3.8 mm
(0.15 in) in diameter. Figure 25 is a scanning electron micrograph at 120X of the
nucleus of a specimen of B. subplanatum collected by H.N. Lowe in 1932 off San
Benito Island-, Baja California, Mexico in 10 fathoms. The specimen is one of 19
shells (SDNHM 19641). The nucleus is similar to that of B. rugatum. Figures 26 and
27 are scanning electron micrographs of the apertural and dorsal views of the body
whorl of the same specimen at 30X and 45X respectively. These show about 22 axial

37.

The Festivus

Figure 23. Apertural view of
type specimen of Bittium
subplanatum^ 9.7X.

Figure 24. Dorsal view of
type specimen of Bittium
subplanatum, 9.7X.

ribs on the body whorl and the pre-
ponderance of intercalated threads
between the primary spiral cords.

Lowe’s shells were originally iden-
tified as B. aspevum lomaense and
accounts for the reported southern-
most occurrence for that species
(Burch; 1945,54:33).

The recorded ranges for B. aspemumj
B. rugatum^ and B. subplanatum is
difficult to state with assurance because
of the early confusion in the identifi-
cation of these species. The fossil
record for B. asperum is from Half Moon
Bay (Martin in Lawson 1916:243) to San
Diego, California (Cooper, 1888:230).
Cooper (1867:28) reported the range for
B. asperul^ Carpenter as Santa Barbara to
Catalina Island. The Recent record for
B. asperum (unconfirmed by this writer)

Figure 25. Scanning electron micrograph
of B. subplanatum nucleus (SDNHM 19641),
120X.

Vol. XIII(3)

The Festivus

38.

extends from Santa Barbara to San
Diego (Cooper, 1888:230) and includes
recent findings at Redondo Beach and
Malaga Cove (Burch; 1945, 54:33) and
at Paradise Cove, five miles north of
Malibu (Hunan,1973:15) . B. rugatum
has been reported in the fossil record
as occurring from Santa Barbara to
San Quintin Bay, Baja California,.
Mexico (Jordan, 1926:246), and living
specimens have been reported from San
Pedro and Catalina Island, California
(Dali, 1921:146) to Todos Santos Bay,
Mexico (Burch; 1945,54:31). The range
for Recent specimens of B. subplanatum
is from Monterey, California (Dali,
1921:146) to San Benito Island, Baja
California, Mexico.

Willett (1946:31) stated that
the Los Angeles County Museum collec-
tion contained numerous fossil
specimens of B. rugatum from Los
Angeles that seem to be indistinguish-
able from Recent Bitti-um larum
Bartsch, 1911 and also others showing
complete intergradation between the
two. Woodring, Bramlette and Kew
(1946:67) regard B. rugatum as a
fossil species and state that "B.
subplanatum and B. serra appear to be
southern living representatives of B.
rugatum. For the most part the
Recent shells are smaller and have
finer sculpture." The lots of B.
subplanatum that I have examined
(SDNHM 19640, 19641, and 19642) from
San Pedro, California; San Benito
Island, Mexico; and Catalina Island,
California have large numbers of
specimens with consistent shell
characteristics. I therefore believe
that B. subplanatum is distinguishable
from B. rugatum by the greater number
of axial ribs and the much greater
number of intercalary threads. Quite
often B. subplanatum has two inter-
calary threads between major spiral

Figure 27. Scanning electron micrograph of

dorsal view of B. subplanatum (SDNHM 19641) ,

45X.

Figure 26. Scanning electron micrograph of
apertural view of body whorl of B.
subplanatum (SDNHM 19641), 30X.

39.

The Festivus

cords. The specimen figured by Woodring, Bramlette, and Kew (1946, pi. 29, fig. 19)
as B. vugatum (fossil from San Pedro, California) is a typical 5. subptanatum.

Woodring, Bramlette, and Kew (1946:67,68) agreed with Willett in considering
B. tarum a form of B. vugatum. They identified fossils that are generally smaller
and more slender than B. vugatum and have fewer, more widely spaced, and straighten
axials as B. vugatum tavum. They believe that the Recent species may be distinct but
among fossils there appears to be Intergrading between the two species. I have not
investigated this relationship.

Bittium aspevum (Gabb, 1861)

TuvboniZla aspeva Gabb, 1861:368. - Carpenter, 1866:276 (reprinted 1872:323)

(reprinted in Dali, 1909:190).

Bittium aspevum (Gabb), 1866:12, pi. 2, fig. 20; 1869:79, pi. 2, fig. 20. - not Tryon,
1887:153, pi. 30, fig. 7 (= Cevithium vugatum Carpenter, copy from Reeve, 1865,
pi. XIX, fig. 140). - Cooper, 1888:230; 1896:79,81,86; in Eldridge and Arnold,
1907:26 (sic), 27,153. - Ashley, 1895:342,360. - Merriam in Watts, 1900:220,223,

- not Arnold, 1903:25,27,291,293,294 (=? B. vugatum). - Arnold, 1906:24,27,30,31,
34,117; 1908:354, pi. XXXIV, fig. 6; in Branner, Newsom and Arnold, 1909, pi. 2,
fig. 76. - Berry, 1908:38. - Weaver, 1909:264. - Smith, 1912:175,182. - English,
1914:210 "cf". - Martin in Lawson, 1914:14. - Martin, 1916:229,233,243,255. -
Crickmay, 1920:632. - T.S. Oldroyd, 1925:16. - Stewart, 1927:357, pi. XXXII,
fig. 7, text fig. 4. - Keen, 1937:30. - DeJong, 1941:237, chart. - J.Q. Burch,

1945 (54):33. - Woodring, Bramlette and Kew, 1946:67,68,89-91,104. - B.L. Burch,
1947 (73):15. - Palmer, 1958:179. - Hunan, 1973:15.

Bittium bavbavensis Bartsch, in Arnold, 1907b:424, 446, pi. 57, fig. 15. (cited as
B. bavbavense - Bartsch, 1911:405. - Grant and Gale, 1931:760).

Bittium (LivO'bittium) aspevum Gabb - Bartsch, 1911:405, pi. 56, fig. 3. - Waterfall,

1929 : checklist . - Grant and Gale, 1931:759,760.

Livobittium aspevum Gabb - Dali, 1921:147.

Bittium (Livobittium) aspevum lomaense Bartsch, 1911:406, pi. 56, fig. 2 - Grant and
Gale, 1931:760. - I.S. Oldroyd, 1927:34.

Bittium aspevum lomaense Bartsch - J.Q. Burch, 1945(54) :23, 33.

Livobittium aspevum lomaense Bartsch - Dali, 1921:147. - Woodring, Bramlette and Kew,
1946:68,89.

Bittium aspewm Gabb, 1861, forma lomaense Bartsch, 1911. - Abbott, 1974:107.

Not Bittium aspevum Carpenter, 1864:613,655 (reprint p.99, 141); 1865:143 (reprint
p.311); 1866:276 (reprint 1872:323) =B. vugatum Carpenter. - Cooper, 1867:28;
1871: IV; in Williamson, 1892:205. - Dali, 1878:12. - Kelsey, 1907:34. - Abbott,
1974:106.

Bittium vugatum Carpenter,- 1864

Bittium vugatum Carpenter, 1864:539 (reprint 1872:25); 1866:276 (reprint 1872:323)
(reprint in Dali, 1909:190) (reprint in Palmer, 1958:179). - Tryon, 1887:153,
pi. 30, fig. 7 (erroneously stated as synonym for B. aspevum = Cevithium vugatum’.
copy from Reeve, 1865, pi. XIX, fig. 140). - Arnold, 1903:25,295, pi. IV, fig. 11
(probably misidentif ied) ; 1906:34. - Kelsey, 1907:34 - T.S. Oldroyd, 1925:16.
Jordan, 1926:246. - Keen, 1937:31. - DeJong, 1941:237, chart. - J.Q. Burch, 1945
(54):23,31; (63) :9. - Willett, 1946:31. - Woodring, Bramlette and Kew, 1946:67,
68,89-91,104,129, pi. 29, fig. 19 (figure shows typical B. subplanatum) . B.L.
Burch, 1947. (73) :15. - Valentine, 1956:199. - Rodda, 1957:2483. - Kanakoff and
Emerson, 1959:26.

Vo.l, XIII (3)

The Festivus

40.

Bittium asperum Carpenter, 1864:613,655 (reprint p. 99, 141); 1865:143 (reprint p.311);
1866:276 (reprint 1872:323). - Cooper, 1867:28; 1871:IV; in Williamson, 1892:205.

- Dali, 1878:12, - Kelsey, 1907:34. - Abbott, 1974:106 (as synonym for B.
rugatum) .

Cerithium rugatum Carpenter - Reeve, 1865, pi. XIX, fig. 140.

Bittium rugatum Conrad - Arnold, 1908:355.

Bittium ( Semibittium ) rugatum Carpenter - Bartsch, 1911:397, pi. 56, figs. 4,5. - Grant
and Gale, 1931:762,930, pi. 24, fig. 8. - Willett, 1937:398. - Palmer, 1958:179. -
Abbott, 1974:106.

Bittium rugatum Carpenter, 1866. - (wrong year for citation), I.S. Oldroyd, 1927:23.
Semibittium rugatum Carpenter, 1866. - (wrong year for citation), Dali, 1921:146.

Not Bittium asperum (Gabb, 1861). - see synonymy above.

Bittium subplanatum Bartsch, 1911

Bittium (Semibittium) subplanatum Bartsch, 1911:395,396, pi. 57, fig. 5. - Grant and
Gale, 1931:760,763.

Bittium subplanatum Bartsch - I.S. Oldroyd, 1927:23. - Keen, 1937:31. - J.Q. Burch,
1945(54) :23, 30,31; (55) :8. - Woodring, Bramlette and Kew, 1946:67. - B.L.

Burch, 1947 (73):15. - Smith and Gordon, 1948:196. - Hunan, 1973:15. - Abbott,
1974:106.

Semibittium subplanatum Bartsch - Dali, 1921:146.

Bittium rugatum subplanatum Bartsch - Valentine and Rowland, 1969:518,520,525.
CONCLUSIONS

Bittium rugatum Carpenter, 1864 is a highly variable species which converges in
sculptural appearance at one extreme with Bittium asperum (Gabb, 1861) and at the
other extreme with Bittium subplanatum Bartsch, 1911. Several fossil lots from
Santa Barbara had mixtures of B, asperum and B. rugatum. Since many of the specimens
in the lots were decollate, early investigators did not realize that the lots con-
tained two species. B. asperum and B. rugatum have distinctly different protoconchs
and are two valid species rather than polymorphic forms of a single species. The
early literature was further confused by Carpenter’s use of the name B. asperum. He
proposed the name B. asperum not realizing that Gabb's earlier Turbonilla aspera was
indeed a Bittium.

I consider Bittium asperum lomaense Bartsch, 1911 synonymous with B. asperum
(Gabb, 1861). This is based on study of a large lot of fossil shells which encom-
passes the full range of sculpture and aspect ratio described by Gabb and Bartsch
respectively as B. asperum and B. asperum lomaense.

I consider Bittium subplanatum Bartsch, 1911 a valid species. It has the same
general nucleus shape of B. rugatum but the lots that I examined were consistent in
sculpture, had more axial ribs, and had many more. intercalary threads than B. rugatum.
The intercalary threads generally started on earlier whorls than did those of B.
rugatum, and quite often B. subplanatum had two intercalary threads between the major
spiral cords.

The literature in many cases appears highly suspect with some figures obviously
misidentif ied. Ranges of the three species are overlapping and it is likely that all
three may be found in the center of the range (San Pedro to Santa Barbara, California).
Because of the confusion in the early literature, the identification of Recent
specimens reported in the literature may also be suspect.

41

The Festivus

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am particularly indebted to David K. Mulliner, Festivus staff photographer
for his excellent high magnification photographs of the various Bittium species,
to Anthony D'Attilio for his fine illustrations of Bitti-urn protoconchs, to Robert R.
Pettyjohn for the scanning electron micrographs of Bittium subplanatum , and to
George Hanselman for the translation of the Latin description of Bittium vugatum.

My gratitude is extended to Anthony D’Attilio for reading the manuscript and to
Carole M. Hertz, Judith Dyer and Mildred H. Meeder for assistance in location of the
literature cited. For the loan of type specimens and fossil lots, I am indebted to
Barry Roth (CAS), George M. Davis and Arthur E. Bogan (ANSP) , and Joseph Rosewater
and Richard S. Houbrick (USNM) .

LITERATURE CITED

1906.

1907a.

1908.

1909.

Abbott, R. Tucker

1974. American Seashells. Second Edition. 663 pp. 6405 figs. 24 pis. New York:

Van Nbstrand Reinhold.

Arnold, Ralph

1903. The paleontology and stratigraphy of the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene of
San Pedro, California. Mem. Cal. Acad. Sci. , 3:1-420, pis. 1-37.

The Tertiary and Quaternary pectens of California. Prof. Paper U.S. Geol.
Surv. , no. 47:1-264, 2 figs., pis. 1-53.

in Eldridge and Arnold. The Santa Clara Valley, Puente Hills and Los
Angeles Oil Districts, Southern California. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 309,
pp. 1-266, pis. I-XLI, 17 figs.

1907b. New and characteristic species of fossil mollusks from the oil-bearing

Tertiary formations of Santa Barbara County, California. Smithsonian Misc.
Coll. 50(1781) :419-447, pis. LI-LVIII.

Descriptions of new Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils from the Santa Cruz
Mountains, California. Proc.USNM 34(1617) :345-390, pis. 31-37.
in Branner, Newsom and Arnold, Santa Cruz Folio. U.S. Geol. Surv. Folio
163, pp. 1-11.

Ashley, George H.

1895. The Neocene stratigraphy of the Santa Cruz Mountains of California. Proc.
Cal. Acad. Sci., 2D ser., vol.V:273-367 , pis. XXII-XXV.

Paul

in Arnold. New and characteristic species of fossil mollusks from the oil-
bearing Tertiary formations of Santa Barbara County, California. Smithsonian
Misc. Coll. 50(4) :419-447, pis. 50-58.

The Recent and fossil mollusks of the genus Bittium from the west coast of
America. Proc.USNM 40 (1826) : 383-414 , pis. 51-58.

, Stillman

Miscellaneous notes on Californian mollusks. Nautilus. 22 (4-5) : 37-41.

Burch, Beatrice L.

1947. Comparison of the molluscs of three Pleistocene beds with the Recent fauna
of Los Angeles County, California. Min. Conch. Club, of S. Cal. 73:1-24.
Burch, John Q., ed.

1945-1946. Distributional list of the West American marine Mollusca from San

Diego, California to the Polar Sea. (Extracts from) Min. Conch. Club, of S.
Cal. pt. II, vol. 11(54) :l-48; (55):l-40; (63):l-24.

Bartsch,

1907.

1911.

Berry, S,
1908.

Vol. XIII(3)

The Festivus

42.

Carpenter, Philip P.

1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to
the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv.

Sci. for 1863. pp. 517-686.

1865. Diagnoses des Mollusques nouveaux provenant de Calif ornie et faisant partie
du Musee de 1 ' Institution Smithsonienne. Jour. Conchyl. vol. XIII, ser. 3
vol. 5:129-149.

1866. On the Pleistocene fossils collected by Col. E. Jewett at Sta. Barbara
(California); with descriptions of new species. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3
vol. XVII:274-278.

1872. The mollusks of western North America. Embracing the second report made to
the British Association on this subject, with other papers; reprinted by
permission, with a general index. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 252, 325pp.,

121 page index.

1909. in Dali. On the Pleistocene fossils collected by Col. E. Jewett at Santa
Barbara, Cal., with descriptions of new species. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof.
Paper 59, appendix XII, pp. 189-191.

Cooper, James Graham

1867. Geographical catalogue of the Mollusca found west of the Rocky Mountains,
between latitudes 33° and 49° north. Geol. Surv. of Calif, pp. 1-40.

1871. Catalogue of the invertebrate fossils of the western slope of the United
States. Pt. II. Geol. Surv. Calif., 39 pp.

1888. Catalogue of Californian fossils. Seventh annual report of the state
mineralogist for the year ending October 1, 1887. Calif. State Mining
Bureau, pp. 221-308.

1892. in Williamson. An annotated list of the shells of San Pedro Bay and
vicinity. Proc. USNM. 15 (898) : 179-220 , pis. XIX-XXIII.

1896. List of fossils in oil and gas yielding formations of Los Angeles, Ventura
and Santa Barbara Counties. Pt. 1. Calif. Mining Bureau Bull. 11:79-87.

1907. in Eldridge and Arnold. The Santa Clara Valley, Puente Hills and Los

Angeles Oil Districts, Southern California. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull . 309 : 1-266

Crickmay, C.H.

1920. The anomalous stratigraphy of Deadman's Island, California. Jour. Geol. 37:
617-638.

Dali, William Healey

1878. Fossil mollusks from later Tertiarles of California. Proc. USNM 1(1):10-16.

1921. Summary of the marine shellbearing mollusks of the northwest coast of
America; from San Diego, California, to the Polar sea, mostly contained in
the collection of the United States National Museum, with illustrations of
hitherto unfigured species. USNM Bull. 112, 217 pp., 22 pis.

DeJong, James H. Jr.

1941. The paleontology and stratigraphy of the Pleistocene at Signal Hill, Long
Beach, California. Trans. SDSNH, vol. IX(25) : 229-252 , figs. 1-4, chart.

English, Walter A

1914. The Fernando group near Newhall, California. U.C. Publ. Bull. Dept. Geol.
8(8) :203-218, pi. 23.

Gabb, William More

1861. Description of new species of American Tertiary fossils and a new Carboni-
ferous cephalopod from Texas. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Proc. 3:367-372.

1866-1869. Cretaceous and Tertiary fossils. Paleontology. Geol. Sur. Calif.,
vol. II, pt. 1:1-38, 1866; sec. I, pt. 2:39-299, 36 pis., 1869-

43.

The Festivus

Grant, Ulysses Simpson IV and Hoyt Rodney Gale

1931. Catalogue of the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene Mollusca of California
and adjacent regions. Mem. SDSNH vol. 1, 1036 pp. , 32 pis.

Gray, John Edward

1847. The classification of the British Mollusca by N.E. Leach, M.D. Ann. Mag.

Nat. Hist. 20:267-273.

Houbrick, Richard S.

1977. Reevaluation and new description of the genus Bittiwn (Cerithiidae) .

Veliger 20(2) :101-106.

Hunan, Vernon L.

1973. Marine Mollusca in kelp holdfasts at Paradise Cove, California.

Tabulata 6(3):12-15.

Jordan, Eric Knight

1926. Molluscan fauna of the Pleistocene of San Quintin Bay, Lower California.
Expedition to Guadalupe Island, Mexico, in 1922-no. 4. Proc. Cal. Acad.

Sci. XV(7) : 241-255 , 1 text fig., pi. 25.

Kanakoff, George P. and William K. Emerson

1959. Late Pleistocene invertebrates of the Newport Bay area, California. LACM
Contrib. in Sci. 31:1-47, 5 figs.

Keen, A. Myra

1937. An abridged check list and bibliography of west American marine Mollusca.
Stanford Univ. Press, 87 pp.

Kelsey, F.W.

1907. Mollusks and brachlopods collected in San Diego, California. Trans. SDSNH
vol. 1:31-55.

Martin, Bruce

1914. in Lawson. San Francisco folio. U.S. Geol. Surv. Folio, 193:1-24.

1916. Pliocene of middle and northern California. U.C. Publ. in Geol. 9:215-259.
Merriam, John C.

1900. in Watts. Tables of fossils referred to in this bulletin. Calif. State
Mining Bur. pp. 218-224.

Oldroyd, Ida Shepard

1927. The marine shells of the west coast of North America. Stanford Univ. Press,
vol. II, pt. Ill, 339 pp., pis. 73-108.

Oldroyd, Tom Shaw

1925. The fossils of the lower San Pedro fauna of the Nob Hill cut, San Pedro,
California. Proc. USNM 65 (2535) : 1-39 , 2pls.

Palmer, Katherine Van Winkle

1958. Type specimens of marine Mollusca described by P.P. Carpenter from the west
coast (San Diego to British Columbia). Geol. Soc. of America Mem. 76.

376 pp. , 35 pis.

Reeve, Lovell Augustus

1865. Conchologia Iconics. London, L. Reeve & Co. vol. XV, Ce'P'lthtvon.

Rodda, Peter U.

1957. Paleontology and stratigraphy of some marine Pleistocene deposits in north-
west Los Angeles Basin, California. Bull. Amer. Assn. Petroleum Geol. 41(11) :
2475-2492, 12 figs.

Smith, A.G. and Gordon Mackenzie Jr.

1948. The marine mollusks and brachlopods of Monterey Bay, Calif ornia^ and vicinity.
Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. XXVI (8) : 147-245 , 4 text figs., pis. 3,4.

Smith, James Perrin

1912. Geologic range of Miocene invertebrate fossils of California. Proc. Cal.
Acad. ,Sci. , Fourth ser., vol . Ill : 161-182 .

Vcl. XIII(3)

The Festivus

44.

Stewart, Ralph B.

1927. Gabb's California fossil type gastropods. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 78:
287-447, pis. XX-XXXII, 5 text figs.

Tryon, George Washington Jr.

1887. Manual of Conchology. Philadelphia. Solariidae, lanthinidae, Trochotropidae,
Scalariidae, Cerithiidae, Rissoidae, Littorinidae. vol. 1X^488 pp.,71 pis.
Valentine, James W.

1956. Upper Pleistocene Mollusca from Potrero Canyon, Pacific Palisades,

California. Trans. SDSNH XII(IO) ;181-205, Imap, pi. 13.

Valentine, James W. and Robert R. Roland

1969. Pleistocene invertebrates from northwestern Baja California Del Norte,

Mexico. Proc. Cal. Acad Sci. XXXVI(17) :511-530, 5 figs.

Waterfall, Louis N.

1929. A contribution to the paleontology of the Fernando group, Ventura County,

California. U.C. Pub., Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci. 18(3):71-92, pis. 5-6, 1 fig.
Weaver, Charles E.

1909. Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of the San Pablo Formation in middle
California. U.C. Pub., Bull. Dept. Geol. 5 (16) : 243-269 .

Willett, George

1937. An upper Pleistocene fauna from the Baldwin Hills Los Angeles County,
California. Trans. SDSNH VIII (30) : 379-406 , pis. 25,26.

1946. Additional notes on the Pliocene molluscan fauna of Los Angeles City.

Bull. So. Cal. Acad. Sci. 45(l):28-32.

Woodring, Wendell P., M.N. Bramlette and W.S.W. Kew

1946. Geology and paleontology of Palos Verdes Hills, California. U.S. Geol.

Surv. , Prof. Paper 207, V+ 145 pp. , 37 pis, text figs., maps.

Single copies of this issue are available for $3 00 in the US. and
SA.OO overseas.

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FESTI7US

II.

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JAM ?6 1982
Aa

ANNUAL DUES:

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Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club, Inc.
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VOL. XIII AT5RIL 1981 NO. 4

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CONTENTS

The rediscovery of Murex oivvosus Hinds, 1844

D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY 46

Muricldae of Midway

SCHMELTZ, ROGER L 52

Club news 54

Minute shells Kuvtziella ?atTOstyla (Tryon, 1884)

KEELER, JAMES and JULES HERTZ 55

Membership roster and map for detaching

Please notify the Club of changes of address. The cost triples when The Festivus
is returned and sent again because a member has moved. The Festivus can no longer
afford this cost.

46.

The Festivus

THF REDISCOVERY OF MllRFX CIPRQSUS HINDS. 1844

BY

ANTHONY D'ATTILIO

Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park
P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

Introduction

Murex airrosus , referable to the genus Favart'La and cited originally as occurring
in the Straits of Macassar had been poorly known until its recent rediscovery in the
central Philippines. This genus is notable for the large increase of newly described
species especially in the last decade. Species occur in tropical seas in depths
ranging from shallow or subtidal to approximately 100 meters. The deep water species,
beyond the reaches of normal collecting, have remained obscure. The recent spate of
new species that have been described may be an indication that the genus is more nu-
merous and widespread than previously supposed.

The original description of Favavtia o-Lwosa appeared in 1844 in The Zoology of
the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur. Typical o^ that period, the description is of modest

size. 1

length and the figure is drawn actual
See Figures la and lb. Subsequent works
dealing with this species are all illustrated
with small, life-size figures approximately
10 to 15 mm. Because these early drawings
were not enlarged, the normal intricate
sculpture of these muricids was easily mis-
understood .

iffr

Figures la and lb. Dorsal and apertural
views of F. oivrosa (Hinds, 1844) from
the original Plate III. fig. 17,18.

Discussion

Favartia oirrosa (Hinds, 1844)

The following is Hinds' original description.

14. Muhex cirrosus, Hinds, 1. c. p. 128, (Plate III. fig. 17, 18.) Testa fusiformi, ventricosa,
pallidc carnea, formosissimc multivaricosa ; sutura profunda, prop^ nigricante; varicibus nonis sex-
fariam laciniatis ; laciniis fistulosis, albis, respectantibus, gradatim minoribus; interstitiis costis
rotundatis lacinias incurrentibus ; apertura ovali ; labro intds laevi ; canali gracili, recurvo, fere clause,
dorso bifariam lacinlato, serie superiore gerainci.

Inhab. Straits of Macassar. In fifteen fathoms, among sand and fine
gravel.

An uncommonly beautiful species, both from the delicacy of its colour and
the rich, varied, and elaborate character of its sculpture.

Vol. XIII (A)

The Festivus

47

A single specimen from the Hinds
collection (Figures 2a, 2b, 2c) is in the
British Museum (N.H.) and is the holotype,
Reg. no. 1844.6.7.90. Another specimen
(Figures 3a, 3b) was found in the Calvert
collection and is figured here with the
preserved label (Figure 4). The Calvert
collection formed in mid 19th century
England was brought to the United States
in 1939 and subsequently dispersed mainly
to collectors. The Calvert specimen of
F. aivvosa is now in the collection of Mr.
and Mrs. Don Pisor of San Diego. This
same specimen was figured in Murex Shells
of the World, Radwin and D’Attilio, 1976
on plate 25, figure 13.

Figure 2b. Apertural view of holotype

Figure 2a. View of spire of holotype of
F. oivvosa

Figure 2c.

Dorsal view of holotype

48.

The Festivus

Figure 3a, Apertural view of specimen of Figure 3b. Dorsal view of specimen

F. ci-wosa from the Calvert collection from the Calvert collection

X>6

7? z

/sp.

q!

Figure 4. Xerox of preserved label from
Calvert collection specimen.

Figure 5. Xerox of figure of F. oivvosa
in Reeve, 1845, plate 29, specimen 138.

In 1845, the year following the description by Hinds, a probable third specimen
was used to illustrate the snecies (Figure 5) in the Conchologica Tconica of Reeve
(plate 29, specimen 138). Thus, in suite of its small size, this species seemed to be
well established in the literature.

Recently, a number of specimens referable to F. cirrosa have been taken in tangle
nets in about 100 meters off Mactan Island, Bohol Straits between Cebu Island and Bohol
Island, Philippines. These have found their way into amateur collections. Figure 6a,

■■ Vol. XIII(4)

The Festivus

49.

6b, 6c are views of a specimen from the
collection of Mr. Victor Dan of Manila,
P.I. and figures 7a, 7b, 7c are views of
a specimen from the collection of Mr. and
Mrs. Robert Janowsky of New York. The
dominant color of the F. dwosa specimen
examined are light to medium shades of
umber brown. The Janowsky specimen
(Figure 7) is remarkable not only for its
large size but for the dark umber brown
with white varical spines.

Figure 6a. Spiral view of
Victor Dan specimen

Figure 6b. Apertural view of

Victor Dan specimen. Length: 18.75 mm

Figure 6c. Dorsal view of
Victor Dan specimen

50.

The Festivus

Figure 7a. Apertural view of Figure 7b. Dorsal view of

Janowsky specimen of F c'lwosci. Janowsky specimen. Length: 24.5 mm

Figure 7c. View of spire of
Janowsky specimen.

Figure 8 shows the protoconch of the
Janowsky specimen of F. ci-vvosa.

Figure 8. Protoconch of
F, civvosa great Iv
enlarged .

. Vol. XITI(4)

The Festlvus

51.

Favai’t'ia oxwosa bears some resemblance to F, 'peZe'p'iZ'i D’Attilio and Bertsch,

1980 and has similar coloring. F. oirrosa differs by its smaller size, relatively
broader shoulder, and less elaborate and intricate varical sculpture. Both species
occur in the same depth and geographical area in which the following additional
Favartia species are found.

F. dorothyae Emerson and D' Attilio, 1979
!' F. juddthae Bertsch and D' Attilio, 1980

F. oyoloBtoma (Sowerby, 1841)

F. tetvaQona (Broderip, 1883)

F. (Muvexiella) mactanensis Emerson and D' Attilio, 1979
F. jeanae Bertsch and D’Attilio, 1980

Favavt'ta hvev'lcu'ia (Sowerby, 1834) is the type of the genus with a distribution
throughout the Indo-Pacif ic . It is a shallow water species and probably occurs in the
same general area as Favavtia civvosa.

Acknowledgments

In addition to Messrs. Victor Dan, Don Pisor, and Robert Janowsky who generously
lent specimens for study, the following neople have been most helpful in the preparation
of this paner: Ms. Kathie Wav of the British Museum (N.H.) who kindly sent me the type

to examine; Mr. David K. Mulliner, staff photographer for The Festivus, who did all the
photography; and Carole M. Hertz who assisted with many editorial suggestions.

Literature Cited
Broderip, William J.

1833. Characters of new species of Mollusca and Conchifera collected by Mr.
Cuming. Proc . Zool. Soc. London (1833) 1:4-8.

D' Attilio, Anthony and Hans Bertsch

1980. Four species of Pterynotus and Favavtia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Muricidae)
from the Philippine Islands. Trans. SDSNH 19 (12) : 169-179 , 4 figs.

Emerson, William K. and Anthony D' Attilio

1979. Six new living species of Muricacean gastropods. Nautilus 93(1):1-10,

21 figs.

Hinds, Richard Brinsley

1844. The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur,... Vol. II, 72 pp. , 21 pis.
Radwin, George E. and Anthony D' Attilio

1976. Murex shells of the world an illustrated guide to the Muricidae.

Stanford Univ. Press. 284 pp. , 32 pis.

Reeve, Lovell Augustus

1845. Conchologica Iconica. London. Vol. Ill, pis. 1-36.

Sowerby, George B. (second of name)

1834-41 The conchological illustrations, Muvex . Sowerby, London, pis. 58-67, 1834:
pis. 187-199 and catalogue, pp. 1-9, 1841.

FOR YOUR INFORMATION

The Western Society of Malacologists (WSM) Meeting will be held at San Diego State
University from June 23-26, 1981 with the San Diego Shell Club as hosts. There will
be symposia, contributed papers, workshops, field trips, exhibits, a shell auction,
banquet and other activities. Deadline for reservations is May 10. For further
information contact Dave Mulliner 488-2701.

The Tidepool Gallery in Malibu, California is having its Fourth Annual Rare Shell
Show from May 16-24. This year there will be an additional special display of "Shells
Through the Ages."

52.

The Festivus

MURICIDAE OF M.IDWAY

BY

ROGER L. SCHMELTZ
P.O. Box 1060, Alpine, California 92001

Of the eight members of the Muricidae found in the Hawaiian chain (as listed in
HAWAIIAN MARINE SHELLS by E, Alison Kay, 1979) , three have been found in Midway's

1921;

waters. They are Aspella producta Pease, 1861; Chiaoreus insularim Pilsbr
and Homoloaantha anatomioa Perry, 1811. These were the only
three muricid species I found on Midway's Islands. Midway
Atoll is made un of two islands. Sand Island and Eastern
Island and are the second to last set of islands in the
Hawaiian chain.

AspeZZa producta Pease, 1861 is a relatively small species
the largest b.eing 20 mm in length. Figure 1 is a 19.3 mm
specimen and the only live one I found. My wife did find a
beach specimen measuring 16.7 ram which is typical size for
this species. Both specimens were found in the same general
location on the south side of Sand Island, inside the reef.

The live specimen was collected in two meters depth under
coral rubble. Considering that I only found one live
specimen in all the time I spent shell collecting, I specu-
late that this is an uncommon species in Midway's waters.

Figure 1. A. producta
Length: 19.3 mm

Chicoreus insuZarum Pilsbry, 1921 is
one of the Hawaiian endemics which can
be found in sufficient quantities
outside the reef on the south side of
Sand Island at depths of 10 to 20 meter
Diving outside the reef was only
authorized for an eight month neriod

Figure 2. C. insuZarum
Length: 50.3 mm

Figure 3. C. insuZarum Length* 72.7 mm

The Festivus

53.

Vol. XIII (4)

from June 1977 to January 1978 and then only to those with advanced, or higher,

SCUBA certificates. The C. ■insutarum were easy to find during June and July of 1977.
They were right on top of the reef in plain sight (if you consider a heavily en-
crusted lump easy to spot). Not knowing their identity or the many hours required to
clean them, one new shell collector picked up 17 in one dive.

* The younger specimens were found in the deeper water. They required very little

cleaning and were much harder to find because they were under coral rubble in much
the same type of habitat as cowries. None were found inside the reef and they
disappeared from outside the reef after July 1977.

In January 1978 Midway Islands’ commanding officer re-evaluated the hazards of
( diving outside the reef without a decompression chamber available and limited diving
to areas inside the reef where the deepest spot is approximately 26 meters and the
average depth is about three meters.

The disappearance of C. insulavum was unexplainable unless they were just
abundant during mating season. However no eggs were observed. No more specimens of
C. 'insulavwn were found during the rest of my stay on Midway which lasted until
August 1978. Figure 2 is one of the younger specimens measuring 50.3 mm. It shows
the shell the way it was when I brought it out of the water. It required no cleaning
except removal of the animal. I use a microwave oven for this. Figure 3 shows one
of the older specimens measuring 72.7 mm after three hours of cleaning with dental
picks and a wire brush. I have an eight shell growth series of this species with the
smallest being 5.25 mm.

Homolocantha anatomioa Perry, 1811
known to most Hawaiians by its synonym,

Murex pete Pilsbry, 1920, is not very
common on Midway but those found have
one notable characteristic. They are
giants. I found two, both of which
exceeded the world size record of
63.4 mm as listed in Wagner and Abbott’s
STANDARD CATALOG OF SHELLS (1977).

I found my first specimen outside
the reef in eight meters of water on the
productive south side of Sand Island.

Figuring I would find more, I traded it
for an offer I couldn’t refuse. Later
when diving was no longer authorized
outside the reef I lost hope of
replacing it. But during my last month
on Midway at 1:00 P.M. on a warm, calm,
afternoon in July 1978 in the middle of
the lagoon in three meters of water, at
the end of a track in the sand I found
the 74.65 mm monster pictured in
Figures 3a, 3b, 3c. Some of my

Figure 3a, Apertural view of H, anatomioa
Length: 74,65 mm.

54.

The Festivus

Flj^ure 3b. Dorsal view of same Figure 3c. Side view of same specimen,

snecimen .

shell collecting friends who left Midway a few weeks after I did reported finding
better than a half dozen specimens of comparable size in roughly the same location
but in holes in the coral heads.

ppnr/1 the minutes

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB MEETING: MARCH 19, 1981
MARTIN SCHULER

Carol Burchard called the meeting to order at 7:45 P.M. Ron McPeak introduced
the evening’s speaker, Hans Bertsch, who talked on Hawaiian nudibranchs. (Hans and
Scott Johnson have written a book Identifying the many nudibranchs of the Hawaiian
group in color and it should be available shortly) . His talk was extremely well
organized and illustrated with many color slides of the species found there. "Oohs"
and "aahs" were heard as the spectacular nudibranchs were displayed before our eyes.
Hans also showed examples of the varied underwater environments in Hawaii and the
species likely to be found in these areas.

During the mid-evening break, members and guests were able to view a wide variety
of minute species, some live, under the four stereo microscopes brought to the meeting
by members. Delicious refreshments of sausage in blankets and small cakes made by
Sherry Schuler were greedily enjoyed by all.

After the break, Wally Robertson reported the deadline for 1981 dues. Carole
Hertz called for the donation of auction shells. These shells are needed to give
The Festivus its budget until May 1982 as well as make the auction the resounding
success it always has been. (For Auction information see last page of this issue).

The Club voted to obtain Jerome Eisenberg's new book, "A Collector’s Guide
to Seashells of the World."

The shell drawing was won by Hugh Bradner. The meeting was adjourned at 9:45 P.M,

Vol. XIII(4)

The Festivus

55.

niNUTE SHELLS

KURTZ I ELLA 7ATR0STYLA (TRYON. 1884)

JAMES KF.F.LF.R

30 Park Lane, Chagrin Falls, Ohio A4022
JULES HERTZ

Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park
P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

The snecimen shown in Figure 1 was collected and nhotographed by the senior
author. The 4 mm milky white shell was found at the Inlet, Bonita Beach, Florida in
April 1973. The shell figured has brown stains on the
columella and below the sutures (in the valleys between the
axial ribs) . Two other specimens collected at the same time
and place also have stains on the columella, but the brown
sutural stains vary. The largest and most beachworn speci-
men has a patch of brown on the inside of the outer lip and
the subsutural brown stain is almost continuous, fading out
as it crosses the axial ribs. The columella stain in this
specimen is faint.

The shell figured here is very similar to the one
figured by Abbott (1974:281, fig. 3243). He specified that
the species gets to a size of 7 mm and that the range for
K. atrostyta is North Carolina to Florida and Texas as well
as the West Indies. Abbott describes the species as
"milkv-white with a brown-stained coliamella, a brown sub-
sutural band and sometimes brown on the thickened outer lip.

Rarely all-brownish. 6 whorls, keeled at the shoulder; 8
to 10 axial riblets and fine spiral striations. Aperture
and short anterior canal slightlv oblique; outer lio with a
shallow, rounded, posterior turrid notch. Moderately common:
from intertidal to 48 fathoms." He lists K. ephamilta Bush,

1885 and !^anejitia{s-Lc) atvostyla Dali, 1889 as synonyms.

Perry and Schwengel (1955:185, pl.38, fig, 266) figure
a specimen i or "'Kurt ziella atrostyZa ' (Dali) "which is signifi-
cantly different in appearance than the one figured here or
that figured by Abbott (1974). It is assumed that the Perry

and Schwengel specimen is very mature since the aperture has the "hooded" appearance of
an older turrid. This latter specimen has sharper axial ribs, more pronounced spiral
sculpture, and a much more keeled appearance at the shoulders of the whorls. The
species description by Perry and Schwengel is almost Identical to the Abbott description
quoted above. The K. atvostyZa figured by Perry and Schwengel is very similar to
Abbott's figure 3242 of Kurtziella limonitella (Dali, 1883). The latter is supposed to
have strong, rounded, axial ribs with numerous rows of microscopic, opaque-white ounc-
tations between the ribs.

The species atrostyla first appeared in print in Tryon (1884:310) as DaphneZla
atrostyla, Dali, MS, Dali's first published work on atrostyta was in 1889 (pp 11. Ill)
when he referred to it as Mangilia atrostyta. Dali (1889b) figured (pi XLI, figs. 4, 4a)
Mangitia atrostyta. Tryon (1884) considered D. atrostyta a slight variety of Daphnetta

Figure 1. Apertural view
of K. ? atrostyta. 16X

The Festlvus

oevina Kurtz and Stimpson, 1851 and figured both species (pi. 22 , fig, 43: pi. 34, fig.
100). Tryon's description of D. oevina was "Yellowish white, columella sometimes
tinged with black; surface covered by very fine revolving lines crossing the ribs."

The range reported for this species was New England to Tampa Bay, Florida, mostly
southern in distribution. Tryon differentiated D. atvostyla as having a dark columella
and being from the west coast of Florida. His figure of B. atrostyZa is very small and
difficult to use for comparative purposes, while his figure of D. oer'ina is similar to
Perry and Schwengel's figure of K. atvostyla except that the former has more rounded
whorls. Abbott's figure of KuTtziella oevi-na (fig. 3248) shows a stouter and heavier
looking shell than his figure of K. atvostyla although both are very similar.

Kurtz and Stimpson (1851:115) described Pleuvotoma oevinum. Their original Latin
description for the species translates roughly as follows: Shell fusif orm-turrited ,

waxen, actually ashen, about 10 longitudinal ribs, elevated, numerous transverse striae;
7 distinct turns; aperture oblong; lip simple; canal very short.

Stimnson (1851:49, pi,. II, fig. 2) gave the original illustration of Pleuvotoma
oevinum^ and this was the figure later used by Tryon (1884. pi, 22, fig. 43),

Holmes (1860:77, nl, XII, figs. 9,9a) also figured Pleuvotoma oevinum and his figure
differed significantly from the Stimpson illustration. Holmes' illustration showed
a stouter shell with a stronglv recurved apertural canal. He noted that ?. oevinum
had been found as far north as New-Bedford harbor, and that it is common on the
Carolina coast and abundant in the Post-Pleiocene beds.

It is obvious from the literature that more work, probably anatomical, is needed
to eliminate the confusion and finally determine whether K. atvostyla and K. oevina are
distinct species. If they are indeed the same, then the name Kuvtziella atvostyla
(Tryon, 1884) would become a synonym of Kuvtziella oevina Kurtz and Stimpson, 1851.

Literature Cited

Abbott, R. Tucker

1974. American Seashells, Second Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York,

663 pp,, >4000 figs. 24 pis,

Dali, William Healey

1889a. Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander

Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico (1877-78) and in the Caribbean Sea (1879-
80)... BMCZ 18:1-492, pis. 10-40.

1889b. A preliminary catalogue of the shell-bearing marine mollusks and brachio-
pods of the southeastern coast of the United States, with illustrations
of many of the snecies. USNM Bull. 37, 221 pp. , pis. 1-74.

Holmes, Francis S.

1860. Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South-Carolina. Charleston, S.C. 122pp., 28pls.

Kurtz, J.D. and William Stimpson

1851. in Stimnson. On several new snecies from New England. Proc. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist. Vol. 4:113-114.

Perry, Louise M. and Jeanne S. Schwengel

1955. Marine shells of the western coast of Florida. Paleo. Res. Inst., Ithaca,
N.Y. 318 pp. 365 figs.

Stimpson, William

1851. Shells of New England. A revision of the synonymy of the Testaceous

Mollusks of New England with notes on their structure and their geogra-
phical and bathymetrical distribution. Boston: Phillins, Sampson, and Co.
58 pp. , nlates.

Tryon, George Washington Jr.

1884. Manual of Conchology, Philadelphia. Vol. VI, pt. 3, 413 pn. , 34 pis.

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB Membership List 1981

Abbott, R. Tucker
2208 So. Colonial Dr
Melbourne, Fla 32901

Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia
Att. Dr. Robert Robertson
Dept, of Malacology
Nineteenth and the Parkway
Philadelphia, Pa. 19103

Allan, Patricia & Bruce(son)

3215 La Costa Avenue
Carlsbad, Cal 92008
1-436-7022

American Museum Natural History
Central Park West & 79th Street
New York, New York 10024

Baily, Joshua
4435 Ampudia Drive
San Diego, Cal 92103

Bamford, Janet
4250 Mt. Henry Avenue
San Diego, Cal 92117
277-8320

Bertsch, Hans
P.O.Box 2041

Spring Valley, Cal 92077

463-6833

Bibbey, Joe
490 Citrus Avenue
Imperial Beach, Cal 92032
423-5133

Brodner, Marge & Hugh
1867 Caminito Marzella
La Jolla, Cal 92037
459-7681

Bratcher, Twila

8121 Mulholland Terrace

Hollywood, Cal 90046

Brewer, Blanche & Norval
3614 Rose land Avenue
San Diego, Cal 92105
282-0148

British Museum of Natl History
Audrey Meenan, Serials Dept
Cornwall Road
London, England SW7-5BD

Brosius, Doris & Georee
#159 140746

Dep Mail Sect. Box 11

APO San Francisco, Ca. 96301

Buggert, Gerald
2131 Meade Avenue
San Diego, Cal 92116
298-6542

Bukry, David
675 So. Sierra ^32
Solana Beach, Cal 92075
755-8998

Burch, Beatrice & Thomas
236 Kuuhoa Place
Kailua, Hawaii 96734

Burchard, Carol
7555 Herschel Avenue ^6A
La Jolla, Cal 92037
456-0245

Burchard, Mrs. Irene

III Fifteenth Street

Garden City, New York 11530

Caiazza, Mary
280 Surfview Court
Del Mar, Cal 92014
234-I004W

Closson, Fred
5750 4^maya Drive ^24
La Mesa, Cal 92041
462-6923

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P.O. Box 83

Glen Allen, Cal 95442

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891 San Jude Avenue

Palo Alto, Cal 94306

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36 Prospect Avenue
Dayton, Ohio 45415

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5666 E. Hampton, Apt 270
Tucson, Ariz 85712

D'Atillio, Rose & Tony
2415 29th Street
San Diego, Cal 92104
281-9731

Delaware Museum of Natl History
Box 3937

Greenville, Del 19807

Draper, Betram
8511 Bleriot Avenue
Los Angeles, Cal 90045

Dushane, Helen
15012 El Soneto
Whittier, Cal 90605

Evans, Roger

1900 Camino de la Costa ^1
Redondo Beach, Cal 90277

Everson, Gene
5224 NW 17th Court
Lauderhill, Fla 33313

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415 Plymouth Drive ^33
Vista, Cal 92083
724-2108

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7873 Forrestal Road
San Diego, Cal 92120
583-3696

Fernandes, Francisco
C.P. No. 12427
Luanda ,

Republic Popular Angola
West Africa

Foster, Robert

The Abbey

P.O.Box 3010

Santa Barbara. Cal 93105

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3883 Jewel Street ^B-17
San Diego, Cal 92109
270-2498

Gemmell, Joyce
150 South Anza, Sp 47C
El Cajon, Cal 92020
447-8004

Goldberg, Richard
49-77 Fresh Meadow Lane
Flushing, New York 11365

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3142 Largo Cour't
San Diego, Cal 92110
222-5605

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22762 Pacific Coast Highway

Malibu, Cal 90265

Haigh, Marilyn, David, Ernest
6533 Orangewood Avenue
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5818 Tulane Street
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453-3019

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La Jolla, Cal 92037
453-3495

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P.O.Box 246
Edinburg, Texas 78539

Janowsky, Dorothy
946 Ralph Avenue
Brooklyn, New York 11236

Keeler, J.H.

30 Park Lane

Chagrin Falls, Ohio 44022
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c/o U.S. Geological Survey MS-77
345 Middlefield Road
Menlo Park, Cal 94025

King, Harriet & Frank
859 East Vista Way
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726-3025

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4269 Hawk Street
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296-0574

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Rancho Paseo Mobile Home Park
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139-62 Pershing Crescent
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c/o 8121 Mulholland Terrace

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Martin, Clifton & Clifford
324 Kennedy Lane
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2303 Huntington Lane

Redondo Beach, Cal 90278

McDonell, Lynda
550 East Chase Avenue
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McGhee, Sandra

8401 West Sample Road ^14

Coral Springs, Fla 33065

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7989 La Brusca Way
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Livornese Museo Di Provenciale . i. i* di j

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10669 San Diego Mission Rd ^108

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O, E.Div

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McT To SCftLe

St/ ^9 ^ / /

J. p4^7^A/eJt CUOf

ONU<

STK&m Aes SftaiOA/

FroM fiic{4ic Be«cK

THE

FESTIVUS

DIEGO SHELL CLUB

founded 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968

MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.

ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK

President Carol Burchard

Vice President Ron H. McPeak

Rec. Secretary Martin Schuler

Correa. Secretary Marjorie Bradner

Treasurer Walter Robertson

Editor Carole M. Hertz

ANNUAL DUES: Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $4.00;

Family membership: $5.00; Student membership: $3.00; Overseas
surface: $6.00.

CLUB ADDRESS: Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club, Inc.

c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111

VOL. XIII JUNE 1981 NO. 6

************************************************************************

*

* THERE WILL BE NO JUNE MEETING

*

*

* Because our Club is involved in hosting the Western Society of Malacologists (WSM)
★meeting from june 23 to June 26, 1981 at San Diego State University, the regular June
^meeting will not be held.

*

* Registration: Tuesday, June 23 at 10:00 A.M. in the lobby of Olmeca Hall,

^located near the southwest corner of the parking lot.

*

* Club hosted Wine and Cheese Get Acquainted party: Tuesday evening, June 23 in

*the lobby of Olmeca Hall.

*

************************************************************************

CONTENTS

Minute shells: western Atlantic caecids P

KEELER, JAMES 67

Murex (Oainebra) sykesi Preston, 1904 i..

D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY 73

Club news J. 75

Ecology of CoZi-setta d'ig'ital'is (Summary)

KIMBALL, AMY ?. 76

* 5*- *** JW- ** 5*-* 5^ ******* X- » *

67.

The Festivus

hINUTE SHELLS
WESTERN ATLANTIC CAECIDS

BY

JAMES H. KEELER

30 Park Lane, Chagrin Falls, Ohio 44022

In several issues of The Festivus (January 1978, January 1979 and April 1979)
Jules Hertz featured some species of the family Caecidae from southern California
and Baja California, Mexico. This note will cover some of the more common western
Atlantic species of the family.

In 1962, Moore proposed placing the Caecidae in the superfamily Rissoacea based
upon the similarity of soft parts rather than in the Cerithiacea as proposed by Clark
(1855). Moore found no close relationship between the Caecidae and the Vermetidae or
other Cerithiacea. As pointed out by Hertz, there is considerable confusion in the
literature concerning the genera of the caecids. In this note the treatment by Moore
in Abbott's AMERICAN SEASHELLS, Second Edition will be followed and all caecids will
be classified under the single genus. Caecum.

A larval coil and protoconch of the initial growth stages of Caecum is shown in

Figure 1 and an intermediate growth stage

Fig. 1. Larval coil and
protoconch. Length: 1 mm

angled view of the horny circular
operculum in the opening of C.
bipartitum Folin, 1870.

Figure 4 is a sketch illustrating
the features by which the mature shells
are identified.

Caecum putchettum Stimpson, 1851
(Figure 5) with 20-30 axial rings and no
terminal varix, C. hipartitum (Figure 6)
lacking axial rings toward the anterior
end, and C. textile Folin, 1867 (Figure 7)
with 35-40 low, close set axial rings
were collected in Florida by the writer.
These should be contrasted with C.
tomatum Verrill and Bush, 1900 (Figure 8)
with its widely spaced axial rings. C.
tovnatum is found only in Bermuda.

is shown in Figure 2. Figure 3 is an

Length: 1.2 mm

Fig. 3. Angled view of horny
operculum in opening of
C. bipartitum.

I

Voi'. XIII (6)

The

Festivus

68.

I

Variable Identification
Features

AXIAL

SCULPTURE

ANNULAR

SCULPTURE

ANTERIOR

END

' VAR IX

Fig. 4. Identification features

Fig. 5. C. pulchellum Length: 2.5 mm
Base of reef. Marathon, Florida Keys

Fig. 6. C. bipavti-tim Length: 2 mm
Inlet, Bonita Beach, Florida

Fig. 7. C. textiZe Length 2 mm

Base of reef, Marathon, Florida Keys

Fig. 8. C. tomatum Length: 2.5 mm
Shell sand, Bermuda

69.

The Festivus

Caecum regutave Carpenter, 1858 (Figure 9) with 25-30 flat-topped rings and
C. Zineicinctum Folin, 1879 (Figure 10) smooth except for weak rings approaching
the anterior end were collected by the writer in the Virgin Islands and are
primarily Caribbean species. Moore (1972) reports finding C. veguZave specimens
in southeast Florida.

Fig. 9. C. reguZare Length: 2 mm Fig. 10. C. ZZneicinotum Length: 2.5 mm

Beach, Pelican Beach, St. Beach, Pelican Beach, St. Thomas,

Thomas, Virgin Islands Virgin Islands.

Caecum fZori-danum Stimpson, 1858 shown in Figure 11 is distinctive with its
greater size (3-4 mm in length) and larger rings near the anterior end. C.
imhvZcatum Carpenter, 1858 ( Figure 12) often with strong mottled brown and white
coloration, has weak annular rings and longitudinal ridges. The specimens of C.
fZoridanum and C. imbricatum illustrated here were collected by the writer in the
Florida Keys.

Fig. 11. C. fZoridanum Length: 3.7 mm Fig. 12. C. imbrication Length: 3.5 mm

Base of reef. Marathon, Florida Base of reef. Marathon, Florida Keys.

Keys .

The next three species. Caecum pZicatum Carpenter, 1858 (Figure 13), C.
deZicatuZum Verrill and Bush, 1900 (Figure 14), and C. debiZe Verrill and Bush, 1900,
(Figure 15) were from Bermuda shell sand supplied to the writer by Mr. Arthur
A. Guest "of 'BermiidV and Mr. Russell Jensen of The Delaware Museum of Natural
History. The frequently mottled C. pZicatum is solid in appearance with strong
longitudinal ridges and was the most common caecid in the shell sand samples. There
is some question that C. deZicatuZum^ C. debiZe^ and C. crisvum Verrill and Bush,
1900 (not shown) described in Verrill and Bush (1900) are separate species. The
writer has sent about one hundred specimens to Dr. Moore for examination. The

Vol. XIII (6)

The Festivus

70.

Fig. 13. C. plioatum Length: 2.7 mm
Shell sand, Bermuda.

Fig. 14. C. deZi-oatulum Length: 3 mm
Shell sand, Bermuda

specimens photographed here show the
septum or plug difference noted by
Verrill and Bush, "Plug broadly exposed,
oblique, most prominent near the outer
margin” [ for C. detioatutum ] and ”...
having a prominent, nearly hemispherical
plug” [for C. dehiZe ] .

Caeoum oyclofenm Folin, 1867 in
Figure 16, from dredgings 110 miles west
of Tampa, Florida looks a great deal like
C. pZicatum but is a larger shell
(3.5 mm versus 2.7 mm) and in
proportion is a more slender shell for
its length.

The thin-shelled, "smooth” caecids depend more upon mucro and septum (or plug)
differences for identification. C. vestitum Folin, 1870 (Figure 17) has a slightly
convex septum and a small mucro on the right side. It also has slight annulations
at the anterior end in contrast with C. anti-ZZavum Carpenter, 1858 (Figure 18) with
a weaker mucro and no weak annulations or any trace of a varix at the anterior end.

Fig. 16. C. ayoZoferum Length: 3.5 mm

Dredged 200 ft, 110 miles west of
Tampa, Florida.

Fig. 17. C. vestitum Length: 2.5 mm
Base of reef. Marathon,

Florida Keys.

71.

The Festivus

Fig. 18. C. antillarum Length: 3 mm
Dredged 280 feet, east of
St. Augustine, Florida

Fig. 19. C. heladum Length: 3 mm
Inlet, Bonita Beach, Florida.

The C. hetadum Olsson and Harbison, 1953
(Figure 19) specimen shown here from
beach drift at an inlet near Bonita Beach
Florida shows the weak longitudinal
ridges and axial rings. C. johnsoni
Winkley, 1908 (Figure 20), a North
Carolina specimen, shows faint annular
rings and a more convex septum.

Caecum suhvolutum^ Folin, 1874
(Figure 21) , found in the Bermuda shell
sand mentioned earlier was identified
by Dr. Donald Moore who pointed out
that C. suhvolutum, primarily a
Caribbean shell, had not been previously
reported from Bermuda. The figure shows
and a varix on the anterior end that do

Fig. 20. C. johnsoni Length: 2.2 mm

Beach, Topsail Beach, North Carolina.

the large mucro on the smooth slender shell
ely matches Moore (1972: fig. 4).

Fig. 21. C. subvolutum Length: 2.5 mm
Shell sand, Bermuda.

Fig. 22. C. nitidum Length: 2.5 mm

Base of reef. Marathon, Florida Key

Finally, the smooth caecids with an oblique constricted aperture noted in
Abbott (1974) under the subgenus Meioceras are shown. C. nitidum Stimpson, 1851
(Figure 22) exhibits its characteristic heavily swollen appearance in contrast to
C. comuQOpiae Carpenter, 1858 (Figure 23) with its short, straight, midsection and
C. cuhitatum Folin, 1863 (Figure 24), the more slender, deeper water species with
the thin pointed mucro.

Voi. Xiii (6)

The Festivus

72.

Fig. 23. C. oomucopiae Length: 2 mm
Base of reef, Marathon,

Florida Keys.

Fig. 24. C. ouhiiatwTi Length: 1.5 mm
Dredged 125-140 fms., south of
Tarpon Springs, Florida.

The following range information is primarily from Abbott (1974) with extensions
according to noted references or from the writer's collecting.

i

C. pulchellum
C. bipart itum
C. textile
C. tomatwn
C. regular e
C. lineiainetum
C. floridanum
C. imhriaatwn
C. vlioatum
C. delicatulum
C. debile
C. aycloferum
C. vestitum
C. antillarum
C. heladum
C. johnsoni
C. subvolutum
C. nitidum
C. oomuoopiae
C. oubitatum

New Hampshire to Brazil

Florida Keys to Texas and western Gulf of Mexico
Clearwater, Florida to West Indies
Bermuda only

SE Florida to Virgin Islands

NE Caribbean [Moore (1972)] and Bermuda

North Carolina to Brazil

Texas to Florida to Brazil [Rios (1975)]

Bermuda, Florida to Brazil [Rios (1975)]

Bermuda [Verrill and Bush (1900)] and [Waller (1973)]
Bermuda [Verrill and Bush (1900)]

SE United States to Brazil [Rios (1975)]

Florida coast to West Indies

Bahamas and Florida Keys to Brazil [Rios (1975)]
Florida coasts and Puerto Rico
Massachusetts to northern Florida

Bermuda, Florida to Barbados [Moore (1972)]

Bermuda, Florida to Brazil

Bermuda, Florida to Brazil [Rios (1975)]

Texas, North Carolina to Brazil

Literature Cited

Abbott, R. Tucker

1974. American Seashells, Second Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York. 663 pp.
Clark, W.

1855. British Marine Testaceous Mollusca. John vanVoorst, London. 536 pp.

Moore, Donald R.

1962. The systematic position of the family Caecidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda).

Bull. Mar. Sci. of the Gulf and Caribbean 12 (4) : 695-701 . (Dec.).

1972. Ecological and systematic notes on Caecidae from St. Croix, U.S. Virgin
Islands. Bull, Mar. Sci. 22 (4 ): 881-899 . (Dec.).

Rios, E.C.

1975. Brazilian Marine Mollusks Iconography. Universidad do Rio Grande. Brazil.
Verrill, A.E. and Katherine J. Bush

1900. Additions to the marine Mollusca of the Bermudas. Conn. Acad, of Arts
and Sci. 10:513-544.

Waller, T.R.

1973. The habits and habitats of some Bermudian marine Mollusks. Nautilus
87(2):31-52. (Apr.).

1

73.

The Festivus

nUREX (OCINEBRA) SYKES I PRESTON. 1904

BY

ANTHONY D'ATTILIO

Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park,
P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

Introduction

A number of small muricid species, many less than 15 mm in height, that were
described by early authors have remained poorly known. This paucity of information
results from the following factors: 1) original generic assignments that have been
subsequently changed, 2) short generalized descriptions, and 3) unsatisfactory
illustrations of species at their exact size. This last factor is the most signifi-
cant since micro-sculptural details were inadequately illustrated. Study of the
holotype, other typological material or enlarged, detailed photographs of such
material are then necessary to establish an understanding of the species.

The species discussed in this paper was described in 1904 by Preston in the
Journal of Malacology. This serial publication was not previously examined by me.
Apparently, it never had a wide distribution. The following citation appears in the
Zoological Record for 1904. "Preston H.B. Descrip, of some new sp. of Cingalese and
Indian Marine Shells. J. of Mai. XI, 75-78, pis. 6,7."

This species may more properly be assigned to the genus Favartia Jousseaume,
1880. A paratype of Favart'ia sykesi (Preston, 1904) is in the collections of the Lo
Angeles County Museum (N.H.) No. 1963 and this specimen forms the basis of my
description which follows. Figures la and lb illustrate the paratype of F. sykesi.

Fig. la. F. sykesi paratype LACM(NH) Fig. lb. F. sykesi dorsal view of

No. 1963, apertural view. same specimen.

Vol. XIII(6)

The Festivus

74.

Description

Height 18.75 ram, width 12.5 ram, shell broad, diamond shaped, somewhat eroded but
disclosing about 5 postnuclear whorls; aperture moderate size, sub-ovate, inner lip
erect except above; suture impressed; canal open, not long, broad, distally recurved;

6 varices with leading slope strongly imbricate, broad and strongest cord at periphery
of the convex body whorl, shoulder not pronounced, 2 cords above the central peri-
pheral cord and 3 cords below on body whorl; all cords diminishing in strength away
from peripheral cord, cords medially divided by moderate depressions; Intervarical
areas broad and deeply excavated, one additional cord on canal; siphonal fasciole
retaining 4 remnants of earlier canals. Where not eroded, short growth stages
developed as scaly laminae may be found. Color of shell brownish white. Within
aperture narrow brownish spiral bands present marking cords on dorsum.

Discussion

The holotype of Favartia sykesi is figured
in Fair (1976:80, pi. 20, fig. 293). A com-
parison with the paratype illustrated here
demonstrates that the two unquestionably
represent the same species. The species is
not figured in Radwin and D’Attilio (1976).

In a recently published work dealing
with tropical Pacific marine shells, F. sykesi
was confused and synonymized with F. peasei
(Tryon, 1880), a species known to occur in the
south tropical Pacific. F. peasei is illus-
trated in Figure 2. Specimens of F. peasei
collected in the Solomon Islands, in general,
closely resemble a few Favartia species from
the Caribbean Province and the eastern Pacific.

For these species Perriliat (1972) proposed
the subgenus Caribielta: Type species Murex
intermedius C.B. Adams, 1850, by original
designation.

Acknowledgments

Mr. Gale Sphon kindly processed the loan
of the paratype from the Los Angeles County
Museum (NH) . The photographs are by Mr. David
K. Mulliner, Festivus staff photographer. Mrs.
Carole M. Hertz made helpful suggestions
regarding the text.

Literature cited
Fair, Ruth H.

1976. The Murex Book: an illustrated catalogue of Recent Muricidae (Muricinae,
Muricopsinae , Ocenebrinae) . Pub. Ruth H. Fair, Honolulu. 138 pp. , 23 pis.
Perriliat, Maria del Carmen

1972. Monographia de los moluscos del Miocene medio de Santa Rosa, Vera Cruz,
Part 1. (Gasteropodos , Fissurellidae and Olividae). Paleontologia
Mexicana 32.:1-119, pis. 1-51, 1 table, 1 map.

Fig. 2. F. peasei. Specimen

collected by Father Van der Riet
at Ata’a Lagoon, British Solomon
Islands .

75.

The Festivus

Preston, H.B.

1904. Description of some new species of Cingalese and Indian marine shells. ^
Jour, of Malac. 11:75-78. pis. 6,7. (not seen).

Radwin, George E. and Anthony D'Attilio ,

1976. Murex shells of the world an illustrated guide to the Muricidae. Stanford
Univ. Press, Stanford. 282 pp. 30 pis. in color and 192 text figs.

Tryon, George W.

1880. Muricinae, Purpurinae in G.W. Tryon and H.B. Pilsbry. Manual of
Conchology l(2);l-289. pis. 1-70.

FROM THE MINUTES

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB MEETING: MAY 21, 1981

BY

MARTIN SCHULER

Carol Burchard called the meeting to order at 7:40 P.M. After new mem-
bers and guests were introduced, Hugh Bradner presented Amy Kimball, the Club Science
Fair winner for 1981, who gave an account of her project. The Ecology of Cotisetta
di-g'ita'i'ts . Hugh then presented Amy with the prize that she had selected, the book
Between Pacific Tides .

Ron McPeak then introduced the speaker for this month, David Leighton, whose
talk was entitled The Cultured Abalone. Dr. Leighton has been studying the abalone
for some twenty years. His work involves the germination of and growth of the various
species of west coast Hal'ioti-s until they are large enough to seed off the coast.

His culturing work also includes the rock scallop, Hinnites giganteus.

After the break, Dave Mulliner showed the slides of the April auction. Ron
McPeak announced the speaker for July, Janice Sibley, who will speak on limpets.

(There is no regular June meeting) .

Carol Burchard presented the following motion which will be voted upon at the
July meeting. Motion: The editor of the San Diego Shell Club publication. The

Festivus , shall be a non-voting member of the executive board with an indefinite
term of office.

Margaret Mulliner announced the annual plant sale and Dave Mulliner gave details
of the upcoming WSM meeting and the Club’s hosting of a wine and cheese party on the
first evening. He requested that we all donate either wine or cheese or both for the
event .

The shell drawing was won by Mike Dixon, a visitor from England. The meeting
was adjourned at 9:30 P.M.

ADDITIONS TO THE ROSTER

Campbell, Byron. 5445 Baltimore #27, La Mesa, Ca. 92041, 463-7910.

Flentz, Mary "Pecten”. 5014 Newton Street, Torrance, Ca. 90505.

Hewitt, Susan. 258 Lowell Street, Lexington, Mass. 02173.

Mahar, Mary Lou & Dale Glantz. 1127 Thomas Ave. #7, San Diego, Ca. 92109, 270-0474.

McElroy, Bill and Marlene. 9651 Blackgold Rd., La Jolla, Ca. 92037, 457-4848.

i

I

I

1

Vol. XIII(6)

The Festivus

76.

Amy Kimball, a senior at Point Loma High School, was the Club winner in the 1981
Greater San Diego Science and Engineering Fair. She presented an outline of her pro-
ject and received her Club award. Between Pacific Tides by Ricketts and Calvin. Her
brief summary of her winning project follows.

THE ECOLOGY OF COLISELLA DIGITALIS (SUMMARY)

By

AMY KIMBALL

An intertidal limpet, CotisetZa digitalis ^ has been found to occupy two dis-
tinct intertidal niches (Test, 1945) . One population is dark and lives on vertical
cliff faces in the splash zone, while a second group of animals is smaller with light
coloring and lives in the mid-tidal zone on the stalked barnacle, Pollioiges polymevus .
Despite their different appearances, the limnets have been identified as the same
species through electrophoreses (Murphy, 1978),

The purpose of this project was to examine seven factors which might allow
both populations to exist.

Procedures :

Genetics: Ten limpets of each type were put into opposite niches and new shell

growth was observed for changes. Any changes in aspects of shell pattern which
occurred indicated that these factors are determined environmentally, rather
than genetically.

Fungus: Both types of limpet were examined under a microscope for infection by

Didymelta aonahae. Their shells were treated with copper sulfate, a fungicide,
and new growth was monitored for changes.

Diet: Body tissues of a group of each animal were measured with a spectropho-

meter for difference in calcium content.

Population count: A population count was conducted to find if limpets are evenly
distributed on a barnacle colony or if inner or outer barnacles are preferred.

Homing: Low tide positions of seven of each animal were taken for one month to

determine if both limpet types have a homing instinct.

Predators: Limpets living on barnacles were painted dark and their disappearance

rate over a two week period was compared to that of a control group of light
animals to find if color is a factor seclected against by predators.

Shell structure: Basal dimensions of 25 animals of each type were compared to

their heights to find if one variety has taller proportions.

Conclusions :

It was concluded that Colisella digitalis is able to live on vertical cliffs in
the splash zone or in the midtidal zone in a symbiotic relationship with Polliaipes
polymevus. This relationship is mutually advantageous because the limpets receive
a superior substrate in exchange for eating algae which could grow over the
barnacles' shells and leave them unable to feed.

It was concluded that diet rather than fungus or genetics is responsible for the
different shell colors of the two populations. Population counts indicate that dis-
tribution within barnacle colonies is even and Pollieipes-ty^o. limpets have higher
proportions which appear to be related to the fact that there is less basal area
available to limpets living on barnacles. Predation tests showed that there was not
a significantly higher disappearance rate for dark animals living on barnacles than
for light animals living on barnacles. When light specimens of C. digitalis from
barnacles were relocated to cliff faces, new growth had the same dark coloration
as other C. digitalis normally living there.

Literature cited
Murphy, P.G.

1978. Colisella austvodigitalis sp. nov. : a sibling species of limpet
(Acmaeidae) discovered by electrophoresis. Bio. Bull. 155:193-206.

Test, A.R.

1945. Ecology of California Aomaea. Ecology 26(4) :395-405.

cn:so shfu ciub

% H'kT!

3883 MT. BLAcKBURN AVL

syi ^GO, ^111

j S^r/a/s

JLmerican ^.useum J^atl History
York, JNew York 10024

... FISIITIS

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968

MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.
iRARV ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK

l\ 1 President ...Carol Burchard

K k d Secretary Martin Schuler

/\s W4« ■ Corres. Secretary Marjorie Bradner

Treasurer Walter Robertson

Editor Carole M. Hertz

ANNUAL DUES: Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $4.00;

Family membership: $5.00; Student membership: $3.00; Overseas
surface: $6.00.

CLUB ADDRESS: Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club, Inc.

c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111

VOL. XIII JULY 1981 NO. 7

icicieificieific^icicit'k'k'k'kicicicic'kic’kicicicicic'kic'kicic'k'kicic'kicic'kicieicicitieicicicicicic'k'kieicieicicic'k’k'k'k’k'kic'kic
if i

* *

4 *

* PROGRAM: "Molluscan Behavior in an Experimental Tidepool" is the topic of J

* speaker, Janice Sibley. Her talk will be accompanied by her J

5 motion picture film and slides. J

* *

* ★

J Slides of the 1981 WSM conference will be shown. J

J Date: July 16, 1981 Time: 7:30 P.M. Room: 104 J

ic if

■klfk-kifk'kltlcltick-itlcklciilfkieicifkitlelcie-k-kle-k'kic'kifk-k'iciclclc'klc'kleieicic-kle'k'klfklcleleiele-klclt'ifkiclciclcklf

CONTENTS

Note on the holotype of Murex taqueatus Sowerby, 1841 (Gastropoda:
Murlcldae) with a description of a specimen from Guam

D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY 78

Fort Kam revisited, February 1981

BRADNER, HUGH and BOB SCHOENING 82

The cultured abalone

LEIGHTON, DAVID L 83

Book review Natural History of Baja California

POORMAN, FORREST 85

78.

The Festivus

NOTE ON THE HOLOTYPE OF nUREX LAQUEATUS SOWERBY. 1841
(GASTROPODA: MURICIDAE) WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A SPECIMEN FROM GUAM

BY

ANTHONY D'ATTILIO

Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park
P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

The description of Murex laqueatus^ written in Latin only as was the custom of
the times, appears as follows from page 142 of the Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1841 (for
1840).

Mdrsx laqdbatus. Conch. Blustr. f. 78. Mur. tettd rhomboided,
transverse costaid, crassd, albd : spird mediocri; an/ractibus sep-
tem, subangulatis : caudd breviusculd, rectd, crassd: varicibus tri-
bus obliqtiiter spiram decurrentibus, d tergo tumulosis, fimbrid la-
queatd carinatis, ad caudam subspinosis: interstitiis tuberculo
magno costatis : aperturd parvd, ovali ; labio externa crenulato }
canali aperto.

Hab. ? Mus. Saul.

A much thicker shell than M. tripterus, Bom., and moreover having
the caudal canal spinose.

In that same year an illustration appeared in Sowerby's
Con-chological Illustrations as Figure 78. It is shown here as
Figure 1. The holotype is in the collections of the University
Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, England. The following note is based
on the holotype specimen received on loan from that institution
and illustrated in Figures 2a and 2b.

The holotype is white with a pinkish cast, its structural
characters well marked. The species was known only from the
type. Subsequent figures in three later 19th century
iconographies are all copies of the figure in the Conchological
Illustrations. The type locality is not known. Within the last
decade living specimens of this species have been collected at
Guam, Kwajalein, and the Hawaiian Islands (also Tahiti?). On the
basis of its known present distribution, it is apparently an
insular species in the western Pacific.

Fig. 1. Holotype of
M. laqueatus
from Sowerby.

Pterynotus laqueatus (Sowerby, 1841)

The following full description is based on a specimen in the San Diego Natural
History Museum received from Leo Kemczenski. He collected it off Orote Cliffs, Guam
in 90 feet among coral rubble. It is illustrated in Figures 3a and 3b. The radula
was extracted and mounted and is illustrated in Figure 4.

Description: The shell is 34 mm in height, broadly fusiform, with a high spire,

protoconch not preserved and with about 7 postnuclear whorls. The aperture is small,
ovate, with a crenulate outer lip within which there are 10 evenly sized denticles,
(the inner lip has a denticle posteriorly which matches the uppermost one in the
outer lip and the pair thus frame the anal trough); below the columellar denticle
there is a knobby swelling. The canal is moderately long, narrowly open, terminally
recurved with two old canal remnants on the siphonal fasciole.

Vol. XIII (7)

The Festivus

79.

Fig. 2a. M. taqueatuSj apertural view Fig. 2b. Dorsal view of same specimen,
of holotype. Length :30 mm,

V/idth'.19 mm.

Fig. 3a. Pterynotus laqueatus, apertural Fig. 3b. Dorsal view of same specimen,
view. Length: 34 mm, Width: 24 mm.

SDNHM 76510 Collector: Leo Kemczenski

^ 80.

The Festivus

There are 3 varices per |
whorl which extend outward into
flanges which are weakly re-
curved and terminally form 2
lobes. The flanges extend
from the suture above the shoul-
der to the base of the body
whorl. The spiral cords
develop strongly on the flange
surface; there are 2 such main
cords on the upper (posterior)
lobe and 3 cords on the lower
lobe; 3 lesser cords occur
above the shoulder, and 3 minor
cords in the area between the
lobes. On the canal there are
3 spines but with no connecting
web or flange, the more
prominent cords or spines are
subdivided by 2 grooves. There
is a large, knobby ridge between
varices and a lesser one at the
extreme side of the inter-
varical area contiguous to the
beginning of the flange. The
shell is weakly, scabrously
lamellate.

Shell color is overcast
with light pink shaded into
violet at the extremity of the
flange; a deeper orange-red
occurs on the canal and on the
periphery of the cords, and a
flush of orange on the spire.

Aperture is pale violet within,
a bright red is found between
the inner lip denticles and on
the columella.

This species with its rich diversity of color recalls Pterynotus martinetanwn
(Roding, 1798), another multicolored Pterynotus.

A juvenile specimen of P. taqueatus, SDNHM 76510 , also collected by Mr.
Kemczenski in Guam is shown in Figures 5a and 5b.

Fig. 4.

Radula of Pterynotus laqueatus from specimen
shown in Figures 3a and 3b.

Geographical range: In addition to its comparatively more frequent occurrence in

Guam, the species is said to occur in Kwajalein Island (Hawaiian Shell News 27(9). 7,
figure 3, collector D.J. MacDonald; for its occurrence in Hawaii, see Hawaiian Shell
News 28(10):!, 2 figures; for an additional record in Tahiti, see page 10 of the
preceding reference.

Vol. XIII (7)

The Festivus

81.

Fig. 5a. P. laqueatus y apertural view Fig. 5b. Dorsal view of same specimen,
of juvenile, SDNHM 76510
Length: 16 mm, Width: 10 mm.

Acknowledgment s

Dr. J. Bishop of the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, England very
kindly sent me the type on loan. All photographs are the work of Mr. David K.
Mulliner, Festivus staff photographer. Mrs. Carole M. Hertz contributed in discussion
of the text.

82.

The Festlvus

FORT KAM REVISITED. FEBRUARY 1981

BY

HUGH BRADNER and BOB SCHOENING

1867 Caminito Marzella
La Jolla, Ca. 92037

EPMU-6, Box 112

Pearl Harbor, Hawaii 96860

The entrance to Pearl Harbor off Fort Kamehameha has long been a favorite
shelling area, oftentimes with some very surprising finds. This is an excellent
location in which to look for shallow water Hawaiian cowries, including the much
desired Cypraea semiplota. Fort Kam is in the lee of the island, and even during
mild Kona winds visibility is often as much as ten feet during the incoming tide.

Acres of coral slab and turnable rock are marked by red, yellow, green, grey and black
sponge and other forms of marine life which include tube worms, brittle stars, and
annelid worms that are found in abundance. Other marine life found at Fort Kam is the
ever elusive lobster and many different types of crabs. Because of the location of
Fort Kam, it has long been a favorite place for people to come and collect edible
seaweed. In recent years the popularity of the place has been reduced by pollution
from Pearl Harbor (especially during ebb tide), rumors of hammerhead sharks, and
limited access past Hickam Air Base guards. The dangerous pollution has now been
almost entirely eliminated; the sharks are not really much of a hazard; and we could
pass the guards so we decided to skin dive in search of C. semiptota. We had shelled
here before with snorkle and SCUBA. SCUBA might be preferable because those little
black-mantled cowries are said to be most common at about 30 feet depth; visiblility
is poor and sharks seem more likely in the murky depths. When ships are passing
through the narrow channel, it sounds like a freight train is passing overhead.

We spent several hours looking for small, rounded, black, spongelike objects
(C. semiptota) associated with black sponge, but alas, no luck this time. The day
was not a loss though since the red sponge yielded several C. teves and one beautiful
C, ahinensiSf far more rare in shallow Hawaiian waters than C. semiptota. The
papillae of our C. ahinensis differed a little from the descriptions by Alison Kay
(1979) and Pat Burgess (1970). They were the same deep carmine color as the mantle
and had the same sparse tiny white bumps. An interesting observation was that some of
the papillae had a barely visible white spot at the extreme tip. The tentacles were
orange-carmine with a cream colored base and the eyes were a dark brown-black. Alison
Kay indicated (pers. comm.) that the C. ahinensis mantle is variable. She has a spe-
cimen similar to ours.

When we later put the cowries in a flat-bottomed dish, the C. ahinensis moved
with a world record speed of 5 to 7 mm/sec. ! Robert Schoening has observed, but not
clocked, even faster movement of C. aytindriaa in situ on Guam.

At Fort Kam there is a multitude of C. aaputserpentis . We also saw more than two
dozen C. hetvota^ and one C. poraria. In addition we collected a superb specimen of
C. sutaidentata (55 mm long), and a large C. sahitderonm. These species are not
common at snorkle depth in Hawaii. Although cowries were our goal, we collected the
following molluscs that appealed to us: Cymatium intermediuSj Gyvineum husittiariy

Mitra assimitis, Hydatina amptustve^ and Tevebra dimidiata. As Pat Burgess said,

" Fort Kam is one of the best shelling places in the whole Pacific basin."

Burgess, C.M. 1970. The living cowries. A.S. Barnes and Co., New York. 389 pp.

Kay, E. Alison. 1979. Hawaiian marine shells. Bishop Mus. Press. Honolulu., 653 pp.

Literature Cited

Vol. XIII (7)

The Festivus

83.

THE CULTURED ABALONE

BY

DAVID L. LEIGHTON

World Research, Inc. , Ocean Studies Institute Division,

11722 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, California 92121

This most interesting group of herbivorous prosobranchs, the Haliotidae,
comprised of about 100 species, exists throughout the world with some curious gaps in
distribution. Where large species occur, as along the coasts of Japan, Australia, New
Zealand, Africa, and the Pacific coast of North America, intensive fisheries have
developed. In most cases, as here in California and our neighboring Baja California,
heavy fishing pressures and/or loss of habitat by pollution and increased natural
predation, have resulted in marked declines in stocks. Thus the need to culture
abalone as "seed" to repopulate natural beds and to support cultivation of seafood
crops, has spurred the development of aquaculture for these mollusks in Japan and the
United States.

While abalone culture technology first began with the findings of Dr. Takashi Ino
and Dr. Takeo Imai in the 1950’ s, these Japanese efforts were largely unknown to us as
we undertook our research and development in the early 1960's. In 196A, Pacific
Mariculture succeeded in spawning and rearing juveniles of several California abalones
(Buzz Owen did his epochal study of hybridization in abalones there) , but that group
soon turned its attention to the more instantly remunerative culture of oyster spat.
California Marine Associates (a group I cofounded as a partnership) formed in 1967 to
tackle rearing the red abalone, Edtiotis rufesaens Swainson, to market size (3-5") in
shore-based tanks. Dividing time between construction of the facility and developing
the art of abalone culture, at the end of the first year we had successfully reared 60
quarter inch red abalone. Fortunately the next season we had perfected our methods
and hundreds grew to thousands. Growth of the red abalone is rather slow; roughly an
inch a year. Still, by the early 1970' s the large concrete rearing tanks held many
thousands of two to three inch abalone.

As our successes became known, others in California entered the field. In 1970-
1973, Monterey Abalone Farms, Pacific Ocean Farms, and Ab Lab were born. The
California Department of Fish and Game laboratory at Granite Canyon (Carmel) was opened
under the direction of Mr. Earl Ebert.

We soon found increasing costs of materials for tank and building construction,
and electrical power for our pumps and other equipment, were narrowing any anticipated
margins for profit. In an attempt to find less expensive methods for grow-out of
abalone from juvenile to adult, I began to explore in-sea habitat rearing. The off-
shore petroleum platform seemed ideal for this work. After approaching several oil
companies, Atlantlc-Richf ield agreed to allow use of its Platform Holly off Santa
Barbara for abalone culture research. While abalone grew well under these conditions,
weekly kelp feeding, maintenance, dive time, and fuel costs have made this approach
little better than on-shore practices.

Since 1975 I have been conducting studies in abalone culture and seeding methods
in the San Diego area, some under UC Sea Grant support, some as activities of Ocean
Studies Division, World Research, Inc., a non-profit research group here. In a paper
published in 1974 in which I examined the temperature dependence of early development
in southern California abalones, the green abalone, H. futgens Philippi, was shown to
be tolerant of amazingly high temperatures and to grow rapidly at 20o-28° C (68°-82°F) .
There I suggested this species might prove to be a choice candidate for culture using
thermal effluent in souther California.

84.

The Festivias

In 1978, the Southern California Edison Company accepted the challenge. My
group was provided the funds to conduct research on thermal effluent culture of the
green abalone at the SCE Redondo Beach fossil fuel electric power plant. We have
found the growth rate of juveniles reared in effluent at 24° - 28°C is almost double
that for groups in ambient seawater (14°-180C) . Temperatures greater than 28°C are
tolerated by green abalone (upper lethal, 31.5°C, LD50, 48 hr), but effluent seldom
exceeds that level. The hatchery producing seed is benefitted by more rapid growth
and shortened tujm-over for juvenile stock. We have gained an additional advantage:
brood stock are maintained in gravid condition and larvae can be obtained throughout
the year. Our culture regime has required we induce spawning in brood stock each two
weeks. Individuals are spawned one each six months. In 1980, approximately 9,000
one-inch green abalone produced as a consequence of our research were donated by SCE
to the California Department of Fish and Game for planting offshore in its Abalone
Resource Enhancement Program. This year our program with SCE will produce over
20,000 young green abalone.

A second contract between World Research and SCE is producing red and pinkj
Ih. aorrugata. Gray) abalones for an aritifical reef recently constructed by SCE and
managed by the CF&G south of San Onofre. We hope to have about 30,000 seed abalone
of these species ready for planting on that reef by early fall.

Interbreeding of California abalones was first reported by Owen, McLean, and
Meyer (1971). Hybrids are frequently found in nature and are easily produced arti-
ficially. While it was concluded by Owen et al. that the black abalone, H.
arachevodi Leach is genetically too distinct to cross, I successfully hybridized black
and green abalones in 1977. John McMullen (Ab Lab) shortly thereafter announced
production of black-pinks! In current research at the Scripps Institution of
Oceanography funded by UC-Sea Grant, Drs. Victor Vacquier, Cindy Lewis and I are
examining the chemical and physical nature of sperm-egg interactions in con- and
heterospecific combinations. Larvae succeding from viable crosses are being reared
through juvenile and young adult stages to compare their characteristics with parental
forms and to confirm fertility of specific hybrids. We have produced some hybrids
which are noteworthy for their good growth and relatively high survival rates (e.g.,
the red-greens and red-pinks). Especially beautiful is the combination of red and
white {E. sovenseni Bartsch) .

The cultured abalone often appears quite different in shell coloration compared
to specimens from nature. Shell color is governed by pigments, chiefly phycobilins,
derived from red and blue-green algae in the diet. In the laboratory or hatchery we
generally provide diets of benthic diatoms, green and brown algae, which lack these
pigments. Shell color is usually white or green. Alternating diets results in color
banding in shells. Our hatchery stock, when released and recaptured in field studies,
are easily distinguished from natural recruits.

Abalone culture is becoming a major endeavor in Japan. In this country production
costs now seem to snag aquaculture (in spite of the high price paid for abalone steaks).
It is hoped that more efficient hatchery production of seed stock, genetic improvement
through selection for rapid growth and hybrid development, and perfection of new
methods to rear abalone in the sea, will lead to productive abalone aquaculture in
this country.

Literature Cited

Leighton, David L. 1974. The influence of temperature on larval and juvenile growth
in three species of southern California abalones. U.S. Nat. Marine Fisheries
Services, Fish Bull. 72 (4) : 1137-1145 .

Owen, B., J.H. McLean, and R.J. Meyer. 1971. Hybridization in the eastern Pacific
abalones {Haliotis) . Bull. LACM(NH) Sci(9) , 37pp., 21 figs.

Vol. XIII (7)

The Festlvus

85.

BOOK REVIEW

BY

FORREST POORMAN

15300 Magnolia Street, Sp. 55, Westminister, California 92683

NATURAL HISTORY OF BAJA CALIFORNIA

By Miguel del Barco, S.J. ^ ^

Translated from the Spanish by Froylan Tiscareno
Baja California Travel Series //45

Published by Dawson Book Shop, Los Angeles, Ca. , 1980
298 pages, 16 black and white plates
Cost: $50.00.

In this hard back volume, the translator and publisher have made available for
the interested person and for the researcher both the flora and the fauna of penin-
sular California. This was no easy task for the translator of the Jesuit Miguel del
Barco. The narrative is divided into eleven chapters each treating a segment of the
natural history of Baja California from "The Wild Animals" in chapter one to
"Concerning Minerals, Salt Pans, and Rocks" in chapter eleven. Chapter nine is "About
Fishes" and Chapter ten is entitled "About Testaceans (including Mollusks, Crustaceans,
and Chelonians) . "

Barco *s position that the sea is a natural resource of the peninsula led to an
unusual wealth of information in his description of the Fishes and Testaceans of the
Pacific and of the Gulf of California. He treated these with thoroughness in spite
of the meager information available in the 18th century. The description of early
pearl fishing is one of the most detailed account known today. In the chapter on
mollusks he discusses Conchas azules (abalone) , Conchas de perlas (pearl shells),

Hacha (fan shell). Burro (jewel box clam), and Purpura (purple dye shell). There is
also a discussion of shells and the emersion of California. These chapters are
illustrated by five black and white drawings by Father Ignacio Tirsch and by Homer
Aschmann. There are two types of illustrations, one contemporary and the other very
old originals not from this book. This book was not illustrated in its original form.

The value of the narrative is enriched by the inclusion of many footnotes which
accompany the translation and illustration of Father Barco ’s manuscript.

NEW MEMBERS

Kenk, Vida, 18596 Paseo Pueblo, Saratoga, Ca. 95070

Kittsmiller, Don, 3320 Marlborough Ave. , San Diego, Ca. 92105, 584-8692
St. Jean, Kate, P.O. Box 2356, Carmel, Ca. 93921
CHANGE OF ADDRESS

Steward, Orville M. , P.O. Box 33, Plymouth, Vermont 05056

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUI

A i' t 6> f

ai.«rlcan ? useUa* >ati hietory
Central Park West h. 79 tb St,
New York, &ew Tork 10024

, i Hi I

Z lESTIVUS

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968

MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.
please PRINT NAME LEGIP' CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK

President Carol Burchard

Vice President Ron H. McPeak

Rec. Secretary Martin Schuler

Corres. Secretary Marjorie Bradner

Treasurer Walter Robertson

Editor Carole M. Hertz

ANNUAL DUES; Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $4.00;

Family membership: $5.00; Student membership: $3.00; Overseas
surface: $6.00.

CLUB ADDRESS: Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club, Inc.

c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111

VOL. XIII

AUGUST 1981

NO. 8

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*

* PROGRAM: Dr. Wheeler North will discuss "The Ecology of the Kelp Forest."

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

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Date :

His presentation will be illustrated with his slides,
Slides of the 1981 WSM conference will be shown.
August 20, 1981 Time: 7:30 P.M.

Room 104

SAVE THE DATE:

The Club's annual September party will be on September 26
at the home of Jeanne and Don Pisor. Details at the meeting.

CONTENTS

A report on the faunal study of the Gemmell collection from San Felipe,
Baja California, Mexico, from 1965 to 1976.

GEMMELL, JOYCE, BARBARA W. MYERS, CAROLE M. HERTZ

Book review Guide to the Nudibranchs of California Including most
species found from Alaska to Oregon

ROBILLIARD, GORDON A

One dive: November 2, 1980

EVANS, ROGER A

Club news

87

94

96

97

7

t}

Of- X- * >!•>««- >i- X- >!■)!• >i- X- X- X- :

87.

The Festivus

A REPORT ON THE FAUNAL STUDY OF THE GEfflELL COLLECTION
FROM SAN FELIPE. BAJA CALIFORNIA. MEXICO. FROM 1965 TO 1976*

BY

JOYCE GEMMELL, BARBARA W. MYERS, CAROLE M. HERTZ

Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park,
P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

This is a report on the origin of the Gemmell collection and the work now in
progress at the San Diego Natural History Museum on this lot of shells primarily
from the San Felipe area. The lot also includes some material from fifty miles south
of San Felipe at Puertecitos and one hundred miles south at San Luis Gonzaga.

The collection was made by the senior author over a period of more than ten
years residence in San Felipe. As a novice collector, Joyce was introduced to Dr.

A. Myra Keen’s SEA SHELLS OF TROPICAL WEST AMERICA (1958) by Mary Ricaud of Guaymas,
Sonora. Mexico . This opened a new direction to her collecting and she realized that
the most important part of her collection would probably be the field notes she could
keep about this unique area.

Her study collection grew. Uncleaned shells were kept in alcohol, egg cases and
various symbiotic organisms were preserved, and cleaned shell specimens were catalogued
in a cabinet. Over the years visitors and friends donated gifts of books, supplies,
and shell exchanges. One such gift, a complete 20 gallon aquarium setup, became a
focal point for observing breeding, egg laying and larval development in several
families of mollusks.

The continuous daily activity of normal living in San Felipe became a pattern
fixed by the calendar and the tides. The three months from the end of November to
the end of February were generally windy and cold and a good time to look for deep
water bivalves scoured from the sand and mud bottom. The minus tides were after dark
and the wind direction from the north. The next three months, March through May, were
gradually warming with an occasional wind storm and the minus tides in the daylight
hours. At this time there was an increase in sea life; breeding of mollusks, fish,
and arthropods could be observed and egg capsules of squid and octopus seemed to be
everywhere. Populations of mollusks at certain beaches congregated year after year
on the same rocks and the same sand bars. The next four months, June through September,
became progressively hotter with the humidity rising and the prevailing wind now from
the south. The intertidal water temperature was now in the 80° range. There were
very few mollusks and it was much too hot to be out in the sun for long. The first
of October to the end of November was a transition time since air and water tempera-
tures lowered and the low tides were again at night. Collecting was by lantern and
Laev'Ccavdi-um etatum \Sowerby, 1833) were popping from the sand bars.

In 1976, on her return to California to live, the future placement of this col-
lection became a matter of some concern. Believing that the collection was of con-
siderable value as a well documented collection gathered over a ten year period from
a limited geographic area, s/he hoped that it would be the basis for an annotated list
of molluscan species from the San Felipe area.

* as presented at the WSM — 1981 conference in San Diego, California.

Vol. XIII (8)

The Festivus

88.

At the instigation of Carole Hertz, plans were made to again organize the
collection (which was still in packing boxes) and invite Barbara Myers to work with
us in preparing the list of species. Dr. Hans Bertsch, then Curator of Marine
Invertebrates at the San Diego Natural History Museum, graciously offered space in the
department to house the collection as an entity during the period of time needed to
work on the list and made the facilities of the department available to us.

We started our research with the bivalves because, in our innocence, we believed
that they were easier. We had planned to publish a list of species within a short
period of time. Fortunately we were sidetracked into preparing a short, minor article
for The Festivus on seastar predation on the mollusks in the San Felipe area. This
minor, short article ran over thirty pages and took almost a year to complete. Working
on it, we lost our innocence.

Under the guidance of Anthony D'Attilio, Acting Curator of the department, the
original project grew in scope as did our understanding of proper research. We are
still working on the bivalves. We started over, this time taking copious notes on
each species we study. We had learned how easy it is to forget. We ran into problem
after problem and often thought we were rewriting scientific history. Many of our
troubles were the result of our own ignorance and more than a few were caused by
matters such as obscure reference material, scanty original descriptions and con-
flicting conclusions in scientific discussions. This made necessary, in many in-
stances, taxonomic revisions of some species.

We would like to share a bit of our agonies with you. As an example, let us
look at a lucinid species...

In checking the origi-
nal references for the
lucinid species DivaZinga
ebumea Reeve, 1850, formerly
listed as Di-variceZlaj Keen
(1971) stated that the genus
DivaZZYiga Chavan, 1951 has
the margin denticulate.
Referring to Reeve we found
that in the discussion fol-
lowing the original descrip-
tion he stated, "not denti-
culated at the margin." Our
specimens, which are denti-
culate on the inner ventral
margin, appear to follow
Keen's description. See

D'valinga fBuRNEA

Fig.

X8

1. Interior of valves of D. ebumea
Lot G389* Location: San Felipe.

Figure 1. It wasn't until we read Reeve's entire section on the divaricate luclnids
that we realized that he was referring to denticulations on the posterior dorsal
margin. He never mentioned the ventral margin at all. These denticulations are
actually extensions of the exterior ribbing. We did have BivaZinga ebumea after all.

In 1880, Von Martens named the genus B'tvar'ioeZZa. It had been the accepted
generic classification for all the divaricate lucinds until 1951 when Chavan, be-
lieving that the divaricate lucinids may have evolved from different ancestors, placed
the two species ebumea and dentata in two different genera. Figure 2 shows a valve
of ebum.ca on the left and dentata on the right. He placed ebumea in his newly
created genus D'ivaZ'inga and dentata was left in Von Martens genus DivaTiaeZZa.

Figure 3 shows the details of sculpture in D. dentata. When Chavan, in 1969, prepared
the section on the Lucinacea for the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, he placed
all the divaricate lucinids under one subfamily Divaricellinae Clibert, 1967, which

* C numbers refer to the Cemmell collection housed in the SDNHM at this time.

89.

seems to contradict his
theory of disparate ancestry
of these lucinids.

In studying specimens
of DivariaeZla dentata (Wood,
1815) and Bivdlinga ehumea
we found that the differences
were only specific in nature.
Small specimens of dentata
when compared with ehumea
were almost inseparable.

See Figure 4. The posterior
dorsal denticulation was no
more developed in dentata
than in ehumea. See Figures
1 and 3. A reduced posterior
lateral tooth appears in
D. dentata. There is no
anterior lateral tooth. In
ehumea there are very re-
duced anterior and posterior
lateral teeth.

Bretsky in 1976 stated
that she believes the dif-
ferences between DivaZinga
and DivartceZZa are no more
than subgeneric differences.
We have taken a conservative
approach and consider the
two species ehumea and
dentata to be within the
range of variability of
Di-vanZceZZa thus restoring
ehumea to the genus
DivariceZZa.

Oftentimes one of the
bivalves we are studying
superficially resembles
another, even a species in
a different family. This
happened with juvenile
specimens of SoZecavdZa
ehumea Conrad, 1849 in the
Leptonidae and CymatZoa
eZectZZZs Berry, 1963 in
the Galeommatldae . These
two species are illustrated
in Figure 5. In addition
to their similar size, valve
shape, and the presence of
minute punctations
exteriorly, the basal mar-
gins of both species show

The Festivus

Fig. 2. D. ehumea (left) and D. dentata (right)
Lot: G-389; 18.5 mm L. SDNHM 31656; 20 mm L.

In drift, San Luis Gonzaga Lake Worth, Florida

Fig. 3. Detail of sculpture and hinge in D. dentata.
SDNHM 746; West Indies

Fig. 4. Exterior of juvenile specimens of
D. dentata (left) and D. ehumea (right)
G-389; 13 mm L. SDNHM 12215; 15 mm L.

Vol. XIII (8)

The Festlvus

90.

weak crenulations. Both species
have a shiny surface and are
white in color. It wasn't until
we studied the hinge under a
good microscope that we realized
the specimens were not Cymatioa
eleotilis as previously identi-
fied. The hinge in these two
genera are obviously different
when seen under a microscope.

See Figures 6 and 7 for details
of the hinge in Cyrnatioa
eleotilis and Solecardia
ebuvnea. The hinge plate, in
these 11 to 26 mm specimens,
is so small that proper iden-
tification would be almost
impossible without magni-
fication.

Fig. 5. SoZeoard'la ebuvnea (left) and Cymatioa eleotitis
Lot: G-395A; 17.5 mm L. Myers Coll.; 15 mm L.

6 mi. S. of Sulphur Mine, Hood Is., Galapagos Is

San Felipe, B.C. Mexico

(S595

Details of the interior
of Cymatioa eleotitis.

Fig. 6.

91.

The Festivus

We found two t^'oblems relating to the species Lima orhignyi Lamy, 1930. The first
refers to the placement by Keen (1971) of the two similar appearing Lima species
hemphitti Hertlein and Strong, 1946 and orbigyni into two different subgenera. The
second problem dealt with our unders*" rnding of the existing generic and subgeneric
classification in Limidae, particular. ' the two subgenera of Lima s.s., Submanteltum
Olsson and Harbison, 1953 and Limaria i 'nk, 1807.

L. orbignyi has been found alive ii. San Felipe between and under rocks attached
by byssus threads in the form of a nest and also found free swimming (pers. obs.
Gemmell). L hemphitti is also a free swimmer (pers. obs. Hertz & Myers). Macginitie
and Macginitie (1968) note in detail its nest building. On the basis of shell charac-
teristics such as similar size, sculpture, and life style the two species appear to
belong to the same subgenus.

While the differences in gape between L. hemphitti and L. ovbignyi are suf-
ficient for species identification, they don’t appear to merit separate subgeneric
classification. Figure 8 illustrates the two views of L. hemphitti. Figure 9 shows
two views of L. orbignyi. In Keen (1971) the species L hemphitti was placed in the

Fig. 8. Two views of L. hemphitti (X8) illustrating the gape.

Fig. 9. Two views of L. orbignyi (X8) illustrating the gape.

subgenus Submantettum Olsson and Harbison, 1953, while L. orbignyi was placed in the
subgenus Limaria Link, 1807. Olsson and Harbison named Submantettwn as a section (a
concept no longer used) under Limaria with L. orbignyi as type, distinguishing this
"section" from Limaria a.s "similar in shell form and sculpture to Limaria but with
the valves closed or nearly so on all sides."

After many hours of researching the subgeneric classifications under L^ma s.s.
and the confused taxonomic history of Limaria, we were relieved to find in H. Vokes ^
(1973) an explanation and solution. He raised Limaria, the earliest name, to generic
rank and placed Submantettim in the synonymy.

Vol. XIII (8)

The Festivus

92.

Lima s.s. as represented in
the~Gulf by L. tetrioa Gould,
1851, is a much heavier shell,
highly scabrous with strong
ribbing, less inflated, and
attains a much larger size than
Limaria. In our opinion the
species orbignyi belongs in the
genus Limaria. Figure 10 con-
trasts a specimen of Lima
tetrioa (on the left) with
Limaria orbignyi (on the right).

These are only three of
the detailed problems. We have
now completed work on seventy
species, approximately half of
the bivalve species which make
up the collection from San
Felipe. We still hope to pub-
lish the information on the
bivalve mollusks from this area
and then move on to the study
of the gastropods from this
same location.

We are taking our vitamins
every day. It will be a long
haul .

•' * * [■‘"r - ..¥;V -

Fig. 10. Lima tetrioa (left) and Limaria orbignyi

Lot: SDNHM 27039; 20 mm L.

Espititu Santo Is.,

Gulf of California, Mexico

Acknowledgments

G-329; 18.5 mm L.

San Felipe Point,

San Felipe, B.C., Mex.
alive, between and
under rocks

We are indebted to David K. Mulliner, restivus staff photographer, for the fine
pictures of these small specimens and to Judith Dyer and Mildred H. Meeder, librarians
at the San Diego Natural History Museum, for their efforts in obtaining reference
material. Our gratitude is extended to Anthony D'Attilio for his continued assistance
and for reading the paper.

Literature Cited

Berry, S. Stillman

1963. Notices of new eastern Pacific Mollusca - V. Leaf, in Malac. 1 (23) : 139-146 .
Bretsky, Sara S.

1976. Evolution and classification of the Lucinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia),
Palaeontographica Americana 8 (50) : 219-337 , pis. 25-36.

Chavan , Andre

1951. Essai critique de classification des DivarioeVta. Bull. Inst. Royal des
Sci. Nat. de Belgique (Brussels) 27(18) :l-27, 27 figs.

1969. In Treatise on Invert. Paleo., R.C. Moore, ed. Moll. 6 - Bivalvia
Pt. N, Vol. 2:491-518.

Conrad, T.A.

1849. The following new and interesting shells are from the coasts of Lower
California and Peru and were presented to the Academy by Dr. Thomas B.
Wilson. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. 4:155-156.

Gilbert, Maxime and Luc van de Poel

1967. Les Bivalvia fossiles du Cenozoique etranger des collections de I'Institut
Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique... Inst. Royal Sci. Nat.

Belgique Mem. Ser. 2(183), 160 pp.

Gould, A. Addison

1851. Descriptions of a number of California shells collected by Major William
Rich and Lt. Thomas P. Green. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 4:87-93.

93.

The Festivus

Hertlein, Leo George and A.M. Strong

1946. Eastern Pacific expeditions of the New York Zoological Society. XXXIV.
Mollusks from the west coast of Mexico and Central America. Pt. III.
Reprinted from Zoologica. Sci. Contrib. N.Y. Zool. Soc. 31(2):53-76. 1 pi.
Keen, A. Myra

1958. Sea shells of tropical West America. Stanford Univ. Pres. 624 pp. 1700 figs
1971. Sea shells of tropical West America. 2nd. ed. Stanford Univ. Press.

1064 pp. ca. 4000 text figs., 22 pis.

Lamy , Edouard

1930. Revision des Limidae vivants du Museum national d'histoire naturelle de
Paris. Journ. de Conchyl. 74 (3) : 169-198 .

Link, Heinrich Friedrich.

1807. Beschreibung der Naturalien-Sammlung der Universitat zu Rostock. 157 pp.
Macginitie, G.F. and Nettie Macginitie

1968. Natural history of marine animals. 2nd ed. McGraw Hill. 523 pp.

Martens, E. Von

1880. Beitrage zur Meeresfauna der Insel Mauritius and der Seychellen Mollusken.
352 pp. , 22 pis. (not seen).

Olsson, Axel A., Anne Harbison, et al.

1953. Pliocene Mollusca of southern Florida with special reference to those

from North Saint Petersburg. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Monog. 8, 457 pp. 65 pi
Reeve, Lovell A.

1850. Conchologia Iconica. Vol. 6. Luo^na. 68 sp. pis. 1-11.

Vokes, Harold. „ c i in

1973. Fauna of the Chipola Formation - XIII. Tulane Studies in Geol.& Paleo. 10

(2):91-96. 1 pi.

NEW MEMBER

Bennett, Sally. 514 West Rose Lane, Phoenix, Arizona 85013
CHANGES OF ADDRESS

Brosius, Rev. & Mrs. George R. , 1350 Loring Street, San Diego, California 92109
Keeler, James H. , 4011 Birch Haven, Kingwood, Texas 77339

Vol. XIII (8)

The Festivus

94.

BOOK REVIEW

BY

GORDON A. ROBILLIARD

Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Three Embarcadero Center, Suite 700,

San Francisco, California 94111

GUIDE TO THE NUDIBRANCHS OF CALIFORNIA Including most species found from

Alaska to Oregon.

By Gary R. McDonald and James W. Nybakken. 1980.

Published by American Malacologists , Box 2255, Melbourne, Florida.

Price: $13.50.

Despite the publisher's hype on the back cover, this book is not likely
to become the "Bible" on California nudibranchs for tidepool and scuba biologists.
McDonald and Nybakken are more modest (and more realistic). In the preface, they say
they "...hope this guide will stimulate further research on nudibranchs." and "...
permit interested individuals not only to identify the animals, but also to learn
something about their biology." I believe they have largely succeeded in the latter
objective; only time will tell how well they succeed with the former objective.

The dichotomous key to species is the focus of this guide. For identifying
specimens that are live and are large juveniles or adults, the key supplemented by
the color illustrations are reasonably good. The couplets are generally parallel
3 (2) With extra-rhinophoral appendages (Figure 1) : branchial
plumes 3 ... 4

3 Without extra-rhinophoral appendages; branchial plumes usually
more than 3 ... 6

One can compare the features and make an either-or decision. The major failing of
most keys is that the couplets are not parallel. (For example, in the case above,
the number of branchial plumes might not be mentioned in 3 (2) and instead "eyes pink"
might be characteristic). Only when one reaches the couplet that identifies a par-
ticular species is the parallelism lost. However, the extra or non-parallel infor-
mation provides detail to allow one to confirm that the specimen in hand does fit all
(or most of) the key characteristics for the species named in the key.

The glossary and particularly Figures 1-28 are useful even to the professional
biologist in understanding the key.

However, the color Illustrations are the main support for the key and, one
suspects, one of the main reasons the guide was prepared and published. The color,
crispness and overall quality of the pictures of Di-vona aZbot'tneata and AntiopeZZa
havhavensi-s on the front cover give the reader high expectations for this guide. Un-
fortunately, these expectations are only partially borne out. About 35% of the color
illustrations are marginal to poor quality, while less than 25% are generally good to
excellent. Numerous individual illustrations appear to be out of focus, and, in some
cases, a whole page of illustrations appears this way (eg. Plates 33-40). Only Plate
87 is on a confusing background-the reader's challenge is to find the nudibranch! -
and this was a borrowed slide. In a number of cases, the color reproduction is poor
and color of the species appears much more washed out than it is in reality or probably
even in the original slide. This is especially disconcerting because McDonald and

95.

The Festivus

Nybakken state correctly that diverse and spectacular colors and color patterns
account for much of the enthusiastic interest in nudibranchs; yet one begins to lose
enthusiasm when reviewing these illustrations.

There are a few minor editorial problems in the guide. For example, "gill's" are
first mentioned on page 7, but are shown in the referenced figures as "branchial
plumes." That they are the same is not identified until the following page or in the
Glossary. The "dorsum" is described in the text, but not identified in a figure.

Under locomotion (page 11) there is no mention of swimming though several species
listed in the guide do swim well and often (eg. MeZibe teoninaj Dendronotus iris^
Tritonia diomedea and Civnanotus beaumonti) .

Plate 64 is Dendronotus diver siaoZor (as is plate 65) not D. aZbus. These
species were both described or redescribed by me (Robilliard, 1970). However, one -
should admit the possibility of making a taxonomic error and I may have done that in
the 1970 paper. Based on a preliminary review of specimens and data obtained since I
published the 1970 paper I believe that the species originally described by MacFarland
(1966) as Dendronotus aZbus may be the same as what I described as D. diversicoZor
and therefore D. diver sicoZor would be an invalid name. There are definitly two
major color morphs of this species (as I described) and it is widely distributed (at
least from Vancouver Island to San Diego). The species I "re-described" as D. aZbus
based largely on MacFarland 's description and few specimens may, in fact, be the new
species and, if so, should be properly named. Its distribution appears to be more
limited so far, e.g.. Washington and British Columbia. Verifying and, if necessary,
correcting this taxonomic confusion is in progress, albeit slowly.

The Dendronotus iris shown in Plate 66 is not the typical gray color morph, but
is very similar to that described for D. nanus by Marcus and Marcus (1967). I noted
that these color and color pattern similarities as well as morphological similarities
existed and that there was a good chance that D. nanus from the Gulf of California
was simply a small D. iris (Robilliard, 1972). The illustration in McDonald and
Nybakken supports that notion.

Though the latter part of this review was not planned or intended when I began
writing the review, it serves as one data point that McDonald and Nybakken were able
to "...stimulate [albeit to a limited extent] further research on nudibranchs."

I recommend the guide to those interested in identifying nudibranchs. It is also
a useful guide to nudibranch biology as long as the reader recognized that the guide
is not (and does not pretend to be) the last or even necessarily the correct word. I
recommend it with reservation to those who seek a collection of high quality color
illustrations of the sea's most colorful invertebrates.

Literature Cited

MacFarland, F.M.

1966. Studies on Opisthobranchiate mollusks of the Pacific coast of North
America. Mem. Cal. Acad. Sci. 6:1-546.

Marcus, E. and E. Marcus.

1967. Oplsthobranchs from the Gulf of California. Part II. Stud. Trop. Oceanogr.
Inst. Mar. Sci. Univ. Miami, 6:141-248.

Robilliard, G.A.

1970. The systematics and some aspects of the ecology of the genus Dendronotus
(Gastropoda: Nudibranchla) . Veliger 24 (4) :433-479.

1972. A new species of Dendronotus from the northeastern Pacific with notes on
Dendronotus nanus and Dendronotus robustus (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) .
Can. J. Zool. 50:421-432.

Vol. XIII (8)

The Festivus

96.

ONE DIVE: NOVEMBER 2. 1980

BY

ROGER A. EVANS

1900 Camino de la Costa #1, Redondo Beach, California

The waters off the Palos Verdes Peninsula in southern California offer a num-
ber of different dive sites and each dive site is represented by its own character-
istic molluscan species.

On November 2, 1980, I completed a scuba dive off the Palos Verdes Peninsula
approximately one half mile north of Point Vicente (Figure 1). Despite a growing swell
and generally unstable surface conditions, the water visibility was over 20 feet. This
area has a large reef,
which extends to about
100 meters offshore and
runs perpendicular to the
coast. The base of the
reef is nestled in sand
and has a maximum depth
of 50 feet, while rising
in places to within 20
feet of the surface.

My collecting
efforts v;ere concentrated
on the north side of the
reef over a sandy bottom,
contoured by wave-like
crests and troughs, at a
depth of 50 feet. Only
two months prior to this
dive, the crests and
troughs had been covered
with a thin layer of
algae, a stagnant con-
dition resulting in poor
collecting. However,

on this dive, I found the sand free of algae from recent wave activity which had re-
distributed the sand troughs and uncovered a considerable supply of dead shells.

The following species were collected on the sand as dead shells in 50 feet of
water and represent a good dive at this particular location. The measurements given
represent the greatest dimension of the various species collected, be it height, width,
or length. I would like to give credit to my diving partner, Kevin May, for
discovering this collecting area.

Fig. 1. Palos Verdes Peninsula neat Point Vicente.

NUMBER COLLECTED SPECIES

SIZE

1 Diodora aspera (Rathke, 1833) 15 mm

1 Diodova avnotd.i McLean, 1966 13.5 mm

2 Megathura orenulata (Sowerby, 1825) 15 mm

1 F'issv'PeZZa voZoano Reeve, 1849 16 mm

] Acmaea mitra Rathke, 1833 24 mm

1 Notoaomaea insessa (Hinds, 1842) 13 mm

1 CaZZn^ostoma canaZ'iouZatv.m (Light-foot, 1786) 11 mm

97 . The Festivus

4

Calliostoma gloriosum Dali, 1871

23 mm

2

Callio stoma ligatwn (Gould, 1849)

16 mm

10

Calliostoma supragranoswn Carpenter, 1864

10 mm

5

Calliostoma tricolor Gabb, 1865

11 mm

1

Nitidiscala tinata (.Cavpenter ^ 1865)

9 mm

1

Hipponix antiquatus (Linnaeus, 1767)

24 mm

7

Hipponix tumens Carpenter, 1864

16 mm

8

Crepidula onyx Sowerby, 1824

35 mm

3

Crepipatella lingulata (Gould, 1846)

20 mm

1

Polinices draoonis (Dali, 1903)

62 mm

2

Erato vitellina Hinds, 1844

12 mm

27

Pusula oalifomiana (Gray, 1827)

11 . 7 mm

4

Pusula padreserrai Cate, 1979

20 mm

2

Cypraea spadioea Swainson, 1823 (juveniles)

22 mm

2

Sirmia vidleri (Sowerby, 1881)

22.5 mm

4

Amphissa versicolor Dali, 1871

14 . 5 mm

2

Nassarius perpinguis (Hinds, 1844)

14 . 5 mm

1

Olivella haetica Carpenter, 1864

19 mm

5

Olivella biplicata (Sowerby, 1825)

26 mm

4

Conus calif omicus Reeve, 1844

20 mm

1

Acteocina culcitella (Gould, 1853)

15.5 mm

2

Haminoea virescens (Sowerby, 1833)

12 mm

FROM THE MINUTES

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB MEETING: 15 SEPTEMBER 1981

BY

MARTIN SCHULER

President Carol Burchard called the meeting to order at 7:40 P.M. Guests and
new members were introduced and Ron McPeak introduced the evening’s speaker, Janice
Sibley. She spoke on molluscan behavior in an experimental tidepool. She designed
and built the tidepool which is at Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute. She is
currently using the tidepool to study the homing behavior of several species of limpets
The talk was illustrated with home (lab) movies as well as slides. We all watched
in awe and amazement her films showing the larger Lotti-a gigantea attack and dis-
place the smaller limpets in the pool.

After the break, in which we enjoyed homemade ice cream prepared by John Sage,
Carol announced that the WSM slides would be shown next month. Carole Hertz asked
for articles for The Festivus and requested the donation of another filing cabinet
to house back issues of The Festivus. Botanical Garden Rep. Margaret Mulliner reported
the success of the plant sale and announced the various plant shows planned for
July and August.

The amendment to the Club's Bylaws proposed at the June meeting was approved by
a vote of the membership. The amendment reads as follows.

The Editor of the San Diego Shell Club publication. The Festivus, shall be a

non-voting member of the Executive Board and shall have an Indefinite term of

office.

The meeting was adjourned at 9:10 P.M.

Ol

THE

ANNUAL DUES;

CLUB ADDRESS

FESTI7HS

PLEASE PRINT NAME LEGIBLY
AND MARK * IF URGENTLY

SAN DIEGO SHECrOLUB

FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968

MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.

ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK

President Carol Burchard

Vice President Ron H. McPeak

Rec. Secretary Martin Schuler

Corres. Secretary Marjorie Bradner

Treasurer Walter Robertson

Editor Carole M. Hertz

Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $4.00;
Family membership: $5.00; Student membership: $3.00; Overseas
surface: $6.00.

Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club, Inc.
c/o 3883 Mt . Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111

VOL. XIII

SEPTEMBER 1981

NO. 9

•kit *********************************************************************

*

*

*

* SEE YOU AT THE SEPTEMBER PARTY [ [

■k

*

*

*

*

(There is no regular meeting this month)

*DATE: September 26, 1981

TIME: 6:00 P.M. -?

PLACE: The Pisor's home

*For details and directions, see map on last page of this issue.

•k

**************************************************************************************

CONTENTS

Comments on Aomaea fun'iou'iata (Carpenter, 1864)

MYERS, BARBARA W. and MARGARET M. MULLINER 99

Cotuhraria xavieri Campbell, 1961 (Gastropoda: Cymatiacea), the second known
specimen?

POORMAN, FORREST L. and LEROY H. POORMAN 102

Book review: The Family Buccinidae Part 1: The Genera Nassaria^ Trajana
and Neoteron.

D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY 103

The radula of Neoteron artel (Pilsbi^ (Gastropoda: Buccinidae)

D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY f 104

In Memoriam: Crawford Neill Cate 105

Club news CC.D .1. o.-.QOi 106

Map on last page for detaching,

•••SE'Pi'8-r98V--

■ 1^«» « I* •

a- «•>!•>!->!•>!•>!•»- X- *

99.

The Festivus

COMMENTS ON ACMAEA

BARBARA W. MYERS

Department of Marine Invertebrates
San Diego Natural History Museum,
P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California

FUNICULATA (CARPENTER. 1864)

BY

MARGARET M. MULLINER

5383 Vickei Drive
San Diego, California

Saurr-ia ?var. funiautata Carpenter, 1864. Rept. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. for 1863, p. 650.
Saurria (?) funioulata Cpr. (?) n.s. State Collection No. 466d. Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat.

Sci. vol. 3, 1865, p. 214.

Savcrvia (? var.) funioulata Carpenter, 1866. Amer. Journ. Conch, vol. 2. p. 347.

Aamaea funioulata (Carpenter, 1864). Hanna and Smith (1931). Nautilus 45(1) :24, pi. 2,
figs. 1-4.

A single specimen of Aomaea
funioulata (Carpenter, 1864) was found in
grunge collected by David K. Mulliner off
Bird Rock, La Jolla, California, on
February 2, 1975 at a depth of 90 feet.

Figure 1 shows a photograph of this spe-
cimen and Figure 2 is a drawing of the
profile of the same shell. This specimen
measured 8mm L x 6mm W x 4mm A and is
retained in the Mulliner collection.

Three smaller specimens have been found
in grunge collected at a depth of 70 to
90 feet by John D. Myers off Pt. Loma,

San Diego, California in November 1979
and November 1980 and range in size from
3mm to 6mm in length. They are retained
in the Myers collection.

In identifying these specimens, we
found it necessary to study the pertinent
literature. The taxonomic history of the
species is rather interesting and the
following is a review of our findings.

The species was first named by
Carpenter in 1864 as" Sourria ? var.
funioulata" a variety of Sourria mitra
Eschscholtz, 1830, now Aomaea mitra.

Figure 3 shows a profile view of A. Aomaea funioulata (Carpenter, 1864)

mttra. Carpenter s description was
terse, "with rounded riblets somewhat

nodulose." The habitat was listed as "Monterey, 6 dredged dead. Cooper." In 1865
Carpenter seemed convinced that A. funioulata was distinct. He published a more
complete description under the title "Sourria (?) funioulata., Cpr. (?) n.s. State
collection #466d." The next year, 1866, he published essentially the same description
under the name "Sourria(l var.) funioulata" which seemed again to place funioulata
as a variety of mitra. However, his remarks following the description indicate that
he had only one specimen that was different enough to be distinct and this was sent

100.

Vol. XIII(9)

The Festivus

to the Smithsonian
Institution TOSNM catalog
#14799).

Hanna and Smith (1931)
studied the soft parts and
radulae of specimens of
A. mitra funioulata from
Catalina Island, California
and found differences in
the radula that separate
A. mitra funioulata and
A. mitra s.s. and confirm
that this "variety” is a
distinct species.

The first figure of
A. funioulata was a
plesiotype from the
California Academy of
Sciences, collected at
Monterey, California,

(Hanna and Smith, 1931).

Plate 17, figs 24, 25 of
Palmer (1958:123 is shown
here as Figure 4. It is
an oval, acutely conical
shell with 36 strong
irregular radial ribs.

The apex is eroded. The
location of Carpenter's

other five specimens which
had been dredged by Cooper
from Monterey is unknown
(Hanna and Smith, 1931).

This subtidal species
has a geographical range
from Shumagin Island,

Alaska to Magdalena Bay,

Baia California, Mexico (Dali,
1921 and McLean, 1978).

Carpenter (1866) named
a second variety of A.
mitra — variety tenuisoulpta
and gave a brief Latin
description which was
translated by Pilsbry (1891)
as "sculptured with distant
radiating striae or
lirulae." Palmer (1958:124,
pi. 18, figs. 11, 12, 13)
figured a syntype of
A. mitra tenuisoulpta
USNM #15490. It is shown
here in Figure 5.

Fig. 2. Acmaea funioulata (Carpenter, 1864)

Size: 8mm L x 4mm Alt. Mulliner collection.

Fig. 3. Aomaea mitra (Eschscholtz , 1830)
Size: 17mm L x 15mm W x 13mm Alt

Location: San Diego, California
SDNHM #727.

101

The Festivus

Fig. 5. "Aamaea mitra tenuisaulpta Dali"
Syntype, USNM No. 15490; X 2.

We have not seen the syntypes of A. mitra tenuisaulpta. Palmer's figure shows
a rounded, less strongly ribbed specimen resembling A. mitra. Dali (1914), Hanna
and Smith (1931) , and Palmer (1958) place A. mitra tenuisaulpta in the synonymy of
A. funiaulata.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to thank David K. Mulliner and John D. Myers for their efforts in
obtaining the grunge in which we found the specimens of A. funiaulata. We further
want to thank Dave Mulliner for the excellent photograph. We also thank Anthony
D'Attilio for his two fine drawings and his critical review of this paper.

LITERATURE CITED

Carpenter, Philip P.

1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to
the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv.
Sci. for 1863. pp. 517-686.

1865. Descriptions of new marine shells from the coast of California. Proc. Cal.
Acad. Nat. Sci. 3:207-224.

1866. On the Acmeidae of the Vancouver and Californian Province. Amer. Jour.
Conchol. 2:332-348.

Dali, William Healey

1914. Notes on some northwest coast Acmaeas. Nautilus 28:13-15.

1921. Summary of marine shellbearing mollusks of the northwest coast of
America. Bull. USNM 112. 217 pp. 22 pis.

Hanna, G.D. and Allyn G. Smith.

1931. Notes on Aamaea funiaulata (Carpenter). Nautilus 45(1): 21-25.

McLean, James H.

1978. Marine shells of Southern California. Revised Edition. LACM(NH) Science
Ser. 24: 104 pp, 54 pis.

Palmer, Katherine van Winkle.

1958. Type specimens of marine mollusca described by P.PV Carpenter from the

west coast (San Diego to British Columbia). Geol. Soc. of Amer. Mem. 76.
376 pp. , 35 pis.

Pilsbry, Henry A.

1891. Manual of Conchology 13, 195 pp., 74 pis.

Vol. XIII(9)

The Festivus

102.

COLUBRARIA XAVIERI CAMPBELL. 1961 (GASTROPODA: CYMATIACEA)

THE SECOND KNOWN SPECIMEN?

BY

FORREST L. POORMAN AND LEROY H. POORMAN
15300 Magnolia Street, Sp. 55, Westminster, California 92683

Early in September 1960, the Ariel expedition undertook six days of dredging
and diving off Guaymas, Sonora and the southeastern coast of Baja California Sur,
Mexico. Among the many exciting and new mollusks obtained was a specimen of a pre-
viously undescribed Cotuhraria. Campbell (1961) published a description of this
rarest of the Panamic colubrarias also figured by Keen (1971). The species is
Cotuhravia xavievi and the original description follows.

Colubvaria xavieri Campbell, 1961

Description ; Shell rather slender, solid, and thick with 6 coarsely sculptured body
whorls, the protoconch being absent. Each whorl has approximately two varices.

General color medium brown with some Indistinct lighter and darker areas; varix light
tan with 12 dark brown streaks grouped mainly in pairs that blend into the solid brown
of the body whorl. These brown lines end as small dots in the aperture and correspond
to the twelve denticles just inside the lip. Inside of the elongate aperture pale
brownish-purple bounded by a 2.5 mm. reflected canal anteriorly and a small Internal
notch posteriorly. The narrow aperture equals 2/3 the length. The outer lip is
thickened by a varix and the body has a 3 mm. thin wash of callus with 2 shallow
grooves 2 mm. apart on the columella, each bounded posteriorly by a small denticle;
the sculptured whorls are of 18 to 20 coarse nodulose axial ribs crossed by fourteen
less prominent spiral ridges, between which are 2 to 4 spiral threads; the upper
whorls are sculptured by 6 to 8 spiral cords with 2 to 3 spiral threads between and
about 14 sharp, straight, axial ribs. The type measures: Length 26.5 mm., maximum
width 10.2 mm.

Type locality: Trawled 2 miles west of Cabo Haro, Guaymas, Mexico, in 100 fathoms,

on the Ariel expedition, September 2, 1960.

In November 1979, a second specimen of
Colubi'av'ia xaV't&V't was dredged in 100 meters on dead
shell and silt bottom three miles southeast of Punta
San Antonio, approximately 12 miles from the type
locality. The second specimen was dead and the pro-
toconch missing, but the specimen, shown in Figure 1,
compares well with the holotype.

The original comparison was made with CoZubraria
siphonatai^^^'ve , 1844); but material in the authors 'col-
lection indicates that it is much closer to Colubraria
lucasensis Strong and Hertlein, 1937. Cotubraria
xavieri differs from C. tuaasensis in having coarser
sculpture, in the proportionately longer aperture,
and in having a heavy lip varix that extends above
the suture to terminate as a blunt tubercle. The
obsolete varices are 540° apart and align up the
spire on every other whorl.

We observe that the protoconchs of CoVubraria

Fig. 1. Cotubraria xavieri

103.

The Festivus

proaera (Sowerby, 1832) and C. tuoasensis are similar, but that the protoconch of
C. xavieri is not known. More comparative work needs to be done to determine sub-
generic placement.

Literature Cited

Campbell, G. Bruce

1961. Colubrariidae (Gastropoda) of tropical West America, with a new species.
Nautilus 74 (4) :136-142 , pi. 10.

Keen, A. Myra

1971. Sea shells of tropical West America; marine mollusks from Lower California
to Peru, 2nd ed. Stanford Univ. Press, i-xiv + 1064 pp.; illus.

Strong, Archibald McClure and Leo George Hertlein

1937. The Templeton Crocker expedition of the California Academy of Sciences,
1932. No. 25. New species of Recent mollusks from the coast of western
North America. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. ser. 4, 22 (6) : 159-178 , pis. 34-35.

BOOK REVIEW

BY

T^SITHONY D'ATTILIO

Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park
P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

THE FAMILY BUCCINIDAE PART 1: THE GENERA NASSARIA, TRAJANA AND NEOTERON.

By Walter 0. Cernohorsky. August 15, 1981.

Published by American Malacologists , Inc. Box 2255, Melbourne , Florida.

Price: $7.50, postage included

This publication is the second in the proposed monographs of world-wide living
and fossil marine molluscan species. Dr. R. Tucker Abbott is editor of this new
series entitled Monographs of Marine Mollusca in a format similar to Indo Pacific
Mollusca.

Number 2, Part 1 deals with the genera Nassaria Link, 1807; Trajana Gardner, 1948;
and Neoteron Pilsbry and Lowe, 1932. A number of subgenera are assignable by the
author to Nassaria and Trajana. Neoteron remains a monotypic genus with its only
species ariel Pilsbry and Lowe, 1932 from the eastern Pacific. The present volume does
not contain colored plates as previously used in related monographic works of the
second series. However all species are well illustrated in black and white photographs.
The clear drawings of protoconchs and radular features are also valuable. Of interest
especially is the reduction of the 90 proposed taxa to only 14 valid living and 16
fossil species; less than half the proposed names. Some of the rejected names are
referred to other families. In some instances the literature cited is incomplete.

As a number of living species of Trajana and Nassaria form part of the eastern
Pacific fauna, in additon to Neoteron ariel, this monograph should be a part of the
research material for all students of the tropical and non-tropical members of the
family Buccinidae. Presumably a treatment of other genera in this large family will
be forthcoming. Mr. Cernohorsky ' s work is generally of a high order, especially in
such monographic studies. Works of this sort, done with our more modern under-
standing of genetics and population dynamics are very important contributions to our
knowledge of the Mollusca.

Vol. XIII(9)

The Festivus

104.

THE RADULA OF NEOTERON ARIEL (PILSBRY AND LOWE. 1932)
(GASTROPODA: BUCCINIDAE)

BY

ANTHONY D'ATTILIO

Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park,
P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

Neotevon aviel (Pilsbry and Lowe, 1932). West American and Central American mollusks

collected by H.N. Lowe 1929-31. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 84:33-144, pis. 1-17.

The unusual shape of the species, Neotevon ariel^ is very Intriguing. At the
time the late George Radwin and I studied the radula of this species we had concluded
that it belonged in Nassariidae. We had made a determined effort to obtain a specimen
with the soft parts in a good state of preservation, which would make a radula ex-
traction simple and family assignment more certain.

The San Diego Natural History Museum had two paratypes of this species in its
collections, SDNHM type series 578 and 2997 collected at Corinto, Nicaragua in 20
fathoms by H.N. Lowe in 1931. In spite of the shells' value as morphological
evidence of the nature of this species, no soft parts were available.

An inquiry to Dr. James H. McLean of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural
History resulted in our obtaining a live collected, preserved specimen of this species
for our studies. The radula of Neotevon aviel (Figure 1) is Illustrated here for the
first time. The radula was mounted by George E. Radwin and the illustration done by
the author. The holotype illustrated here in Figures 2 and 3 is a copy of the figure in
Keen's Sea Shells of Tropical West America... Second Edition, 1971, p. 567, fig. 1135.

Fig. 1. Radula of Neotevon aviel^ greatly enlarged.

Locality: south of Quepos, Costa Rica. LACM #72-59
Collected by James H. McLean Date: 3-12-72.

105.

The Festivus

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to Dr. James
H. McLean of the LACM(NH) for
placing at our disposal the
specimen of Neoteron oriel used
in this study.

1135

Fig. 2. Dorsal view of Fig. 3. Apertural view
holotype of A/, oriel of same specimen,

from Keen (1971).

IN MEMORIAM
CRAWFORD NEILL CATE
1905 - 1981

It is with regret that we report the passing of Crawford Cate on August 9, 1981.
Mr. Cate was actively involved in malacology since 1965 when he retired from the
Pacific Telephone Company. He was a research associate at the Los Angeles County
Museum of Natural History and a member of the executive board of The Veliger as well
as holding memberships in the Western Society of Malacologists (from which he received
the Award of Honor in 1970); American Malacological Union, Pacific Division; and
other scientific societies both in this country and abroad. He also published
numerous papers in the field of malacology for more than fifteen years. His last
major work was "A review of the Triviidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" published in 1979
as a Memoir of the San Diego Society of Natural History.

Crawford Cate together with his wife, Jean (who now resides in Rancho Santa Fe)
were former members of the San Diego Shell Club and are remembered with affection by
those with whom they came in contact.

Vol. XIII(9)

The Festivus

106.

FROM THE MINUTES

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB MEETING: 20 AUGUST 1981

BY

MARTIN SCHULER

President Carol Burchard called the meeting to order at 7:45 P.M. Ron McPeak

then introduced the evening's speaker, Dr. Wheeler North, who spoke on the ecology

of the kelp beds. His talk was most interesting and well illustrated with slides
and graphs. He traced the decline of the giant kelp in southern California and
the efforts made to bring back the kelp beds as they were in the early 1900 's.*

After the refreshment break, Carol announced that the September party would
be held on the 26th of September at the home of Don and Jeanne Pisor. (See map on
last page of this issue). The membership voted for a Chinese theme for the party.

The menu will be coordinated by June King and members will be contacted by phone.

Ron McPeak announced that the speaker for October will be Dr. Jack Engle who
will talk on the ecology of the Channel Islands. Carole Hertz again asked for the
donation of filing cabinets and articles for The Festivus. Martin Schuler announced
that he is studying the Harpidae and would like members to bring their Harpa to the
November meeting.

Slides were shown of the recent WSM conference and Ron McPeak showed slides of

a diving trip to Begg Rock. The shell drawings were won by Hugh Bradner and Bill

Perrin. The meeting was adjourned at 9:45 P.M.

* Editor’s note: For further information on the revitilization of the kelp see:

Giant Kelp, Sequoias of the Sea by Wheeler J. North, photography by Bates Littlehales
in National Geographic, August 1972, Vol. 142 (2) :251-268.

Later in his talk Dr. North recounted the many problems his group faced in the
project to replace the kelp at Abalone Cove, off the Palos Verdes peninsula. Some
of these problems, humorous now in the retelling, were most likely terribly defeating
at the time. It is our hope that Dr. North will write an account of this project
with its many trials and final success.

CHANGES OF ADDRESS

Glantz, Dale and Mary Lou Mahar, 5605 Friars Rd. #289, San Diego, CA 92108. 296-8634.
Mabry, Villee and Don, 6333 La Jolla Blvd. #171, La Jolla, Ca 92037, 454-5788
Vaught, Mrs. Kay C. , 8646 Paraiso Dr., Scottsdale Ariz 85255

Please notify the Club of changes of address. The cost triples when The Festivus
is returned and sent again because a member has not advised us of an address change.

The American Shell Dealers Association, Inc.(ASDA) has been formed to "promote
interest in shell collecting as a hobby, establish a code of ethics and minimum bus
iness standards for shell dealers, and exchange information about mutual problems
including delinquent accounts." For further information contact Dorothy Janowsky,
corresponding secretary, 946 Ralph Avenue, Brooklyn NY 11236.

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SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB
% C. HERTZ

3883 MT. BLACKBURN AVL
SAN DIEGO, CA. 92111

a

The Library

Serials Librarian J. Walsh
American Museum Natural Histor;
Central Park West & 79th St.
New York, N.Y. 10024

( hallo U Dk w Ml)

- iJSIITIS

„ „ SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968

I f A » MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.

- - -.'J Y j^OOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK

Pnj 7 7 jOJi President Carol Burchard

Vice President Ron H. McPeak

f Rec. Secretary Martin Schuler

Corres. Secretary Marjorie Bradner

Treasurer Walter Robertson

Editor Carole M. Hertz

ANNUAL DUES; Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $4.00;

Family membership: $5.00; Student membership: $3.00; Overseas
surface: $6.00.

CLUB ADDRESS; Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club, Inc.

c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111

VOL. XIII OCTOBER 19S1 NO. 10

★★★★A****************************************************************

*

*

*

* PROGRAM: Dr. Jack Engle will speak on the Marine Ecology of the Channel

* Islands. He will illustrate his talk with slides of the area.

*

•k

* Date: October 15, 1981 Time: 7:30 P.M. Room: 104

*

*

J SAVE THE DATE: The Club's Annual Christmas Dinner Party will be held on

J December 11, 1981 in the La Sala Room of the Cafe Del Rey

5 Moro in Balboa Park. Further details at the meeting.

*

*********************************************************************

CONTENTS

Notes on CPOok.6i*6ZZcc OTys’tcLZZ'LYio, (Gabb, 1865) (Gastropoda: Turridae)
HERTZ, JULES

Observations on Muriaanthus radix (Gmelin, 1791) (Gastropoda: Muricidae:
Muricinae)

D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY

Book review— an update: GUIDE TO THE NUDIBRANCHS OF CALIFORNIA. .. Second
printing (corrected May 1981)

MULLINER, DAVID K

* * JM- X- X- X->l- 5i- >i-X-

108

The Festivus

NOTES ON CROCKERELLA CRYSTALLINA (GABB. 1865)
(GASTROPODA: TURRIDAE)

BY

JULES HERTZ

Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park
P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California

Hertlein and Strong (1951:78) established the turrid genus CvockereZla with the
type species CZathuvella ovy statZina Gabb, 1865. Their description for the genus
CrookeveZZa follows: "Shell small; nucleus smooth; outer lip varicose, smooth within;
canal short but distinct, the anal sinus rounded, near the suture, and with little or
no anal fasciole." In the same work, Hertlein and Strong described two species which
they assigned to this genus, i.e. CvookereZZa pedevseni and CvockeveZZa hiZZi. For
both species, the nucleus was described essentially as follows: "nuclear whorls 2, the
first very small, smooth, the second much larger, angulated in the middle, sculptured
with a fine spiral cord on the angle and numerous fine axial riblets." This dis-
crepancy in description of the nucleus was pointed out by Powell (1966:109) in his
description of the genus CroakereZZa when he stated "Protoconch of two whorls, the
first very small, smooth, the second much larger, angulated medially, and sculptured
with a fine spiral cord on the angle and numerous fine axial riblets (not "nucleus
smooth", as stated in Hertelein & Strong’s introduction of the genus, p.78)."

Powell noted that "the genus resembles Ph'iZbevt'ia ^ which however differs notably in
having a diagonally cancellated protoconch." Hertlein and Strong differentiated
Cvocker-^ZZa from PhiZhertia Monterosato and CythaveZZa Monterosato in that the anal
fasciole is indistinct or lacking in CrockereZZa.

Gabb (1865:184) de-
scribed CZathureZZa
ovy staZZina and gave the
following locality data:

"Hab. Catalina Island,

40 f ms . Dr. Cooper."

Dali (1921:79) reassigned
the genus and designated
the locality for
PhiZhertia cvystaZZina as
follows: "Off Catalina
Island, in 50 fathoms."

The holotype of
CroakereZZa arystaZZina
(University of California
Museum of Paleontology
No. 2389/15959) is pic-
tured here as Figures
1 and 2. The holotype
bears the notation "Recen
Catalina Island." The
species was initially
figured by Gabb (1865:
pi. 84). The protoconch
of the holotype is illus-
trated here as Figure 3.

Fig. 1. Holotype of Fig. 2. Apertural view of

CroakereZZa arystaZZina same specimen

(Gabb, 1865). Length: 7.8 mm.

Vol. XIII(IO)

The Festivus

109.

Note the very small first whorl and the
smoothness of the whorls. This accounts for
Hertlein and Strong's description of the nu-
cleus for the genus CrockevelZa as smooth.

The first postnuclear whorl is angulated in
the middle with a fine spiral cord on the
angle. The discrepancies in descriptions
may be a result of interpretation concerning
where the protoconch stops and the first post-
nuclear whorl begins.

Grant and Gale (1931:607) list
ClathureZla Zowei Dali, 1903 in the synonymy
of CtathurelZa ovystaZZina (fide Dali). The
holotype of CZathuTeZZa Zowei (USNM 109,302)
is shown here in Figures 4 and 5. Dali (1903:
172) described the nucleus of C. Zawei as
"smooth, polished, rounded, and rather in-
flated, of one whorl." Figure 6 shows two
views of the nucleus of C. ZoweZ. The holo-
type has approximately two smooth, rounded,
and rather inflated whorls that are somewhat
eroded. The first postnuclear whorl is
angulated in the middle (at the periphery)
with a fine spiral cord on the angle.

Dali described C. Zowei as having five
(or more) postnuclear whorls; "sculptured

Fig. 3. Protoconch of the holotype of
C. cvystaZZina. SOX

Fig. 4. Apertural view of

holotype of CrockeveZZa
Zowei (Dali, 1903).
Length: 7.7 mm.

5. Dorsal view of same specimen.

110.

The Festivus

Fig. 6. Two views of the protoconch of C. lowei. SOX

with (on the penultimate whorl 13) short axial riblets, slightly oblique with nar-
rower interspaces, the riblets confined to the peripheral part of the whorl and
separated from the suture behind by the spirally striated anal fasciole.” He thought
the species resembled Gtyphostoma, but the C. towei specimens he had seen had no
sculptured callus on the pillar lip. Dali’s specimens were obtained by dredging in
40 to 60 fathoms in the Santa Barbara Channel near Avalon, Catalina Island. As a
synonym for CrockereZla crystaZtinaj this species should now bear the designation of
CvookeveZZa Zowei (Dali, 1903).

Figure 7 is an illustration of the nucleus
of CZathureZZa rava (Hinds, 1843) which is the
type of the genus CZathuveZZa Carpenter, 1857.

This illustration shows a protoconch having
beaded spiral cords in the sutures and on the
periphery of the whorls and indicates that
Gabb's initial placement of avystaZZZna in the
genus CZathuveZZa was incorrect. However, in
defense of Gabb, the nominal species CZavatuZa
vava Hinds, 1843 was designated as the type
species of CZathuveZZa Carpenter, 1857 by a com-
paratively recent ruling of the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1963:267)

Dali (1919:54) described a new turrid
species, PhiZbevtia hesione , from a single
specimen taken off Santa Rosa Island,

California in 53 fathoms. I was unable to find
figures of this species. The holotype (USNM211333)
is shown here in Figures 8 and 9.

Fig. 7. Protoconch of CZathuveZZa vava
SDNHM #51099, Coll: D. Shasky.
Cabo Pulmo, Baja Calif., Mex.

Vol. XIII(IO)

The Festivus

111

Fig. 8. Dorsal view of holotype Fig. 9. Apertural view of same
of CTOokeretta hesione (Dali, specimen.

1919). Length: 9.5 mm.

The nucleus of the holotype is illus-
trated in two views in Figure 10.

The outer layer of a portion of the
protoconch and the first postnuclear
whorl has been chipped off leaving
those areas smooth. The resulting
protoconch looks quite similar to
that of the holotype of Cvookevetta
cry sta'lZina . The shell shown in
Figures 8 and 9 also closely re-
sembles C. cry staZtina and I believe
it should be reassigned and desig-
nated as CrockereZZa hesione (Dali,
1919) . It may prove to be a
gerontic specimen of CrockereZZa
crystaZZina should addional speci-
mens become available for study.

If this were true, then C. hesione
would fall into the synonymy of
C. crystaZZina.

Abbott (1974:283) had placed

Fig. 10. Two views of protoconch of
CrockereZZa hesione. 25X

112.

The Festlvus

»

C. hesione in Glyphostoma Gabb, 1872. This latter genus has a protoconch of three
whorls with the second one having a strong keel. However, the description for
Glyphostoma specifies the outer lip strongly variced with both outer and inner lips
heavily sculptured with denticles and ridges. In contrast, C. hesione has essen-
tially smooth inner and outer lips.

A SYNOPTIC SYNONYMY

Cvookerella Hertlein and Strong, 1951

Type by original designation: Clathuvella cvystallina Gabb, 1865
Cnockerella crystallina (Gabb, 1865)

= Clathurella orystallina Gabb, 1865
= Philhertia ovystallina (Gabb, 1865)

= Clathiirella lowei Dali, 1903
Cvoakevella hesione (Dali, 1919)

= Philhertia hesione Dali, 1919
= Glyphostoma hesione (Dali, 1919)

= ?Crookerella orystallina (Gabb, 1865)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am particularly indebted to David K. Mulliner, Festivus staff photographer,
for his excellent high magnification photographs and to Anthony D'Attilio for his
fine illustrations of the various turrid protoconchs and for his critical reading
of the paper. I am indebted to Dr. Barry Roth (CAS) for helping to locate the
holotype of C. orystallina. and to Dr. Carole S. Hickman of the University of
California at Berkeley and Dr. Joseph Rosewater (USNM) for the loans of type
specimens.

LITERATURE CITED

Abbott, R. Tucker

1974. American Seashells, Second Edition. New York; Van Nostrand Reinhold.

663 pp., 6405 figs. 24 pis.

Dali, William Healey

1903. Diagnoses of new species of mollusks from the Santa Barbara Channel,
California. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington. XVI: 171-175.

1919. Descriptions of new species of mollusks of the family Turritidae from
the west coast of America and adiacent regions. Proc. USNM 56(2288):!-
86, pis. 1-24.

1921. Summary of the marine shellbearing mollusks of the northwest coast of

America; from San Diego, California, to the Polar Sea, mostly contained
in the collection of the United States National Museum, with illustrations
of hitherto unfigured species. USNM Bull. 112, 217 pp., 22 pis.

Gabb, William More

1865. Descriptions of new species of marine shells from the coast of California.
Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 3:182-190.

Grant, Ulysses Simpson IV and Hoyt Rodney Gale

1931. Catalogue of the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene Mollusca of California
and adjacent regions. Mem.SDSNH vol. 1, 1036 pp. , 32 pis.

Hertlein, Leo George and A.M. Strong

1951. Eastern Pacific expeditions of the New York Zoological Society. XLIII.
Mollusks from the west coast of Mexico and Central America. Part X.
Zoologica, Scientific contributions of the New York Zoological Society.
Vol. 36, Part 2:67-120. pis. i-xi.

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

1963. Opinion 666. Clathurella Carpenter, 1857 (Gastropoda): Designation of a

type-species under the plenary powers. Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 20 (4) : 267-269 .

Powell, A.W.B.

1966. The molluscan families Speightiidae and Turridae. An evaluation of the

valid taxa, both Recent and fossil, with lists of characteristic species.
Bull. Auckland Inst, and Museum. No. 5. 184 pp., 23 pis.

Vol. XIII(IO)

The Festivus

113.

OBSERVATIONS ON NURICANTHUS RADIX (GMELIN. 1791)

(GASTROPODA: MURICIDAE: nURICINAE)

BY

ANTHONY D'ATTILIO

Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park,

P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

This species, with Its extensive geographical distribution In the eastern
Pacific from the northern Gulf of California to Ecuador, Is of Interest for the
variability of Its form. This variability Is noticeable In the height of spire
relative to shell size, degree of shoulder angulation, thickness of shell wall, num-
ber of varices per whorl, and obesity of shell.

Recently two specimens of Muriaanthus radix were brought to my attention. Though
they had no reliable locality data, these two specimens exemplify the variability of
this species. One, a specimen with 6 varices, 130 mm In height and 110 mm at Its
S^^^best width (Figures 1—3) Is In the Rose D*Attlllo collection. The second spe-
cimen has 14 varices. Is 170 mm In height and 140 mm at Its greatest diameter (Figures
4-6). This specimen, SDNHM #77780, was donated by L.J. Blbbey.

The larger of these two specimens exceeds the range given by Radwln and
D’Attlllo (1976:77,78, pi. 12, figs. 1,2,9) who state that this species Is highly
polymorphic. They add that the forms of the species; M. nigritus (Philippi, 1845);

M. ambiguus (Reeve, 1845); M. nitidus Broderlp, 1833 and M. oatlidinus Berry, 1958
show only quantitative, not qualitative, differences and the complex Is considered
one species.

Keen (1971:522,523, figs. 999-1003) considers the "forms” M. nigritus and M.
oatlidinus given by Radwln and D'Attlllo to be valid species questioning only M.
ambiguus which she says may not be a distinct species "...but a transitional form
between the southern M. radix and the northern M. nigritus. "

Local collectors have found specimens of M. radix Intertldally at San Felipe,
B.C., Mexico, which fit the descriptions of M. nigritus and M. radix as stated by Keen
(collections of Gemmell and Hertz). A specimen examined from the Hertz collection
from Ensenada Blanca, San Felipe, collected In 1968 Intertldally on rocky rubble has
14 varices. Is 108 mm In height and 90 mm at Its greatest diameter.

Apparently this species Is subject to considerable environmental and ecological
Influences throughout Its longitudinal and vertical range. However a scientific study
of this species along Its entire distribution has never been made. What Is necessary
for the determination of the variability of this species Is a sampling, taken scien-
tifically, from collecting stations along Its vertical and horizontal range. Museum
collections and most private collections have a paucity of material from the coast of
Central America and lack the detailed data l.e. depth, substrate, water temperature,
that such a study would provide. Food preferences and reproductive cycles might also
be studied to give a better understanding of this relatively common, though poorly
understood species.

Acknowledgments

The following friends and department associates contributed to the paper. Mr.
David K. Mulllner took the excellent photographs. The larger specimen photographed
was obtained from Mr. L.J. Blbbey. Mr. and Mrs. Jules Hertz contributed to the
readability of the text.

Bottom row: Figures 4-6.

M. i^ad'ix , specimen with 14

Vol. XIII(IO)

The Festivus

115.

Literature Cited

Keen, A. Myra

1971. Sea shells of tropical West America; marine mollusks from Lower California
to Peru, 2nd ed. Stanford Univ. Press. 1-xiv + 1064 pp.; illus.

Radwin, George E. and Anthony D'Attilio

1976. Murex shells of the world; an illustrated guide to the Muricidae. Stanford
Univ. Press. 284 pp, 32 color pis., 192 text figs.

BOOK REVIEW — AN UPDATE

BY

DAVID K. MULLINER

Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park
P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

GUIDE TO THE NUDIBRANCHS OF CALIFORNIA Including most species found from Alaska
to Oregon. Second Printing (Corrected May 1981).

By Gary R. McDonald and James W. Nybakken. 1980

Published by American Malacologists , Box 2255, Melbourne, Florida.

Price: $13.50 plus $.50 postage.

The Festivus has recently received a copy of GUIDE TO THE NUDIBRANCHS OF
CALIFORNIA. . . Second Printing (Corrected May 1981) for review. The photographs have
been improved in most cases by enhancing the colors and increasing their sharpness.
Plates 65-72 (p.57) however have lost quality and are slightly out of focus. Gordon
Robilliard stated in his review of the first printing [Festivus 13(8):94-95] that
about 35% of the color illustrations are marginal to poor. This statement is still
true. In the copy I reviewed there are six extra pages: pages 51-56 are included
twice.

The excellent figure illustrations have been improved by changing their labeling.
Complete terms are used instead of a mixture of abbreviations and complete names.

Table 1: A Summary of Food Associations... is a helpful guide. It will be useful for
further observations and research of the nudibranchs.

I recommend the Guide as a useful book for those interested in identifying
nudibranchs and learning about their unique biology.

Ed. note: In correction: Review by Robilliard [Festivus 13(8) :95] should read
Dendponotus 'tvus shown in Plate 68 instead of Plate 66.

This volume will be available for circulation as well as Cernohorsky * s THE
FAMILY BUCCINIDAE PART 1: THE GENERA NASSARIA, TRAJANA AND NEOTERON at the
October meeting.

ADDITIONS TO THE ROSTER

Seay, Eunice and Jim, 3290 San Carlos Dr., Spring Valley, CA 92077, 466-8994
Wilkerson, J.W. , 5130 Fino Dr., San Diego, CA 92124
CHANGES OF ADDRESS

Janowsky, Dorothy, 946 Ralph Ave. , Brooklyn NY 11236

% 0. HERTZ ;

3883 MT. BUCKBURN AVT. -3

SAN DiEGO, CA. 92111

i Library

rials Librarian J. wa.
siican Museum Natural
atral Park West & 79th St

— mrtO/.

■ P'j'ii ^ i' /

THE PESTIVl^S -

,, ^ SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968

MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.

ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK

President Carol Burchard

Vice President Ron H. McPeak

Rec. Secretary Martin Schuler

Corres. Secretary Marjorie Bradner

Treasurer Walter Robertson

Editor Carole M. Hertz

ANNUAL DUES: Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $4.00;

Family membership: $5.00; Student membership: $3.00; Overseas
surface: $6.00.

CLUB ADDRESS: Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club, Inc.

c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111

VOL. XIII NOVEMBER 1981 NO. 11

*********************************************************************

*

*

* PROGRAM; Dr. Eric Hochberg will give an illustrated talk on selected

J mollusks from the northern Channel Islands. In addition he

* will provide a discussion of some recent work on Cephalopods.

J Date: November 19, 1981 Time: 7:30 P.M. Room: 104

*

* MAKE YOUR RESERVATIONS NOW. The Club’s Annual Christmas Party will

* be held on Saturday evening, December 12, 1981 in the La Sala Room of

* the Cafe Del Rey Moro. Details, page 117..
*********************************************************************

CONTENTS

Club news 117

A preliminary report on some features of muricacean morphology

D’ATTILIO, ANTHONY 118

A spectacular dive

MCPEAK, RON 126

A selected index to volume Xlll (1981) 130

THE FESTIVUS DOES NOT PUBLISH AN ISSUE IN DECEMBER.

sfr * X-** 3M- sf- * ** X- St- St-X- * *

117

The Festivus

FROM THE MINUTES

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB MEETING: 5 OCTOBER 1981

BY

MARTIN SCHULER

Carol Burchard called the meeting to order at 7:45 P.M. Guests and new members
were introduced as well as those members that we hadn't seen for a while. Ron McPeak
then introduced the night's speaker, Dr. Jack Engle, who spoke on the ecology of the
Channel Islands and the Channel Islands research program. The talk was very interes-
ting and focused on the forms of marine life found on any one of the islands. Slides
were also shown to illustrate the environmental differences found on the different
islands and on the other sides of the same islands.

Ron announced that next month's speaker will be Dr. Eric Hochberg who will speak
on the Channel Islands. Wally Robertson announced the various books for sale and
also noted that the Christmas Party will be held on Saturday December 12, not on
December 11 (as announced in error in the October Festivus, Ed.).

Barbara Myers announced that the library is selling duplicate and outdated
material .

Carol Burchard presented the slate of officers for 1982. They are as follows.

President: Martin Schuler Treasurer: Wally Robertson

Vice President: Bill Perrin Editor: Carole Hertz

Rec./Corr. Secretary: Pat Sage

Nominations from the floor will be entertained at the November meeing after which
the election of officers for 1982 will take place.

Jay Christianson won the shell drawing and the meeting was adjourned at 9:30 P.M.

THE SEPTEMBER PARTY— A CHINESE FEAST

The garden of Jeanne and Don Pisor's home was the lovely setting for the
Club's annual September party. Gathered were many members and friends in Chinese
finery. There was ethnic music and a sumptuous array of Chinese delicacies which
were enjoyed by all. As always, the party was warm with good friendship and the
Club thanks our gracious hosts Jeanne and Don Pisor.

THE 7VNNUAL CLUB CHRISTMAS DINNER PARTY

The San Diego Shell Club's annual Christmas party will be held on Saturday
evening, December 12 in the La Sala Room of the Cafe Del Rey Moro in Balboa Park.
The no host cocktail hour will begin at 6:00 P.M. Dinner will be at 7:15 P.M.

Menu: Tossed salad, hot rolls and butter

Baron of beef au jus, baked stuffed potato and vegetable
Dessert and choice of coffee or tea

Complimentary dinner wine will be provided by the Club.

Dinner cost is $10.00 ( $8.45 plus tax and gratuity). Reservations must be in
by Friday, December 4. Make checks payable to San Diego Shell Club, Inc., and
either give it to the treasurer, Walter Robertson at the November meeting or send
it to the Club address (see front page) .

Following dinner there will be entertainment and the Club's traditional shell
exchange. Bring your gift wrapped shell to place under the tree. Place data and
name inside the package only. On the outside place only general locale i.e. Indo-
Pacific, Gulf, etc. Numbers are drawn and those bringing a shell gift choose one
from under the tree.

It's always a great party. Come and join your friends.

Guests welcome.

Vol. XIII(II)

The Festivus

118.

A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON SOME FEATURES OF MURICACEAN MORPHOLOGY*

BY

ANTHONY D'ATTILIO

Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park
P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

One of the most distinguishing characters of a Murex shell is the presence of
varices. What is a varix, or how does one distinguish a varix from other sculp-
tural features? A varix, which is an axially aligned structure, is usually spaced
with some regularity from whorl to whorl and usually retains a thickened margin on
its leading side. See Figure 1. The varical margin then is the preserved outer lip
of a previous aperture. When new growth takes place, a varix near the new outer lip
is formed. Frequently this previous outer lip is not resorbed in the process of
growth. The new growth starts where the old lip and varix are situated and they
remain as a remnant of a former growth stage. At times however, the lip may be
resorbed in which case varical sculpture is barely present, with little or no evidence
of the previous lip. See Figure 2.

Varices are then an indication of rest periods or elements of periodicity in
the formation of the shell. Observation seems to support the view that new growth
is achieved with rest periods of no growth between one varix and the next. However,
this qualitative aspect of muricid ontogeny is not consistent either to family or
genus in the Muricacea. Species can be selected from many genera which seem to
demonstrate that continuous growth takes place. Varices in these species are not
clearly defined. Examination of the shell surface shows consistent growth as small,
evenly spaced increments over the entire surface. Figures 3 and 4 illustrate con-
continuous grov7th in the muricid species Oaenebra lurida (Middendorf, 1848).

In species with varices (Figure 5), the early postnuclear whorls have close-set
axial ridges not clearly differentiated as varices. Usually on the third postnuclear
whorl a portion of the axial ridges develop into true varices while a number of the

OL'TER. UP

Fig. 1. Schematic transverse section
of muricid shell retaining a
varical margin.

Fig. 2. Schematic transverse section of
muricid shell not retaining a
varical margin.

* Adapted from a paper presented at the WSM-1981 conference in San Diego, California.

119.

The Festivus

Fig. 3. Dorsal view of 0. lurida
illustrating continuous growth
SDNHM 6745; Length: 24inm
Location: Puget Sound, Washington

Fig. 4. Profile view of the same
specimen.

remaining axial ridges retain their
early nature and persist as such
in whole or in part throughout
shell growth. Figure 6 illus-
trates the first appearance of
the differentiation between
varix and axial ridge in an en-
larged drawing of the early whorls
of Naquetia triquetva (Born, 1778).
The shell develops three varices
beginning with the third whorl.

All other intervarical ridges are
stabilized into a few axial ridges
at maturity.

F(«ST POST nuclear IVhORL.

Fig. 5. The 2nd to 3rd postnuclear whorls most
frequently have axial sculpture not
differentiated into varices and non-functional
costae .

i

Vol. XIII(II)

The FEstivus

120.

The varices may assume a number
of forms; a fact which has led to the
creation of the many generic cate-
gories in the taxonomy of the
Muricidae and other muricacean
families. The species with rounded
spines having three varices have been
classified in the genus Murex in the
strict sense (see Figure 7) or in
Haustettum. Some similar types of
spiny species have been segregated
in the genus Siratus for reasons of
radula, canal structure etc. (see
Figure 8). Those species having
foliated spines resembling the
cut-leaf form of the edible plant,

Chicory, are in large part classified
in the appropriately named genus
Chiooreus (see Figure 9). Species
having wing-like flanges extending on
the varix are placed in genera such
as PterynotuSj Pteropurpura etc.
depending principally on the Fig.

form of the radula. See Figure 10.

Fig. 7. Murex tvioovonis Berry, 1960
SDNHM 45807; Length: 59 mm
Location: Bahia de Los Angeles,

Baja Calif., Mexico

6. Greatly enlarged drawing of the early
whorls of Naquetia triquetra showing the
development of the first varix.

Fig. 8. Siratus motacilla (Gmelin, 1791)
SDNHM 79072; Length 60 mm
Location : Dominica, B.W.I.

121.

The Fgstivus

Fig. 10. Pteropurpura macroptera

(Deshayes, 1839)

Mulliner collection;

Location: off Bird Rock, La Jolla, Ca.
in 65 ft. Date: 7/31/71; Cc^ll . D. Mulliner

Intermediate forms of varical sculpture
with foliated or non-foliated spines connected
by a flange or web can be found in genera like
Murexielta as shown in Figure 11. In the
systematics of the Muricacea many other vari-
ations such as spinosity and flange sculpture
form the basis of generic divisions. In many
of these generic divisions, nonetheless, species
may be included which do not conform to the
general concept of the genus as taxonomically
defined by the characters of the type.

A significant feature of most muricid
growth is the relation of the varices as they
are positioned from whorl to whorl. The varix
on the later whorl, with some exceptions, falls
short of coming directly below the varix above.
When an entire shell is viewed, the alignment
of the varices is seen to be diagonal to the
axis of the shell. This diagonal quality

Fig. 9. Ch'tooreus hrunneus Link, 1807
SDNHM 79938; Length: 60 mm
Location: Zamboanga, P.I., Date: 4/52
Coll: M. Sohl

Fig. 11. Murexietla vadwini Emerson and D'Attilio, 1970
AMNH 155903; Length 33.5 mm (holotype)

Location: Isabella Is., Galapagos Islands

Vol. XIII(II)

The FCstivus

122.

varies from slight to extreme and brings out the interesting fact that a muricid
shell whorl having varices does not complete, in most instances, a full circle of
360°. See Figure 12. The diagonally placed varices, when viewed from the spire
downward as shown in Figure 13, swirl from right to left. Rarely are the varices
parallel to the axis in the muricid shell as Illustrated in Figure 14.

Fig. 14. Schematic drawing showing the
varices parallel to the axis.

However some exceptions exist as exemplified by AspeZla and Eupteura. In
the genus Aspetla there are two laterally placed varices aligned parallel to the axis
of the shell as shown in Figure 15. However there are eight varices in the earliest
whorls (see Figure 16) which have the more common diagonal pattern of growth.

123.

The Festivus

The two views of
Aspella platytaevis Radwin
and D'Attilio, 1976 in
Figure 17 show clearly the
aligninent of the varices
parallel to the axis of
the shell.

Fig. 15. AspelZa ?pyramidat'is (Broderip, 1833)
3 specimens from Puerto Nunez, Santa Cruz Is,
Galapagos Is., under rocks, low tide
SDNHM 72235; Length 13mm --15mm

Fig. 16. Greatly enlarged drawing of
early whorls of A. ?pyvam'idat'ts .

Fig. 17. Two views of Aspella platylaevis

SDNHM 77206; Length: 12 mm; Location: Mactan Is., P.T.

Vol. XIII(II)

The Festivus

124.

An interesting variation of muricid growth occurs in
Eupteura. As can be noted from the illustrations of
two species of Eupteura in Figures 18 and 19, the
apertural varix in Eupt&ura is located beyond the
varix above in the mature shell. Figure 20 shows the
early growth in E. murio'iformis which exhibits the more
customary muricid growth in its early whorls. E. ri'it'ida
however, (Figure 19) shows consistent vertical alignment
of varices from the early postnuclear whorls.

Fig. 19. E. nitida (Broderip, 1833)
reprinted from Festivus XII(11):131

Fig. 18. E. murid formis (Brod.,1833)
SDNHM 23139; Length 44 mm

Fig. 20. Two views of juvenile E. murid formis
Hertz collection; Length 17 mm;

Location: San Felipe, B.C., Mex. intertidal

125.

The Festivus

The lamellate nature of growth striae in muricids is another characteristic
feature although not restricted to this
family. In muricacean families it is a
pronounced character. The lamellae are
often quite strongly developed and ex-
tend above the surface of the shell,
sometimes appearing undulate, wave-like
or even ruffled. An example of this
is shown in Figure 21. Where spiral
sculpture occurs the lamellae form
scaly extensions over the cords.

Because of these combined characters,
the Murex shell is often described as
having a scabrously-lamellose surface.

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to David K. Mulliner
for the fine photographs in this paper.

Literature dealing with this same sub-
ject can be found in the following
works .

Linsley, Robert M. and Mahdokht Javidpour
1980. Episodic growth in
Gastropoda. Malacologia 20(1) :153-
160. 7 figs.

Spight, T.M. and A. Lyons

1974. Development and functions
of the shell sculpture of the
marine snail, Ceratostoma foliatum.
Marine Biology 24:77-83.

Spight, T.M., C. Birkeland and A. Lyons.

1974. Life histories of large and small
Murexes (Prosobranchia : Muricidae) .
Marine Biology 24:229-242.

Fig. 21. Latiaxis sibogae Schepman, 1911

Length: 16 mm (holotype') , Zo’ologisch Museum
reprinted from Festivus XIII(2):17.

THE FESTIVUS DOES NOT PUBLISH AN ISSUE IN DECEMBER .

Vol. XIII(II)

The Festivus

126.

A SPECTACULAR DIVE AT BEGG ROCK

BY

RON MCPEAK

KELCO, Division of Merck & Co.

2145 East Belt Street, San Diego, California

On August 13, 1981, I had an opportunity to dive Begg Rock. Begg Rock is an
underwater pinnacle that rises from ocean depths of nearly 50 fathoms to jut a few
feet out of water. It is located approximately 130 miles west of San Diego and ten
miles northwest of San Nicolas Island. This offshore area provides beautiful diving
along its steep walls. The diving, however, can be hazardous in shallow water, due
to high westerly swells which frequently buffet the area. Swells or foggy conditions
were likely the cause of the 1824 stranding of the vessel John Begg, the rock's
namesake.

Conditions were calm and swells were only moderate during the August dive,
a dive to depths of 40 to 80 feet. I leaped into the clear water with camera and
collecting bag in hand, and swam toward the rock while submerging. Visibility was
excellent and probably exceeded 40 feet. A mosaic of colors came into focus as I
approached the steep walls. Vivid reds, purples, pinks, greens, grays, whites, and
oranges were splashed on the walls of Begg Rock.

Coelenterates were ubiquitous. The white plumose anemone, Metr'id'tum senile,
covered much of the rock, to depths of at least 100 feet (Figure 1). Juveniles of
this species were everywhere
and most were formed by pedal
laceration — a mode of asexual
reproduction. The aggregating
anemone , Ant kopleur a
elegantissima , formed colorful
grey-green patches to depths
of at least 80 feet. This
anemone is common in tide
pools along the coast of
California. Another anemone,

Corynaatis aaliforniaa was
recognized by its white-
clubbed tentacles and pink,
crimson, red, lavender or
brown colored body. A few
specimens of the small salmon-
colored anemone, Metridium
exilis , and the proliferating
anemone, Epiaatis prolifera.
were also observed. Other
coelenterates noted were the
hydroid Aglaophenia sp.; Fig. 1. Side of Begg Rock at about 40 feet with

hydrocoral, Allopora sp. and Metridium senile and Spheaiospongia oonfoederata.

the stony coral, Astrangia
lajollensis (Figure 2).

In addition to coelenterates, many other species of suspension feeding inverte-
brates were visible during the dive. Several species of sponges were common. A large
grey sponge, Spheoio spang ia aonfoederata formed colonies up to five feet long and two

127.

The Festivus

feet in height and Acamus erithaous was easily identified by its bright orange-
red color (Figure 1). A few specimens of the feather-duster worm, Eudistyta
potymorpha waved their plume-like gills in the surge. Bright orange (unidentified)
colonial tunicates were quite common and provided a colorful contrast to the sur-
rounding white plumose anemones.

Hinnites giganteus (Gray, 1825)
was common subtidally, while
Mytilus calif omianus j Conrad,

1837, was abundant in the inter-
tidal and shallow subtidal.

Numerous dead and detached
Mytilus shells were observed in
depressions, at depths ranging
from 50 to 80 feet (Figure 3) .

The barnacle, Megabalanus
calif omicus (-Balanus tintin-
nabulum) contributed to the
debris collecting in these
depressions. These barnacles
were either attached to Mytilus
or were in detached clusters.

Since both Mytilus and
Megabalanus primarily occur in
the intertidal or shallow sub-
tidal, the debris in depressions
was likely produced by swells
which dislodged the shallow
water animals. It is also
possible that starfish fed
upon Mytilus in shallow water
and released the Mytilus shells
after feeding.

Several species of echino-
derms were present. During the
dive I observed the following
starfish and sea urchins:

Pisaster gigantaeus , P.
ochraceuSj Pativia miniataj
Pycnopodia helianthoides,

Dermasterias imbricata^

Orthasterias koehleri; and .^ea
urchins, Strongylocentrotus
franciscanus and S. purpuratus .

The urchins were most abundant
in the Mytilus-Megabalanus
debris .

Nudibranchs, Anisodovis
nobilis (MacFarland, 1905) and
Hermissenda cvassicovnis
(Eschscholtz , 1831) were seen
crawling over the rocky sub-
strate. The scaled worm shell
Serpulorbis squamigerus
(Carpenter, 1857) was every-
where. One of the most exciting

Begg Rock at 60 feet with hydroid
Aglaophenia and hydrocoral Allopora.

AT

Fig. 3. Debris filled depressions with numerous

Mytilus shells, Megabalanus calif omicus,
and the purple urchin Strongylocentrotus
purpuratus .

Vol. XIII(II)

The Festivus

128.

aspects of the dive was locating pockets of the beautiful rnuricid, Cevatostoma
foliation (Gmelin, 1791), at depths ranging from 30 to 80 feet. They may have
occurred in significant numbers at greater depths, but the dive was limited to a
depth of 80 feet. Many of the Cevatostoma were covered by bryozoans, the anemone
Metvidium seniley and Megabalanus calif ovniaus . Some shells were bored by the sponge
Cliona.

The pockets of 15-30
Cevatostoma were in crevices
(Figure 4). The clustered
muricids did not appear to be
spawning or feeding on a par-
ticular prey item. Scattered
specimens of C. foliatum, how-
ever, were observed feeding on
Megabalanus in the debris filled
depressions, at depths of 50
to 80 feet.

I collected some of the
larger specimens of C. foliatum
(to 90 mm) , and invariably
found small Cevatostoma beneath.

Some of these juvenile
Cevatostoma have been identified
by Anthony D'Attilio and Barbara
W. Myers as C. nuttalli (Conrad,

1837). One 51 mm adult specimen

of C. nuttalli was collected. I - , •

find It interesting that these A. Clusters of CeratOBtoma foUatum at 65 feet.

two species were found occupying

the same habitat. C. foliatum is a northern species which ranges from San Diego,
California to Sitka, Alaska. The species is reported as uncommon south of Point
Conception, California. C. nuttalli is a southern species and ranges from Point,
Conception, California south to Bahia Santa Maria, Baja California, Mexico. The few
specimens of C. nuttalli collected at Begg Rock were nearly at the northern limit of
distribution for the species. The Begg Rock population of C. foliatum was thriving in
an area considered near the southern distribution for the species. A review of
southern California sea surface temperature data and satellite imagery reveals tongues
of colder northern water reaching the Begg Rock-San Nicolas Island area. C. foliatum ,
which is thriving in the colder waters at Begg Rock, would likely be found at San
Nicolas Island.

The following gastropods were inadvertently collected when Cevatostoma were
placed in the collecting bag.

Amphissa vevsicolov (Dali, 1871)

Calliostoma supvagvanosum (Carpenter, 1864)
Cevatostoma nuttalli (Conrad, 1837)
Cevithiopsis oosmia Bartsch, 1907
Cvepipatella lingulata (Gould, 1846)

Cypvaea spadioea ( Swain son, 1823)

Epitonium sp.

Fusinus luteopictus (Dali, 1871)

Homalopoma luvidum (Dali, 1885)
Maxtoellia santavosana (Dali, 1905)
Fucella canaliculata (Duclos, 1832)
Ooenebva foveolata (Hinds, 1844)
Oaenebva luvidja (Middendorf f , 1848)
Seila monteveyensis Bartsch, 1907
Volvavina taeniolata Morch, 1860
]^illiamia peltoides (Carpenter, 1864)

The dive at Begg Rock was exciting and finished with a flurry. As I was com-
pleting the dive, taking pictures of a cluster’ of Cevatostomay I suddenly noticed by
air supply was very low so 1 took the last picture, grabbed about eight Cevatostoma ,

129.

The Festivus

and quickly surfaced, juggling Murex and camera. The short dive at Begg Rock will be
remembered as one of my favorite dives.

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank Barbara Myers for identifying the miscellaneous shells collected
with Ceratostoma foliatum and for her many helpful suggestions regarding this paper.

I further want to thank Dave Mulliner for making black and white prints from the
original slides for inclusion in this article.

The following request was received from Mr. Roland Houart, St. Jobsstraat, 8,
B-3330 Landen (Ezemaal) , Belgium.

In order to make a revision of the genus Chiooreus s.s. (Muricidae) from the
Indo-Pacific area (including the Red Sea) I would like to borrow, receive, exchange
or buy specimens from any locality in the studied area. Borrowed specimens will be
returned after a maximum of 9 months. Please be sure to Include the locality data
even if not complete. It is most important. I thank you for your help.

Mr. Houart can be contacted at the above address.

NEW MEMBER

Womack, Edwin B. , 1007 North E Place, Lompoc, CA 93436.
CHANGES OF ADDRESS

Burch, Mrs. B.L., P.O. Box 309, Kailua, Hawaii 96734.
Janowsky, Dorothy, 792 Evergreen Drive, West Hempstead, NY.
Ruhl, Deborah A. , 14083 E. Canning Drive, Whittier CA 90605

Vol. XIII(II)

The Festivus

130.

A SELECTED INDEX TO VOLUNE XIII (1981)

Listings are by both author and title. Each entry lists month and page(s).

The first number refers to the month. The number(s) after the colon to the page(s).
Brackets are used for explanation.

BRADNER, HUGH and BOB SCHOENING

Fort Kam revisited, February 1981. 7:82.

BRADNER, MARGE

A day on Oahu at Fort Kamehameha — summer 1980. 2:21.

BURCH, BEATRICE and THOMAS BURCH

Coraltiohia fimbriata in shallow waters of Hawaii. 2:12-15, 5 figs.

D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY

A preliminary report on some features of muricacean morphology. 11:118-125>, 21 fig
Book review: the family Buccinidae part 1: the genera Nassarba^ Trajana and
Neoteron. 9:103.

Murex (Oo'inebra) sykesi Preston, 1904. 6:73-75, 2 figs.

Note on the holotype of Murex Zaqueatus Sowerby, 1841 (Gastropoda: Muricidae)
with a description of a specimen from Guam. 7:78-81, 5 figs.

Observations on Muriaanthus radix (Gmelin, 1791) (Gastropoda: Muricidae:

Muricinae) 10:113-115, 6 figs.

Observations on two problem species from the Indo Pacific . [including] Note on

the type figure of Murex hirasei and its author Yochiro Hirase. 1:2-6, 7 figs.
The radula of Neoteron ariel (Pilsbry and Lowe, 1932) (Gastropoda: Buccinidae)
9:104-105, 3 figs.

The rediscovery of Murex oirrosus Hinds, 1844. 4:46-51, 8 figs.

Two problematic coralliophilid gastropods [Latiaxis sibogaeStL. rioinutoides]
2:16-20, 4 figs.

EVANS, ROGER

One dive: September 24, 1980. [off Palos Verdes, CA] 3:24.

One dive: November 2, 1980. [off Palos Verdes, CA] 8:96-97, 1 fig.

GEMMELL, JOYCE, BARBARA W. MYERS, CAROLE M. HERTZ

A report on the faunal study of the Gemmell collection from San Felipe, Baja
California, Mexico, from 1965 to 1976. 8:87-93. 10 figs.

HERTZ, CAROLE M.

In memoriam: Joshua L. Baily, 1889-1981 [List of publications authored by
Dr. Baily ] 5:63-65.

HERTZ, JULES

A review of several eastern Pacific Bittium species (Gastropoda: Cerithiidae)
3:25-44, 27 figs., 2 tables.

Notes on Crockeretla arystallina (Gabb, 1865) (Gastropoda: Turridae) . 10:108-
112, 10 figs.

KEELER, JAMES

Minute shells: western Atlantic caecids. 6:67-72, 24 figs.

KEELER, JAMES and JULES HERTZ

Minute shells: Kurtziella ?atrostyla (Tryon, 1884). 4:55-56, 1 fig.

KIMBALL, AMY

The ecology of Colisella digitalis [summary of student project]. 6:76.

LEIGHTON, DAVID L.

The cultured abalone. 7:83-84.

MCPEAK, RON

A spectacular dive at Begg Rock. 11: 126-129, 4 figs.

131.

The Festivus

MULLINER, DAVID K.

Book review — an update [to corrected edition of A Guide to the Nudibranchs of
California...] 10:115.

MYERS, BARBARA W.

A new book on the marine invertebrates of California [book review] 1:6-7.

Bellaspira gvippi (Dali, 1908) (Gastropoda: Turridae) . 1:8-9, 2 figs.

MYERS, BARBARA W. and MARGARET MULLINER

Comments on Aomaea funiculata (Carpenter, 1864) 9:99-101, 5 figs.

POORMAN, FORREST L.

Book review: Natural history of Baja California. 7:85
POORMAN, FORREST L. and LEROY H. POORMAN

Cotubvavi-a xavieri- Campbell, 1961 (Gastropoda: Cymatiacea) the second known
specimen? 9:102-103, 1 fig.

POORMAN, LEROY H. and FORREST L POORMAN

Comments on a lovely Murexi-etZa (Gastropoda: Muricidae) from the Gulf of
Calif ornia.[ A/, diomedaea] 5:61-62, 1 fig.

ROBILLIARD, GORDON A.

Book review: A guide to the Nudibranchs of California... 8:94-95.

ROTH, BARRY

Another senior synonym in Nipponotrophon (Gastropoda: Muricidae). 5:58-60, 2 figs.
SCHMELTZ, ROGER

Muricidae of Midway. 4:52-54, 3 figs.

A day on Oahu at Fort Kamehameha — summer 1980. Bradner, M. , 2:21.

A new book on the marine invertebrates of California. Myers, B.W., 1:6-7.

A preliminary report on some features of muricacean morphology. D'Attilio, A., 11:118-
125 , 21 figs.

A report on the faunal study of the Gemmell collection from San Felipe, Baja California,
Mexico, from 1965 to 1976. Gemmell, J. , B.W. Myers, C.M. Hertz. 8:87-93, 10 figs.
A review of several eastern Pacific Bittbum species (Gastropoda: Cerithiidae) .

Hertz, J. , 3:25-44, 27 figs, 2 tables.

A spectacular dive at Begg Rock. McPeak, R. , 11:126-129, 4 figs.

Another senior synonym in Nipponotrophon (Gastropoda: Muricidae). Roth, B. 5:58-60,

2 figs.

Beltaspira grippi (Dali, 1908) (Gastropoda : Turridae) . Myers, B.W,, 1:8-9, 2 figs.

Book review: A guide to the Nudibranchs of California... Robilliard, G.A. , 8:94-95.

Book review — an update. Mulliner, D.K., 10:115. [A guide to the Nudibranchs...'}

Book review: Natural History of Baja California. Poorman, F. , 7:85.

Book review: The family Buccinidae part 1: the genera Nassaria, Tragana and Neoteron.
D'Attilio, A., 9:103

Colubraria xavieri Campbell, 1961 (Gastropoda: Cymatiacea) the second known specimen?

Poorman, F.L. & L.H. Poorman, 9:102-103, 1 fig.

Comments on a lovely MurexietZa (Gastropoda: Muricidae) from the Gulf of California.

Poorman, L.H. & F.L. Poorman, 5:61-62, 1 fig. [A/, diomedaea]

Comments on Aomaea funiouZata (Carpenter, 1864). Myers, B.W. & M. Mulliner, 9:99-
101, 5 figs.

CoraZZiobia fimbriata in shallow waters of Hawaii. Burch, B. & T. Burch, 2:12-15,

5 figs.

Fort Kam revisited, February 1981. Bradner, H. & B. Schoening. 7:82.

In memoriam: Joshua L. Baily, 1889-1981. Hertz, C.M., 5:63-65. [List of publications
authored by Dr. Baily.]

Minute shells: KurtzieZZa ?atrostyZa (Tryon, 1884). Keeler, J. & J. Hertz, 4:55-
56, 1 fig.

Minute shells: western Atlantic caecids. Keeler, J., 6:67-72, 24 figs.

The Festivus

132.

Vol. XIII(II)

Muricidae of Midway. Schmeltz, R. , 4:52-54, 3 figs.

Murex (Oci-nehra) sykesi Preston, 1904. D’Attilio, A., 6:73-75, 2 figs.

Note on the holotype of Murex taqueatus Sowerby, 1841 (Gastropoda: Muricidae) with a
description of a specimen from Guam. D'Attilio, A., 7:78-81, 5 figs.

Notes on Crookeretla orystallvna (Gabb, 1865) (Gastropoda: Turridae) . Hertz, J.,
10:108-112, 10 figs.

Observations on Mur'iaanthus radix (Gmelin, 1791) (Gastropoda: Muricidae: Muricinae) .
D’Attilio, A. 10:113-115, 6 figs.

Observations on two problem species from the Indo Pacific, [including] Note on the
type figure of Murex hirasei and its author Yochiro Hirase. D'Attilio, A.,
1:2-6. 7 figs.

One dive: November 2, 1980. Evans, R. , 8:96-97, 1 fig. [off Palos Verdes, CA]

One dive: September 24, 1980. Evans, R. , 3:24 [off Palos Verdes, CA]

The cultured abalone. Leighton, D.L., 7:83-84.

The ecology of ColiseVta digitalis. Kimball, A., 6:76. [summary of student project]
The radula of t^eoteron aj'ie'i (Pilsbry and Lowe, 1932) (Gastropoda: Buccinidae) .
D'Attilio, A., 9:104-105, 3 figs.

The rediscovery of Murex cirrosus Hinds, 1844. D'Attilio, A., 4:46-51, 8 figs.

Two problematic coralliophilid gastropods. D'Attilio, A., 2:16-20, 4 figs. [Latiaxis
sibogae & L. ricinuloides]

THE FESTIVUS DOES NOT PUBLISH AN ISSUE IN DECEMBER.

I

I

■tl

3

f

DIEGO SHELl
% C. HERl
3883 Ml BifiCKBU
SAH DIEGO, Cl I

^iorary

Walsh

Central Park *®ator;

^ork, h.vX 2/’“

«

iil II

THE

FISIITIS

Umi 2 4 J99)

A* M. N, fil.

,, ^ SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968

MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.

ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK

President Carol Burchard

Vice President Ron H. McPeak

Rec. Secretary Martin Schuler

Corres. Secretary Marjorie Bradner

Treasurer Walter Robertson

Editor Carole M. Hertz

ANNUAL DUES: Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $4.00;

Family membership: $5.00; Student membership: $3.00; Overseas
surface: $6.00.

CLUB ADDRESS: Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club, Inc.

c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111

VOL. XIII NOVEMBER 1981 NO. 11

*********************************************************************

*

*

* PROGRAM: Dr. Eric Hochberg will give an illustrated talk on selected

J mollusks from the northern Channel Islands. In addition he

* will provide a discussion of some recent work on Cephalopods.

J Date: November 19, 1981 Time: 7:30 P.M. Room: 104

*

* MAKE YOUR RESERVATIONS NOW. The Club's Annual Christmas Party will

* be held on Saturday evening, December 12, 1981 in the La Sala Room of

* the Cafe Del Rey Moro. Details, page 117..
*********************************************************************

CONTENTS

Club news 117

A preliminary report on some features of muricacean morphology

D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY 118

A spectacular dive

MCPEAK, RON 126

A selected index to volume Kill (1981) 130

THE FESTIVUS DOES NOT PUBLISH AN ISSUE IN DECEMBER.

117

The Festivxis

FROM THE MINUTES

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB MEETING: 5 OCTOBER 1981

BY

MARTIN SCHULER

Carol Burchard called the meeting to order at 7:45 P.M. Guests and new members
were introduced as well as those members that we hadn't seen for a while. Ron McPeak
then introduced the night's speaker, Dr. Jack Engle, who spoke on the ecology of the
Channel Islands and the Channel Islands research program. The talk was very interes-
ting and focused on the forms of marine life found on any one of the islands. Slides
were also shown to illustrate the environmental differences found on the different
islands and on the other sides of the same islands.

Ron announced that next month's speaker will be Dr. Eric Hochberg who will speak
on the Channel Islands. Wally Robertson announced the various books for sale and
also noted that the Christmas Party will be held on Saturday December 12, not on
December 11 (as announced in error in the October Festivus, Ed.).

Barbara Myers announced that the library is selling duplicate and outdated
material .

Carol Burchard presented the slate of officers for 1982. They are as follows.

President: Martin Schuler Treasurer: Wally Robertson

Vice President: Bill Perrin Editor: Carole Hertz

Rec./Corr. Secretary: Pat Sage

Nominations from the floor will be entertained at the November meeing after which
the election of officers for 1982 will take place.

Jay Christianson won the shell drawing and the meeting was adjourned at 9:30 P.M.

THE SEPTEMBER PARTY— A CHINESE FEAST

The garden of Jeanne and Don Pisor's home was the lovely setting for the
Club's annual September party. Gathered were many members and friends in Chinese
finery. There was ethnic music and a sumptuous array of Chinese delicacies which
VJ0X-0 enjoyed by all. As always, the party was warm with good friendship and the
Club thanks our gracious hosts Jeanne and Don Pisor.

THE TU^^NUAL CLUB CHRISTMAS DINNER PARTY

The San Diego Shell Club's annual Christmas party will be held on Saturday
evening, December 12 in the La Sala Room of the Cafe Del Rey Moro in Balboa Park.
The no host cocktail hour will begin at 6:00 P.M. Dinner will be at 7:15 P.M.

Menu: Tossed salad, hot rolls and butter

Baron of beef au jus, baked stuffed potato and vegetable
Dessert and choice of coffee or tea

Complimentary dinner wine will be provided by the Club.

Dinner cost is $10.00 ( $8.45 plus tax and gratuity) Reservations must be in
by Friday, December 4. Make checks payable to San Diego Shell Club, Inc., and
either give it to the treasurer, Walter Robertson at the November meeting or send
it to the Club address (see front page) .

Following dinner there will be entertainment and the Club's traditional shell
exchange. Bring your gift wrapped shell to place under the tree. Place data and
name inside the package only. On the outside place only general locale i.e. Indo-
Pacific, Gulf, etc. Numbers are drawn and those bringing a shell gift choose one
from under the tree.

It's always a great party. Come and join your friends.

Guests welcome.

Vol. XIII(II)

The Festivus

118.

A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON SOME FEATURES OF MURICACEAN MORPHOLOGY*

BY

ANTHONY D'ATTILIO

Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park
P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

One of the most distinguishing characters of a Murex shell is the presence of
varices. What is a varix, or how does one distinguish a varix from other sculp-
tural features? A varix, which is an axially aligned structure, is usually spaced
with some regularity from whorl to whorl and usually retains a thickened margin on
its leading side. See Figure 1. The varical margin then is the preserved outer lip
of a previous aperture. When new growth takes place, a varix near the new outer lip
is formed. Frequently this previous outer lip is not resorbed in the process of
growth. The new growth starts where the old lip and varix are situated and they
remain as a remnant of a former growth stage. At times however, the lip may be
resorbed in which case varical sculpture is barely present, with little or no evidence
of the previous lip. See Figure 2.

Varices are then an indication of rest periods or elements of periodicity in
the formation of the shell. Observation seems to support the view that new growth
is achieved with rest periods of no growth between one varix and the next. However,
this qualitative aspect of muricid ontogeny is not consistent either to family or
genus in the Muricacea. Species can be selected from many genera which seem to
demonstrate that continuous growth takes place. Varices in these species are not
clearly defined. Examination of the shell surface shows consistent growth as small,
evenly spaced increments over the entire surface. Figures 3 and 4 illustrate con-
contihuous growth in the muricid species Ooenebva turi-da (Middendorf, 1848).

In species with varices (Figure 5), the early postnuclear whorls have close-set
axial ridges not clearly differentiated as varices. Usually on the third postnuclear
whorl a portion of the axial ridges develop into true varices while a number of the

OUTER LIP

Fig. 1. Schematic transverse section
of muricid shell retaining a
varical margin.

Fig. 2. Schematic transverse section of
muricid shell not retaining a
varical margin.

* Adapted from a paper presented at the WSM-1981 conference in San Diego, California.

119

The Festivus

Fig. 3. Dorsal view of 0. lurida Fig. 4. Profile view of the same

illustrating continuous growth specimen.

SDNHM 6745; Length: 24mm
Location: Puget Sound, Washington

remaining axial ridges retain their
early nature and persist as such
in whole or in part throughout
shell growth. Figure 6 illus-
trates the first appearance of
the differentiation between
varix and axial ridge in an en-
larged drawing of the early whorls
of Naquetia triquetra (Born, 1778).
The shell develops three varices
beginning with the third whorl.

All other intervarical ridges are
stabilized into a few axial ridges
at maturity.

FI«ST POSTMUClEAR VVhOR(_

Fig. 5. The 2nd to 3rd postnuclear whorls most
frequently have axial sculpture not
differentiated into varices and non-functional
costae .

Vol. XIII(II)

The FEstivus

120.

The varices may assume a number
of forms; a fact which has led to the
creation of the many generic cate-
gories in the taxonomy of the
Muricidae and other muricacean
families. The species with rounded
spines having three varices have been
classified in the genus Muvex in the
strict sense (see Figure 7) or in
Haustettvm. Some similar types of
spiny species have been segregated
in the genus Siratus for reasons of
radula, canal structure etc. (see
Figure 8). Those species having
foliated spines resembling the
cut-leaf form of the edible plant,

Chicory, are in large part classified
in the appropriately named genus
Chicoreus (see Figure 9). Species
having wing-like flanges extending on
the varix are placed in genera such
as PterynotuSj Pteropurpura etc.
depending principally on the Fig.

form of the radula. See Figure 10.

Fig. 7. Murex tvioovonis Berry, 1960
SDNHM 45807; Length: 59 mm
Location: Bahia de Los Angeles,

Baja Calif., Mexico

6. Greatly enlarged drawing of the early
whorls of Naquetia triquetra showing the
development of the first varix.

Fig. 8. Siratus motacilla (Gmelin, 1791)
SDNHM 79072; Length 60 mm
Location : Dominica , B.W.I.

121.

The Fgstivus

Fig. 10. Pteropurpura maoroptera

(Deshayes, 1839)

Mulliner collection;

Location: off Bird Rock, La Jolla, Ca.
in 65 ft. Date: 7/31/71; Coll. D. Mulliner

Intermediate forms of varical sculpture
with foliated or non-foliated spines connected
by a flange or web can be found in genera like
Murexi-elta as shown in Figure 11. In the
systematics of the Muricacea many other vari-
ations such as spinosity and flange sculpture
form the basis of generic divisions. In many
of these generic divisions, nonetheless, species
may be included which do not conform to the
general concept of the genus as taxonomically
defined by the characters of the type.

A significant feature of most muricid
growth is the relation of the varices as they
are positioned from whorl to whorl. The varix
on the later whorl, with some exceptions, falls
short of coming directly below the varix above.
When an entire shell is viewed, the alignment
of the varices is seen to be diagonal to the
axis of the shell. This diagonal quality

Fig. 9. Ch'Lcoreus brunneus Link, 1807
SDNHM 79938; Length: 60 mm
Location: Zamboanga, P.I., Date: 4/52
Coll: M. Sohl

Fig. 11. Murexielta radwini Emerson and D'Attilio, 1970
AMNH 155903; Length 33.5 mm (holotype)

Location: Isabella Is., Galapagos Islands

Vol. XIII(II)

The FCstivus

122.

varies from slight to extreme and brings out the interesting fact that a muricid
shell whorl having varices does not complete, in most instances, a full circle of
360°. See Figure 12. The diagonally placed varices, when viewed from the spire
downward as shown in Figure 13, swirl from right to left. Rarely are the varices
parallel to the axis in the muricid shell as illustrated in Figure 14.

Fig. 14. Schematic drawing showing the
varices parallel to the axis.

However some exceptions exist as exemplified by As^peZla and Eupleura. In
the genus AspeVia there are two laterally placed varices aligned parallel to the axis
of the shell as shown in Figure 15. However there are eight varices in the earliest
whorls (see Figure 16) which have the more common diagonal pattern of growth.

123.

The Festivus

The two views of
Aspelta platytaevis Radwln
and D'Attilio, 1976 in
Figure 17 show clearly the
alignment of the varices
parallel to the axis of
the shell.

Fig. 15. Aspella ?pyvamidat-is (Broderip, 1833) Fig. 16. Greatly enlarged drawing of
3 specimens from Puerto Nunez, Santa Cruz Is, early whorls of A. Tpyramidal'is .
Galapagos Is., under rocks, low tide
SDNHM 72235; Length 13mm -•15mm

Fig. 17. Two views of Aspella platylaevis

SDNHM 77206; Length: 12 mm; Location: Mactan Is., P.I.

Vol. XIII(II)

The Festivus

124.

An interesting variation of muricid growth occurs in
Eupteura. As can be noted from the illustrations of
two species of Eupleura in Figures 18 and 19, the
apertural varix in Eupleura is located beyond the
varix above in the mature shell. Figure 20 shows the
early growth in E. muvlo'iform'is which exhibits the more
customary muricid growth in its early whorls. E. nlti-da
however, (Figure 19) shows consistent vertical alignment
of varices from the early postnuclear whorls.

Fig. 19. E. nitida (Broderip, 1833)
reprinted from Festivus XII(11):131

Fig. 18. E. muriaiformis (Brod.,1833)
SDNHM 23139; Length 44 mm
Location: Kino Bay. Sonora. Mex.

Fig. 20. Two views of juvenile E. muricifot^is
Hertz collection; Length 17 mm;

Location: San Felipe, B.C., Mex. intertidal

125.

The Festivus

The lamellate nature of growth striae in muricids is another characteristic
feature although not restricted to this
family. In muricacean families it is a
pronounced character. The lamellae are
often quite strongly developed and ex-
tend above the surface of the shell,
sometimes appearing undulate, wave-like
or even ruffled. An example of this
is shown in Figure 21. Where spiral
sculpture occurs the lamellae form
scaly extensions over the cords.

Because of these combined characters,
the Murex shell is often described as
having a scabrously-lamellose surface.

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to David K. Mulliner
for the fine photographs in this paper.

Literature dealing with this same sub-
ject can be found in the following
works .

Linsley, Robert M. and Mahdokht Javidpour
1980. Episodic growth in
Gastropoda. Malacologia 20(1) :153-
160. 7 figs.

Spight, T.M. and A. Lyons

1974. Development and functions
of the shell sculpture of the
marine snail, Ceratostoma foliatum
Marine Biology 24:77-83.

Spight, T.M., C. Birkeland and A. Lyons.

1974. Life histories of large and small
Murexes (Prosobranchia : Muricidae) .
Marine Biology 24:229-242.

Fig. 21. Latiaxis oibogae Schepman, 1911

Length: 16 mm (holotype) , Zo’ologisch Museum
reprinted from Festivus XIII(2):17.

THE FESTIVUS DOES NOT PUBLISH AN ISSUE IN DECEMBER.

Vol. XIII(II)

The Festivus

126.

A SPECTACULAR DIVE AT BEGG ROCK

BY

RON MCPEAK

KELCO, Division of Merck & Co.

2145 East Belt Street, San Diego, California

On August 13, 1981, I had an opportunity to dive Begg Rock. Begg Rock is an
underwater pinnacle that rises from ocean depths of nearly 50 fathoms to jut a few
feet out of water. It is located approximately 130 miles west of San Diego and ten
miles northwest of San Nicolas Island. This offshore area provides beautiful diving
along its steep walls. The diving, however, can be hazardous in shallow water, due
to high westerly swells which frequently buffet the area. Swells or foggy conditions
were likely the cause of the 1824 stranding of the vessel John Begg, the rock’s
namesake.

Conditions were calm and swells were only moderate during the August dive,
a dive to depths of 40 to 80 feet. I leaped into the clear water with camera and
collecting bag in hand, and swam toward the rock while submerging. Visibility was
excellent and probably exceeded 40 feet. A mosaic of colors came into focus as I
approached the steep walls. Vivid reds, purples, pinks, greens, grays, whites, and
oranges were splashed on the walls of Begg Rock.

Coelenterates were ubiquitous. The white plumose anemone, Metr'id'iim sen'tle ,
covered much of the rock, to depths of at least 100 feet (Figure 1). Juveniles of
this species were everywhere
and most were formed by pedal
laceration — a mode of asexual
reproduction. The aggregating
anemone ,Anthopleura
etegantissima , formed colorful
grey-green patches to depths
of at least 80 feet. This
anemone is common in tide
pools along the coast of
California. Another anemone,

Corynaatis calif ornioa was
recognized by its white-
clubbed tentacles and pink,
crimson, red, lavender or
brown colored body. A few
specimens of the small salmon-
colored anemone, Metvidium
exilis , and the proliferating
anemone, Epiaatis prolifera.
were also observed. Other
coelenterates noted were the
hydroid Aglaophenia sp. ; Fig. 1. Side of Begg Rock at about 40 feet with

hydrocoral, Allopova sp. and Metridium senile and Spdeaiospongia oonfoederata.

the stony coral, Astrangia
lajollensis (Figure 2).

In addition to coelenterates, many other species of suspension feeding inverte-
brates were visible during the dive. Several species of sponges were common. A large
grey sponge, Sphecio spang ia confoederata formed colonies up to five feet long and two

127.

The Festivus

feet in height and Acamus erithaous was easily identified by its bright orange-
red color (Figure 1). A few specimens of the feather-duster worm, Eudistyla
potymorpha waved their plume-like gills in the surge. Bright orange (unidentified)
colonial tunicates were quite common and provided a colorful contrast to the sur-
rounding white plumose anemones.

Hinnites giganteus (Gray, 1825)
was common subtidally, while
Mytilus calif omianus^ Conrad,

1837, was abundant in the inter-
tidal and shallow subtidal.

Numerous dead and detached
Mytilus shells were observed in
depressions, at depths ranging
from 50 to 80 feet (Figure 3) .

The barnacle, Megabalanus
califovnicus (-Balanus tintin-
nabulum) contributed to the
debris collecting in these
depressions. These barnacles
were either attached to Mytilus
or were in detached clusters.

Since both Mytilus and
Megabalanus primarily occur in
the intertidal or shallow sub-
tidal, the debris in depressions
was likely produced by swells
which dislodged the shallow
water animals. It is also
possible that starfish fed
upon Mytilus in shallow water
and released the Mytilus shells
after feeding.

Several species of echino-
derms were present. During the
dive I observed the following
starfish and sea urchins:

Pisaster gigantaeus , P.
oohraceuSj Patiria miniataj
Pycnopodia helianthoides ^

Dermasterias imbricataj
Orthasterias koehleri; and sea
urchins, Strongylooentrotus
franc iscanus and S. purpuratus .

The urchins were most abundant
in the Mytilus-Megabalanus
debris .

Nudibranchs, Anisodoris
nobilis (MacFarland, 1905) and
Eermissenda crassicornis
(Eschscholtz , 1831) were seen
crawling over the rocky sub-
strate. The scaled worm shell
Serpulorbis squamigerus
(Carpenter, 1857) was every-
where. One of the most exciting

Fig. 2. Begg Rock at 60 feet with hydroid

Aglaophenia and hydrocoral Allopora.

Fig. 3. Debris filled depressions with numerous

Mytilus shells, Megabalanus califomicus,
and the purple urchin Strongylocentrotus
purpuratus .

Vol. XIII(II)

The Festivus

128.

aspects of the dive was locating pockets of the beautiful muricid, Ceratostoma
foliatum (Gmelin, 1791), at depths ranging from 30 to 80 feet. They may have
occurred in significant numbers at greater depths, but the dive was limited to a
depth of 80 feet. Many of the Ceratostoma were covered by bryozoans, the anemone
Metridium senile^ and Megabatanus oati-fomiaus. Some shells were bored by the sponge
Cliona.

The pockets of 15-30
Ceratostoma were in crevices
(Figure 4). The clustered
muricids did not appear to be
spawning or feeding on a par-
ticular prey item. Scattered
specimens of C. foliatum, how-
ever, were observed feeding on
Megabatanus in the debris filled
depressions, at depths of 50
to 80 feet.

I collected some of the
larger specimens of C. foliatum
(to 90 mm) , and invariably
found small Ceratostoma beneath.

Some of these juvenile
Ceratostoma have been identified
by Anthony D’Attilio and Barbara
W. Myers as C. nuttalli (Conrad,

1837). One 51 mm adult specimen

of C. nuttalli was collected. I ^ ■

find it interesting that these Clusters of Ceratostoma foliatum at 65 feet.

two species were found occupying

the same habitat. C. foliatum is a northern species which ranges from San Diego,
California to Sitka, Alaska. The species is reported as uncommon south of Point
Conception, California. C. nuttalli is a southern species and ranges from Point,
Conception, California south to Bahia Santa Maria, Baja California, Mexico. The few
specimens of C. nuttalli collected at Begg Rock were nearly at the northern limit of
distribution for the species. The Begg Rock population of C. foliatum was thriving in
an area considered near the southern distribution for the species. A review of
southern California sea surface temperature data and satellite imagery reveals tongues
of colder northern water reaching the Begg Rock-San Nicolas Island area. C. foliatum,
which is thriving in the colder waters at Begg Rock, would likely be found at San
Nicolas Island.

were inadvertently collected when Ceratostoma were

The following gastropods
placed in the collecting bag.

Amphissa versicolor (Dali, 1871)

Calliostoma supragranosum (Carpenter, 1864)
Ceratostoma nuttalli (Conrad, 1837)
Cerithiopsis oosmia Bartsch, 1907
Crepipatella lingulata (Gould, 1846)

Cypraea spadicea (Swainson, 1823)

Epitonium sp.

Fusinus luteopictus (Dali, 1871)

Homalopoma luridum (Dali, 1885)
Maxwellia santarosana (Dali, 1905)
Nuoella canaliculata (Duclos, 1832)
Ooenebra foveolata (Hinds, 1844)
Ocenebra lurida (Middendorf f , 1848)
Seila montereyensis Bartsch, 1907
Volvarina taeniolata Morch, 1860
Williamia peltoides (Carpenter, 1864)

The dive at Begg Rock was exciting and finished with a flurry. As I was com-
pleting the dive, taking pictures of a cluster of Ceratostoma, I suddenly noticed by
air supply was very low so I took the last picture, grabbed about eight Ceratostoma,

129.

The Festivus

and quickly surfaced, juggling Murex and camera. The short dive at Begg Rock will be
remembered as one of my favorite dives.

Acknowledgments

1 wish to thank Barbara Myers for identifying the miscellaneous shells collected
with Ceratostoma foliatum and for her many helpful suggestions regarding this paper.

I further want to thank Dave Mulliner for making black and white prints from the
original slides for inclusion in this article.

The following request was received from Mr. Roland Houart, St. Jobsstraat, 8,
B-3330 Landen " (Ezemaal) , Belgium.

In order to make a revision of the genus Chiaoreus s.s. (Muricidae) from the
Indo-Pacific area (including the Red Sea) I would like to borrow, receive, exchange
or buy specimens from any locality in the studied area. Borrowed specimens will be
returned after a maximum of 9 months. Please be sure to include the locality data
even if not complete. It is most important. I thank you for your help.

Mr. Houart can be contacted at the above address.

NEW MEMBER

Womack, Edwin B. , 1007 North E Place, Lompoc, CA 93436.
CHANGES OF ADDRESS

Burch, Mrs. B.L., P.O. Box 309, Kailua, Hawaii 96734.
Janowsky, Dorothy, 792 Evergreen Drive, West Hempstead, NY.
Ruhl, Deborah A., 14083 E. Canning Drive, Whittier CA 90605

Vol. XIII(II)

The Festivus

130.

I

I

1

A SELECTED INDEX TO VOLUME XIII (1981)

Listings are by both author and title. Each entry lists month and page(s).

The first number refers to the month. The number(s) after the colon to the page(s).
Brackets are used for explanation.

BRADNER, HUGH and BOB SCHOENING

Fort Kam revisited, February 1981. 7:82.

BRADNER, MARGE

A day on Oahu at Fort Kamehameha — summer 1980. 2:21.

BURCH, BEATRICE and THOMAS BURCH

Cova'Lliob'ia fimbriata in shallow waters of Hawaii. 2:12-15, 5 figs.

D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY

A preliminary report on some features of muricacean morphology. 11:118-125^ 21 figs.
Book review: the family Buccinidae part 1: the genera Nassarbaj Trajana and
Neoteron. 9:103.

Murex (Ooinebva) sykesi Preston, 1904. 6:73-75, 2 figs.

Note on the holotype of Murex laqueatus Sowerby, 1841 (Gastropoda: Muricidae)
with a description of a specimen from Guam. 7:78-81, 5 figs.

Observations on Muriaanthus radix (Gmelin, 1791) (Gastropoda: Muricidae:

Muricinae) 10:113-115, 6 figs.

Observations on two problem species from the Indo Pacific . [including] Note on

the type figure of Murex hirasei and its author Yochiro Hirase. 1:2-6, 7 figs.
The radula of Neoteron ariel (Pilsbry and Lowe, 1932) (Gastropoda: Buccinidae)
9:104-105, 3 figs.

The rediscovery of Murex cirrosus Hinds, 1844. 4:46-51, 8 figs.

Two problematic coralliophilid gastropods [Latiaxis sibogae hL. riainuZoides]

2 : 1 6-20, 4 figs.

EVANS, ROGER

One dive: September 24, 1980. [off Palos Verdes, CA] 3:24.

One dive: November 2, 1980. [off Palos Verdes, CA] 8:96-57, 1 fig.

GEMMELL, JOYCE, BARBARA W. MYERS, CAROLE M. HERTZ

A report on the faunal study of the Gemmell collection from San Felipe, Baja
California, Mexico, from 1965 to 1976. 8:87-93. 10 figs.

HERTZ, CAROLE M.

In memoriam: Joshua L. Baily, 1889-1981 [List of publications authored by
Dr. Baily ] 5:63-65.

HERTZ, JULES

A review of several eastern Pacific Bittium species (Gastropoda: Cerithiidae)
3:25-44, 27 figs., 2 tables.

Notes on Croakerella orystallina (Gabb, 1865) (Gastropoda: Turridae) . 10:108-
112, 10 figs.

KEELER, JAMES

Minute shells: western Atlantic caecids. 6:67-72, 24 figs.

KEELER, JAMES and JULES HERTZ

Minute shells: Kurtzietta ?atrostyla (Tryon, 1884). 4:55-56, 1 fig.

KIMBALL, AMY

The ecology of Colisella digitalis [summary of student project]. 6:76.

LEIGHTON, DAVID L.

The cultured abalone. 7:83-84.

MCPEAK, RON

A spectacular dive at Begg Rock. 11: 126-129, 4 figs.

A

131.

The Festivus

MULLINER, DAVID K.

Book review — an update [to corrected edition of A Guide to the Nudibranchs of
California...] 10:115.

MYERS, BARBARA W.

A new book on the marine invertebrates of California [book review] 1:6-7.

Bellaspiva grippi (Dali, 1908) (Gastropoda: Turridae) . 1:8-9, 2 figs.

MYERS, BARBARA W. and MARGARET MULLINER

Comments on Aamaea funiaulata (Carpenter, 1864) 9:99-101, 5 figs.

POORMAN, FORREST L.

Book review: Natural history of Baja California. 7:85
POORMAN, FORREST L. and LEROY H. POORMAN

Colubvavia xavieri. Campbell, 1961 (Gastropoda: Cymatiacea) the second known
specimen? 9:102-103, 1 fig.

POORMAN, LEROY H. and FORREST L POORMAN

Comments on a lovely MupexieVia (Gastropoda: Muricidae) from the Gulf of
Calif ornia.[ A/, diomedaea] 5:61-62, 1 fig.

ROBILLIARD, GORDON A.

Book review: A guide to the Nudibranchs of California... 8:94-95.

ROTH, BARRY

Another senior synonym in Nipponotrophon (Gastropoda: Muricidae). 5:58-60, 2 figs.
SCHMELTZ, ROGER

Muricidae of Midway. 4:52-54, 3 figs.

A day on Oahu at Fort Kamehameha — summer 1980. Bradner, M. , 2:21.

A new book on the marine invertebrates of California. Myers, B.W., 1:6-7.

A preliminary report on some features of muricacean morphology. D'Attilio, A., 11:118-
125 , 21 figs.

A report on the faunal study of the Gemmell collection from San Felipe, Baja California,
Mexico, from 1965 to 1976. Gemmell, J. , B.W. Myers, C.M. Hertz. 8:87-93, 10 figs.
A review of several eastern Pacific Bittium species (Gastropoda: Cerithiidae) .

Hertz, J. , 3:25-44, 27 figs, 2 tables.

A spectacular dive at Begg Rock. McPeak, R. , 11:126-129, 4 figs.

Another senior synonym in Nipponotrophon (Gastropoda: Muricidae). Roth, B. 5:58-60,

2 figs.

Bellaspira grippi (Dali, 1908) (Gastropoda : Turridae) . Myers, B.W,, 1:8-9, 2 figs.

Book review: A guide to the Nudibranchs of California... Robilliard, G.A., 8:94-95.

Book review — an update. Mulliner, D.K., 10:115. [A guide to the Nudibranchs...'/

Book review: Natural History of Baja California. Poorman, F. , 7:85.

Book review: The family Buccinidae part 1: the genera Bassar'uij Trajana arri Neo ter on .
D'Attilio, A., 9:103

Colubrarda xavierd Campbell, 1961 (Gastropoda: Cymatiacea) the second known specimen?

Poorman, F.L. & L.H. Poorman, 9:102-103, 1 fig.

Comments on a lovely Murexdelta (Gastropoda: Muricidae) from the Gulf of California.

Poorman, L.H. & F.L. Poorman, 5:61-62, 1 fig. [ M. ddomedaea]

Comments on Acmaea fundculata (Carpenter, 1864). Myers, B.W. & M. Mulliner, 9:99-
101, 5 figs.

CoraZtdobda fdmbrdata in shallow waters of Hawaii. Burch, B. & T. Burch, 2:12-15,

5 figs.

Fort Kam revisited, February 1981. Bradner, H. & B. Schoening. 7:82.

In memoriam: Joshua L. Baily, 1889-1981. Hertz, C.M., 5:63-65. [List of publications
authored by Dr. Baily.]

Minute shells: Kurtzdelta ?atrostyla (Tryon, 1884). Keeler, J. & J . Hertz, 4:55-
56, 1 fig.

Minute shells: western Atlantic caecids. Keeler, J., 6:67-72, 24 figs.

Vol. XIII(II)

The Festivus

132.

Muricidae of Midway. Schmeltz, R. , 4:52-54, 3 figs.

Murex (Ooinehva) sykesi Preston, 1904. D'Attilio, A., 6:73-75, 2 figs.

Note on the holotype of Murex taqueatus Sowerby, 1841 (Gastropoda: Muricidae) with a
description of a specimen from Guam. D'Attilio, A., 7:78-81, 5 figs.

Notes on CrookevelZa ovystaZZina (Gabb, 1865) (Gastropoda: Turridae) . Hertz, J. ,
10:108-112, 10 figs.

Observations on Murioanthus vadix (Gmelin, 1791) (Gastropoda: Muricidae: Muricinae) .
D’Attilio, A. 10:113-115, 6 figs.

Observations on two problem species from the Indo Pacific, [including] Note on the
type figure of Murex hiraseZ and its author Yochiro Hirase. D'Attilio, A.,
1:2-6. 7 figs.

One dive: November 2, 1980. Evans, R. , 8:96-97, 1 fig. [off Palos Verdes, CA]

One dive: September 24, 1980. Evans, R. , 3:24 [off Palos Verdes, CA]

The cultured abalone. Leighton, D.L., 7:83-84.

The ecology of Cot'isetZa dig'ltal'ls. Kimball, A., 6:76. [summary of student project]
The radula of Neoteron oriel (Pilsbry and Lowe, 1932) (Gastropoda: Buccinidae) .
D'Attilio, A., 9:104-105, 3 figs.

The rediscovery of Murex oirrosus Hinds, 1844. D'Attilio, A., 4:46-51, 8 figs.

Two problematic coralliophilid gastropods. D'Attilio, A., 2:16-20, 4 figs. [Latiojxis
sibogae & L. rioinuloides]

THE FESTIVUS DOES NOT PUBLISH AN ISSUE IN DECEMBER

r*

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB
% C. HERTZ

388? fnT. BLACKBURN AVE.
SAN DIEGO, CA. 82111

|AsB«ric2m Museuai
jUbrarian, Judith w.
jCentral Park West &
jNew York, New York

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968

MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.

ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK

President

Vice President...
Rec. Secretary...
Corres. Secretary

Treasurer

Editor

Carol Burchard
Ron H. Me Peak
Martin Schuler
Marjorie Bradner
Walter Robertson
Carole M. Hertz

VOLUME XIV JANUARY - NOVEMBER 1982

Ql^o/ , f4/Z

- FESTIVnS,

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

^^Ar«^7 founded 1961 • incorporated 1968

MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.

. ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK

01982

President Martin Schuler

f 'A is-1 Vice President Bill Perrin

A. wi» ‘ Secretary Pat Sage

Treasurer Walter Robertson

Editor Carole M. Hertz

ANNUAL DUES: Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $5.00;

Family membership: $6.00; Overseas surface: $8.00.

CLUB ADDRESS: Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club Inc.,

c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111.

VOL. XIV JANUARY 1982 NO. 1

***********************************************************************

i *

* *

J PROGRAM: "San Felipe to Gonzaga, 1964-1976 — a Naturalist's View" is the titlej

* of the talk by Joyce Gemmell. Her talk will be accompanied by her J

i slides of the area. *

* /I

* A mini-talk entitled "A Week at Punta Asuncion" will follow the J

J break and will be slides by Hertz, McPeak and Mulliner. *

* *

* *

* Date; January 21, 1982 Time: 7:30 P.M. Room: 104 *

* *

* *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * it * * * * -k * * * -k * * * * ** -k * -k -k *1e -k * * * -k -k -k * * * -k -k -k ii -k * ** ic * * * * ie * * -k * It ic * **

CONTENTS

Observations on the "hinge-ligament "in Bathyaroa OThioutata (Dali, 1881)

(Bivalvia: Arcidae)

MYERS, BARBARA W. , CAROLE M. HERTZ, ANTHONY D'ATTILIO 2

Shelling in the British Isles

SCHULER, MARTIN 8

Club news 9

Book review: The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Seashells.

HERTZ, CAROLE M .' 10

Excerpts from the 1982 Tide Calendar for the Northern Gulf of California 11

Minute shells: Caecum oalifovniaum Dali, 1885 (Gastropoda: Rissoacea)

HERTZ , JULES 12

DUES ARE DUE

In April 1981 the Club voted to raise the dues for 1982. The notice was
printed in the May issue of The Festivus. The rapidly rising costs of paper, printing,
postage etc. necessitated this raise. The new rates are printed above. A student
membership will now be the same as a single membership.

2.

The Festivus

OBSERVATIONS ON THE "HINGE-LIGAMENT" IN
BATHYARCA ORBICULATA (PALL. 1881) (BIVALVIA: ARCIDAE)

BY

BARBARA W. MYERS, CAROLE M. HERTZ, ANTHONY D'ATTILIO

Department of Marine Invertebrates, San Diego Natural History Museum, Balboa Park,

P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

Bathyavoa ovhiaulata (Dali, 1881)

Area peotunoutoides Scacchi, var. orhioutata Dali, 1881:121

A specimen of Bathyavoa orh-iautata was generously donated to the San Diego
Natural History Museum (SDNHM 80329) by William Siapno, head of marine sciences,

Deepsea Ventures. The specimen was collected June 1, 1978, at 1A°40’N x 126°2.9'W
while dredging for manganese nodules from their R/V Prospector at a depth of 10 to
20 thousand feet (precise depth not recorded) .

The purpose of this paper is to discuss and illustrate the morphological
variation in the hinge-ligament of Bathyaroa orbioulata (Dali, 1881). In this paper,
the concept "hinge-ligament” is used to denote the highly specialized nature of the
interlocking connecting structures in this group of bivalves. The hinge-ligament of
B. orbteutata is amphidetic (on both sides of the umbones), taxodont (teeth in two
similar series meeting below the umbones) , and multivincular (many flattened cords
extending from one valve to the other).

In identifying this specimen we compared it with numerous specimens at Scripps
Institution of Oceanography and with information in Knudsen (1970). Knudsen referred
this species to Area. For generic placement we are following Verrill and Bush (1898),
Clarke (1962), and Keen (1971) and referring orbioulata to Bathyaroa Kobelt, 1891.

In most bivalves the mantle adds only minimal calcareous growth in the hinge
area and the umbones remain close together throughout the life of the mollusk. In the
family Arcidae the growing edge of the mantle secretes additional calcareous material
in the hinge area adding increments of growth at the hinge line. This causes the
umbones to separate (Purchon, 1968). As a result, changes can be expected to occur
in the morphology of the hinge-ligament in Bathyaroa.

Our specimen, which measures 28 mm long by 22 mm wide appeared quite different
in the hinge-ligament area than the one figured in Knudsen (1970:77, fig. 47).

Through the courtesy of Spencer Luke, Assistant Curator of the Benthic Invertebrate
collection at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, we were able to obtain a number
of specimens of B. orbioulata from their wet collection. There were no notable dif-
ferences in the exterior sculpture of the specimens examined. We found that they varied
in the morphology of the hinge-ligament from specimen to specimen within lots.

Although Knudsen discussed the variation in the shape of this species, that is
height, length, depth, obliqueness etc., he only briefly commented on the variation
in the hinge-ligament characters. The following drawings will illustrate these
variations and differences.

Figure 1 is a detail of the hinge-ligament of a 7. mm long specimen of Bathyaroa
orbioulata collected December 18, 1969 on the R/V Melville by C. Hubbs and S. Luke.

It was collected on the abyssal plain (31°10 'N, 119°392'W)at a depth of between 3600
and 3676 meters with a 25 foot otter trawl. The specimen is in the Scripps Institution
of Oceanography Coll. #70-22. The figure shows that along the point of contact the
hinge line is smooth and elevated from the anterior to the posterior end. At the

Vol. XIV(l)

The Festivus

:.:3.

0^

/■

z

- ■ r

Figure 1.

Anteh

anterior end, the hinge area is not delineated by sculp-
ture from the shell surface but by the termination of the
periostracum on both valves. Figure 2 shows the interior
of the right valve of the specimen in Figure 1. The anterior
teeth and the first four teeth posterior to the edentulous
umbonal area are of equal strength becoming elongate oblique
ridges at the extreme posterior end.

Figure 2.

Figure 3 is a detail of the hinge-ligament of a 16 mm long
specimen of Bathyaraa orbiaulata collected December 18, 1969
on the R/V Melville by C. Hubbs and S. Luke. It was collected
on the abyssal plain (31°10’N, 119°392’W) at a depth of be-
tween 3600 and 3676 meters with a 25 foot otter trawl. The
specimen is in the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Coll. 70-
22. As in the specimen in Figure 1, this specimen shows that
along the point of contact the hinge line is elevated from the
anterior to the posterior end. In this stage of growth, fine
incised lines radiate from the extreme posterior to the ex-
treme anterior end. The termination of the periostracum on
both valves delineates the hinge area anteriorly. Figure 4
shows the hinge teeth of the right and left valves of the

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

4.

The Festiviis

Figure 5.

specimen illustrated in Figure 3. The stronger teeth are at the
anterior end, fading to oblique elongated ridges at the posterior
end. There is a small edentulous area below the beaks.

Figure 5 is a 28.75 mm specimen collected by F. Rokop and
S. Luke on the R/V Melville, March 23, 1970 from Baja California,
Mexico on the abyssal plain (31°20’N, 120^09 *W) with a 25 foot
otter trawl at a depth of from 3706 to 3806 meters (SIO 70-94).
This specimen shows the hinge line depressed and the strap-
like attachments of the multivincular ligament are visible on
the posterior portion of the hinge. Figure 6 illustrates the
teeth of the right valve of the specimen illustrated in Figure
5. The hinge plate has narrowed and the teeth at the anterior
end are a series of irregular nodes. The posterior teeth have
become obsolete except for three nodes at the extreme posterior
end.

Figure 6.

Figure 7 is of a 29 mm long specimen collected on December
11, 1966 at Cortes Bank (32°03.5*N; 120°30'W) by 40 foot otter
trawl at a depth of 3777 to 3792 meters. The collector was
C. Hubbs and the specimen is SI0//BI66-3. The anterior portion
of the hinge-ligament in this specimen is similar to that in
Figure 3 but the posterior portion of the hinge margin appears
sunken and has four longitudinal grooves or ridges on each side
of the hinge line more or less parallel to the edge of the hinge
area, meeting those of the opposite side at the hinge line
forming elongate V’s. Figure 8 is an illustration of the teeth
of the right valve of the specimen shown in Figure 7. It shows
a lessening of the size and strength of the teeth.

I

Figure 8.

Figure 9 shows a 31 mm specimen of B. OThioutata collected
by S. Luke on March 23, 1971 west of Patton Escarpment (31°35'N;
120°18*W) by 25 foot otter trawl at a depth of 3916 to 3950
meters on the R/V Melville (SI0#BI70-36) . In this specimen the
entire hinge line is recessed. The termination of the

Vol. XIV(l)

The Festivus

5.

Figure 9.

periostracum remains the same (as demarcated by the dotted
lines). However, the sunken hinge area Is now sculpturally
defined. In the area between C and D the hinge line has a
narrow portion of the strap-llke multlvlncular ligament. The
remaining area between C and D Is sculptured with fine gently
curved ridges meeting at the hinge line; chitlnous material Is
deposited between these elongate ridges. Figure 10 Is the right
valve of the specimen In Figure 9, showing only minute teeth
which are obsolete at the posterior end. The thickness of the
hinge plate (on which the teeth rest) Is reduced to a line at
the posterior end. Anteriorly the teeth are Irregular and
haphazardly arranged, (see Detail at B) dwindling In size at
the beaks.

Figure 11.

Figure 11 shows a 32 mm long specimen from the same lot as
the specimen In Figure 9. The entire hinge area between the
beaks is depressed towards the hinge line. The beaks now be-
come somewhat more distant from each other. The area that In
Figure 9 was described between C and D extends the entire length
of the hinge-ligament In this specimen. The ridges are curved
terminating and meeting at the hinge line. There are eight on’
each side. Figure 12 Is of the right valve of the specimen

R • G H F VA U V E

Figure 12.

k

6.

The Festivus

shown in Figure 11. The teeth are obsolete except at the extreme
posterior ends where they are reduced to nodes. See Detail at B.
hinge plate is reduced to a line except at each end.

Figure 13 (after Knudsen 1970:77, fig. 47) shows two views of Batkyaraa

anterior and extreme
The thickness of the

orbiaulata.

Figure 13. Drawings of two views of

Fig. 47. Area orbiealata D«U. "Galathea” St. 664. A, exterior
of left valve; B, dorsal view. PHW.

B. orbiaulata after Knudsen (1970).

Included in the Bathyaraa material examined was a lot of over
100 small specimens (SIOjlfBI70-47) less than 10 mm in length. At
first examination, these appeared to be juvenile specimens of B.
orbiaulata. In comparing them with small specimens in other lots of
B. orbiaulata it became evident that these were not juveniles. The
shells in this lot are heavier, more inflated for their size with a
dense periostracum bristling with spines. The concentric ribs are
stronger and more numerous than in small specimens of B. orbiaulata.
The hinge teeth are stronger and more regular. Changes in the
hinge-ligament and teeth in these small specimens are similar to
those described for Bathyaraa orbiaulata. According to Rokop, (1979:
190) these are an undescribed species.

Figure 14 is a 5.25 mm specimen of Bathyaraa sp. (SIO//BI70-47)
collected by IF. Rokop and S. Luke in the San Diego Trough (32°34'N;
117°33'W) by 25 foot otter trawl at a depth of 1170 to 1216 meters on
the R/V Agassiz on October 29, 1970. This specimen shows one phase
in the development of the hinge-ligament. Figure 15 illustrates the
teeth of the left valve of the specimen in Figure 14.

Figure 14.

Figure 15.

Vol. XIV(l)

The Feativue

7.

While the external sculpture of Bathyaraa ovbiaulata shows little variation,
the hinge-ligament is constantly changing and in some way related to its growth.

It appears that as the external hinge-ligament becomes more complicated, the internal
hinge plate gradually diminishes in size and is reduced to a narrow line. The teeth
change in size and character as the hinge plate diminishes and eventually become
nearly obsolete, especially at the posterior end.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would lilce to acknowledge the assistance of Mr . Spencer Luke of Scripps
Institution of Oceanography for allowing us to study lots of Bathyaroo, in its
collections as well as making specimens available for loan. We thank Mr. William
Siapno for his donation of a specimen of Bwthyux’GU ovh'ioii'icL'tcL to the San Diego
Natural History Museum which initiated this study.

Literature Cited

Clarke, Arthur H. Jr.

1962. Annotated list and bibliography of the abyssal marine mollusks of the
world. Nat. Mus. Can. Bull. 181:1-114.

Dali, William Healey

1881. Preliminary report on the Mollusca in: Reports on the results of dredging
... Gulf of Mexico and in the Caribbean Sea, 1877-1879.... Bull. MCZ 9

(2):33-;44-i
Keen, A. Myra.

1971. Sea shells of tropical West America. Second Edition. Stanford. Univ.
Press. i-xiv+ 1064 pp., ca. 4,000 text figs., 22 pis.

Knudsen, J.

1970. The systematics and biology of abyssal and hadal Bivalvia. Galathea
Report 11:7-238, 20 pis., 132 text figs.

Kobelt, Wilhelm.

1891. Martini and Chemnitz. Syst. Conchylien Cab. (2) lief 390, 213, 214-Moll,
(not seen) .

Pur chon, R.D.

1968. The biology of the Mollusca. Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 560 pp.

185 figs.

Rokop, Frank J.

1979. Year-round reproduction in the deep-sea bivalve molluscs, pp. 189-198,

in Stephen E. Stancyk, Ed., Reproductive ecology of marine invertebrates.
The Belle Baruch Lib. in Mar. Sci. 9:283 pp., U. of S. Carolina Press.
Verrill, Addison E. and Katherine J. Bush.

1898. Revision of the deep water Mollusca of the Atlantic coast of North
America with descriptions of new genera and species. PUSNM 20:775-
901, pis. 71-97.

8.

Tho FcQti?vu0

4

SHELLING IN THE BRITISH ISLES

r

BY

MARTIN SCHULER

4810 Cobb Drive, San Diego, California 92117

1 must confess that the prospect of shelling in England and Ireland didn't
appeal to me at first. But I mustered up my enthusiasm and when opportunity pre-
sented itself I scoured the beaches and clambered over the rocks looking for the
shell life of the eastern North Atlantic.

We stopped first at the seaside town of Weston super Mare (Weston by the Sea),
in England. We first came across a large area of basalt rubble ranging in size from
small rocks to very large boulders. The rubble was of a loose nature and along with
the constant pounding of the waves did not allow tidal pools of any kind to form.
Instead, a very shallow layer of water lay beneath the rocks. Unfortunately, the
first time we went down to the shore it was high tide and we found ourselves shelling
in the high middle tide zone. Since the rocky terrain continued right up to the
base of the cliff the shelling prospects were abundant. Clinging inside the crevices
in the rocks were many variations of Aomaea virginea and Littorina littoralis.

Throughout this area, neither of these two species were found seeking the protection
of the undersides of the rubble or the clumps of kelp. The next plentiful species
found was Littorina Zittorea. These were found clinging to the undersides of short-
leafed kelp and these in turn were growing on the undersides of the rocks. Other
shells found mixed in with the "grunge” were wave worn and most were broken. What I
was able to collect were several Nassarius inarassatus and a specimen of Volutopsis
norwegious .

When several days later we returned to Weston super Mare, we were greeted with
the first low tide we'd seen in England, and what a low tide it was. Weston super
Mare is one of several towns noted for a maximum tidal range of about 42 vertical feet.

I estimated the tide to be out about 2^$ miles when we returned. We didn't make it
back to the rocky area (possibly a mistake on our part) ; instead we walked along the
sandy shore along the local amusement pier. Here the sand extends seaward for about
100 feet from the seawall and then turns into thick mud. Quite often the British
Rescue Squad has had to fly out into the flats and airlift victims stranded chest
deep in the mud with the incoming tide on the way. Here a few species were found
which were also found in the rocky area of Weston super Mare, in particular Nassarius
inarassatus and Littorina Zittorea which were larger than those found at the first
locality. The only other gastropod found in this area was the common Buaainum undatum.
This was the most plentiful shell on the beach. The bivalves in the area were the
common TeZZina squaZida^ Cardium eduZe^ and Maaoma baZthiaa.

Another oceanfront village we came to was Lyme Regis, renowned for its fabulous
fossils including ammonites and the flying Pterosaurs of the Jurassic and Cretaceous
Periods. The coast line leaves much to be desired. The entire shore is composed of
wave-worn pebbles from the sea wall into the water. There the waves rise six feet
straight up and crash with a force seldom seen at this wave height. It was apparent
that no mollusk could survive, let alone be found, in such turmoil.

After two weeks in England (one of them in London) we crossed the Irish Sea and
set up for our stay in Belfast for the next two weeks. Having settled ourselves in a
place to stay, we began our sightseeing tour of Northern Ireland. After driving for
about two hours we arrived at a geological wonder known as the Giant's Causeway. »

Columns of hexagon-shaped basalt with an average thickness of 18 inches range in I

height from a few inches to over ten feet. These columns also happen to join directly I

Vol. XIV (1)

The FEstivus

9.

with the sea. They are so tightly fused together that they allow the sea to collect
in pockets in the rock structures creating the most picturesque tidal pool imaginable.
Various forms of algae and kelp floated in the water adding color to a deep chocolate
background. Again the shells found were common but a little more diverse than those
found in England. Three species of littorines were found in this one area,

Littorina littoreut L. saxatitisj and two color forms of L. littoralis; one a lemon-
yellow in coloration and the other a tannish-brown with darker checkered markings.
The most attractive shells found at the Giant’s Causeway were the land snails,

Cepaea nemoratiSj found clinging in the spaces between the basalt and the earthen
walls. They are about 3/4 of an inch in diameter and a lemon-yellow color with
several chocolate-brown stripes paralleling the whorls.

THE ANNUAL CLUB CHRISTMAS PARTY — 1981

It was a beautiful evening. Forty of us joined in celebrating the season and
the twentieth year of the San Diego Shell Club. Friends long absent from Club
functions were warmly greeted in the festively decorated room (thanks to the efforts
of June King and the Schulers).

After a delicious dinner the Club was treated to a sparkling program of Christmas
music presented by the Madison High School Honor Ensemble. Charter member, John
Souder, as Master of Ceremonies recalled the Club's early years and outgoing President
Carol Burchard thanked her Board and installed the officers for 1982.

Following was the Club's traditional shell gift exchange and the gathering around
the piano for carol singing. It was a special time for all.

FROM THE MINUTES

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB MEETING: 5 NOVEMBER 1981

BY

MARTIN SCHULER

Vice-President, Ron McPeak called the meeting to order at 7:30 P.M. and
guests and seldom seen members were introduced and reintroduced. Ron presented the
evening's speaker. Dr. Eric Hochberg, who spoke first on the land mollusks of the
Channel Islands. His talk was a delightful change of pace for the Club, was very
informative and well illustrated with slides.

During a small break, members who had brought in their collections of Hui'pcL
helped each other in identifying some of the more questionable species. After the
break Dr. Hochberg continued with the segment of his talk on the ^cephalopoda of the
western United States. Again his talk was illustrated with slides.

During the business portion of the meeting there was discussion on the
Christmas party, its cost and date for receipt of the money. A vote was taken to
determine the dessert at the party! Following was the election of officers for 1982.
After asking for nominations from the floor, the vote was held and the slate of
officers submitted by the nominating committee were approved unanimously. The officers
for 1982 are as follows. President: Martin Schuler; Vice-President: Bill Perrin;
Rec./Corres. Secretary: Pat Sage; Treasurer: Walter Robertson; Editor: Carole M. Hertz.

The shell drawing was won by Billee Dilworth who graciously gave her shell to
a young guest.

10.

The Festivus

BOOK REVIEW

BY

CAROLE M. HERTZ

Department of Marine Invertebrates, Natural History Museum, Balboa Park,

P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California

THE AUDUBON SOCIETY FIELD GUIDE TO NORTH AMERICAN SEASHELLS.

By Haraid A. Rehder August 21, 1981.

Published by Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

894 pages, 705 color photographs.

Price: $11.95.

This new book by Haraid A. Rehder, Zoologist Emeritus in the Department of
Invertebrate Zoology of the Smithsonian Institution, has been designed as a true
handbook. It is of compact size (approx. 4"X 8") with a soft simulated leather cover,
quality paper and bound well so that the book can be opened out flat without it
creaking and tearing. This Guide gives a sampling of the species from both the east
and west coasts of the United States, covering 669 species. Each species treated is
photographed in color with additional photographs of some of the living mollusks.

The color photography is of a very high quality. The shells are photographed
against natural looking marine substrate backgrounds. In many cases they appear to
have been taken on glass above the substrate, thus increasing the three dimensional
effect. This reviewer particularly appreciated both interior and exterior views of
bivalve species and excellent enlargements of gastropod genera such as Truncatettay
Bittiurrij Odostomia^ TurboniZZa etc. which are usually hopelessly illustrated at
almost natural size or eliminated completely. Only in some of the chiton illus-
trations does the caliber of the photography slip and may be a result, in part, of
several less than ideal specimens.

The caption under each photograph gives plate number, the coast on which the
shell is found, size, page number of the description, and the name of the shell.
Unfortunately, the author has decided to use the "common names" for the species in-
stead of the scientific ones even though he states that "the common names of seashells
have never been standardized..." I think the intelligence of the novice collector is
underrated in thinking it is too difficult for him/her to learn MopaZia oiZiata
instead of Hairy Mopalia.

Dr. Rehder has certainly not underestimated his reader in the fine introductory
paragraphs or in the quite technical text. The descriptive section is arranged
taxonomically but by common names with the scientific name beneath each entry.

Authors and dates are omitted. Comprehensive background information on each class
and family is given in addition to rather extensive species descriptions for a
popular guide. Additional notes of interest follow the habitat and range headings
for each species. The extensive introductory section briefly discusses the history
of the mollusk giving general information on the animal, its reproduction, and its
growth. Line drawings are used to illustrate parts of the shell and explain sculp-
tural characteristics.

I question several of the entries in the text. It is mentioned, for example,
that the Bursidae (pp. 501-502) "feed on marine worms and bivalves..." However,

Bursa aaZifomZoa feeds on echinodenns (pers. obs.). Included is Knefastia daZZi
(//87, pp. 616-617) which is a Gulf of California species and not within the stated
geographical scope of the Guide. Several species are listed as "common species"
such as Fusinus barharensis (p. 578) which this writer wishes were so.

Vol. XIV(l)

The Festivus

11.

The handbook follows a new format designed to make shell identification easier
for the novice collector. In the color photograph section the species are grouped
according to similarity of shell characters and a series of "Thumb Tab Guides" or
silhouettes are provided to guide the reader to the proper color photograph. This
reviewer found the system unwieldy and difficult to use. Moreover, with the related
information in the text arranged taxonomically , comparing text descriptions becomes
a frustrating venture.

The Guide has a good glossary and an index with entries for both common and
scientific names. A four page section is included giving basic information on shell
collecting for the beginner.

It is this reviewer's opinion that this quality handbook is a valuable intro-
ductory guide to seashells. The excellent color photography and the considerable
information given on the species included make it a worthwhile purchase for the new
collector and a book or more than passing interest for the longtime collector
despite the shortcoming of its new approach to shell identification and its use of
common names for the species.

EXCERPTS FROM THE 1982 TIDE CALENDAR FOR THE NORTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA

The entries listed here will show only periods of low tides of -4.0 feet and
below. The tidal measurements, in this calendar prepared by the University of Arizona,
are for Puerto Penasco, and are given in Mountain Standard Time. To correct for San
Felipe, subtract one hour from listed times (San Felipe is on Pacific Standard Time).
For Bahia de ILos Angeles, add 15-30 minutes to calendar predictions (the amplitude
at Bahia de Los Angeles is about one-half that of calendar measurements). Tides at
Guaymas and Santa Rosalia cannot be estimated using this calendar. Interpretation is
approximate.

January April August

7.

-4.0

at

6:00

P.M.

23.

-4.8

at

8.

-4.9

at

7:00

P.M.

24.

-5.8

at

9.

-5.9

at

7:45

P.M.

25.

-4.9

at

10.

-5.0

at

8:30

P.M.

26.

-4.1

at

11.

-4.0

at

9:15

P.M.

May

February

22.

-4.6

at

6.

-4.8

at

7:00

P.M.

23.

-5.5

at

7.

-5.2

at

8:00

P.M.

24.

-5.0

at

8.

-5.8

at

8:30

P.M.

25.

-4.0

at

9.

-4.2

at

9:00

P.M.

22.

-4.0

at

7:30

P.M.

June

23.

-4.3

at

8:00

P.M.

20.

-4.1

at

24.

-4.0

at

8:30

P.M.

21.

-5.0

at

22.

-5.0

at

March

23.

-4.0

at

7.

-4.1

at

7:00

P.M.

8.

-4.5

at

8:00

P.M.

July

9.

-4.1

at

8:30

P.M.

19.

-4.0

at

24.

-4.2

at

7:30

P.M.

20.

-4.2

at

25.

-4.1

at

8:00

A.M.

21.

-4.2

at

-4.1

at

8:00

P.M.

22.

-4.0

at

26.

-4.0

at

8:30

A.M.

27.

-4.0

at

8:50

A.M.

7:30

A.M.

18. -4.2 at 7:30 A.M.

8:00

A.M.

19. -4.6 at 8:00 A.M.

8:30

A.M.

20. -4.1 at 8:15 A.M.

9:30

A.M.

September

16. -4.0 at 7:00 A.M.

7:00

A.M.

October

7:30

A.M.

none

8:15

A.M.

9:00

A.M.

November

1. -4.1 at 7:45 P .M.

2. -4.2 at 8:00 P.M.

6:30

A.M.

29. -4.3 at 7:00 P.M.

7:30

A.M.

30. -5.5 at 7:30 P.M.

8:00

A.M.

9:00

A.M.

December

1. -5.8 at 7:30 P.M

2. -4.1 at 8:30 P.M

7:00

A.M.

28. -4.3 at 6:30 P.M

7:30

A.M.

29. -5.8 at 7:00 P.M

8:00

A.M.

30. -5.9 at 8:00 P.M

9:00

A.M.

31. -5.3 at 8:30 P.M

12.

The Fc3t::vus

niNUTE SHELLS: CAECUKi CALIFORNICUFl BALL. 1885
(GASTROPODA: RISSOACEA)

BY

JULES HERTZ

Department of Marine Invertebrates, San Diego Natural History Museum, Balboa Park,
P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

Caeoum oalifovniawn Dali,
1885 is reported found from
Monterey Bay, California to
Magdalena Bay, Baja California,
Mexico. It is a common species
in San Diego and was most re-
cently discussed by Hertz (1979:
11(1): 2-4). Four specimens
were found on October 25, 1981
at the north end of Tourmaline
Surfing Beach (Sun Gold Point),
San Diego, California. They
were found on the bottom of a
large rock, attached to the out-
side of a sand encrusted
polychaete tube. The rock was
in the low tide zone at a 0.5’
tide and was on a gravel sub-
strate.

The animals when placed in
salt water were extremely ac-
tive. The photographs by
David K. Mulliner, Festivus
staff photographer, have cap-
tured the large exposed areas
of the animal in the process of
turning. In Figure 1, the foot
with operculum attached can
clearly be seen. In Figure 2,
the head is clearly visible
showing the mouth, tentacles,
the eyes at the base of the
tentacles, and the penis behind
the right tentacle. The off-
white shell is approximately
3 mm in length. 'The color of
the shell of C. califomioim
is highly variable. I have
seen shells of this species that
vary from white to light brown
as well as some that are com-
binations of white and brown,.

Fig. 1. C. GaUfornioum showing operculum at base of
foot .

Fig. 2. C. calif omiown with animal extended.

Vol. XIV(l)

The Festivus

13.

Moore (1962) studied species of Caeoum from sea-grass communities of Biscayne
Bay, Florida and found that they had cephalic tentacles tipped with long, stiff,
sensory cilia and no indication of a siphon in any of the Caecum species. On the
basis of his study and the work of Gotze (1938) in which she found that C. gtabrum
had ciliated tentacles and that the male had a large, well-developed penis, Moore
changed the superfamily assignment of the Caecidae from the Cerithiacea to the
Rissoacea.

It is of interest to note the techniques used by Dave Mulliner in photographing
this very small animal. He first soaked a small piece of driftwood in salt water
until it was completely saturated. He then placed it in a dish of saltwater which
had been cooled in a refrigerator. The Caecum was placed on the driftwood with its
operculum towards the camera. The animal in this position showed a desire to turn
over and it was during this turning over process that the animal was photographed.
Dave used a single light with a reflector to fill in the shadows. The light was
placed to enhance details of the shell and the exposed animal.

Literature Cited

Gotze, E.

1938. Bau und leben von Caecum glahrum (Montagu). Zool. Jb. (Syst.), 71:55-122.
Hertz, Jules

1979. Minute Shells. Festivus 11(1) :2-4.

Moore, Donald R.

1962. The systematic position of the family Caecidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda).

Bull. Mar. Sci. of the Gulf & Caribbean 12(4) :695-701.

NEW MEMBERS

Anderson, Fern G. 1401-123 El Norte Pkwy., San Marcos, CA 92069. 489-0731.

Yin, Robert. 1275 Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037. 454-2342.

CHANGES OF ADDRESS

Williams, Loralynn. P.O. Box 5453, La Jolla, CA 92037.

Roworth, Edwin. P.O. Box 545, Escondido, CA 92025.

<

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

% 0. HERTZ

3883 ML BL^.:KBURN AVL
SAN DIEGO, CA. 32111

USA 17c

fAawricaa Mus«au i^atl aistorv
^brariaa. Judith Valab
^antral Park y«at 6i 79th St*
pew York. 7^«w York io024

r

FESTIVUS,

, SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968

MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.

ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK

library

•“ President Martin Schuler

‘iQOO Vice President Bill Perrin

FEB ^ Secretary Carol Burchard

Treasurer Walter Robertson

^1 Editor Carole M. Hertz

ANNUAL DUES; P^able to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $5.00;

' Family membership: $6.00; Overseas surface: $8.00.

CLUB ADDRESS: Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club Inc.,

c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111.

VOL. XIV FEBRUARY 1982 NO.

*********************************************************************

*

*

*

* PROGRAM: Dr. William Newman of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, will

J give an illustrated talk entitled "An Introduction to featnacles.'

*

*

* Slides from the September and Christmas parties will be shown.

*

★

★

J Date: February 18, 1982 Time: 7:30 P.M. Room: 104

*

*

*********************************************************************

CONTENTS

A review of Chama buddiana . C.B. Adams, 1852 (Bivalvia: Chamidae)

HERTZ, CAROLE M. , JOYCE GEMMELL, BARBARA W. MYERS 15

Book review: Pacific Coast Nudibranchs: A Guide to the Opisthobranchs of the

Northeastern Pacific.

ROBILLIARD, GORDON A 25

Book review: Hawaiian Nudibranchs

ROBILLIARD, GORDON A 26

In Memoriam: Edwin C. Roworth 27

Club news 27

DUES ARE DUE

In April 1981 the Club voted to raise the dues for 1982. The notice was
printed in the May issue of The Festivus. The rapidly rising costs of paper, printing,
postage etc. necessitated this raise. The new rates are printed above. A student
membership will now be the same as a single membership.

5f5nnnn*-)M- ****JHnf**3Hts«-» to

The Festivus

15 .

A REVIEW OF CHAHA BUDDIANA C. B. ADAiiS. 1852
(BIVALVIA: CHAMIDAE)

BY

CAROLE M. HERTZ, JOYCE GEMMELL, BARBARA W. MYERS

Department of Marine Invertebrates, San Diego Natural History Museum, Balboa Park,

P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

ABSTRACT

In comparing the lectotype of Chama buddiana C.B. Adams, 1852 with specimens
of C. buddiana from San Felipe (collected by Hertz and Mulliner) , San Luis Gonzaga
(collected by Gemmell) , Bahia Concepcion (collected by Myers) as well as specimens
ranging from San Felipe to Panama and the Galapagos Islands in the San Diego Natural
History Museum (SDNHM) collections, we believe, at this time, that Chama buddiana
C.B. Adams, 1852; Chama frondosa var. fomicata Carpenter, 1857; Chama mexioana of
authors, not Carpenter, 1857; as cited in the synonymy represent, with some expected
variations, one species.

SYNONYMY

Chama buddiana C.B. Adams, 1852

= Chama ? frondosa var. fomicata Carpenter, 1857
= Chama mexioana of authors, not of Carpenter, 1857

Chama eohinata Broderip, 1835

= Chama frondosa Brod. var. Mexioana Carpenter, 1857

DESCRIPTION

The interior of the right valve is
white up to the crenulations near the
edge. Where the crenulations begin, the
color appears as a pink to violet narrow
line to the ventral margin .

The hinge is typical of the genus. The
exterior of the right valve in well-
preserved specimens shows elevated,
arched white spines and/or scales on a
ground shading from pink to violet.

In eroded specimens these spines are
reduced to scales. A distinctive fea-
ture of C. buddiana is the two prominent
radiating rows of large broad spines
with wider spacing between the rows
which appear posteriorly beyond the
elevated portion of the upper valve.

The Interior of the lefty or attached,
valve is white and also has a narrow
pink to violet color line between the
crenulations and the margin. In the
majority of specimens, the area of the

Detail of
ventral area.

Figure 1. Drawing of interior of C. buddiana
showing detail of ventral area of
left valve.

Vol. XIV(2)

The Festivus

16.

anterior muscle scar is flushed with pink ranging to violet. Exteriorly, the spines
are white and more foliated than on the upper valve. These spiny scales often
appear concentric in arrangement. Fresh specimens have a brown or olivaceous
periostracum, most noticeable along the margins. Figure 1 shows the left valve.

DISCUSSION

The lectotype of C. buddiana C.B. Adams, 1852 (MCZ190150) shown in Figures 2
and 3 is an old badly abraded specimen with only a hint of the original exterior
sculpture. There is evidence of the bases of the two radiating rows of broad spines
posteriorly on the upper valve. The remnants of the scales are also visible.
Interiorly the attached valve exhibits the purple flush in the area of the anterior
muscle scar. The interior margins of both valves are crenulate with a faint pink line
beyond the crenulate margin. Adam's original description of C. huddiana follows.

Figure 3. Exterior of right valve of

lectotype (MCZ190150) of C. huddiana.

405. Chaina Huddiana. Nov. sp.

Shell orbicular or subtriangular : exterior surface and inner
margins purplish red, with the spines pure white: surface
uneven, with interrupted radiating striae ; upper valve orna-
mented with a few radiating series of short thick triangulai-
vaulted spines : lower valve attached by about two-thirds to
three-quarters of its surface, the rest being like the upper valve,
but with the dentiform spines smaller : within both valves are
deeply and finely crenulated at the junction of the white sur-

17.

The Festivus

face and red margin ; beak subruarginal. Easily distinguisned
from C. Pacifica and C. Broderipii by the small thick dentiform
triangular -n-hite spines.

Diameter about 3 inches.

Station. — On ledges of rocks, a little above low water mark.
The lower valve is so firmly attached as to render it difficult to
obtain specimens entire without the use of mineralogical tools.

Habitat. — Guaymas ; Lt. Green ! Mus. Essex Inst.

Panama ; C. B. A. !

6 specimens were obtained.

Named in honor of Dr. B. W. Budd of New York city.

We wonder if Adams' description was a composite of the original lot of six
specimens since the lectotype chosen by Turner (1956) is a poorly preserved specimen
in which the sculpture is difficult to determine.

In 1857 Carpenter described Chama frondosa var. fomioata. He cites its similarity
to C. buddiana, but states in describing the interior, "the color never displays the
rich purple and orange of C. frondosa Tnexicanay being white bordered with puce." He
further mentions the "ashy epidermis" of C. frondosa fomicata which is apparent on
specimens of C. buddiana we studied. His Latin description which follows describes
irregular, radiating, vaulted spines with the interior white to the red purple edge;
margin crenulated.

121, b. Chama Pfbondosa: var. fobnicata.

C. Ifrondosa, i. costis numerosis irregularibus radiantibus,
squamis fornicatis crebris indutis ; hue et illuc frondosd ; intus
alba, ad margiri^m rubro-purpured ; margine crenulato ; den-
tibus ad apicem valde serratis ; epidermide cinered ; per totum
latus ajjixd. '

Carpenter himself synonymized C. frondosa var. fomicata with C. buddiana in
1864:364 after studying and comparing his specimens with C.B. Adams' type specimens
deposited in the museum at Amherst College.

Keen (1968:397, pi. 56, figs. 31a, 31b, 35a, 35b), studied Carpenter's Mazatlan
collection in the British Museum (N.H.). Of C. frondosa fomicata she writes "only
two of the saveral syntype specimens are complete enough and in good enough condition
to provide recognizable figures." She illustrated them for the first time. In Keen
(1971) these figures appear as #349 for C. mexicana. They are reproduced here as

Figure 4. Figure 5.

Reproduced from Keen (1971) . Syntypes of Chama frondosa fomicata.

Vol. XIV(2)

The FEstivus

18.

Figure 8. Exterior of upper valve of
juvenile C. eahinata, approximately
20 mm in length. SDNHM 28884.

In 1857, Carpenter also described C. frondosa Brod. var. Mexioana. Apparently
he examined a mixed lot. From studying his original description we believe that he
actually described C. echinata Broderip, 1835. Carpenter in describing
C. frondosa mexioana mentions the interior coloration
of a rich purple with orange on the teetn, a strong
character found in C. eohinata and in no other West
American Chcana. Very young specimens of C. eahinata may
resemble those of C. buddiana. However, in juvenile
specimens of C. eahinata over 15 mm in length in the SDNHM
collections, all exhibited the coral colored teeth of the
adult C. eahinata. Specimens of C. eahinata do not ex-
hibit the interior, red ventral color margin which is
visible on C. buddiana from juvenile to adult. Carpenter's
Tablet 426 of C. frondosa mexiaana taken from Brann (1966,
pi. 10) illustrated here as Figure 6 shows a juvenile upper
valve with dense overlapping spines similar to C. eahinata
with no evidence of the two prominent radiating rows of
blunt spines or scales of C. buddiana. Figure 7 from
Bernard (1976:33, fig. 7a) is of the syntype of C. eahinata
BM(NH) 1950.11.1.21.

Figure 8 is a photograph of the upper valve of a
juvenile C. eahinata , approximately 20 mm in length.

Figure 9 illustrates the exterior of the upper valve of
a juvenile C. buddiana approximately 23 mm in length.

Figure 6. Carpenter's
Tablet 426, from Brann
(1966)

Figure 7. Syntype of
C. eahinata from
Bernard (1976)

Figure 9. Exterior of upper valve of a

juvenile C. buddiana ^ approx.. 25ram x 25mm»
Mulliner collection.

19.

The Festivus

Further, Carpenter stated about Tablet 433:88 of C. frondosa mexicana that it
"contains a pair young, purple and orange...." We believe he was referring to the
interior of the valves since in the next sentence he stated that the "outside, with
Vermetidae, Lithophagi &c,." From Carpenter’s description, in information regarding
Tablet 433, and his illustration of Tablet 426, we are convinced that C. frond.osa
mexiaana falls into the synonymy of C. eahinata.

According to Bernard (1976 (278) : 19) , C. mexicana and C. buddiana are separate
species and C. frondosa fomicata is synonymous with C. mexiaana. In discussing
C. mexiaana , he considers that "this species is readily separable from other West
American chamids by the irregular internal purple red flushy which generally spreads
to include the anterior adductor muscle scar." The lectotype of C. huddiana
exhibits this purple flush on and around the anterior muscle scar. Bernard further
notes the presence of two radial rows of larger spines on C. mexicana. The lectotype
of C. huddiana shows the remains of these two rows of radial spines.

Bernard further placed C. produata Broderip, 1835 in the synonymy of C. mexicana
Carpenter, 1857 using the holotype of C. produata as an illustration of C. mexicana
[Bernard 1976 (278) : 36 , fig. 10a]. Our examination of the holotype of C. produata
shown in Figures 10 - 12 revealed a specimen with a severely eroded right valve, the
remnants of which are not spinose. The lower valve is highly frilled and shows no
spines or scales. The exterior of both valves has been treated with a varnish-like
substance. Interiorly the margins of the valves are smooth (also worn) and "the
purple border on the smooth internal edge of the upper valve is of some width" as
stated by Broderip in his original description. There is no purple coloration in the
area of the anterior adductor muscle scar. In our opinion the holotype of C. produata
does not agree with the description of c. frondosa mexicana Carpenter or C. huddiana.
It most closely resembles specimens of C. frondosa Broderip, 1835 we examined.

Figure 10. Holotype of Chama produata Broderip,
1835 BM(NH) 1950.11.1.60. Interior view.

Figure 11. Top view of holotype of
C. produata.

Vol. XIV(2)

Tbe Festivus

20.

Keen (1971:147) considered
C. budduina and C. mexioana two
separate species placing C.
frondosa fomioata in the
synonymy of C. mex-ioana rather
than in the synonymy of C.
budd'Cana. She states, "The
pink color band near the margin
of C. budd'Cana mentioned by
C.B. Adams in describing that
species seems to be a good
character for separating it
from the similar-appearing C.
mexioana for the latter has
instead a flush or stain of
pink, especially around the
anterior muscle scar, but no
sharp line or band near the
finely crenulate margin, except
the red edge of the outer layer

The lectotype of C.
buddiccna has a flush of pink to
purple around the anterior
muscle scar of the attached valve but no pink color band, merely the red edge beyond
the crenulate margin, a reflection of the outer layer. Keen also indicates the
presence of two rows of large white spines. The lectotype of C. buddiana shows the
remains of these radial rows of large spines.

Keen lists C. buddiana as occurring from Clipperton Island to Ecuador and the
Galapagos and C. mexioana as occurring from the Gulf of California to southern Mexico.

From our study of specimens of C. buddiana from juvenile (25 mm) to adult (115mm)
we find that the interior coloration is similar throughout the geographical range from
San Felipe in the northern Gulf of California to the Galapagos Islands. None of the
shells studied had a "red band" only a reflection of the exterior color. Most of the
shells exhibited a flush of pink to purple on the anterior muscle scar of the attached
valve. Exteriorly, all specimens showed the two radiating rows of larger, broader,
vaulted spines posteriorly with wider interspaces on the upper valve and the specimens
had the same basic coloration of varying shades of pink with white spines.

Figures 13 - 23 illustrate specimens of Chama buddiana from San Felipe in the
northern Gulf of California to Panama and the Galapagos Islands. Views of the exterior
of the upper valves indicate the two radiating rows of large, broad, vaulted spines
posteriorly in each specimen. The interior views in these black and white photo-
graphs show as a darkened area the pink to purple flush on the anterior muscle scar
of the attached valve as well as the red edge of the outer layer beyond the
crenulate margin,

CONCLUSION

We believe that Chama buddiana C.B. Adams, 1852 is a species with a wide
distribution from San Felipe in the northern Gulf of California to the Galapagos ^
Islands. The species has several consistent shell characters throughout its range,'

Its exterior sculpture of arched white spines and/or scales on a ground shading from
pink to violet with two rows of broad, radiating vaulted spines posteriorly on the
upper valve. Interiorly, the attached valve displays a flush of violet on the
anterior muscle scar in most specimens and has a narrow pink to violet color line

Figure 12. Profile view of holotype of
Chama produo ta.

21.

The Festivus

from the crenulations to the ventral margin.

It is our opinion that C. frondosa fomioata falls in the synonymy of C.
buddiana and that C. mexioana of authors, not of Carpenter is synonymous with
C. buddiana. Further, we contend that C. frondosa mexioana Carnenter is a junior
synonym of C. eohinata Broderip, 1835.

Figure 13. C. buddiana. Hertz collection
Loc. San Felipe, B.C., Mex. , on side of
large rock, intertidal, low tide zone,
2/25/71. Leg. J. Hertz

Figure 14. Exterior of specimen
in Figure 13. Approx. 98mm x 70mm

Figure 15. ^ C". buddiana. Myers collection

Loc. Bahia Concepcion, B.C., Mex. in 15 feet
on rock, 3/74. Leg. B.W. Myers. Approx. 75mm x

Figure 16. Interior

^ in Figure 15.

65mm.

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specimen

Vol. XIV(2)

The Festivus

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The Festivus

Figure 21. C. buddt-ana (upper valve)
SDNHM 10903, Leg. P. Johnson, 1958.
Palo Seco leper colony. Canal Zone,
Panama (Pacific side).

Approx. 90mm x 70mm.

ex Cal. Acad. Sc L, (Lowe Estate)
Charles Island, Galapagos Islands
Approx. 100mm x 80mm.

Figure 23. Interior of specimen shown in Figure 22.

Vol. XIV(2)

The Festivus

24.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Drs. Kenneth M. Boss and Ruth D. Turner of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Harvard and to Ms. Solene Morris of the British Museum (Natural
History), London for the loan of type material, and to Dr. F.R. Bernard for infor-
mation relating to his monograph on eastern Pacific chamids. We thank Judith Dyer,
Librarian at the San Diego Natural History Museum, for her efforts in obtaining
reference material from other institutions. We are most appreciative of the time
and effort spent by David K. Mulliner in preparing the fine photographs for this
paper and to Margaret and David Mulliner for the loan of study material. Our
very special thanks to Anthony D'Attilio who not only cricically read the paper but
provided continuing encouragement and advice.

Literature Cited

Adams , C . B .

1852. Catalogue of shells collected at Panama, with notes on their synonymy,
station, and geographical distribution. [From Annals of Lyceum of
Natural History of N.Y. vol. V] 334pp.

Bernard, F.R.

1976. Living Chamidae of the eastern Pacific (Bivalvia: Heterodonta) . Contrlb.
in Sci. LACM 278:1-43, 12 figs.

Brann, Doris C.

1966. Illustrations to "Catalogue of the collection of Mazatlan Shells" by
Philip P. Carpenter. Paleo. Res. Inst., Ithaca, N.Y. 111pp., 60 pis.
Broderip, W.J.

1835. On the genus Chama Brug. , with descriptions of some species apparently
not hitherto characterized. Trans. Zool. Soc. London 1 (32) : 301-306 ,
pis. 38,39.

Carpenter, Philip P.

1857. Catalogue of the collection of Mazatlan shells in the British Museum.
Reprint. Paleo. Res. Inst. Ithaca, N.Y. 552 pp +i-vii.

Keen, A. Myra

1968. West American mollusk types at the British Museum (Natural History) IV
Carpenter's Mazatlan collection. Veliger 10(4) *.389-439 , pis. 55-59,
text figs. 1-170.

1971. Sea shells of tropical west America... Stanford Univ. Press. 1064 +
i-xiv pages, numerous illus.

Turner, Ruth D.

1956. The eastern Pacific marine mollusks described by C.B. Adams. Occas.
Papers on Mollusks, MCZ Harvard 2 (20) : 21-136 , pis. 5-21.

25.

The Festivus

BOOK REVIEW

BY

GORDON A. ROBILLIARD

Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Three Embarcadero Center, San Francisco, California 94111

PACIFIC COAST NUDIBRANCHS: A GUIDE TO THE OPISTHOBRANCHS OF THE NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC.

By David W. Behrens, 1980.

Sea Challengers Press. 112 pages. ISBN 0-930118-04-9
Price: $10.95.

Even the casual bookstore browser will be immediately attracted to the beautiful
color photographs of opisthobranchs on the cover of this book. The more knowledgeable
marine biologist will be attracted to the apparent confusion in the title — is the book
about nudibranchs or opisthobranchs? (It’s about opisthobranchs). Either way,

Behrens will have accomplished at least one of his objectives — piquing people's
interest in Pacific Coast opisthobranchs.

The preface by Hans Bertsch is a succinct informative review of the taxonomic
and biological research history of Pacific Coast opisthobranchs and opisthobranch-
ologists. The body of the text is an illustrated and annotated guide to Pacific Coast
opisthobranchs, including a large number that have not yet been identified —in some
cases not even to genus.

The color photographs are a key feature of this book. Most are clear, well-
formulated and show the key characteristics. None were off-register at least to the
extent that they are unusable as has been the case for some recent, similar publications.
In a few cases, the animal is too small (in the photo) and its color is too similar to
the background for details to show. Behrens has done a good job of selecting photos
that show the "typical" color morph (s) found in California, but the reader should be
aware that there is a great deal of intra-specific variation in color pattern, hue
and intensity over the entire geographic range of many species.

Ecological notes are added for most species. Again the information is most
appropriate to the populations in California. However, many species live in different
habitats and eat different things in Baja California, Oregon, Washington, British
Columbia, Alaska or even Japan. ,

The use of common names, many made up specifically for this book, is regrettable,
unnecessary and continues an unfortunate tradition placed on authors who wish to
publish under the Sea Challengers label. Behrens argues in his introduction for the
use of scientific names and then is forced to provide common names, most of which are
neither descriptive nor pleasing.

The book is generally well organized, the type is easily read, Behrens' style is
easy and interesting and there are relatively few errors. The diagrams and glossary
are simple, but will assist the reader in identifying the specimen in hand. Behrens
cross-references species that look similar to help those of us who "picture key" the
specimen in hand and might be inclined to identify a species on the basis of the first
picture it resembles.

I recommend this book to each of the limited but growing audience of tidepoolers
as well as amateurs and professional biologists interested in identifying Pacific
Coast opisthobranchs. At last there is a coffee table book, albeit a small one, that
is also useful.

I i.

Vol. XIV(2)

The Festivus

26.

BOOK REVIEW

BY

GORDON A. ROBILLIARD

Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Three Embarcadero Center, San Francisco, California 94111
HAWAIIAN NUDIBRANCHS

By Hans Bertsch and Scott Johnson 1981.

Honolulu, Hawaii: Oriental Publishing Company, 112 pages (illustrated)

ISBN 0-932596-15-0
Price: $6.95.

Is it fashionable for authors to confuse their audience about the real contents
of their book? Bertsch & Johnson, like Behrens (Pacific Coast Nudibranchs, Sea
Challengers Press, 1980) lead the reader to believe the book is about nudibranchs.
However, a quick glance at the table of contents, the photos and even the first
paragraph of the Introduction immediately shows that "Hawaiian Nudibranchs" includes
other opisthobranch molluscs. The reader unfamiliar with nudibranchs or opistho-
branchs will not be able to determine the relationship of the taxa until page 7
(unless he/she tries to understand the Classification Scheme).

The redeeming feature of this book is the presentation of high-quality, well-
printed color photographs. Some of the photographs including the color are spec-
tacular while others are only excellent. Almost all are printed in focus and in-
register. Some, such as the photos of PZatydoris formosa on pages 36-37 show good
closeup detail of key characteristics such as gills and rhinophores as well as the
whole animal.

However, many of the photographs are uninformative at best. For example, it is
difficult to tell where PetaZifera petaZifera and Padina begins (p. 25), and the
key characteristics of the species are not at all obvious, except that it is well
camouflaged. The BertheZZina o-itvina on the underside of a rock, its natural habitat,
appears as a small orange dot (p. 27). There are numerous other photos in which the
animal of interest is too far away or in which the animal in its natural habitat is
too well camouflaged to show in the photo. How many times do the authors need to
make this point? I never could find the four PhestiZZa sZbogae on page 90 and I had
a difficult time distinguishing P. meZonohranah'ia from the coral on pages 92-93. In
others of these "natural habitat" photos, there is too much background clutter for
the photo to be either aesthetically pleasing or informative.

The text is disappointing in both the quality and the information content. I
learned very little about most species other than where the authors found them in
Hawaii. Even the introductory text is sparse in information and is uncharacteristic
of the type of work that I associate with Bertsch. One gets the impression that
Bertsch and Johnson put a lot of effort in getting together and producing a set of
color photographs and then lost interest in the project when it came time to
prepare the text.

I recommend this book to those who want to add to the ever-growing group of
paperback, miniature, coff e-table books, including several recent ones on opistho-
branchs. I do not recommend it to the biologist or student of opisthobranchs who
wishes to learn something about the biology of Hawaiian opisthobranchs. For that,

I recommend contacting Dr. Bertsch directly.

27.

The Festivus

IN MEMORIAL
EDWIN C. ROWORTH

It is with regret that we report the death of Edwin C. Roworth on January 28,
1982 at the age of 92. For many years Ed's was a familiar face at Club functions
as well as being available to chat at Cardiff Sea Shells where he was buyer and con-
sultant for many years.

Ed collected shells for over seventy years and in 1970 donated his extensive
collection to Arizona State University where the E.C. Roworth collection is now
utilized by the department of Geology for teaching, study and research.

Ed was a longtime friend and member of The San Diego Shell Club and we will
miss him.

FROM THE MINUTES

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB MEETING: 21 JANUARY 1982

The meeting was brought to order at 7:45 P.M. by President Marty Schuler.

New members and guests were introduced including member Bob Schoening visiting
from Hawaii. Ron McPeak then introduced the evening's speaker, Joyce Gemmell,
who gave an illustrated talk on the area from San Felipe to Gonzaga during the
years 1964 to 1976. This was not a typical shell talk but a resident's eye view
of this unique area. The audience was treated to a peek at a way of life that is
fast disappearing in this rapidly developing part of Mexico. The unloading of cattle
boats from La Paz on the beach at downtown San Felipe, the one lane torturous, dirt
road trip from Puertecitos to Gonzaga, the desert ?highways to the beach, totuava
fishing in San Felipe, all became real in Joyce's knowledgeable and humor-filled
presentation.

After the break, Ron McPeak was the narrator in a brief slide presentation on a
week's trip to Punta Asuncion, Baja California with Carole and Jules Hertz and Dave
Mulliner. Slides of the area including spectacular underwater photography taken off
the seamount near Isla Asuncion were shown.

During the business portion of the meeting the resignation of Pat Sage as
Secretary (a result of a move to Irvine) was announced. Carol Burchard was appointed
to fill the position.

The Club will again participate in The Greater San Diego Science & Engineering
Fair in April. The year's judging committee is Ron McPeak, Dave Mulliner, Marty
Schuler with Jules Hertz as alternate.

Committees were announced for 1982. Barbara Myers and Margaret Mulliner have
agreed to continue as librarian and assistant librarian and Margaret Mulliner will
continue as Botanical Foundation representative. The position of Club host, ably
filled in the past by John Sage, is still open. A volunteer is greatly needed.

Please contact Marty Schuler.

Marty announced that it is not too early to begin donating shells for the
annual auction in April. Bring them to a meeting or contact a board member for pickup.

The shell drawing was won by Peg Mulliner who should get her prize at the
next meeting.

NEW MEMBERS

Catarios, Debbie & Larry. 4173 Golf Street, San Diego, CA 92117. 270-4376

Thieriot, Julia. 1665 Pentecost Way #5, San Diego, CA 92105, 264-3483

Williams, Yvetta & Richard. c/o 305 No. Harbor Blvd. #TE1-1694, San Pedro, CA 90731

I. w .

CLUB

% HtRTZ

iT. bIACKBURH ME-

OtM,

American Imseum Natural History
Library Serials
Librarian, Judith Walsh
Central Park West & 79th Street
New York, New York 10024

p r

-r.., r-

nmm —

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

‘r/y, ^

' FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968

MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.

ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK

President Martin Schuler

Vice President Bill Perrin

Secretary Carol Burchard

Treasurer Walter Robertson

Editor Carole M. Hertz

ANNUAL DUES; Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $5.00;

Family membership: $6.00; Overseas surface: $8.00.

CLUB ADDRESS: Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club Inc.,

c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111.

VOL. XIV MARCH 1982 NO. 3

**********************************************************************

*

*

*

* PROGRAM: Mr. Dan Miller of the California Department of Fish and Game will

J e;ive an illustrated talk entitled, " The Sea Otter and Shellfish."

*

*

J SAVE THE DATE : The Annual Auction/Potluck will be held on Saturday

* 17 April 1982 at the home of Martin Schuler.

*

**********************************************************************

CONTENTS

Observations of living Caecum or ehvt cine turn

DRAPER, BERTRAM C 29

The spine — an element of varical sculpture in the Muricidae

D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY 33

Club news 36

](■ If 9I- x- 4 3t- X- . <■ }(- 3I- >«■ X- 3f X- ^ X-

29

The Festivus

OBSERVATIONS OF LIVING CAECUM CREBRICINCTUM

BY

BERTRAM C. DRAPER

Malacology Section, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History,

900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, California 90007*

There are few accounts in the literature of the living animals of the Caecidae.
Those I have examined were by Moore (1962), Marcus & Marcus (1963), Fretter & Graham
(1978). In September 1981 diver Roger Evans of Redondo Beach, California collected
f ive Hving specimens of Caeaum ovehvioinctum (Carpenter, 1864) for me and I was able
to keep them alive for research for several weeks by keeping them in sea water in my
refrigerator. These tiny mollusks ranged in length from four to six millimeters so
it was necessary to arrange to do all of my observations under a microscope. I have
provided my binocular microscope with relatively strong lighting both from above and
from below. This proved very helpful in observing their actions and many details of
their anatomy while they were in a dish of sea water. At powers of SOX and 60X it
was possible not only to see external details of the animals, but also some internal
parts through the nearly transparent bodies of these animals. Of course only the
fore parts of their bodies were visible for study since their shells covered the rest
of their bodies. One of the caecids is shown in Figure 1 with its body extended about
as far as is usual.

A closer view of one of the animals is shown in Figure 2. The tentacles can be
seen on either side of the snout with an eye near the base of each tentacle. The
snout is shaped like an accordian and is somewhat extendable, with the mouth at its
outer end being able to expand to about twice its normal diameter when feeding. On the
left tentacle there is a series of bumps along the outer side, but none on the right
tentacle. The significance of the protrusions does not seem to be known. All
Caecidae appear to have these on their left tentacles (Moore, 1962; Marcus & Marcus,
1963). Below and beyond the snout the fore part of the foot can be seen. It con-
tains a white V-shaped mucous gland by which it lays a mucus layer on which to crawl.

Figure 2. Animal in Figure 1 magnified
about 80 times. Lighter colored V in
outer part of the foot is the forward
mucous gland by which it lays a trail
on which to crawl.

* Residence: 8511 Bleriot Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90045.

Vol. XIV(3)

The Festivus

30

Figure 3 shows the the head of the
animal taken from above at about SOX.

The lumps on the left tentacle are
visible here.

While observing the caecids at
30X magnification in a clear plastic
dish with sea water to a depth of about
ten millimeters, 1 placed a small black
rock in the dish near one of the caecids.

When the animal came out of its shell
it appeared to see the dark rock and
attempted to move to it. However, the
mucus it laid down on the dish did not
seem to hold and the animal kept slip- Figure 3. Animal of Caeoum arebrioinctum seen
ping back, apparently unable to pull its from above at about SOX showing tentacles
relatively large shell. After several eyes, proboscis with foot just visible below
such unsuccessful attempts it tried a it. Lumps on the left tentacle are seen here

new tactic. It pulled itself back into
the shell, then extended its operculum
a short way out of the shell and then

snapped the operculum back into the shell. This moved the shell about one millimeter
toward the rock. After repeating this process about six times it reached the rock
and started to crawl up on it, the mucus holding there. As it moved up on the rock
it expanded its mouth to twice its normal size and within the snout the orange colored
buccal mass with the radula could be seen moving toward the rock. The radula was
moved against the rock in a rasping motion several times. Then the radula was pulled
back into the buccal mass which was then withdrawn into the snout to a position back
of the eyes, apparently to bring in any food it had found on the rock. The radula in
its orange buccal mass is normally seen between the eyes but moves forward into the
snout a short way when the animal is crawling.

The tentacles are rather transparent
with what is possibly a nerve channel
visible extending to the outer end of
each tentacle. When viewed under 60X
magnification with lighting from below,
several rather large rigid setae can be
seen extending from the outer end of each
tentacle. Moore (1962) called these
sensory cilia, and my observations indi-
cated they use these bristle-like setae
for feeling anything they are approaching.
Along both sides of each tentacle are
continuous tracts of very fine short
motile cilia which are constantly in
motion. Those on the outer sides of each
tentacle move toward the shell while
those on the inner edges move away from
the shell. The movement of these cilia
provides a constant flow of water into the
mantle cavity along the upper sides of the

to the gills inside.

Figure 4. Diagram of cilia on tentacles
of Caeoim animal showing the flow
patterns of sea water in and out of the

31

The Festivus

body and out on either side just below the tentacles. This flow of water continues
even when the animal retracts into the shell and is easily seen by the tiny im-
purities in the water moving into and out of the shell at all times while the animal
is alive. This showed considerable slowing when the water temperature was lowered,
but did not stop as long as the animals were alive during my several weeks of obser-
vations. In Figure A I have shown the patterns of water flow as I observed them.

Moore (1962) described his observations of motile cilia and water flow much as I
observed them, except he only mentioned them along the outer edges of the tentacles.

Moore (1962) stated that previously published information indicated that re-
searchers had failed to find a gill in the Caecidae they had dissected and the
Caecidae were considered to lack this organ. However, Marcus & Marcus (1963) in their
Figure 65 showed a curved comb-like structure at the top of the body in the mantle
cavity, which they described as a Kiemen (German for gill). This provides a challenge
for me, or someone else, to do some further research on the caecid animal.

CAECU1< CRESRICIWCTIM
Rie;ht ;>id- View

Figure 5. Diagram of the underside of a
caecid animal, showing relative
locations of the radula and the mucous
glands.

mmus GLASTD iitE

Figure 6. Diagram of Caecum animal from
the right side showing retracted position
of the radula as seen through the body.

An account of the radulae of the Caecidae was previously given by me in
Draper (1978) . However my observations of the living caecid animals brought out some
things I had missed before. My previous studies had used only dried bodies removed
from the shells by cracking the shells with a pair of ladies* toenail nippers. The
bodies were removed with fine picks and forceps and the bodies were then softened for
study. The radulae were visible within the bodies but only in the fully retracted
position. In the living animals the radulae could also be seen within the bodies
surrounded by an orange colored buccal mass which in turn is inside the buccal cavity
which extends from mid-body to well forward of the eyes. The body of one of the
living animals was removed from the shell just after it showed no further signs of
life. The mantle was still filled with water somewhat like a balloon and by squeezing
it the radula in its buccal mass was moved forward into the snout and to its extended
position. Figures 5 to 7 show the radula of a Caecum in its retracted position.
I'iguj'e 8 shows the extended position but the buccal mass had to be dissolved to obtain
this photo. In the radula as shown, the left third is the part of the radula still
being developed. The center third is fully developed and ready to move gradually for
ward to replace the active part of the radula as it wears down, but is now serving

Vol. XIV (3)

The Festivus

32

only to move the active third into the working position. The active third at the
right spreads out somewhat and does the actual work of rasping diatoms and algae
the rocks. In performing this feeding function the entire buccal mass containing the
radula moves forward down the snout so that the radula is in the expanded mouth on
the feeding area.

Figure 7. Caecum radula removed from the
body while still in the retracted
position, with the tissue of the buccal
sac only partially dissolved .

Figure 8. Caecum radula extended by
being flattened out. This is the
normal rasping position with the active
third at the right doing the work.

It was interesting to note that during this study the Caecum kept in sea water
in the refrigerator at about 4QOF ' became Inactive enough to survive for nearly three
months, being warmed up for observation only for brief periods about once a week.

They must have become inactive enough to survive without food since I had none to
feed them. This species certainly can adapt to cold water since they range as far
north as Cook Inlet, Alaska.

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank Dr. James McLean of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural
History for his help in finalizing and clarifying this report on my observations and
Roger Evans of the Conchological Club of Southern California for making possible this
study by collecting and bringing to me several living specimens of Caecum cvehvicinctum.

Literature Cited

Draper, Bertram C.

1978. Radular development in the family Caecidae. Western Society of
Malacologists Annual Report.. 11:26-30.

Fretter, Vera & Alastair Graham

1978. The prosobranch molluscs of Britain and Denmark. Jour, of Moll. Studies,
Supp. 6(4) Marine Rissoaceans, pp. 153-241.

Marcus, Ernst & Eveline DuBois Reymond

1963. Mesogastropoden von der Kuste Sao Paulos. Akademie der Wlssenchaf ten und
Literatur. Wiesbaden. Klasse for 1963 (l):54-73, figs. 54-75.

Moore, Donald R.

1962. The systematic position of the family Caecidae, (Mollusca: Gastropoda).

Bull. Mar. Sci. of the Gulf & Caribbean 12 (4) : 695-701, figs. 1-3, U. of
Miami .

33

The Festlvus

THE SPINE - AN ELEMENT OF VARICAL SCULPTURE IN THE MURICIDAE

BY

ANTHONY D'ATTILIO

Department of Marine Invertebrates, San Diego Natural History Museum, Balboa Park,

P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

Introduction

In continuation of some studies on the morphology of muricacean families, the
following text and illustrations are offered which, it is hoped, will be of interest
and instructive to students of these gastropods.

Discussion

Murex in the narrow sense (sensu
stricto) has the simplest spines. In

Murex ipeaten Lightfoot, 1786, a form
typical of the genus, the long spines
are solid, of varying length, and
attenuated to sharp points. Examples
of these spines are shown in Figure
1. Since all spines in Murex s.s.
are formed by the mantle working
from two edges, there is a suture on
the ventral mid-area of the spine
running the entire length.

Figure 2. Dorsal and ventral
views of the bifurcated spines
of Murex (Murex) aerv'toorn'ls

Figure 1. Dorsal and ventral views of the
spines of Murex ]peaten.

In Murex (Murex) aerviaomis Lamarck, 1822, an
interesting variation occurs. The spines bi-
furcate (divide in two) at an early stage as
shown in Figure 2. A variation of the bifurcated
spine is found in ?Chiooreus damiaomis (Hedley,
1903) and is illustrated in Figure 3. This species
has thick spines that are broad, flattened basally,
remaining partly open, and bifurcate only
terminally.

The genus Siratus most often has spines
much like Murex (Murex). However they differ
in having shorter spines between the longer ones.
Often there is a webbing or flange connecting the
lower portion of these spines. Figure 4 illus-
trates the spines of Siratus beaui (Fischer &
Bernard!, 1857).

Vol. XIV(3)

The Festivus

34

Figure 3. Dorsal and ventral views of
the bifurcated spine in ?Chicoreus
damioomis .

Figure 4. The spines of Siratus heaut
showing the flange connecting the lower
portion of the spines.

Botimis comutus (Linne, 1758) from West
Africa is at maturity a robust, large species
with simple long curved spines differing from
Murex (Murex) species in having spines that
are broadly open on the ventral surface and
therefore lacking a suture. Figure 5
illustrates the open spine of B. comutus.

Much more complex spines are found in
Ch-icoreus and related genera. In general
character these are more or less broadly
open and in the shape of the cut leaf of
a chicory plant. The dorsal shell surface
is made up of axial, furrowed cords. These

cords continue on to the spine and terminate in points forming a foliated spine.
Figure 6 shows two views of the outwardly flaring shoulder spine in Chtooveus
oomucervi (Roding, 1798). Figure 7 illustrates two views of the second spine from
the shoulder in the same species. This second spine turns inward. The remaining
spines are outwardly flaring but are not bifurcated.

Figure 5. Ventral view of the spine of
Bolinus comutus.

Figure 6. Two views of outwardly flaring
shoulder spine in Chicoreus comucervi.

35

The Festivus

In another species of Chiaoveus, C. patmarosae (Lamarck, 1822), the
large shoulder spine flares out terminally and is bifurcated as shown in Figure 8.

While the genus Eomalooantha has some species with simple, straight spines, a
distinctive group of species shows another unusual spine form. In these species the
spines are spathulate (shovel-like) terminally and frequently the shovel edge is
divided into spinelets. In addition, these spinelets may extend outwardly or curve
inwardly. Figure 9 shows the spathulate quality of the spines in Homalocantha pete
(Pilsbry, 1918).

TRfi\L

V

Figure 8. The shoulder spine in

Chiaoreus patmarosae^ ventral view.

Figure 9. The spathulate spine in
Eomalooantha pete^ ventral view.

In a subsequent paper further modifications of varical sculpture in Muricidae
will be treated, followed by a paper discussing the spines in Coralliophilidae.

■Vol. XIV(3)

The Festivus

36

FROM THE MINUTES

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB MEETING — 18 FEBRUARY 1982

The meeting was called to order at 7:45 P.M. by President Marty Schuler. After
new members and guests were introduced, Bill Perrin presented Dr. William Newman, the
speaker for the evening who gave a stimulating talk on barnacles. He began his talk
by discussing a three page handout which was distributed to the members and which con-
tained background information on this group of animals. Bill Newman's enthusiasm for
his subject was contagious and the members were treated to a slide presentation on
the history, structure and variety of barnacles which entertained, amazed, and
educated us.

After the break, slides of both the September and Christmas parties were shown.
The business portion of the meeting followed. Members were urged to donate shells
for the Auction. [See details in this issue. Ed.]. The Club still lacks a telephone
committee and a host. Members were urged to volunteer. Treasurer Wally Robertson
announced that dues were due in January. He also urged members to donate and
buy generously at the Auction.

Bill Perrin won the door prize.

THE ANNUAL AUCTION/POTLUCK— 17 APRIL 1932

The Annual Auction/Potluck will be held on Saturday April 17 at the home of
Marty Schuler. (Map will be in the April issue). Festivities begin at 6:00 P.M.

The Auction is the Club's ONLY fund raiser Its proceeds form the major part of
the Club's annual budget: it supports our donations to scientific organizations, our
social events and determines the budget of The Festivus. We invite ALL our members,
local and out of town, to donate generously to the Auction. For local members — bring
your shell donations to the March meeting or arrange for pickup with any board member.
For out of town members, please send to the Club address. Specimen quality shells
with collecting data are preferred.

For those who have no shells to donate Come and BUY!!!

DUES ARE DUE

Dues for 1982 were due in January. Please send your check to Wally Robertson or
to the Club address. Members whose dues are not received by March 31 will be dropped
from the membership roster. (Roster will be included in the April Festivus).

NEW MEMBERS

Herrman, Richard, 1251 Hornblend, #19, San Diego, CA 92109. 488-1419.

Breese, Jack & Debi, 3011 Equitation Lane, Bonita, CA 92002. 267-5113.

CHANGES OF ADDRESS

Bukry, David. U.S. Geol. Survey (a-015), Scripps Inst. Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093.
Kennedy, George L. , 100 Webster St., Apt. B. , Palo Alto, CA 94301

ADDRESS CORRECTION

Catarios, Debbie & Larry, 4173 Galt Street, San Diego, CA 92117. 270-4376.

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

% C. HERTZ I P

3883 MT. BLACKBURN AVL t

SAN BiEGO, CA. 92111 " ,

American Piuseum ^atu^al Ristoxy
iiibrary Seri la
Librarian, Judith Walsh
Central Park Vest & 79th Street
New York, New York 10024

- lESTIVUS.

_ SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968

MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.

ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK

President Martin Schuler

Vice President Bill Perrin

Secretary Pat Sage

Treasurer Walter Robertson

Editor Carole M. Hertz

ANNUAL DUES; Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership; $5.00;

Family membership: $6.00; Overseas surface; $8.00.

CLUB ADDRESS; Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club Inc.,

c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111.

VOL. XIV APRIL 1982 ^

**********************************************************************

*

*

*

* COME TO THE AUCTION/POTLUCK ! !

■k

J (There will be no regular meeting this month). n „

J DATE; Saturday 17 April 1982 w

* TIME: 6:00 P.M. — ? ^ I ^ 70oo

i PLACE: Home of Martin Schuler /n ^

J For directions and details see map on last page of this issue»«

* *

*

**********************************************************************

CONTENTS

A second living species of Hippopus Lamarck, 1799: H. porcellanus
Rosewater, 1982, (Blvalvia: Tridacnidae)

D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY and BARBARA W. MYERS 38

Liguus collecting

BRATCHER, TWILA 44

Club news 45

A physicist looks at biogeography

BRADNER, HUGH 46

Membership roster and map for detaching

X- 9t- 9f )i- X- )(■)(■ 9(- x-

38

The Fl§stivus

A SECOND LIVING SPECIES OF HIPPOPUS LAMARCK. 1799:

H. PORCELLANUS ROSEWATER. 1982. (BIVALVIA: TRIDACfMIDAE)

BY

ANTHONY D'ATTILIO and BARBARA W. MYERS

Department of Marine Invertebrates, San Diego Natural History Museum, Balboa Park,

Several years ago this new species was first brought to our attention by Mr . L.J.
Bibbey and we began to investigate specimens of Hippopus . Shortly thereafter we
brought the subject to the attention of Dr. Joseph Rosewater of the United States
National Museum, who described Hippopus poroetlanus in February of 1982. During
the intervening time we did a thorough study of Hippopus and this paper is the
result of our research.

The giant clams, family Tridacnidae, are of interst not only because they are
the largest bivalves in the world, but because they have the ability to farm symbiotic
algae (zooanthellae) within the fleshy folds of the mantle creating for themselves a
food source in addition to their usual filter feeding method Yonge (1936:309). Fur-
ther the orientation of the animal to the shell appears to be the reverse of most
other bivalves and workers of the 19th Century believed the animal rotated its body
within the shell (Blainville 1825:544) and (Reeve 1860:74). Lucaze-Duthier (1902:

203) repudiated this belief stating that this is impossible and illogical and that the
mantle has caused the appearance of displacement. Yonge (1953:464) in his study of the
anatomy and placement of the body within the shell, believes these changes occur by
the mantle/shell rotating, in relation to the body, in a counterclockwise direction
through an angle of 180°.

P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

Stasek (1962:33-34)
disagreed with Yonge. His
examination of post-larval
Tvidaana maxima ( Ro d in g ,
1798) showed them to be
wedge-shaped with an angle
of 68° at the umbos.

See Figure 1. This angle
separated the pedal gape
(ventral) and the liga-
ment or hinge (dorsal).

The pedal gape is situa-
ted against the substrate
and the ligament faces
away from the substrate
or towards the surface.

He proposed that growth
at the ventral-posterior
margin increased the angle
between the pedal gape and
the ligament to 145°,
pushing the shell growth
upwards and over so that

Flo. S. — Five stnges in the growth of THdaena elongaia ehowing changes in shell shape and alterations
In the magnitude of the dorso-ventral angle. The Inferior slope is sh.adcd In each Instance. Sculp-
ture Is suggested In the first three sUges but omitted from the last two

Klo. S. — Five stnges in the growth of Tridaena

Figure 1. From Stasek (1962:9). Tridaona elongata = T. maxima

Vol. XIV(4)

The Festivus

39

the once dorsal ligament is now against the substrate (ventral) and the gaping
valves are facing the surface of the water (dorsal). This concept of differential
growth was not widely accepted until 1975 when LaBarbera (1975:78) confirmed this
theory by a sequential study of living post-larval Tridaona squamosa Lamarck, 1819.

However, our examination of adult specimens of Hippopus h'tppopus (Linne, 1758)
and E'ippopus poraeZtanus seems to indicate that most growth is in the anterior-
dorsal region, opposite to that shown for Tvidaona maxima and T. squamosa. Post-
larval studies of the genus Hippopus may prove that a different method of shell
growth takes place in Hippopus than in Tvidaona.

Most bivalves may be oriented by hold-
ing the two valves together in the closed
position with the umbos uppermost and the
hinge closest to the holder’s body. In
this position the right valve is in the
right hand and the left valve is in the
left hand. The umbos are dorsal and the
opening valves below are ventral. The
anterior end is away from the holder and
and the posterior end is towards the holder

To orient the valves of Hippopus we
are following Rosewater (1965). Hold the
valves together in the closed position with
the umbos down and the hinge farthest away
from the holder. The right valve is in
the right hand and the left valve is in the
left hand. The hinge end (away from the
holder) is anterior and the keel end
(towards the holder) is posterior. The
umbos are ventral and the opening valves
are dorsal. See Figure 2.

TRIDACNIDAE Lamarck, 1819 (See Vokes, 1972)

HIPPOPUS Lamarck, 1799
Hippopus povoeltanus Rosewater, 1982

The following description is based upon our personal observations and differs
in some details from that of Dr. Rosewater.

Description :

This species (Figures 3,4,5) reaches a width (anterior to posterior) of 381 mm
(15 in.) (L.J. Bibbey collection). It is ovate, inflated, and has a strongly undu-
lating dorsal margin. The byssal opening is closed in most specimens we examined,
but in a few there is a very slight opening. The valves are moderately light to
heavy and thick. Young specimens have opange-brown to brownish red maculations;
larger specimens are generally white and older specimens are usually encrusted. In-
teriorly the valves are porcelaneous white with a stain of yellow on the plicae of
the posterior slope. There is a bright orange stain directly below the ligament,
but not on the teeth. There are nine strong, wide, convex primary ribs on each valve
of varying strength up to the posterior keel. On the posterior slope there are four
minor ribs starting from the keel and followed by ten plicate riblets. All the ribs
are weakly radially striate. The more convex ribs are toward the center of the
valves. The posterior is truncate, sharply defined by a keel which becomes deeply

40.

The Festivus

Figure 3. H. ’poraettanuSj ventral view.

Photo: Mulliner

Figure 4. H. porcetlanus , exterior of right valve,
same specimen. Photo: Mulliner

Figure 5. H. povoeVlanus ^ interior of left valve
same specimen. Photo: Mulliner

concave near the beaks with
growth. The shell is somewhat
drawn out towards the anterior
end. The interspaces are weakly
concave and are prolonged be-
yond the ribs. They are divided
into two to three riblets with
secondary riblets in-between.

The concentric sculpture consists
mainly of growth increments.
Interiorly the interspaces are
divided radially reflecting the
external sculpture. The exter-
nal convex ribs viewed from
within are smooth except at
their termination; the entire
dorsal margin is weakly cren-
ulate. Muscle scars are cen-
tral and the pallial line
entire. In the right valve there
is one oblong cardinal tooth
more or less flat at the top
with two elongate ridge-like
lateral teeth anterior to the
umbos. The left valve has one
smaller triangular cardinal
tooth and one elongate lateral
on the anterior of the valve.

The ligament is mostly external.
Interiorly, below the beaks and
the posterior slope the valves
are deeply excavated.

Comparison with E. hippopus

Linne, 1758.

E. poroeltanus is separable
from E. hippopus Linne, 1758,
(Figures 6,7,8) in the more
rounded shape of the dorsal
margin which in E. hippopus is
triangulate. In E. hippopus
the anterior end is much more
attenuated and is concave
between the anterior margin and
the much raised portion of the
mid-area of the valves. There
are two forms of E. hippopus;
a less common smooth form
approaching the new species in
its lack of sculpture and the
usual scabrous form which, in
addition, has some of the scales
extended into tubular and often
leafy projections on the ribs
and in the interspaces. The
smooth form in E. hippopus and
the scabrous form have in young
specimens generally, the color-

Vol. XIV(4)

The Festivus

41

Figure 6. H. hippopus^ ventral view Photo: Mulliner

ation extending over the entire
shell which is 'visible even interi-
orly. The ribs of H. hippopus are
more pointed and the interspaces
are much deeper; in young specimens
appearing squared off. We have not
been able to find in any description
of H. hippopus, the presence of the
large swollen calcareous structure
filling the interior umbonal area
and protruding beyond the hinge
plate, further emphasized by a
deep groove. In large specimens,
it is visible as in Figure 9.

Figure 7. H. hippopus^ exterior of right valve,

same specimen. Photo: Mulliner

£-Nrii?e A

gE^rWecN Z+RROIUS
P<i_i_e.D ith sot-ip
2 HE i-u MMTTeR

tigure 8. H. h^ppopus, interior of left valve.

same specimen

Photo: Mulliner

Figure 9. H. hippopus. Drawing of
interior of left valve showing
calcareous mass under the beaks.

This swollen structure is entirely
lacking in all specimens of the new
species examined. As a result of
the presence of this large cal-
careous mass and the generally
thicker valves, specimens of the
new species of relatively the same
size are much lighter in weight.

The coloration in H. hippopus, when
present, extends as maculations
over the entire shell and is dark red
to maroon. In H. porcellanus the
coloration is orange-brown to
brownish-red. The posterior slope

42

The Festivus

Figure 10. Tvidaona derasa, ventral view.

Photo: Mulliner

Figure 11. T. derasa, exterior of right valve , same
specimen. Photo: Mulliner

in H. hippopus is usually broader
and much more strongly concave
than in H. poroellanus .

Comparison with Tridaona derasa
Roding, 1798.

Large specimens of Hippopus
poroeZZanus have been compared with
Tridaona derasa (Figures 10,11,12)
which has a narrow, shallow pos-
terior slope and nearly closed
byssal opening. The shell of T.
derasa is much thicker and heavier.
Its concentric scales are large,
erect, and extend across the en-
tire rib, a condition not found in
H. poroeZZanus. The posterior
slope is comparatively very narrow
and not as well defined as in E.
poroeZZanus. The radial ribs are
less sharply defined and fewer in
number and the riblets are not
reflected on the interior of the
valves. The area below the beaks
is not strongly excavated as in
E. poroeZZanus . The plicae on the
posterior slope are poorly defined
and fewer in number. The hinge
structure and teeth are much more
massive than in E. poroeZZanus.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to thank L.J. Bibbey
for generously donating several
specimens of the new species to
the San Diego Natural History Museum
and for first calling to our
attention the possible existence
of a second living species of
Hippopus. He also provided us with
specimens of H. hippopus and
Tridaona derasa for comparison.

We wish to thank Rose D'Attilio for
allowing us to use specimens from
her collection for this study. We
are most grateful to David K.

Mulliner, Festivus staff photographer,
for the photographs of Hippopus
poroeZZanus and the comparison
species shown in this paper.

Figure 12- T. derasa, interior of left valve,
same specimen Photo: Mulliner

Vol. XIV(4)

The Festivus

43

LITERATURE CITED

BLAINVILLE, H.M.D.de

1825. Manuel de Malacologie et de Conchyliologie. Paris. 664 pp.

LABARBARA, MICHAEL

1975. Larval and post-larval development of the giant clams Tvid/iana maxima and
Tridaana squamosa (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) . Malacologia 15(l):69-79.
LUCAZE-DUTHIER, H. de.

1902. Morphologic de Tridaana eZongata et de L'Hippopus. Archiv. Zool. Exper. et
Gener. 3(10) :99-212. pis. i-x.

REEVE, LOVELL

1860. Element of Conchology 2. London. 203 pp. , 39 pis.

ROSEWATER, JOSEPH

1965. The family Tridacnidae in the Indo-Pacif ic. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 1(6) : 347-
396. pis. 263-293.

1982. A new species of Hippopus (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae). Nautilus 96(1) :3-6,
figs. 1-4.

> ASEK, C.R.

1962. The form, growth and evolution of the Tridacnidae (giant clams). Archiv.
Zool. Exper. et Gener. 101:1-40, 14 fies.

VOKES, HAROLD E.

1980. (Rev. ED.) Genera of the Bivalvia: a systematic and bibliographic
catalogue. Bull. Amer . Paleo 51 (232) : 103— 394 .

YONGE, C.M. , . _ ^

1936. Mode of life, feeding, digestion and symbiosis with Zooxanthellae in the

Tridacnidae. Great Barrier Reef Exped. Scientific Rep ' t . 1 (11) : 283-32 1 .

1953. The monomyarian condition in the Lamellibranchia . Trans. Roy. Soc.

Edinburgh 62 (12) : 443-478 , 13 figs.

LIGUUS COLLECTING

BY

TWILA BRATCHER

8121 Mulholland Terrace, Hollywood, California 90046

To a scuba diver and collector of marine shells, the opportunity to go hunting
for LiguuSj the beautiful Florida tree snails sounded different and interesting.

It was. The circumstances were ideal. In February I had been invited to be the
banquet speaker and a judge at the Broward Shell Show held at Pompano Beach, Florida.
The Liguus hunt was planned for the judges, Cecelia Abbott and Ann Jaffe (arts and
crafts). Tucker Abbott and me (scientific), and was led by two members who had been
hunting Liguus in the Everglades for decades. This trip, with people who know the
Everglades well, presented a rare opportunity. They have the area mapped with each
hammock (an island with trees) numbered. They know which color forms of the beauti-
ful snails will be found on each hammock. They also know the habits, biology, and
food preferences of the animals and ages of the individual ones. It was a real
education .

I thought I was well prepared with the shirt and pants I wear diving and my
jogging shoes for slogging through the mud. (I forgot the socks for my jogging shoes
and decided to wear panty hose to have something between by jogging shoes and my feet),
Archie Jones, bless his heart, brought everything we neophytes might have forgotten;
extra socks, gloves, caps, shirts, collecting bags and lig poles. He talked me into
changing into a cotton shirt which he said would be cooler and not catch on the under-
brush as mine would. He also brought sulphur powder for us to put in a ring under
the top of our socks and under our belts to eliminate the possibility of chiggers.

The lig pole is interesting; a hollow aluminum pole about ten feet long on the
end of which is attached a cup about three inches in diameter. The use amazed me.

When a snail is discovered, perhaps 30 feet high in a tree, three poles are attached
together. Dislodging a firmly attached snail and maneuvering it into the cup and
safely to the ground from the end of a swaying 30 foot pole takes some technique.

The experts managed some "five-pole Liguus” \\ I felt a real sense of accomplishment
with a couple of "three-pole" ones.

It was almost as difficult for me to spot a snail far up in the tree as it
originally was for me to see a marine shell against its natural background. In either
case an inexperienced eye can easily overlook the object of the search.

The snails were estivating in February and were in a state of suspended animation.
Since all of us wanted to keep them alive, our mentor, Archie, advised us on the care
and feeding of Liguus.

Since the estivating seal was probably broken in removing the animal from the
tree, I was told to put them in a bucket of slightly warm water to dissolve the mem-
brane and carefully remove the remains of it. This activated the animals, but they
should remain dormant until late April or early May. Following directions, I lined
the bottom of a cigar box with a damp paper towel, put the animals inside, and closed
the lid not to open it again until time for the Liguus to emerge. Opening it before
the intended time would again break the seal of any positioned over the box opening.

When I want to awaken them, I will submerge them in tepid water until they begin
crawling around. Then I will put them in a terrarium or a screen-topped box with leaf-
mould on the bottom (no earth) , and a few moist limbs for them to crawl on. They
should be sprayed with an atomizer for moisture. The best food for them is a paste
of cornstarch and calcium carbonate. It was suggested that adding some powdered
alfalfa might be a good idea. This paste should be smeared on the limbs on which they
crawl. They should be expected to live a couple of years on this diet (probably the

Vol. XIV(4)

The Festivus

45

remainder of a normal life span) but not to reproduce.

L'lguus do not eat the same type of vegetation as the garden snail. In their
natural habitat they graze on the fine lichen on the tree trunks in the swamp. In
the moist climate of Florida they will live in citrus trees but may need to be fed.
They do not damage the trees.

A friend in Florida said she was once given a couple of L-iguus shells. Not
knowing they had animals in them, she put them in a desk drawer where they remained
for several years. Suddenly one day they started crawling around. She said she fed
them peanut butter and mashed banana which she rubbed onto a screen on which they
crawled. They survived a couple of years.

On my Li-guus hunt the sun shone, the Everglades was beautiful, and we encountered
no bothersome insects. The day was perfect and it was a refreshing change from
marine collecting.

FROM THE MINUTES

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB MEETING; 18 MARCH 1982

The meeting was called to order by President Marty Schuler at 7:45 P.M. after
which Bill Perrin introduced the speaker for the evening, Mr. Dan Miller of the
Department of Fish and Game, who gave an informative and often humorous talk on
the sea otter. Mr. Miller discussed the sea otter "with its cuddle factor of
twenty" and its effects on the shellfish population. A lively question and answer
period followed his presentation.

It was announced during the business portion of the meeting that Pat Sage would
resume her duties as Secretary and John Sage would again be the Club Host. Our
appreciation goes to them both.

The plans for the Auction were discussed. It was agreed to raise the price
of the punch to $1.50 per person to cover the rising cost.

The shell drawing was won by Phil Faulconer. The meeting was adjourned at 9:30 P.M.

If you have not yet donated shells for the Club auction, please do so right away.

The committee has to prepare the shells for bidding and the list of shells to be
auctioned must be duplicated so that copies are available for those who attend.

If you are attending the Auction/Potluck and have not been contacted about your
food donation please call June King at 296-0574.

The Botanical Garden Foundation plant sale will be held on the patio of the Casa del
Prado on May 29 and 30 from 10:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. All member clubs are asked to
donate plants, bulbs and cuttings to help the Foundation in its annual fund drive.
Shell Club members have always been generous and are again asked to prepare plants
to donate. Contact Margaret Mulliner, Botanical Foundation Representative (488"2701)
for details.

The Fifth Annual Tidepool Shell Show is scheduled from Saturday May 8 through Sunday
May 16 from 11:00 A.M. to 5:30 P.M. This non-competitive show displays hundreds of
the rarest shells in the world on loan from twenty private collections on the
west coast and also features*; a special display on The Shell in Art and Decor.

From the Tidepool collection there will be paintings, drawings, original prints and
weavings with a seashell theme. Address: 22762 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu.

The 15th Annual Meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists (WSM) will be held
at the University of Redlands from June 20 to June 24, 1982. Deadline for
reservations is May 10, 1982. For details and/or a reservation form contact
Margaret Mulliner, 5283 Vickie Drive, San Diego, CA 92109.

46

The Festivus

I

A PHYSICIST LOOKS AT BIOGEOGRAPHY*

BY

HUGH BRADNER

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92093

I

I

Until recently many workers felt that the final aim of biogeography is the !

elucidation of the history of the faunas. History can be presented by tabulating
observations, or by generalizing, — developing insights that attempt to explain the ^

observations... ideally developing models that allow you to make predictions which
can be confirmed. In biology and biogeography exceptions can almost always be i

found to these predictions, these generalizations. I

David Watts (1971) stated, "Biogeography seeks to establish patterns of order
from the apparent chaos of the multiplicity of life forms present upon the surface
of the earth, and its soil, atmosphere, and water bodies. In so doing, it is con- i

cerned with the mechanisms whereby both plants and animals originate, evolve, and
organize themselves into assemblages which show particular distributions and affinities.

It evaluates the challenge of environment , and the response to it by organisms of
very different genetic structures, and takes into account the effects of environmental !
change, which can appreciably modify all organic relationships within a short space
of time. Biogeographers wish to know why certain species may be found in some areas
and not in others, and why associates can at times turn into competitors. They are
also anxious to determine the exact means whereby all life forms are supported by the
world's energy and chemical resources.... All too frequently, the factual material
which the biogeographers consider is imperfect and incomplete. Thus, in many parts
of the world, a full count of species and varieties of organisms has not yet been
made, and the consequences of their interactions with each other are little under-
stood. Sophisticated techniques of measuring environmental components, such as those
appertaining to the heat balance of the earth's atmosphere, have been introduced only
recently, so our knowledge of the exchanges inherent in these is still somewhat im.-
precise; and the details of the pathways of energy and chemical element movement be-
tween organisms and their environment are far from being definitively interpreted.

Under these circumstances, even the informed observer must to some extent use ideas
for which positive proof is lacking, and so depend at times on personal judgments
which may arouse controversy...."

A sophisticated mathematical approach to biogeography is given by Robert H.

MacArthur in his book. Geographical Ecology.

Hedgpeth (1979) notes that " there is much lively argument concerning the diver-
sity and stability of communities in sea. Some workers (e.g. Dunbar, 1960) have
discussed community or ecosystem development in evolutionary terms... as if there
were a natural selection of ecosystems. While it seems probable that there has been
evolution in the broad meaning of development from a simple to complex groupings...
the implication of a sort of a superorganism in which the component species might
act like a pool of genes is a vitalistic overstatement."

In opposition to this "diversity model" there has long been a tendency to regard
the community as a coherent closed system. Both of those views are, of course, wrong
if carried to extreme. Consider the effect of a strong tsunami. The
organisms which repopulate the devastated area are rarely the ones that were dominant
just before the event. During any short period of time in a limited region the con-
cept of a large interacting community seems reasonable, but the expectation that it

I

* Adapted from a talk presented at the Western Society of Malacologists (WSM) , 1981.

Vpl. XIV (4)

The Festivus

47

will stay in the same equilibrium state is naive.

In physics satisfactory descriptions are obtained of a large assembly of par-
ticles by using statistical mechanics. This can be done because the number of species
is one or at most a few, and their interactions are very simple. They do not
reproduce, grow, or feed on each other. The enorm.ous complexity of living organisms
and the complexity of their interactions and the great differences in their respons(.-s
to disturbances, all make the predictive science unquantitative and usually allow a
number of equally defensible scenarios regarding their past history.

Nuclear and atomic physics, though in many ways the simplest of all natural
sciences, present severe problems. In the relatively qualitative science of geo-
physics, concepts and theories change quickly. Within the past 15 years an
accumulation of experimental evidence has led almost all geophysicists to believe
that large plates are in relative motion of about 10 cm per year on the surface of
our imperfect sphere of the earth; but there is not yet full understanding or agree-
ment about the detailed motion of these plates even during the last 10 to 15 million
years. Nor is there full understanding of the position of the pole of plate rotation
with respect to the earth's axis. Furthermore, the earth's axis has not always pointed
in the same direction with respect to its orbit around the sun (Even the magnitude of
the Chandler wobble — the small nutation of our spinning globe — changes with time) and
of course the earth's magnetic pole drifts around with respect_to the earth's axis and
actually has flipped several times in the last five million years. Worldwide measure-
ments of magnetic field flip are not in complete agreement. For example, Africa
shows normal poles 2 mybp''while other samples show flipped field. It is not known
whether these flips in the earth's magnetic field occur abruptly or over times of 100
or even 5,000 years. (There is not even a satisfactory explanation of what actually
causes the earth's magnetic field). The ultraviolet radiation from sunlight and the
intensity of cosmic radiation may both increase significantly during a field reversal
thereby causing mutation or even extinction of some shallow water organisms. And of
course, an abrupt reversal might be quite disturbing to those marine organisms whose
orientation or locomotion is coupled to the magnetic field direction.

Van Andel (1979) writes "If we start with the present position of all plates we
can use the combined effect of their relative motions to determine their positions
in the past. As far back as perhaps 10 to 15 million years this gives reasonably
reliable results but for longer time spans we must consider the possibility that the
entire complex of plates may have shifted with respect to the spin axis and the
equator of the earth. Indicators of such shifts are therefore important and they do
exist. The one that has recently received most attention is the trail of volcanic
islands that is presumed to be produced when a plate passes over a hot spot fixed
deep in the Earth's mantle.... Plate motions calculated for the last 10 m.y^?* ** on the
basis of such absolute motion indicators have generally agreed well with each other,
and with the data on relative motions of plate pairs.... In the Pacific... two
separate trends of such linear island chains exist. The younger one of these indicates
a west-northwestward motion at a low angle to the equator for the past 45 to 50 m.y.
Before that time, the motion occurred at a much higher angle to the equator and re-
sulted in a fast transfer of the Pacific plate towards the north.... Unfortunately,
this rather well defined migration path of the Pacific plate does not tell us anything
about the paths of other plates, because the Pacific is bordered by subduction zones
and the movements of the surrounding plates can be independent.

"As is usually the case, this use of linear island chains is not undisputed.

There is still a reasonable possibility for doubt regarding validity of the entire
hot-spot concept and some small but growing body of evidence suggests that, if hot
spots exist at all, they may not be as fixed as one would like to assume... independent
and precise confirmation would be very welcome. Such confirmation is indeed available^

*mybp = million years before present

**m.y. = million years

48

The Festivus

but its precision often leaves a good deal to be desired. Paleomagnetic measurements
on rocks... can yield a paleolatitude from the magnetic inclination and the azimuth
to the magnetic pole from the declination. Rock alteration, metamorphism, the dif-
ficulty of obtaining accurate ages, and many other pitfalls have combined to keep the
number of really excellent measurements smaller than one would wish. Moreover, the
azimuth yields a meridian to the pole but does not say which meridian. .. so that the
longitude of the rock at the time of magnetization remains unknowTi."

Plate motions have other implications of importance in malacology and biogeo-
graphy. Consider for example ocean currents; van Andel shows the changing surface
currents determined largely by the changing configurations of continents in the
circum-Pacif ic regions during the last 60 million years. During fully half of this
time there were no eastward moving surface currents at equatorial latitudes. 1
wonder to what extent this invalidates the commonly accepted argument that progressive
eastward transport explains why abundances are greatest in the western Pacific.

Ocean currents near shore also affect the upwelling of deep water, which on the
one hand can increase the nutrient concentration but on the other hand can result in
the very cold water such as we know along the California coast. How quickly and how
much can the various mollusks adapt to changing food or changing temperature? What
temporary or long term survival advantage will they have?

Another implication of plate motions is uplift and subsidence. In California the
Pacific plate is pushing up mountains. In the western Pacific near the Tonga Trench,
the plate is sinking down under the Asian continent and thereby producing many
volcanos, as well as earthquakes of different kinds from those in California. Dan
Davis and Sean Solomon of MIT extrapolate today's knowledge of plate motions to pre-
dict that Southern California will bump into Alaska in 80 million years. They predict
that there will be a mountain range like the Andes along the east coast of North and
South America, and that Central America will be submerged. Consider the effects of
such changes on tides, ocean currents, upwelling, surface water temperature, climate,
fresh water run-of fj etc . ! Even minor subsidence and uplift can be of biogeographical
significance. For example, the Isthmus of Panama was once submerged. Many of the
mollusks in that region are similar to ones on the west coast of Africa, presumably
because the American and the African continents had slowly separated to near their
present positions. It is an intriguing, maybe even a satisfying, model until we
note that the similarity applies mainly to mollusks on the west coast rather than
on the east coast of the Isthmus.

Hawaii presents many biogeographic puzzles. For example, in the Cypraeidae there
are about five endemic species and about 25 species that occur with broad distribution
throughout the Pacific. Kay (1961, 1967) suggests that many of the endemic Hawaiian
Cypraea are derived from broadly distributed Pacific counterparts;

C. gashoini from C. avihavia C. ostergaardi from C. helvola

C granulata from C. roioleus C . sulcidentata from C. sahilderomMn

C. semiplota from C. staphylaea C. tesseltata from C. isdbella

All but Cypraea cribaria and C. staphylaea are collected today in Hawaii. What then
has caused these derived species? Presumably not survival under conditions of changing
water level, temperature, etc. because the parent species still live there. Why don't
C. cvibarda and C. staphylaea occur there? Why is this derived endemism so much more
prevalent in Hawaiian waters than elsewhere?

Returning to physical parameters that can affect biogeograpuy , consider the
change in sea level that occurs during an ice age due to a great accumulation in the
icecaps. Hays and Pitman (1973) calculate that 80 million years b.p.the sea was almost
300 meters higher than present sea level and about 25% of present continental land
was inundated. As recently as 30 million years b.p. about 15% of the land was inun-
dated. Hays & Pitman indicate that we are today near the minimum sea level.

Sea level decrease during icecap growth would surely result in the drying of many
lagoons and the isolation of some seas. The magnitude of the effects will vary with
the severity of the ice age. How rapid is the onset of an ice age? Can it be triggered

Voi. XIV(4)

The Festivus

49

by reduced sunlight via volcanism? World-wide temperatures dropped several degrees
from the extensive high altitude dust after the explosion of Krakatoa; but good
scientists disagree on whether the dust from an asteroid impact would lower or raise
world-wide temperature. They cannot even say with confidence all the contributing
factors which would cause an ice age.

Alvarez and co-workers (1980) have attributed the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction
63 million years ago to the dust clouds thrown up by impact of a 6-mile diameter
asteroid upon the earth with energy about 100,000 times the largest recorded earth-
quake. They believe that the dust cloud reduced the level of sunlight to only one-
tenth of normal moonlight for a period of roughly three years, resulting in the
death of photosynthetic plants and all that fed on them.

The notion of asteroid impact is not new. A probabllstic study based on
asteroid size distribution, and confirmed by impact craters on the moon, indicates
that the Earth should have suffered several cataclysmic impacts during its history.

The significant thing about the Alvarez group work is that their inferences are based
upon the scientific observation of an iridium layer. The amount of material in this
layer is an indicator of the mass of the asteroid. Its Impact velocity of about
56,000 miles per hour can be calculated from astrodynamics. The total energy of the
impact is thus known, and nuclear weapons research tells with considerable accuracy
the amount of dust that would be thrown into the atmosphere by impact on land or
impact in the ocean.

I think that ocean impact would probably also produce a tsunami of devastating
magnitude for shallow water mollusks throughout much of the world. Isolated seas
with narrow mouths such as the Mediterranean might escape the extensive damage. But
the Mediterranean has not been exempt from devastating tidal waves. The volcanic
explosion of the island of Thera in about 1500 B.C. created a tsunami that inundated
villages throughout the eastern Mediterranean and brought to an end the great Minoan
civilization, which some scientists say had been the dominant political power in the
Mediterranean for several thousand years.

Another physical parameter is the high altitude winds of the jet stream. Jerome
Namias has recently been very successful in connecting world-wide weather (and probably
world-wide climate) with the position of the jet stream which, among other effects,
will change the cloud cover over the north Pacific Ocean. This, in turn, could pro-
duce changes in ocean currents, upwelling and near-shore water temperature. (El
Nino conditions, and the sardine abundance at Monterey can be directly connected with
jet stream position).

The scientific base upon which we work is uncertain. William Schopf and
colleagues at UCLA have discovered that there were relatively advanced bacterium-like
forms of life on Earth 3.5 billion years ago, where previously the oldest known fossil
cells were 2.3 billion years old. That is a sudden change of 50% in the recognized
age of life on Earth. Also, very recently. D. Huchra of Harvard Smithsonian Center
for Astrophysics determined that the "big bang" origin of the universe was a factor
of two more recent than previously thought (9 billion rather than 18 billion years) .
Thus even in physical science it is very difficult to think of things for which we
can properly say, "THIS IS A FACT." In biological science the number of variables
leads to a diversity which rarely can be predicted accurately, even in a statistical
sense.

Literature Cited

ALVAREZ, LOUIS W. , WALTER ALVAREZ, t^RANK ASARO & HELEN V. MICHEL

1980. Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretacious— Tertiary extinction.
Science 208:1095-1108.

50

The Festivus

1

DAVIS, DANIEL M. & SEAN C. SOLOMON

1981. Variations in the velocities of the major plates since the late
Cretacious. Techtonophysics 74:189-208.

DUNBAR, MAX. J.

1960. The evolution of stability in marine environments: natural selection at
the level of the ecosystem. Am. Naturalist 94:129-136.

HAYS, J.D. & W.C. PITMAN

1973. Lithospheric plate motion, sea level changes and climatic and ecological
consequences. Nature 246:18-22.

HEDGPETH, JOEL

1979. in Gray & Boucot. Prologue: At sea with provinces and plates. Proc.
Biology Colloquium, Oregon State University, pp. 1-7.

KAY, ALISON

1961. Zoogeographical analysis of species of Cypraea in the Hawaiian Islands.
Proc. Malac. Soc. London, pp. 185-198.

1967. The composition and relationships of marine molluscan fauna of the
Hawaiian Islands. Venus 25:94-104.

MACARTHUR, ROBERT H.

1972. Geographical ecology; patterns in the distribution of species. Harper
and Row. xviii+200 pp., illus.

RUNCORN, S.K., Editor

1967. International dictionary of geophysics. Pergamon. 1209 pages.

VAN ANDEL, TJEERD H.

1979. An eclectic overview of plate tectonics, paleogeography , and paleocean-
ography. Oregon Symposium, loc. cit. pp. 9-25. Oregon Univ. Press.

WATTS, DAVID

1971. Principles of biogeography, McGraw Hill. pp. 1 & 2.

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- FESTIVUS

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tffy

FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968

MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.

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VOL. XIV MAY 1982 NO. 5

**********************************************************************

*

★

★

J PROGRAM: Dr. James H. McLean of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural

J History will give an illustrated presentation on the limpets

J from the rifts.

*

* DATE: May 20, 1982 TIME: 7:30 P.M. ROOM: 104

*

*

*»* ********************************************************************

CONTENTS

Three Capulus species in the eastern Pacific: some comments

POORMAN, LEROY H 52

Club news 57

The flange as a modification of varical sculpture in the Muricidae

D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY 58

Rumina deooZtata (Linnaeus, 1758): a belated welcome to San Diego

HERTZ, CAROLE M 60

MAy 1 7 J982

^ N. a

'"''17 m?

****}••* if-JUt-* 5«- 5M- * 5M- Sf

52.

The Festivus

THREE CAPULUS SPECIES IN THE EASTERN PACIFIC: SOME COMMENTS

BY

LEROY H. POORMAN

15300 Magnolia Street, Westminster, California 92683

A number of Caputus from the Gulf of California are now in the author's col-
lection. These form an interesting array as to size, shape, and host species and
are worthy of illustration and comment. The specimens have been identified as
Caputus sev'laeus . A description follows.

Caputus seviceus J. & R. Burch, 1961

Description: Shell cap-shaped, oval, apex spiral, turned towards the posterior side,
curling downwards, and twisted to the left as in some species of the genus Crep-tduta;
aperture transversely oval, with an irregularly sinuated margin, the posterior ex-
panded; exterior surface with definite and distinct axial and radiating raised lines,
a velvety periostracum extending beyond the margins; interior rose color with darker
rays extending from the apex to the anterior margin; shell not symmetrical but modi-
fied in shape by its sessile habit conforming to the surface on which it is attached;
growth marks conspicuous but irregular. Length of holotype 14.8 mm; width 12.3 mm;
height 6.3 mm.

The type locality is given as "off
Cabo Haro, near Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico
at a depth of 100 fathoms." This is
eight miles from the source of most of
the specimens in the author's collection
which are from the waters adjacent to
Bahia San Carlos' in depths of 30-100
meters.

Figures 1-5 are of Caputus serioeus
on five different species of the
Pectinidae; Veoten tunaviSj Feoten
serioeus^ Feoten vogdesij Argopeoten
airoutarisj and Chtamys towei.

The smallest Feoten on which a Caputus
was found is a juvenile P. sevioeus
13.2 mm in maximum measurement. The lar-
gest Caputus specimen in the series is
20.8 mm x 18.4 mm x 8.5 mm, and the
smallest specimen is 2.2 mm. A specimen
in the Skoglund collection is 46.5 mm x
37.0 mm. This dead specimen was dredged
off Danzante Island, Baja California Sur,
and may prove to be a specimen of
Caputus oatiformious Dali, 1900.

Fig. 1. Caputus serioeus J. & R. Burch, 1961
15.5 mm, on Feoten tunaris. Dredged 70-80
meters off Moro Colorado, Sonora, Mexico.

I

Vol. XIV(5)

The Festivus

53.

Fig. 2. Capulus sevioeus

7.4 mm, on Peaten seviaeus. Dredged
100 meters off Bahia San Carlos,
Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico.

Fig. 4. Capulus serioeus

22 mm, on Argopeoten O'ivoulaT'is .
Dredged 30-50 meters off Rio Sinaloa,
Sinaloa, Mexico.

Fig. 3. Capulus serioeus

12 mm, on Peoten vogdesi. Dredged
60 meters off Bahxa San Carlos,
Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico.

Fig. 5. Capulus serioeus

4.3 mm, on Chlamys lowei. Dredged
100 meters off Bahia San Carlos,
Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico.

■

54.

The Festivus

Fig. 7. Capulus seviceus

on Pecten lunavis. Dredged 70-80 meters
off Moro Colorado, Sonora^ Mexico.

Dr. S. Stillman Berry collection.

Fig. 6. Capulus ci. ungaricoides (Orbigny)
15.6 mm, on Argopeoten Qi-roularis.
Dredged 70 meters off St. Jorge, south
of Punta Penasco, Sonora, Mexico.

Figure 6 is one of two specimens from
north of Tiburon Island in the Gulf of
California. In all respects, they fit the
description of a Peruvian species, Capulus
ungarlooid.es (Orbigny, 1841).

The normal position of the capulid on
the host is on the right valve at the root
of the ear. Sometimes the capulid will
locate itself differently (Figure 7) and
will remain there long enough to damage the
mantle and cause distortion of the shell
margin. Figure 8 is of a juvenile that
has positioned itself at the root of the
ear but on the left valve. The capulid
may remain here or it may migrate to the
corresponding position on the right valve.

Figure 9 is of five specimens of
different sizes grouped on a specimen of
Pecten diegensis. All were living but
some were more dominant than others and
grew faster or migrated to the pecten at a
later time. Obviously, they move about on
the host shell to feed. Some specimens
remain in the normal position for a long

Fig. 8. Capulus sericeus

2.2 mm, on Pecten sericeus. Dredged 100
meters off Bahia San Carlos, Guaymas,

Sonora, Mexico.

Vol. XIV (5)

The Festivus

55.

time and develop a tongue of shell
material which extends beyond the mar-
gin covering the proboscis where it is
inserted into the scallop. Many pectens
have a slight gap below the ears when
the valves are closed so the proboscis
of the capulid can remain inserted.

Where the opening to the host is narrow,
repeated withdrawls and insertions of
the proboscis may wear a deep notch in
the shell of the host. This does not
seem to be a result of damage to the
mantle but a result of abrasion. A
number of pecten valves bearing such
scars have been examined. One large
valve of Pecten sevvceus has a semi-
circular notch 4 mm across and 3 mm
deep. The notch is through shell
material 2.5 mm thick and is strongly
beveled from either side, indicating
the capulid must have moved about in
its position on the pecten.

Distortion of the normal cap-shaped
shell occurs for two reasons. If the
capulid is on a host shell which is
strongly convex such as Pecten vogdesi-^
the shell is apt to develop higher
than normal and with the protoconch
overhanging the posterior slope. If
the host pecten is nearly flat, such as
Pecten sericeus , the capulid will be
much lower in height and the posterior
slope will extend well beyond the
protoconch. Also, the margin will be
more flaring and the shell will appear
much larger. Thus, by using a larger
area, nature equalizes the volume in-
side the shells of two animals situated
differently.

The second factor causing dis-
tortion is the corrugation of the host
shell. If the capulid remains fixed
in the same position on the host all of
its life, the margin will conform to
the corrugation of the host. As the
shell grows, the trace of these cor-
rugations is built into the shell of
the capulid (Figure 4).

Original descriptions and dis-
cussions of shell morphology center
about such characteristics as form and
relative position of the embryonic
shell, radiating and concentric sculp-
ture, form of the periostracum, in-
ternal and external color, and overall
shell proportions. Within these

Fig. 9. Capulus calif ovnicus

largest 13 mm, smallest 3 mm, on
Pecten diegensis. SDNHM collections.

Fig. 10. Capulus calif omicus

50 mm, on Pecten diegensis. SDNHM collections.

56.

The Festivus

parameters more than 30 specimens from the Gulf of California have been examined.
Similarly, a number of specimens from off the coast of Southern California have
been examined (Figures 9 and 10). Peruvian material was not available for study,
but specimens from the coast of Sonora conform to the description of Caputus
ung aria aides.

Differences in the protoconchs have been offered as one characteristic separating
the three species: Caputus oatifomiaus, C. sericeus^ and C. ungaricoides . Any large
collection of specimens from the Gulf of California includes all of the specified
variations. A more generalized description is offered here.

Protoconch ; A low-spired coil of 2^1 turns, dextral; 2 mm in maximum diameter;
translucent, pale brown; a white embryonic coil of 1 turn immersed in the blunt tip;
increasing through several growth stages to begin the teleoconch; aperture at
termination of protoconch, oval, 1.5 mm major axis, 1 mm minor axis.

The plane of the coil of the protoconch may be as much as 15° on either side of
the plane of the teleoconch when viewed vertically (Figure 7). Also, the plane of
the protoconch may be on either side of the vertical when using the plane of the
aperture of the teleoconch as the horizontal (Figure 3).

The protoconch may be high and free standing, not touching the posterior slope
of the teleoconch (Figure 6). Or, the protoconch may be low, touching the posterior
slope of the teleoconch, especially if it is broad and low.

Sculpture; The interior is marked by a horseshoe shaped muscle scar with the opening
facing the lower right side of the aperture on most specimens. This is variable,
depending on the curvature of the host shell and the relative position of the capulid
on it. The interior also shows a broad low sinus extending from the interior of the
protoconch down to the insertion point of the proboscis at the lower right margin.

External sculpture is of a variable number of fine threads which begin early on
the protoconch and radiate across what appears to be the dorsum of the teleoconch all
the way to the margin. On some specimens these threads become obsolete shortly beyond
the protoconch. The internal sinus reflects through the thin shell as a broad low
ridge. If a marginal tongue of shell is present, it will be at the end of this ridge.
Periostracum: A visible periostracum begins soon after the embryonic shell and is
laid down in narrow concentric plates, translucent and beige in color. The under-
lying radiating threads are marked by radiating rows of fine extrusions of perios-
tracum. When the specimen dries, the concentric ribbons of periostracum are broken
by radiating cracks, giving a velvety effect. The lower the inflation of the capulid
shell, the greater is the cracking and the more velvety the surface.

Color : Basic shell color is pale ivory when fresh, fading to white when aged. The
interior varies from rose pink in some specimens to completely white in others. The
pink interior of some dead specimens may linger long after the exterior is eroded and
dull gray.

The exterior may be marked by irregular broad rays of rose brown which may show
through to the interior (Figure 6). These rays are sometimes strong enough to show
through the dense periostracum; but many specimens give no evidence of such rays.

Fretter & Graham (1981) give a useful discussion of the reproductive and feeding
habits of Caputus ungaricus (Linnaeus, 1758). This is a species found from Norway to
West Africa and the Mediterranean and from Greenland to Florida and Bermuda.

The above observations point up the difficulty of developing criteria pertaining
to shell morphology which will differentiate among the three species discussed.

Perhaps comparative anatomical work will establish fundamental differences. Until
this is done the validity of the three species of Caputus in the eastern Pacific will
remain questionable.

I thank Anthony D'Attilio (Department of Marine Invertebrates, San Diego Natural
History MuseumJ for making the specimens from California available for study. Appre-
ciation is also due David Mulliner (Research Associate, SDNHM) for technical assistance
in the preparation of the illustrations.

Vol. XIV(5)

The Festivus

57.

Literature Cited

BURCH, JOHN Q., and ROSE L. BURCH

1961. A new Capulus from the Gulf of California. Nautilus 75(l):19-20, pi. 2.
FRETTER, VERA and ALASTAIR GRAHAM

1981. The prosobranch molluscs of Britain and Denmark, part 6. Cerlthiacea. . .
Supplement 9. Jour. Molluscan Studies, pp. 285-362.

HERTLEIN, LEO GEORGE

1935. The Templeton Crocker expedition of the California Academy of Sciences,
1932. No. 25. The Recent Pectinidae. Proc. Cal. Acad Sci., ser. 4,
vol. 21:301-328, pis. 18-19.

KEEN, A. MYRA

1971. Sea shells of tropical West America: marine mollusks from Bkja California
to Peru. Second ed. Stanford Univ. Press. Stanford CA. i-xiv+1064 pp.
ca. 4000 text figs., 22 pis.

OLDROYD, IDA S.

1924. The marine shells of the West Coast of North America. Stanford Univ.

Publ., Univ. Ser. Geol. Sci.l(l):51, pi. 29, fig. 5; pi. 41, fig. 3.

1927. Ibid. 2(3):111, pi. 91, figs. 15-16.

AND THEN THERE WAS AUCTION '32

BY

PAT SAGE

Club history will laud the successful '82 auction/potluck as a fun lover's
milieu. Auctioneers Dave Mulliner, Sandie Seckington, Carole Hertz and Marty Schuler
zipped through the lovely specimens at a humorous, fast-paced clip, leaving members
and guests in a constant state of anticipation for the next, and then the next ex-
citing contribution such as:Tony D'Attilio's drawirg of Ocenehva barbarens-is , Helmut
Meier models. Angaria vicdani (not one, but two!). Angaria sphaerula^ numerous spe-
cimens of SpondyluSj Conus kintoki^ Harpa doris_ and on and on. Only a very small
number of specimens were relegated to next year's auction.

Food donors outdid themselves again this year and Dave Mulliner 's punch was, as
usual, outstanding. Needless to say, diets were in jeopardy.

The Club wishes to express sincere gratitude to all donors, workers, buyers, and
to June King's usual expert coordination of menu planning. A special thanks to Club
President, Marty Schuler, for hosting our grand, fun-filled, annual affair.

FOR YOUR INFORMATION

The San Diego Shell Club's Science Fair winner for this year is Steven Barnett,
a tenth grader at La Jolla High School. His project is entitled, "Environment
Preference of Abalone." He will present a summary of his project and receive his
Club award at an upcoming Club meeting.

The Conchologists of America's annual convention (and tenth anniversary) will be
held at the Sundial Beach Hotel on Sanibel Island, Florida from July 14-17. Field
trips, auction and dealers' bourse are some of the special events planned. For
further information contact Richard L. Goldberg, 49-77 Fresh Meadow Lane, Flushing,

NY 11365. Registration packet can be obtained by writing Mrs. John Stevens, Box 217,
425 Lighthouse Way, Sanibel, FL 33957.

New Member

Shasky, Donald R. , 229 Cajon Street, Redlands, CA 92373

58.

The Feotivus

THE FLANGE AS A MODIFICATION OF VARICAL SCULPTURE IN THE MURICIDAE

BY

ANTHONY D'ATTILIO

Department of Marine Invertebrates, San Diego Natural History Museum, Balboa Park,

P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

The genera PterynotuSj Purpuretlus and Murexietta possessing a flange or blade-
like extension over the varix are treated here. The species selected demonstrate,
in part, the degree of these sculptural differences. The flanges, like the spines
treated in a previous paper [Festivus 14(3): 33-35] are extensions of the spiral
sculpture. They project above the varix forming a buttress-like support for the
flanges at the area closest to the shell. Older varices frequently have the flange
broken in part or completely depending on the species involved. The particular
ecological conditions of species having a wide-spread geographical distribution affects
the condition of the flange. Most members of the genera enumerated here also have
the superfamily characteristic of a fine or coarse scabrous lamellate surface.

Similar sculptural elements are found in the related subfamilies Ocenebrinae and
Trophoninae as well as Typhinae and some of these will be discussed and illustrated
in later issues of the Festivus.

Pterynotus pinnatus Swainson, 1833
= Murex pinnatus Swainson, 1822

The flange in this species has a simple, ruffled
surface which is more or less appressed from whorl to
whorl and extends from the suture to the canal on the
body whorl. See Figure 1.

Pterynotus elongatus (Lightfoot, 1786)

This species resembles P. pinnatus in its pos-
session of a continuous flange on the body whorl.

On the spire of P. elongatus the flange is formed
into broad, hooked spines. See Figure 2.

Pterynotus orohidiflorus Shikama, 1973

The flange is weakly or strongly lobed and
moderately appressed from whorl to whorl. In this
species the flange on the body whorl extends only to
the start of the siphonal canal. The canal has threr
to four distinct spines of varying lengths. See
Figure 3.

Fig. 1. Detail of P. pinnatus

Voi. XIV(5)

The Festivus

59.

Fig. 2. Detail of
P. etongatus

Fig. 3. Detail of
P. ovchidiflorus

Fig. 4. Detail of
M. hidalgoi

Murexiella hidalgoi (Crosse, 1869)

This genus is based on the type hidalgoi and a few other
species of similar form. A diminution of the strength of the
sculpture in Murexiella leads gradually into the sculptural
nature of the genus Favartia. The flange in M. hidalgoi
(Figure 4) actually consists of a few open spines with a con-
necting web-like structure. The spines normally project beyond
the webbed flange. In addition, the leading or ventral side of
the web reveals a series of overlapping lamellae, the margins
of which are undulate, leading presumably to a strengthening
of the varix. There is no flange connecting the spines on the
canal.

Purpurellus gambiensis (Reeve, 1845)

In Purpurellus the posterior portion of the spine appears
to be doubled over towards the anterior end. Though the margin
of the overlapping portion of the spine is visible, it is
tightly appressed. The flange in Purpurellus extends to the
distal portion of the canal (Figure 5). Most frequently the
flange is strongly indented on the canal forming a separate
lobe. This genus is equivocal in having a Muricinae radula
and an entirely sealed canal which does not resemble that of
the Ocenebrinae.

Variations of these varical flanges or flange and
spine combinations are also found in other genera such as
Siratus and Naquetia.

Fig. 5. Detail of
P. gambiensis.

60.

The Festivus

RUMINA DECOLLATA (LINNAEUS. 1758): A BELATED WELCOME TO SAN DIEGO

BY

CAROLE M. HERTZ

Department of Marine Invertebrates, San Diego Natural History Museum, Balboa Park

P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

In 1966, T.W. Fisher of the Department of Biological Control, U.C. Riverside,
reported on the appearance of Rumina decollata (Figure 1) in California [Veliger 9(1)
16]. Commenting on this "first infestation" in Riverside, California, he stated,

"The quarantine status of Rumina deoollata
as a potential pest in California is set
forth in the State of California Department
of Agriculture Quarantine Memorandum E-83
(1958)." In 1966 it was believed that R.
decottata was already in California for
seven to ten years.. Testing of mollusci-
cides for the elimination of R. decottata
began in 1966 since the then available
commercial baits were not effective.

In 1974 Dr. Fisher updated the in-
formation on R. decottata [Veliger 16(3):

334-335] . By this time R. decottata, or
the decollate snail, was found to be widely
distributed in localized populations in the
counties of Imperial, Kern, Los Angeles,

Orange, Riverside, San Bernadino, San Diego,
and Ventura, "but eradication is not con-
sidered feasible nor necessary."

Dr. Fisher had observed that where R.
decottata was present, the brown garden
snail Cryptomphatus (Hetix) aspersa (Muller,

1776) was either absent or present in much
smaller numbers than Rumina. Also, no
direct evidence was found showing that R. decottata fed on growing plant material.

In the 1974 report Dr. Fisher raised the possibility that the decollate snail might
be used for biological control of the brown garden snail.

The decollate snail evolved in North Africa and is quite common in the area near
the Mediterranean Sea. It was first detected in the United States in 1813 in South
Carolina and is now in thirteen states. Since Rumina decottata is a burrowing snail
its eggs and juveniles are not easily detected in commercial shipments of plants.
Studies of the decollate snail in home gardens show it feeds on "leaves of Dichondra,
baby tears and violets, on cotyledons of germinating seeds, on very young seedlings
and on flower petals. It is not clear if the decollate snail initiates this sort of
feeding or if it follows mechanical bruising caused by pruning, mowing, human or
animal traffic or initial bites by primary plant feeders... After several leaves have
been formed the decollate snail usually has little further interest in the plants
(Fisher, Orth, Swanson, 1982).

Recently Mr. George Opel, head of the Integrated Pest Management Unit of the San
Diego Department of Agriculture, Biological Control, visited the San Diego Natural

Figure I

RutniTio Hfcollota {tiNNAr rs. 175^) ' Sketch of shell from three
aspects The drrolUte shell is the “tip-off."

Figure 1. Rumina decottata from
Veliger 9(1) :16.

Vol. XIV(5)

The Festivus

61.

History Museum. He stated that Rumina deoottata is definitely considered a beneficial
mollusk as a successful predator on the brown garden snally Cryptomphatus (Helix)
aspersa. In fact it is sold as such at commercial insectories and information on
introducing and encouraging R. decollata in citrus groves has been published. (Fisher,
Orth, Swanson, 1982).

Before rejoicing that the days of the California brown snail are numbered, con-
sider that Mr. Opel reported two other herbivorous land mollusks in Southern California
Otala lactea (Muller, 1821) shown in Figure 2 has been found in the Encanto area and
in citrus in Escondido and Helix aperta Muller, 1821 (Figure 3) is in the San Ysidro
area.

dSS. w

SS£. i

/063.

Figure 2. Otala lactea from Conchologia
Iconica, plate 47, figures 955a, 955b.

Figure 3. Helix aperta from
Conchologia Iconica, plate 161,
figure 1063.

Literature Cited

Fisher, Theodore W.

1966. Rumina deoollata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Achatinidae) discovered in Southern
California. Veliger 9(1) :16, 1 fig.

1974. Miscellaneous observations on Rumina deoollata (Linnaeus, 1758)
(Achatinidae) and a request. Veliger 16 (3) : 334-335 .

Fisher, Theodore W. , Robert E. Orth, Stuart C. Swanson

1982. Snail against snail. Pest Control Circular, No. 529, Pest Control Dept.,
Sunkist Growers, Inc., Van Nuys, CA. pp. 15, 16.

WARNING: SHELLFISH QUARANTINE

The state Department of Health Services has issued its annual shellfish
quarantine effective through October 31. Dr. Donald Ramras, of the San Diego County
Health Department, warned of the danger of paralytic shellfish poisoning from eating
mussels, rock scallops and clams from the coast of San Diego county until October 31.
The mollusks feed on Gonyaulax aatenella^ a dinof lagellate, which produces the poison
which becomes concentrated in the shellfish and can affect the nervous systems of
humans who eat them.

tv

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB
% C. HERTZ

3883 ^■T. BUCKBURN m.
SAN DIEGO, C;l 02441

Library - Serials/Judith Valsh
American Museum of Nat. Elat.
Central Park West & 79th Street
New York, NY 10024

s.

Ql-Hoi ' P^S ^

lESTIVUS.

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968

MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.

ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK

President Martin Schuler

Vice President Bill Perrin

Secretary Pat Sage

Treasurer Walter Robertson

Editor Carole M. Hertz

ANNUAL DUES: Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $5.00;

Family membership: $6.00; Overseas surface: $8.00.

CLUB ADDRESS: Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club Inc.,

c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111.

VOL. XIV JUNE 1982 NO. 6

**********************************************************************
* *

i *

i *

* *

J PROGRAM: Dr. Bert Kobayashi will give an illustrated lecture on the *

J marine nature preserve in La Jolla, California. *

i *

* *

* Slides of the Club Auction/Potluck will also be shown. *

* *

"k k

* DATE: June 17, 1982 TIME: 7:30 P.M. ROOM: 104 *

* «

* *

************************************************************************************

CONTENTS

Massive settlement of Leptopecten monotimer-is (Conrad, 1837) on

Macrocysti-s at Point Loma

McPEAK, R.H. & DALE A. GLANTZ 63

Colorful new additions to our Club library (Two book reviews)

MYERS, BARBARA W 70

Collecting in San Felipe: an amateur's perspective

SAGE, PAT 71

In Memoriam: Jane Stotter 72

Club news 72

63.

The Festivus

MASSIVE SETTLEMENT OF LEPTOPECTEN MONOTIflERIS (CONRAD. 1837)

ON MACROCYST IS AT POINT LOMA

BY

R. H. McPEAK & DALE A. GLANTZ

Kelco, Division of Merck, Inc., 2145 East Belt Street
San Diego, California 92113

McLean (1978) recognized two species of Leptopeaten^ L. latiauratus (Conrad, 1837)
and the kelp scallop L. monotimevis (Conrad, 1837). L. Zati-auvatus has a small, thin
shell with a diameter of 10-22 mm. The shell has 12-16 ribs and the concentric
lamellae are strong. L. monotimeris is larger, having a shell diameter of 20-33 mm.

The ribs of the shell are rounded and the concentric lamellae are absent.

L. Zatiauvatus is brownish with markings of white and darker brown, while
L. monotZmer'is is yellow or orange-brown with diagonal or chevron shaped markings of
white and darker brown (Figure 1)

L. Zatiauratus ranges from Point
Reyes, California to Cabo San
Lucas and the Gulf of California
while L. monotZmerZs ranges from
Santa Barbara County, California
to southern Baja California.

McLean (1978) reports L.

I'atZauratus as occurring on roc
or pilings in bays and on off-
shore bottoms attached to debris
and worm tubes while L.
monotZmerZs attaches to rocks,
elk kelp (PeZagophyous) , and
giant kelp {MaorooystZs) in open
water, and Zostera in bays.

Many authors, in the past,
referred to the open ocean
Leptopeoten as L. ZatZauratus :

Limbaugh (1955) , Clendenning
(1960), Carlisle, et al.(1964).

Turner, et al. (1969). We suspect
that these authors were actually
dealing with L. monotZmerZs,

A specimen identified as L.

ZatZauratus in a Department

of Fish and Game publication (Carlisle, et al, 1964) was kindly sent to us by Ken
Wilson of the California Department of Fish and Game. The specimen was collected from
"Hilda,” a Standard Oil platform off Summerland, California. Carole M. Hertz and

Fig. 1. Leptopeoten monotZmerZs, closeup on kelp
fronds showing chevron shaped markings.

Barbara W. Myers, San Diego Natural History Museum Department Assistants, identified
the specimen as L. monotZmerZs. Specimens collected on giant kelp reported in this
publication, were also identified as L. monotZmerZs by Hertz and Myers. In this pub-
lication, we consider literature reports of open ocean Leptopeoten collected on giant

Vol. XIV(6)

The FEstivus

64.

kelp, elk kelp, or offshore structures to be L. monotimeris .

The massive Leptopeaten settlement was observed on the Standard Oil platform
"Hazel” in August 1958, one month after the platform was completed (Carlisle, et al,
1964). "Hazel" is located approximately two miles off Summerland in 100 ft. of water.
The Leptopeaten was dominant until 1959 when bay mussels Mytitus edutis (Linnaeus,

1758) began to take over. A year later, in August 1960, the kelp scallops were non-
existent except for a few hardy individuals buried deep in the masses of bay mussels.
The kelp scallops were in spawning condition throughout the year and tiny scallops,
less than 1 mm, were observed almost every month. Mature scallops with ripe gonads
were observed within six months of settlement. During January 1959, there were 533
scallops/ft^ (Carlisle, et al. , 1964). Moderate settlement of Leptopeaten was re-
ported on "Hilda" in August 1960. By July 1961, bay mussels were taking over most
available space on "Hilda".

Turner, et al (1969) noted that the massive Leptopeaten settlement on the off-
shore oil platforms in 1958 and 1959 coincided with the warm water years (1957-1959)
along the southern California coast (Radovich, 1961). They assumed that the subse-
quent disappearance of the kelp scallops was related to the cooler water temperatures
which occurred from 1960 through 1963. Glenn R. VanBlaricom (pers. comm.), however,
observed massive settlement of Leptopeaten in 1975, the coldest year on record since
Scripps Institution of Oceanography began taking surface water temperatures in 1917.

The observation was made on a man-made reef known as the "San Diego-La Jolla Underwater
Park Reef," located in 40 ft. of water. The reef was constructed from large quarry
boulders in April 1975. On September 18, 1975 the entire reef was covered with small
Leptopeaten (VanBlaricom, pers

We observed and photo-
graphed Leptopeaten on the elk
kelp, Pelagophyaus porra
(Figure 2). MacGinitie &

MacGinitie (1949) and Limbaugh
(1955) reported enormous num-
bers of Leptopeaten settling
on Pelagophyaus at mid-depths.

Pelagophyaus 3 an annual,
attaches to the substrate with
a small holdfast. A long stipe
(stem) extends from the hold-
fast upwards to a large bladder
Several blade-bearing stalks
arise from the top of the
bladder. Blades (generally
numbering 12-16) can reach
lengths of 60 ft. and are fre-
quently held out by currents.

Plants are generally subsurface
and only rarely grow to reach
the surface. Elk kelp popu-
lations occur offshore of
Maavoaystis beds in water
ranging from 60 to 100 ft. depth.

Jack Hatton (pers. comm.) harvested kelp commercially by hand off Point Loma
during the early 1930’ s. He recalls wearing large gloves to protect hands and arms
from being cut by scallops which covered the kelp. Interestingly, the scallops were
sold as feed to San Diego County chicken ranches.

Limbaugh (1955) observed large numbers of Leptopeaten attached to Maavoaystis .
Clendenning (1960) reported accumulations so dense on Maavoaystis fronds at Point
Loma that some of the plants sank to the bottom. In October 1959, kelp scallops were

comm. ) .

Fig. 2. L. monotimevis on the elk kelp,
Pelagophyaus povva.

65.

The Festivus

also observed in quantities abundant enough to sink Macrooystis fronds on the
Richfield Oil Island at Rincon, California (Carlisle, et al, 1964).

Maovoaystis attaches to the rocky substrate by a holdfast. Fronds originate at
the base of the plant near the holdfast and eventually grow to the surface. These
fronds consist of a stem-like stipe, numerous blades, and gas-filled bladders which
serve to float the fronds away from the bottom. Even though the plant is a perennial,
individual fronds only live for approximately six months before breaking away. Mature
plants may consist of more than 100 fronds with only a portion of these fronds reaching
the surface. The remainder of the fronds are considered juvenile and will eventually
reach the surface.

Kelco biologists observed a massive L. monotimevis settlement on juvenile
Maorooyst'ts at south Point Loma during October 1977 (Figure 3). The site of the
observation was within a 70 acre "hole" in
the kelp bed (Figure 4). The bottom sub-
strate within the "hole" was dominated by
purple sea urchins Strongylocentrotus
purpuratus and red sea urchins, S.
franc'isaanus during early 1977. The sea
urchins were controlled during the spring
of 1977. Subsequently, on May 3, 1977,
tiny kelp plants were observed. Excellent
recruitment of Maavocyst'is (1 to 4 inches
high) was noted throughout the area on
June 1, 1977. Water depth was approximately
45 ft. (13.7 m) . Videotapes were made on
August 4 and 5, 1977, at which time the
plants were extremely dense and had grown
to 20 ft. in height. "Tiny white flecks"
were observed on the Maorooyst'ts blades,
while reviewing the tapes. The "tiny white
flecks" might have been juvenile L.
monot'tmeris . R.H. McPeak, J. Duffy
(California Department of Fish and Game) ,
and M.J. Tegner (Scripps Institution of
Oceanography) conducted a diving survey
among the subsurface juvenile Maorooyst'ts
plants on October 19, 1977, and reported
massive settlement of L. monotimeris
(Figure 5). The Leptopeoten were dense
enough to cause some of the plants to sink
(Figure 6). The scallops presumably
settled during July only upon juvenile
Maorooyst'ts which had grown to a height of
approximately 15 ft. (4.5m). Surprisingly,
the scallops did not settle upon nearby
adult canopy-producing plants.

Numerous Maorooystts plants develop on a square meter of bottom when conditions
are optimal. After a year of development, only a few plants remain on the square meter
of the bottom. There were 10-20 juvenile Maorooystts per square meter on October 19,
1977. Many of the young plants were tangled and it was from one such mass that we
surveyed the distribution of scallops along the vertical length of the plants. Two
entangled plants, consisting of four fronds each were collected. The plants were
12.8 meters in length and were approximately one meter beneath the surface. A total
of 198 scallops were distributed along the plants as follows:

Fig. 3. L. monottmerts settlement on
juvenile Maorooystts at Point Loma,
October, 1977.

Vol

XIV(6)

The Festivus

66

Fig. 4. Site of Leptopeaten observation on Macvoaystis .

1

67.

The Festivus

DISTANCE

NUMBER OR

(METERS)

LEPTOPECTEN

12-12.8 (distal

end) 0

11-12

0

10-11

0

9-10

9

8-9

101

7-8

54

6-7

11

5-6

16

4-5

7

3-4

0

2-3

0

1-2

0

0-1 (base)

0

198

The 198 scallops weighed a total of 0.29
kg., while the kelp plants weighed 3.4
kg. In this instance, L. mdnotimevis
settlement was "moderate: and the kelp
plants did not sink. Three additional
groups of entangled plants with "heavy"
scallop coverage were collected^

A total of 1219 scallops weighing
1.79 kg. were collected on one
group of plants. The plants weighed
3.18 kg. and were sunk by the scallops.
Two plant groups did not sink. These
plants weighed 4.74 kg. and 5.52 kg. and
contained 1106 and 1766 scallops,
respectively. The 1106 scallops
weighed 1.62 kg. and the 1766
scallops weighed 2.60 kg.

The dense settlement of
L. monotimer'is during 1977 re-
sulted in the demise of some
juvenile Maaroaystis when the
plants sank. Only a portion of
the Maaroaystis population within
the "hole" was lost. Plants
with moderate numbers of scallops
reached the surface by early
November 1977 and produced
healthy canopy.

Little is known about the
reproductive biology of
Leptopeaten. Carlisle^ et al
(1964) observed that Leptopeaten
had high year-round reproductive
capabilities while Turner^ et al
(1969) noted that Leptopeaten
larvae were always present in

Fig. 5. Massive Leptopeaten settlement on
Maaroaystis at Point Loma, October 1977
The weight of these Leptopeaten did not
sink the kelp plants.

Fig. 6. Massive Leptopeaten settlement on

Maaroaystis resulted in sinking the kelp plants.

Vol. XIV(6)

The Festivus

68.

the water column during their man-made reef studies.

Massive settlement of Leptopeoten at Point Loma may have resulted from localized
response to reduced predation by senorita fish, Oxycutis . Bernstein (1977) noted that
senorita fish are quite efficient at regulating Leptopecten populations in the Roint
Loma kelp bed. He observed kelp scallops on caged plates which were protected from
OxyouliSy while none appeared on uncaged plates (Bernstein, 1977). The absence of or
a reduction in predation could trigger a significant increase in the Leptopeoten
population.

It is difficult to understand why the Leptopeoten larvae apparently preferred
subsurface juvenile Maovooystis to nearby adult Maorooystis. The adult plants did
consist of both juvenile (subsurface) and mature (canopy producing) fronds, while the
young plants consisted of only juvenile fronds. Dense, mature, surface canopy can
reduce light by as much as 90%. Larvae of bivalves and other invertebrates respond to
a variety of stimuli including light and temperature (Crisp, 1974). Many invertebrate
larvae have a photopositive response (Crisp, 1974). It is possible that settling
Leptopeoten larvae preferred Increased light at mid-depths rather than low light
beneath the mature Maorooystts canopies.

Pearse, et al (1970) observed that sea urchins at Point Loma recruited in barren
areas devoid of Maorooysti-s . They noted that sea urchin recruitment declined following
reforestation of the barren areas with Maovooy stis . The authors postulated that filter
feeding organisms, living on adult Maorooystis , were effectively limiting larval sea
urchin settlement. Tegner (1980) also noted an increase in red sea urchin recruitment
after Maorooystis canopy was eliminated by grazing at Point Loma. After canopy re-
turned, Tegner (1980) noted a reduction in sea urchin recruitment. Thus, Leptopeoten
larvae may have effectively been removed by filter feeding organisms living on adult
Maovoeystis while larvae were able to successfully settle on juvenile fronds free of
filtering organisms.

The mid-depth occurrence of L. monot'imev'is might be partially explained by larval
settlement response to temperature. Yoshioka (1973) studied the larval temperature
dependence of the bryozoan Membranipora . The author found that there was a scarcity
of Membranipora larvae in warm surface waters above the thermocline during summer
months. He observed that Membranipora larvae were negatively buoyant and avoided warm
water by ceasing swimming temporarily and sinking to deeper, cooler water. On August
4, 1977 the surface temperature at Point Loma was 69.5°F while the bottom temperature
was a chilly 55°F. It is possible that Leptopeoten larvae preferred the cooler mid-
depth temperatures.

Additional information on the reproductive biology and larval life history of
Leptopeoten monotimeris is needed to fully understand the reasons for massive
settlement of this interesting bivalve. Kelco biologists spend considerable time
diving and evaluating the Point Loma kelp beds. They plan to record and study
additional occurrences of Leptopeoten in hopes of better understanding the complexities
of this interesting nearshore environment.

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank Barbara Myers and Carole Hertz, San Diego Natural History Museum
Department Assistants, for identifying the Leptopeoten specimens; and Ken Wilson of
the California Department of Fish and Game for providing a specimen collected on
''Hilda''. We are thankful to Dr. Glenn VanBlaricom for information on the occurrence of
Leptopeoten during 1975. Warren Miels, a Kelco Marine Technician, was very helpful in
collecting and evaluating the kelp plants with attached Leptopeoten. We are very
grateful to David K. Mulliner, Festivus staff photographer, for preparing black and
white photographs from the original slides.

69.

The Festiuvs

LITERATURE CITED

BERNSTEIN, BROCK B.

1977. Selective pressures and coevolution in a kelp canopy community in
southern California. Univ. of Calif., San Diego, PhD dissertation. 135 pp.

CARLISLE, J.G., JR., C.H. TURNER & E.E. EBERT

1964. Artificial habitat in the marine environment. Calif. Dept, of Fish and
Game, Fish Bull. 124:1-93.

CLENDENNING, KENNETH A.

1960. Characteristics of kelp bed No. 2, Point Loma, 1959. Univ. of Calif.

Inst, of Marine Resources, IMR ref. 60-4:44-45.

CRISP, D.J.

1974. Factors influencing the settlement of marine invertebrate larvae. In,
Chemoreception in Marine Organisms, edited by P.T. Grant & A.M. Mackie.
Academic Press, London. pp. 177-265.

LIMBAUGH, CONRAD

1955. Fish life in the kelp beds and the effects of harvesting. Univ. of Calif.
Inst, of Marine Resources, IMR ref. 55-9:1-158.

MAcGiNITIE, G.E. & NETTIE MACGINITIE

1949. Natural history of marine animals. McGraw-Hill, New York. 473 pp.

McLEAN, JAMES H.

1978. Marine shells of southern California. Natural History Museum of Los
Angeles County, Science Series 24^104 pp.

PEARSE, J.S., M.E. CLARK, D.L. LEIGHTON, C.T. MITCHELL & W.J. NORTH

1970. Marine waste disposal and sea urchin ecology. Final report. Environmental
Protection Agency. 123 pp.

RADOVITCH, JOHN R.

1961. Relationships of some marine organisms of the northern Pacific to water
temperatures, particularly during 1957 through 1959. Calif. Dept, of
Fish and Game, Fish Bull. 112:1-62.

TEGNER, MIA J.

1980. Multispecies considerations of resource management in southern California
kelp beds in: Proceedings of the workshop on the relationship between sea
urchin grazing and commercial plant/animal harvesting. Can. Tech. Rept.
Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 954:1-273.

TURNER, CHARLES H. , E.E. EBERT & R.R. GIVEN

1969. Man-made reef ecology. Calif. Dept, of Fish and Game, Fish Bull. 146:1-221
YOSHIOKA, PAUL M.

1973. The population dynamics and ecology of the encrusting ectoproct

Membranipora Serritamella . Univ. of Calif. San Diego, PhD dissertation.

143 pp.

Vol. XIV(6)

The Festivus

70.

COLORFUL NEW ADDITIONS TO OUR CLUB LIBRARY

By

BARBARA W. MYERS

Department of Marine Invertebrates, San Diego Natural History Museum, Balboa Park,

P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

A COLLECTOR'S GUIDE TO SEASHELLS OF THE WORLD
By Jerome M. Eisenberg, 1981.

McGraw Hill, New York. 239 pages, 158 color plates. ISBN 0-07-019140-9
Price: $24.95.

The two cover pictures and the first 11 color plates are stunning professional
photographs of the highest quality and an exciting entree to this book. Perhaps
because one is shown the best at the beginning, the remaining plates seem disappointing
by comparison. The problem with these remaining plates is that too often the back-
grounds blend with the color of the shells photographed resulting in a loss of
definition. As the average number of specimens per plate is 15, choosing a background
suitable to all 15 specimens was obviously a problem. However, as I progressed
through the book, I found that the photographs are very well executed and identity can
usually be made for each species.

The number of plates (158) and the number of pictured specimens (4000) repre-
senting 2600 species is impressive. Species are arranged by family with indication
of size and the book is easy to use. Minimal species information is given and there
are no descriptions.

The index gives values in dollars for the species illustrated plus values for
additional well-known species.

The book, as the author states in his introduction, is intended for collectors.

He chose species most often bought, sold, or traded. Within its limitations I find
this book a valuable and attractive addition to our Library.

MITRE SHELLS FROM THE PACIFIC AND INDIAN OCEAN
By Peter Pechar, Chris Prior & Brian Parkinson.

Robert Brown and Associates, Australia. 56 color plates. Nat'l Lib. Austral. Reg.

No. 0 909 197 11 3.

Price: $19.95.

This book also is a collection of color plates with minimal information and no species
descriptions. The plates (56) have contrasting backgrounds that show these mitre
shells to best advantage. The arrangement of the specimens on the plates is pleasing.
Similar species are placed together to point out differences and color forms are
photographed together to show similarities. Plate 36, for instance, shows 16 different
color forms of Vexillum vutpeouta (Linnaeus, 1758).

In 1976 Walter Cernorhorsky recognized 375 Recent species of Mitridae. Out of
680 specimens photographed in this book, 270 species are represented.

This book has a more limited use than the previous one because of its focus on
one family.

71.

The Festivus

COLLECTING IN SAN FELIPE: AN AMATEUR^S PERSPECTIVE

BY

PAT SAGE

1635 Lanoitan Avenue, National City, California 92050

In the company of several "seasoned" collectors, I recently made a three-day
shelling excursion to San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico, which was filled with many

delightful learning experiences not the least of which was driving, under the

guidance of long-tine resident Joyce Gemmell, directly to the collecting areas.

Expectations were running high on the morning of April 24, 1982, as all of us
piled into Dave Mulliner's truck for the first outing at Punta San Felipe. Catching
the first good low tide (-5.8*) entailed rising early enough to depart at 6:10 A.M.
Unfortunately few, if any of our group, had managed a good night’s sleep in view of
neighboring all-night revelers singing the praises of Bacchus.

Knowledge coupled with experience develops "Collector's Eyes" and the congenial
"old-hats" were most accommodating in sharing their "eyes" with the novice among them.
Separating the experienced collector from the beginner takes only a glance at the
"goody-bags" before even one specimen has been taken. In the "smaller" container one
will see such items as a knife, a small hammer and chisel, capped bottles .... and
gloves!!! Chomping at the bit to get underway, the uninitiated in the fine art of
collecting gives no thought to these needs and consequently neglects taking them along.
Of course, some "experts" forget the gloves and suffer cuts along with the beginner.

The quest for the day was established as Typhis clarki and TurritelZa anaotov.
Before the first foot bogged down in the mud "Mr. Eagle Eyes" Hertz announced he had
found a TurvltetZa - and his was also the first voice to lay claim to a Typhis. Then,
one by one, Joyce Gemmell, Marty Schuler and Peggy and Dave Mulliner had each found a
Typhis - sometimes two, until there was just Carole Hertz and me left who had not been
able to distinguish the mud from the animal. As I was beginning to remind myself of my
husband in search of his glasses - knowing they are there bet not "seeing" them, Carole
found hers. Finally Joyce called me over and put her finger on one allowing me to take
it for my own. Introductions having been made, success became apparent when shortly
thereafter I was able to shout with glee, "I found one."

The three hours spent on Punta San Felipe were a series of "show and tell"
delights. The midshipman fish (Poriahthys notatus) protecting eggs laid on the
bottom of a rock and its grunting, unwelcome sounds directed at the intruders - the
camouflage of the Area and Choona - the beautiful little frog fish (Antennarius avaZonis)
Dave took alive for photographing - the nudibranchs that Marty and Dave discovered -
the nondescript, muddy Argopecten airauZaris that later inspired the sacrifice of two
toothbrushes to reveal their true, beautiful colors - all these, and more were new dis-
coveries for this beholder. It was a fine, instructive morning in spite of lack of
sleep, the heat, mucky-mud, dehydration and genuine weariness.

The obstacle course encountered on the way to Playa Alicia on April 25th is in
itself a topic best left to a man and his government. We outwitted the pitfalls along
the way however, and arrived there in short order without mishap.

In view of the newly developing Punta Estrella nearby, it seemed that in no time
at all the reef became well-populated with campers, fishermen and nationals in search of
succulent seafood dinners. The reef with all its fascinations did not yield a great
variety of specimens (even though two more Typhis oZaY^ki were collected). The fun part

Vol. XIV(6)

The Festivus

72.

of collecting for me on that day was more rewarding on the beach with the sand-dwelling
Turridae, Terebridae, Olividae, Columbellidae and Turritellidae.

April 26th, our last morning was spent at Ensenada Blanca adjacent to Punta San
Felipe. After wrestling with small boulders for awhile this weakling gave up the rocky
area on the point and concentrated on the sandy areas again. All too soon it was time
to go, and being the most reluctant to leave, I was the last to board the truck.

Now, in the final stages of cleaning and sorting my treasures, I have noted a total
number of 52 species - as yet, not all identified. In thinking back on the trip - the
camaraderie of friendly people - the fish tacos - the daily cocktail hour - the shrimp
we enjoyed (but could not obtain to bring home because of some new government regulation
that has depressed the retailers' trade) - the Mexican bread and pastries - the clear,
clear evening skies revealing stars one rarely sees anymore, there are but two items I
would have added and they are: (1) my husband and (2) more time.

IN MEHORIAM
JANE STOTTER

It is with regret that we report the passing of Jane Stotter at age 73. Jane
died on Wednesday, June 2, 1982 in a hospital. She was a charter member of The
San Diego Shell Club and was active in Club affairs for many years.

FROh THE niNUTES

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB MEETING: 20 MAY 1982

BY

PAT SAGE

The May meeting was called to order by President Marty Schuler at 7:45 P.M.
Vice-President Bill Perrin introduced the distinguished speaker. Dr. James H. McLean
of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History who gave a report on his studies
of limpets collected from the hydro-thermal rifts, illustrated with magnificent slides.
Results of his studies thus far indicate a new superfamily will be named at the
conclusion of his project.

After the coffee/cookie break, a short business meeting was held. Treasurer Wally
Robertson reported on the highly successful '82 Auction and the solvency of the Club
and Festivus for another year. Bill Perrin noted that speakers for several upcoming
meetings have been scheduled as well as a special July presentation by '82 Science

Margaret Mulliner, Treasurer of the Western Society of Malacologists , informed
members of procedures for late registration for the June meeting at Redlands, California.

The Shell drawing winner for the evening was Don Pisor. The meeting was
adjourned at 9:45 P.M.

CORRECTION: Vol. XIV(5):60, line 25 erroneously written Cryptomphalus (Helix) aspersa

should read Helix (Cryptomphalus) aspersa.

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB
% C. HERTZ

3883 MT. BLACKBURN AVE.
SAN DIEGO, CA. 921U

Muse™

Central Park Hlat.

New York, ky !oo24

1 TlasTMiL

*

i

I It Ih

•K-k-ic-K-ic-K-te-tc-ic-lc-ic-lc-ie-lc-te-K-K-lc-K-ie

QuHo\.p4i'S

THE

FESTI7US.

„ _ SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968

meets third THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.

ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK

A ^

V ^ ,« President Martin Schuler

V. Vice President Bill Perrin

^ Secretary Pat Sage

Treasurer Walter Robertson

Editor Carole M. Hertz

ANNUAL DUES; Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership; $5.00;

Family membership: $6.00; Overseas surface: $8.00.

CLUB ADDRESS: Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club Inc.,

c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, California 92111.

VOL. XIV JULY 1982 NO. 7

1c1cic-k1cic-k1cic1cic-kic1c1cic1fkicic1cicicit1c1cicic1cic1cic1(1c-kic1t1t1cic1c-kicicit1tic1fk1cifk1c1c1eicifkicie1(iiicie1tieie1tie-k

PROGRAM: Frank King will give an illustrated talk which he has entitled,

"Shelling Off the Edge of the Earth."

Steven Barnett, the Club's 1982 Science Fair winner will present a
summary of his winning project, "Environment Preference of Abalone."

DATE: July 15, 1982 TIME: 7:30 P.M. ROOM: 104

**********************************************************************

CONTENTS

Lyria (Enaeta) aumingii (Broderip, 1832): an unusual find in
San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico

HERTZ, JULES 74

Club news 75

The distribution of Diplodonta orhellus (Gould, 1851) and a diagnosis of
Diplodonta subquadrata (Carpenter, 1856) (Bivalvia: Ungulinidae)

HERTZ, CAROLE M. , BARBARA W. MYERS, JOYCE GEMMELL 76

74.

The Festivus

LYRIA (ENAETA) CUMING 1 1 (BRODERIP, 1832):

AN UNUSUAL FIND IN SAN FELIPE. BAJA CALIFORNIA. MEXICO

BY

JULES HERTZ

Department of Marine Invertebrates, San Diego Natural History Museum, Balboa Park,

P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

On 26 April 1982, I found a mature specimen of Lyria (Enaeta) aimingii (Broderip,
1832) at Ensenada Blanca, San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico. The live specimen was
collected at low tide (-4.1') emerging from sand at the edge of the low tide zone. The
lump in the sand resembled that typically formed by the common OHva inarassata
(Lightfoot, 1786). The specimen shown in Figure 1 measures 31.7mm by 14.5mm. The
photographs are by Festivus staff photographer, David K. Mulliner.

Keen (1971) reports the distribution of Lyvi-a ciopri'ing'ii. from Magdalena Bay, Baja
California through the Gulf of California and south to Peru. DuShane and Sphon (1968)
reported it from Bahia San Luis Gonzaga and Bahia Willard, Baja California. Eight
live specimens were also collected at Bahia Willard by Joyce Gemmell (pers. comm.)
intertidally at a rare extreme low tide on April 20, 1967. DuShane (1962) reported

a single specimen collected by Emery Chace at Puertecitos, Baja California. This
latter reference was to Lyri-a pedersenii (Verrill, 1870) which Keen (1971) placed in
the synonymy of L. O'umi-ng'i'i .

Fig. 1. Apertural and dorsal views of Lyria oum'tng't'L.

Vol. XIV(7)

The Festivus

75

LITERATURE CITED

Du Shane, Helen

1962. A checklist of mollusks for Puertecitos, Baja California, Mexico.

Veliger 5(1): 39-50, 1 text fig. (July 1).

DuShane, Helen and Gale G. Sphon

1968. A checklist of intertidal mollusks for BahlTa Willard and the southwestern
portion of Bahfa San Luis Gonzaga State of Baja California, Mexico. Veliger
10(3):233-246, pi. 35 (Jan. 1).

Keen, A. Myra

1971. Sea shells of tropical West America. 2nd ed. Stanford Univ. Press.

1064 pp. ca. 4000 text figs., 22 pis.

FROM THE MINUTES

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB MEETING — 17 JUNE 1982

BY

PAT SAGE

President Martin Schuler called the meeting to order at 7:45 P.M. Guests and out-
of-town members were introduced and welcomed. Vice-President Bill Perrin then presented
the guest speaker. Dr. Bert Kobayashi of UCSD. His program was a lively, illustrated
lecture on the marine nature reserve in La Jolla, complete with a four page handout
distributed to those present.

After the cookie/coffee break, Dave Mulliner showed slides taken of the ’82
Auction/Potluck. A short business meeting followed.

The shell drawing was won by Pat Sage and the meeting was adjourned at 9:45 P.M.

NEW MEMBERS

BELOTE, JENNIFER, 2676 Worden St., No. 65, San Diego, CA 92110. 224-9147

GARDNER, SANDRA, 1755 University Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94301
KOCH, WENDY, 7227 North 15th Ave., Phoenix, AZ 85021

NORRID, CHARLOTTE, 233 East Cairo Dr., Tempe, AZ 85282
SCOTT, PAUL 645 S.W. 56th St., Corvallis, OR 97333

CHANGE OF ADDRESS

SCHOENING, BOB, NAMRI: NNMC, Bethesda, MD 20014

SCHULER, MARTIN, 2841^ Cadiz St., San Diego, CA 92110. 223-0062

76.

The Festivus

THE DISTRIBUTION OF DIPLODONTA ORBELLUS (GOULD. 1851) AND A DIAGNOSIS
OF DIPLODONTA SUBQUADRATA (CARPENTER. 1856) (BIVALVIA: UNGULINIDAE) *

BY

CAROLE M. HERTZ, BARBARA W. MYERS, JOYCE GEMMELL

ABSTRACT

In studying species of the genus DipZadonta Bronn, 1831, from San Felipe, Baja
California, Mexico, we have found conflicting information relating to the geographical
distribution of DipZodonta orheZZus (Gould, 1851). Clarification of the species
Diptodonta subquadrata (Carpenter, 1856) became necessary in order to determine its
morphology and distribution relative to D. orbeltus. Diptodonta suprema Olsson, 1961
was found to be a junior synonym of D. subquadrata.

LUCINACEA Fleming, 1828
Ungulinidae H.& A. Adams, 1857
Dtplodonta Bronn, 1831

The genus Dtplodontay type species Venus tupinus Brocchi, 1814 by subsequent
designation, describes a group of trigonal-orbiculate bivalves with an external
ligament; with two cardinal teeth in each valve, one bifid in each (the right posterior
and the left anterior); with no lateral teeth. There are two large muscle scars and
a simple pallial line. The genus was described from a Mediterranean Tertiary fossil
formation.

COMPARISON OF DIPLODONTA ORBELLUS FROM SAN DIEGO AND THE COAST OF CALIFORNIA WITH
SPECIMENS FROM SAN FELIPE AND THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA

In working with the Gemmell collection from San Felipe we had difficulty in
identifying specimens of Diptodonta which appeared to us to be identical to specimens
of D. ovbeZZus from San Diego. Current literature (Keen, 1971; Olsson, 1961) re-
stricted D. orbeZZus to the Pacific coast of California. McLean (1978) lists it from
the Pribilof Islands to the Gulf of California. The holotype of Diptodonta orbeZZus
(Gould, 1851) is from San Diego, California. The exterior reveals a drab, white, globose
shell marked with growth lines, some deeper than others. The beaks are not prominent
in the 18mmH x 18.5mmL x 16mml (inflation) specimen. There is no lunule. The
exterior of the holotype is shown in Figure 1. Study of the holotype proved less than
enlightening since the bifid cardinal teeth (a distinguishing character in DipZodonta)
are broken in both valves. The interior of the holotype is shown in Figure 2.

Further study of specimens of D. orbeZZus from the type locality. Mission Bay, San
Diego, California showed the hooked cardinal bifid anteriorly in the left valve and
the bifid cardinal posteriorly in the right valve. See Figures 3 and 4.

Gould’s original description of the species which follows is rather general for
DipZodonta.

LUCINA ORBELLA (PI. XV. Fig. S.)

Lucina otidla, Gould; Proc. B. S. N. H., Not. 1851. IV. 90.

T. parra, tennicula, subglobosa, albida, concentrice inequaliter Etriata;
apicibus medianis, baud emiuentibna, absque luuuli antica ; lateribus ferb sym-
metricis 1 intus alba. Cardo tuItk dextrae deutibna duobua iustrnctus quorum
antico minore, postico bifido; tuIts sinistne duobua quorum antico bifido, pos-
tico perobliqno; deutibus loteralibus nuUis; cicatricibus inconspicuis, palliali
Eerie puuctorum composito.

Shell small, rather thin, subglobose, dingy white, marked with
delicate lines of growth, which at some parts are more conspicu-
ous than at others, and render the surface somewhat irregular ;

* Modified from a paper presented at the Western Society of Malacologists (WSM) June 1982

Vol. XIV(7)

The Festivus

77,

Fig. 1. Dorsal view of holotype of
Diplodonta orhellus MCZ169271.
(Gould type collection No. A985) .

Fig. 3. Dorsal view of specimen of D.
orbelluG from type locality. SDNHM3945.

Fig. 2. Interior view of holotype
of D. orhellus.

Fig- 4. Interior view of specimen shown
in Figure 3.

78.

The Festivus

beaks very nearly median, not prominent ; no distinct liinule in
front of them : ligament prominent ; extremities a little above the
middle of altitude, very nearly symmetrical. Interior white. Hinge
with two direct teeth in the right valve, of which the anterior is
smallest, and the posterior is bifid ; and two in the left valve, of
which the anterior is bifid and the posterior very oblique ; lateral
teeth none; muscular impressions faint, very large ; pallial impres-
sion indistinct, composed of a series of polished dots.

Length four fifths of an inch ; height six eighths of an inch ;
breadth half to five eighths of an inch.

From San Diego. Lieut. Green, Santa Barbara. Col. Jewett.

The size and globose form of this species recalls L. columbella,
Lk., (L. Adansonii, D’Orb.) : but the shell is much less solid, the
beaks less elevated, no areas before and behind them, and the sur-
face is not lamellar. L. glohularis may be more like it. Some
specimens are nearly perfect spheres, and all of them are very con-
vex lenses.

Gould carefully describes the
placement of the bifid cardinal
teeth but only briefly men-
tions the ligament as being
prominent. We find the hinge-
ligament in D. OTbelZus a
stable identifying character.
(We use the term hinge-liga-
ment to emphasize the concept
of the hinge and ligament as
an integral unit).

In Diplodonta orbellus
the cardinal bifid in the left
valve is directly below the
beak and projects hook-like.

The posterior blade-like
cardinal is almost parallel
to the ligamental nymph or
shield. In the right valve
the root of the bifid cardi-
nal is posterior to the beaks
and slants posteriorly. The
anterior cardinal is peg-
like and under the beak as
shown in Figure 5. There are
no lateral teeth.

The ligament is mostly
external. It is largely
posterior to the beaks,
usually terminating at the
umbo but occasionally pro-
jecting slightly beyond.
Interiorly, the posterior
dorsal margin folds over be-
hind the ligament which rests
in a groove attached to and
behind a calcareous shield
as shown in Figure 5. Often
this shield is broken when

D. orbellue

Tepoca Bay, Sonora, Mexico
SDNHM23869

Height: 16od, Length: 18n

La Jolla, California
CAS029006

Height: ISnm, Length: 16a

left valve, D. orbellue. La Jolla

Fig. 5. Camera lucida drawings of interior of right
and left valves of specimens of D. orbettus from
La Jolla and Tepoca Bay.

Vol. XIV (7)

The Festivus

79.

D. orbeVtus from San Felipe

D. orbellus from La Jolla

Fig. 6. Camera lucida drawings comparing D.
OThell-us from San Felipe and La Jolla.

the valves are separated making identification difficult.

The muscle scars are large, the anterior rather tear-shaped and the posterior
longer. The pallial line is entire composed of a series of polished dots and attached
to the base of the muscle scars. See Figures 2 and A.

In comparing San Diego
specimens with the Gemmell speci-
mens from San Felipe, we came to
the conclusion that the two were
the same. Figure 6 compares the
exterior dorsal view of a speci-
men from La Jolla, California
(CAS029006) with a specimen
from San Felipe (Gemmell
collection) .

Specimens of D. orbetZus
from California are found both ■

in the bays and along the open \

coast. In the bays they are .

in sand and mucus nests (Abbott,

1974) while on the open coast they
are often found on the platform
reefs in San Diego living in
empty pholad holes as well as in
hard sand or clay (Myers, pers.
obs.) and in dead bivalves
(Hertz, pers. obs.). Kelsey
(1907) put it well when he

stated that he found them in San Diego "cosily nested in the deserted shells of bivalves
like SemeZe Tup-ium [S'. vup'icoZa] with a cushion of the same muddy nature, which fits
the shell and prevents friction iwith the hard walls outside."

Specimens of D. orb eZZus ' txom the San Felipe area collected by Gemmell were found
living embedded in claylike mud. When specimens were removed, the mud holes retained
the shape of the shell.

The nest of D. orbeZZus
from the California coast is
very strange (Figure 7).

MacGinitie & MacGinitie (1968)
state that this clam "envelops
itself with a covering of fib-
rous debris or. less frequently,
sand held together with mucus.

Several projections of this
covering extend outward to anchor
the clam against the action of
the waves. The clam has no
siphons, merely orifices at the
edge of the mantle."

Some early workers (Keep,

1911; Keep & Bally, 1935; Johnson
& Snook, 1927) thought that
DipZodonta had siphons and that
the tubular projections of the
nest were siphonal coverings.

However, Dali (1901) had already

determined that Mplodonta had specimens of D. orbellus from San Diego.

orifices^” (SDNHM collections) Left specimen completely covered

by its nest, center specimen partially covered and
exhibiting long projections. Right specimen without
nest .

80.

The Festivus

This was confirmed by Fritz Haas (1942) who explained that the projections were
"mooring ropes" to anchor the animal against wave action. He noted that the pro-
jections are not hollow tubes but, being made of disintegrating plant matter, often
become hollow on drying. He added that "the DipZodonta covering seems to consist of
two halves corresponding to the two valves of the shell, opening at the ventral side
and united at the dorsal side of the animal."

Even today very little is known concerning the method of nest making or the biology
of the animal (Morris, Abbott, Haderlie, 1980).

Further comparisons of specimens convinced us that D. orbellus occurs on the
Pacific coast from Monterey, California to Panama and in the Gulf of California from
San Felipe to Bahia de los Angeles intertidally to 46 meters (150 ft.). Further study
may indicate a still wider distribution for this species.

COMPARISON OF DIPLODONTA SUPREMA OLSSON, 1961 WITH DIPLODONTA SUBQUADRATAiCAKPEmER, 1856)

In attempting to determine the identification of Diplodonta orbettus from San
Felipe it was necessary to investigate other species of Diptodonta in the nothern Gulf,
namely D. supvema and D. subquadrata.

The holotype of Diptodonta suprema Olsson, 1961 (ANSP218935) was examined (Figure 8).
This large (37mm), plump specimen from Panama is chalky white, marked only by concentric
growth lines. The beaks are not prominent; the ligament external; and there is no
lunule or escutcheon. Figure 9 is an interior view of the holotype. It shows that the
shell is subquadrate. This was noted in detail by Olsson in his original description
which follows when he stated, "The anterior side is a little shorter than the posterior,
narrower and broadly subtruncate at the end while the posterior and ventral sides form
part of a wide circular curve."

i

Fig. 8. Dorsal view of holotype of
D. suprema (ANSP218935)

Fig. 9. Interior view of holotype of
D. suprema.

Vol. XIV(7)

The Festivus

81.

Dlplodonta (Blplodonta) supremk, new species Plate 32, figures 2-2b

Shell large (length 37 mm.), subcircular, convex, relatively thin, white
or cream-colored. Surface nearly smooth, marked only with fine, concentric
lines of growth and resting marks, and in some specimens very minute
radial lines and wrinkles may be observed. The hinge line is straight, long,
with the small beaks, subcentral, projecting slightly above it and placed
a little in front of the middle. The anterior side is a little shorter than the
posterior, narrower and broadly subtruncate at the end while the posterior
and ventral sides form part of a wide circular curve. Externally the valves
appear rounded and plump with the fullest inflation in a broad zone running
from the beak to the posterior-ventral margin. Hinge normal with the left
anterior and the right posterior cardinal teeth bifid. Cavity of shell deep,
the adductor scars and pallial line plainly marked. Adductor scars are of
nearly equal size, the anterior one somewhat more elongate, each placed
just below the end of the hinge. Pallial line entire, attached to the lower
end of each adductor. No lunule or escutcheon.

Length 37.3 mm., height 31.2 mm., diameter 28.2 mm.

Unusual amongst Recent species of the genus because of its large size
recalling several fossil forms usually referred to the subgenus SphaereUa.
It is most similar to T. subvexa (Conrad) from the Miocene of Maryland
which attains nearly the same size but has larger umbones and a more
circular form.

Range — Panama. Panama Canal Zone: Palo Seco.

Figure 10 shows the detail of
the hinge-ligament of the holo-
type of D. suprema. In the left
valve the blade-like cardinal
bifid is below the beak and pro-
jects downward. The anterior
half of the bifid is higher.

The posterior cardinal is a slen-
der blade appressed at the base
to the ligamental plate and
slanted posteriorly.

In the right valve the pos-
terior blade-like bifid cardinal
starts below the beak and slants
posteriorly. The posterior
half of the bifid cardinal is
chipped. The anterior cardinal,
flattened posteriorly and some-
what rounded anteriorly slants
slightly anterior to the beak
and touches the dorsal margin as
it projects out from the beak.

The ligament attaches to a
sloping shelf under and posterior
to the beaks on the dorsal margin.
The dorsal margin folds over only
at the extreme posterior end of
the ligament and forms a groove
with a very short calcareous
shield.

Olsson listed the holotype

D. Buprema holotype,

Panaae Ciuial Zone
ANSP21893S

Height: 35ihb, Length: 37nm

Fig. 10. Camera lucida drawings of left and
right valves of the holotype of D. suprema.

82.

The Festivus

from Panama. In studying Diptodonta in the
Gulf of California we found specimens of varying
sizes that fit Olsson's description and thought
that D. supvema had a wider distribution.

Figure 11 is of two valves from a lot of six
valves dredged at 46 meters (150 ft.) at Bahia
Concepcion, Baja California Sur, Mexico by
Carol Skoglund in October 1979. The valves are
approximately 25mmH x 28mmL.

Many of the smaller specimens in the San
Diego Natural History Museum collections that
resemble D. suprema were labeled D. subquadrata.

This necessitated closer study of Diptodonta
subquadrata (Carpenter, 1856).

An effort was made to obtain the type of
D. subquadrata from the British Museum (N.H.).

After several exchanges of correspondence with
Solene Morris, of the Bivalve Section of the
Department of Molluscs, we were informed that
the type could not be found. She suggested that
at this time we "cite the species in question
as temporarily misplaced."

Keen (1968) illustrated two valves from the
syntypic lot. Figure 12 is from the original
photograph of the syntype lot which was
graciously lent to us by Dr. Keen. Lacking
the type, we have had to rely on this photograph
and the original description which follows.

Fig. 11. Interior view of two valves

9. DiPLODONTA SUBaUAOELATA.

Z). t. aubquadrata, valde ituequilaterali, antice brevi ; tenui, albo-
‘ Jlavescente, epidermide ienuissima; ttriia incrementi exillitnu,
ligamento svbexterno ; dentibus cardinalibua parvia ; lateralibua
antico in utraque valva acuto, poatico aubobaoleto ; cicatricibua
muacularibua, aritica a cardine remota, elongata, intua crenulata ;
poatica irregulariter pyriformi; linea pallii margini appropin-
quante.

Long. *76, lat. ‘89, alt. *57 poll.

Hab. Mazatlan. Mus. Cuming.

In shape like Luanojjaw undata ; remarkable for the anterior
lateral teeth.

The original Latin description assumes that
the reader understands that the genus Diptodonta
has a bifid cardinal tooth in each valve.

Carpenter mentions tha presence of an acute an-
terior lateral tooth in each valve as well as a
subobsolete posterior lateral. His note following
the Latin description states "remarkable for the
anterior lateral teeth." The photograph of the
syntypic lot (Figure 12) clearly shows the bifid
cardinal and gives no indication of any laterals.

As mentioned previously, the genus has no lateral
teeth.

dredged by Carol Skoglund at Bahia
Concepcion, Baja California, Mexico,

Fig. 12. Two valves of the syntype
lot of D. subquadrata from
original Keen photograph.

Size: 26. 3mmL.

. Vol., XIV(7)

The Festivus

83.

D. subquadrata

Isla Esplrltu Santo, Belvedere Exped,
CAS028955

Height: 12.5nm, Length; 13.3nm

Dali (1899) stated, "Carpenter has mistaken the edge of the oblique and excavated
hinge plate for a lateral tooth..." While this shows that Dali saw no lateral teeth,
it does not completely explain what Carpenter thought he saw.

D. subquadrata has a shell white to cream, inflated, relatively thin, marked only
by concentric lines of growth. It is subquadrate in shape, the posterior ventral side
widely curved, the anterior side shorter and truncate. This is the same general shape
noted by Olsson for D. supvema. The margin is smooth, the beaks almost central, not
prominent and the ligament external. There is no lunule or escutcheon.

Figure 13 is a detail of the hinge-ligament of a specimen of D. subquadrata from
Isla Espiritu Santo in the
Gulf of California. It is
12 . 5mmH x 13. 5mmL.

Interiorly the left
anterior and right posterior
cardinal teeth are bifid.

In the right valve the blade-
like bifid cardinal starts
below the beak and slants
slightly posteriorly. The
anterior half of the bifid
projects higher. The anterior
cardinal is flattened poster-
iorly and is somewhat convex
anteriorly. It slants slightly
anterior to the beak and
touches the dorsal margin at
its inception as it projects
from the beak.

In the left valve the
blade-like bifid cardinal is
below the beak and projects
downward. The anterior half
of the bifid is higher. The
posterior cardinal is also
blade-like, slender, appressed
to the ligamental plate and
slanted posteriorly. There
are no lateral teeth.

The ligament attaches to
a sloping shelf under and

posterior to the beaks on the dorsal margin. The dorsal margin folds over only at the
extreme posterior end of the ligament and forms a groove with a very short calcareous
shield.

The posterior muscle scar is oval and the anterior muscle scar is elongate.. This
is opposite to their position in Diptodonta orbetlus. They are also relatively smaller
than in D. orbetlus. The pallial line is entire, often irregular, and meets the lower
end of each muscle scar.

The species was originally described from Mazatlan. Our investigation showed the
distribution from just north of Cedros Island (San Benito Is.) on the Pacific coast
through the Gulf of California as far north as San Luis Gonzaga and south to Panama,
Ecuador and the Galapagos. More than half the lots studied listed the depths in which
the specimens were collected and the range was from 5.5 to 229 meters (3 to 125 fms.).
Intertidal information was lacking.

Figure 14 is a distribution map for the two species D. orbetlus and D. subquadrata.
Because of space limitations, the southern portion of the map is offset to the right.

right valve

Fig. 13. Camera lucida drawings of the interior
of the left and right valves of D. subquadrata.
showing detail of the hinge-ligament.

84.

The Festivus

1

Figure 14. Distribution map of D. orbellus and D. suhquadrata. (Map is not to scale).

Vpl. XJV(7)

The Festivus

85.

CONCLUSION

Our study showed the distribution of D. orbeZtus from Monterey, California to
Panama and throughout the Gulf of California. V. subquadrata examined ranged from
San Benito Island on the Pacific coast to Panama, Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands
and throughout the Gulf of California.

Specimens of D. ovbeltus we studied reached a maximum size of 31mmH x 37mmL with
the average size being closer to 20 am in length. Inflation in this species is variable.
Specimens with approximately the same height and length were often quite different in
their degree of inflation.

Keen's measurement of a syntype of D. subquadrata revealed a specimen of 26.3mmL.
Specimens we studied reached 32 . 5mmH x 36mmL. The majority of the specimens, however,
were between 10 and 20mm in length. The smaller specimens (10-20mm) were less
Inflated; the large specimens were highly inflated. The largest (Skoglund collection
from Bahxa Concepcion) had an inflation of 30mm. Olsson's measurements of the holotype
of D. suprema are 31.2mmH x 37mmL x 28.2mml.

In studying the hinge-ligament, teeth, muscle scars and general shell morphology
of D. subquadrata and B, suprema , it is our conclusion that D. suprema falls in the
synonymy of D. subquadrata.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to thank the following people in their respective institutions for making
type and study material available to us; Dr. George M. Davis of the Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP); Drs. Ruth Turner and Kenneth J. Boss of the Museum of
Comparative Zoology at Harvard (MCZ); Solene Morris of the British Museum (N.H.); Dr.
F.G. Hochberg and Mrs. Carey Resch Smith of the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History
(SBMNH) ; Dr. Barry Roth of the California Academy of Sciences (CAS); Dr. James H. McLean
and Mr. Gale Sphon of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History (LACM) ; and
Mr. Spencer Luke of Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO).

We are grateful to Margaret Mulliner, Ruth Purdy, Don Shasky and Carol Skoglund
for the loan of specimens from their collections. We appreciate the assistance of
Judith Dyer, Librarian, San Diego Museum of Natural History (SDMNH) . Our special
thanks to Dr. A. Myra Keen for the photograph of the syntype of B. subquadrata.

To David K. Mulliner we owe a debt of gratitude for both the color slides for
the oral presentation and the black and white photography for this paper. To Anthony
D'Attilio our affection and appreciation for his constant help and encouragement.

MATERIAL STUDIED

Btptodonta orbeZlus, holotype MCZ 169271 [Gould type collection No. A985]

BipZodonta subquadrata ^ photo of holotype [Keen from Brit. Mus.]

BipZodonta suprema ^ holotype ANSP 218935

Specimens studied are from the collections of the San Diego Natural History Museum,
(SDNHM) , Scripps Institute of Oceanography (SIO) , Santa Barbara Museum of Natural
History CSBMNH) , Los Angeles County t^i.seum of Natural History (LACM), California
Academy of Sciences (CAS) as well as from the private collections of Joyce Gemmell,
Carole and Jules Hertz, Margaret and David Mulliner, Barbara Myers, Ruth Purdy and
Carol Skoglund.

BipZodonta orbeZZus

SDNHM San Quintin, B.C. 3942; Is. San Martin, 61114; ^ La Paz, B.C., 23870; J]armen
Is., 23866; Is. Espiritu Santo, 23868, 53495; Bahia San Carlos, 23859; Bahia
Escondido, 56415; Bahia Santa Maria, 23865; Bahia Tepoca, 23869; Is. Salsipuedes,
44401; Is. Danzante, 44622; Is. Partida, 45431; Pta. Willard, 44334;

86.

The Festivus

California coast, 23855; Newport Bay, 61146; La Jolla, 1083, 3943, 23854, 73765;
Terminal Is., 23852; Long Beach, 23853; San Diego, 3941, 3946, 3940; Ft. Loma,

71689; Imperial Beach, 3944, 3952; Ocean Beach, S.D., 3954; Mission Bay, 3945,

20563; Mission Beach, S.D., 67194; San Luis Obispo, 3951.

LACM NE end of Cedros Is., B.C. 71-156

SBMNH Newport Bay, 28106; Coal Oil Ft., S.B., 08484; Corona Del Mar, 43162; San Fedro,
49678, Reef Ft., Orange Co., 32938.

CAS Reef Ft., Orange Co., 028983; Santa Rosa Is, Channel Is. 028970; Santa Barbara,
028968, 028965; N end Ft. Conception, 028966, Newport Bay, 029002; SW Santa
Catalina Is., outer Santa Barbara Channel, 029001, 028999; Facific Grove, 028997;
Monterey Bay, 028985; San Fedro, 028979, 029000, 029011; Ft. Fermin, 028971;

Balboa Bay, 028982; Anacapa Is., 028969; Carpentaria Reef, 028998; Is. Carmen,
028981; Is. Fatos, 029014; Is. Georges, 028963; Is. Espiritu Santo, 028925, 028948;
Is. San Marcos, 028957; Guaymas, 028907; Bahl!a San Carlos, 028947; Is. Raza, 029013;
Scammon's Lagoon 028996; Bahia Magdalena, 029009, 029010; La Jolla, Ca., 029006.
GEMMELL San Luis Gonzaga, San Felipe.

HERTZ La Jolla

MULLINER San Felipe, Bahia de los Angeles
MYERS San Diego, La Jolla
FURDY Fanama , Guaymas

Diptodonva subquadrata

SDNHM Is. San Benito, 23867; San Luis Gonzaga, 52731; Bahia Navidad & Coastecomate,
54326; Is. Tiburon, 52172; Is. Carmen, 23866;

CAS Is. Espiritu Santo, 028955, 028912, 028958, 028949, 028959; Cabo San Lucas,

028926; La Faz, 028921, Guaymas, 028940, 029041, 028946; Is. Carmen, 028909;
Acapulco, 028924; Fanama, 028928; Guatemala, 028927; Galapagos 028929.

GEMMELL Bahia Gonzaga
MULLINER Bah:ia de los Angeles
SHASKY Salango Is . , Ecuador
SKOGLUND Bahia Concepcion

LITERATURE CITED

BROCCHI, GIAMBATTISTA

1814. Conchiologia fossile subapennina con osservazioni geologiche. . . . vol.. ,2:
241-712, 16 pis.

BRONN, HEINRICH, G.

1831. lyipZodonta, ein neues muschelgeschlecht aus der familie der Nymphaceen.

Lamk. Italiens Tertiar-Gebilde und deren organische Einschlusse.
pp. ix-xii, fig. 2.

CARFENTER, FHILIF F.

1856. Descriptions of (supposed) new species and varieties of shells, from the
Californian and West Mexican coasts principally in the collection of
H. Cuming Esq. Froc. Zool. Soc. London for 1855. pp. 228-235.

DALL, WILLIAM HEALEY

1899. Synopsis of the American species of the family Diplodontidae. Jour.

Conch. 9(8) :244-246.

1901. Synopsis of the Lucinacea and of the American species. FUSNM 23(1237):
779-833, pis. 39-42.

GOULD, AUGUSTUS A.

1851. Descriptions of shells from the Gulf of California and the Facific coasts
of Mexico and California. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. 6(Art. XXIV) : 374-408 ,

3 pis.

HAAS, FRITZ .

1942. The habits of some west coast bivalves. Nautilus 55(4) :109-113.

,Vol. XIV (7)

The Festivus

87.

JOHNSON, MYRTLE ELIZABETH & HARRY JAMES SNOOK

1927. Seashore animals of the Pacific coast. MacMillan Co., N.Y. 659pp, 700 figs
KEEN, A. MYRA

1968. West American mollusk types at the British Museum (Natural History) IV

Carpenter’s Mazatlan collection. Veliger 10(A) : 389-439, 5 pis. 171 figs.
1971. Sea shells of tropical West America... Second Ed. Stanford Univ. Press,
over 1064 pp. and numerous plates.

KEEP, JOSIAH

1911. West coast shells (Revised edition) The Whitaker & Ray-Wiggin Co. 346 pp.
300 figs.

1935. (Revised by Joshua L. Baily, Jr.) West coast shells. Stanford Univ. Press.
350 pp. , 334 figs.

KELSEY, F.W.

1907. Mollusks and brachiopods of San Diego, California. Trans. SDSNH l(2):31-55
MacGINITIE, G.E. & NETTIE MacGINITIE

1968. Natural history of marine animals Second Ed., McGraw Hill, N.Y. 522 pp.
McLEAN, JAMES H.

1978. Marine shells of southern California Revised Ed. , Natural History Museum
of Los Angeles County, Science Ser. 24. 104 pp., 54 figs.

MORRIS, ROBERT H. , DONALD P. ABBOTT, & EUGENE C. HADERLIE

1980. Intertidal invertebrates of California. Stanford Univ. Press. 690pp.,

200 pis.

OLSSON, AXEL A.

1961. Mollusks of the tropical eastern Pacific .. .Panamic-Pacific Pelecypoda.
Paleo. Res. Inst., Ithaca, N.Y. 574 pp, 86 pis.

1 *

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB
% C. HERTZ

3883 MT. BLACKBURN AIL
SAN DIEGO. CA. 92111

T

JL VO/.

- FESTIVUS

„ SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968

MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.

ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK

President Martin Schuler

Vice President Bill Perrin

Secretary Pat Sage

Treasurer Walter Robertson

Editor Carole M. Hertz

ANNUAL DUES: Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $5.00;

Family membership: $6.00; Overseas surface: $8.00.

CLUB ADDRESS: Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club Inc.,

c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111.

VOL. XIV AUGUST 1982 NO. 8

**********************************************************************

*

*

I PROGRAM: Ron McPeak will give a talk on his recent diving trip to Pulmo

* Reef. He will show his slides of the area, many of which were

*

* taken underwater.

"k

* Steven Barnett, the Club's 1982 Science Fair winner^ will present

* a summary of his winning project, "Environment Preference of

* Abalone," and receive his prize.

*

*

* MARK YOUR CALENDAR: Saturday, 18 September is the date for the annual

* September party. See page 93.

* DATE: August 19, 1982 TIME: 7:30 P.M. ROOM: 104

**********************************************************************

CONTENTS

There are shells off the edge of the earth

KING, FRANK

Club news

Convergence in the typhine form

D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY

flPR 2 5 1984

M.

it-******* ********** **^ ***

89.

The Festivus

I

THERE ARE SHELLS OFF THE EDGE OF THE EARTH

BY

FRANK KING

859 E. Vista Way, Vista, California 92083

The chronicles of the Don Pisor 1982 tour to West Australia is inexorably
entwined with one character named Merv Cooper. Marvelous Merv we thought as we
scurried about the sand bars in the middle of the night picking up rare volutes.

Merv the Curve we thought as we sat all day waiting in vain for the boat to bring us
fuel and water so that we could start for home. Such was the fluctuation of our mood
during a series of rapidly changing events that constituted an unforgettable
adventure. Let us review the characters and the setting before we examine the details.

Eight mature adults, mostly of sound mind and body, tolerated the sixteen and a
half hours flying time from Los Angeles to Sidney on April 14. Overnight and most of
the day in Australia's largest city were thoroughly enjoyable and gave the group a
chance to get over jet lag and become acquainted. Marjorie Wing from Sun City,

Arizona, while a bit hard of hearing, proved to be an intrepid collector and good
sport. Constance Boone and Barbara Hudson, frequent traveling companions from Houston,

Texas furnished the serious scientific element since the Museum was to be the recipient
of a number of their specimens, especially oysters. Don and Jeanne Pisor and Don's
brother, Richard provided the driving force to get us to the scene of action. The
writer, a gross amateur collector, and his wife, Harriett, rounded out the entourage.
Harriett came along only because she is a good and obedient wife and not for any love
of shelling and especially no appreciation for camping.

Two time zones west of Sydney we found Perth, a beautiful, clean and bustling city
where almost a million West Australians live. The huge space of Western Australia is
approached but not exceeded by that of West Texas. The airport formalities were quickly
dispensed with and we got our first look at Magnificent Merv who met us in his Corvette.

We got a little hint of his nature when we saw his shirt open to the umbilicus and the
almost life-sized image of an upside down skin diver hanging as a pendant.

We should have suspected what was to come when we were immediately invited to go
on an evening dinner cruise down the beautifully serpentine Swan River. We accepted,
of course, though with some misgivings when informed that we were expected to come in
"fancy dress." Merv's mandible almost hit his patella when he saw us in our finest '

and he meant by "fancy" that it was a costume party. We finally went as American
tourists but were totally out of place among the elaborately dressed young disco
dancers. Even the "flasher" came with fabricated equipment of elephantine proportions.

The buffet was excellent and finally when everyone was drunk enough to be a hazard on
the road, the boat docked and we were taken back to our hotel. (We asked to walk).

The next day was Sunday and we got some indications of the planning that had gone
into the tour when we found that our hotel was above the bus station and in the middle
of a good shopping area. Don rented a van and drove us to Woodman's Point, following
Mervs map down the wrong side of the street as is the custom in Australia. We found
the area where Cypvaea friendi was first collected. The water was frigid, however,
and we noted no cowries under the stones exposed at medium tide. We had a great day,
though, touring the bustling port of Fremantle where sheep are loaded live on specially
made ships to be taken to Arab countries where they are slaughtered according to
religious ritual.

In the meantime, Merv and his cousin, Peter Browning, had started north with two

i|

Vol. XIV(8)

The Festivus

90

boats to be used in our further adventures. We shopped and visited shell dealers
until time to board our Ansett Pioneer Lines bus for the thousand mile trip to Onslow.
The coaches are self contained and make only one stop every three hundred miles or so
on the journey to Port Hedland. Fontunately they slow for sheep and kangaroos.

Another small shock came when the bus came to a halt at a "Y" in the road where the
only structure standing was a sign pointing to Onslow. Our stiff joints were quickly
loosened when we climbed into waiting taxis and bounded over the corduroy red clay
road at breakneck speed for ninety kilometers to the tiny fishing village that the
"new highway" missed. The driver explained that when it rained the town was often
isolated for weeks. We studied the clouds and sighed.

Mighty Merv and Peter had just arrived with the boats (five blown tires on the way)
and supervised our settling into the historic Beadon Hotel, last reconstructed in 1916
The rooms had air conditioners in various stages of repair, and the facilities at the
end of the hall were well worn but functional. We had time for a taste of local
shelling after a sixteen mile run out to Thevenard Island where the rock turners got
a few common shells while the swimmers stayed on the boat and collected full grown
Syvinx aruanus for each of us. After the best meal we had in Australia and a fitful
night's sleep, we boarded two motor launches and, towing a dinghy we headed East at
23 knots leaving Onslow to fall over the horizon.

Masterful Merv led us through the maze of shallow reefs for an hour and a half.
Peter followed in his smaller boat and pulled the dinghy with the drinking water in it.

In the rough seas, the fresh water tank broke and we arrived on Weld Island with one

five gallon tank. "Not to worry." Arrangements were already made for a shrimp
trawler to bring fuel, 15 gallons of water, and five gallons of alcohol for the
specimens. With a dubious sigh of relief we set up the tents, brought ashore the
generator and freezer, and settled in to what was to be our home for the next week.

Weld Island is several hundred yards offshore where the mainland is composed of

mud flats, mangroves, and sandy desert. At full tide the island may be one-half mile
long and maybe two hundred yards wide. At low tide its size more than triples. It
is a seagull rookery and is not quiet. The area between the island and the mainland
is shallow with a channel. At low tide many sandbars are exposed and these are the
homes of the volutes we came to find. Juvenile Syvtnx avuanus could be found in
relative abundance.

Unfortunately, time constraints dictated our arrival two days before decent tides
occurred and within a short time all the rocks in the upper littoral were worn slick
from being turned and our bags were bulging with unlucky hermit crabs and their homes.
To keep up spirits we climbed aboard the larger boat and cruised around and snorkeled.
Sure enough, some volutes crossed our paths. Votuta damon'i^ V. dcunpiev'ia 3 V.
ohlita went into collecting bags and the general pulse rate increased. An exciting
find by this collector was a rare volute which may turn out to be a new species,
believed to be a possible hybrid between V. etZ-loti and either V. jamvachi. or V.
dampieria . The shrimp trawler lay far offshore all day and we looked forward to their
joining us when they brought our water and fuel. We were beginning to need the alcohol
Some of us fondly hoped to be able to spend the night on the trawler, grabbing what we
could from the grunge.

When the night went by and there was no trawler in sight at daybreak, a little
anxiety set in. Ebullient Merv suggested that with six gallons of wine and a boat-
load of beer there was nothing to worry about. He'd get on the wireless and see
what had happened. After all, Onslow was only one and a half hours away.

The next day the tide was still not too good. The snorkelers were taken across
the channel to the area of the sand bars where an encouraging number of volutes were
found crawling around in three to six feet of water. Shore collecting improved a
little. The next day the tide would be good enough to take the shore collectors
across while the snorkelers could get an early start. We had barbecued steaks and
potatoes cooked in the coals. Long sausages were grilled and generally all looked

91

The Festivus

bright. Enough alcohol had been brought to start soaking some shells and finally
radio contact was made with someone who explained that since we did not go out to the
trawler to get our fuel and water, the folks aboard thought we must not need it. They
went south for better fishing. "The Lady" said she would send someone. The water was
gone but we still had some pop.

Time came to catch the afternoon tide and all loaded aboard for the trip across
to the mainland. A fresh onshore wind kept us cool and blew away the "midgies" that
usually plagued us. Lightning flashed and beautiful rainbows appeared among dark
clouds far inland. It was interesting to watch the "willy willies" — funnel clouds
of red dust twisting across the desert. Richard and the writer snorkeled out near
the channel while Don and the ladies went ashore to collect among the mangroves and
follow the tide out. Merv and Peter sat in the boat trying to find out when fuel and
water might arrive.

As the sun neared the horizon they motored to a sandspit half a mile away to
collect the ladies with a promise to return and get us soon. I found a beautiful
7. dcunoni- and watched while a troop of thousands of Strombus camphe'L'Li. galloped along
the bottom, all headed in the same direction. Suddenly the wind shifted and sizeable
waves bounced us about. We could see the shore people still on the sandbar making no
attempt to get on the boat. It was almost dark as we began to swim and then wade in
knee-deep water. We were afraid we might not be found. As we neared the group we
could see their plight. When the wind shifted, the boat blew out into the channel
leaving a wave swept area of deep water between. The tide was coming in fast and the
engine would not start.

With all the drama of a mid-ocean rescue, the dinghy was used to ferry the casta-
ways to safety. Peter showed his calm nature as he methodically went about getting
the engine started. Late at night we arrived back at our camp. It was pitch dark as
we waded through the mud and clambered up the rocks to the tents. Physically and
emotionally exhausted, we groped for flashlights. Our hearts sank. All the tents had
blown down in the now gale force wind. Far into the night we finally collapsed into
our sleeping bags. We hardly noticed that our air mattress had deflated.

Thirsty and sore and a little angry we got through our early morning low tide
collecting. The hot part of the day was spent cleaning shells and trying to stay in
the shade of the small tents. Nobody spoke of rationing the pop we had left but we
all drank as little as possible. It seemed that none of the eight Americans were beer
drinkers while the Aussies were never without a "stubby" in hand. The latest word was
that the man would be out from town with gas and water in the morning.

The very low tides we came to shell had arrived. Unfortunately they were after
dark. For two great evenings we wandered the extensive mud and sand flats where many
volutes and a few murex were found along with a scattering of bivalves and Fusinus.

Two of us got full grown Meto amphora. Morning tides allowed collecting on nearby
sand bars and the extensive tidepools where Angaria^ Murex. LambiSj Margi-neZtaj Nati-oa^
PotinioeSi and Terebra were collected. With dry mouths, the days were spent cleaning
shells and jockying for a spot in the meager shade. If you left your space, you might
be in the sun until someone else needed to use one of the luxuries we enjoyed; a
chemical toilet installed behind a bush that concealed it from the tent area at least.
We caught fish and watched for rescue boats during the flood tides which lapped at the
floor of the cook tent. A helicopter flew by on the way to oil rigs on Barrow Island
up the coast.

We decided to head home a day early to be sure to have time to catch the bus on
Wednesday. Tuesday morning all the shells were packed and all but one tent folded.

We sat on the shore watching for the fisherman who had promised to bring fuel and water
when the tide was high enough. During the early morning low tide as we dug up
PentcitZus ^ the watering pot clam, on the mud flat near camp; Don was stung on the
foot by some unseen creature. Because of the extreme pain, it was assumed to be a
sting ray and he got hot soaks. When we began to talk about the Blue Ringed octopus
we had seen and the symptoms of its deadly bite, Don visibly paled.

Merv the Nerve and Peter sat on the boat drinking .'.beer as the water grew deeper.

Vol. XIV(8)

The Festivus

92

We found that a mixture of white wine and orange drink concentrate kept your mouth
from sticking together. As tempers began to flare, Don, in spite of his painful foot,
donned flippers and bucked the current and wind waves out to the anchored boats to
get a report. He returned with word that nobody in Onslow would bring us supplies and
there was not enough petrol for even one boat to get back to town for more. Besides,
the tide was receding and soon it would not be possible to get over the reef. We
seemed doomed to miss the bus and there would be no other for two days. Rage began
to emerge. Don was dispatched back to the boat with a demand, "Get us out of here!"

In swift succession the tanks of the larger boat were siphoned and Don set adrift
in the dinghy as Merv and Peter bounded away over the waves at top speed in the smaller
boat. A final message had been broadcast. "We’re headed for Onslow without enough
fuel to get there. Meet us at South Island."

While some played Acey Deucy and others read, most of us tried to remember how to

dig evaporation pits to collect water. We had some propane left we could distill

some sea water. Folded tents and pieces of equipment could be made into a large SOS
on the beach. The tide was going out rapidly and the sun hung low over the emerging
sand bar as a spot appeared on the horizon. From the top of a sand dune we could see
that it was indeed a boat on the way.

The sun was down as the first five gallon tank of water was hauled ashore. Hands
trembled as cups were filled and we felt no guilt at our extravagance as a few drops
were spilled to the ground. We were saved! No one had panicked. No one had gone
raving mad. We felt rather smug.

Suddenly a decision had to be made. Merv had passed a great looking sand bar on
the way in and if two people could be chosen quickly the small boat could still get
there before low tide. Shell collectors are indeed crazy.

Tents were not pitched again for the last night. The sky was clear and the wind
gentle. We lay under the stars, anxious for a good sleep since we had to start
loading the boats at dawn. Even the insects were conspicuously absent. Then a tiny
furry thing skittered across our plastic ground cloth, its little claws unable to get
a hold until it reached the sleeping bags. It climbed the nearest hip, ran down to

the toes and dived off onto a nearby bush. Within moments another ran between us.

Rats! All night long they scampered around and over us. In the morning our care-
fully hoarded apple was half gone. We remembered the hollow loaves of bread in the
cook tent. And we'd thought it was from poor quality control in the bakery.

None the worse for the wear, we quickly loaded the equipment and set out for
home as soon as the rising tide would permit. If all went well there would be time

for a shower before heading for the bus stop. And all did go well in the larger boat.

The smaller boat ran out of fuel and Connie's chair collapsed as the large waves
pounded the hull.

Suitcases and smelly shells in hand, we waded ashore in Onslow and into the hotel
where showers and a quick meal made us into new persons. Our troubles seemed to be
over. The taxis arrived on time and while Merv and Peter loaded the boats for the
drive down the coast, we set out for the bus stop with a half hour to spare.

Ten miles out of town the first taxi ground to a stop. It died. Dead. Stark.
Panic ! The second taxi wheeled about and sped to to^m where a third vehicle was ob-
tained. The drivers were husband and wife. The lady drove faster and she set the
pace. Those of us in the second car watched the cloud of dust far ahead as we sped
along. We slowed slightly for an emu crossing the road. As we neared the crossroads,
not a vehicle was in sight. Neither our compatriots nor the bus could be seen.

With hardly a word, our driver turned south in the direction the bus would have gone
had it already passed. The pavement seemed rough. We had a flat tire. In record time
the spare was applied and at 140 km/hr we sped down the highway. Ten miles along,
there was the bus at the roadside. Jeanne stood at the door, refusing to board
before we arrived. It was she who had caught a glimpse of the silver streak as it
passed over the horizon and instituted the Keystone Kops chase.

93.

The Festivus

The rest of the tour went relatively well. Merv ruined his car when he hit a
kangaroo on the way, but he looked rested the next day when he arrived shaven and
coiffured to take us to his shell shop. Over an elegant Chinese dinner that evening,
we laughed about our good and bad times and discussed the trip to Broome next year .
Magnificent Merv was in charge.

FROM THE MINUTES

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB — 15 JULY 1982

BY

PAT SAGE

President Martin Schuler called the meeting to order at 7:45 P.M. After
having welcomed visitors, he introduced the evening's speaker. Dr. Frank King,
whose presentation was titled, "Yes, There Are Shells Off The Edge Of The Earth."
Although Frank King's account of the misadventures of collecting in the "boonies"
of Australia was an experience he would not like to repeat, the telling v/as humorous
and entertaining- and the show and tell specimens he exhibited, lovely and desirable!

After the refreshment break, Dave Mulliner gave a mini-slide presentation of a
recent group shelling excursion to San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico. Then there
was a short business meeting. Ideas for the upcoming September party with a
"Sci-Fi" theme were invited as well as a request for a volunteer to coordinate the
menu. Club Treasurer, Walter Robertson announced the availability of several
publications.

The shell drawing was won by Rita Scheck and the meeting adjourned at 9:40 P.M.

FOR YOUR INFORMATION

The 1982 West Coast Shell Show, sponsored by the Santa Barbara Malacological
Society will be held in Fleischmann Auditorium, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural
History on the 2nd and 3rd of October (set up of exhibits on Sept. 30 and Oct. 1).
Competition is open to all shell collectors. There will be both Open and Amateur
categories as well as several non-competitive exhibits. Entry application blanks
must be received by 27 August. (Information and sample entry blank will be available
at our August meeting. Address all correspondence concerning the shell show to:

Show Committee, P.O. Box 30191, Santa Barbara, CA 93105.

The Club's annual September party, this year with an "Out of This World" theme,
will be held at the home of Harriet and Frank King on Saturday, 18 September beginning
at 6:00 P.M. Members and guests are invited to attend in appropriate space attire,
molluscan or otherwise. Further information will be announced at the August meeting
and a map will be included in the September issue of The Festivus.

NEW MEMBERS

Marguerite A. & Richard H. Knobla, 32120 Oakshore Dr,, Westlake, Village, CA 91361

Vol. XIV(8)

The Festivus

94

(

CONVERGENCE IN THE TYPHINE FORM

BY

ANTHONY D'ATTILIO

Department of Marine Invertebrates, San Diego Natural History Museum, Balboa Park,

P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

The following is an update of a paper presented at the June 1982 meeting of
the Western Society of Malacologists ; the paper is modified in part as a result of
discussions at the conference with colleagues, in particular Dr. Emily Yokes.

ABSTRACT

It is proposed here that the genera Pterotyphis Jousseaume, 1880; Tripterotyphis
Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932; and Prototyphis Ponder, 1972 be reassigned to the Muricinae.
C'inat'Ldotyph'ls DuShane, 1969 with its distinctive morphology is also reassigned to
Muricinae.

DISCUSSION

Essentially all true Typhinae are distinguished by the presence of tubes. These
tubes are structurally modified spines placed along the shoulder periphery and usually
situated, with exceptions, between the four or five varices. Of these tubes, only the
one most proximate to the aperture is functional and at its base opens into the
posterior portion of the aperture. This tube is believed to be an anal tube for
carrying away waste material. The origin of the tube structure is probably related to
the food and digestive process of the soft parts about which very little is known.
Previous tubes are sealed as a new tube is formed during the animal's episodic varical
growth.

The known history of the Typhinae in geologic time encompasses most of the
Tertiary with most lines of generic development becoming established quite early in
this period. Recent or living examples of species show that the Typhinae have under-
gone only moderate changes of morphology. Some living genera and species have remained
relatively stable at least from the Eocene, when viewed from the aspect of gross
morphology. There has not been much speculation, to my knowledge, concerning the
most immediate possible ancestor or ancestors of the Typhinae. However I believe that
four genera are of different ancestry from the majority of typhines and three form
a convergent series of genera.

This convergent series of genera consisting of both fossil and living species are
the following: Pterotyphis Jousseaume, 1880; Tripterotyphis Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932; and
Prototyphis Ponder, 1972. Cinolidotyphis DuShane, 1969, while not convergent with
these three should also be reassigned to the Muricinae. It is my opinion that the
ancestor of the first three of the listed genera has a Muricinae-like ancestral genus
similar to Pterynotus Swainson, 1833, and may be diagnosed as follows. Instead of
four to five varices, this group has consistently only three varices. The morphology
of the three anal tubes per whorl is alike in being formed as in other typhines by the
mantle sealing a spine; the seal line may be noted by the presence of a suture. The
two genera Prototyphis and Tripterotyphis have the tube confluent with what would
normally be, in most trivaricate Muricidae, the shoulder spine at the aperture. In
Prototyphis this tube is frequently found not entirely sealed, thus displaying the
process of tube formation not substantially different from that of the open spine in

95

The Festivus

the family Muricidae such as is shown in the illustration of
Pteroehelus aoanthopterus (Lamarck, 1816) in Figure 1.

In most typhine genera the siphon is closed by the ex-
tensive growth of the left side of the siphonal shell margin
which greatly overlaps the right side. The method of closure
of the siphonal canal in the three genera PterotyphiSj
Tripterotyph'iSj and Prototyphis is consistently different
than Typhinae in general although showing differences from
one species to another. In these genera the siphonal canal
grows in equal measure from both sides. The aperture has an
entire or superficially entire peristome. Prototyphis is
easily mistaken for the muricine genus Ptevoohetus Jousseaume,
1880. See illustration of Prototyphis angasi (Crosse, 1861)
in Figure 2. The canal in Prototyphis rarely closes at maturity.
When it does, the two margins of the siphonal canal come
close together or seal to form a tube. This is a character
typical of the muricid subfamily Ocenebrinae. However the

radula of Prototyphis is Muricinae. The siphon closes
in Tvipterotyphis in part only as shown in the
illustrations and detail of Tvipterotyphis lowei
(Pilsbry, 1931), the type of the genus. See Figure 3.

Fig. 1. Pteroehelus

acanthopterus (Lamarck, 1816)
type of the genus.

From Reeve, 1845-1846

/ A-

Fig. 2. Prototyphis angasi
(Crosse, 1863).

Fig. 3. Apertural view and detail of the partly
open canal of Tvipterotyphis lowei (Pilsbry, 1931).
Paratype (SDNHM 3129).

The siphon closes in a similar way in Pterotyphis as shown in the illustration of
Pterotyphis fimbriatus (A. Adams, 1854) in Figure 4. Figure 5 is an illustration of
Cinelidotyphis myrae DuShane, 1969, the type of this' Cinolidotyphis diverges from

all other typhine-like genera in having an entirely open canal although otherwise
retaining many of the characteristics of the convergent group.

Fig. 4. Apertural and dorsal views of Pterotyphis fimbriatus (A. Adams, 1854) from
the R. Purdy collection. Length: approx. 23 mm. Also shown is a detail of the
partly open canal in this same specimen.

Spiral sculpture of scabrous
cords, as in Pterynotus^ are
also a striking feature of
most species in this separate
group. This is shown in the
detail of Pterotyphis pinnatus
in Figure h. Such scabrous
sculpture of continuous spiral
cords is lacking or poorly
developed ■ in true typhines.

The Muricinae genus PterocheZus^
considered by some taxonomists
to be a subgenus of PterynotuSj
most clearly resembles
Prototyphis. PterocheZus , with
its erect outer apertural margin,
differs mainly by sealing or
blocking off the open spine.

It thus prevents the spine
from becoming a tube. This
apertural development is
apparent mainly when PterocheZus
species are fully mature.

Immature species of PterocheZus
and Prototyphis are not easily
separable from each other.

In studying the radulae of
typhine species, consistent
differences were noted between
the four genera under discussion
and Typhinae in general. The
radulae of the genera discussed
here more closely resemble
a muricine group such as

BCC0'

Fig. 5'. Three views of CincZidotyphis myrae DuShane,
1969. Also shown is a detail of the sculpture of the
spiral cords.

‘Fig. 6. Detail of sculpture of scabrous cords in
Pterotyphis pinnatus (Broderip, 1833).

97

The Festivus

Pteroahelus or Pterynotus
is shown in Figure 7.

The radula takes a number of forms in tru<:
Typhinae and it would be difficult to
illustrate a typical Typhinae radula.

However, a number of these Typhinae
radulae are illustrated here in Figures B
to 11 to show their diversity.

The consistency in form of the radulae
of the trivaricate group under discussion,
however, show their affinity to each other
and to the Muricinae. See Figure 7- The
radulae of three of the four genera are illus-
trated in Figures 12 to 14. They are
Prototyphis angasi (Crosse, 1863),
Tripterotyphis lowei (Pilsbry, 1931), and
Cinclidotyphis myrae DuShane, 1969.

A radula drawing of Pteroahelus duffusi Iredale, 1936

Fig. 7>. Ra.dula drawing of Pteroahelus
duffusi Iredale, 1936.

Fig. 8. Radula of
Typhinellus sowerhii
(Broderip, 1833).

Fig. 9. Radula of

Talityphis latipennis
(Dair, 1919).

Fig. 10. Radula of Truhatsa
pavlova (Iredale, 1936).

Fig. 11. Radula of Typhisopsis
alarki (Keen & Campbell, 1964).

Fig. 13. Radula of
Tripterotyphis lowei
(Pilsbry, 1931)

Fig. 12. Radula of
Prototyphis angasi
(Crosse, 1863).

Vol. XIV) 8)

The Festivus

98

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to Emily H. Yokes for helpful
suggestions concerning the taxonomy of this paper
and for the loan of study material. My thanks go
to Mr. David K. Mulliner who carefully prepared
35 mm slides of specimens and my drawings for the
oral presentation of this papei at the June 1982
meeting of the WSM, and to Mr. John Myers for
reducing my drawings for use in this paper.

Fig. 14. Radula of
Cinclidotyphis myrae
DuShane, 1969.

Literature Cited

DUSHANE, HELEN

1969. A new genus and two new species of Typhinae from the Panamic Province
(Gastropoda: Muricidae) . Veliger 11 (4) : 343-344 , pi. 54.

FLEMING, C.A.

1962. The genus Pterynotus Swainson (Gastropoda, family Muricidae) in New Zealand
and Norfolk Island. Trans Roy. Soc. N.Z. (Zoology) vol. 2 (14) : 109-119 ,

1 pi.

GERTMAN, RICHARD L.

1969. Cenozoic Typhinae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Western Atlantic region.
Tulane Stud, in Geol. & Paleo. 7 (4) : 143-191 , pis. 1-8.

KEEN, A. MYRA

1944. Catalogue and revision of the gastropod subfamily Typhinae. Jour. Paleo.
18(l):50-72, 20 text figs.

PILSBRY, HENRY A. & HERBERT N. LOWE

1932. West Mexican and Central American mollusks collected by H.N. Lowe, 1929-31.
Proc. ANSP 84:33-144, pis. 1-17.

PONDER, WINSTON F.

1972. Notes on some Australian genera and species of the family Muricidae

(Neogastropoda). Jour. Malac. Soc. Austral. 2 (3) : 215-248 , pis. 20-23,

4 text figs.

REEVE, LOVELL A.

1845-1846. Conchologia iconics, or illustrations of the shells of molluscous
animals. London, vol. 3. Murex. pis. 1-36.

VELLA, PAUL

1961. Australasian Typhinae (Gastropoda) with notes on the subfamily.

Palaeont. 4 (3) : 362-391 , pis. 46-47.

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THE

ANNUAL DUES:
CLUB ADDRESS;

r. r. '^f

SeP 1.51982

, ,1 n

5, ul^

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968

MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.

ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK

President Martin Schuler

Vice President Bill Perrin

Secretary Pat Sage

Treasurer Walter Robertson

Editor Carole M. Hertz

Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $5.00;
Family membership: $6.00; Overseas surface: $8.00.

Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club Inc.,
c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111.

VOL. XIV SEPTEMBER 1982 NO. 9

***********************************************************************

Come to the "OUT OF THIS WORLD" party.,

(There is no regular meeting this month) .

For details and directions, see map on the last page of this issue.

Date: 18 September 1982 Time: 6:00 P.M. -? Place: The Frank King's home

***********************************************************************

CONTENTS

Club news 100

Molluscan populations at Bahia San Carlos, Sonora, Mexico

POORMAN, LEROY H 101

Favartia guamensis Emerson & D'Attilio, 1979: observation on its
geographical distribution

D’ATTILIO, ANTHONY 105

Supplement to "An Abridged Check List..."; papers on West American marine
Mollusca, published during the years 1937 to 1956
KEEN, A. MYRA 107

I

******

100.

The Festivus

DR. RICHARD C. BRUSCA AT THE SAN DIEGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUfl

We welcome Dr. Richard C. Brusca to San Diego. He is spending his sabbatical
year as Curator of the Department of Marine Invertebrates at the San Diego Natural
History Museum.

Dr. Brusca, who received his PhD from the University of Arizona in 1975, is
Curator of Crustacea at the Allan Hancock Foundation and Professor of biology at the
University of Southern California as well as the Director of Academic Programs at
the Catalina Marine Science Center of that University.

Rick Brusca’s research interest is systematics and biogeography and he is currently
preparing a textbook on invertebrate zoology. Besides his sizeable list of publications
his well-known book COMMON INTERTIDAL INVERTEBRATES OF THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA, Second
revised edition [1980. 513 pp., 340 ill., 243 black & white photos, 31 color photos,

U. of Ariz. Press, Tucson] is on the library shelves of many Club members interested
in the fauna of the Gulf. He also published in 1978 with his brother, G.J. Brusca,

A NATURALIST'S SEASHORE GUIDE. COMMON MARINE LIFE OF THE NORTHERN CALIFRONIA COAST
AND ADJACENT SHORES. [205 pp. Mad River Press] .

FROM THE MINUTES

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB — 19 AUGUST 1982

By

PAT SAGE

Martin Schuler called the meeting to order at 7:40 P.M. After welcoming guests,
the speakers for the evening were introduced.

Steven Barnett, the 1982 Club Science Fair winner, gave a presentation of his
winning project, "Environment Preference of Abalone" which dealt with the green abalone.
He proposed to work on the red abalone in his next year's project. He was presented
with the San Diego Shell Club award, "Between Pacific Tides."

Ron McPeak's slide presentation was a synopsis of three dive trips to Baja
California's Los Angeles Bay, Escondido Bay and Cabo Pulmo. The slides of fish, corals,
gastropods and nudibranchs plus other flora and fauna were quite beautiful.

After the refreshment break visiting artist, B. Buckingham, gave a description of
his carvings of marine life that were displayed for the pleasure of the membership.

New business concerned primarily the September "Out of This World" party to be
hosted by Frank and Harriet King at their home in Vista. [See map last page of this
issue for details, Ed.]. Billee Dilworth graciously consented to act as food
coordinator and the sign-up sheet was passed. For further information contact either
Marty Schuler or Billee Dilworth.

The subject for the October meeting will be "Fossil Sharks' Teeth and Where to Find
Them Locally." The shell drawing for the evening was won by new member, Mig Jumel.

The meeting adjourned at 9:00 P.M.

voi. xrv(9)

The Festivus

101.

HOLLUSCAN POPULATIONS AT BAHIA SAN CARLOS. SONORA. MEXICO

BY

LEROY H. POORMAN

15300 Magnolia Street, Westminster, California 92683

Adapted from a paper presented to the Western Society of Malacologists at Redlands,
California, 21 June 1982.

Since 1953 Forrest and I have made 37 visits totaling 955 days to San Carlos,
Sonora. At first these were for one or two weeks each, but since 1973 our ventures
have been for two or three months each year. Our primary interest was observing and
collecting mollusks. Each time we went, it was with increased knowledge and more
sophisticated techniques. We collected every month of the year except June, July, and
August; but we were there mostly during the fall and early spring.

Accurate records of habitats and species collected were kept. My purpose is to
report on the species found and their habitats. Our observations raised a number of
questions in our minds. These "points to ponder" may be very clear to other people;
and yet every hypothesis we formed brought forth new exceptions and contradictions.

This report is organized about a rectangle extending 3 miles east and west and
4 miles north and south. The rectangle is centered at 27° 55’ N Lat., 111° 05' W Long.
This geographic region includes a point of land projecting into the Gulf of California
about one half the way up the east shore (see Figure 1) . The water is well circulated
by wind and tide; and water temperatures range from 18° to 37° C. , with ^3° variation
from year to year.

Seismic activity in the Gulf There have been reports of increased seismic activity
in the deeper waters of the upper Gulf for the past seven years. Scripps Institution
of Oceanography is conducting studies in the Guaymas Basin, some 35 miles off the
coast, where deep sea boiling vents are reported. Violent storms with high winds
sometimes batter the shore. Midwinter rains can send sheets of water off the desert
into the Gulf carrying many tons of silt which colors the water for miles. These are
a few of the variables that make it so difficult to draw conclusions from our obser-
vations concerning the rectangle.

Habitats There is one large estero in the rectangle. The head was formerly an area
of mangroves which are now gone to real estate development. Below the mangroves were
acres of intertidal sand and silt sloping out to water 10-15 meters in depth. In 1953
the number of species on the flats was fantastic; but the estero is now so polluted
that it is an open invitation to hepatitis. The pollution is from raw sewage from
homes and a large marina, and also from the remains of fish brought into the estero by
native fishermen and cleaned there. The air is strong with the smell of H2S and most
of the remaining shells are badly eroded. We have seen the human population of this
region go from near zero to about 8,000 persons during the winter months.

The rest of the shoreline in the rectangle is made up of several coves with sandy
beaches, intertidal reefs, rocky headlands and promontories, and sheer walls with
water 30-40 meters in depth immediately offshore. The first eight years of our
collecting were concerned with these intertidal habitats.

Since 1961 most of our activities have been carried out with small boat dredging,
using a dredge with a 16-inch opening. New habitats were opened up for investigation
including: sand and silt bottom, gravel, small and large rocks, beds of soft corals,
one large bed of a species of antipatharian coral, under-water pinnacles and rocky

SONORA

102

The Festivus

GULF OF CALIFORNIA

Vol. XIV(9)

The Festivus

103.

ledges. There are also large areas of dead shells on silt in deeper water.

Algae provide important habitats and food in the rectangle. Floating seaweed is
abundant during the summer months but is mostly gone by October. Padina is sometimes
found in the rectangle in great quantities and is host to many species; but it comes
and goes without reference to season or year. Two species of Cautevpa are also
important. These are home for both prosobranchs and opisthobranchs , especially around
the holdfasts. For several years we planted small rocks covered with two species of
Caulevpa on the reef below the trailer park where only Padina had grown before.

When we came back one fall, we found that the algae had spread along the reef for a
third of a mile. One year later only one of the species remained but was now a solid
mat out to 5 meters depth. A few living specimens of Oxynoe, Lobiger, and
Berthelinia were on the original planting; but only the Oxynoe survived more than the
first year and now are there in great numbers.

We have noted many changes in the sea bottom over the years. Reefs that were rich
in molluscan life would become covered with sand and silt and the animals would
disappear. Some of these reefs reappeared a few years later and the animals soon
returned.

Dredging Our records indicate that we have made more than 4,000 dredging hauls in
this rectangle. As a possible explanation for declining populations, it has been sug-
gested that we dredge too much. Some simple calculations involving the size of the
dredge, the number of hauls per year, and the size of the rectangle, indicate that it
will take us more than 400 years to cover the bottom once. Considering the great
changes one storm makes in the bottom, or the variations from other forces we find
from year to year, it is not likely that we are oversampling. With the tidal currents
offshore running 3-5 knots with equally strong countercurrents deeper down, it is
probable that the softer bottom is continually in motion, at least out to the 100
meter mark.

Results Our records indicate nearly 1,000 species in our collection were taken some-
where in the rectangle in the past 28 years. In the phylum Mollusca they cover 4
classes, 22 orders, and 168 families. Seven new species have been described from the
rectangle and another ten possible new species are awaiting more work. The records
include 259 significant extensions of distribution as given in Keen’s second edition
of SEA SHELLS OF TROPICAL WEST AMERICA. Not as much attention has been paid to
minute species yet. We have nearly 200 lots still awaiting identification. The
literature is inadequate and identification is difficult. A good estimate of the total
number of species in the rectangle is 1400 to 1500.

Points to ponder The following observations and hypotheses are based on field
experience and do not lend themselves to statistical analysis.

1. We believe that there is a cyclic rise and fall in populations of many species.

Examples: One year we dredged juvenile Gtyphostoma negtecta. Then for several years

there were adults only. This was followed by one year of old, eroded specimens.
After several years of dead shells only, the cycle started again.

When Padina was abundant, Phylaplysia padina were very common. Last fall
the algae was plentiful but there were no Phylaplysia.

2. The number of Intertidal species is declining. Contributing factors include;

a. pollution from raw sewage, marinas, and rotting fish;

b. large runoffs from rain with attendant silt ;

c. environments wiped out by construction ;

d. overcollecting by tourists — especially skin divers;

e. commercial exploitation, jewelry makers, trash fishermen.

104.

The Festivus

3. There is a decline in the quantity of offshore mollusks at all depths. Possibly
related factors follow.

a. Seismic activity and/or the warming of the water has occurred during the

past few years.

b. There is much shell predation by octopus, fish and starfish.

c. This year there were almost no trash fish, the finback whales were gone,

and sportfishing was very low.

d. However, pelicans, cormorants, gannets and frigate birds were all back.

4. Benthic range — migration questions (3 Examples).

a. Cassis aentiquadrata is normally found intertidally on sand bars. Why
do we dredge so many small specimens just beginning the teleoconch in
water to 60 meters? Why are the few adults which remain in deep water so
much heavier and smaller than those which migrate to shore?

b. Cypraea annettae is a common intertidal species. When dredged in 60 meters
it is only half the normal size. But Cyphoma from 100 meters are larger
than intertidal specimens.

c. We dredge numerous small Fatsifusus dupetitthouarsi down to 10 mm. in size
in 100 meters. Then we come on dozens of adults crawling in sand among
rocks intertidally some 5 miles from our dredging area. Do the adults
migrate to shore to spawn and the veligers return to deep water to mature?

5. Some populations are isolated geographically, benthically, or by habitat.

a. Di'^itlia tumida occurs in 10-15 meters on gravel and small rocks off the
trailer park. The only other population in the rectangle is 3 miles away
in 100 meters on silt and dead shell.

b. a^iso spiendiduta occurs only on small rocks and gravel in 30 meters. There
are two populations 2 miles apart with none in':'between .

c. Cantharus shaskyi^ Mitra walkeronan^ and Fusinus zaoae are found along the
100 meter line no matter what the bottom.

Over many years we have witnessed much change in the environment and in the variety
of species. Yet we feel that we can say with reasonable certainty where in the
rectangle any given habitat is to be found and the species most likely to occur there.

Addition to the roster:

Leonard, Mr. Fred L., 800 North 41st Ave. , Hollywood, FL 33021.

Changes of address:

Schoening, Bob, 1177 Dublin PI., Herndon, VA 22070.

Williams, Pete & Pat, c/o Lt. Pete Williams, Chief, Environmental & Preventive Medicine
Service, NRMC Corpus Christi, TX 78419.

New Members:

Jumel, Mig., 317 Windyridge Glen, Escondido, CA 92026.

Thorpe, Fran H. , 3910 Battersea Rd., Coconut Grove, FL 33133.

Vol. XIV(9)

The Festivus

105.

1

!

FAVARTIA GUAMENSIS EMERSON & D' ATT I LI 0. 1979:
OBSERVATION ON ITS GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

: ■ BY

i,

ANTHONY D'ATTILIO

Department of Marine Invertebrates, San Diego Natural History Museum, Balboa Park,

P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

In 1979 Dr. William K. Emerson and I described a number of new muricid species
from various localities. The paper, "Six New Living Species of Muricacean Gastropods"
appeared in the Nautilus Vol. 93(1):1-10, (10 January). One of the new species was
Favavtia guamensis taken from depths of approximately 18-21 meters (60 feet) in coral
rubble at Guam. See Figures 1 and 2 of the holotype. This small species is distinctive
and colorful, varying from pink to orange or flushed with violet. Our knowledge of the
geographical distribution at that time was based entirely on the type locality.

Fig. 1. Apertural view of Favartia Fig. 2. Dorsal view of holotype.

guamensis Emerson & D'Attilio, 1979,

Holotype, SDNHM 72625. Size: 715 mm in length

Type locality: off Orote Cliffs, Guam, in 18-21 m. , under large boulders.

Leo Kempczenski, collector.

Photo: David K. Mulliner.

106.

The Festivus

In a letter recently received from
Mr. Andre Lefant of Papeete, Tahiti, were en-
closed some photos in color of this same species,
Favart'ia guamensts taken at Tahiti in somewhat
shallower water than the type. A black and
white print made by Mr. David K. Mulliner from
one of Mr. Lefant 's color photos is shown in
Figure 3.

If these specimens from Tahiti are part
of a viable breeding population, we may give
the presently known distribution as from Guam
in the western central Pacific to Tahiti in the
far southeastern portion of the tropical Pacific.
The shells, as indicated by Mr. Lefant, are
approximately 9-13 mm. They are within the
same size and color range as the specimens from
Guam.

Such a superficially disjunct distribution
does not seem natural for such closely related
morphological forms of one species. We can
surmise that when sought for carefully, the
species will be found in numerous intervening
island areas. Much of the oceans remain
entirely unexplored, especially for such small
molluscan species.

Fig. 3. Favartia guamensis from Tahiti
Sizes: 9 and 13 mm.

Andre Lefant, collector.

From a color photograph by Mr. Lefant
Black & white photo prepared by
Mr. David K. Mulliner.

Vol. XIV (9)

The Festivus

107.

SUPPLEMENT TO "AN ABRIDGED CHECK LIST...":

PAPERS ON WEST AMERICAN MARINE MOLLUSCA. PUBLISHED DURING THE YEARS

1957 TO 1956

A. MYRA KEEN

Stanford University, California

Editor’s note

This "Supplement" was originally completed in 1956 and mimeographed that summer
by John Q. Burch, editor of the Minutes of the Conchological Club of Southern California.
It was never published. Recently a copy of this work was "found" in the San Diego
Natural History Museum reprint files. This "Supplement** extends the bibliography of the
literature on West American marine mollusks to 1956. Its value to the worker con-
cerned with the mollusks of this area is considerable; and with the permission of Dr.

A. Myra Keen, The Festivus is pleased to publish the "Supplement."

Following is the chronology of the bibliographic material on West American marine
mollusks which antedates this "Supplement."

1758-1864

Carpenter, Philip Pearsall

1857. Report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca
of the west coast of North America. From: Report of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science of 1856. (pre- Apr. 22).

1864. A supplementary report of the present state of our knowledge with regard
to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. From: Report of

the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1863,
pp. 517-686 (post-Aug. 1).

1872. The mollusks of western North America. Embracing the second report made
to the British Association on this subject, with other papers; reprinted
by permission, with a general index. Smithsonian Inst. Misc. Coll. 10
(252): xii + 325 + 13-121 (Dec).

1864-1908

Dali, William Healey

1909. Material toward a bibliography of publications on the post-Eocene marine
mollusks of the northwest coast of America, 1865-1908. Appendix xiii of
Contributions to the Tertiary paleontology of the Pacific coast I The
Miocene of Astoria and Coos Bay, Oregon. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper
59(1908) :192-216. (Apr. 2).

1908-1936

Keen, A. Myra

1937. An abridged checklist and bibliography of west North American marine
Mollusca. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford CA, 87 pp. (Sept.).

108.

The Festivus

Introductory Note; — The following titles are arranged in the same manner and with
the same coverage as in the "Abridged Check List": — Pelecypoda, Scaphopoda, and
Gastropoda (except Nudibranchiata) from the area between San Diego, California and
Point Barrow, Alaska. A complete canvass of the "Minutes of the Conchological Club of
Southern California" would be desirable, but as many of these contributions were in the
form of extracts from letters, the criterion for inclusion that was adopted here was
a) a formal title and by-line, and b) publication after the date when the "Minutes"
became available by subscription.

A few titles are included from years prior to 1937 that were missed in previous
bibliographic lists. It is inevitable that pertinent titles also have been over-
looked in this compilation, but even so, those that are cited herein and the summary
at the end should form a convenient guide to recent literature. My apologies go to
author and to reader for any errors and omissions.

Coverage dates include July 1937 to July 1956.

1. Abbott, Donald P. "Water circulation in the mantle cavity of the owl limpet,

Lottia gigantea Gray," Nautilus, vol. 69, no. 3 (Jan. 1956), pp. 79-87, figs. A-D.

2. Abbott, R. Tucker. "Eastern Pacific Poromya and Cetoooncha names," Nautilus,

vol. 65, no. 1 (July 1951), <p. 33.

3. . American Seashells (New York: Van Nostrand, 1954). pp. xiv + 541, 100 figs.,

40 pls”^

4. Ancey, C.F. "Liste de coquilles recolt^es a San Diego (Calif ornie) , " Le Naturaliste,

3me Ann., vol. 1, no. 57 (Aug. 1881), pp. 453-454.

5. Baily, Joshua L. "Note on a Pacific Cetooonoha/' Nautilus, vol. 58, no. 2 (Oct. 1944),

p. 67 .

6. . "lolina, new name for lotaea A. Adams, 1860," Nautilus, vol. 61, no. 3

(Jan. 1948), p. 107.

7. . "Locomotioiv in Lt/na," Nautilus, vol. 63, no. 4 (April 1950), pp. 112-113. i

8. . "MaxweZt'La^ genus novum of Muricidae," Nautilus, vol. 64, no. 1 (July 1950), |

pp. 9-14.

9. . "Some notes on EaZ'iot'is Nautilus, vol. 64, no. 3 (Jan* 1951), pp. 91-94.

10. Bartsch, Paul and Rehder, Harald A., "Two new marine shells from the Aleutian

Islands," Nautilus, vol. 52, no. 4 (April 1939), pp. 110-112, pi. 8.

11. Bartsch, Paul. "The West American tialiotis Proc. U.S.Nat. Mus., vol. 89, no. 3094

(1940), pp. 49-58, pis. 6-8.

12. . "BuToh'Uiy a new genus of turrids," Nautilus, vol. 57, no. 4 (April 1944),

pp. 115-116.

13. . "Some notes upon West American turrid mollusks," Proc. Biol. Soc.

Washington, vol. 57 (June 28, 1944), pp. 25-30.

14. . "Some turrid mollusks of Monterey Bay and vicinity," Proc. Biol. Soc.

Washington, vol. 57 (Oct. 31, 1944), pp. 57-68.

15. . "MoTT'tsonelZa , a new genus of East Pacific deep sea mollusks," Nautilus,

vol. 59, no. 1 (July 1945), p. 23.

16. . "Some notes on the genus Exilioideay" Nautilus, vol. 59, no. 2 (Oct. 1945),

pp. 61-63, pi. 7.

17. . "A remarkable new genus and species of West American marine mollusks.

Jour. Washington Acad. Sci. , vol. 36, no. 8 (Aug. 15, 1946), pp. 281-282,
figs. 1-3.

18. Bentson, Herdis. "A systematic study of the fossil gastropod Exiliay" Univ. Calif.

Publ. Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci., vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 199-238, pis. 1-3.

19. Bequaert , J. "Random notes on American Potamididae, " Nautilus, vol. 56, no. 1,

(July 1942), pp. 20-30.

Vol. XIV(9)

The Festivus

1G9.

20. Berry, S. Stillman, "A second Californian Dimya," Proc. Malac. Soc. London,

vol. 26, pt. 1 (May A, 1944), pp. 25-26, 4 figs.

21. . "A new Californian Neosvnri'ta, "Jour. Conch., vol. 22, no. 8 (May 1946),

pp. 190-193, 4 figs.

22. . "Californian forms of Pediautaria Leaflets in Malac., vol. 1, no. 1

(Nov. 4, 1946), pp. 1-4, 3 figs.

23. . "On Opalia monter>eyensts (Dali)," Jour. Entom. and Zool., vol. 40, no. 1,

(1948), pp. 15-19, 5 figs.

24. . "New light on the taxonomy of West American species of Crepiduta

Amer. Malac. Union News Bull. (Nov. 1949), p. 22 (abstract).

25. . "A partial review of some West American species of Crepidutay" Leaflets

in Malac., vol. 1, no. 8 (Nov. 14, 1950), pp. 35-40.

26. . "A pteropod new to California," ibid., pp. 41-42,

27. . "West American razor-clams of the genus Ensis Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat.

Hist., vol. 11, no. 15 (August 14, 1953), pp. 393-404, pi. 29, 4 figs.

28. . "Notices of new West American marine Mollusca," Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat

Hist., vol. 11, no. 16 (Sept. 1, 1953), pp. 405-428, pis. 28-29, 10 figs.

29. . "Importance of the large pyramidellid elements in the West American

fauna," Amer. Malac. Union Ann. Kept. (1954), p. 25 (abstract).

30. . "The West Coast's confused and confusing white slipper shells, Crepidulaj

subgenus lanaaus y" Amer. Malac. Union Ann. Kept. (1955), p. 32 (abstract).

31. . "Mollusca dredged by the Orca off the Santa Barbara Islands, California,

in 1951" Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 46, no. 5 (May 1956), pp. 150-157,

9 figs.

32. Bonnot, Paul. "California abalones," California Fish and Game, vol. 26, no. 3

(1940), pp. 200-211.

33. . "The edible bivalves of California," California Fish and Game, vol. 26,

no. 3 (July 1940), pp. 212-239, figs. 81-97.

34. . "The abalones of California," California Fish and Game, vol. 34, no. 4,

(Oct. 1948), pp. 141-169, figs 52-68.

35. Bormann, Mary. "A survey of some West American Ocenebras, with description of

a new species," Nautilus, vol. 60, no. 2 (Oct. 1946), pp. 37-43, pi. 4.

36. . "Some West American Ocenebras," Minutes, Conch. Club. S. Calif., no. 71,

(July 1947), pp. 7-9.

37. , editor. Shells and Shell Collecting (Long Beach, California: Long Beach

Shell Club) Mimeographed (1948), 72 pp.

38. Bormann, Ralph, Bormann, Mary, and Bormann, Ralph, Jr. "Some rare California

shells," Nautilus, vol. 55, no. 4 (April 1942), pp. 141-142.

39. Burch, John Q. , editor. Distributional List of the West American Marine Mollusca

from San Diego, California, to the Polar Sea. (Extracts from the Minutes of the
Conchological Club of Southern California, nos. 33-63 [March 1944-September 1946]^
separately issued (1946) as Part I and Part II, vols. I-II).

40. Burch, John Q. "Notes on Petricola tellimyalis (Carpenter)," Min. Conch. Club

S. Calif., no. 83 (Sept. 1948), pp. 9-10.

'^1* • "A systematic outline of the Muricacea of the eastern Pacific," Min. Conch.

Club S. Calif., no. 149 (Aug. 1955), pp. 3-13.

42. Burch, Tom. "A new Pseudometatoma from California," Nautilus, vol. 52, no. 1

(July 1938), pp. 21-22, 3 figs.

43. . "Addition to the molluscan fauna of California," Nautilus, vol. 54, no. 2

(Oct. 1940), pp. 46-47, pi. 2.

44. . "A survey of the West American Aligenas, with a description of a new

species," Nautilus, vol. 55, no. 2 (Oct. 1941), pp. 48-51, pi. 4.

110

The Festivus

45. Carlisle, John G. , Jr. "The problem of the abalone: artificial spawning and

fertilization of Hatiotis rufescens Amer. Malac. Union News Bull.

(Nov. 1949), p. 20 (abstract).

46. Chace^ Emery P. "Field notes on some West Coast mollusks," Nautilus, vol. 56,

no. 2 (Oct. 1942), pp. 41-43.

47. . "Some notes on Neverita," Amer. Malac. Union News Bull. (Dec. 1950)

p. 26 (abstract).

48. . "Nassa catifom'Cca. A discussion of its taxonomic position," Amer.

Malac. Union Ann. Kept. (1954), p. 23 (abstract).

49. Chavan, Andre. "Denominations supraspecif iques de mollusques modifiees ou

nouvelles," C.r. Sommaire Soc. Geol. France for 1951, no. 12 (June 18, 1951)

pp. 210-211.

50. Coe, Wesley R. "Influence of natural and experimental conditions in determining

shape of shell and rate of growth in gastropods of the genus Crepiduta^" Jour.
Morphology, vol. 71, no. 1 (July 1, 1942), pp. 35-51, 2 pis., 8 figs.

51. . "A resurgent population of the California bay mussel {Mytitus edutis

diegensis) Jour. Morphology, vol. 78, no. 1 (Jan. 1946), pp. 85-104, pis 1-
2, 1 fig.

52. . "Biology of Crepiduta wittiamsif a new species of prosobranch gastropod

from the Pacific coast," Jour. Morphology, vol. 81, no. 2 (Sept. 1947),
pp. 241-248, 8 figs.

53. . "Divergent methods of development in morphologically similar species of

prosobranch gastropods," Jour. Morphology, vol. 84, no. 2 (March 1949),
pp. 383-400. 10 figs.

54. . "Ecology of the bean clam, Donax gouldi^ on the coast of Southern

California," Ecology, vol. 36, no. 3 (July 1955), pp. 512-514, 2 figs.

55. Demond, Joan. "Key to the Nassariidae of the West Coast of North America,"

Nautilus, vol. 65, no. 1 (July 1951), pp. 15-17.

56. . "The Nassariidae of the West Coast of North America between Cape San Lu6as,

Lower California, and Cape Flattery, Washington," Pacific Science, vol. 6, no. 4
(Oct. 1952), pp. 300-317, pis. 1-2.

57. Emerson, William K. "An unusual habitat for Zirfaea pi-tsbryi," Bull. S. Calif.

Acad. Sci. , vol. 50, pt. 2 (May-Aug. 1951), pp. 89-91, pi. 31.

58. . "Neo-ecology, paleoecology and marine mollusks," Amer. Malac. Union

Ann. Kept. (1953), pp. 26-27.

59. Emery, D.L. "Cypraea spadioea in the bulla stage," Nautilus, vol. 52, no. 4,

(April 1939), p. 141.

60. Eyerdam, Walter J. "Extended ranges of 75 species of North Pacific shells

collected by Walter J. Eyerdam and Ingvard Norberg," Nautilus, vol. 51, nos.

3,4 (Jan., April 1938), pp. 100-104, 122-126.

61. . "Extension of ranges of North American marine shells to Chile," Nautilus,

vol. 53, no. 3 (Jan. 1940), p. 108.

62. . "Some maximum sized Cardium oorhis from Alaska," Nautilus, vol. 54, no. 2,

(Oct. 1940), p. 53.

63. . "Extended ranges of four Alaskan marine shells," Nautilus, vol. 57,

no. 4 (April 1944), p. 142.

64. . "Corrections of certain northern collecting records," Minutes, Conch.

Club S. Calif., no. 68 (April 1947), p. 16.

65. . "A clam-digging excursion to Copalis Beach, Washington," Minutes, Conch.

Club. S. Calif., nos. 79, 82 (Apr., Aug. 1948), pp. 3-4, 1 resp.

66. Filice, Francis P. "An ecological survey of the Castro Creek area in San Pablo
Bay," Wasmann Jour. Biol., vol. 12, no. 1 (1954), pp. 1-24.

Vol. XIV (9)

The Festivus

111.

67. Fitch, John E. "The pismo clam," Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 36, no. 3 (July

1950), pp. 285-312, figs. 116-128.

68. . "Common marine bivalves of California," Calif. Dept. Fish and Game, Fish.

Bull. no. 90 (1953), 102 pp., 63 figs.

69. Fox, Denis L. , and Young, Robert T. "Commensalism between a marine mussel, and

anemone, and several other organisms, " Nature, vol. 139 (May 22, 1937),
pp. 882-883.

70. Gifford, D.S., and Gifford, E.W. "Color variation in OlivetZa hipt-lcatay"

Nautilus, vol. 55, no. 1 (July 1941), pp. 10-12.

71. . "Olivelta pycnay" Nautilus, vol. 55, no. 3 (Jan. 1942), pp. 92-93.

72. . "Color variation in Olivetla biptioata in various localities," Nautilus,

vol. 56, no. 2 (Oct. 1942), pp. 43-48.

73. . "Californian Olivellas," Nautilus, vol. 57, no. 2 (Jan. 1944), pp. 73-80.

74. . "Oregonian Olivellas," Nautilus, vol. 62, no. 2 (Oct. 1948), pp. 51-54.

75. Gordon, Mackenzie. "A new TuThon'LVia from Redondo Beach, California," Nautilus,

vol. 51, no. 2 (Oct. 1938), pp. 49-50, 3 figs.

76. . "A new subgenus and species of West Coast ' Alvania' y" Nautilus, vol. 53,

no. 1 (July, 1939), pp. 29-33.

See also under Smith, Allyn G.

77. Gregg, Wendell 0. "Peoten pugetensis at Newport Bay, California," Nautilus,

vol. 51, no. 4 (April 1938), pp. 118-119.

78. Griffith, Lela M. "Collector's items from commercial fishing gear," Nautilus,

vol. 68, no. 1 (July 1954), pp. 14-20.

79. Haas, Fritz. "The habits of life of some West Coast bivalves," Nautilus, vol.

55, no. 4 (Apr. 1942), pp. 109-113; vol. 56, no. 1 (July 1942), pp. 30-33.

80. . "Malacological notes — III [Two new species of minute California marine

shells; P.rotective coverings built by two West Coast bivalves; On some members
of the Mytilus calif omianus associaion; The boring of Lithophaga etc.] ,"
Zool. Ser. of Field Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 29, no. 1 (June 10, 1943), pp. 1-23,
8 figs.

81. Hanna, G. Dallas. "Exotic Mollusca in California," California Bull. Dept.

Agric., vol. 28, no. 5 (May 1939), pp. 298-321, 4 pis., 2 figs.

82. . "Extension of range of Tethys calif omicus Cooper in California,"

Nautilus, vol. 53, no. 1 (July 1939), p. 34.

83. and A.M. Strong. "West American mollusks of the genus Conus y" Proc. Calif.

Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 26, no. 9 (Jan. 28, 1949), pp. 247-322, pis. 5-10, 4 figs

84. Hansen, Bent. "Brood protection and sex ratio of Tvansenella tantilla (Gould), a

Pacific bivalve," Vidensk. Medd. fra Dansk naturh. Foren. , vol. 115 (1953),
pp. 313-323, 4 figs.

85. Hertlein, Leo G. "Note on the range of Pecten caurinus Gould," Nautilus, vol.

51, no. 4 (April, 1938), p. 144.

86. . "Addition to the range of Pecten caurinus Gould," Nautilus, vol. 54,

no. 2 (Oct. 1940), pp. 68-69.

87. and A.M. Strong. "Mollusks from the West Coast of Mexico and Central

America, part 3," Zoologica, vol. 31, pt. 2 (Aug. 20, 1946), pp. 53-76, 1 pi.

88. Hertlein, Leo G. "Description of a new pelecypod of the genus Lima from deep

water off central California," Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 27, no.
12 (July 11, 1952), pp. 377-381, pi. 20, figs. 12-13.

89. Hewatt, Willis G. "Notes on the breeding seasons of the rocky beach fauna of

Monterey Bay, California," Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 23, no. 19
(Sept. 1, 1938), pp. 283-288.

112.

The Festivus

90. Hewatt, Willis G. "Marine ecological studies on Santa Cruz Island, California,"

Ecological Monog. , vol. 16, no. 3 (July 1946), pp. 185-210, 2 figs.

91. Hill, Howard R. "Abnormal shells of some Pacific marine mollusks," Minutes,

Conch Club. S. Calif., no. 74 (Nov. 1947), pp. 10-12.

92. Howard, Arthur D. "A new Vertioordta from the Pacific Coast," Nautilus, vol.

63, no. 4 (Apr. 1950), pp. 109-110, pi. 7.

93. . "Heteropods collected on the Pacific Coast," Amer. Malac. Union Ann.

Rept. (1953), p. 21 (abstract).

94. . "Some viviparous pelecypod mollusks," Wasmann Jour. Biol., vol. 11,

no. 2 (1953), pp. 233-240, 3 figs.

95. Ingram, William M. "Notes on the cowry Cypraea spadicea Swainson," Nautilus,

vol. 52, no. 1 (July 1938), pp. 1-4, pi. 1, 6 figs.

96. . "Remarkable calcium deposits in Eunatioina oZdvoyd'i'i (Dali)," Nautilus,

vol. 53, no. 4 (Apr. 1940), pp. 135-136.

97. . "Aquarium behavior of Eunatioina oldvoydii (Dali)," Nautilus, vol. 54,

no. 4 (Apr. 1941), pp. 136-140.

98. . "Fossil and Recent Cypraeidae of the western regions of the Americas,"

Bulls. Amer. Paleont., vol. 31, no. 120 (May 2, 1947), pp. 47-124, 3 pis.

99. Jacobs, Sylvia. "Color variations in PediouZaria oaZifovnioa Newcomb,"

Nautilus, vol. 59, no. 4 (Apr. 1946), pp. 124-126.

100. Johnson, Myrtle E. "West Coast marine shells," ed. 1, privately printed (1937);

ed. 2, Calif. State Dept. Educ., Sci. Guide for Elem. Schools, vol. 4, no. 9(1938)
35 pp., ill.; revised ed., Occ. Papers, San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., no. 9
(June 1, 1954)y 36 pp., 16 figs.

101. . "Chlamydoconoha oroutti Dali," Amer. Malac. Union Ann. Rept. (1953),

pp. 20-21.

102. Jukes-Browne, A.J. "Note on dementia suhdiaphanad' Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8,

vol. 13 (1914), pp. 338-339.

103. Keen, A. Myra. An abridged check list and bibliography of West North American
marine Mollusca (Stanford University Press: Sept. 29, 1937). Lithoprint,

87 pp. , 2 figs.

104. . "New pelecypod species of the genera Lasaea and CrassineZZad Proc. Malac.

Soc. London, vol. 23, pt. 1 (March 1938), pp. 18-32, pi. 2; errata, ibid . ,
pt. 4, p. 252.

105. and Frizzell, Don L. Illustrated Key to West North American Pelecypod

Genera (Stanford University Press: 1939). Lithoprint, 28 pp., ill.;
revised ed., 1953.

106. Keen, A. Myra. "Molluscan species common to western North America and Japan,"

Proc. 6th Pacific Sci. Congress, vol. 3 (1941), pp. 479-483.

107. and Doty, Charlotte L. "An annotated check list of the gastropods of Cape

Arago, Oregon," Oregon State Monog., Studies in Zool., no. 3 (May 15, 1942),
pp. 1-16, 1 fig.

108. Keen, A. Myra. "A new gastropod of the genus Episoynia Morch," Nautilus, vol. 60,

no. 1 (Aug. 30, 1946), pp. 8-11, 4 figs.

109. and Pearson, John C. Illustrated Key to West North American Gastropod

Genera (Stanford Univ. Press: 1952), Lithoprint , 39 pp.

110. Keen, A. Myra. "Nomenclatural notes on the pelecypod family Veneridae," Minutes,

Conch. Club. S. Calif., no. 139 (June 1954), pp. 50-55.

111. . "Five new species and a new subgenus in the pelecypod family Cardiidae,"

Bull. Amer. Paleont., vol. 35, no. 153 (Dec. 20, 1954), pp. 307-330, pi. 29.

112. Kincaid, Trevor. "The acclimatization of marine animals in the Pacific North-

west waters," Minutes, Conch. Club. S. Calif, no. 72 (Aug. 1947), pp. 1-3.

Vol. XIV (9)

The Festivus

113.

113. MacGinitie, G.E., and MacGinitie, Nettie. Natural History of the Marine Animals.

New York: McGraw-Hill (1949). pp. ix+483, 282 figs.

114. Mattox, N.T. "A premliminary report on the quantitative survey of molluscan

communities in the San Pedro Basin area," Amer. Malac. Union Ann. Kept. (1954)/
p. 23.

115. McCully, H. "Note on the northern green abalone, Eatiotis waZtaltensis Stearns,"

Calif. Fish and Game, vol. 26 (1940), p. 397.

116. Merriam, Charles W. "Fossil Turritellas from the Pacific Coast region of North

America," Univ. Calif. Publ. Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci., vol. 26, no. 1
(March 8, 1941), pp. 1-214, pis. 1-41, 19 figs.

117. Morris, Percy A. A Field Guide to Shells of the Pacific Coast and Hawaii. New

York: Houghton Mifflin (1952). pp. xx + 220, 40 pis.

118. Newell, I.M. "Marine molluscan provinces of western North America; a critique

and a new analysis," Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 92, no. 3 (1948), pp. 155-166

119. Nicol, David. "An analysis of the Arctic marine pelecypod fauna," Nautilus,

vol. 68, no. 4 (Apr. 1955), pp. 115-122.

120. Orcutt, H.G. "Oyster culture in California," Amer. Malac. Union Ann. Kept.

(Dec. 1953), pp. 22-23 (abstract).

121. Palmer, Katherine V.W. "Molluscan types in the Carpenter collection in the

Redpath Museum," Nautilus, vol. 58, no. 3 (Jan. 1945), pp. 97-102.

122. Parker, Pierre. "Fossil and Recent species of the pelecypod genera Ch-ione and

SeouveZZa from the Pacific Coast," Jour. Paleont., vol. 23, no. 6 (Nov. 1949),
pp. 577-593, pis. 89-95.

123. Quayle, Daniel B. "Paphia bifuroata^ a new molluscan species from Ladysmith

Harbour, B.C.," Jour. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, vol. 4, no. 1 (1938), pp. 53-54,

1 fig*

124. . "Note re Paphia hifurcata, a new molluscan species from Ladysmith Harbour,

B.C.," Nautilus, vol. 52, no. 4 (Apr. 1939), pp. 139-140.

125. . "The edible molluscs of British Columbia," Rept. British Columbia Fish.

Dept, for 1940 (1941), pp. J75-J87.

126. . "Sex, gonad changes, and seasonal gonad development in Paphia staminea

(Conrad)," Jour. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, vol. 6, no. 2 (1943), pp. 140-151, 5 figs

127. Rehder, Harald A. "A note on the genus AnapZocamus Dali," Nautilus, vol. 56, no. 2

(Oct. 1942), pp. 49-50.

See also under Bartsch.

128. Reinhart, Philip W. "The holotype of Barbatia (Acar) gradata (Broderip and

Sowerby)," Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., vol 9, no. 10 (Aug. 31, 1939),
pp. 39-46, pi. 3.

129. . "Mesozoic and Cenozoic Arcidae from the Pacific Slope of North America,"

Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Papers, no. 47 (June 16, 1943), 117 pp., 15 pis.

130. Richards, Oscar W. "Comparative growth of MytiZus caZ'ifovn'Lanus at La Jolla,

California, and MytiZus eduZ-is at Woods Hole, Mass.," Ecology, vol. 27, no. 4
(Oct. 1946), pp. 370-373.

131. Richardson, F. "Diurnal movements of the limpets Lottia gigantea and Aoma&a

persona," Jour. Entom. & Zool., vol. 26 (1934), pp. 53-55.

132. Ricketts, E.F., and Calvin, J. Between Pacific Tides. Stanford University Press

(1939), 320 pp., 112 figs., 64 pis.; ed. 2, (1948); ed. 3, revised by Joel
Hedgpeth (Sept. 1952), 501 pp., 134 figs., 46 pis.

114.

The Festivus

133. Robertson, Robert. "Suggested subgeneric allocations of Recent West American

Conidae," Amer. Malac. Union Ann. Rept. (1954), p. 24.

134. Rost, Helen "A report on the family Arcidae (Pelecypoda) , " Allan Hancock

Pacific Expeditions, vol. 20, no. 2 (Nov. 10, 1955), pp. 177-248, pis. 11-
16, figs. 79-95 .

135. Ruth, John W. "The molluscan genus Siphonalia of the Pacific Coast Tertiary,"

Univ. Calif. Publ. Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci., vol. 26, no. 3 (March 24, 1942),
pp. 287-306, pis. 47-48.

136. Schenck, Hubert G. "Revised nomenclature for some nuculid pelecypods," Jour.

Paleont., vol. 13, no. 1 (Jan. 1939), pp. 21-41, pis. 5-8.

137. and Keen, A. Myra. "Biometrical analysis of molluscan assemblages,"

M^. Societe'^de Biog^graphie, vol. 7 (1940), pp. 379-392, 2 pis.

138. Schenck, Hubert G. "Geologic application of biometrical analysis of molluscan

assemblages," Jour. Paleont., vol. 19, no. 5 (Sept. 1945), pp. 504-521,
pis. 66-67, 3 figs.

139. Segal, Earl. 'Adaptive differences in water-holding capacity in an intertidal

gastropod Ecology, vol. 37, no. 1 (Jan. 1956), pp. 174-178, 4 figs.

140. Smith, Allyn G. "Notes on living California Crepidulas," Minutes, Conch Club.

S. Calif., no. 60 (May 1946), pp. 1-9.

141. . '’Collecting in seaweed holdfasts," ibid . , pp. 45-46.

142. and Gordon, Mackenzie. "The marine mollusks and brachiopods of Monterey

Bay, California, and vicinity," Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 26,
no. 8 (Dec. 15, 1948), pp. 147-245, pis. 3-4, 4 figs.

143. and . "Monterey Mollusca: corrections," Nautilus, vol. 62, no. 3

(Jan. 1949), p. 105.

144. Smith, Allyn G. "Shells from the bird guano of Southeast Farallon Island,

California, with description of a new species of Liotta," Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci., ser. 4, vol. 27, no. 13 (July 11, 1952), pp. 383-387, pi. 20, figs. 2-4.

145. Soot-Ryep, Tron. "Characteristics used in the classification of West American

Mytilids," Amer. Malac. Union. Ann. Rept. (1954), pp. 25-26 (abstract).

146. . "A report on the family Mytilidae (Pelecypoda)," Allan Hancock Pacific

Expeditions, vol. 20, no. 1 (Nov. 10, 1955), 174 pp., 10 pis., 78 figs.

147. Sorensen, A. "Our West Coast marine fauna," Nautilus, vol. 60, no. 3 (Jan. 1947),

pp. 88-93.

148. ^ Strohbeen, J.P., and Welchel, Hazel P. "Molluscan predators and their

prey," Amer. Malac. Union Ann. Rept. (1955), p. 34 (abstract).

149. Stohler, R. "Studies on mollusks populations: I," Nautilus, vol. 64, no. 2

(Oct. 1950), pp. 47-51.

150. . "Studies on mollusk populations: II," Nautilus, vol. 65, no. 4 (Apr. 1952),

pp. 135-137.

151. . "Studies on mollusk populations: III," Amer. Malac. Union Annual Rept.

(1955), pp. 32-33.

152. Strong, A.M. "A new Turbonilla from Monterey Bay, California," Nautilus, vol. 51,
no. 2 (Oct. 1937), pp. 54-55.

and Hertlein, Leo G. "New species of Recent mollusks from the coast of

western North America," Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 4, vol. 22, no. 6 (Dec. 31,
1937), pp. 159-178, pis. 34-35.

153.

Vol. XIV(9)

The Festivus

115.

154. Strong, A.M. "Notes on Epitonium (Nitidisoala) tinatum (Carpenter),"

Nautilus, vol. 55, no. 2 (Oct. 1941), pp. 46-47.

155. (posthumous). "Review of the eastern Pacific species in the molluscan

family Cancellariidae , " Minutes, Conch. Club. S. Calif., nos. 135-139 (Jian.-
June 1954), pp. 7-14, 16-22, 28-32, 44-47, 56-59.

156. Swan, Emery F. and Finucane, John H. "Observations on the genus Schizothaerus

Nautilus, vol. 66, no. 1 (July 1952), pp. 19-26, pi. 4.

157. Swan, Emery F. "Growth indices of the clam Mya arenaria L.," Ecology, vol. 33

(1952), pp. 365-374.

158. . "The growth of the clam Mya avenavLa as affected by the substratum,"

Ecology, vol. 33, no. 4 (Oct. 1952), pp. 530-534.

159. Talmadge, Robert R. "Variation factors in the Eatiotis y" Minutes, Conch, Club

S. Calif., no. 148 (July 1955), pp. 4-6.

160. Test, Avery Ransome Grant. "Description of new species of Aamaea," Nautilus,

vol. 58, no. 3 (Jan. 1945), pp. 92-96; erratum, ibid . , no. 4 (Apr. 1945), p. 144.

161. . "Ecology of California Acmaeay” Ecology, vol. 26, no. 4 (Oct. 1945),

pp. 395-405.

162. . "Speciation in limpets of the genus Acmaeay” Contr. Lab. Vert. Biol./

Univ. Michigan, no. 31 (June 1946), pp. 1-24.

163. Test, F.H. "Substrate and movements of the marine gastropod Aamaea asmiy”

Amer. Midland Nat., vol. 33 (1945), pp. 791-793.

164. Turner, Ruth D. "The family Pholadidae in the western Atlantic and the eastern

Pacific. Part I — Pholadinae," Johnsonia, vol. 3, no. 33 (May 17, 1954),
pp. 1-64, 34 figs.

165. . "The family Pholadidae in the western Atlantic and the eastern Pacific.

Part II — Martesiinae, Jouannetiinae and Xylophaginae," Johnsonia, vol. 3,
no. 34 (March 29, 1955), pp. 65-160, figs. 35-93.

166. Vokes, H.E. "Notes on the Nucinellidae (Pelecypoda) , with description of a new

species from the Eocene of Oregon," Jour. Paleont., vol. 30, no. 2 (May 1956),
pp. 652-671, 2 figs.

167. . "Notes on, and rectifications of, pelecypod nomenclature," Jour. Paleont.,

vol. 30, no. 2 (May 1956), pp. 762-765.

168. . "Some pelecypod illustrations of the effect of the Copenhagen Decision

defining the limits of generic homonymy," Jour. Paleont., vol. 30, no. 2
(May 1956), pp. 765-768.

169. Willett, George. "Remarks on some West American mollusks," Nautilus, vol. 52,

no. 1 (July 1938), pp. 10-11, 1 pi., 6 figs.

170. . "Description of a new mollusk from California," Nautilus, vol. 52, no. 4

(Apr. 1939), pp. 123-124, 1 fig.

171. . "Northwest American species of Gtyaymer'is y” Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci.,

vol. 42, pt. 3 (Jan. 15, 1944), pp. 107-114, pi. 12.

172. . "Two new West American pelecypods," Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. 43,

pt. 1 (May 31, 1944), pp. 19-22, pi. 8.

173. . "New species of mollusks from Redondo, California," Bull. S. Calif. Acad.

Sci., vol. 43, pt. 2 (May-Aug. 1944), pp. 71-73, pi. 14.

174. . "The Aoteoaina of Salton Sink, Colorado Desert, California," Bull. S.

Calif. Acad. Sci., vol. 44, pt. 1 (Jan. -Apr. 1945), pp. 28-29.

175. . "A new mollusk of the genus SotavieZla from Alaska," Bull S. Calif. Acad.

Sci., vol. 45, pt. 1 (Jan. -Mar. 1946), p. 32, pi. 7.

176. Williams, M. Woodbridge. "A new Pevi-pZoma from Alaska," Jour. Entom. & Zool.,

vol. 32, no. 2, (June 1940), pp. 37-40.

177. Winkler, Lindsay R. "Remarks on a new Aptysia, from Southern California," Amer.

Malac. Union Ann. Rept. (1954), p. 21.

116.

178.

The Festivus

Yates, Lorenzo G. "The Mollusca of the Channel Islands of California," Ninth

Ann. Kept., State Mineralogist for 1889, Calif. State Min. Bur. (1890), pp. 175-178.

179. Yonge, C.M. "Studies on Pacific Coast mollusks. I. On the structure and

adaptations of Cryptomya oalifomica (Conrad),':' Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool.,
vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 395-400, 4 figs. II. "Structure and adaptations for rock
boring in Platyodon canaellatus ibid. , no. 7, pp. 401-408, 3 figs. III.
"Observations on Hinnites multirugosus (Gale)," ibid. , no. 8, pp. 409-420,

6 figs. (Nov. 16, 1951).

180. . "Studies on Pacific Coast mollusks. IV. Observations on Sitiqua patula

Dixon and on evolution within the Solenidae," Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool., vol. 55,
no. 9, pp. 421-438, 8 figs. V. "Structure and adaptations in Entodesma saxioota
(Baird) and Mytil'LmeT'la nuttatZ'i'i (Conrad), with a discussion on evolution
within the family Lyonsiidae (Eulamellibranchiata) , " ibid . , no. 10, pp. 439-
450, 8 figs. VI. "A note on KeZHa Zapevousii (Deshayes)," ibid . , no. 11,
pp. 451-454, 1 fig. (Nov. 20, 1952).

181. . "Observations on Hipponix antiquatus (Linnaeus)," Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ,

ser. 4, vol. 28, no. 1 (July 15, 1953), pp. 1-24, 9 figs.

182. . "Adaptation to rock boring in BotuZa and Lithophagay" Quart. Jour.

Microscop. Sci., vol. 96, pt. 3 (Sept. 1955), pp. 383-410.

183. Young, R.T. "An hermaphroditic MytiZus," Nautilus, vol. 54, no. 3 (Jan. 1941),

pp. 90-91.

184. . "Stimulation of spawning in the mussel (MytiZus oaZZfomianus) y" Ecology,

vol. 26, no. 1 (Jan. 1945), pp. 58-69.

185. . "Spawning and setting season of the mussel, MytZZus oaZifomianus y"

Ecology, vol. 27, no. 4 (Oct. 1946), pp. 354-363.

186. . "Another MytZZus hermaphrodite," Nautilus, vol. 64, no. 3 (Jan. 1951),

p. 105.

DIGEST OF TITLES

Distribution : 60, 61, 63, 64, 77, 82, 85, 86, 106, 117, 119, 137, 138.

Ecology: 54, 57, 58, 66, 69, 79, 80, 90, 112, 114, 148, 149-151, 156, 161, 163.

Economic investigations: 67, 120, 126.

General works: 3, 37, 39, 68, 100, 103. 105, 109, 113, 117. 132.

Growth studies: 50, 53, 130, 157, 158.

Life histories: 51, 59, 84,89, 94, 126.

Locality lists: 3, 107, 142-143, 144, 178.

Miscellaneous notes: 9, 11-15, 18, 19, 22-25, 27, 29-30, 32-34, 35-36, 38, 40, 46,

47-48, 62, 65, 70-74, 78, 81, 91, 93, 95, 96-97, 99, 101, 102, 115, 128, 147,

154, 159, 162, 169.

New species: 10, 17, 20, 21, 26-28, 31, 35, 42-44, 75-76, 87-88, 92, 104, 108, 123, 124,
140-141, 144, 152-153, 160, 170, 172-175, 176, 177.

Structure and function: 1, 6, 45, 52, 131, 139, 179-182, 183-186.

Taxonomy (Nomenclature and Systematic studies) : 2, 4, 5, 8, 41, 49, 55, 56, 83, 98,

110, 111, 116, 121, 122, 127, 129, 133, 134, 135, 137, 145, 146, 155, 164, 165,
166-168, 171.

Errata in the Bibliography of the
"Abridged Check List..." (1937)

p. 51: The date of no. 10 is Aug. 13, 1917 (not Aug. 13, 1907). This title therefore

should follow no. 28.

p. 56: The pagination of no. 85 should be: pp. 557-572, pis. 74-75 (not pp. 74-75).

P. 63: For title 199, the date of vol. I shold be ("1924" Sept. 1925).

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JESTIVUS.

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968

MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.

ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK

President ; Martin Schuler

Vice President Bill Perrin

Secretary Pat Sage

Treasurer Walter Robertson

Editor Carole M. Hertz

ANNUAL DUES: Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $5.00;

Family membership: $6.00; Overseas surface: $8.00.

CLUB ADDRESS: Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club Inc.,

c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, California 92111.

VOL. XIV OCTOBER 1982 NO. 10

ic1c1c1(it1c1c1cifk'k‘kii1fkic1i1tieifkic1t1c1t1c-k1(1ckic1cic1fk1t1e-k1fk1t1ticii1f1c1fk‘k1t1e'k1t1e1fk1ckic‘kic1c1fkifkic1t1t1c
*

*

*

5 PROGRAM: William A. Walker of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural

} History will speak on fossil sharks’ teeth and where to find them.

*

*

*

J Date; 21 October 1982 Time; 7; 30 P.M. Place; Room 104

*

4r

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CONTENTS

Minute Shells; Odostomia helga Dali & Bartsch, 1909 and
Odostomia fetella Dali & Bartsch, 1909

HERTZ, JULES 118

Geographic uncertainties in the West American Donacidae

COAN, EUGENE 124

Club news 127

118.

The Festivus

MINUTE SHELLS

i

QDOSTQMIA HEL6A BALL & BARTSCH. 1909 AND
QDQSTQMIA FETELLA BALL & BARTSCH. 1909

BY

JULES HERTZ

Department of Marine Invertebrates, San Diego Natural History Museum, Balboa Park,

P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

Many species belonging to the genus Odostomia Fleming, 1813 (family Pyramidellidae
Gray, 1840) occur along the coast of Southern California. These are most often minute
white shelled species with various patterns of sculpture. Most are found by dredging,
but there are a number occasionally found intertidally . Live collected species are
uncommon intertidally^ particularly in large numbers.

Pyramidellids have developed a method of sucking liquid food into their gut from
the body of their prey. Fretter and Graham (1949) suggested that each species of
pyramidellid is normally associated with a particular host and does not usually occur
apart from the neighborhood of the host. Cole and Hancock (1955) believed that
pyramidellids were not so precise in their feeding habits but were predominantly asso-
ciated with one particular host. Fretter and Graham (1962) list a series of
odostomias whose hosts vary from the polychaete worm Pomatoaeros triquetov to various
species of bivalves (Astropeoten irregularis^ Mytilus edulis^ Peoten maximus, Chlamys
operoularis^ Ostrea edulisy and Mya arenaria ). Morris, Abbott, and Haderlie (1980)
note that Petalooonohus montereyensis Dali, 1919 also hosts a snail (Odostomia sp.)
that feeds on the fleshy edge of the mantle.

During March 1981, 10 to 20 specimens of Odostomia helga Dali and Bartsch, 1909
were observed under large rocks at the low tide line. The low tides at that time
were from -0.5 to 0.2 feet. The specimens were found at the north end of Tourmaline
Surfing Beach (Sun Gold Point), Pacific Beach, San Diego, California. They varied in
size from 2.5 to 4.0 mm. Apertural and dorsal views of a typical mature specimen from
this lot are shown in Figures 1 and 2. The specimens (shells and animals) were white
with the body whorl almost translucent. Specimens were found on the bottoms of rocks
smoothed by water action and covered locally with tube forming polychaetes. The rocks
were in areas of coarse sand. I was unable to determine the host for 0. helga even
after observing them periodically from March 1981 to May 1982.

Figure 3 shows some views of the protoconch of the specimen shown in Figures 1 and
2. Figures 4 and 5 show the apertural and dorsal views of the type specimen of
0. helga (USNM 60905).

Dali and Bartsch' s original description of 0. helga was based primarily on
specimens from San Diego, California although they examined several large lots from the
San Pedro, California area. Their original description is as follows.

Vol. XIV (10)

The Festivus

119.

Odostomia hetga Dali &
Bartsch, 1909. approx. 26X

Fig. 4. Apertural view of
0. helga, type (USNM 60905)

Fig. 2. Dorsal view of
0. hetga specimen shown
in Figure 1.

Fig. 5. Dorsal view of
type of 0. hetga.

Fig. 3. Camera lucida
drawings of protoconch
of 0. hetga specimen
shown in Figure 1.

(a) Detail of shape

(b) Detail of nucleus

(c) Detail of early

postnuclear whorls.

120.

The Festivus

.Shell conic, niilk-whitc'. Nr.clcar whorls smooth, deeply obliquely
imnuT''ed in the first of the succeed ini: whorls, above wliich only a
portion of the last two volutions project. Piist-nuclear whorls moder-
ately rounded. r.li,<:htly contracteii at the sutures, feebly shouldered
at the summits, marked between the sutures by four broad low' spiral
bands whicli are s(>parate<l by narrow , deeply incised lines. In addi-
tion to these bands, the fir>t three and one-half whorls are marked by
feeble axial ribs which are best developetl near the summit of the
whorls and scarcely reach the suture. The junction of the ribs and
cords form weak nodules. Sutures stronirly impressed but not chan-
neled. Periphery of the last whorl well rounded, marked by a low
spiral cord. Bi^e stron.irly rounded posteriorly, attenuated anteriorly,
marked by seven sj)iral cords, which <:row successively weaker from
the i)erij)hery toward the umbilical re<:ion and are .separated by
slend('r. deeply-incised s]>iral lint's. Aperture large, broadly oval;
posterior angle acute; outer lij) thin, showing the external .sculpture
within: columella moderately strong, curved, reilected. and reinforced
by the base; proxidt'd with an tddiquc fold :it its insertion.

The type (Cat. no. OOOO."), I’.S.X.M.) and ten specimens come from
San Diego, California. The ly])e has six post-nuclear whorls and
meastires: Length l.J mm., iliameter mm.

In the same paper, Dali and Bartsch (1909) named a second species, Odostomia
fetetla which superficially looks very similar to 0. hetga. Their original description
of 0. fetetZa was based primarily on specimens from San Diego, California although
they examined specimens from San Ignacio Lagoon, Baja California, Mexico to San Pedro,
California. The original description of 0. fetetta follows.

Shell very elongiite-uviite, milk-white,. Nuclear whorls small,
obliciuely two-thii'ds immersed in the first of the succeeding turns.

Post-nuch'ar whorls wadi rounded, modcuaitely contra<-ted at the
sutuies ami slightly shouiden'd at the summit, marked by four strong
flattened cords whi(di grow succc'.ssi vely a litth* weaker fiom the sum-
mit to the ])eriphery, .separated by nairow, (h'eply incisc'd spiral
grooves. Periphery of tlu' last whorl marked by a broad, (hit cord
.somewhat widiu' than the first siipra-peripheial one. Ba.se of tlui
last whorl somewhat attenuated anti'iiorly, well rounded, marked by
eleven eipial and equally narrow, rounded, spiial cords, fn addition
to this sculpture, there aie many very fine inci.sed spiral lines and
decidedly retractive axial lines of growth on the spire ami ha.si;.

Aperture broadly oval, slightly effuse anteriorl}', posterior angle
acute; outer lip thin, showing thi' e.vLeinal scul|)ture within; colu-
mella modeiately sti'ong, slightly curved, somewhat reflecti'd, coin-
plett'ly reenforc.ed by the ha.sig provided with a strong fold at its
insertion; parietal wall covered by a thin callus.

'Pile tyjie (('at. no. ft)-17S, II.S..N.M.) and 124 specimens come from
San Diego, ('alifornia. The type, has .seven post-nucleai' w'hoils and
measures: Length 4.4 mm., diameti'r 1 .S mm.

Figures 6 and 7 show apertural and dorsal views of the type of Odostomia feteZta.

Comparison of the original descriptions of OdostomZa hsZga and OdostomZa feteZZa
as well as study of the two type specimens show their obvious similarity. I found
little, if any, difference in the nuclei of the type specimens of 0. heZga and 0.
feteZZa. Dali and Bartsch in their 1909 monograph of West American pyramidellid

Vol. XIV(IO)

The Festivus

121.

Fig. 6. Apertural view of Fig. 7. Dorsal view of type of

type of Odostomia fetelta 0. fetella.

(USNM 46478)

mollusks placed 0. helga in the subgenus Chrysallida Carpenter, 1856 and 0. fetelta
in the subgenus Menestho Holier, 1842. They also included a key to the subgenera of
Odostom'ia. The primary difference between the subgenera Ctwysalltda and Menestho is
in the axial sculpture. Per Dali and Bartsch (1909), the subgenus Chrysatlida con-
sists of "odostomias having strong axial ribs crossed by equally strong spiral keels
between the sutures, the intersection of these two elements forming nodules. The axial
ribs pass only faintly over the base, while the spiral sculpture remains quite
prominent." Dali and Bartsch characterized the subgenus Menestho as follows: "Shell
not umbilicated, marked by moderately well developed and usually equally spaced spiral
cords; axial sculpture reduced to mere lines of growth which frequently appear as very
slender raised threads in the grooves between the cords.

In researching the differences between 0. helga and 0. fetella, I examined many
large lots from both the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution
(USNM) and the San Diego Natural History Museum (SDNHM). For 0. helga this consisted
of USNM lots 162773, 162774, 60905, and SDNHM lots 15284, 18287, 18288, 18289, 41404,
42173, 42194, 42195, 42197, 42198, 42202, and 42203. For 0. fetella this consisted of
USNM lots 46477, 46478, 208068, and SDNHM lots 18321, 18322, 41964, 41965, 41966, and
41967.

In several of these lots, such as USNM 162773 and 162774, there is a large variation
in specimen axial sculpture. Some specimens were essentially devoid of axial sculp-
ture while others had significant amounts of sculpture on the upper whorls. Variation
to a lesser degree occurred in the axial sculpture of the specimens found at Pacific
Beach, San. Diego, California during March 1981. Between March 1981 and May 1982,
specimens having extreme differences in sculpture were found.

122.

The Festivus

Figures 8 and 9 show the apertural and dorsal views of a specimen of 0. hetga col-
lected on December 24, 1981. This represents the most prominently sculptured specimen
found at this site. Conversely, Figures 10 and 11 show the apertural and dorsal views
of a specimen (0. ?fetetta) essentially devoid of axial sculpture collected on October

Fig. 8. Highly sculptured 0. hetga: Fig. 9. Dorsal view of specimen shown
apertural view. in Figure 8.

Fig. 10. Specimen of (0. ?fetella) Fig. 11. Dorsal view of specimen shown
with minimal sculpture. in Figure 10.

Vol. XIV(IO)

The Festivus

123.

The obvious question, therefore, follows. Are there truly two species, 0. helga and
0. fetella^ or are these polymorphic forms of a single species? The answer requires
anatomical study of the animals of a large population and is beyond the scope of this
paper.

Figures 12 and 13 show the animal of the specimen depicted in Figures 10 and 11.
Figure 12 gives a good view of the animal's foot, and Figure 13 shows the animal's
eyes on the head near the base of the tentacles.

Fig. 13. Same animal as shown in
Figure 12. Note eyes on head at
base of tentacles.

Acknowledgments

I am particularly Indebted to David K. Mulliner, Festivus staff photographer, for
his excellent photographs of these minute shells and to Anthony D'Attilio for the
camera lucida protoconch drawings. I am also grateful to Dr. Joseph Rosewater of the
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution for the loan of type
material and other lots of odostomias.

Literature Cited

Cole, H.A. and D.A. Hancock

1955. Odostomt-a as a pest of oysters and mussels. J. Mar. Biol. Assn. U.K.34:

25-31.

Dali, W. H. and P. Bartsch

1909. A monograph of West American pyramidellid mollusks. Bull. USNM 68, 258pp.,

30 pis.

Fretter, V. and A. Graham

1949. The structure and mode of life of the Pyramidellidae , parasitic opistobranchs .

J. Mar. Biol. Assn. U.K. 28:493-532.

1962. BRITISH PROSOBRANCH MOLLUSCS. Ray Society, London. 755 pp. , 317 figs.

Morris, R.H., D.P. Abbott, and E.C. Haderlie

1980. INTERTIDAL INVERTEBRATES OF CALIFORNIA. Stanford Univ. Press. 690 pp. , 900 pl.oto,

124.

The Festivus

GEOGRAPHIC UNCERTAINTIES IN THE WEST AMERICAN DONACIDAE*

BY

EUGENE GOAN

Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences,
Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94108

Last year, I presented to the Western Society of Malacologists the preliminary
results of my work on the West American members of the bivalve family Donacidae. That
work is now completed and in press. In preparing the sections on the distribution of
each species, I was faced with an array of problems — anomalous records or specimens
that didn't fit the pattern of the rest of the material I studied. There were several
kinds of problems, each with a different explanation. I thought that these case
histories might be of interest to you and might be of help in examining similar prob-
lems in other groups.

I prefer to say that where a species lives is its "occurrence" or its "distribution
rather than its "range." The latter, though widely accepted, evokes for me the image
of a herd of caribou wandering each year from one Arctic area to another, and benthic
mollusks don't "range" about their world. (One worker has suggested the restriction
of the term "range" to the broadest of statements — "Gulf of California to Panama" —
and use of the terms "distribution" or "occurrence" for more detailed information,
including habitat data) .

Describing the distribution of a species is not always an easy task. In preparing
a revision of a group, one must, as a matter of course, doubt anything that anyone else
has said before. But even when one is able to examine a large quantity of material,
one cannot answer all the questions. There will remain uncertainties, and it is
difficult to describe them and to explain them in the little section under each species
labeled "distribution." As one approaches the level of abstraction of a large faunal
volume, this task becomes virtually impossible.

In the case of the Donacidae, I examined more material from more institutions than
was possible for any group I had worked on previously. Review of a large quantity of
material is of great benefit to any such study. Each of the large research collections
in this country has different strengths. In some, different parts of the west
American coast are better represented, some are stronger on the clam fauna of sandy
beaches, others stronger on subtidal gastropods. But the more collections one examines
the more likely one is to run into troublesome specimens — such as those labeled as
coming from places far removed from other records.

Let's look at some of the categories of such puzzling records.

First and most common, of course, are incorrect identifications. For example, all
records of Donax punctatostriatus from South America are incorrect. They are based
either on Donax ohesulus or on a new subspecies of Donax oaelatus which I will describe
in my paper. Donax punotatostriatus is not yet known from any further south than
Manzanillo, Mexico.

The literature is filled with such incorrect identifications, and they account for
most incorrect distributional records. If the misidentif ied specimens involved are in
the major collections, it is easy to clarify which species actually occurs where. If
they are not, one can none-the-less be fairly confident that a given record is wrong

* Modified from a paper presented at the Western Society of Malacologists (WSM)
meeting, June 1982.

Vol. XIV(IO)

The Festivus

125.

[

if one has shown a prevalent mis identification has occurred. Thus, it is likely that
I all so-called Donax punatatostriatus from South America are something else.

I A similar case is that of early records that are not represented by any specimens

I one can locate. For example, Dali reported Donax punotatostriatus from California,

(but there aren't any specimens in major collections I have examined from any farther
north than Isla Cedros. Since this part of the coast has been reasonably well sur-
veyed over many years, one can assume that the Californian record was in error. The
ij same is the case for records of Donax autter (reported as Donax oonradi) from
I California. It is not represented in collections even on the outer coast of Baja

^ California. A key factor in these cases is the presence or absence in the area in

'l question of species that could be misidentif ied as the species involved.

A third kind of problem is a single lot in a collection from a station well
removed from all other material. Just how one decides to treat this situation depends
on interpreting several factors — how reliable you think the locality information is
(which is not always an easy decision to make), the magnitude of the distance, the
appearance of the specimens, how well intermediate stations have been collected, and
the nature of the place involved.

For example, there is a single specimen of Donax kindermanni in the U.S. National
Museum labeled as having come from Panama. It's an old lot, and there is no other
material in any collection from any farther south than El Salvador, none from
Nicaragua nor Costa Rica, and no other material from Panama. Thus, the distance is
great. I strongly suspect that the USNM locality is in error, but I have no way of
proving it. It is also true that the Central American coast has not been heavily sur-
veyed. On balance, though, I exclude this record.

A similar situation is represented by a single lot of Donax aarinatus in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology labeled as having come from Pisco, Peru, the next most
southerly record being Mancora, Peru, some 750 miles northward. It's a fairly old lot,
and I doubt the record. The marine environment at Pisco is not like the tropical one
at Mancora.

Even recently acquired materials can be in error. There is a lot in the MCZ of
Donax aojpinatus labeled as having come from the coast near Hermosillo, Sonora. It
came from the Parker survey of the Gulf of California. But, as it turns out, it
doesn't match his paper which reports this species only from one station and that
south of Mazatlan. So there is evidence that an error has crept into the collection
since his publication. The coasts of Sonora and Sinaloa have been fairly well surveyed,
and such a conspicuous species would probably not be missed.

Even original descriptions can have locality errors. Orbigny described Donax
paytensis from Paita, Peru. It is a synonym of Donax dentifev^ of which no specimens
are in collections I've reviewed from south of Playas, Ecuador. He also described
Donax obesus from there, but I have seen no specimens of it from south of Canoa,

Ecuador. Maybe these two species get as far south as Paita, Peru, but I think that
there is a good chance that neither of them does and that the original localities were
wrong. Moreover, the fact that two species are involved bolsters the argument.

When dealing with situations in which there are specimens from problematical
localities, it is difficult to make absolute statements. Proving that something does
not occur in a given place is, in fact, theoretically impossible. Even building a
case that something doesn't occur in a certain place is a good deal more difficult
than proving that it does occur there. One must weigh the available evidence and try
to come up with language that accurately states the degree of doubt. From situation
to situation, group to group, and worker to worker, there are no standards for such
statements. One tries to make the threshold decision about what to say the distri-
bution of a species is "for sure," and what records to put into subsequent statements
about questionable, doubtful, or impossible records. In such additional statements,

I decided to use the word "probably" for records that seem fairly certain and are
based on material that, for one reason or another, I could not study personally. (For

i

SOME SAMPLE DOMX DISTRIBUTIONS

126

The Festivus

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Vol. XIV (10)

The Festivus

127.

example, I could not look at Olsson's collection). I chose the word "possible" for
records that were further afield and on which some sort of an error might be the
explanation. This graded into other terms for records I was fairly certain were in
error, using such terminology as: "This is not confirmed by other records," "not
corroborated my museum specimens," "I think that this locality is probably incorrect,"
or "doubtful."

There is a further complication. In unusually warm years, marine temperatures and
currents can play hovoc with so-called "normal" distributions. There are a number of
records of Donax goutdii- in northern California — Tomales Bay, the San Mateo County
coast, and Monterey Bay. But this common, gregarious southern Californian species
does not normally occur north of the Pismo Beach area, which I would make its northern
limit. This is a well-explored coast and a well-known species, and these northern
records certainly represent larval settlement in unusual years. The larvae of
several species on the east coast of the U.S. lepeatedly settle north of their normal
occurrence, only to be killed by the cold winter.

This phenomenon most probably occurs also in the case of species that are less
well known and on parts of the shores of the eastern Pacific that are less well
studied. Rarely is a geographic or habitat limitation an absolute barrier, or an
equally substantial barrier all of the time. For this reason alone our statements
about the distribution of species are only approximations. Table 1 shows
some sample Donax distributions.

You may better appreciate why the published distribution of a species differs from
author to author, if you keep these explanations in mind.

Up to this point, I’ve made no mention of the well-documented introductions by man
of many mollusk species outside of their normal distributions. In some cases, such
introduced species have spread rapidly. But such introductions are surely only a
special case of the natural movement of species. As we come to better know marine
species and their distributions, we may be able to watch as a particularly successful
species comes to inhabit new territory on its own and on more than a "special year"
basis. This will make our statements about distributions in our monographs and
books more complete and interesting. For example, we might say that a species "occurs
from Panama northward to central Mexico, but may be expected in the Gulf of California
by the end of the century."

"OUT OF THIS WORLD" PARTY

BY

PAT SAGE

On the evening of 17 September, an assembly of intergalactic representatives star-
shipped in for wining and dining at the Vista home of Frank and Harriett King.

The array of native planetary costumes was sparkling and imaginative. The usual
gourmet food served at these annual functions was delicious and lured more than one
alien back for seconds. Gathering at "Dave's Punch Bowl" was another favorite thing
to do. It is regretted that members lost in space for the occasion could not have
been on course for a most lovely evening.

Had awards been issued for the most "Out of this World" feature, it would have
been a hands-down decision in favor of the delightful, magnificent, and lovely home
of this year's hosts.

Change of address

Scott, Paul H. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta Del Sol Road,
Santa Barbara, CA 93105

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLOg'
% C. HERTZ

3883 ft'T. E'J, . X3 jRN A'/E.
SAN DIEGO, CA. SZilj

^""""fpaXwest 6 79th Stret
Central rar

Q^L t-/Of .

- lESTIVUS

_ SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB

FOUNDED 1961 • INCORPORATED 1968

MEETS THIRD THURSDAY, 7:30 P.M.
i ROOM 104, CASA DEL PRADO, BALBOA PARK

,0V 17 133Z President Martin Schuler

Vice President Bill Perrin

^ 1 . Secretary Pat Sage

^ " ”* Treasurer Walter Robertson

Editor Carole M. Hertz

ANNUAL DUES: Payable to San Diego Shell Club Inc. Single membership: $5.00;

Family membership: $6.00; Overseas surface: $8.00.

CLUB ADDRESS: Address all correspondence to San Diego Shell Club Inc.,

c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave. , San Diego, California 92111.

VOL. XIV NOVEMBER 1982 NO. 11

***********************************************************************

* *

* *

* *

* PROGRAM: Boris Innocente from Phoenix will come and give an ^

* illustrated talk on Diving off Palawan. §

•k k

k k

* Election of officers for 1982 *

* *

* *

k k

* MARK YOUR CALENDAR. The Club's annual Christmas party will be held on 11 *

* December. See details in this issue. *

* *

* *

*************************************************************************************

CONTENTS

Notes on Turvevia encopendemaj a parasite on sand dollars

DRAPER, BERTRAM C 129

Update on Nudibranchia from tropical West America

MULLINER, DAVID K 132

Distribution of Eulvmostvaoa atti-lioi Hertz & Hertz, 1982

HERTZ, CAROLE M. and JULES HERTZ 134

Club news 136

Selected index to volume XIV (1982) 137

THE FESTIVUS DOES NOT PUBLISH AN ISSUE IN DECEHBER.

129

The Festivus

NOTES ON TURVERIA ENCOPENDEMA. A PARASITE ON SAND DOLLARS

BY

BERTRAM C. DRAPER

8511 Bleriot Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90045

In 1956, Dr. S. Stillman Berry described
and named Turvev'ta enoopendema , a tiny mol-
lusk which lives as a parasite on certain
species of sand dollars. This mollusk has
such an unusual shell that Dr. Berry had to
establish a new genus for it. He named it
Tui^eria honoring Mr. and Mrs. Henry R.

Turver who collected the shells and
brought him the sand dollars which serve
as their hosts. These echinoids are of the
genus Enoope, and two species have been
identified as having these tiny mollusks
living on them. They are Enoope grandis
A. Agassiz and E. oalifomioa Verrill. So
as a specific name Dr. Berry chose
enaopendema, with reference to the genus of
sand dollars on which they live. Dr. A.

Myra Keen (1971) shows the genus Turvevia
in the family Eulimidae along with several
other parasitic genera to which it is
likely related.

In his description. Dr. Berry showed a
sand dollar of the species Enoope grandis
which had seven shells of Turveria
enoopendema in tiny pockets among its
flat spines. The specimen he selected Fi<g. 1. Sand dollar Enoope grandis A.
as his holotype had a length of 4.0 mm Agassiz. Ventral view of specimen from

and maximum diameter of 1.6 mm. It Cholla Bay, Sonora, Mexico with three

came from Cholla Cove, Bahia de Adair, individuals of Turveria enoopendema Berry,

Sonora, Mexico, now better known as 1956 in situ as indicated by the arrows.

Cholla Bay, and was collected in May 1954. Width of E. grandis is 103 mm.

During a trip to Cholla Bay in
October 1973, my wife and I brought back

several sand dollars of the species Enoope grandis, and upon examination at least one
had three Turveria enoopendema specimens living on it. Figure 1 shows this sand
dollar and the three tiny parasitic shells indicated by arrows A, B, and C. Figures
2, 3, and 4 show enlarged views of the three shells as they lived on the echinoid.

The largest, shown at A, is 3.9 mm in length and 1.8 mm in diameter.

A year later my wife and I were again at Cholla Bay. Along with Carol Skoglund
of Phoenix, Arizona, we collected shells and "grunge” on and under flat rocks at Pelican
Point. This area is at the south edge of Cholla Bay and just a few meters in-shore
from extensive beds of sand dollars which are barely exposed at extreme low tide.

Later at home while looking through this grunge, I found several shells that I identi-
fied as Turveria. However, they were somewhat longer and white with deep orange spiral
bands at the sutures, much more colorful and apparently more mature than any of the

Vol. XIV(ll)

The Festivus

130

Turveria on the sand dollars. Figure 5 shows three of these shells, the largest being
5.0 nun in length but only 1.8 nun in diameter.

Fig. 2. Close-up view of Tui^vev'ia
encopendema shown at arrow A in

Figure 1. Length: 3.9 nun, diameter:
1.8 mm, whorls approximately 9.

Fig. 4. Close-up view of T. encopendema
shown at arrow C in Figure 1.

Length: under 1.5 mm.

Fig. 3. Close-up view of T. encopendema
shown at arrow B in Figure 1. Length:
under 1.5 mm.

Fig. 5. Three mature T. encopendema
specimens collected at pelican Point,

Cholla Bay under or between flat rocks
about mid-tide level. Largest is 5.0 mm in
length, 1.8 mm in diameter. Shells are
white with deep orange spiral bands at
the suture.

IJi

The Festivus

To better compare these. Figure 6
shows the largest shell from Figure 5 on
the sand dollar just above the shell at
arrow A in Figures 1 and 2. It appears
that this larger shell has nearly two
more whorls and a more fully developed
outer lip. Three other shells of
Turvevia enoo^endema found in high drift
a few miles south of Cholla Bay in Marua
Estero are shown in Figure 7 along with
the shell removed from the A location
in Figure 1. The largest of these
appears to be nearly mature while the
other two are quite juvenile.

My curiosity was aroused and I won-
dered why all the shells found among
the rocks at Pelican Point appeared to
be fully mature while those on the sand
dollars were all rather immature. Could
the mature shells represent Turvevia
that were ready for mating and left
their host sand dollars and rode an in-
coming wave up to the rocks where they
could find mature mates from other sand
dollars? Maybe they copulate there and
their fertilized eggs hatch there and
then ride an outgoing wave to the sand
dollar beds where they find an Enaope
sand dollar on which to settle. Or do
the mature Turvevia leave their pockets
in the sand dollar’s spines, move around
until they find a mate, leave their eggs
on the sand dollar, then die and become
washed in-shore? I favor the theory
that they leave the sand dollars, ride a
wave to shore rocks, possibly complete
their final mature shell growth, mate,
and then die. The lack of mature shells
on the sand dollars support this theory.

So far, the reported range of
Turvevia enoopendema is limited to the
north part of the Gulf of California,
Mexico. If anyone has found them beyond
this area, I would appreciate hearing
where they were found. I would also be
interested in any additional observa-
tions of their habits or ecology.

Fig. 6. Comparison of largest Turvevia
enoopendema in Figure 5 and specimen at
arrow in Figure 1 which is still in situ
on the sand dollar.

Literature Cited
BERRY, S. STILLMAN

1956. A new West Mexican prosobranch
mollusk parasitic on echinoids. Amer.
Midland Naturalist 56(2) :355-357,

2 text figs.

KEEN, A. MYRA

1971. Sea Shells of tropical West
America. 2nd Ed. Stanford Univ. Press.
1064 pp., illus. (p. 443, fig. 762).

Fig. 7. T. enoopendema shown at arrow A in
Figure 1 is shown at left along with 3
shells of the same species from Marua Estero
several miles south of Cholla Bay. None
appear to be fully mature.

1

Vol. XIV(ll)

The Festivus

132

UPDATE ON NUDIBRANCHIA FROM TROPICAL WEST AMERICA*

BY

DAVID K. MULLINER

Department of Marine Invertebrates, San Diego Natural History Museum, Balboa Park,

P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

Nudibranchs are sea snails in which all vestiges of the shell are lost in the
adult stage and in which there is a return to bilateral symmetry. Food habits range
from grazing on sessile animals to active swimming and capture of small planktonic
prey. All nudibranchs are carnivorous.

There are 68 species of nudibranchs in A. Myra Keen's SEA SHELLS OF TROPICAL
WEST AMERICA, Second edition, 1971, Stanford University Press. In "Sea Shells of
Tropical West America." Additions and Corrections to 1975, OCCASIONAL PAPER 1 of the
Western Society of Malacologists , by A. Myra Keen and Eugene Coan (1975), 14 species
were added to the list, one removed as not beine found in tropical West America, and
one placed in synonymy .Since the publication of that Occasional Paper, nine new species
have been described and three additional species reported which had not been listed be-
fore. Three generic changes have also been made.

Following are the changes in the listing of nudibranch species in Keen & Coan (1975).
Additional species

Aldisa sanguinea (Cooper, 1863) [a range extension from southern California noted by
Ferreira & Rertsch (1975)]

Platijdovis carolgnae Mulliner & Snhon. 1974.

Chromodoris haumanni Bertsch, 1970.

Chromodoris marislae Bertsch, 1973
Felimida sphoni Marcus, 1971

Hypsetodoris agassizii (Bergh, 1894) [reinstated by Sphon (1971)]

Thorunna lapislazuti Bertsch & Ferreira, 1974
Laita janss'i- Bertsch & Ferreira, 1974
Ftabett'ina stoKteTi Bertsch & Ferreira, 1974

CovyphetZina vuhrot'lneata O'Donoghue, 1929 [noted in the Panamic province by Marcus &
Marcus (1970)]

Eubrandus rustyus Marcus, 1961 [noted in the Gulf of California by Robilliard (1971)]
Aeotirdietta takanosimensis Baba, 1930 [noted in the Gulf of California by Ferreira &
Bertsch (1975)]

Limenandra nodosa Haefelfinger & Stamm, 1958 [noted in the Gulf of California by
Bertsch (1972)]

Phidiana lasovuscens'ts Bertsch & Ferreira, 1974
Synonym

Chromodoris banksi sonorana^ Marcus & Marcus, 1967
Deletion

Chromodoris macfarlandi Cockerell, 1901

* Adapted from a paper presented at the Western Society of Malacologists (WSM) in
June 1982.

133

The Festivus

Following are 12 additional species that occur in tropical West America. Of these,
nine have been described since Keen & Goan (1975). Two generic changes are also listed.

Chromodor-is antonii Bertsch, 1976
Chromodoris galexorum Bertsch, 1978

Sctevodovis tanya (Marcus, 1971) [genus changed from Doris to Sclerodoris by
Bertsch (1981)]

Peltadoris nyarita Ortea & Llera. 1981

Doriopsis viridus Pease, 1861 [noted in the Gulf of California by Bertsch (1971)]
Tconbja etiora (Marcus & Marcus, 1967) [genus changed from Nombrotha. to Tcovbja by
Farmer (1978)]

Tambja abdere Farmer, 1978

lambda fusca Farmer, 1978

Tambja mullineri Farmer, 1978

Roboastra tigris Farmer, 1978

Crosslandia daedalis Poorman & Mulliner, 1981

Bomella sarape Bertsch, 1980

Hypsetodoris lapislazuti (Bertsch & Ferreira, 1974) [genus changed from Thorunna to
Hypselodoris]

Acknowledgment

I thank James Lance for his assistance in researching this paper.

Supplementary Bibliography

BERTSCH, HANS

1971. Natural history and occurrence of Opisthobranchs of Las Cruces, Baja

California, Mexico, and vicinity. The Echo. Abs. & Proc . of 3rd Ann Mtg. WSM,

June 1970, p. 16.

1976. A new species of Chromodoris (Opisthobranchia : Nudibranchia) from tropical
West America. Veliger 19 (2) : 156-158 , 1 pi., 2 text figs.

1978. The Chromodoridinae nudibranchs of the Pacific coast of America. — Part II.
the genus Chromodoris. Veliger 20(4) : 307-327 , 3 pis., text figs. 4-15.

The Chromodoridinae nudibranchs from the Pacific coast of America. — Part IV.
the genus Hypselodoris. Veliger 21 (2) : 236-250, 1 pi., text figs. 26-32.

1980. A new species of Bomella from tropical West-America (Mollusca, Opistobranchia),
Spixiana 3(l):33-42.

1981. Rectification of the generic placement of Sclerodoris tanya (Marcus, 1971),
comb. nov. , a nudibranch from Southern California, with a range extension to
the Gulf of California, Mexico. Veliger 23(3) :217-220, 1 pi., 1 text fig.

FARMER, WESLEY M.

1978. Tambja and Roboastra (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) from the Gulf of California
and the Galapagos Islands. Veliger 20(4) :375-385, 20 text figs.

ORTEA, JESUS and EVA MARIA LLERA

1981. Un nuevo dorido (Mollusca: Nudibranchiata) de la Isla Isabel, Nayarit, Mexico.
Iberus 1:47-52.

POORMAN, LEROY and DAVID K. MULLINER

1981. A new species of Crosslandia (Nudibranchia: Dendronotacea) from the Gulf of
Galifornia. Nautilus 95(2):96-99, 6 text figs.

Vol. XIV (11)

The Festivus

134

DISTRIBUTION OF EULIMOSTRACA ATTILIOI HERTZ & HERTZ. 1982

BY

CAROLE M. HERTZ and JULES HERTZ

Department of Marine Invertebrates, San Diego Natural History Museum, Balboa Park,

P*0. Box 1390, San Diego, California 92112

Hertz & Hertz (1982) described Eul'imostraoa attil'ioi from two shells trawled in
nets south of the La Jolla Trench, off San Diego, California in 90 to 140 meters (300
to 450 feet). Figure 1 is a photograph of the paratype of E. attitioi (Hertz collection).
A recent letter from Dr. James H. McLean, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History
(LACM) noted the existence of two additional specimens in the LACM collection. The
first (LACM-AHF1344-41) was collected in 65 fathoms on rock, 20 miles south of San
Nicolas Island, California (32°53’N, 119°25’W) on June 11, 1941, by the Hancock
Foundation vessel Velero II. It is 22.6 mm long which is much larger than the largest
(8.90 mm) of the shells described by Hertz & Hertz. This specimen is shown in Figure 2.
The second CLACM 80462) was collected in December 1973 in 120 fathoms, off Gaviota Pass,
California by a fishing trawler (collector: Ralph Hazard). This latter shell is 19.1 mm
long (broken tip) and 6.8 mm maximum diameter at lip. See Figure 3. This new infor-
mation indicates that EuZ'imostvaaa attitioi has a wider distribution in deep water
(300-720 ft) off southern California.

Fig. 1. E. attitioij

paratype. Hertz collection.
Length: 8.90 mm.

Fig. 2. E. attitioij Fig. 3. E. attilioij

LACM-AHF 1344-41 LACM 80462

Length: 22.6 mm. Length: 19.1 mm.

135

The Festivus

Acknowledgments

We are indebted to Dr. James H. McLean for bringing the two specimens of E.
attilioi to our attention and for the loan of the two specimens. Our appreciation
to David K. Mulliner, Festivus staff photographer, for photographing the paratype and
the two LACM specimens.

Literature Cited

Hertz, Carole M. and Jules Hertz

1982. A new eastern Pacific species of Eutimostraaa (Gastropoda: Eulimidae) .
The Veliger 25(l):72-76, 2 plates, 3 text figures. (July 1).

CORRECTION: FESTIVUS XIV (10): 1 18

In the Jules Hertz paper on the minute species Odostomia helga and Odostomia
fetella, paragraph 2, lines 6-9 should read as follows: "Fretter and Graham (1962) list
a series of odostomias whose hosts vary from the polychaete worm Pomatoceros triquetor
and the seastar Astropeoten irregularis to various species of bivalves {Mytilus edulis^
PecteYL inaxiwuSj Chlanys opercularis^ Ostrea edulis^ and Mya arenaria) ....

NEW MEMBERS

SANDBURG, RUTH & SID, 6397 Lake Alturas Avenue, San Diego, CA 92119. 466-7255.

CrL\NGE OF PHONE
SOUDER, JOHN 462-0404

THE FESTIVUS DOES NOT PUBLISH AN ISSUE IN DECERBER.

Vol. XIV(ll)

The Festivus

136

FROM THE MINUTES

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB — 21 OCTOBER 1982

BY

PAT SAGE

President Martin Schuler called the meeting to order at 7:A5 P.M. After welcoming
new members and guests, he turned the meeting over to Vice President Bill Perrin. Bill
substituted for the evening's guest speaker who had to cancel at the last minute. Bill
gave a very interesting and enlightening presentation on dolphins and their relation-^
ship to tuna and tuna fisheries.

After the refreshment break, the business meeting was held. Marty cited the need
for volunteer lecturers on shells for senior citizens organizations. (Those interested
contact Marty) .

It was voted to raise the annual dues to $7.00 for single members, $8.00 for
family memberships, and $10.00 for overseas memberships (surface mail). The raise is
necessary to defray rising publishing and mailing costs of The Festivus.

The Executive Board's recommended slate of officers for 1983 was presented to the
membership. Nominations from the floor will be entertained at the November meeting
after which the election of new officers will take place. The Board's recommended
slate is as follows. President: Pat Sage, Vice President: Ron McPeak, Treasurer:

Walter Robertson, Corresponding Secretary: Marilyn Perrin, Recording Secretary:

John Sage.

Discussion was held on the Club's representative to the S.D. Botanical Garden
Foundation for 1982 and Marty Schuler volunteered to accept the position.

The annual Christmas party was discussed and the menu chosen by vote. The party
will be held in the Destroyer Room of the Naval Station Officer's Club on 11 December
1982. [For details, see below. Map is on the last page of this issue] .

John Sage won the shell drawing. The meeting was adjourned at 9:30 P.M.

THE ANNUAL SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB CHRISTMAS PARTY

This year the Club Christmas dinner party will be held at the Mariners Club, 32nd St
Naval Station in the Destroyer Room on Saturday, 11 December. The festivities will
begin at 6:00 P.M. with no host cocktails. Dinner will be at 7:00 P.M. The menu
chosen by the membership follows.

Dinner Salad, Roast Prime Ribs of B'eef, Rice Pilaf, Green B'eans Almondine,

Rolls, Coffee or Tea.

The Club will provide complimentary dinner wine.

Following dinner and the traditional Club shell gift exchange, there will be dancing
to the "mellow" music of a band in the main room.

The cost for the evening is $11.50 per person. Deadline for reservations is
Saturday, December 4. Checks should be made payable to The San Diego Shell Club, Inc.
and given to Treasurer Wally Robertson or sent to the Club address (front page) .

Remember to participate in the traditional shell gift exchange. Bring your gift
wrapped shell to place under the tree. Place data and name inside the package only.

On the outside place only general locale i.e. Pacific, Caribbean etc. Numbers will
be drawn and those bringing a shell gift will choose one from under the tree.

It will be a great party, as usual. Come and enjoy the season with your friends.
Guests are welcome.

DUES FOR 1983 $7.00, single; $8.00, family; $10.00, overseas (surface mail).

137

The Festiuvs

A SELECTED INDEX TO VOLUME XIV (1982)

A physicist looks at biogeography.

BRADNER, HUGH 46

A review of Chama buddiana C.B. Adams, 1852 (Bivalvia: Chamidae) .

HERTZ, CAROLE M. , JOYCE GEMMELL, BARBARA W. MYERS 15

A second living species of Hippopus Lamarck, 1799: H. poraellanus
Rosewater, 1982, (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) .

D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY, BARBARA W. MYERS 38

Book review: Hawaiian nudibranchs.

ROBILLIARD, GORDON A 26

Book review: Pacific coast nudibranchs: a guide to the opisthobranchs

of the northeastern Pacific.

ROBILLIARD, GORDON A 25

Book review: The Audobon field guide to North American seashells.

HERTZ, CAROLE M 10

Collecting in San Felipe: an amateur's perspective.

SAGE, PAT 71

Convergence in the typhine form.

D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY 94

Distribution of Eulimostraaa attilioi Hertz & Hertz, 1982.

HERTZ, CAROLE M. and JULES HERTZ 134

Favartia guamens'ts Emerson & D'Attilio, 1979: observation on its
geographical distribution.

D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY 105

Geographic uncertainties in the West American Donacidae.

COAN, EUGENE 124

Liguus collecting.

BRATCHER, TWILA 44

Lyvia (Enaeta) oumingi'L (Broderip, 1832): an unusual find in San
Felipe, Baja California, Mexico.

HERTZ, JULES 74

Minute shells: Caecum calif omioum Dali, 1885 (Gastropoda: Rissoacea).

HERTZ, JULES - 12

Minute shells: Odostomia helga Dali & Bartsch, 1909 and Odostomia
fetella Dali & Bartsch, 1909.

HERTZ, JULES 118

Molluscan populations at Bahia San Carlos, Sonora, Mexico

POORMAN, LEROY 101

Notes on Turvevia encopendemai a parasite on sand dollars.

DRAPER, BERTRAM 129

Observations of living Caecum cTebTicinctum .

DRAPER, BERTRAM 29

Observations on the "hinge-ligament" in Bathyavca orbiculata
(Dali, 1881).

MYERS, BARBARA W. , CAROLE M. HERTZ, ANTHONY D'ATTILIO 2

Rumina decollata (Linnaeus, 1758): a belated welcome to San Diego.

HERTZ, CAROLE M 60

Shelling in the British Isles.

SCHULER, MARTIN 8

Supplement to "An Abridged Check List"; papers on West American marine
Mollusca published during the years 1937 to 1956.

KEEN, A. MYRA 107

Vol. XIV(ll)

The Festivus

138

The distribution of Diplodonta orbellus (Gould, 1851) and a diagnosis

of b'Lp'Lodoyibo, siibcjUQ.dvQ.'tci (Carpenter, 1856) (Bivalvia i Ungulinidae) .

HERTZ, CAROLE M. , BARBARA W. MYERS, JOYCE GEMMELL

The flange as a modification of varical sculpture in the Muricidae.

D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY *

The settlement of Leptopecten monotimevis (Conrad, 1837) on
Macvocystis at Point Loma.

McPEAK, R.H. and DALE A. GLANTZ

The spine an element of varical sculpture in the Muricidae.

D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY

There are shells off the edge of the earth.

KING, FRANK

Three CapuZus species in the eastern Pacific: some comments.

POORMAN, LEROY

Update on Nudibranchia from tropical West America.

MULLINER, DAVID K

Useful new additions to our Club library (Two book reviews). [Collector ' s
guide to seashells of the world and Mitre shells from the Pacific
and Indian Ocean] .

MYERS, BARBARA W

76

58

63

33

89

52

132

70

AUTHOR INDEX

BRADNER, H 14 (4): 46- 50

BRATCHER, T 14 (4): 44-45

^OAN, E 14 (10): 124-127

D'ATTILIO, A 14(3):33-35, 14(5):58-59, 14(8):94-98, 14 (9) :105-106 ,

^ MYERS 14(4):38-43, also see MYERS, B.W., C.M. HERTZ & 14(1) *2-7

DRAPER. B 14(3):29-32, 14 (11) :129-131

GEMMELL, J see under HERTZ, C.M. , & B.W. MYERS 14(2):15-24

HERTZ, C.M., B.W. MYERS & 14(6):76-87

GLANTZ, D...^ see under McPEAK, R.H. & 14(6):63-69

HERTZ, C.M 14(1):10-11, 14(5):60-61, & J. HERTZ 14 (11) :i34_i35

, J. GEMMELL & B.W. MYERS 14(2):15-24, , B.W. MYERS & J. GEMMELL 14(6):

76-87, e under MYERS, B.W., & A. D'ATTILIO 14(1) :2-7

HERTZ, J 14(1):12-13, 14(7):74-75, 14(10) :118 -123, see under HERTZ,

C.M. & 14(11) :

KEEN, A.M 14(9) :107-116

king, F 14(8):89-93

McPEAK, R.H. & D. GLANTZ. 14 (6) : 63-69
MULLINER, D.K 14 (11) : 132-133

MYERS, B.W 14(6) :70, , C.M. HERTZ & A. D'ATTILIO 14(1) :2-7, see

under D'ATTILIO, A. & 14(4):38-43, HERTZ, C.M., J. GEMMELL & , 14(2):

15-24, HERTZ, C.M., & J. GEMMELL 14(6):76-87

POORMAN, L 14(5):52-57, 14 (9) : 101-104

ROBILLIARD, G.A 14(2) :25, 14(2) :26

sage, P 14(6):71-72

SCHULER, M 14(1): 8-9

I

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'2)~e C. ^ //, J 9^^

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Cc>:^£P 7>yO^

SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB
% C. HPRTZ

3883 MT. uJU\8URN AVE.
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