GIFT OF HORACE W. CARPENTER

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ENGLISH AND CHINESE DICTIONARY,

WITH THE

PUNTI AND MANDARIN PRONUNCIATION.

BT

THE REV. W. LOBSCHEID,

KNIGHT OF FRANCIS JOSEPH; C.M.I.E.G.S.A; M.Z.B.S.V., &c., &c., &c.

Mtillst till iti bas peiligtljum thtcs Wallxts briiigcit, Sij Imu b^ssen Sj^ratbe.

FJLiRrn I.

HONGKONG:

PRINTED AND PUBLISHED AT THE "DAILT PRESS" OFFICE,

WTNDHAM STREET.

1866.

INTHOBrCTIOX.

The struggle of races has from that time been incessant in the south of China. Cruelties of the most savage nature have been perpetrated on both sides, liut the nation at large has made little impres- sion on the aborigines in the mountain fastnesses, whose habits are the same as they were 2,00() years ago. The latter are, therefore, called the ^ shang (green or raw) aborigines, whilst those living along the plains and having partly submitted to Chinese rule, are called the ^ shuk (ripe or civilized) abori- gines.

We have not as yet been able to ascertain, whether the language of the Miautsz is monosyllabic or polysyllabic. The few words we have seen of their own langimge incline us to believe, that it is mono- syllabic, like the Tibetan. Ritter, Windischmann and rddhoff, who consider these tribes to be of the same race with the Tibetans, base their opinion chiefly upon the probable route of their migration, and hence conclude, that the language of the Miautsz belongs to the monosyllabic class.

The history of the 100 families, so far as we accept it as authentic, constitutes the history of China. Their superior intellect and civilization impressed upon the conquered tribes their own character. Their institutions became the laws of the empire ; and though founded on the patriarchal system, the Hamitic element, or the more democratic form of government, had sufficient weight in their councils to assert the right of the conquered and to make the supreme powers acknowledge the tox populi to be the vox Dei.

That the Chinese belong to the Mongolian stock is proved by tlieir complexion, by the pjTamidal shape of their skull, by their oblique eyes, and by their prominent cheek-bones. Whether the hundred families were Shemites or Japhetites, matters little, for their number appears to have been too small to produce a new race approaching nearer to the Caucasian type, than to that of their immediate neighbours.

Once establishexl in their present locality and surrounded by wandering herds, they felt little in- clination to go abroad or to mix with their less civilized neighbours. There was little to tempt them to conquest ; hence their Avhole warfare with their neighbours was defensive.

The great extent of their country gave to the population of almost each province a peculiar charac- ter, which after being once established, appears in the form of small nationalities, as we meet them in Germany, Japan, and recently in an incipient state in the TJ. S, of America.

The difference of climate has also produced great difference in their physical form, the inhabitants of the central and northern provinces being on the average taller and the women more corpulent than those of Kwangtung, Kwangsi and other southern provinces. The physiciil aspect of the country has in the same manner induced them to pui-sue different avocations. The inha])itants along the flats of Pechili, of the south of Shantung and Kiangsu are less enterprising than those of Chikiang, Pukien and Kwangtung; hence the language of the former is more uniform, whilst from Shanghai downwards along the coast almost each port has its own dialect, differing as much from that of its neighbours as the varieties of the Romapic and Gemianic tongues.

Whether the striking difference of features of the Manc^hu and Japanese is owing to an early inter- course with the Caucasian race, can only be ascertained after a more intimate acquaintance with their language, legends and history. The many Greek and Gothic words in the Manchu language point to their intercourse with those nations, and lead us to con elude, that they formed a considerable contingent of the invaders of the west between the fourth and twelfth centuries of our era.

Before the introduction of Mohammedanism into China, the Chinese appear to have never bad direct intercourse with the west. The potterj', snufl'-bottles &c. found in Egypt have been carried there by pilgrims to Mecca. Even at this moment we find everywhere Chinese who have visited jSIf'Cca, and some under rather precarious circumstances. Those who have not sufficient means to ])ay their ])assag(^ from station to station, take with them curiosities, as snuff- bottles or other valuable articles of small compass, which they sell to theu* fellow pilgiims or to other parties on tlicir route, as opportunities ofler. These articles find theu* way not only to Egypt, but are carried to all the Mohammedan states along the Mediterranean. •

The seclusion of the Chinese as a natitm is one of the principal causes of the great vmiformity of their physiognomy. Wo occasionally meet with a person whom a trader has brought fitnn a foreign country, and as these men of mixetl origin are chiefly from Java, Singapore, Uorneo or the Philippines, they seldom differ much from the Chinese except in having a little darker complexion. .The few wi^ luive met with were chiefly in lloklo families, whilst during our short stay in Ja})an we saw several pn-sons with curly hair, a sufficient evidence of their parents' foreign origin.

Note. The word Miautsz is equivalent with 2jS TQJ \ Puuti jin, both sifftiifying aborigines. The Cluncso Hpenk of the Miaufsz as we do of uncivilized natives of the noil, whilst Punti jin refers to the civilized natives of the south, i.e., the mixed race, in eontnulistinc^tion of the later intruders from the north.

For further information on the^al)origrinal tribes see Journal of

the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Sodetj, Dec

The accounts l>v Julien and others on the snuff-tmttlee and Chinese ]M)tt<>ry have j>ot ri'achetl us. Tl»« |>roce<linp is noted down Iroin jicrsoual ohsorvitinn and coraniuniiutions by Chinese {ulgrims U> Mecca,

IK^RODTJCTION. 3

We cannot conclude this paragraph without giving the resume of Dr. Prichard's * observations on the Chinese or Mongolian race in general. " The stature is nearly similar in all these tribes; the Chinese being, perhaps, a little taller, and the Malays lower, than the others. In all it is below the European standard ; the average height of the Siamese is live feet three inches. The complexion in all this group of nations is lighter than that of most Asiatics on this side of the Ganges, by far the greater number be- ing of a yellow colour The texture of the skin is remarkably smooth, soft, and shining."

" The whole race displays a remarkable tendency to obesity. The nutritious fluids of the body are directed towards the surface, distending and overloading the cellular tissues with an inordinate quantity of fat. The muscular textures are in general soft, lax, and flabby, rarely exhibiting that strength or development of outline which marks the finer forms of the human body. In labourers and mechanics, pai'ticularly among the Chinese, the muscular parts occasionally attain considerable volume, but very rarely that hardness and elasticity developed by exercise in Eiu'opeans. A first aspect gives a false es- timate of their physical power. In some the limbs often equal those of Europeans, and particularly the thighs ; they may be said to form a squat race."

" The face is remarkably broad and flat ; the cheek-bones prominent, large, spreading, and gently rounded; the glabellvun is flat and unusually large; the eyes are in general small; the aperture of the eye- lids moderately linear in the Indo-Chinese nations and the Malays, is acutely so in the Chinese, bending upwards at its outer end ; the lower jaw is long, and remarkably full under the zygoma, so as to give to the countenance a square appearance ; the nose is rather small than flat, the alae not being distended in any uncommon degree ; in a great number of Malays it is largest towards its point ; the mouth is large, and the lips [moderately] thick ; the beard is remarkably scanty t, consisting only of a few straggling hairs ; the forehead, though broad in a lateral direction, is in general narrow, and the hairy scalp comes down very low. The head is peculiar ; the antero-posterior diameter being uncommonly short, the gen- eral form is rather cylindrical ; the occipital foramen is often placed so far back that from the crown to

the nape of the neck is nearly a straight line The hair is thick, coarse, and lank; its colour

is always black. The limbs are thick, short, and stout, and the arms rather out of proportion (?) to the

trunk The foot is in general small ; but the hand is much longer than that of the Bengalese.

The trunk is rather square, being nearly as broad at the loins as over the pectoral muscles. There is in this respect the greatest difference between them and the inhabitants of India, who are in general re- markable for small waists. The diameter of the pelvis is pjirticularly large, and the dimensions of the cavity would appear to be somewhat greater than in other races. "

" They appear to be calculated for toilsome and laborious exertions ; but they have not the energy of European labourers ; the greater number are distinguished for mechanical skill and patience rather than for mental capacity ; others are equally remarkable for indolence and aversion to labour. "

The population of China is another subject of interest ; for since the days of Marco Polo, people at home are accustomed to look upon everything Chinese as being counted by millions. The best and most carefully written Avork on the population of China is that by Sacharoff, whose long residence in Peking had made him acquainted with the most authentic sources, as also with the value we may attach to Chinese documents of that kind.

Sacharoff, whilst admitting that China is densely populated, cannot help entertaining serious doubts as to the number of 412 millions as given by the Imperial government. His doubts are chiefly based upon the fact, that (1) for 1,600 years the population fluctuated between 7 and 75 millions; that (2) the population continued to increase after the amount of taxes and the quantum of crown service had been fixed in perpetuity, on which account the mandarins added to the number of the people ad Ubitimi ; and that (3) no census is taken though the increase and decrease of the population is I'egularly recorded and presented to H. I. Majesty.

In accepting, however, a certain number of inhabitants at a certain date, it does not necessarily fol- low, that that number must be doubled every hundred years. Where, we ask, is such a normal state of peace and prosperity to be found, as to constitute an argument pro or contra the number of a population at a given time ? Not a single nation has had peace for a hundred years ; hence the accepted rule has never been tested but on paper.

The increase of a nation is intimately related to the average age the people attain. Both proceed from the same source, the relative strength of the constitution, as can be proved from the examples quoted by careful observers. Derham mentions the case of a lady, who died at the age of 93, and had

* Natural History of Man, i nmon^' the Euvopeatis, some oftlioui liaving a full beird am}

f There is, however, as much difference among the Chinese as i l»'"f all over the bodj-.

i

tNTKODUCTION.

J»

given birth to 16 children, of whom 11 married. Upon her death she had 114 grandchildren, 228 great- grandchildren, and 900 great-gi-eat-grandchildren. If we take tlie age of the lady upon her first marri- age at 17, then she had within 76 years 1,258 descendants. Such parents could within 100 years in- crease 800 fold.

The convulsions that have now and then distracted the Chinese empire for a period of from 50 to 80 years, set all our European rules of computation at defiance, as may be seen from the table giving the census for the last 1800 years. For whilst A. D. 2 the population of China is given at 59,594,978 in- dividuals, we have 200 years later only 7,632,881 ; and whilst the census of A. D, 1712 gives only 24,621,334 individuals, the one published in 1749 gives the population at 177,495,339, or seven times the number of the one published 38. years pre\'iously.

We here give the table of the population of China as published by Sacharoflf : —

Table sho^inv the Population of China during the various Dynasties from A. D.

2 to 1578, compiled from historical accounts.

Dynasty.	A. D.	Families.	Individuals.	Dynasty.	A. D.	Families.	iMDreiDCALs.
Han	2 57	12,233,002 4,279,034	59,594,978 21,007,820		1,075 1,080	15,084,529' 14,852.684	23,807.165
	33,303,889
	75	5,800,173	34,125,021		1,091	18,055,093	41,492,311
	88	7,450,784	43,350,307		1,099	19,715,555	43,411,606
	105	9,237,112	53,250,229		1,102	20,019,050	43,820,769
	125	9,647,838	48,090,789		1,100	11,375,733	19,229,008
	144	9,940,919	49,730,550		1,100	12,335,450	25.378,684
	145	9,937,080	49,524,183		1,193	12,302,873	27.845,085
	146	9,348,227	47,^00,772		1,223	12,670.801	28,320,085
	157	10,077,900	50,480,850		1,204	5.696,989	13,026,532
S&n kwo or three State*.	220-242	1,363,000	7.032.881	Tsin or Kin	1,187	6.789,449	44,705,086
Tsin	280	2,459,804	10,103 803	1,190	6.939,000	45,447,900
Sui,	580	3,590,000	9,009,004	1,195	7.223,400	48,490,400
	606	8,907,530	40.019,950	1,207	7.684.838	45.816.079
Tana	027	3,000,000		Yuen 1,290	13.196.206	58.834,710
	650	3,800,000		1.330	13,400,699 10,654,362
	706	6,350,141		Mine 1-381	59.872.805
	726	7,009,505			1,393	10,652.870	60,545.812
	732	7,801,236	45,431,205		1,402	10.626,779	56.301.026
	742	8,348,395	45,311,272		1,403	11,415.829	66,598,337
	754	9,069,154			1,404| 9,685.020	50,950,470
	755	8,919.309	52,919,309		1,41 ll 9,533.092	51,446.,'534
	756	8,018,701			l,412i 10.922.436	65.377.630
	700	1.933,174	16,990,386		l,413i 9,084.910	50,950.244
	764 780 806-820	2,933,125 3,805,070 2,473.963		*	1,454 1.462 1.463	9,460,288 9,385,012 9,107.205	54.338,476
		56.370.260
		60,479,330
	821-824	3.914,595			1,466	9,202,718	60.653.724
	825-820 839 841-840	3,978,983 4,996,753 4,955,151			1.486 1.487 1,491		65.442.680
			50,207.134
		9.113,446	53,281,168
SuTlff	976 997 1,021	3,090,504 4,132,576 8,677,077			1.504		60.105,885
		1 .^SOS	12 972.974
	19V93d,320	i!506 d,ro\',77S	46.802,605
	1,029	10,102,089 20.054,238	l,513j	63,300,000
	1,048	10.723.695 21,830.064	1,522 9.721,652	60,861.273
	1,003	12,402.317! 26,421,051	1.578' 10,621.436	60.792,866
	1,006	12.917.221	29,092,185		1	1 1

iNTRbitJCTlON. i

Those who have ti-avelled through the mountainous part of the empire entertain grave douhts res- pecting the enormous population as given by Lord Macartney and since accepted by the nations of Europe and America. Considering the superficial area, the population can hardly exceed 200 millions, and may at present, in consequence of the rebellion, be even less. The population must continue de- creasing, so long as the convulsions in the interior last, trade and industry will constantly be paralized or fluctuate with the fortune of war.

Before we commenced the present Dictionary, we intended to add a short paragraph on the value we may place on the authenticity of Chinese chronology as accepted by western writers ; for we observ- ed with deep regret, that there were men even among the promoters of the Christian Religion, who were led astray by the smooth gloss which certain later writers have cast over the ancient records of China. This duty belonging more to the province of historians, has been ably discharged by the Rev. Dr. Legge in his Prolegommena to the Historical Classic. To him and to the Rev. J. Chalmers, the present and future students are greatly indebted for the unwearying zeal and perseverance displayed in their investigation.

Dr. Prichard in referring to this subject says : — " The Chinese have long been the most num- erous and powerful of the Indo-Chinese races. Originally, according to their own historians, a small herd of roving barbarians, who wandered about the forest of Shensi, at the foot of the high mountains of the Tibetan border of China, without settled dwellings, clothed in skins, ignorant even of the use of fire (of which no human race has been discovered to be really ignorant,) feeding on insects and roots, more destitute even than the Bushmen or the Australian savages, it was only, if we might credit the childish simplicity of their sacred legends, by listening to the counsels of their emperors or patriarchs, that they gradually emerged from this state of barbarism and, by repeated victories, extended their power over the petty states which now constitute the empire."

Dr. Legge after having waded through their " childish legends " concludes his researches wdth the following words : — " For myself, I had adopted the chronology of the Septuagint as nearer the truth than that of our present Hebrew Bible, more than five-and-twenty years ago, before it was definitely in my plan of life to come to China as a missionary ; but the history of China need not seriously em- barrass any one who follows the shortest chronology of Sripture. Writers like Bunscn, who follow the Will-o-the-wisps of their own imagination, may launch their shafts against the intolerance of churches, and narrow-mindedness of missionaries. On Chinese ground we can afford to laugh at their intolerance, each bolt they discharge is mere bruitimfulmen ; each shaft, imbelle tehim."

lyrRODUCTION.

THE CHINESE LANGUAGE.

The Chinese language belongs to the monosyllabic tongues and is to the nations of eastern Asia what Sanscrit is to the Aryan or Indo-Gerraanic, and Hebrew or Chaldee to the Shemitic races.

The monosyllabic tongues are peculiar to those nations, whom we regard as descendants of Ham. Only recently specimens of monosyDabic tongues spoken by nations on the white River in Africa have been published in Dr. Petermann's Geographischen Mittheilungen, of which we give an extract below.

In Eastern Asia we have the Burmese, the Siamese, the Anamese and the Loas, whose original lan- guage appears to belong to the same stock as the Chinese.

Der Missioniir A. Kmifniau, welclier voile drei .Talire am Weissen Fluss gcltbt Imt, giebt in seinein kiirzlich erschienencii Biiclie : " Das Gehiet dos Weissen Fhissos nnd (lessen IJcwohner " (Brixen 1861) eiiiige Notizen iiher die Dinka-Spache, welche zur Erlsiuterung des obigeii Vokabulars faier am Platze gain inocliten. Er sagt :

Die Sprache dieser Neger-Stiimme ist eine gaiiz eigeDtliilmliche. Die Worte derselben siiid einsilbig, wie z. B. ran = Mensch, tik = W(Mb, duk = wiederkehren, lo = gehen, allein n}it vielen Diphthongen iind Triplithongeu, wie nioic = der Mann, Gemahl, kiiac := der Tiger, u6i = der Hauch, Athein, neu = das Zcug. Uiesc Sprnche entbelirt aller Zisclilaute, wie s, sell, z, was wohl aucli (lalier koninien mag, weil sich die Dinka, wie alle anderen Neger des Weissen I'lusscs, die vorderen Sehncidezilhne iin Un- terkiefer ausreissen und soniit beiiiahe unfiihig werden, Zisclilaute auszusprecrlien. Ebcn so felileii die Aspirationslaute, wie li und ch ; dafiir aber haben sie zwei Laiite, W(;lelie uusere Europiiisclien Spraclien niclit gemciii haben. So hat diese Sprache, und alle S])i'a(!hen iiach Osten und Westen des Flusses, so viel wir kennen lemton, den Laiit iig, wie er als Endlaut im Woi-te " Ding " vorkomnit, und dieses sowolil am Anfaiig wie am Ende, z. B. ngai :=befreien, erliisen, leiig = die Tronnnel, iiyaiig = das Krokodil, ngo ! = niinra an ! Ferner hat ilie Dinka Sprache einen Kehllaut (ihnlich deni Arabischen c ; wir bezeiehnen ilin mit gh, z. B. ghen

= ich, ghog = wir, ghok =: Kiihe, ghet =bis ; tsch sehreiben wir immer mit e, wiilirend dj gleicli dsch ansgesprochen wird.

Die Hauptwiirtcr dieser Sprache haben kein Geschleeht, keine Kasus, keiiien Artikel und bei vielen ist einfache und vielf'nche Zahl gleich, man muss Alles nur aiis der Zusammensetzung abnchmen. Doch findet sich weiter bei den Ncnnw^iirtern die Eigenthiimlichkeit, dass bei Zusainmenstellung mehrercr derselben und in Verbindung mit den zueignendcn FurWortern der letzle Buchstabe gciiiulort wird, und zwar in ein n odcr ng. Z. B. ut heisst Haus ; un-dia, mein Ilaus; pai heisst Dorf, Lar.d, pad-e-beng das Dorf des Hiiuptlings, pan-dia* = meine Heimath, mein Vaterland ; lee = Zalin, leng-cia = meine Ziihne. Nur 1, m, n, p, r bleiben unveriindcrt. Aufl'al- lend ist die Veriindening, welche die Namen der Farnilieiigliedcr in posscssiver Bedeutung annehnicn, •/.. B. mein Vater va, dein Vater ur, sein Valcr un, nnser Vater va-da, euer Vater ur-duen; ihr Vater un-den ; eben so bei Mutter: meine Mutter ma ; deine Mutter mor, seine Mutter mann, unsere Mutter ma-da, cure Mutter mor-dun, ihre Mutter mann-deii.

Von BeiwOrtcm giebt ea sehr wenige, denn die meisten derselben sind audi Zeitwiirter. Es felilt dabei wieder jede Anderung, selbst bei Vergleichiingen. Das Beiwort steht immer nach dcm Haupt- worte : z. B. tim adid = ein grosser Baum, ven abi did = er wird gross werden, ran col = ein schwarzcr Mensch, koic-g(^r = weisse Leute.

Bei den Zahhv/irtern leldcn die Ordnungszahlen giinzlich, mit Ausnalime der Wiirtcr der Krste iiiid Letzte. Sie steheii nach dein Hauptworte und heisscn : i tok, 2 roii, 3 dyak, 4 ungran, B dyec, 6 detcm, 7 derou, 8 bet, II deuiigvan, 1(» tyer, 11 tjcr ko tok," 12 tyer ko rou, 20 fyor lou, IJO tycr dynk, 100 tyer nyein, 1000 tyer buot, der Erste tueiig der Ii<'tzte cyeng.

Wie in alien S])ra('lien sind aueh in der Dinka-Sprache die Fiirwiirter der sehwierigsle Theil. Die personlieheii sind; ghen oderan ^:^ ich, yin = (hi, yen = er, sie, sie, ghog = wir, uck == ihr, kek = sie. Die Kasus der Flirwflrter drilckeii sie (lurch 8uHixe aus, die dem Zeitworte angehiingt werden, welche sowohl im Dntiv als Akkusativ gleich sind. Solchc Snflixe sind : u mir, mich ; i dir, dich ; e ihm,

ihn ; a uns ; o eucli ; ke sie. Z. B. yek heisst geben. yek-a = gieb mir oder una, yek-e = gieb ihm u. s. w. Die zueignendcn Fttrwiirter werden ebenfalls (lurch Suffixe ausjedrllckt, und zwar :

Plonl

:= cia = ku

= kwa

( kuii (kuon ken

euer

de

meine

deioe

seine

ihre

unsere

euere =

SingoUr

mein = dia dein = du seine ihr

unser ^ da = dun duon ihr = den ihre

Z. B. rap-dia = mein Getreide, guop-du = dein Lcib, buong-da = unser Kleid, ghok-cia = meine KUhc, nir-kwa = unsere Mfid- chen, bain-kun = euere Hiiuptlinge. " Es ist mein " heisst ye- ke-dia, " es ist dein " ye-ke-du u. s. w. Wie die Hauptwfirter kein Geschleeht haben, so fehlt es naturlich auch bei den Fur- wortern.

Die Zcitworter leiden je nach Zcit und Bedeutung eine Anderung, (loeh nur in den Vokalen, nnd selbe bleiben thatig und leidend meistens gleich. Die Dinka haben drei verschiedene Zeiten, sie unterscheiden bloss Vergaiigenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft. In der gegenwiirtigen setsen sie der Wurzel ein a vor, z. B. a-nin = er sehliif't, a-luoi = er arbeitet. Die vergangene und kiinftige Zeit zeigen sie dureh ein Hiilfszeitwort an, das in der vcrgangeiien ci und in der kiinftigen bi oder ba lantet Z. B. ba lo = ich wcrde gehen, wir werden gehen ; yen aci duk = er ist znrilckgekommen. Ist aber die Eede verneiiieiid, so steht in der gegenwiirtigen Zeil eye, in der vergangenen akei und in der kfinftigen ci-bi vor dem Zeitworte. Z. B. ghog akei dek = wir haben nicht getninken, kek aci bi cam = sie werden nicht essen. eye ring = er liiuft nicht.

Ferner war uns Deutsehen sehr auffallen der deutsche Satzbiui in den einfachen Siitzen, z. B. ghen aci ring cam = ich habc Fleich ge- gessen. In den zusammengcsetzten Sfitzen ist er jedoch elwas vcrschieden.

Um ein Muster dieser Sprache su geben, so folgc das Pater Noster, Ave Maria und Credo.

Pater Noster. — Va-da yin ato nyal, ghog aty/'dj, rin-ku abi le<y, pan-du abi ben, puon-du abi loi pin-ic acit nyal-ie. Yeke ghog mid-kwa akal atong-ghog : pal ghog kerac-da, acit ghog ya apal koic ci kerae loi etoii ghog, ko dune pal bi ghog, kvat ke-nir-ic, loniie ngai ghog eton ke-rac. Amen.

Ave Maria. — Maddo Maria, yin atynng uei Den-did akuryeo. Den-did ke yin, yin ac(')l angw/:iii dyar-ic eben, ko acol apuat ared dauyin-du Yesu. Maria afuat an-d mann Den-did cor ton ghog arac yemanc ko acol ton ghog. Amen.

Qredo. — An agara eton f Den-did un aleu elieii nceiig nyal ko pin, ko eton Ycsu Krist man-de tok-rir lieng-did-da ; yen aci lyac eton uei Den-did, ko aci dyet eton Maria ager ; yen aci rem, na Pilat c Ponti beng-did, yen aci pvat ager-kou, aci ton, ko B<a tyok rang-ic. Yen aci ydd pin-tar, Vo acol eall-ic ven aci rat-(\jot eton, ko yen aci yid nydl, ko arer eton cuk- Den-did un aleu eben, ko ton tufui abi lien bi ting apuat ko bi ryop koic pir ko koic ci tou. An agam eton uri Den-did ko Ecclesia cnlolica apuat ared, koic puat eben inat-ic, kerae pnol, djorot gup, ko pir akuryec. Amen.

A. P.

* >^ ift r''" ^^ ^ ^' Chinese expresses the same. t Den = ^ Tien, Den, betven, or God.

INTROBUCTION.

AH' these nations, so far as they are unmixed with Indians, speak a language, which we designate monosyllabic. In Siam, China and other states we can apply this term only to the written language ; and even in this we find a great tendency towards the polysyllabic, in the same degree as the style in- clines to the popular idiom. Speaking, therefore, of the language in general, the term syllabic is more appropriate and expresses its character more forcibly than the word monosyllabic.

The Chinese being the leaders in civilization in the north, east and north-east of the Himalaya mountains, have by their literatm-e, higher state of civilization and greater originality given to their northern neighbours a syllabary in the form of an alphabet, whilst those nations who were nearer to India, adopted with the Buddhist doctrine an alphabet approaching nearer to that of Hindustan.

The syllabic system which extends from China to Japan, and from Japan across the Pacific to Cen- tral America and the western territory, now included in the U. S. of America, seems to be' intimately connected with the hieroglyphics or ideographic characters, in which the ideas of the people petrefled and thus became true symbols of their stationary character.

The language of these nations may be divided into three classes : —

I. Alphabetic languages with a system of spelling similar to western tongues. Among these we class : —

1. The Tibetan, the Burmese, and the Siamese. The intercourse of these nations with India through the medium of their religion appears to have made them anxious to adopt an orthography of clear, articulated sounds. Hence we not only find in those languages the R immediately following other consonants, but it also seems that they dropped short vowels in words now written with a remark- able accumulation of consonants. This is a prominent featm-e in the Tibetan language, as Mali be seen from the following examples : brdsun, bsdams, bszgrags &c. ; which words Professor Lepsius thinks may formerly have been written bardsun, basdams, basgragas. *

2. The Siamese. In this language we find nearly all the letters of the English Alphabet. The combinations of the consonants resemble those of the western tongues ; and there are, as in Chinese, many synonyms (now mere particlesj used in the formation of dissyllabic words f . We have also in the Siamese, Burmese, Anamese, and the Shan languages a system of intonation similar to the Chinese, which is another proof of their common origin with the latter race and of their probable migration from the north or north-west of the countries they now inhabit. The changes in their langviage, religion and race were gradual, because the influx from India during the political convul- sions and the religious persecutions never threw at once so large a number of people among them as to destroy their nationality or the character of their language. What the changes of the language were, it is difficult to say. Was it a falling back from a richer, polysyllabic language towards the monosyllabic, as Professor Lepsius supposes, or are the present languages the result of a clumsy effort at imitating the Aryan and Shemitic languages ? In the Tibetan language we incline to the views held by Professor Lepsius ; but are at a loss to account for the existence of other monosyllabic tongues among nations of the same origin, as well as for the combinations of consonants in Siamese, because before the intro- duction of Buddhism they not only used the Chinese characters, but must also have had sounds more similar to that tongue, unless we discover a language among the aborigines in the south of China with a monosyllabic tongue and with all the consonants of western languages. If such a tribe still exist, that would give us the key to the changes the Punti and other southern dialects have undergone subse- quent to their intermixture with their conquerors from the north.

II. The second class of syllabic languages are the MongoKan, the Mq^nchu, the Corean, the Ja- panese, and most of the languap'-s of the American Indians.

1. The Mongolian and Manchu languages differ from the Tibetan in their combination of conso- nants. The E/ never combines with another consonant either at the commencement or at the end of a syllable. Even in such words as bear great resemblance to the Gothic or Greek, and which it would appear they retained after their expulsion from the west, tliey have dropped the first consonant, when two followed each other, as e. g. in Manchu cholo, Greek <rx'>-i-

2. The Japanese whose intercourse with foreign nations has been chiefly confined to Corea, China, the Philippines and Siam, have retained a more purely syllabic language than the Mongols and Manchu. They find great difl3.culty in spelling western words, because in their own language, as in northern Chi- nese and in the languages of most of the American Indians not a single consonant terminates a syllable but the N. In all other respects their language is as characteristically Tartar as their own features ;

* Lepsius : tjber Chinesische and TibetiSche Lautverhiiltnis- se, &c.

f The orthography of the Roinanized Siamese, as introduced and partly clung to by the American missionaiies is truly pitiable and defies even the most ancient German we meet

with in books and manuscripts of earlier days. If we can write " Prince Somdeth Choufa chulalon Kom," why should we Mrrite Somdet P'ra Earaes6-6an ? " The latter system of orthography is truly formidable and reminds us of the darkest ages, when the axt of writing was quite a novelty,

INtEODUCTIOK.

and bears already marks of a transition as met with among the tribes inhabiting the Sandwich and other Islands of the Pacific. For whilst the Chinese cannot pronounce a pure R, the Japanese always substi- tute an R for an L at the commencement of a word. They read ^ ri instead of U, as the Chinese, and ro, instead of lo. The Sandwich Islanders distinguish with great difficulty between the L and R.

"Whatever intercourse the Indians of America may have ha<l with Europeans, the number of the latter has never been large enough to deprive their language of the syllabic character. The Japanese words that have recently been discovered in the CaUfornian Indian Dialect, and the fact that the written characters of Central America have been found to be composed on the same principle as the Chinese, i. e. that they ai-e hieroglyphic ideographs with radicals, relatives or determinatives, points to a western origin and a connection and relationsship with the Japanese and Chinese. This leads us back to the nation whose langviage we have endeavoured to bring to the knowledge of the foreigners in the present work.

III. The third class of syllabic languages and still using the hieroglyphic ideographs, is the Chi- nese, It is divided into as many dialects as the Romanic and Germanic tongues. By far the greater portion of the people speak the '^ 0^ kwan hwa or Mandarin dialect, which may in importance be com- pared to the high German, as at present spoken by the greater portion of the educated people of Ger- many. The Mandarin tongue is the language of the empire except in Yunnan, Kwangsi, Kwangtung, Pukien, Ningpo and Shanghai. The information we have received from the various parts of the empire, leads us to the conclusion, that fully three fourths of the pojjulation speak the Mand-irin dialect, or that the subordinate dialects stand in relation to the language of the empire as Dutch, Swedish, and Danish to high German.

The great diversity of dialects in the south and along the coast as far as Shanghai are, with the exception of the Punti and Fukien, spoken by a comparatively small number of jieople.

The Punti is the dominant dialect of Kwangtung and Kwangsi, and yet fully one third of the population of Kwangtung speak either Uakka, a dialect nearly allied to the southern Mandarin, or Tie chiu, a sister dialect of the Fukien, noted for the large number of its nasal sounds.

If we deduct the dialects which are only spoken by a few hundred thousands or a million of people, such as the Shanghai and Ningpo dialects, then we have : —

1. The Punti, which in sound may be compared to high German ;

2. The Hakka, which in sound resembles the Swedish and Danish ;

3. The Fukien or Hoklo, which we would call the Chinese French ; and

4. The southern and northern Mandarin dialects, which, with their large number of gutturals or fricative sounds resemble more the Dutch of the Germanic language.

The Punti or Canton dialect is that spoken by the race, who according to Chinese accounts, is the result of the intermarriage of the aborigenes with the invaders of their territory, which is put down as between B. C. 220-250. The dialect of this race is the best articulated of all the dialects we have heard. It has eight distinct tones, only a few diphthongs, and besides the nasal Ng there is not a single sound that occasions any difficulty of pronunciation to a foreigner. The number of words or syllables of this dialect is 700 in Dr. Williams* Tonic Dictionary, and are represented in the follo- wing table : —

SU.LVBAR1 OF THE CANTOIV DIVl.ECT.

1

A

n^is

Au

1^ 29

Ch'dm

m

43

Chan

m,^^

Chira

A 71

Chong

m

2

Ai

m

10

Au

#30

Chan

n

44

Ch'au

^\^^

Cli'im

l§72

Ch'ong

M

3

Ai

n

17

Chd

iEi31

Ch'an

45

Chdu

"« r"^-^

Chin

ifr73

Chii

1

4

Ak

u

18

Ch'd

^[32

Chdn

^

46

Ch'du

^GO

Ch'In

M74

Ch'ii

6

Ak

m

19

Chai

|#33

Ch'dn

^

47

Ch6

it 01

Ching

3E75

Chui

ia

6

Am

#

20

Chili

m 34

Chang

w

48

Ch'6

#62

Cli'ing

#i76

Cb'ui

pk

7

Am

m

21

Ch'di

^35

Chdng

^

49

Ch6uk

M 63

Chip

t^P

Chuk

^

8

An

#

22

Chak

i7C3G

Ch'dng

50

Ch'6uk

4 6t

Chit

^78

Ch'uk

^

0

Ang

»mi

23

Ch'ak

il|lj37

Chap

m

51

Chdung

m 65

Ch'it

IS- 79

Chun

m

10

Ang

m

24

Clidk

1^38

Chdp

^j

52

Ch'dung

goo

Chill

^80

Ch'un

^

11

Ap

f^

25

Ch'dk

^39

Ch'dp

:p

53

Chi

^HI67

Ch'iu

113 81

Chiin

m

12

Ap

%

20

Cham

#i-40

Chat

^

54

Ch'i

m 68

Cho

M82

Ch'ttn

)\

13

At

m

27

Ch'am

UM

Chdt

^1

6Q

Chik

IjilfeOO

Ch'o

??; 83

Chung

14

At

^

28

Clidni

^n

Ch'iU

^

50

Ch'ik

7*s'70

Phok

^ '83ii

!.Ch'ung

INTRODUCTION.

9

Syllabari/ of the Canton Dialect. — Continued.

84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

Cliut

Ch'ut

Chiit

FA

Fai

PAi

Fan

Fdn

Fat

F4t

Fau

Fi

Fik *

Fing

Fo

100 Fok

101 Fong

102 Fii

103 Fui

104 Fuk

105 Fiin

106 Fung

107 Flit

108 Hd

109 Hai

110 Hdi

111 Hak

112 Hak

113 Hdm

114 Han

115 Hdn

116 Hang

117 Hdng

118 Hap

119 Hdp

120 Hat

121 Hau

122 HAu

123 H6 *

124 H6ung

125 Hi

126 Him

127 Hin

128 Hing

129 Hip

130 Hit

131 Hiu

132 Ho

133 Ho

134 Hoi

135 Hok

136 H6m

137 Hon

138 Hong

139 H6p

m m

if

m

140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164

^ 165 1^166 m 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 ^ 195

Hot

Hi!

Hu

Huk

Hiin

Hnng

Hilt

Ilwe *

I

Im

In

Iv

It

lu

Kd

Kai

K'ai

Kai

K'di

Kak

Kam

K'am

Kam

Kan

K'an

Kan

Kang

K'ang

Kdng

Kap

K'ap

Kap

Kat

K'at

Kan.

K'au

Kdu

K'du

K6

K'6

Kcuk

K'6uk

K6ung

K'eung

Ki

K'i

Kik

K'ik

Kim

K'im

Kin

K'in

King

K'ing

Kip

Kit

Pi

m

m itt

196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 1211 212 213 214 215 ^1216 ^217 218 219 220 221 222 223 B 1224 225 226

n n m m

db

227 228 229 ;^ 230 ^ 231 ^ 232 H 233 P^ 234 3^235 M 236 iP 237

fi

#

238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251

K'it

Kill

K'iii

Ko

K5

Koi

K'oi

Kok

K'ok

Kom

Kon

Kong

K'ong

Kop

Kot

Ku

Kii

K'u

Ku*

Kui

Kuk

Kiin

K'iin

Klin

Kung

K'ung

Kilt

Kut

Kwa

Kw'A

Kwai

Kw'ai

Kwai

Kwdk

Kwan

Kw'an

KwAn

Kwang

Kwdng

Kwat

Kwat

Kwik

Kwing

Kwit *

Kwo

Kwok

Kwong

Kw'ong

La

Lai

Lai

Lak

Lak

Lam

LAm

Lan

m

m

M

^

m

it

m

m

m m

m m Pig-

252 253

254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268

269 270 271 272 173

274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 290 300 301 302 303 304 305

lAo.

Lang

Ldng

Lap

Lap

Lat

Lat

Lau

Lau

Le

Leuk

L6ung

Li

Lik

Lim

Lin

Ling

Leng

Lip

Lit

Liu

Lo

L6

Lii

Loi

Lok

Long

Lii

Lii*

Lui

Liii

Luk

Lun

Liin

Lung

Lut

Lilt

M

Ma

Mai

Mai

Mak

Mdk

Man

Mdn

Mang

Mang

Mat

Mat

Mau

Mau

M6

Mek

Meng

Mi

Mik

i

m

m m

m

m

m

m

^

m

m

*

m

m

306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361

m

m

m

#

m

M It M

m

m m

Min

Ming

Mit

Miii

Mo

Mo

Mok

Mong

Miii

Muk

Miin

Mung

Miit

Na

Nai

Nai

Nak

Nam

Nam

Nan

Nan

Nang

Nap

Nap

Nat

Nat

Nau

Nau

N6

Neng *

N6ung

Ng

Nga

Ngai

Ngai

Ngak

Ngak

Ngam

Ngdm

Ngan

Ngan

Ngang

Ngap

Ngdp

Ngat

Ngat

Ngau ^

Ngdu ^^

Ngi *

Ngit M

Ngo

Ngo

m

IS.

m m m

m

Ngoi Ngok Ngon Ngong

m

362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415

416

Ni

Nik

Nim

Nin

Ning

Nip

Nit*

Niii

No

N6

Noi

Nok

Nong

Nil

Nuk

Niin

Nung

Nut .

O

0

Oi

Ok

Om

On

Ong

Pd

P'a

Pai

P'ai

Pai

P'c4i

Pak

Pak

P'ak

Pan

P'an

Pan

P'an

Pang

P'ang

Pang

P'ang

Pat

P'at

Pat

Pan

P'au

Pau

P'du

Pe

Pi

P'i

Pik

P'ik

P'ek

Pin

i

^ ^

^

HI

n ft

m m m

•3S

m.

m

A

as

• Sounds without characters.

10

INTRODUCTION.

Syllabary of the Canton Dialect. — Continued.

417 P'in

418 Ping Peng

419 P'ing Feng

420 Pit

421 P'it

422 Piu

423 P'iii

424 Po

425 P'o

426 P6

427 F6

428 Pok

429 P'ok

430 P6m •

431 Pong

431 Fong

432 Pui

433 P'lii

434 Puk

435 Pun

436 P'un

437 Pung

438 Fung

439 Put

440 P'ut

441 Sa

442 Sai

443 Sdi

444 Sak

445 Sam

446 Sdm

447 San

448 Sdn

449 Sang

450 Sap

451 Sdp

452 Sat

453 Sdt

454 Sau 465 S6

456 Seng *

457 S«5uk

458 S6ung

459 Shd

460 Sliai

461 Shdi

462 Shdk 403 Sham

11^64

Shdm

Shan

Slidn

Sliang

Slians

172 473

S 1^74 PS' 175

M

^

Ji>

500

Sliong

Sliii

Shui

Shuk

Shun

Shiin

Shung

Shut

Shiit

Sik

Sek

Sin

Seng

Sing

m

510 511 512 513 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 530

||537 #f 538

Song

539 510 511 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550

Jf 551 |fi552 ^ 1553 1^ 554 Si 1555 ^556

dbb 13

%

Sd

Sii

SCi*

Sui

Suk

Sun

Siin

Sung

Sut

Sijt

Sz

Td

T'd

Tai

T'ai

Tdi

T'di

Tak

Tarn

T'am

Tdm

T'dm

Tan

T'an

Tdn

T'dn

Tang

T'ang

Tap «

Tdp

T'dp

Tat

Tdt

T'dt

Tau

T'au

T6

T6ung

T6uk

Ti

Tik

Tek

T'ik

Tim

T'im

Tin

T'in

Ting

W

557

558 559 560 561 562 663 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 680 581 582 583 584 585 586 687 588 589 690 591 592 593 594 695 596 697 598 599 600 601 602 603

g| Teng

ring

T'eng

Tip

T'ij)

Tit

T'it

Titi

T'iii

To

T'o

T6

T'6

Toi

T'oi

Tok

T'ok

Tom

Tong

T'ong

jg|604 fjg 1605 ^ 600 iWi 607 ^ 608 Vk «09 7] |610

m 'fill

^ 012 1;,613 7/614

^615 1^616

^617

^619 ^ 620

Ts'ik

Tsim

Ts'im

Tsin

Ts'in

Tsing

Ts'cng

Tsip

Ts'ip

Tsit

Ts'it

Tsiu

Ts'm

Tso

Ts'o

Tso

Ts'5

Tsoi

Ts'oi

Tsok

Ts'ok

Tsong

Ts'ong

653

654 |655 656 ^ 057 j^658 ^ 659 ;^ 660 ^ 061 % 062 ^ 063

ti fi65 ;^ 666 ^067 n G68 .^ 069 ^|070 I?t671 # |G72 ^673 ^674 ^675 ja 676 ^677 Pj|078 ^579 p 980 U 681 J£ 682 ji683 1^ 684 #685 :^ 086 i^ 687 ^ 688 % 689 $ 690 0^ 691 :|g;692 ^j693 tfg'69i l|!^ 095

m\

:tti696 ^ ,697 ^698 % 699 JJ&700

Tun Tun

Tung T'ung Tut T'ut

X^

Ci

Uk

Un

tn

Ung

tt

tt

Wd

Wai

Wdi

Wdk

Wan

Wdn

Wang

Wdng

Wat

Wdt

Wik

Wing

Wit*

Wo

Wok

Wong

Yd

Yai

Ydk

Yam

Yan

Yap

Yat

Yau

Y6

Yduk

Ydung

Yik

Yeng

Ying

Yui

Yuk

Yun

Yung

Zu

m

m

m m

* Sounds without characters.

—*^SUia^>«f^f::»-»->- —

If we add to those the syllables terminating in cng instead of »'h/7, under which head they are at pre- sent placed, tluMi we have 729 syllables or words repivsenting fhe whole material for oral communication. Among these there are for the lirst thi-ee tone's 381; for the loiirth 187; and aspirated words 158.

INTRODUCTION.

11

In subdividing the aspirated words and by adding them to the first two classes, we get 498 syllables for the first three tones, and 231 for the second. 498 multiplied by 6 (three upper and three lower tones) give 2,988 syllables; the 231 multiplied by 2 (the higher and lower fourth tone) give 462 syllables, and the two together a total of 3,450 different sounds.

Upon closer examination we find, however, a different result; for not half the syllables assume all the 6 tones of the first class, nor the two of the second, as will be seen from the following table: —

Table slicwiii* the Exact Nniiiber of Words

IN THE

A	. . i	'd	• • •	d'	• * •	. • i	■• . »	Total	,3
A^		%i	. • .	ai'	• > .	• * .	. . .	jj	3
c^i	. . .	1	* . .	di'	...	• . •	■ . •	j»	2
			* . t	...		ak.		»>	1
. . * j	...	...	...	...	•••	dk.	...	>>	1
\		'am		...		...	"[	))	1
	...	'am		...	. . •	. . .	...	>>	1
	...		. . .	dn'	. . ■	■ . •	• . •	>9	1
cAng	. . .	'ang	. . «	ang'	• . t	• . .	...	J>	3
,Ang	...	...	...	...		...	...	>J	1
...	...		...	• • •	...	ap, dp.	...	it	1 1
...	.••	...		* .«	. . *	at,	. . *	ft	1
...	...	...		i	. . •	dt.	. . •	»	1
<Au	...	'au	■ ■ •	au'	...	...	• . .	)>	3
,Au	. . .	'du	...	du'	...	...	...	JJ	3
,Chd	...	'chd	...	chd'		...	...	,9	3
,Ch'a	jch'd	■ • *	...	ch'd'		...		99	3
,Chai	• • (	. . >	■ • •	chai'	chai"		...	99	3
.Chai		• > *	■ • .	chai'	chdi'	...	...	99	3
.ChYii	^ch'di	'ch'di		ch'di' • . «		chak, ch'ak.	...	99 99 99	4 1 1
...		...		• •«	. . .	chdk,	chdk^	99	2
	> . •		. ■ *	• * ■		ch'dk.	. • •	99	1
,Cham	■ ■ •	'cham	...	cham'	cham^	. . «	...	99	4
• • «	jCh'am	'ch'am	■ • .	ch'am'	...	...	...	99	3
* • *		'chdm	. • •	chdm'	chdm-	. • .	...	99	3
■ ■ •	jCh'dm	. . .	...	ch'am'	...	. • ■	■ ■ •	99	2
^Chan	• . •		. . ■	chan'	chan-	. . •	> * .	99	3
.Ch'an	^ch'an	'ch'an	• * .	ch'an'		...	...	99	4
• • •	• * •	'chdn	. . •	. . •	chdn'	...	• . •	99	2
• . •	• • ■	'ch'an	^ch'dn	• • •	.-i .	• .	....	99	2
^Chang		• * •	...	chang'	...	* ■ •	...	1 99	2
,Chdng		. . .	• >.	■ ••	chdng^	■ . •	. * ■	99	2
.Ch'dng	^ch'Ang	...	...	...	...	chap,	...	99 99	2 1
...	...			...	• • *	chdp.	chdp^	J9	2
...	•••	...	...	■• .	..•	ch'dp.	• .«	99	1
...	•••	• «•	• * t	•• .	■ ••	chat.	chatj	99	2
...	9*«	• ••	■ • •	. »••	• • «	chdt,	...	JJ	1
. ..	• ••	>• a	• • «	• . .	• • •	ch'dt.	. * •	99	1
,Ch'au	• « •	*chau	'...	chau'	chau^	, . *	■ • .	J9	4
ph'au	jCh'au	'ch'au	\ai'au	tjh'au'	...	* . •	■ . *	J>	5
phAu	• ■ •	'chdu	i	chdu'	»•#	»»f	f » •	;;	3

15

t^^TI^ODTJctION.

Table shewing the Exact Nvmher of Words in	the Caaiton Dialect.-	—Continued.
.Ch'du	jCh'Au 1	'ch'du	1	ch'du'				Total, 4
.Ch6	'V	*ch6	1	ch6*		...	...	„ 3
,Ch'e	• • • • • •	'ch'6 1	1	■ ■ ■	I	ch6uk, ch'6uk, i	• ••	» 2 „ 1 .. 1
,Ch6uiig	•••	'ch6ung	... 1	cli(5ung'	ch^ung^	> > •	...	„ 4
jCh'cung	jCh'^ung			ch'<3ung'		...	• . ■	. „ 3
.Chi	I	*chi	...	chf '	chi'	• . •	* • •	., 4.
,Ch'i	jCh'i • • « • • •	'ch'i	...	ch'i' : 1	...	chik, ch'ik,	. • • chikj ch'ikj	„ 4. .. 2 „ 2
,Chim	...	'ch'fm		cliim' i 1	...	... •!	1	„ 2 „ 1
.Chin	jCh'in	'chin	...	chin'	•••	...	. *«	„ 3 „ 1
<Ching	. . *	'ching	. . .	ching'	■ • •	, , ,	• • •	„ 3
,Ch'ing	jCh'lng	'ch'ing	• • <	ch'ing'	ch'ing^	. . •	• > •	„ 5
• ■ ■	...	...	...		i	chip, chit, ch'it.	• • a	„ 1 „ 1
Chiu	, . ,	'chili	...	chill'	chiu'	...	• • •	„ 4
.Ch'id	jCh'iu	'cho	...	cho'	ch6' .	...	'"	.. 2 ,. 3
,Ch'o	jCh'o	'ch'o	...	...	...	...	chokj	„ 3 1 " ^
.Chong	jChong	• ' • *	. . .	chong'	chong'	. . •		„ 4
.Ch'ong	jCh'ong	'ch'ong	. ■ .	ch'ong'		* •■	. . *	.. 4
.Chii	. . •	'chu	...	chii'	chii'	• . «	• • •	1 „ 4
. < .	jCh'u	'ch'ii	^ch'ii	ch'u'	...	...	...	., 4
,C>iui	• • •		...	...	chui'	...	...	„ 2
,Ch'ui	• • •	'cli'ui		...	...	...		„ 3
...	• • •	...	• • •	...	...	chuk, ch'uk.	chuk J * • •	„ 2 ' „ 1
,Clmn	■ • •	'chun	...	chun'	...	• . «	...	» 3
,Ch'un	. ■ •	'ch'un		...	...	...	...	» 2
,Chun	...	'cliiin		...	chiin'	...	...	,. 3
,Cli'un	jCh'iin	'(•.h'iin		ch'iin'	...	...	...	,, 4
,Chung	1 ...	'chung	. ..	chung'	chung'		...	» 4
,Cli'ung	1 ch'ung	'ch'ung	. . i	ch'ung'	...	...		„ 4
• • •	j *	. . .	...	• . •	...	chut,	. . .	,. 1
• •■	• • •	...	■ • «	• ■ •	. . .	ch'ttt.		,. 1
.	...	. ..		...		chat.	...	„ 1
.^"	• • •	. . .	...	...	...	• > ■	1 • • •	,. 1
.FA	• ••	...	• . 1	fd'	. . •	i	> . •	„ 2
;j?ai	■ ••	...	...	fai'	fai'	• ■ •	> • •	„ 3
. • ■	• • «	...	...	fdi'	• • •	• . •	. . •	i ,. 1
,Fan	jfan	'fan	^fan	fan'	...	• • •	...	! .. 5
,Fdn	,fdn	'fj^,Tl		fdu'	i fan'	• • t	■ • •	., 5
• • •	• •«	...	...	...	...	fat.	fat.	1 ,.. 2
• ■ •	• « t	...	...	• . •	• • •	fdt.	ftt,	» 2
,rau	/au	'fan	* . .		fau'	■ • a	■ ■ •	., 4
,FI	s«	'fi	. . .	...	n'	...	• ••	.. 4
	• • ■		...	II*	• . •	\ ftk.	• • •	i » 1
• ••	• • •	• > •		• >•	fins'	• • ■	** •	! » ^
.Fo	• • •	'fo	...	fo' • • I	...	fok,
,Fong	/oug	fong	...	fong'-	• ••	»••		i! » 4

INTRODUCTION^,

13

Table shewing the Exact Number of JFords in the Canton Dialect. — Continued.

.Fiii

,Fun ^Fung

cHang .Hdng

,Hau

^H^ung ,Hing

.Hid .Ho .H6 ,Hoi

^6m

.Hon

.Hong

,Hu .Hd

,Huu .Hung

Hw6

•i-

.In

M

.Kd .Kai .K'ai Kdi

,Kam

/li

/ung

;id

jhai

,hdi

jhdm

jhan

jhdn

jhang

jhang

I i

hau

,ho lioi

jhbm

jhon

hong

hung

.in

,iti

'f6

fd fdi

'fun 'fung

'hai

••lian

'hang

'hau 'hdu

'h^ung 'hi

'hid 'ho' 'h5 'hoi

'h6m 'hon

liu

'hun 'hung

'i

'im

'In

'id

'kd

'kai

'k'ai

'kdi

'k'di

'kam

ift'.

■fd

^hd -hdi"'

'hbm ^hon

Hn

'id

*kai

fd' fdi'

fdn'

hdm'

hdu'

h6ung'

hi'

hing'

hid' h6'""

h6m' hon' ^ hong'

hu'"

hii'n' hung'

im'

In'

id'

kd'

kai'

k'ai'

kai'

kam'

.',2

fd

fung'

hd^ '

hai"

hdi'

hdm' han' hdn' hang'

hau' hdu'

ho' W hoi'

h6m'

hon'

hong'

i'

im'

in'

id'

kai'

fuk

fdt

hok, hdk

hap, hd.p, hat

hit, hit

hok.

hot

huk

hut

It.

kdk.

kam'

fuk.

hdp^ hat

hok.

h6p,

huk.

it

Total, 6

	3
	2
	3
	4
	1
	4
	3
	4
	1
	1
	3
	3
	3
	4
	2
	1
	2
	2
	4
	4
	1
	3
	3
	2
	1
	1
„	3
	4
	5
	4
	2
	6
	6
	4
	1
	1
	3
	1
	2
	3
	4
	1
	1
	6
	6
	G
	2
	2
	6
	3
	4
	3
	4
	1
	1
	4

14

INTRODUCTION,

Table shewing the Exact	Number of Words in the Canton Dialect	— Contintted.
.K'am	' jk'am	'k'am	'k'am		a a •			Total, 4
,Kdm	*	*kdm	. • •	kdm'			...	, .. 3
,Kan	• ■ •	'kan		kan'	kan*	...	...	1 1	, 4
• • •	pc'an	• • ■	a • .		■ • >	...	aa.	1	, 1
.K4n		*kA,Ti	• • %	k4ii'		...	a.a	1	, 3
<Kang	...	*kang	• a .	kang'	• a a	. • .	...		, 3
• ••	...	...	a • •	k'ang'	a.a	...	a a a	1 \	, 1
...	• • a	...	• a«	kdng'	a.a			\ ,	, 1
• •«		...	a • a	...	.•a	kap,	. ■ •		, 1
• • a	• • •	.« «	...	a.a	a a a	k'ap.	k'ap,		, 2
• • •	...	...	a a a	a a a		klip,	...		, 1
• « •		. . .	a a a	• a a		kat,	kftt		> 2
• a •	...	...	« .•			k'at, ••	c		, 1
,Kau	. * ■	*kau		kau'	kau*'	a.a	...	1 1 »	, 4
,K'au	,k'au	• • •	^k'Jiu	k'au'	a a«	• • a	...	I	> 4
,Kdu	sk&u	*kdu	a a i	kdu'			...	1	, 4
...	...	«.«	a. a	k'du'	aa a	...	• • ■		, 1
• • •	• • ■	• * •		k6'	**•	• a a		1 .	, 1
. • •	,k'6	• .«		a a a	a a a		a a a		, 1
• f •				• ••		k6tik,	• ■ a		, 1
• .•	• • •	• • •				k'4uk	...		, 1
.K6ung	. • •	• • •	...			..a			, 1
• • «	jk'^ung	• • •	^k'^'ung			a.a	• a •		, 2
<Ki	• ■ •	'kl	.	kl'""	ki*""'	. • a	• ••		> 4
,K'i	,k'i	'k'i	^k'i"'	k'f	a a a		...		> 5
...		■ ( •	• a a	...	a . I	kik^'	kik^		, 2
* • .	• ..	• • •	a a a	...		a a •	kik,		, 1
.Kim	• ■ •	Tcim	...	kfm'	kini"*	...	. . •		> 4
	jk'im	...	• a a			a ••				, 1
.Kin	• . ■	Tcin	. a a	kin'"	kin"*'	...				, 4
• • •	jk'in	*k'in			a • .					, 2
.King	...	'king	■ • •	king'	king*	a • .				> 4
<K'ing	sk'ing	'k'ing	• • a	...						, 3
...	• . •	...	a • a	...	• • m	kip,	kip,		, 2
• • •	• ••	...	...	• •	. • a	kit, k'it.	kit, ...		, 2 , 1
.Kiii	y'ii	Tcitt	^kiii"	kid' k'id'	...	a . .				, 4 , 2
.Ko"	.«•	. * i	...	ko'						, 2
.K6	» 4 «	\h	a a a	kb'						, 3
,Koi	...	'koi				a . .				, 2
. . •	• • •	...	. • •	k'oi''		a.a				, 1
t • •	• • •	...	■ a «	...	a a a	kok, k'ok,				, 1 , 1
,K6m	• •<	*k6m	• a a	kdin'						> 3
,Kon	..•	*kon	■ at	kon'		a a a				> 3
.Kong	• • •	*kong	. • •	kong'	• a a	a.a				> 3
.K'ong	. * •	'k'ong		k'ong'	• aa	. . .				> 3
. • •	• • *	...	...		a.a	k6p.				, 1
• at	• • •	a . •	a . •	...	■ . a	kot				, 1
.Kd	..*	'k<i	a a a	kd'	. < *	> a ■ a				, 3
.Ktt	. • t	'kii	'	kil'	kii*	a.a				> 4
,K'tt	.k'tt	* . *	^k'u"	• a a	• aa	• aa		• •		, 3
.Ki\	■ • «	• •a	a at	• a a	• ••	• ••				, 1
...		'kfxi	• • •	a.a	kdi*	• ••				, 2
		...	• • •		...	kuk.	kuk,		, 2
,Kttn	. . •	Tcim	• • •	kan'	kan*	,,.		1		, 4

INTRODUCTION.

15

Table shewing	the FuToct Nmvher of Words in the Canton Dialect.	— Continued.
	^k'lTTI				...		• • a	Total, 1
.Klin	• • •	Tciin		,,	kdn'	* ■ ■	• a ■	«	„ 3
Kung	.k'ung	'kung		• •	kung'	kung^	kiit.	...	» 4 » 1 „ 1
	■ • •	• • •			...	* ■ ■	kiit,		» 1
,K\vd	• ■ •	*kwd			kwd'	a .a	...		» 3
.K'w^	• • •	...				...			» 1
jKwai	• > ■	Tcwai		, ,	kwai'	kwai'			» 4
,Kw'ai	.kw'ai		^k^	r'ai	kw'ai'	...	• ■ •	...	» 4
,Kwai		'kwai			kwdi'	• • a	. . .	. a a	» 3
.	...	A		...	• > ■	■ < >	kwdk.	a .a	„ 1
^Kwan	. . .	^w			kwan'	kwan^	> > •	a • .	» 3
^Kw'an	jkw'an	'kw'an			kw'an'	■ • •	■ • a	, , ,	» 4.
^Kwdn	• • «	a aa		. > .	kwdn'	a • a	■ • a	. . a	» 2
^Kwang	...	...		...	kwdng'	...	...	...	» 1 » 1
.Kw'ang	...	'kw'dng		■ •	• • a	. . •	...	...	» 2
...	. ..	...		, ,		■ • a	kwat.	...	» ^
...	...	...		••	...	...	kwdt, kwik.	...	» 1 » 1
^Kwing	...	'kwing		••	...	...	kwit.	....	» 2 » 1
,Kwo	• • •	*kwo		, ,	kwo'		• • •	"...	» 3
. . -	• ■ ■			, ,	* > •		kwok.	.....	» 1
,Kwong	.kw'ong	'kwong		••	kwong'	...	...	...	» 3 „ 1
.m"	> ■ •	'Id'"		, ,	Id'	...	■ ■ ■		» 3
	jlai	*lai	-lai		• ■ ■	lai^	..a	...	» 4.
.Ldi	Jdi	...		• a	idr	Idi^	• ■ a	...	» 4
• ■ ■				..	...		lak.	lak^	» 2
• a ■	. ..	, .,					Idk,	...	„ 1
Jiam	.lam	...	^lam	lam'	■ • a	■ . ■	...	„ 4
• • •	.1dm	'l^m	-1dm		Idm^	• * ■	...	» 4
.Lan	■ ■ •						...	„ 1
,Lan	jldn	a a.a	adn"		Idn^"'		...	» 4
.Lang	• • a		• • t	lang'		...	'	„ 2
...			-Idng					„ 1
						lap.	laPi	» 2
						Idp,	Idp,	» 2
...						lat,		» 1
...	• • •		...	...			Idi^	» 1
.Lau	jlau		-lau	lau'	W	■ • •		» 5
.Ldu							...	» 1
JA				16'""			■ • a	„ 2
	• ■ a	...	• * •			> > a	16uk,	„ 1
	.16ung	'l^ung	'l^nng	...	leung^	. . a	...	» 4.
cLi	?i		^li		li^	...	...	» 4
			...			lik,	Ilk,	» 2
• ■ •	^llm	...	-llm	...	lim'		...	» 3
. . ■	.lln		nin	.. •	lin^	a . ■		» 3
.Ling	sling	...	jling		ling^		....	» 4
...		• ••	■ *'	a a ■	•		lip,	» 1
• • •	• . t	• ••	• • •	• a •	• • •	lit.	lit,	» 2
Jiid	,M		^liu	. *a	Hu'		...	„ 4
cLo	slo	'lo "		lo'	lo^	...	....	» 5
P>	,1^	16	^0		...	16^	fc.. t-	...	» 5

16

INTRODUCTION.

Table shewitig the Exact Number of Word« in the Canton D'uilect. — Continued.

a • *	,loi	• ■ •	1	. • ■	loi^	. . •	> > .	Total, 2
• •.	A	• * ■				lok.	lok,	,. 2
...	jlong	. • .	'long	. * •	long*	... 1		„ 3
...	Ju	• • •	nu		lii*		...	» 3
M	>	■ • •	...	lu'		...	...	.. 2
. . .	...	• • .	^ui		lui»'	...	...	,. 2
jLui	...	...	...	...	...	luk.	luk^	,. 1 » 2
Jiun	jlun	nun	...	...	lun'	...		„ <t
jLiin	jlun	...	...	...	lim*	\		» 3
^ung	jlung		'lung	. ■ •	lung*	...	...	,. 4
• ■ •	• • •	...	• . •	■ . •		lut,	lutj	,, 2
	. . •	. < ■	. > .	• ■ •	...	lut.		,, 1
• < •	J^	• • .	■ > .	...			. ..	» 1
,MA	jind	...	^A	■ > ■	md*'	...	...	„ 4,
,Mai	^mai		'mai	* * '%	mai*	...	...	„ 4,
...	^ndi	. • .	^mdi	...	mdi*	...		» 3
...	...	...	...	...		...	makj j mdk, ,	,. 1 „ 1
,!Man	jman	...	^an	man'	man*	. ■ •		,. 5
Mdn	jindn	...	hndn	...	mdn'	...	1	,. 4,
^Mang	jinang	• • ■	^ang	mang'	mang*	• ••		„ 5
,Mdng	jmdng	. • .	...				...	„ 2
• • •	• > •	• • •		. . .	...	mat^	matj	„ 2
* t ■		...		...	...	mdt.	mdt.	.. 2
,Mau	jinau jindu		^mau Snau	...	mau* mau*		...	» 4 » 3
,M6	• • *	w'		• • .	. • •		• • >	,. 2
...	jineng	...	. • ■	...	...	. ..	mek^	., 1 » 1
,Mi	,ml	. • .	w		mi*		...	» 4
• • ♦		...		...	...	...	mikj	,. 1
. • •	jTnln	. . .	'mln	...	mln*	...	. ..	,. 3
...	,ming	...	'ming	• • •	ming*	mit^	mit,	.. 3
. . *	jmili		^mid	...	miu*	...	...	» 3
.Mo	jino	*mo	• • •		mo*	...	...	„ i
> ■ •	jinb	■ • •	hah	...	m6*	...		» 3
■ • «	• • •	...	...		• . •	mok.	mok,	.. 2
,Mong	jHiong	t ■ ■	hnong		mong*	. ..	. • >	' .. *
.Miii	...	■ • •	*mui	...	miii*	...	mukj	,. 4 „ 1
,Mdn	jinun		'mun	. ••	mi'in*		. . •	» A
,Mung	jinung	...	. . •		mung*			» 3
• • •	. ..	...	...		...	miit,	mdt,	,. 2
,Nd	,nA	VijS	• • •	*.•	nd*	■ ■ .		„ 1
	jUai	. . .	• • •	. ••	* .«	. • .		,. 1
,N4i	...	...	*nAi	n&i>	ndi*		• • 1	.. I
• ••	...	...	...	• • •		nak,	• • ■	,. 1
• •«	jTiam		*nam	• . .	nam*	1 ' * '		,. 3
• ••	jiidm	'ndm		ndm*		. ( •		,. 3
,Nn,Ti	• ••	*nan		• • •	...	. • ■	* . •
• ••	p&D.	*nAn	• • •	n&n*	ndn*	• . *	...	„ A
• %•	,nang	^nang	• ..	...	■ • •	...	...	.. 2
...	• ••	• ••	• « ■			nap.	nap,	,, 2
• • •	• ••	• • •	...	. • •	• ••	...	ndp,	.. 1
• •«	• ••	• •«	• . •	. .•	• «•	nat,		„ 1

INTRODUCTION.

17

Table shewmg the Exact Nvmher of Words tn the Canton Dialect.	— Gmitinued.
					...	ndt.	ndtj	Total, 2
jNau	. < <	'nau	. ■ •		nau^	...	...	» 3
• • *	jUdu		Tidu	...	Tidu^	•	. . .	» 3
.N6		...		...	> • •	...	...	„ 1
...	• ■ •	'neng	. . ■	. ..	...	...	...	„ 1
...	jiidng	...		...	...	...	...	» 1
<Ng	<ngd	...	^g ^gd	...	ng^ ngd^	...	...	» 4 » 3
,Ngai	sngai		-ngai	...	ngai^	...	...	„ 4.
	^gdi			...	ngdi'	...	...	„ 3
...		...	...	...	...	ngak.	ngdkj	„ 1 » 1
...	jngam	0	...	ngam'	• ••	...	...	» 2
,Ngd,m	^ngdm	• • ■	...		ngdm^	...	...	». 3
cNgan	jngan jngan	...	%gdn	ngan'	ngan^ ngdn^	...	. ..	„ 3
. . .	• > •	...	■ • .	. ..	ngdng'	...	...	'» 1
...				...	. ..	ngap,	ngap^	» 2
...	...		...	...	•••	ng%	ngat,	» 1 „ 1
...	• ■ •	. . •	...		...	ngdt.	ngdt^	M 2
<Ngau	^ngau	. . *	^gau	...	ngau^	...	• • .	« 4
,Ngdu	<ngau		'ngdu	...	ngau	...	...	„ 4
.Ngi		...		...	...	...	...	„ 1
		...		...		...	ngit,	„ 1
...	jngo	. • •	^go	...	ngo^	...	...	„ 3
...	s^g^	...	• • •	• • •	ng6^	...	...	„ 2
...	jngoi		■ >•	...	ngoi^	...	T	„ 2
...		• • •	..;	...	...	...	ngok,	„ 1
...	. . •	...	...	...	ngon^	...	• • .	„ 1
...	jngong	. >.	. ••	ngong'	...	...	...	» 2
<Ni	P^	...	^ni	■ . •	ni^	...	...	„ 4
	i	• * •		• •■	...	nik.	nik.	„ 2
^Nim	,niin	■ ■ .		• . •	nim^	...		„ 3
.Nin	jUin	'nin		• • •	...	...		» 3
<Ning	.ning		...	...	ning*	...	...	„ 3
		• ■ (	...	...		...	nlp^	„ 1
...		• . •		...	...	...	nit^	» 1
.NM	...	• • •	^d	...	nid^	...	. . .	„ 3
• . .	jUO	• ■•	TIO	...	no*	...		» 3
• • •	,n6		%6	...	n6*	...	...	„ 3
...		• « *		.. .	noi*	...	...	» 1
■ • ■		• ■ ■		...	...	...	n.o\	>y 1
...	jnong	...	^ong	...	.. i	...	...	» 2
		. •■	^ii	.. •	nil*	...	...	» 2
...	...	...	%un	...	niin*	nuk.	nukj	» 2 » 2
.Nung	jnung	...		...	...	...	...	„ 2
...				...	...	...	nutj	» 1
P		...		. • •	...	...	...	,, 1
;o		%		6'		. . •	. ■ •	„ 3
pi		'oi		or	• • •	...	. • ■	» 3
		...		...	• * •	ok.	■ ■ *	» 1
,0m		•6m	...	6m'	. • •		• • •	» 3
Pn		• ••	...	on'	• . •	...	...	» 2
Png	...	...	. . .	...	...	It	• 1 1	„ X
,P6	»»■	^i	r • •	pd'	pd*	...	tff	» 4

18

INTRODUCTION.

Table shewing the Exact	Number of tVorda in tlie Canton Dialect.	— Continued.
.FA	sP'A	• . •	. . .	p'A'	...	...	• • •	Total, 3
^ai		...	...	pai'	pai*	a. a	• ••	.. 3
,P'ai	...	• •*	»p'ai	...	* ••	• a •	m mm	,. 2
...	...	*p&i	...	pAi'	pAi»	mm 9	a • a	., 3
.P'di	sP'^	• ••	• • •	p'Ai'	..«	...	, , ,	., 3
• • •	• ■ •	• •«	• . •	...	• a •	pak.	• a*	.. 1
• • «	...	• ••	• . •	...	a • <	pAk.	pAkj	„ 2
...	...	• • a	...	a a •	...	p'Ak,		» 1
^an	...	^an	. • •	pan'	pan^	...	• a«	M 4
• ■ •	^p'an	...	'p'an	• . •	p'an'	• aa	a a a	« 8
.Pdn		'pAn	• . •	pAn'	pAn»	a a a	• as	,. 4
.P'6n	• • •	...	...	p'An'	...	m ••	• ••	» 2
.Pang	...	...	...	• *•	pang*	a a a	• ••	,. 2
.P'ang	sP'ang	...	• • •	• * a		...	• • •	» 2
• ••	...	...	*pdng	...	pAng*	a a a	a**	« 2
...	jP'Ang	...	• . *	...	...	a a a	...	„ 1
• • •	■ ■ •	...	■ ••		...	pat.	pat^	., 2
• • •	• • •	...	• ••	...	...	p'at.		„ 1
• • «	...		• • •	...	...	pAt,	p4	„ 2
,Pau	« •■		. « •	...	pau*	...	• a a	.. 2
• ••	■ . •	*p'au	• ■ •	...		...	• mm	„ 1
.Pdu	. . .	'pdu	. * ■	pAu'		a a a	a a a	>. 3
.P'du	j)'du	•p'Au	• • •	p'Au'	...	• • »	• ••	.> 4,
<P6		• a •	t . •	...	p6»	...	a*.	>, 2
^		'pi		pi*	Pi^	...		M 4
.P'l	J^'i	'P'i	Vi	P'i'		...	,,,	,. 6
• '•		• ••		a • ■		pik.	a a a	« 1
• ■ •	...	...	...	...	...	p'ik.	• mm	,. 1
.Pin		*pln	...	pin'	pin'	a..	• mm	u 4
.P'in	,p'in	...		p'in'		a a a	a • •	,. 8
.Ping	...	*ping	...	ping'	ping*	% • •	• a a	„ 4
cP'ing	sP'ing	...	• ••	p'ing'	...	...	...	., 3
...		...	...	...		pit.	pil,	„ 2
...	• > .	...	. • ■		...	p'it.	...	.. 1
.Pid	...	'pid	• • •		piA'	...	...	,. 8
.P'iii	j)'iii	...	*p'iA	p'iu'		...	...	,. 4,
cPo		• • •	• • .	po'	• a a	...	...	„ 2
.P'o	sP'o	^'0	• • .	p'o'	* a a	...	...	., 4
<P^		<p6	• • a	pb'	p6*		...	,. 4
.P'6	sP'i»'	V6	yb	p'b'		...	...	„ 6
...		• ••		...	a aa	pok,	pokj	.. 2
...		■ . •	• ••	...	• • •	p'ok,	aaa	„ 1
.P6m	. . .	. . .		. . .	a . a	a a •	• a.	,. 1
.Pong	...	•pong	. • .	...	• a a	. a a	a a « '	.. 2
...	jP'ong	• « •	*p'ong	p'ong'	a • a	..a	aaa	„ 3
.Pui	...	• • •	. . •	pdi'	pdi'	• a a	aaa	.. 3
.P'iii	J)'Ai	• ••	ytii	p'iii'	• aa	mm*		„ 4
• • «	...	...	■ . •	...	a a a	puk.	pukj	„ 2
.Pun	...	•piin	• a .	pdn'	pdn'	...	...	„ 4
,P'un	.P'un	...	a ■ «	p'dn'	a a •	• a*	...	» 3
...	...	'pung	• ■ •	pung'	pung*	...	aaa	„ 3
.P'ung	yung	...	• ••	...	a a •	a aa	...	,. 2
...	• • .	...	...	...	a a a	pdt,	pdt^	„ 2
...	• • •	...	• a •		a a a	• • •	p'dt,	„ 1
<8&	...	<84	• ••	. .•	• *•	• •»	• • •	.. 2
.Sai	• • •	W	f • t	sai'	• • t	• a •	• • a	.. 3
.8^	♦••	'sAi	f ••	^	• ••	• a*	...	« 3

mTitoi)tci:iOK.

19

Table shewing the Exact Number of H^ords in the Canton Dialect	— Continued.
...	...			• • ■	■ • •	sak,		Total, 1
jSam	. ,		. ••	'sam	• ••	...		...		2
p&m	. .		• ••	...	• • •			...		1
,San	..		■ • •	...	• a •			...		1
...			*sa,n	...	san'	a • a	. ..	...		2
,Sang	• •		...	...	sang*	• a a	...	...		2
...	• •		...	...	...	• > •	sap,	...		1
...	..		...	...	• . •	...	sdp.	...	if V	1
• • •	• .		...		• . .	• • •	sat,	...		1
...	..			...	...	• . a	s6t			1
^u	..		*sau	...	sau'	...	i	...		3
.86	..		*86	...	B&	...		...		3
.Seng	••		...	...	seng'	• • •	a a a	...		2
...	••		• . •	...	• • •	...	s6uk,	...		1
,S6ung	• •		*s4iing	...	s^ung'	...		...		3
,Shd	• •		*shd	...	• • •	. . .		...		2 ^
,Shai	..		'shai	...	shai'	shai^		...		4
• ■ •	• •		...	*shdi	8h4,i'	• ■ •		...		2
...	• •		...	■ . •	• . •	.. •	sdk.	1		1
,Sham	^sham	'sham	...	sham	sham^		...		5
.Shdm	> «•	• • •	• • I		•L-* •		...		1
,Shan	jShan	a • •	*shan	shau'	shan'		...		5
.Shdn	jShdn	a . •	...	shiin'			.. .		3
,Shang		>••	...	• • «	...	...	. . .		1
		*8h^g	...	• ■•	...	...	...		1
	...	...	...	...	...	shap.	shdpj		2
	...	...	...	• a ■	...	shdp.	...		1
	...	...	...	• ••	...	shat, shat.	shatj		2 1
,Shau	jShau	'shau	...	shau'	shau^		a a •		5
.Shdu	. • •	*shdu	...	shdu'	• . *		a a a		3
.Sh6	,sh6	'sh6	^h6	8h6*	sh6^		a • t		6
,Sh6ng	...	...	...	• ••	...	a • •	• a.		1
...	...	. . .	...	• •«	...	shduk.	*••		1
,Sh6ung	jShdng	'sh6ung	^sh^img	• • •	sh^img'	a a a	...		5
.Shi	jShi	'shi	*shl	shf	shi^	* * *	a a •		6
• . ■	. . •	• • •	...	«• f	a a •	shik.	shikj		2
. . .	jShIm	'shim	• *.	• • t	a ■ ■		...		2
.Shin	jShin	...	^hin	shin'	shin^	• a •	. ..		5
.Shing	jShing	'shing	...	shing'	shing*	• •*	...	»	5
•••	...	...	...	a •«	, , ,	ship,	...		1
...	...		... ...		. a ■	...		shitj		1
.Shid	...		'shiti	...	shiH'	shiti*	a a«	...		4
.Sho			'sho	...	sho'		...	. . .		3
...	...		'sh6	...	8h6'		. . a			2
...	..			...		...	shok,	...		1
...	...		'shong	...	...	a a a	a a ■	...		1
,Shu	jShii		•sha	^shii	Shu'	shii'	• aa	...		6
,Shui	jShtu	i	'shui	...	shui'	shvii*		...		6
	• .			...	• ••		shuk.	shukj		2
...	jShiin	'shun	...	• • •	shun'	• a a	• •■		3
	jShiin	«*•	*shnn	4 • a		* ••	•••		2
	jShung	• ••	• ••	• ••	• ••	• ••	• ••		1
	• ««	• ••	• ••	■ ••	• • •	a * a	shutj		1
	•«•	• ••	■ > •	• a •	• ••	shut.	...		1
...	• •«	• ••	• • •	...	■ a*	sik.	...		1
^in	« •*		*»In	• «•	sin'	Bin*	lU	.w	»	4

ti^¥itODUCtlONi

Table sheiimg (he Exact Number of Words in	the Canton Dialed-	—Continued.
,Sing	• ••	'sing	• • •	sing^	... \	>*•	• • •	Total	,3
...	• ••	...			...	sip.		>f	1
...	. . •	...	• • •		...	sit.	1 1	»»	1
.Siii	• ••	'siA	• . •	siti*	• * •	• • •	1	»»	3
.So	• ••	• • •	• • •	• * a	■ ■ ■	...	j	»>	2
.86	• •«	'sb	.. •'	s6	• . •	...	1	»»	3
,Soi	• *•	...	• • .	\	. .•	...	...	*>	1
...	• . •	. . .	. • •	• ■ •	...	80k,	1 1	>>	1
.Song	• ••	*8ong	...	song'	■ • •	• .«	■ ••	»	3
,86	• ••	• ■ .	■ . •	stl	...	• • •	• • •	»	2
<Su	• • «	• ••	*su	* ■ .	...	• . •	• ••	1)	2
...	,sti				. . •	• • •	• •a	9}	1
,Sui		*sm	• • •	sui'	sui*			»	4
. * I	...	. . .		. • a	...	suk.	• . a	l>	1
,Sun	...	'sun	• • •	sun'	...	. *•	• • •	»	S
.Siin	jSiin	'sun	...	siin'	siin*	...	• . •	»	5
.Sung		'sung	• • •	sung'	...		• ••	ft	3
• • •	. • •	...	. • •	. > •	. .«	sut.	• a •	>>	1
• . •	• • •		• ■ •	. . .	> . .	sat.	• ••	»	1
.Sz	. * •	'sz	• • •	8Z'	sz*	...	...	»	4,
	• ■ •	td	• • ■	» • •		• • •		9>	1
,T''^'	. . •	...	• • a			• . •	■ • .	ft	1
,Tai	. • •	'tai	« • •	tfli'	tai*"	* • .	« • •	»	4
.T'ai	i'ai	't'ai	't'ai	t'ai'	■ ■ .	• . •	• a •	»	5
^{a	li	tdi	...	tdi'	tdi*	...	...	»>	4
...	.> •	• • •	t'di	t'di'	. . .	• ■ •	• . a	}f	2
	..•	...		. . .		tfl,lc.	takj	it	2
• • •	• • *	tarn	...	tani*	tnm*	• ••		»	3
• • .	jt'am		t'am	t'am'	...	• • •	• a.	)f	3
,Tdm	. ■ •	tdm	tdm	tdrtt*	t^m*	• • •	• ■•	»	5
.T'dm	.t'dm		t'dtn	t'j^,yrt	• ■ ■	• • •	a ••	})	4
,Tan	*	'tan	...	• * •	• ••	• • •		»	2
.T'an	« • •	...	...	fan'	. . •	• ••	• a •	l>	2
.Tdn	• ••	. • .	...	tdn'	tdn*	...	• • •	»	8
.T'dn	^t'An	V<Sn	Vdn	tdn				99	5
.Tang	• • •	tang	• • ■	tang'	tang*	...	..•	l>	4
...	jt'ang	...			...	...	...	»	1
...	• • •	.-..	...	. . .	...	tap.	tap,	>l	2
	• • •	...	...	...	...	t'ap.	...	»	1
...	• • •	• . .	• . .	...	...	tdp,	tdp,	>>	2
• ■ •	• • •	...	• • •	■ . •	.. .	t'dp.		11	1
• • •	...	...	• • •	• *•.		...	tat^	»	1
■ • «	• • •	...		...			td^	>•	1
• • •	• . •	• . •	...	* • •	...	fdt.		99	1
;rau	■ ■•	*tau	• • •	tau'	tau*			)}	4
,T'au	,fAu	t&u	...	t'au'	• • •		• ■ •	19	4
T6	• • •	U							2
<			• • •	• •»	• « •	• • •	a a •	»
,T6ung	1 1 • * *	...	..'.	• • •	• ■ •	...		»»	1
...	• • •	...	• ••	1 • . •	...	t^nk.	...	' »»	1
,Ti	...	...	• . •	• ■ •	ti*	...		»	2
• • •	• f f	...	».v-	.. :	...	tik.	tik,"	It	2
...	■ • •	...	• »•■	. . i	...	t'ik.	a . «	»	1
• • •	»t«	Tim	• • •	tlm*-	tim*				3
.T'im	jt'lm	• • ■	t'im	• ••	...			>>	3
.Tin	• «•	tin	• • •	• ««	tin*	• ••		*•	3
.T'in	,fln	t'in	• • •	... ■	...	. • •		91	3
,Tmg	•»i	tin^	■ • t	ting'	ting*	• •»	• %•	>»	4

f^.:-:-_;^r^ ■,	INTRODUCTION.	2i
Table sheioing the Exact Number of Words m the Ganton Dialect.— Continued^

,T'ing	.t'ing		^'ing		...	a .a	a ■ a	Total, 3
...	...		...	...	...	t'ip,"	tip,	» 1 » 1
...	...	,	...	...		tit, fit.	tit.	„ 2 » 1
.Tiii	• . .		• • •	tiu''	tiu'	. . a	...	» 3
,T'iu	^t'i^		^t'iti	t'iu'	..	a * a	...	» 4
.To		'to""	• • •	to'	to^	...	...	„ 4
,T'o	/o"	. . .	^'o	t'o'	a ■ a	...	...	» 4
.T5		't5		t6'	t6^			» 4
^T'6	^t'b"	't'6	^t'6"	t'6'	■ > a			» 5
			• • •	• • •	toi'			» 1
.T'oi	jt'oi		^'oi • • a	...	...	...	tok^	» 3 » 1
...	...		...	• • a	. ..	t'ok^	...	» 1
	. ..		^6m	■	. . .		. a .	» 1
.Tong	....	*tong		tong'	tong'	. . a	a . a	>, 4
.T'ong	jt'ong	't'ong		t'ong'	* . ■	...	...	» 4
.Tsd		. • *	. * •		...			» 1
.Tsai	• ■ •	*tsai	■ • •	tsai'	tsai^			» 4
,Ts'ai	jts'ai	... 0	^s'ai	ts'ai'	. • *			» 4
" ■ ■	...	tsam		tsam'	...	tsak.	ts'dk,	» 1 » 1 » 2
,Ts'am	.ts'am	%'am		...				„ 3
.TsAm	^		^s^m		tsdm^	a a t		» 3
^Ts'dm	jts'dm	'ts'dm	. ■ •		a . a		^ . • a	« 3
,Ts'aa	...	tsdn	...	tsdn'	...	...		„ 1 » 2
,Ts'dn	jts'dn	■ > >	■ • a	ts'<^,Ti'				» 3
,Tsang	jts'dng	...	...	tsang'	tsang^		...	» 3 » 1
...	...	...	...	...	. . .	tsap.	a * ■	» 1
...	...	..."	...	...	...	ts'ap.	a a a	„ 1
...	.•••	...	...	...	...	ts'at, ts'dt,	tsdpj tsdt, ts'dt,	» 1 » 1 » 1 » 2
,Tsau	...	*tsau		tsau'	tsau^	...	L	» 4
,Ts'au	jts'au	. . .		ts'au'				» 3
.T86		* * *	...	i^€	\&&			» 3
:::	jts'6	...		• ts'6'	...	ts6iik, ts'^uk.	ts^Tikj	» 2 » 2 » 1
^T86iuig	• * .	'ts^ung	■ . .	tsdung'	ts^ung^			» 4
.Ts'dung	jts'dung	*ts'6ung	:	■ • .	...	tsik,' ts'ik,	tsikj	., 3 » 2 » 1
,TsiTn	. * •	• > ■	...		tsim^	...		» 2
.Ts'im	jts'im	• * «	...	ts'im'	...			» 3
.Tsin	• • ■	^tsfn	...	tsin'	tsln'			» 4
,Ts'in	jts'ln	^ts'ln	...	• • a a	...			» 3
.Tsing	...	tsing	.-..		tsing*		...	» 3
.Ts'ing	jts'ing	ts'ing	...	. • •	...	...	■ a »	» 3
...	..."	..."	...	• a a	■ . «	tsip.	a . .	» 1
...	■••	• . .	...	■ ■ a	• 1 %	ts'ip.	. . a	» 1
• •1	m	•M	•<i	• «•	■ « «	tsit,	tsit,	„ 2

^i

tNTRODtJCTION.

Table ahetoing the Exact Number of Words in the Canton Dialect. — Continued.

Tsiti

.Ts'o

.Tab

.T8'6

.Tsoi

is'oi

.Tsong .Ts'ong ,Tsu Ts'ii

Ts'lii

^Tsun

.Tsiin .Ts'iin jTsung ^Ts'uhg

,Tsz .Ts'z

,Tii T'di

,Tun

,T'un

,Tun

<Tung .T'ung

.ti

cUng

• • •

,Wai

is'iti

i8'6

is'oi

jts'ong .ts'ii

is'ui

is'iii

is'un

is'iin

jts'ung

is'z

i'di

i'ttn

jt'ung

,ttn

jWd

jWai .wdi

ts'iii •tso

*ts6 V6 *tsoi 'ts'oi

^tstt

ts'ii

*tsui

*tsun

'tsun

•ts'iin

*tsung

•tsz 'ts'z

*ttli Vdi

*tuii tiin

• • •

tung Vung

•d •ii

•dn 'iin Sing

*wai

• • *	• • •	• ■ *	ts'it,	• • I
• • *	tsid'	tsid*		• ••
...	ts'id*	• • •		• • •
• • •	• • •	tso'		• • •
• • •	ts'o'	■ • •		• • •
• ••	ts6'	tsb*		■ • «
*ts'6	ts'b'	• • «		• • •
• ■ •	tsoi'	tsoi*		...
• • •	ts'oi'	• • •		• • ■
...	...	• • •	tsok, ts'ok,	tsokj
• • •	tsong'	tsong^		• • •
		tsii*		• • « ...
...	ts'ii'	. >•		• • •
• • •	tsui'	• * ■		• ■ •
• ■ •	ts'ui'	tsdi'		• • •
• • •	• • '	.".'.'	tsuk,	tsuk.
...	...	• ■ •	ts'uk	• • •
...	tsim'	tsun*	•	...
!!!	tsiin'	• • •
'ts'un	ts'iin'	...	...	...
...	tsung'	tsung*	...	...
■ • •		• • •	tsut.	• . •
• • •	...	• • •	• • *	tsut^
• • ■	...	tsz'	ts'ut,	...
ts'z	ts'z'"	• • •	• • •	...
• • •	tui'	• • •	• • •	. ..
• • •	tdi'	tdi*	• • >	...
...	t'di'	...	tuk,	tuifj
. ..	• • ■	• • •	t'uk.	■
* ..	tllTl'	tun*	« • •	• • •
t'un	• • •	• • •	• < •	• • (
...	ti\Tl'	tiin*	...
	« • • tung' .	tung	. ■ .	. • •
...	t'ung'		...	• • •
...	• « •	• ■ •	...	tatj
...	• • •	• • •	fdt,	...
...	d'	d*	• ••	••.
*ii	ii'	ii*	• • •	• • •
Sii	...	di*		•••
...	• • •	• • •	uk.	• « •
...	• *. •	dn*	• ••	« ••
*ftn	iin'	dn*	• ••	•••
k ••	ung'	• ■ •	• • •	•••
■ • «	• ••	■ • •	• «•	dt,
■ ••	• ••	\ • ••	H	dt,
• ••	• •«	wd*	•••	•»•
• • •	wai'	wai*	...	•••
• •f	...	wai*	■ • •	...

Total, 1 4 8 2 2 4 5 4 4 2 1 3 2 3 4 2 2 1 2 2 1 4 1 3 6 4 2 1 1 1 3 5 1 4 4 2 1 4 2 4 1 4 4 1 1 5 6 4 1 3 6 3 1 2 4 6 3

»» if »

»> '»» >> It »

» II 11 >> II II II >i II 11 II II II II *i II II II i> •I 11 II II II II II II II II II II II II II 11 II II II II II II i>

H

INTRODUCTION.

23

Table shetoing the Exact Number of Words in the Canton Dialect.-	— Contintied.
...	...	...	• ■ •	...	.. .	• • •	w&k^	Total, 1
,Waii	wan	Van	Van	wan'	wan*	• .•	...	» 6
.Wdn	jWdn		*wdn	...	wdn*	...		» 4
■ •■	jwang	...	...	...	...	...	...	» 1
...	jWdng	...	...	...	• • ■	...	...	» 1
• • a	...	. > .	...	. ..	...	wat.	watj	„ 2
...	...	...	...	...	...	wdt.	wdtj	» 2
■ • •	• • •	• • •	...	...	...		wik^	» 1
.Wing	jWing	■ • •	Ving	...	wing^	...	...	» 4.
. • •	• • •	■ • •	• • •	...	...	wit.	...	„ 1
.Wo	jWO	wo	. . .	...	wo*	. . .		» 4
■ ••	• . >	. . *		. . .	...	wok.	wokj	» 2
jWong	jwong	...	Vong	...	wong*	...	...	„ 4>
.Y6	• ■*	...	'y^	...	y^^	...	...	„ 3
• ••	jyai	...	...	...	yai*	...	...	„ 2
	...	...		...	...	yak.	...	» 1
.Yarn	^yam	•yam	*yam	yam'	yam*	...	...	» 6
,Yan	jan	*yan	>n	yan'	yan*	...	...	» 6
• ■ .	■ • *	. . .		...	...	yap.	yap,	» 2
• ••	• ■ .	. > t	...	...	...	yat,	yat,	» 2
,Yau	jau	'yau	^au	yau'	yau*	...	...	» 6
...	J^	...	y	...	y^^	y6uk.	y6ukj	» 3 » 2
,Y6ung	jy^ung	'y^ung	^y^ung	• . •	y^ung*	...	...	» 5
...	.. •	• ••	...	...	...	yik.	yikj	» 2
.Ying	jing	Ving	...	ying'	ying*	...	...	., 5
.Yui	■ • •	. . ■	^yui	yui'	yui*		...	» 4
		...	...	...	...	yuk.	yuk^	» 2
. . ■	• •.	*yun	...	...	yun*	...	...	„ 2
.Yung	jyiing	Vung	'yung	...	yung*	...	...	» 5
				/» r>-'Z":iA^'3>i ^

From this table it will be seen that there are only 1755 words in use. If we divide these by 700 or 729, we have only 2^ monosyllabic words for each sound or syllable.

This number would answer all purposes of savages ; but not a nation as civilized as the Chinese. We must, therefore, be prepared to meet among the spoken language a large number of compounds forming dissyllabic and trisyllabic words. These are, so far as the uneducated are concerned, almost as unchangeable as the words in western tongues. Hence a person living among the people and learning the language from the women and unlettered, speaks the same with greater accuracy than those who acquire it from a teacher. For the first attempt at learning to read books brings a stranger into the labyrinth of characters of the same meaning and of their constant mutations and combinations. In opening a dictionary he will be quite bewildered when attempting to select the character he wants ; for he may rest assured that half the number he chooses are not understood by the illiterate. His difficul- ties increase as he advances in his study, unless he has a teacher about him to correct every mistake he makes.

On the other hand, should he first learn the colloquial and then apply his material to books written and published without a comma or full stop, and in which ho finds different compounds and of a differ- ent signification, he then perceives, that he is as far from a knowledge of Chinese as when he commen- ced his hie hcec hoc of Latin. For he will read almost ev jry period as a person would the following English translation of a German rhyme, when printed without interpunction : —

A person wrote upon the sand Five and twenty on hands and feet

Ten fingers have I on each hand Let those who doubt with commas read.

The 700 syllables or s )uud8 ia the Canton dialect are the result of the combination of tlie 23 initials

with tliQ 53 fii*ls, ail givQa hx the foUowiag table.

We have arrangqd them alphabetically.

24

INTRODUCTION.

Table of Sounds in the ( anton Dialect.

Alphabetically Arranged-

1

1

a

8

4

6

6

7

e , 9

10

u

Finals

Au

Chi

Ch'ut

Fd

Hoi

Kin

K'ing

Kwai

Kw'd

Lam

Md

]

Ch6

6

ch6

ch'6

h6

k^

k'6

...

...

16

m6

s

! Ch6uk

• < •

ch6nk

ch'^uk

• . ■

. • .

k6nV

k'6uk

> * a

...

Idiik

. • «

3

Cheung

• . ■

ch^ung

ch'dung

^i

h^rnig

kdung

k'dung

...

...

I6ung

...

4

<Chiti

iii

chid

ch'iii

■ • ■

hid

kid

k'id

• . •

...

Ud

mid

6

Chii

ii

chii

ch'ii

• . •

hii

ku

k'u

> • .

• • >

lu

a ■ a

6

Fdn

dn

chdn

ch'j^,n

fdn

hdn

kdn

• ■ •

kwdn

. > •

Idn

mdn

7

Fdt

dt

chdt

ch'dt

fdt

• • #

...

• • .

kwdt

• . ■

Idt

mdt

8

Fo

0

cho

ch'o

fo

ho

ko

• . •

kwo

...

lo

mo

9

Ftii

6i

• ■ •

• ■ •

fdi

. > .

kdi

• < •

. ■ •

. >•

Idi

mdi

10

Hii

> < (

■ • •

. . •

■ . *

hd

kd

. * ■

...

» . •

Id

• • •

11

KA

d

chd

ch'd

fd

hd

kd

• « ■

kwd

kw'd

Id

md

12

K<5,i

di

chdi

ch'di

fdi

hdi

kdi

k'di

kwdi

...

Idi

mdi

13

Kam

am

cham

ch'am

• ■ •

> * •

kam

k'am

. . *

lam

...

14

Kdm

dm

chdm

ch'dm

• • *

hdm

kdm

* . .

. . .

...

1dm

...

15

Kap

ap

chap

...

. . .

hap

kap

k'ap

...

lap

16

Kdp

dp

chdp

ch'dp

hdp

kdp

...

• . •

Idp

...

17

Kdu

du

ohdu

ch'du

• • •

hdu

kdu

k'du

.. •

. ..

Idu

mdu

18

Kek

■ • •

chek

• • •

• • •

■ . .

• ■ •

k'ek

. .•

• . •

lek

mek

19

Keng

. . *

cheng

. . i

heng

keng

...

...

...

leng

meng

10

Ki

i

Chi

ch'i

fi

hi

ki

k'i

• • •

. * .

li

ml

21

TTfm

im

chim

ch'im

* > •

him

kirn

k'im

• . •

. ..

lim

a a a

2,2

Kok

ok

chok

• . .

fok

hok

kok

k'ok

kwok

...

lok

mok

23

K6m

5m

...

> > •

• • •

hbm

kbm

. . •

...

• • .

...

• . a

24

Kon

on

• * •

■ . •

. . •

hon

kon

...

...

. .«

25

Kong

ong

ohong

ch'ong

fong

hong

kong

k'ong

kwong

kw'ong

long

mong

26

K6p

> . •

...

hbp

k5p

...

...

...

...

...

27

Kot

* . .

• • •

...

. . ■

liot

kot

...

...

• ..

...

...

28

Kii

li

■ • ■

. • •

fd

...

kd

...

>.«

...

...

. . .

29

Klin

An

• ••

fdn

...

kdn

...

• . •

• • •

• •■

mdn

30

Kdt

lit

• • <

. . .

fdt

...

kdt

...

. • •

■ • •

• ••

mdt

31

Lip

ip

chip

...

• ••

hip

kip

...

. ■ .

. * .

Up

...

32

L6

6

• • •

• . .

• . ■

h5

k6

...

• . (

. . •

16

m6

33

Ngdng

dng

chdng

ch'dng

hdng

kdng

kvrdng

kw'dng

Idng

mdng

34

Ngdk

dk

chdk

ch'dk

fdk

Uk

kdk

. . .

kwdk

...

Idk

mdk

35

Pan

...

chan

ch'an

fan

han

kan

k'an

kwan

kw'an

Ian

man

36

Pat

at

cha,t

■ > >

fat

hat

kat

k'at

kwat

...

lat

mat

37

Sau

au

chau

ch'au

fau

hau

kau

k'au

• . •

■ . •

lau

mau

38

Sin

in

chin

ch'in

• * •

hin

kin

k'in

...

* • .

lin

m(n .

39

Sit

it

chit

ch'it

fit

hit

kit

k'it

kwit

■ * ■

Ut

mit

40

Sui

...

chui

ch'ui

• . •

. ••

• • •

■ . ■

* . «

...

lui

. • a

41

Siin

tin

chtin

ch'iin

• • •

hiin

kiin

k'iin

* • •

. ■ a

liin

. • .

42

Siit

tit

chvit

• • *

■ ■ .

hdt

kut

« ■ *

> . *

1

Kit

...

43

Sz

• . >

• . ■

. • .

. ..

. • •

...

* . «

. .«

44

Tak

ak

chak

ch'ak

* * •

hak

kak

. . •

. . .

kk

mak

45

Tang

ang

chang

...

. • •

hang

kang

k'ang

kwang j

... 1

lang

mang

46

Tsoi

oi

• • •

■ • •

hoi

koi

k'oi

:.. 1

loi

. < ■

47

Tsun

a ••

chun

ch'un

• . •

• • •

. ..

...

. . .

' " \

lun

...

48

Tsut

• ••

chut

ch'ut

• . •

• ••

• . •

...

...

1 ... 1

lut

...

49

Tuk

uk

ch\ik

ch'uk

fuk

huV

kuk

k'uk

. . ■

1

luk

muk

50

Tung

ung

chung

ch'ung

fung

hung

kung

k'ung

1

lung

mung

51

Wai

ai

chad

• • •

fai

hai

kai

k'ai I

kwai

kw'ai

lai

mai

62

Yik

• ••

chik

ch'ik

fik

* • ■

kik

k'ik

kwik

...

lik

mik

63

Ying

• *•

ching

ch'ing {

ting

hing

king

k'ing

kwing

...

ling

ming

Ng 1

m

ft«« ••• •«•

... 1

...

...

...

...

INTRODUCTION.

25

	Table <	of Sounds in the	Canton Dialects. — A Iphabetically	r Arranged. — Continued.
13	13	u	15	18	17	18	19	20	21	22	23
Nam	Nga	Pa	Fo	Sam	Shing	Ta	T'oi	Tsing	Ts'ai	Wd	Ting
ne	...	p6	...	s6	sh6	t6		tse	ts'6		y^
	. . .			s6uk	sh^uk	t^uk	. . •	ts^uk	ts'^iik	• . >	yeuk
ndung				s^ung	sh^ung	t^ung		ts6ung	ts'^ung	• . .	y6ung
niu	• . •	piti	p'iu	siu	shiii	tiii	fill	tsiii	ts'iu	■ . .	• ■ •
nil		• . >	• • •	sii	shii	• < >	• • <	tsil	ts'ii	...	...
ndn	ngdn	pdn	p'dn	sdn	shdn	tdn	t'dn	tsan	ts'dn	wdn	• • •
ndt	ngat	pat	t • •	sdt	shdt	tdt	t'dt		■ . .	wdt	...
no	ngo	po	P'o	so	sho	to	t'o	tso	ts'o	wo	■ > •
	...	ptii	p'ui	sd		tdi tii	t'lii	tsui	ts'ui ...	...	...
nA	ngd	p^"	p'd	sd	shd	tk	t'd	tsd	• * •	wd	ya"
ndi	ngai	pai	p'di	sdi	shdi	tdi	t'ai		• ■ •	wdi
nam	ngam	• > •	> . *	sam	sham	tarn	t'am	tsam	ts'am		yam
ndm	ngdm	. > •	■ . *	sdm	shdm	i&m	t'dm	tsdm	ts'dm		ydm
nap	ngap	* . •		sap	shap	tap		tsap	ts'ap		yap
ndp	ngap		■ * •	sdp	shdp	tdp	t'dp	tsdp	*. .
ndu	ngdu	pAu	p'du		shAu	. . •				■ . .	■ . .
	. . t	pek		sek	shek		t'ek	tsek	ts'ek
neng		peng	p'eng	seng	sheng	teng	t'eng	tseng	ts'eng
ni	ngi	pi	P'i		shi	ti
nlm		* • •			shim	tim	t'im	tsim	ts'im		• • ■
nok	ngok ngon	pok p6m	p'ok	sok	shok	tok t6m	t'ok	tsok	ts'ok	wok
nong	ngong	pong	p'ong	song	shong	tong	t'ong	tsong	ts'ong	wong	...
		pop	...	...	...			. . .	• ■ ■ • • •	...
...		ptin	p'lin	sd	...		...	...	• ■ ■ • • •	.	...
...	...	piit	p'ut				...	...	...		...
nip	...	...		sip	ship	tip	t'ip	tsip	ts'ip	...	...
nb	ng6	p6	p'6	s5	sh6	t5	t'6	ts6	ts'6		. • .
...	ngdng	pdng	p'dng	. . .	shdng	. . .	. ..			wdng
...	ngdk	pdk	p'dk	. . .	shdk			...	ts'dk	w^k	ydk
nan	ngan	pan	p'an	san	shan	tan	fan		ts'an	wan	yan
nat	ngat	pat	p'at	sat	shat	tat		tsat	ts'at	wat	yat
nau	ngau	pan	p'au	sau	shau	tau	fau	tsau	ts'au	• > .	yau
nin		pin	p'in	sin	shin	tin	fin	tsin	ts'in		• . .
nit	ngit'	pit	p'lt	sit	shit	tit	fit	tsit	ts'it	wit	. . .
nui	■ • •	• • *	• ■ *	• • •	shui	tui	...	tsui	ts'ui	. . .	yui
nun	...	...	...	siin	shiin	tiin	fiin	tsiin	ts'un	...	. • .
• • <	...			Slit	shut	tiit	fiit	tsiit	ts'ut		...
• • •	...	...	...	sz	...	• • •	• ••	tsz	ts'z	...	. • ■
nak	ngak	pak		sak	• ■ •	tak		tsak	...	.. .
nang		pang	p'ang	sang	shang	tang	fang	tsang	ts'ang	wang
noi	ngoi		• • f	soi	• < •	toi	foi	tsoi	ts'oi
...	...	• . •	...	sun sut	shun shut	tun	fun 1	tsun tsut	ts'un	...	yun
niik	. . *	puk	• . •	suk	shuk	tuk	fuk 1	tsuk	ts'uk	. . .	yuk
nung		pung	p'ung	sung	shung	tung	fung	tsung	ts'ung		yung
nai	ngai	pai	p'ai	sai	shai	tai	fai	tsai	ts'ai	wai	yai
nik	■ > «	pik	p'ik	sik	shik	tik	fik	tsik	ts'ik	wik	yik
ning	...	ping	p'ing	sing	shing	ting	fing	tsing	ts'ing	wing	yi»g
...	...		...	...	• • •	• • •	• • t	... 1	...	...	• •«

26.

INTEODTJCTION.

Info nation.

The tones of the Canton or Punti dialect are called

1- ^ ^ .P'ing .shing,

2- J:. M sli6ung ,shing. The Upi'EE Tones

T are marked

3- -i- ^ liii' .shing, and

4- A ^ T'^Vi .shing- The Lower Tones

.i:± ±A

sh^ung^ jP'iiig tShing sh6ung^ sh6ung^ <8hing sh6ung^ hu ,shing sh^ung^ yap^ ,8hing.

arc marked

■j; 2p ^ ha^ j)'mg ^hing "F _h ^ Ld^ shdung^ .shing

4. 1^ A ^ li^^ yaPi <8hing.

The .p'ing ,8hing is uttered with a peremptory voice, e.g. Go !

The ^shdung ,shing or rising tone is uttered with an intcrogative modulation of the voice, e.g. Is it nice ? Is the weather fine ?

The hii' ,shing is the optative or wish form, e.g. Do love me ?

The yap^ ,shing terminates in the Punti and Hakka dialects always in p, t or k ; bencc it is easily distinguished.

The High Tones. ,Chin, 'chin, chin', chit, ^ ^ "i?! tif blanket ; to unroll ; to fight ; to break. ,Kam, 'kdm, kum', kap, /l^t ^ ^ l^jJ ^ ^^ 5 ^^ contract ; a mirror ; armor.

The Lowee Tones. jLin, Hin, lin\ lit^ )S ^ ^ ^ij to connect ; to remove ; to select ; to arrange.

jWan, Van, wanS wdt^ "2^ yt jM i?^ ^x) say ; to gi-ant ; to revolve ; slippery.

The 2p gji sP'ing ,shing is called the even tone, and the three others jj^ fleeted tones.

chakj ,shing or de-

These tones should be carefully learnt ; for if in any dialect they are of great importance, they are certainly so in Punti. Former scholars, and particularly Dr. Morrison, have not only themselves neg- lected this duty, but have also induced others to pay no attention to the same ; hence their failure in speaking the Chinese language intelligibly.

How the tones frequently change the meaning of words, may be seen from the following examples.

( ,TJ an interrogative particle ; ^^C to hate;

^ ( jWai to do, to be ; ^ \ Wai^ on account of.

»{;

H6 good. H6' to love.

( Ok, bad, wicked.

The Aspirates.

The aspirates are of as much importance in conveying our ideas intelligibly as the tones, and we cannot sufficiently impress the students of the Chinese language with the necessity of paying strict at- tention to them.

Examples. ,Tdm ;|:B to carry

/r'dm ^ to covet T'dp, ^ a pagoda T'6' fj to vomit P'ik, J^ a prince ,Ch'di ^ a commissioner

Tdpj ^ to answer T6' iglj to arrive at Pik, 3[g to oppress ,Chdi 7^ to abstain from

In the preceding examples the sound and quantity of the voavcIs are the same, the tones are also identical, the distinction of meaning being conveyed by the aspirates.

The Vowel Son ads.

The followin<^ examples differ in the sound of the vowels, by which the dilferenco of meaning is conveyed to the car.

Examples. 1. Narrow or Common Sound.

Ai' j^ to strangle

Ak, :g to grasp

'Am ^ to cover with the hand

Kau' i^ to save to rescue

2. JJroad Sound. -^^' 1^ ^ P'^8, a defile Ak, ^ a bracelet 'Am ^ an unopened flower Kdu' ^^ to teach

INTEODTJCTION. 27

3. Difference in the quantity of Vowels. Examples.

Short Sound. ^Sam {(^ the heart ^Kam ^ gold metal

Long Sound. jSdm ^ three jKdm ^ to inspect

	The Vowels.
1. 2. 3. 4.	a — as in quota; k — as in father; e — as in men, dead; k — at in they, neigh'; should be a
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.	1 — as in pin; 1 — as ine in machine, feel; 0 — as in long, lord, law; 6 — as in so, hoe; u — as in bull; u — as in school, rule;

11. U — as in German, or L'une in French;

12. ft — as 6 in German, or turn;

13. ai — as in while, high, fly;

14. ai — as in aisle, aye;

16. au — as in German, and broader than round in English.

16. &u — broader than howl in English ;

17. 6u — as in Capernaum ;

18. iu — as if written eeu, different from pew, chew;

19. oi — as in boy, toil ;

20. ui — as in Louis;

Proper attention paid to these distinctions at the commencement of study, will enable the student to avoid many errors so frequently fallen into by persons unwilling to follow tlie advice of experienced scholars.

ORTHOGRAPHY.

The orthography of this Dictionary is, with few variations, that adopted by Dr. WUliams in his Tonic Dictionary and represented in the following table.

System of Orthography for the Funti or Canton Dialect.

21. ui — as in woing, chewing;

22. as — zz in the first syllable of dizzy;

23. 'm — less aspirated than the Inteijection hm ;

24. 'ng — like the French nasal in encore; The Consonants.

ch — as in church ;

f — as in fife ;

h — as in have; . ,

k — as in king:

kw — as in quaUty ;

1 — as in lame ;

m — as in maim;

11 — as in nun ;

ng — as in sing ;

p — as in pap ;

s — as in sea;

sh — as in shut, chaise ;

t — as in title ;

ts — as in ratsbane, wits;

w — as in wing or the German West ;

y — as in yard ;

It will at once be seen that many diacritical marks can be dispensed with. The accent over 6 in sh^ung, h^ung, over ti in kiii, hiu, and the apostrophe before 'ng, 'm, or after sz' can only serve a foreigner for a short time ; for a native they are utterly useless, and should not be used in Romanized Chinese. In the present Dictionary the (') before m and after sz has been dropped.

The population of this province speaking the Hakka dialect is estimated at from 3 — 4 millions in- dividuals. They are a more hardy race than the Pimti and none of their women have small feet. Whenever they occupy a district in common with the Punti and in equal number, their villages bear a great contrast to those of the former, being in every respect inferior and the children less educated. They appear to have been for many centuries in undisturbed possession of the north-eastern part of this province, and are noted for their roving propensity and turbulent character.

They have from time to time spread over other parts of this province, where they are almost always living in open hostility with the Punti.

But not all those who have left their native place and moved to other parts of this province, belong to the Hakka population. The many thousands who last year fled from Sinning, were Hoklo and not Hakka, and spoke, besides the latter dialect, still their own, though more than five generations had passed by since their migration. The constant hostility in which they lived with their neighbours had induced or rather compelled them to abandon the practice of binding the feet of their children and of allying themselves with the Hakka, though the customs of the Hoklo population differ more from them than those of the Punti.

Th« Hakka dialect has 6 tones, only the fii-st and the fourth having the lower tone * .

According to the modulation of the voice the ^ ^ of the Hakka resembles the J;: ^ ^ of the Punti ; the Jt ^ of the Hakka resembles the "J\ ^ ^ of the Punti ; the ^ ^ of the Hakka resembles the -i- ^ of the Punti.

I here give the syllabary of the Hakka dialect as compiled by the Rev. R. Lechler, who has kindly placed the same at my disposal.

Note. The Eomanized Hakka is successfully taught in the I printed according to Dr. Lepsius' new system of orthography, ■chools of the Basel Ev. Mission, and several books are 1 * See page 4 under Accent.

28

INTRODUCTION.

TABLE OF SOliXDS !> THE llAkkA DIALECT.

Initials.	1 a	2 f	3 h	4 k	5 kh	6 kw	7 kwh	8 I	9 m	10 ny	11 n
Finals.
1 a	a,	/«/	ha,	ka.	kha,	kwa,	kwha.	la,	ma.	nya.	im,
'^ Va				kya	khya	. . .	• . .		mya
3 e e \	> ■ •	A'"	he'	ke'	khe'	kwe	• • ■	le"	me	nye'	» . >
4 i i		fi	hi'	ki'	khi,	...	...	l\	mi'		iii>
fj 0 0	. . *	fo'	ho,	ko.	khOi	. . .	. . .	lo,	mo,	nyo	ivo,
6 yo <Si- yoi	. • •		hyo,	kyo	khyo		. . .
7 u u		/«/		hi	khu'	• . •		lu^"	mu.	nyu,	im'
8 yu yu	. . *		hyuf	kyu	khyu.			lyu.			. . •
9 at ail	• • •	f<'h	hai.	kai.	khaii	hwai'	kwliai>	lax'	mai"		itai.
JO an au^	...		hau'»	kau.	khau'	. . .	...	lau'	mau.	nyau'	nau'
il yau	. . *		hyau	kyau.	khyau,	...	• • .	lyau'	myau.	...
V2 en €71	. . •	feti'	heiC"	keu'	khen'		. . .	leu,	men,	nyeu,
J3 oi oil	• • •	foi,	hoi.	koi.	khoi'	...	• * .	loi,	mot.	nyoC	iioi.
J4 ui tti	■ • •	fui,	...	. ■ >	• ■ ■	kwni'	kwhui"	lui.	mui,		iiui.
15 am	• > •	fani"	ham,	kam.	kham.			lam.	. . .	nyavi'	nam.
16 yam	...	... t	hyam,	kyam.	khyam,	. ..	...	lyam.		. . .
17 em			hem	kem	khem	■ . •		lem,	. . .	. . .	...
18 im	• > •	...	him	kirn,	khim.	...		Urn,	...	nyim'	...
19 vm, up,			. * ■	. > i	. . >	. . .		...		...
20 an an	. < *	fan.	han.	kan.	khan'	kwan.		Ian,	man,	, ,	nan'
21 en	. . .	fen,	hen,	ken'	khen,	kwen,		len'	men'	nyen'	■ • •
22 in	• ■ •	/'«/	hin.	kin,	khin,		...	liui	min,	nyin.	. • .
23 on	...	foil	Hon,	kon.	khon'	. . .	...	Ion'	...	nijon,	■ • .
24 yon	• • •	*• •	. . *			• • .	* . *	...	...		...
25 im	• . *	fun,			. . .	kwun'	krvhuTi^	lun.	mun.	nyun'
26 yun	■ , 4	...	hyun>	kyun.	khyun'	...	...		• . *	. * •
27 ail	• . ■	...	hah,	kail.	■ • .	kwafii	kwhahf	laii,	man,	nyan,	itaii^
28 xjaii	• > 1	...	• • ■	kyan.	khyan,		...	lyan.	...		...
29 on	• > >	foil,	hoii,	kofi,	khoii'		...	Ion,	moil.	nyofi,	noA
30 yon		...	hyofi,	kyoii,	khyoh.		...	lyofi.	my oil.	«/ i	• * •
31 nil n^	...	fuii,		kun,	khun.		...	lun.	mun.	nyuA,
32 yun	* . .		hyuii.	kyiifi.	khyuii.			lyufi,	...	%f *	• • •
33 op	• . •	M\	hap.	kap^	khap^	...		lup.	. . .		. . .
34 yap	...	\' ' '	hyap^	hjap^	khyap.	■ > >		lyap.		"y«Pv	...
35 tp				! kep	...	• . *	. . *	1 '("P
36 ip	...		hip^	kip^	khip,	. i •		lip,		nyip.
37 at	■ ■ .	fck	hat^	. . .	khat	kwat.^	...	lat.	mat,^
38 et	• . .	fet.	het^	ket^	khet.	kwet.	. . •	let.	met.	nyet.
39 it	. . .	fi^	hit^	kit^	khit.		...	lit.	mit.
40 at	. > >		hot.	kot^	\		...	lot,
41 ut		M	. . .	. . .	khvt,^	kwut^		lut.	mut.	...	iiut.
42 ak	...	fak	/m/^	kak^	khak	kwak		lak.	mak.	nyak.	■ ■ .
43 yak	• ••	. . .	hyak	kyak	khyak.	• . .	...	lyak	. . .	...
44 ok	...	• . *	hok.	knk^	khok, khyok\	• • •	...	lok lyok.	mok.	nyok.	iiok.
45 yok	• • •	» . i	. . *	kyok	■ • .	...		. • .	• . *
46 nk		M\	. . .	...	...	kwuk.^	k^huk^	Ink h/uk.	muk^	nyuk.	. • •
47 yvk	! ...		hyvk^	...	khyid\	...	• >.	. . .	...	• ••
Sounds :	1 ...	> * •	haiij^	• • .	then.	tsu'	Soii	ti'	tH,	• • •	ha.
	yOi	...	•"?/	tmiij	* • ■	y',	set^^	let.	min,	//.;	kyu'

iNTUODUCTION.

^§

Table of Sownds in the Sakha Dialect. — Continued.

n	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23
p	pi I	s	V s	t	th	ts	tsh	ts	tSh	w	y
pa,	pha,	sa.	Sa,	ta'	tha.	tsa''	tsha,	tSa,	tsha.	wa'	yd"
pi/a	, . *	sya,	• ■ (	tya		tsya'	tshya'		...-
pe	■ • ■	se'	h^			...	tshe.	tse'	tshe'	we	ye
■pi,	phi,	si'	si,-	ti,'"	thi'"	tsi'	tshi.	tsi.	tShi,	wi	yi
po.	pho,	so, syoi'	...	to.	tho, thyo'	tso' tsyo	tsho.	...	tSho,	wo.	yo
pu'	phu^	syti"	su.	tu, tyu.	thiC	tsz' tsyu'	tshyu'	tsu''	tshu.	wu.	2/W/
pai''	phai.	sai''	• ■ •	tai"	thai''	tsai.	tshai'		• • ■	wai
pau,	phau,	sau'^	Sau'	tail.	than,	tsau,	tshau'	tSau,	tshau	• • •	yau,
pyau,	phyau,	syau,	• . •	tyau,	thyau.	. > *	tshyau''			■ . •	\f 1
> < •	pheu'	seu.	...	teu'	then.	tseu'	tsheu'			. . •
poi"	phoi.	soi.	soi''	toi.	thoi.	tsot'	tshoi.	tSo?	tshoi.	woif
pui^	phut.	sui.	sui.	tui'	thui,	tsui''	tshui.	tsui.	tShui,	wut"	yui,
		sam.	sam.	tanfi'	tham.	tsam.	tsham,	tsam.	...	■ . .	yam.
...		syam.		tyam'	thy am.	tsyam.	tshyam,	...	■ • ■	. ..	•/ A
...		sem.	. . .	tern	■ • ■	tsem.			...	• ■ •
...	...	sim.	sim'	...	...	tsim''	tshini'	tsim.	tshim,	...	yim'
pan.	phan,	san,	' ' '	tan.	than.	tsan'	tshan'	r , .	■ * •	wan,	...
pen, pin.	phen, phin.	sen, sin	Sen} sin.	ten, tin'	then, thin.	tsen' tsin}	tshen, tshin.	tsen, tsin.	tShen, tshin.	wen win	yen, yin,
...		son.	son.	ton,	thon.	tson''	tshon.	tson,	tShon,	won.	V 1
...		syon'	• . •		• • ■		tshyon,			■ • •
pun''	phun.	sun.	Sun^	tun.	thun,	tsun.	tshun.	tsun'	tshun.	wun,	yun'
pan.	phah,	san.	san,	tail.	than.	tsan.	tshan,	tsan'	tShah,	wan.	yan.
pyan'	phyaii'	syan.		...	thyan,	tsyah'	tshyari.		. . •		y
pofi.	phoii.	soil'	son'	ton,	thoh.	tson.	tshon.	tson.	tShoh,	won.	yon.
pyon		syoh.		tyon,		tsyon.	tshyon.	...	, . •
pun'	phun.	sun, syuii'	...	tun.	thun.	tsun, tsyun'	tshun, tshyun.	tSun,	tshun.	WUii,	yun.
...	...	sap,_	sap.	tap.	thap.	tsap	tshap.	tsap.			y(^Px
...		syap		tyap.	thyap,	tsyap.	tsh yap.			...
• > ■		sep, sip.	sij).	tep.		...	tship.	tSip,	...	...	yip^
pat,	phat.	sat,_		tat.	that.	tsat	tshat.	, , ,		wat.
pet^	phet.	set.	set,	tet.	thet.	tset.	tshet.	tset.	tshet.	wet.	yet.
pit.	phit.	sit.	Sit'	tit.	thit.	tsit.	tshit.	tsit.	tshit.	* . *	yit.
pot	phot	sot.	sot,	tot.	thot.	tsot.	tshot.	tsot.	tshot.	. . •	• ■ ■
put.	phut.	sut.	Sut,	tut.	thuf.	tsut.	..."		tshut.	wut.	yut.
pak\	phak.	sak.	Sak,	tak.	thak.	tsak.	tshak.	tsak.	tshak.	wak.	yak.
pyak, t	phyak	syak.	syak.	tyak	thyak.	tsyak.	tshyak.	. . .	. . .
pok\^ 1	phok, phyok.	sok, syok.	sok.	tok, tyok.	th'ok.	tsok, tsyok	tshok.	tsok.	tShok,	wok.	yok.
puh\	phuk.	suk.	stik.	tuk.	thiik.	tsuk.	tshuk.	tsuk.	tshuk.	wuk.	yuk.
f"p^	...	syuk.	...	...	...	tsyuk.	...	...	...	...	...
tsu'
^- ■ ■							• * •			• • •

66 INTUODTJCTION.

The Fukien, lloklo and Auio} Dialects.

All these dialects are closely allied and noted for the large