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BOSTOl^ PUBLIC tlBRARY
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BOOKS BY E. G. LUTZ
With Illustrations by the Author
PRACTICAL DRAWING
A book for the student and the general reader
PRACTICAL ART ANATOMY
Structural anatomy of the human figure easily understood by ingeniously drawn diagrams
ANIMATED CARTOONS
How they are made, their origin and development
DRAWING MADE EASY
A helpful book for young artists
PRACTICAL GRAPHIC FIGURES
The technical side of drawing for car- toons and fashions
THE MOTION-PICTURE CAMERAMAN A book for the amateur and professional cinematographer
PRACTICAL PICTORIAL COMPOSITION
A guide to the appreciation of pictures. With pen-and-ink inlerpretalions of paint- ings and diagrammatic analyses by the author
PRACTICAL PEN DRAWING
A clear presentation of pen-and-ink illustra- tion
MORE THINGS TO DRAW
A sequel to Drawing Made Easy. A help- ful book for young artists
PRACTICAL ART LETTERING
A treatise on the construction of the sym- bols of the alphabet
PRACTICAL LANDSCAPE PAINTING IN OILS
A book to interest the general reader as well as the art student
PRACTICAL WATER-COLOR SKETCHING
Clear and simple directions for painting in water-colors
PRACTICAL ENGRAVING AND ETCHING
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
DRAWING MADE EASY
DRAWING MADE EASY
A HELPFUL BOOK FOR YOUNG ARTISTS
THE WAY TO BEGIN AND FINISH YOUR SKETCHES CLEARLY SHOWN STEP BY STEP
BY
E-G-LUTZ
NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
1935
Copyright, 1921, by CHARLES SCRIBXER'S SONS
Printed in the United States of America
All rights reserved. No pari of this book may be reproduced in any form without the permission of Charles Scribner's Sons
Y^'hS^
37377
THR.U5H
L^'
CONTENTS
Page
Thrush , 7
Parrakeets . . . « » 10
Things needed for drawing 11
Drawing curves with the help of a series of dots 12, 13
Making designs based on a square and with the help of the compasses 14, 15 Drawing designs with the compasses and with a circle as a foundation 16, 17
B'rer Fox ". 18
Top, radish, Christmas tree 19
Camp fire 20
Indian tent 21
Glass fish bowl 22
Cherries, tea-pot, fan, etc 23
^ilobe 24
Walloon o 25
8 CONTENTS
Page
Drawing leaves — maple and oak 37
Butterflies 28, .V ,0
Bees, clover 31
Resemblances , . 32
Morning-glory, narcissus 33
Pansies 34
Buttercups and daisies 3S
Jack-in-the-pulpit , 36
Fuchsia 37
Rabbits 38, 39
Owl 40
Owl's head ■ 41
Duck and penguin 42
Swallows 43
Goose, duck 44
Stork, heron 45
Running dog and monkey 46
Elephants 47
Drawing a pig with a single line and with the eyes closed .... 48
Pigs 49
Cat and mice „ 50
Cat and mouse 51
CONTENTS
Page
Bird, snail, tortoise, and fish 52
Squirrel, flicker, chipmunk, thrush 53
Prairie-dogs 54
Buffalo o , 55
Instructions for drawing horses . 56
Standing horse 57
Horses in movement 58, 59
Houses 60
Sailboat, tugboat 61
Ocean life 62
Sailboats 63
Dolls 64
More dolls to draw 65
Babies 66, 67
Little Hollanders 68, 69
Drawing faces in profile . . . „ 71
, Boys' faces ........ . 72
Expressions 73
Round face 74
Rectangular features o . . . . . 75
Face drawn within an ellipse .............. 76
Triangular features 77
10 CONTENTS
Page
Single-line action figures 78
Single-line action figures . . . c . . . 79 to 83
Automobiles . » . 84
Airplanes » c . 85
Locomotive and car <. o « o 86
An easy lesson in perspective in railway trains 87
Drawing landscapes 88 to 91
An aid in drawing ovals 92
Patterns for shields and ornaments <. 93
To draw an ellipse 94
Landscape sketch o o 95 '
PAR-Rj!\K.EET5
(l)n.
w~v
DRAWING MADE EASY
11
DRAWING BOOK
LtAD PENCILS OF A MEDIUM GRADE
PAD OF SCRIBBLING PAPER.
5AND- PAPER. BLOCK.
^^^Ll^L^l^ '' V ' '^/ Lg^ // ^,> 'i>/ ',W '/r/
FOOT-RULE
PENCIL COM PA55 ES
COLORED CRAYONS
THINGS NEEDED FOR DRAWING
A lead-pencil and a pad of scribbling paper is about all you need in copying most of the pictures in this book. A soft rubber for erasing would be good to have, too. You might also get a small wooden triangle, a foot rule, and compasses with a pen- cil-point. These few tools are the modest representatives of the accurate instruments that inventors, engineers, and archi- tects use in planning the things that we use every day. The house you live in, the vehicle in which you ride, and the machines that make the many things you wear and use were first planned and drawn out with the aid of dividers, compasses, rulers, and other drawing instruments.
Point the lead of your pencil on a block of sandpaper. No doubt you will want a water-color box. It is a good thing to have, but you can get lots of enjoyment in coloring your drawings
rifVi
r»rQ\7-nr»c
12
DRAWING MADE EASY
A. Not in this angular way-
B. But like this, in one continuous flowing curve.
DRAWING CURVES WITH THE HELP OF A SERIES
OF DOTS
In the objects about us that we think of as beautiful, it isn't always their color that attracts or holds our attention. It is very often another matter; namely, their form or outline. For instance, in a vase, the gently curving lines of the form please as much as the color of the material. In flowers, leaves, and shells, the outlines that define the shapes delight the eye as well as the varied colors.
The diagrams on the opposite page are to suggest exercises in draw- ing that will help you to appreciate beauty in line as well as have you understand the importance of thinking while draw- ing. Make a series of scattered dots as shown. Be sure and have the dots at different distances apart. Now, if we take the first example, with the dots marked, 1, 2, 3, and 4: we start our line at the 1st dot, continue it to the 2d, and then to the 3d, and ending at the 4th. The idea is to make an easy flowing curved line from the first dot to the last. There must be no break or angular turning. In doing this, try to forget the pencil-point, and think only of a curved line that you are imagining as already marked on the paper going through the dots.
If you keep your eye on the pencil and watch it as you draw — the wrong way — the line will be like that in Diagram A, above, angular and wanting in beauty.
DRAWING MADE EASY
13
• 4
14
DRAWING MADE EASY
MAKING DESIGNS BASED ON A SQUARE AND WITH THE HELP OF THE COMPASSES
Some things about geometry are explained above in a way that n( doubt will impress you. There will be no excuse, now, of no knowing the names of the different parts of a circle.
The first thing to do in making the designs on the other page is tc construct a square. This can very easily be made with the ; foot rule and triangle. With the foot rule measure off the' sides of the square of equal length, and with the triangle get the corners exactly right-angled.
The first seven designs are made by placing the point of the com- passes in comers, as shown in B. In Figure 8 you have four other points to set your compasses, with whirV. +^ ri^-o^, ^ — j__;--^, ^
DRAWING MADE EASY
16
DRAWING MADE EASY
ACUTE ANGLE
PARALLEL LINES
RAILWAY TRACKS
TRIANGLE
RIQHT ANGLE
RIDGE- .. X / ^ / ROOF
L-SHAPED WEDGE "- ^^ ^-^
SQUARE ELLIP5E WHEEL IN PERSPECTIVE
SICKLE CRESCENT crescent with 5PIRAL SNAIL'S SHELl
INTE115ECT1NG C1R.CLE5
Similar forms in things and in geometrical figures.
DRAWING DESIGNS WITH THE COMPASSES AND WITH A CIRCLE AS A FOUNDATION
Draw a circle with the pencil compasses as shown in A, on the" opposite page. Keep the legs of the compasses, when you have completed the circle, at the same distance apart as they were when describing it. Now this distance— the radius— if marked off around the circumference of the circle, will go exactly six times, as in B. (Turn back to page 14 again, to be reminded, by glancing at its picture, of the meaning of ** radius" «nH "circumference.")
This dividing of a circle into six parts by marking the radius 0 circumference is an unalterable law, and if you find th, does not come out this way, on your first attempt, it sii means that you must try again. When you have drav number of circles, and worked carefully in gettmg the pc equally marked, you will have foundations for drawmg ; figures and designs on the remainder of the page. Figur . is a hexagon, or six-sided plane, while below it,. Figure 4, -^ triangle, or plane with three angles and three "sides.
These designs, as well as those on page 15, made withm a squ may be brightened up with the colored crayc^'ls.
i
DRAWING MADE EASY
17
]R
DRAWING MADE EASY
■-----•"vr
P-"."
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a \ : /
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t' b'rer. fox
The first thing in drawing is to understand the form of that which we wish to picture. Some objects are so oddly formed anc/ so full of detail that we must stop first and give a few minute study their form and the meaning of the detail. But tl: are other things of simpler form, and so easier to draw. 1 pictures on these two pages, for instance. It is very quic grasped by the eye that their general outlines are bounc by triangles. If, then, a triangle is drawn first, as indicated the first figure of each example, the rest of the drawing can proceeded with very quickly.
DRAWING MADE EASY
19
I y
Y^
y
V
TOP
RADISH
n!^^ I..
ted
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A
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V"
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a chri5tma5 «^LY\ tree
^
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20
DRAWING MADE EASY
V
A
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rt/?k<A/]
I I
/ /
,.i~Nt/V-W>
' 4
CAMP FIR.E
"^a-- '"').^-. ,— . —
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Here are two more subjects that are very easy to draw if their characteristic forms — triangles — are first indicated.
It is not intended that the dotted Hnes in the diagrams are to be copied by you as dotted Hnes. Dotted hnes in these examples, and in the diagrams throughout the book, merely represent construction lines that are to be marked faintly.
In going on with your drawing by following the lesson as indi- cated above, it is well to keep constantly in mind that it is the completed sketch, as in Figure 4, that you are endeavor- ing to copy.
ijkawing made easy
21
V A
It is very quickly understood, at the first glance, that the Red Indian's tent has a triangular outline.
The construction lines, which you have marked faintly, as sug- gested on the preceding page, need not be erased in completing the sketch. When you have copied the landscape, place in the distance a horse, or a buffalo. Farther on in the book are pages with pictures showing you how to proceed in pict- uring such subjects. You noticed, of course, while you were drawing this picture, that the flap of the tent and the open- ing are both triangular.
22
DRAWING MADE EASY
©
--•J
GLA55 FISH BOWL
Circles are made first in starting the subjects on these pages. Where the form is clearly a circle, the fish bowl above, for instance, use th ::ompasses. But in picturing the cherries, the toy dog, o. t radish, draw t^'=" r-iVr-i<-c fr^*=.v.or.H
DRAWING MADE EASY
23
24
DRAWING MADE EASY
globe:
The terrestrial globe pictured on this page requires some very careful work with the compasses. For the middle line of the equator and the central line of the support use the ruler. In a subject such as this, where the lines are unmistakably straight, use a ruler.
DRAWING MADE EASY
25
bALLOON /O
26
DRAWING MADE EASY
MAPLE LEAF
AND MAPLE. 5EED
DRAWING LEAVES
During the summer you will find many leaves that can serve as patterns for drawing. The oak and the maple leaf are given here as examples.
If you try, in your first lines in copying one of these leaves, to mark the way the outline goes in and out, you will not get along very well. The best plan is to block out the entire space that the leaf takes up, and then draw the ribs, and after that the outline.
Be sure and draw other leaf- forms., t^ose that you find in the woods, or on plants. Before you beg;, tc sketch them, give some attention to their general form and mark that first. The little details are then much easier to put in their proper places.
DRAWING MADE EASY
27
OAK- LE.AF AND ACOR-N
"My cap Feels a^ fpif le loose!
Here I ^o.
If a squirrel
doesat ^e-t
rae , Til be
a bi^ oak^
"tree some day ''
28
DRAWING MADE EASY
BUTTERFLIES
Making pictures of butterflies is not difficult. You will see on pages 29 and 30 the progressive steps by which five diff'erent kinds are pictured. In each case it is the last figure of each series of diagrams that you are striving to copy. And Figure 1, in each case, shows the first lines that you put on the paper.
It is also possible to draw butterflies in the way suggested for drawing leaves; that is, marking out at the beginning the whole space that the subject takes up.
But the five simple combinations of lines, grouped above, are so expressive of our subjects, that marking them first makes a very good way to start picturing the five butterflies.
Notice how one of these butterflies, in its construction lines, resem- bles the letter Y, while two others suggest the letter X.
!
DRAWING MADE EASY
29
2. \ AJ 5 \Qy<J 4-
BUTTER-FLIES
30
DRAWING MADE EASY
D
BUTTER^FLIES X
\^'''
\ 00
DRAWING MADE EASY
31
C^ ^ 0^
BEES
The series of diagrams on the top of this page show how to go about making pictures of bees.
The clover blossom and leaves are blocked out first in lightly- marked lines, as indicated in Figure 1. Continue with the work, and when you have finished it, as shown in Figure 3, you may sketch a bee resting lightly on top of the clover blos- som. That is the way you often see bees when they are gath- ering honey in the summertime. And remember to indicate one flying to the hive with his gathered honey and pollen.
32
DRAWING MADE EASY
The engraving above shows us the resemblance between a morning- glory and a funnel, and the likeness of a narcissus to a cup and saucer.
Now, the idea of showing these comparisons is to help you under- stand the forms of these flowers. As you know, it is a great help in drawing to understand thoroughly the form of the particular object that we are drawing. Take the morning- glory, for instance; by keeping in mind its striking resemblance to a funnel, a very simple thing to picture, we are able to visualize it in simple lines and so sketch it easily.
And in the narcissus; if you do not allow the minor divisions to bother you, but see at once the resemblance to a cup and saucer, you will know how to go about the work of drawing with much more facility. That is, you will plan as your start some form like a cup and its saucer, as shown in Figure 2 of the narcissus diagrams on the opposite page.
The pictures of bees and butterflies that you now know how to make will be good to combine with the flower sketches that you will learn to draw from the lessons on the five following pages.
DRAWING MADE EASY
33
MORNING GLORY
NARCISSUS \C'<
34
DRAWING MADE EASY
Mr^
PAN51E5 i
The six diagrams above show how to draw the outlines of a pansy, and the five varied -patterned pansies below give a hint for finishing with the pencil or crayons.
The picturing of buttercups and daisies is explained on ^ht opposite
page.
DRAWING MADE EASY
35
BUTTERCUPS AND DAISIES
36
DRAWING MADE EASY
In beginning to draw the Jack-in-the-pulpit pictured above, the important line for you to consider is the one representing the centre of the flower, or its axis. Marking this Hghtly, and always keeping it in mind as you draw, helps to place prop- erly other parts or details of the subject.
This flower, which you may find early in the spring, growing in moist places in the woods, is a cousin to the large white calla- lily of the conservatory.
Sketching the fuchsia is also made easier by noting the central imagined lines that go through the open flower and the bud.
DRAWING MADE EASY
37
/ ^— X- - »
'"' N^~"*'«.
1
FUCH5IA
l^
:^)
H
LADY FUCH/A6
38
DRAWING MADE EASY
RABBITS
Here are four rabbits that will very patiently pose for you while you sketch them.
It doesn't matter which one of them you begin on, as the mode of procedure in each case is the same in marking an elliptical, or oval form, as the first stroke of your pencil.
In drawing one of these rabbits, keep your eye and mind most of the time on his picture, as shown above, but glance from time to time at the series of diagrams to see the progressive man- ner that you follow to complete his picture.
DRAWING MADE EASY
39
40
DRAWING MADE EASY
0\A/L
Owls are very obliging and friendly models. When you go to the Zoo do not fail to try your hand at sketching them. It will not be at all difficult, for your owl model will most likely keep very still and only blink his eyes.
DRAWING MADE EASY
41
OWL'S HEAD
(?-■
MaxK UK ui .t lines faintly and get them as round as possible, entirely by free hand.
DRAWING MADE EASY
DUCK AND PENGUIN
Other birds at the Zoo that sometimes keep quiet long enough for you to sketch' are the ducks, geese, and cranes. Often they rest themselves on one leg and stay that way for som^e time. Drawing a bird in this position is not so easy as it seems. Picturing him balanced on one leg, and not as if he were toppling over, is a matter of careful consideration of what pencil strokes to put down at the start.
DRAWING MADE EASY
43
Swallows.
44
DRAWING MADE EASY
DRAWING MADE EASY
45
46
DRAWING MADE EASY
RUNNING DOG
The kind of elephant that one commonly sees at the Zoo is the Indian elephant. He has a thick-set body and small ears. Sometimes, however, we see the African elephant. You will know one of this kind at once by his huge ears. The ears look, especially when the elephant moves them, like large fans. There are other unlikenesses between these two elephants, but this difference in the size of the ear is the principal one.
There are shown on the opposite page the progressive steps in making pictures of these two elephants.
To draw the running dog pictured above, first construct two squares side by side, indicated by dotted lines, and then mark a firm curved line, as in Figure 1. When you have proceeded as far as the next step, drawing the body, you will have some resem- blance to the complete sketch shown by Figure 5. An odd way is given below of drawing the droll face of a monkey by making a circle and then a smaller one intersecting it below.
DRAWING MADE EASY
Hi
ASIATIC ELEPHANT
4- \
AFRICAN ELEPHANT
48 DRAWING MADE EASY
DRAWING A PIG WITH A SINGLE LINE AND WITH THE EYES CLOSED
Here we have the picture of a pig in a simple outline. It is a copy for you to follow. But you are to make your drawing in a peculiar manner; that is, with the eyes closed, or not looking at the paper, and in one unbroken line. Now, drawing in this way, by which the inner vision only is used, the attention is called to one great fact about drawing. It is this:
Drawing is first a matter of the mind and then only secondly a thing of pencil and paper.
When you are trying this little exercise of drawing a pig with the eyes closed and without lifting the pencil from the paper, so as to get one continuous line you are forced to hold and keep in your mind the picture of a pig. You can understand then that although we need pencil, brushes, and paints in picture mak- ing, the first thing needed is an idea or an image in the mind of that which we wish to portray.
On the opposite page are two types of pigs; the one is of a some- what square character in his outline, while the other is a jolly round fat one.
Diagrams 2 and 3, of the pig of a square character, are good examples of the blocking-out method in drawing.
DRAWING MADE EASY
49
50
DRAWING MADE EASY
CAT AND MICE
In drawing the very much surprised cat with the bold black mouse in front of her — the picture on the opposite page — a vertical, or up-and-down line, going through the centres of the two forms with which the drawing is started helps to keep these animals in their correct positions.
It is plain to be seen that the right way of beginning to draw a mouse is to make a simple form that gives a general idea of his body, as the mere addition of a curlicue for a tail at once gives a fairly good portrait of a mouse.
If the cat on this page were to turn around, all the mice would scamper away. That is a good way to draw them. Try it.
DRAWING MADE EASY
51
CAT
AND MOUSE
52
DRAWING MADE EASY
(^_gV
BIRD, SNAIL, TORTOISE, AND FISH
After school-days comes vacation time, when you will spend many happy hours in the woods and fields. But do not with all your outdoor play neglect drawing. Good subjects to sketch will most likely come your way. A tortoise, that during a ramble may cross your path, will make an easy subject to draw. The shell suggests an inverted cup.
The flicker, as you will notice, has two toes in front and two point- ing backward. Notice how he uses his tail feathers to support himself as he taps the tree trunk.
DRAWING MADE EASY
53
THR.USH
54
DRAWING MADE EASY
PRA1R.IE-DOG5
-' c J-' ,^ '^r
You can learn to draw a buffalo in a standing position by following the series of diagrams on the page opposite. The crinkly mass of the buffalo's head is rather hard to represent in lines with a lead-pencil. The proper tool would be a brush filled with color with which you could paint quickly the large mass of hair and get the outline soft and woolly, as it really is in nature. However, you will learn something by trying to do the best you can in following the lesson on the page. Afterward you may paint his picture with a brush and color.
The prairie-dogs really haven't very strongly defined character. Some character they have, of course, but it is merely that they are fat little bodies. The simple outlines at the top show what you are to draw first to indicate this character.
DRAWING MADE EASY
55
I .^f^ :^ .^/^
Buffalo.
56
DRAWING MADE EASY
A 3
A 4-
The engravings on this and the three following pages show you how to make pictures of horses.
In the first lesson, you start your sketch with a square. Draw it free-hand; that is, without the aid of ruler or triangle. Make it as accurately as possible and then divide it into two parts by a line across it just above the middle. Now, in one corner mark a triangle pointing obliquely upward and another tri- angle slanting downward. The exact procedure is shown above. All the lines that you have been marking so far should be made faintly, as they are only construction lines. The lesson is continued in the five diagrams on the next page.
The other horses, series B, C, D, and E, on the following pages, are to be drawn step by step, as shown in the diagrams.
DRAWING MADE EASY
57
Standing Horse.
Draw this horse as he appears harnessed to a vehicle.
58
DRAWING MADE EASY
B 1
C 1
Horses in Movement.
While drawing these horses, keep the general proportions in mind, as illustrated by the four diagrams on page 56.
DRAWING MADE EASY
59
D 1
E 1
Horses in Movement.
60
DRAWING MADE EASY
-S\v'
On this page are two les- sons in drawing houses that have a Httle of the whimsi- cal about the way that we go about in picturing them.
In one case a start is made by marking a V turned upside down. The picture soon becomes a tent and then a house when a chimney is added. In the other case a house is built pictorially by progres- sive steps that begin by the drawing of a lozenge- shaped design.
There is no need to hesi- tate when about to sketch the sailboat illustrated on the opposite page. A tri- angle, quickly drawn, gives the idea of a sail at once, and with the addition of a line for the mast and an in- dication of the hull, we have the picture almost completed. The tugboat is made by sketching, with strict regard to their pro- portions, the hull and then the smoke-stack. These are the two most conspicuous ^^^^^ parts, and so it is good to ,^^"' indicate them at once. ^j
'-D
DRAWING MADE EASY
61
TUGBOAT 1
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DRAWING MADE EASY
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SEA GULL, FLYING FISH, CRAB, STAR FISH, SEA HORSE
A few forms of ocean life are portrayed here. If you have not been so fortunate as to have seen these creatures in Hfe at the n<"o- shore, or in aquariums, you are at least familiar with th.-n. through pictures or specimens in museums. See how every I'.r in the flying-fish diagrams expresses speed in flying.
DRAWING MADE EASY
63
SAILBOATS
64
DRAWING MADE EASY
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Here are some interesting subjects to draw. The first figure in each series — a circle for the head and a simple outline for the body and limbs — are to be sketched with careful thought with regard to the proportions. Notice that the eyes are placed in the lower half of the circle. To help you place them properly draw a line across the middle of the circle before you begin to draw the face.
After you have copied the dolls as they are pictured here, see how much imagination you have by clothing them in some other style of dress.
DRAWING MADE EASY
65
66
DRAWING MADE EASY
When drawing the baby with the sunbonnet, or the one with the cap, begin by making a circle for the head and an apron-like form underneath it. Mark your first lines lightly and have the head one-fourth the entire height of the figure. Drawing the head of a figure just four times the height — as if dividing it — is called getting a figure in the proportion of four heads. This is the right proportion in which to draw pictures of very young children such as those on these two pages.
DRAWING MADE EASY
67
5ABIE5
You will notice in these engravings that parallel dotted lines are indicated running across the diagrams. They are not intended to be drawn by you just this way, but are only to remind you of the right proportions in which to draw these pictures. Of course, if it will help you in your work, you may mark them when sketching. The children here are represented as stand- ing before us very quietly. Farther on in the book you will be '-ensufg-'" ' ■ to di ires of children in action.
68
DRAWING MADE EASY
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Here again parallel dotted lines cross the diagrams, to show you the proper proportions in which to draw these Little Holland- ers. But on these pages the figures are drawn in five heads.
DRAWING MADE EASY
69
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The babies on preceding pages were drawn four heads high; the pictures on these pages are drawn five heads high because they represent older children.
70
DRAWING MADE EASY
Drawing the side view of a face is shown above. In Figure 1, an up-and-down Hne is divided into three equal parts. As this is the foundation for the sketch, get it accurately marked. Notice that in Figure 3, the mouth comes at about one-third of that division.
On the opposite page are two lessons in drawing profile faces by simple, easy ways.
DRAWING MADE EASY
71
DKAWlKG FACE5 N PR.OFILE
72
DRAWING MADE EASY
BOYS' FACES
The first step that you take in starting out to draw one of the boys' faces is to make an oval-like form and draw the cross-lines through its centre. The line going across marks off the part of the head in which you place the lineaments, or lines that determine the drawing of the face. The up-and-down line helps in getting the lines evenly placed.
At the top of the opposite page is a face that v/ill be easy to draw, as the way to go about making it is shown by the seven diagrams. The four faces with different expressions may be drawn in the same 'step-by- step process as that shown for the face with the placid countenance. The lower diagrams. A, B, C, and D, give the essential lines for the expressions depicted above them.
Compare the lines that m.ake up the expression of the first face, the smiling one, with the lines of expres- sion of the last one, the serious countenance. One set of lines .a - curved and pleasing, while the otl ■ set is characterized by angular and severity.
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73
EXPP.E5SION5
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DRAWING MADE EASY
ROUND FACE
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Whenever you feel in a playful mood and wish to make pictures of droll-looking faces there is no harm at all in doing so. Only avoid making rude and ugly caricatures.
DRAWING MADE EASY
75
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RECTANGU- LAR. FEATURES
76
DRAWING MADE EASY
FACE DFIAWH WITHIN AN ELUP5E:
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In these character sketches notice how the pecuHarities of featur of any particular face repeat themselves in that face.
DRAWING MADE EASY
77
TRIANGU- LAR. FEATUflES
78
DRAWING MADE EASY
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SINGLE-LINE ACTION FIGURES
An oval-like outline for the head, a roughly drawn oblong for the body, and four lines for the limbs are the few elements needed to draw these figures. The limb lines can end in markings to resemble hands and feet.
A few pages back babies were pictured in the proportion of four heads, and some Little Hollanders in five heads. Now these little action figures are planned to be six heads high. The diagram at the top on the left shows this. Study this diagram carefully, and, for the sake of practice, make many sketches of the simple standing figure. When you have done this and become familiar with the relative proportions of the figure, study and draw the pictures showing them in action on the following pages.
Note how balance is maintained by the bulk of the figure being distributed equally on each side of a vertical line. But in falling, you will see, a large part of the figure is on one side of this vertical line. In a slow walk the figure seems nearly balanced, but in running it is pictured as falling forward.
When you are uncertain as to which line to mark first in any of these pictures, study the particular picture and find the line that expresses the movement best. Keep that line in mind as you draw.
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79
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The slant of the body and the way the lines of the limbs are marked
determine the degree of any action. But the placing on of
the head, and getting its proper tilt, is just as important.
This nieans thought before marking the direction of the short
jsenting the neck.
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DRAWING MADE EASY
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You can make many more sketches than those pictured here. Use this way of working for making pictures of the many activit-es of your play hours. Watch your companions at work an ^ play and see the attitudes that they take.
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81
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len you draw these little figures in action try to imagine yourself as goj •:_, tliiougix he particular action that you are trying to sketcl It helps /onderfully.
idy mr- ner't bv tl e observation of the action of figures in the '— Tld.
82
DRAWING MADE EASY
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^plete pictures of these little figures by clothing them, '^ou will see how much imagination you have.
84
DRAWING MADE EASY
AUTOMOBILES
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Two automobiles are pictured above the way they look when passing by on the road. The wheels in this case are circles; in sketching them, use the compasses, if you wish. If the auto- mobiles were going in some other direction instead of passing directly before you, the wheels would present quite another appearance to your eye. They would take on the form of an ellipse and would need to be drawn free-hand.
When you draw the airplanes, notice the slant of the lines that de- fine the wings. Certain groups of these lines go to an invisi- ble point in the distance. The artist speaks of them as lines going off in perspective toward a vanishing y^'—'-
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85
AIRPLANES
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DRAWING MADE EASY
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There is no objection, in copying the picture above, to a ruler for drawing the construction lines, nor of igle, to use with
the ruler, in getting the right angles correctly.
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87
AN EASY LESSON IN PERSPECTIVE.
88
DRAWING MADE EASY
DRAWING LANDSCAPES
Here we have a few landscapes to study and draw. It is as important for you to study them as it is for you to make copies of them. There are altogether ten pictures, falling into three groups. Take the group on these two pages; note that they are all founded on the simple arrange- ment of lines shown by the diagram on this page. These lines serve three pur- poses: for one, they aid, if sketched in first, in drawing the various parts of the picture in their proper places; secondly, they link the parts of the picture together so that it has a sense of completeness; and, thirdly, they give the picture some interesting lines to attract and hold the attention of the eye. The other groups of pictures, on the two following pages, have a little more complicated plan, or scheme of arrangement. But by marking a rectangle and then the leading lines, as shown, the picture-making goes on very rapidly. Color your landscapes, if you wish, with the crayons, or water- color paints.
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DRAWING MADE EASY
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DRAWING MADE EASY
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AN AID IN DRAWING OVALS
An oval has an outline like an egg, with one end rounder and fuller than the other. No doubt, when you have tried to draw an oval you have found it difficult to get it evenly shaped, with the outline firmly marked. One way in which you may draw an oval is to cut a pattern out first and then use this pattern by placing it against your sketching paper and tracing the outline by running the pencil around the edge.
The way to make an oval pattern for tracing is explained above.
1. Roughly sketch an oval on a sheet of paper.
2. Fold the paper so that the fold goes through the long middle
line of the oval.
3. Cut out the oval, through the folded paper, with a pair of
scissors. Cut with a firm, steady hand, so as to get it an even curve.
4. Open the paper, and you will have an oval pattern, with
both sides even.
On the opposite page are a number of designs of shields, leaf designs, and ornaments which can be made in the same way as the oval. That is, first sketching out the intended design as accurately as possible, and then cutting it out when the paper has been folded.
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93
94
DRAWING MADE EASY
TO DRAW AN ELLIPSE
There is an important difference between an ellipse and an oval. In an oval the fulness of the two ends is not the same, while in an ellipse the two ends are exactly alike. When you draw a wheel in any other position but one directly before you, give it the form of an ellipse. Turn back to the engraving on page 16, and see the comparison between a wheel in a side view and an ellipse. Figures I and II of the engraving above show you how to go
about drawing an ellipse. To determine the places for the pins and the size of the loop:
IV. Take the pencil compasses and fix the legs so that they measure the distance from A to B. This is one-half of the long central line of the ellipse. Now place the point at 1, and have the pencil-point cross the long line at 2 and 3. V. Stick pins into the paper at points 1, 2, and 3, and tie a string around them. Take out pin 1, and replace it with the point of the pencil, and then proceed with the problem as in Figure II.
DRAWING MADE EASY
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