A CONSPECTUS OF BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. he. kc. &c.

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A CONSPECTUS OF THE BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS FOUND IN BRITAIN.

WITH THEIR ENGLISH AND SYSTEMATIC NAMES, TIMES OF APPEARANCE, SIZES, COLOURS ; THEIR CATERPILLARS, AND VARIOUS LOCALITIES. BY JAMES RENNIE, M.A.

Professor of 2Zoohgy t King's College, London; Author of " Insect Architecture," êçc.

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The Queen Butterfly in its vaiious stages.

LONDON: WILLIAM ORR, 14, PATERNOSTER ROW, MDCCCXXXII.

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PLAN OF THE WORK.

Till the task is performed by some person more competent than I can have any pretensions to be, this little volume is intended to assist those who study insects philosophically, in ascertaining the species of our native butterflies and moths ; while it may be useful also to those employed in the subordinate pursuits of making collections either for profit, or as innocent and pretty toys. In order to render the descriptions plain, I have avoided as much as possible the use of tenns not intel¬ ligible to a general reader, deeming it an outrage upon common sense, to invite a student io a museum filled with the most beautiful productions of Creative Wisdom, and at the same time taking some pains to fill the rooms with smoke before he is introduced, with set purpose to blind him and cause him to stumble. Though this may appear preposterous enough, it has long been the pre¬ vailing fashion, particularly in Natural History, which was in consequence for many years rendered unpopu¬ lar, and has been thrown immeasurably behind in the

rapid progress recently made in other branches of know¬ ledge, naturalists having obviously acquired an artifi¬ cial taste for the smoke. The chief glory of our modern naturalists appears to be the discovery of species, which, to use their cant phrases, may be " new to science," or " an addition to the British Fauna" —the term Faunu being generally and most inaccurately applied to fishes, shells, and other productions, of a certainty not under the dominion of the goddess of the woods and fields ; no more than mushrooms and sea-weeds, which have no flower, are under the dominion of Flora. The tenn Kingdom, in the phrase animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdom, together with Tribes,Families, and the like, is founded on quaint and inaccurate fancies of the same kind, which would not be tolerated in any other branch of science or literature. In describing species, either well known or " new to our Fauna" or " our Flora," the current style, mis¬ named scientific, may be fairly characterised as a uniform tissue of pedantic barbarisms, devised, it would appear, not for the diffusion, but the conceal¬ ment of knowledge. If the descriptions affect to be in English, the language employed is most assuredly not English. Thus we have u flavous" and " luteous" for " yellow," " griseous " for grey, "fuscous " for " dusky ;" while similar words are not only compounded with Latin derivatives, as " Ochraceous-fuscous," meaning, I con¬ jecture, " dusky-buff," but with plain English, suchas

" castaceous-red," " hoary-griseous" " griseous-rosy," "rusty-testaceous," and numerous others, equally offen¬ sive to good sense and correct taste. We meet also with such phrases as " a very obsolete spot" " a ciner- ascent striga totally obliterated," the meaning of which I do not pretend to be able to decypher, as my eyes are not acute enough to perceive what is "obsolete" or " totally obliterated," much less to see its colour. If I had room I could exemplify this in many other things than colour—such as " strigateci " for " streaked ;" besides the use of Latin words innumerable, without alteration, where English words would be more expres¬ sive. But with all this affectation of mongrel Latin so bar¬ barously mixed up with English, the writers seem to have but a very scanty knowledge of Latin itself ; for when the descriptions pretend to be in Latin, all grammar is set at defiance, and it is no more Latin than the other is English, it being no very uncommon occurrence to meet witli such phrases as " ad stigmatibus flavis," " litura interjecto," "puncto ocellaris," " stigma antica," " stigmata sitce ,·" and similar ungrammatical language, such as would not even have been blundered upon by a schoolboy. Science can never be benefitted by terms and lan¬ guage of this sort, while it is out of all question thereby degraded and confined to a narrow circle, beyond which ît can only be extended by simple terms and plain Ian-

guage, such as are used in other departments of human knowledge. In consequence of the materials which I was obliged to use, I have not succeeded altogether according to my wishes, in simplifying the following descriptions; but I trust there are so few of the stumbling blocks left, that the student may easily surmount them. The groundwork of the description of British but¬ terflies and moths was first laid by Mr. Haworth, who has certainly not been surpassed in minute accuracy by any of his followers, most of whom have borrowed largely from him without acknowledgment. I owe him my best thanks for the loan of the third part of his valuable work, (now out of print, and very scarce,) which he most liberally granted through the medium of my friend Mr. Loudon, the distinguished author of what I always call the miraculous " Encyclopaedia of Plants." The materials taken from this part are uniformly marked by inverted commas; but I deem it due to the author to state, that even where these marks do not occur, by far the larger portion of this little volume is a free translation from his Latin. Next to Mr. Haworth, I have been indebted to the works of Mr. Stephens, more particularly his " Syste¬ matic Catalogue," the names and order of which I have, with a few exceptions, implicitly followed ; and I cannot too strongly recommend every person engaged in the study of British insects to procure a copy of this

very useful book. I have ventured to give names dif¬ ferent from his, to the greater divisions of the Moths, not that mine are unobjectionable, though they do not, I hope, involve the Hibernian discrepancy of including day-flying species under a night-flying division, as M. Latreille's certainly do,—one of the beauties, I suppose of what is falsely called the natural system. The work of Mr. Curtis is also highly valuable, from the accuracy of the engravings and the novelty of the subjects, of which I have taken occasional advantage as I proceeded. In all cases when I either possessed specimens, or had access to them, I have not failed to compare the descriptions of authors with the insect itself, in order to arrive at as much accuracy as possible ; and though I am far from thinking that I have fallen into no errors, I trust such as may be discovered will be found trivial in comparison with the utility at which I have aimed. I shall take it very kindly if lists of any such errors, or information connected with the subject of this, or my other projected volumes, be sent to me, free of expense, to the publisher's.

In pursuance of my plan of publishing cheap and comprehensive pocket volumes like the present, lam already considerably advanced with the " Conspectus of Botany," that of " Birds," and that of " Two-winged

Flies," which will be accompanied with " Alphabets for Beginners," uniform with the " Alphabet of In¬ sects." I have also for many years been collecting from ob¬ servations in the fields, as well as from reading, the most interesting facts connected with the manners and eco¬ nomy of our native animals; and relative to those described in this little Work, I have already materials for a small volume, which I intend to arrange for pub¬ lication under the title of " Biography of British But¬ terflies and Moths." JAMES RENNIE. Lee, Kent, \Qth June, 1832.

SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

LEPIDOPTERA (Linnæus). Insects with four membranaceous ribbed or veiny wings clothed on both sides with minute scales, like meal or powder, placed like slates or tiles, and easily rubbed off. Mouth, with a spiral hollow sucker (haustellum) placed between two palpi clothed with hairs or scales ; the body hairy ; the corselet with a tippet (tegula) on each side ; foot (tarsus) with five joints ; the antennæ with a great number of joints. Divided into i. Butterflies; ii. Moths. I. BUTTERFLIES (Papiliones.Scheiffebmuller). Antennæ, diverging at a considerable angle from the base, thickest towards the tip, which is either rounded in the form of a club, or flattish and ending in a hook or bristle ; wings, when at rest, mostly erect and destitute of any bridle to retain the upper pair in their place. Divided into 1. Papieionidæ ; 2. Nymphalidæ ; 3. Lycænjdæ ; 4. Hesperidæ. II. MOTHS (Phalænæ, Ray, not Linnæus). Antennæ more or less tapering; wings, during repose, horizontal

PACK or deflected, with a bridle formed of a horny bristle, or a bundle of hairs from the under pair, through a fold or ring to the upper pair, which are thus kept in their position. Divided into 1. Spiiingina ; 2. Bombycina ; 2. Noctuina; 4. Geo- metrina ; 5. tortricina.

BUTTERFLIES (Papiliones) Divided into 1. Papilionidæ, with the fore legs long, and the tips of the antennæ without any hook . . .1 2. Hesperidæ, with the fore legs loDg, and the tips of the antennæ with a hook . . . . 20 3. Nymphalidæ, with the fore legs somewhat short, and the claws of moderate size, forked or with only one nail . . . . .5 4. Lycenidæ, with the fore legs somewhat short, and the claws minute and not forked . . 14 PAPILIONIDÆ (Leacii). Antennæ with the club-shaped tip, in some flattish, and in no case with any hook ; legs long with claws, in some forked, in others not; hinder shanks (tibiæ) with a single pair of spurs ; under wings with groove or scollop to receive the abdomen ; all the wings erect during repose . 1 Divided into 1. Papilio, with the clubbed tips of the antennæ longish and not flattish, and the under wings not angular . 1 2. Gonepteryx, with the clubbed tips of the antennæ short and not flattish, and the under wings angular . 1 3. Colias, with the clubbed tips of the antennæ not flattish and the under wings roundish, with a groove to receive the abdomen . . . .2 4. Pieris, with the clubbed tips of the antennæ flattish, and the wings sparingly covered with scales and somewhat translucent . . . . .5

5. Pontia, with the clubbed tips of the antennæ flattish, and the wings plentifully covered with scales, the upper wings with three corners, the under wings not variegated ' beneath . . , .-8 6. Mancipium, with the clubbed tips of the antennæ flattish, and the wings plentifully clothed with scales, the upper wings distinctly round at the tip, the under wings variegated beneath . . . .4 7. Leucophasia, with the clubbed tip of the antennæ flattish, and the wings plentifully covered with scales, the upper wings somewhat oval NYMPHALIDÆ (Swainson). Antenna with the club-shaped tip in some very flat, in others without any hook at the tip ; fore legs in both sexes somewhat short, the hind legs long, in some with forked claws, in others with only one nail ; under wings with a groove to receive the abdomen . . '5 Divided into 1. Nemeobius, with the clubbed tips of the antennæ abrupt, the eyes naked ; the palpi very short . 5 2. Melitæa, with the clubbed tips of the antennæ ab¬ rupt, the eyes naked, the palpi longer than the head, and the under palpi very hairy . . .5 3. Argynnis, with the clubbed tips of the antennæ ab¬ rupt, the eyes naked, palpi longer than the head, and the under palpi scarely hairy . . .7 4. Comma, with the clubbed tips of the antennæ abrupt, the palpi with scales and few hairs ,: the upper wings narrow, with a waved border, the under wings indented with a distinct tail . . . .8 5. Vanessa, with the clubbed tips of the antennæ ab¬ rupt, the eyes downy, palpi hairy with few scales, and the upper wings angular, the under wings with a short tail . 8 6. Amirahs, with the clubbed tips of the antennæ abrupt, the eyes downy, palpi with a few hairs, thickly clothed with scales, the upper wings angular, the under wings round, indented, and without any tail . 10

P Afi E 7. Cynthia, with the clubbed tips of the antennæ ab¬ rupt, the eyes downy, and the upper wings not angular . 10 8. Apatura, with the antennæ gradually thicker, and the clubbed tips straight ; the eyes naked . .11 9. Limenitis, with the antennæ gradually thicker, the clubbed tips straight, the eyes hairy . .11 10. Hipparchia, with the antennæ gradually thicker, and the clubbed tips more or less curved . .12 LYCÆNIDÆ (Leach). Antennæ, with the club-shaped tip in some flatfish, in others not having a minute hook at the tip ; fore legs rather short ; hinder shanks with a single pair of spurs at the points; wider wings with a groove to receive the abdo¬ men . . . . .14 Divided into 1. Thecla, with the clubbed tips of the antennæ not flat, and the eyes downy . . 14 2. Lycæna, with the elubbed tips of the antennæ not flat, and the eyes naked . . .16 3. Polyommatus, with the clubbed tips of the antennæ flattish . . . . .17 HESPERIDÆ (Swainson). Antennæ, with the clubbed tip spindle-shaped in most instances, with a hook at the point ; legs long ; hinder shanks with two pairs of spurs, one pair in the middle and one at the point ; claws very small ; under wings with a groove to receive the abdomen . . .20 Divided into 1. Thymele, with the clubbed tip of the antennæ curved inwards . . . . .20 2. Pamphila, with the clubbed tip of the antennæ straight or very slightly curved . . . 20

MOTHS (Phalenæ, Ray). Divided into l ' X0K I. SPHINGINA (Rennie). Antenna tapering into a club, in form of a prism or of a spindle, sometimes pectinated or serrated, and often with a tuft of hair or scales at the tip ; wings horizontal, in many transparent, with few or no scales on the disc, the first pair much the longest; tail sometimes in form of a brush . . -22 Divided into 1. Zygænidæ ; 2. Sphingidæ ; 3. Sesiidæ. ; 4. Æge- riidæ. II. BOMBYCINA (Rennie). Antennæ more or less fringed or serrated, particularly in the males ; palpi round and short; jaws and tongue very short (in some wanting), and not spiral ; wings undivided and with three corners ; body large,; tail frequently woolly . . 29 Divided into 1. Hepialidæ; 2. Notodontidæ; 3. Bombycidæ; 4. Arctiidæ. III. NOCTUINA (Rennie). Antenna in the males fringed, and in a few pectinated or serrated ; palpi flattish with the second joint large, and the tip short ; jaws in most long and never wanting ; wings undivided, somewhat three cornered, in most deflected or incumbent, in some horizontal ; corselet frequently with a crest ; tail in the males tufted . . . 46 Divided into 1. Litiiosiidæ ; 2. Noctuidæ. IV. CEOMETRINA (Rennie). Antenna either pec¬ tinated or plain ; palpi short, roundish, generally with three joints ; jaws short and membranaceous, sometimes wanting ; wings large, undivided and horizontal, or nearly so, during repose ; corselet velvety or scaly, never crested or tufted ; tail of the male with a small tuft. . 101

PAGE Divided into 1. Geometridæ ; 2. Platyptericidæ ; 3. Pyralidæ. V. TORTRICINA (Rennie). Antennæ either distant or near at the base, in some very long, often pectinated or bearded in the males : palpi rounded, velvety or scaly ; wings entire in some, divided in others . . 155 Divided into 1. Toutricidæ ; 2. Yponomeutidæ ; 3. Tineidæ ; 4. Alucitidæ.

SPHINGINA (Rennie). Divided into, 1. Zygænid.p., with the antennæ spindle-shaped, with¬ out a bundle of scales at the tip ; palpi long ; abdomen ending in a small tuft ; wings covered with powdery scales . . . . · o) 2. Sphingidæ, with the antennæ prism-shaped, tipped with a scaly bristle, or naked ; palpi short ; abdomen not ending in a tuft . . · · 2'i 3. Sessiidt-, with the antennæ prism-shaped, having a slight hook and a slanting scaly projection at the tip ; palpi short ; abdomen ending in a tuft . . .^^ 4. Ægeriidæ, with the antennæ spindle-shaped, and tipped with a plume of scales ; palpi long ; eyelets two very minute behind the antennæ ; abdomen ending in a tuft; wings most frequently transparent. .χ. ZYGÆNIDÆ (Leach). Divided into 1. Ino, with the antennæ either doubly pectinated, or simple and not curved . . . 22 2. Anthrocera, with the antennæ having an abruptly curving club at the tip ... 22

SPHINGJDÆ (Leach). Divided into page 1. Smetunthus, with the wings more or less irregular or indented . . . . . 23 2. Acherontia, with the wings entire and acute ; the jaws short. . . . . . 24 3. Sphinx, with the wings entire and acute ; the jaws longish ; and the antennæ not clubbed at the tip . 24 4. Deilephila, with the wings entire and acute ; the jaws longish ; and the antennæ clubbed at the tip . 25 SESSIIDÆ (Stephens). Divided into 1. Machoglossa, with the wings clothed with scales and opaque. .... 26 2. Sesia, with the wings naked and their disc trans¬ parent. . . . . 27 ÆGERIIDÆ (Stephens). Divided into 1. Trociherm, with the jaws very short, and the an¬ tennæ shortish . . . · 27 2. Ægeria, with the jaws and antennæ longish . 27

BOMBYCINA (Rennie.) Divided into 1. Hepiaeidæ, with the j au· s wanting, and the antennæ in form of a necklace, or bristle-shaped . v 29 2. Bombycidæ, with the jaws wanting, and the antennæ for the most part doubly pectincate . . 36 3. Notodontidæ, with jaws more or less obvious but very short .... 30 4. Arctiidæ, with th&jaws more or less obvious, short, a nd somewhat membranaceous. . , .39 IIEFIALIDÆ (Stepheks). Divided into 1. Hefialus, with the antennæ somewhat thread-like and much shorter than the corselet . . 26 b

РАСВ 2. Cossus, with the antennæ bristle-shaped, as long as the corselet, with the tip indented on the inside . 30 3. Zeuzera, with the antennæ bristle-shaped, as long as the corselet, with the tip not indented . . 30 NOTODONTIDÆ (Stephens). Divided into, 1. Pygæra, with the corselet crested, the wings denti¬ culated . . · . . 30 2. Clostera, with the corselet ørested ; the wings entire; the antennæ short and curved . , . 31 3. Episema, with the corselet crested ; the wings entire ; the antennæ somewhat longish and straight . .31 4. Cerura, with the corselet not crested ; the wings longish and somewhat translucent . . . 31 5. Petasia, with the corselet not crested; the wings longish, opaque, with the scales not elevated . 35 6. Stauropus, with the corselet not crested ; the wings longish, opaque, with the scales elevated . .33 7. Endromis, with the corselet not crested ; the wings short, broad, and somewhat triangular . .36 8. Ptilopijora, with the wings hairy, and entire at the tip . . · : · 35 9. Peridea, with the wings scaly, entire at the tip and somewhat translucent . . .36 10. Chaonia, with the wings scaly, entire at the tip and opaque . . · · . · 11. Notodonta, with the corselet not crested ; the tip of the wings more or less denticulated, having one indenta¬ tion on the back, first pair slightly long with the tip blunt . . · · . · 12. Leiocampa, with the corselet not crested ; the tip of the wings more or less denticulated, and having one indentation on the back, first pair longish with the tip rather acute . . · ' e 13. Lophopteryx, with the corselet crested; the tip of the wings more or less denticulated, and having one in¬ dentation on the back · · . . 34 14. Рьепозтома, with the tip of the wings more or less denticulated, having two indentations on the back . 35

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В О MB VC YDÆ (Stephens) . Divided into 1. Aglakt, with the second pair of wings entire,-—all with eyed spots ; each joint of the antennæ being singly branched or toothed . · .*';*"" 2. Saturnia, with the second pair of wings entire,— all with eyed spots ; each jointof the antennae being doubly branched or toothed . · . _ . 36 3. Pœcilocampa, with the second pair of wings entire, —all without eyed spots ; the first pair somewhat translu¬ cent, and longish with no central spot . .38 4. Eriogaster, with the second pair of wings entire,— all without eyed spots ; the first pair somewhat translucent, and longish, with a central white spot . . .38 5. Lasiocampa, with the second pair of wings entire,— all without eyed spots ; opaque and somewhat shortish, posteriorly rounded ; the tail slightly hairy . . 37 6. Trichiup.a, with the second pair of wings entire,— all without eyed spots ; opaque and somewhat shortish, posteriorly rounded; the tail very hairy; the antennæ straight . . · · · . · 37 7. Cnethocampa, with the second pair of wings entire, —all without eyed spots, opaque and somewhat shortish, posteriorly rounded ; the tail very hairy ; the antennæ somewhat curved . · · .38 8. Clisiocampa, with the second pair of wings entire,— all without eyed spots ; opaque, somewhat shortish, poste¬ riorly somewhat abrupt and rather acute . . 38 9. Eutricha, with the second pair of wings more or less denticulated ; the palpi rather short . .39 10. Odonestis, with the second pair of wings more or less denticulated ; the palpi longish ; the first pair of wings entire . · · ... 39 11. Gastropatia, with the second pair of wings more or less denticulated ; the palpi longish ; the first pair of wings indented . · · .39 62

ARCTIIDÆ (Leach). Divided into page 1. Fumea, with the jaws indistinct; the wings not scaly, more or less translucent, rounded and very hairy . 44 2. Psyche, with the jaws indistinct; the wings not scaly, more or less translucent, longish and rather acute . 44 3. Penthophera, with the jaws indistinct ; the wings more or less translucent, and clothed with minute scattered scales. . . . . . .44 4. Hypogymna, with the jaws indistinct ; the wings opaque and thickly scaled : the antennæ pectinated or fringed ; the forefeet slightly hairy, and rather slender ; the first joint of the palpi minute * . . 39 5. Psilura, with the jaws indistinct ; the wings opaque and thickly scaled ; the antennæ pectinated or fringed ; the fore feet slightly hairy and rather slender; and the first joint of the palpi longish and clubbed . . 40 6. Dasychira, with the jaws indistinct; the wings opaque and thickly scaled ; the antennæ pectinated or fringed ; the foie feet very hairy and thick ; and the wings longish . . . . ,40 7. Orgyia, with the jaws indistinct ; the wings opaque and thickly scaled; the antennæ pectinated or fringed ; the fore feet very hairy and thick ; the wings shortish, trian¬ gular, and wanting in the female . . . 41 8. Heterogena, with the jaws indistinct ; the wings more or less opaque and thickly scaled ; the antennæ simple ; the wings triangular and posteriorly somewhat abrupt . 45 9. LniAcoDES, with the jaws indistinct ; the wings opaque and thickly scaled ; the antennæ simple ; the wings longish and posteriorly rounded. . . 45 10. Colocasia, with the jaws distinct and slightly longer than the head ; the wings opaque and thickly scaled ; the corselet crested . . . .40 11. Arctia, with the jaws distinct and slightly longer than the head ; the wings opaque and thickly scaled ; the corselet not crested ; the body ringed or spotted ; the first joint of the palpi longer than the second, and third joint rather acute . . . .42

12. Spilosoma, with the jaws distinct and slightly longer than the head ; the wings opaque and thickly scaled ; the corselet not crested ; the body ringed or spotted ; the first joint of the palpi longer than the second, and the third joint short and oval . . .43 13. Ettthemonia, with the jaws distinct and slightly longer than the head ; the wings opaque and thickly scaled ·, the corselet not crested ; the body ringed or spotted ; the first joint of the palpi shorter than the second, and the third joint cylindrical . . .42 14. Nemeophila, with the jaws distinct and slightly longer than the head ; the wings opaque and thickly scaled ; the corselet not crested ; the body ringed or spotted ; the first joint of the palpi shorter than the second, and the third globose . . . .43 15. Porthesia, with the jaws distinct and slightly longer than the head ; the corselet not crested ; the body not spotted, but crested at the tip . .41 16. Lælia, with the jaws distinct and slightly longer than the head ; the wings more or less translucent, and thinly clothed with a few scales ; the body not spotted ; the palpi longish and very hairy . . .41 17. Leucoma, with the jaws distinct and slightly longer than the head; the wings more or less translucent, and thinly clothed with a few scales ; the body spotted ; the palpi shortish and acute . . .41 18. Phragmatobia, with the joints distinct and slightly longer than the head ; the wings more or less translu¬ cent, and thinly clothed with a few scales ; the body spotted ; the palpi scarcely distinct, and hairy . 43 19. Diaphora, with the jaws distinct and slightly longer than the head ; the wings more or less translucent, and thinly clothed with a few scales ; the body spotted ; palpi distinct and scaly . . .44 20. Hypercampa, with the jaws much longer than the head ; the wings thickly clothed with scales . 42 21. Nudaria, with the jaws much longer than the head; the wings translucent and hairy . . 45

NOCTUINA (Rennie.) Divided into PAGE 1, LiTHOsiinÆ, with the wings very long, most fre¬ quently convoluted ; and the palpi cylindrical . 46 2. NocTuiDÆ, with the wings slightly longish, not con¬ voluted; and the palpi somewhat flat . . 48 LITHOSIIDÆ (Stephens). Divided into 1, Eulepia, with the first pair of wings oblong and somewhat elliptically abrupt ; the palpi three-jointed; the jaws rather longer than the head . . 4g 2. Deipeia, with the first pair of wings oblong and somewhat elliptically abrupt, the palpi three-jointed ; the jaws much longer than the head ; the second pair of wings somewhat translucent . . · 46 3, Gnophria, with the first pair of wings oblong and somewhat elliptically abrupt ; the palpi three-jointed ; the jews much longer than the head ; the second pair of wings opaque . . . -48 4. Lithosia, with the first pair of wings oblong and somewhat elliptically abrupt ; the palpi two-jointed . 45 5. Setinä, with the first pair of wings somewhat three- cornered and not abrupt ; the palpi three-jointed, and having the third joint much shorter than the second . 43 6. Callimorpha, with the first pair of wings somewhat three-cornered, not abrupt ; the palpi three-jointed, and having the third joint nearly equal to the second · 45 NOCTUIDÆ (Stephens). Divided into 1. Pyrophila, with the body more or less flat; the wings incumbent, and the first pair with the hinder margin entire ; the corselet not crested ; the palpi recurved . 63 2. Agrotis, with the body more or less flat ; the first pair of wings with the hinder margin entire, and having three stigmata ; the corselet not crested ; the palpi not recurved . . . .50

pagi

3. Triphæna, with the body more or less flat ; the first pair of wings with the hinder margin entire, and having two stigmata ; the corselet not crested ; the palpi not recurved · · .48 4. Actebia, with the body more or less flat ; the first pair of wings narrow, shining, and green ; the corselet somewhat crested ; the palpi not longish, recurved, nor beak-shaped · · · .74 5. Xylina, with the body more or less flat ; the first pair of wings narrow, dull, wood-coloured; the corselet somewhat crested ; the palpi not longish, recurved, nor beak-shaped . · · .63 6. Glæa, with the body more or less flat ; the first pair of wings somewhat broad; the corselet woolly, transverse, and notlobed . . . . 62 7. Amphlpyra, with the body more or less flat ; the wings incumbent, the first pair with the hinder margin notched or indented ; the corselet not crested . 63 8. Næma, with the body more or less flat; the wings incumbent, the first pair notched ; the palpi longish and recurved ; the corselet strongly crested . . 63 9. Calocampa, with the body more or less flat; the first pair of wings notched ; the palpi short ; the corselet somewhat crested, distinctly square and posteriorly lobed . 65 10. Scaliopteryx, with the body more or less flat ; the wings deflexed, the first pair tooth-notched 11. Eriopus, with the body more or less flat; and the first pair of wings slightly notched . .81 12. Euplexia, with the body not flat ; the first pair of wings with the hinder margin slightly notched, folded lengthwise during repose ; the second pair entire . 71 13. Phlogophora, with the body not flat ; the first pair of wings with ragged teeth ; the second pair entire . 89 14. Plusia, with the body not flat ; the first pair of wings acute, and more or less marked with metallic cha¬ racters ; the corselet crested ; the palpi ascending . 93 15. Dypterygia, with the body not flat; the wings incumbent, the first pair not folded, and having no metallic marks ; the corselet with a forked crest . · 63 16. Calotænia, with the body not flat; the wings

deflexed and banded with green ; the porselet with a forked crest . . . .93 17. Trachea, with the body not flat ; the wings broad and very slightly notched ; the corselet with a forked crest ; the palpi short, projecting forward, with the last joint strongly distinct . . . .74 18. Polia, with the body not flat ; the wings longish and spear-shaped ; the corselet with a forked crest ; the palpi short, projecting forwards, with the last joint strongly distinct . . . . . 76 19. Hama, with the body not flat; the corselet without a forked crest . . ' . .71 20. Mamestra, with the body not 'flat; the palpi with the last joint almost concealed . . .69 21. Heliophobus, with the body not flat ; the corselet somewhat crested ; the antennae (in the male) pectinated ; the jaws short . . . .69 22. Charæas, with the body not flat; the first pair of wings having the hinder margin somewhat hooked ; the jaws longish ; the palpi ascending . . 50 23, Valeria, with" the body not flat ; all the wings narrowish, the hinder margin indented, the first pair poste¬ riorly rounded ; the corselet slightly hooded, with an un- divided crest ; the antennæ in both sexes pectinated . 74 24. Miselia, with the body not flat ; all the wings narrowish, the first pair posteriorly rounded ; the antennae simple or slightly serrated . . .75 25. Xylophasia, with the body not flat; the first pai ι¬ οί wings with the hinder margin somewhat abrupt . 65 26. Nonagria, with the body not flat ; the first pair of wings with the hinder margin indistinctly notched, and somewhat abrupt ; the corselet with an undivided crest and hooded . . . . .86 21. Chariclea, with the body not flat ; the first pair of wings with the hinder margin indistinctly notched, and somewhat hooked ; the corselet with an undivided crest and hooded . . . . .92 28. Cuculxia, with the body not flat; the first pair of wings indented, long, narrow, and acutely spear-shaped ; the corselet with an undivided crest and anteriorly hooded 89

29. Abrostola, .with the body not flat ; the first pair of wings indented and acute ; the corselet with a forked crest ; the palpi longish, somewhat slender and ascend¬ ing . ... 92 30. Apamf.a, with the body not flat ; the first pair ot' wingg indented and acute ; the corselet with a forked crest ; the palpi projecting forward, of moderate length, and somewhat clubbed . . .71 31. Mormo, with the body not flat; all the wings the hinder margin rather deeply indented, of uniform colour and dull . . . , .99 32. Catocala, with the body not flat; all'the wings broad, with the hinder margin rather deeply indented, of various colours, the second pair pretty, with a black border . . , , .99 33. Tethea, with the body more or less thick; all the wings entire, soiled, with the hinder margin incurved, the first pair rather broad, with the hinder margin somewhat hooked . . . . .83 34. Χαντιπλ, with the body more or less thick ; all the wings entire, and more or less golden yellow . 85 35. Mytiiimna, with the body more or less thick ; all the wings entire, the first pair acute, the fringes of mode¬ rate length . . . .59 36. Calophasia, with the body more or less thick ; all the wings entire, the first pair somewhat rounded, with the fringes longish . . . .91 37. Thyatira, with the body more or less thick ; all the wings entire, the first pair broader, with the tip acute ; the palpi projecting forwards and distant ; the corselet with a forked crest posteriorly . . .81 38. Diphthera, with the body more or less thick; all the wings entire ; the first pair greenish, variegated with black, the second pair dull . - .81 39. Cerigo, with the body more or less thick ; all the wings entire, the first pair duskyish, the second pair yellowish . . . .49 40. Gortyna, with the body more or less thick ; alj the wings entire, the first pair narrower, with the tip acute . . . . 86

PAGE 41. Ha ΚΕΝΑ, with the body more or less thick ; all the wings entire, the first pair narrower, with the tip blunt ; the fringes short . . . 66 42. Eremobia, with the body more or less thick ; all the wings entire, the first pair narrower, with the tip blunt, the fringes longish . . .92 43. Rusina, with the body more or less thick ; all the wings entire, the first pair rather broad, with obscure stigmata ; the corselet somewhat crested . . 50 44. Graphiphora, with the body more or less thick ; all the wings entire ; the first part rather broad, with three indistinct stigmata . . .54 45, Caradrina, with the body more or less thick ; all the wings entire ; the first pair narrow ; the palpi with the last joint almost concealed . . . 60 46. Miana, with the body more or less thick ; all the wings entire ; the first pair narrow; the palpi with the last joint very distinct . . .72 47. Bryophila, with the body more or less thick ; all the wings entire; the first pair rather broad, blunt, the hinder margin round, pale, variegated with black; the corselet crested, and not scaly . . 80 48. Segetia, with the body more or less thick ; all the wings entire ; the first pair rather broad, soiled, fringes short ; the corselet not crested, and scaly . . 60 49. Heliothis, with the body more or less thick ; all the wings entire ; the first pair rather broad, acute, some¬ what unequally dilated ; the palpi ascending ; the corselet not crested, and scaly . . 95 50. Cymatoriiora, with the body more or less thick; all the wings entire ; the first pair yellowish, netted with tawny ; the palpi not ascending, projecting forwards, with the last joint acute . . .84 51. Cosmia, with the body mo r e or less thick ; all the wings entire ; the first pair reddish, with a darker central band ; the palpi projecting forwards, not ascending, with the last joint acute . . . 84 52. Acronycta, with the body more or less thick ; all the wings entire ; the first pair rather broad ; the palpi with the last joint blunt . . .78

53. Lytjf.a, with the body more or less thick ; all the wings entire ; the first pair narrow, shining, with cross lines . . . . 49 54. Bombycia, with the body more or less thick ; all the wings entire ; the first pair narrow, shining, without cross lines ; the palpi with the last joint ovally pointed . 83 55. Scotopiiila, with the body more or less thick · all the wings entire ; the first pair narrow, shining ; the palpi with the last joint blunt . . .74 56. Grammesia, with the body more or less thick ; all the wings entire ; the first pair pale, not shining, with cross lines . . . » 60 57. Leucania, with the body more or less thick ; all the wings entire ; the first pair narrow, pale, not shining, and without cross lines . . .87 58. Ceratopacha, with the body more or less thick ; all the wings entire ; the corselet not crested, woolly, or hairy; the antennae thickening or flat . . 82 59. Simyra, with the body short ; the first pair of wings longish, narrow, and acute ; the antennae not thickening . 89 60. Achatia, with the body short ; the first pair of wings longish, narrow, and blunt ; the antennæ not thick¬ ening . . . .74 61. Orthosia, with the body short; the first pair of wings longish and narrow ; the palpi very short and hairy, projecting forward, with the last joint almost concealed . 57 62. Semiophora, with the body short ; the first pair of wings longish and narrow ; the palpi very short, very hairy, projecting forward, the last joint almost concealed; exserted, and deflexed . . . 57 63. Celæna, with the body short ; the first pair of wings longish and narrow ; the palpi very short, very hairy, exserted, and not deflexed . . .73 64. Afatela, with the body longish . . 78 65. Brepha, with the body longish and slender ; the wings entire ; the palpi so short as to be scarcely per¬ ceptible . . . .100 66. Acosmetia, with the body longish and slender ; the palpi short, projecting forwards, very slightly ascending, with the last joint exserted . , . 97

67. Anarta, with the body longish and slender; the palpi short, with the last joint concealed ; the second pair of wings yellow, with a black border . . 95 68. Stilbia, with the body longish and slender; the second part of wmgs pale, shining, and not ornamented . 98 69. Acontia, with the body longish and slender; the first pair of wings rhomboidal, somewhat shining, rather dilated at the base, with the hinder margin roundish ; the palpi of moderate length, and ascending , . 95 70. Eufhasia, with the body longish and slender ; the first pair of wings longest, spear-shaped, shining, some¬ what dilated at the base, with the hinder margin rounded ; the palpi ascending . . ,96 71. Euclidia, with the body longish and slender; the first pair of wings rather dilated at the base, with the hinder margin rounded, the tip acute, marked with geometric lines 100 72. Eiiasteia, with the body longish and slender ; the first pair of wings rather dilated at the base, with the hinder margin rounded, the tip acute, and not maikedwith lines . 96 73. Ophiusa, with the body longish; the first pair of wings not dilated at the base, with the hinder margin repanded, the tip somewhat hooped . , 98 74. Phytoiuetha, with the body longish and slender ; the first pair of wings not dilated at the base; roundish, not repanded ; the legs simple . . 97 75. Catephia, with the body longish and slender; the hind feet very hairy, hairs short 76. Scopelopus, with the body longish and slender ; the hind feet very hairy, the hairs longish . . 98

GEOMETRINA (Rennie) Divided into 1. Geometridæ, with two short palpi ; the first pair of wings not hook shaped ; the caterpillars measurers or loopers . . . .101 2. Platyptericidæ, with two short palpi ; the first pair of wings for the most part hook shaped ; the cater¬ pillars not measurers or loopers . . .144

page 3. PvRAUD.E, with two or four longish and large palpi; the caterpillars in a leafy covering . . 145 GEOMETRIDÆ (Stephens.) Divided into 1. Geometra, with all the wings acutely angular; the body somewhat thick . , 104 2. Macaria, with all the wings acutely angular; the first pair notched . . .143 3. Ennomos, with the first pair of wings deeply notched, and the second pair somewhat angular . . 144 4. Oerapteryx, with the first pair of wings entire or somewhat angular, the second part acutely angular, yellow, with two streaks . . . 108 5. Chlorissa, with the first pair of wings entire, or somewhat angular, the second pair acutely angular, green, with two pale streaks . . .109 6. Braoyepetes, with the first pair of wings entire, or somewhat angular, the second pair acutely angular, pale, with a slanting red streak . . .115 7. Timandra, with the fiist pair of wings somewhat angular, the second pair acutely angular . -, 143 8. Самржл, with the first pair of wings somewhat, angular, the second pair rounded and somewhat angular green, with pale streaks . . . 108 9. ANiA,with the first pair of wings somewhat angular, the second pair rounded, somewhat angular, pale with rufous streaks . . . .144 10. Eurymexe, with the first pair of wings somewhat angular, the second pair rounded, somewhat angular, rusty with darker lines . . , \\Q 11. Epioxe, with the first pair of wings having two darker streaks, the second pair rounded with toothed erosions . . . .115 12. Pericaelia, with the first pair of wings variegated ; the antennae in both sexes pectinated . . 107 13. Himera, with the first pair of wings somewhat ru¬ fous, and thin, having two darker streaks, the second pair round and entire . . . 104

XXX SYSTEMATIC TABLE PAGE 14. Crocallis, with the first pair of wings yellowish, and having a darker band, the second pair rounded and entire . . . .105 15. Venilia, with the first pair of wings yellowish, spotted with black . . . 139 16. Hemithea, with the first pair of wings entire: the second pair, somewhat angular, green with two pale streaks 109 17. Ephyra, with the first pair of wings entire; the second pair, somewhat angular, pale, with a purple streak or ringlet . . .114 18. Emmelesia, with the first pair of wings entire; the second pair powdery with darker streaks . .137 19. Halia, with the first pair of wings entire; the second pair somewhat angular, powdery, with black letters, but without streaks . . .113 20. Odontopera, with the wings not angular, the first pair with toothed erosions, the second pair somewhat indented . . . .104 21. Lamproptf.ryx, with the wings not angular, the first pair slantingly streaked, acute, having the hinder margin slightly rounded, and scarcely denticulated ; the second pair somewhat indented . . 122 22. Scotosia, with the first pair of wings slantingly streaked, acute, and denticulated; the second pair deeply indented . . ~. 127 23. Hemerophila, with the first pair of wings some¬ what obtuse, the hinder margin rounded and slightly indented . . . .112 24. Camptogramma, with the first pair of wings streaked or banded across, acute, with numerous orna¬ mental wavings . . . 120 25. Anticlea, with the first pair of wings streaked or banded across, acute, with an insolid band in the middle 122 26. Eucosmia, with the first pair of wings streaked or banded across, and acute ; the second pair deeply indented 128 27. Triphosa, with the first pair of wings streaked or banded across, the hinder margin rounded, slightly acute ; the feet simple ... . 128 28. Charissa, with the wings having a central ring; the first pair streaked or banded across ; the hinder margin