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HHHE ANNALS OF THE BARBER-SURGEONS *~ OF LONDON, COMPILED FROM THEIR RECORDS AND OTHER SOURCES, BY SIDNEY YOUNG, ONE OF THE COURT OF ASSISTANTS OF THE WORSHIPFUL COMPANY OF BARBERS OF LONDON, WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY AUSTIN T. YOUNG.
Set me embrace ttjee, goob olb chronicle,
JEfyat rjast so long roalk'b fycmb tit fyanb a>itrj time.
Shakespeare.
+$
London :
BLADES, EAST & BLADES,
23, Abchurch Lane, E.C.
1890.
7
CI inery cliyloe be was, so gob me sane Wei coube bte lot bloob, clvppe, cmb stjaue.
Chaucer,
PREFACE,
HAT the foundation of the Commerce, and consequently of the Greatness, of London was laid by the old Livery Guilds — few will question. Much is already known, through the Histories of such of them as have been written — and an apology from me is not needed for a further contribution to so interesting a study. But whilst I make no apology for the contribution, I crave the indulgence of my readers for any shortcomings which, from a literary point of view, may appear in this work ; I invite their attention to the matter, rather than to the style in which it is expressed.
About eight years ago I applied to our Court for permission to search the Records, and my request being complied with, I devoted such spare time as I could secure from an engrossing occupation to the com- pilation of these Annals. The work has necessarily led to the burning of much midnight oil, because every extract and every line has been made by my own pen. The researches have extended to the examina- tion of all, and the transcript of a considerable portion of thirteen lengthy Charters and sets of By-laws, as also to the entire perusal of about a hundred books of Records. In addition to this, there has been much labour expended at the British Museum, the Public Record Office, the Guildhall, and Somerset House.
The material thus collected became so voluminous, that I experienced considerable difficulty in separating it into Subject Chapters, and also in deciding what to retain and what to reject ; my
iv c/lnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
endeavour in this respect having been to preserve all that is really interesting and curious, discarding dry legal passages, doubtful points, and wearisome repetitions.
None but those who have had experience of the crabbed eccentric writing and contractions of former times (see some of the fac-si?nilcs given) and of the abbreviated "Court hand" Latin in which Charters and other Records were penned, can have the least idea of the trouble and care required in their deciphering ; but in this respect I have not spared pains in giving literal and accurate transcripts.
In no case have I modernized the old spelling, or interfered with the quaintness of the original expressions ; though all dates occurring between the ist January and 24th March prior to the year 1752 (when "old style" was extinguished) have been rectified, and the "historical year," according to our present computation, given ; thus rendering the chronology systematic, and avoiding confusion and inaccuracy.
It is a matter of the greatest regret, that whilst we possess some earlier records, our Court Minutes previous to 1 55 1 are lost. It is con- jectured that they must have been at the Hall in 1793 (as a partial list of Masters was then compiled), but all trace of them has now disappeared. Again, the Minutes from 1651-1689 are now missing, although they were at the Hall about forty years ago.
I may here take the opportunity to remark that the Barbers and Barber-Surgeons held a somewhat distinctive position apart from other Companies, inasmuch as they were a Professional rather than a Trade Guild, and their History, consequently, becomes invested with an especial interest. Another point to which I, as a Barber, am proud to refer is that our Company stood out, alone, as the pioneer of Technical Education, hundreds of years before it became as popular as it now is. From the middle of the fifteenth century the Company was careful to
cAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons. v
provide for Surgical Lectures, and the regular and systematic instruction of its members. The means originally employed may have been primitive, but they were dictated by high motives, and gradually extended and developed ; a Museum (a poor one, it is true) and a valuable Library were founded, an Anatomical Theatre was built, and every opportunity taken to encourage the Scientific study of Surgery — all with results fraught with the greatest benefit, not only to London, but to the Kingdom at large.
In conclusion, I desire to express my thanks to those who have aided me in my work, and especially to my dear and valued friend, Past Master Charles John Shoppee, whose practical assistance, advice and encouragement all through, have been to me of the greatest service. Mr. D'Arcy Power, M.A., has laid me under much obligation, and particularly for revising and perfecting my translation of the Norman- French Ordinances, 1 2th Rich. II. My son, Austin Travers Young, has rendered valuable assistance in delineating the several Illustrations throughout the work, and lastly, I must record, with gratitude, my obligation to Mr. Edward Lawless for the attention and care bestowed upon me on the numerous occasions of my visits to the Hall.
The preparation of this work, a somewhat arduous task for an Amateur, has been to me purely a labour of love, and, in laying down my pen I may be permitted to add, that my best wishes for the Ancient Mystery of Barbers are summed up in the words of our time-honoured toast, " The Worshipful Company of Barbers, Root and Branch, and may it flourish for ever."
SIDNEY YOUNG. Alwyne Road, Canonbury. March, iSpo.
1889-18 9 0.
THE COURT OF THE WORSHIPFUL COMPANY OF BARBERS OF LONDON.
"§$Tctsf ev :
WILLIAM AARON ECCLESTONE, Esq.
"g&avbens :
WILLIAM LUMLEY, Esq. JAMES COPE CORNISH, Esq. JOSEPH WILSON, Esq.
HENRY EVANS, Esq.
CHARLES JOHN SHOPPEE, Esq.
JAMES HARVEY, Esq., Deputy.
HENLEY GROSE SMITH, Esq.
GEORGE AUSTIN, Esq.
RICHARD JAMES ATKINSON, Esq.
CHARLES HOWARD ATKINSON Esq.
WALTER HENRY WILKIN, Esq.,
Alderman.
JONATHAN DENNY, Esq.
Jlsststcmfs :
THOMAS GEORGE DRIVER, Esq. NATHAN SALAMAN, Esq. JOHN CARY LOVELL, Esq. EDWARD CHARLES CORNISH, Esq. GEORGE AUSTIN, Jun., Esq. WALTER LUMLEY, Esq. THOMAS ARTHUR GREENE, Esq. SIDNEY YOUNG, Esq. ALFRED LOW, Esq.
CONTENTS
Preface
The Court of the Company 1889 1890
Contents ...
List of Illustrations, etc
Table of Leading Dates
The Names of the Masters and Wardens from the year 1 308 A list of such members of the Company as have served
Surgeon A list of King's Barbers . A list of members of the Company who have served the offices
or Lord Mayor of the City of London Historical Account, The Barbers Unincorporate Historical Account, The Barbers Incorporate ... Extracts from Court Minutes, etc., more particularly relating
of the Company Precedence Court of Assistants The Commonalty Apprentices Freemen ... Liverymen The Yeomanry The Clerk The Beadle Surgery . . .
Surgical Lectures and Demonstrations Wardens' and other Accounts . . . Disputes ...
the Office of Serjeant of Sheriff, Alderman
to the Internal History
PAGE
iii
vi vii
ix xii
18 19
19 21
51
169
239 242 252 261 270
273 276 288
299 308 361 379 423
VIII
^Annals of the Barber-Surgeons.
|
Heraldry ... |
|
|
Feasts |
|
|
The Irish Estate ... |
|
|
Charities ... |
|
|
Inventories |
|
|
Plate |
|
|
Pictures ... |
|
|
Biographical Notices of Eminent Members |
|
|
Lord Burgavenny |
5i4 |
|
Lord Windsor |
515 |
|
The Duke of Monmouth |
515 |
|
The Earl of Leven |
516 |
|
Sir John Aylef |
516 |
|
Thomas Vicary |
522 |
|
Richard Ferris |
S24 |
|
John Pen |
525 |
|
Nicholas Alcocke |
527 |
|
Robert Balthrop |
528 |
|
Sir Peter Proby |
532 |
|
William Clowes |
535 |
|
William Clowes, jun. ... |
537 |
|
Thomas Thorney |
538 |
|
Peter Thorney ... |
539 |
|
John Gerard |
540 |
|
Sir Thomas Bludder |
545 |
|
Sundry Monumental Inscriptions |
|
|
Appendices |
Martin Browne Edward Arris Sir John Frederick Sir Nathaniel Heme Sir John Lethieullier Ephraim Skinner Sir Humphrey Edwin Sir William Stewart Charles Bernard Sir John Bull Claudius Amyand Sir Thomas Challoner William Cheselden Ambrose Dickins Sir Cresar Hawkins, Bart Walter Henry Wilkin ...
1'AGE
431 443 468 481 486 492 508
514
546
547
550
554
556
55S
560
562
563
565
565
567
568
570
571
572
573 575
ERRATA,
p. 28 1. 20, for "religions" read "religious.'
p. 126 1. 7, for " Sugeons " read "Surgeons."
p. 135 1. 3, for " 1869" read " 1864."
p. 144 1. 20, for " 1869" read " 1864."
p. 169 foot note I, for " 1526" read " 1525."
p. 258 1. 3, for "freemen" read "freeman."
p. 473 1. 7, for " Peek " read " Peck."
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, &c.
Frontispiece — Henry VIII, from a portrait by Holbein at the Hall
Old Cabinet of Masters' Names at the Hall
Historical Account
Henry VIII and Edward IV... ...
Great Seal of Edward IV
Fac-simile, Grant to Robert Ferbras and others, of property in Walbi
Fac-simile, Saints Cosmo and Damian, and the Surgeons' Arms
Fac-simile of a Diploma granted to a Surgeon in 1497 ...
Portrait of Sir Thomas More...
Holbein's Picture at Barbers' Hall ...
Facsimile Page of Court Minute Book
Initial of Charter, Philip and Mary...
Heading of By-Laws, 1606
Interior of Court Room
Plan of Estate
Old Entrance to Barber-Surgeons' Hall
The Committee Room, Barbers' Hall
A Master and Wardens, etc. ...
Fac-simile Title-page to Charter Book
Fac-simile Corn Note ...
The Compter in Wood Street
Portion of the Master's Silver Garland
A Grotesque, over the Court Room Door ...
A Procession of Liverymen
An Initial Letter from the Audit Book
|
21 |
|
|
5' |
|
|
55 |
|
|
rook, 1462 |
61 |
|
69 |
|
|
69 |
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77 |
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§3 |
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|
99 |
|
|
IOI |
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|
116 |
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132 |
|
|
135 |
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|
144 |
|
|
168 |
|
|
169 |
|
|
197 |
|
|
212 |
|
|
213 |
|
|
239 |
|
|
242 |
|
|
252 |
|
|
252 |
|
|
A |
X
^Annals of the Barber-Surgeons.
Seals of some of the Charters ... Autograph of Charles Bernard (Clerk John Paterson ...
E. L
One of the Beadle's Mace Heads
Surgical Instruments, &c.
Alderman Arris ...
Sir Charles Scarborough and Alderman Arris at a Demonstration, on either side
S. Cosmo and S. Damian ... An Initial Letter from the Audit Book Fac-simile Page of Court Minute Book Upper and Middle Wardens' Garlands An Initial Letter from the Audit Book An Initial Letter from the Audit Book Barber-Surgeons' Hall, 1 674-1 864 Renter Warden's Garland Disputants at the Bar of the Court Inigo Jones
Arms of the City of London, the Barbers, the Surgeons, and England The Barbers' Arms
Engraving in Bowl of Henry VII ['s Cup The Barber-Surgeons' Arms, 1561 The Barber-Surgeons' Arms, 1569 Serving a Feast ...
The Irish Estate
The Old Poors' Box, and names of Benefactors
Taking an Inventory
Some of the Plate
Henry VIII's Grace Cup
King Charles' Cup, Queen Anne's Punch Bowl, and Atkinson's Punch Ladles
Martin Browne's and Sir John Frederick's Loving Cups
Collins' Flagon, Monforde's Hammer, and Arris' Cups
Tea Spoons
The North Side of the Court Room ...
^Annate of the Barber-Surgeons.
XI
s. y
Portraits of Sir John Aylef and Thomas
Arms of Sir John Aylef...
John Pen
Robert Balthrop
Sir Peter Proby
■ William Clowes
John Gerard ...
Martin Browne
Edward Arris ...
Sir John Frederick ...
■ Sir Nathaniel Heme ...
Sir John Lethieullier ...
Ephraim Skinner
Sir Humphry Edwin . . .
. Sir William Stewart ...
Charles Bernard
Sir John Bull
Claudius Amyand
Sir Thomas Challoner
William Cheselden
Ambrose Dickins
Sir Cassar Hawkins, Bart.
■ Walter H. Wilkin ...
Seals of the Barber-Surgeons . . .
Vicary
, after Holbein
5M
522
516
525 528
532 535 54° 546 547 55° 554 556 558 560 562 563 565 565 567 568
5 7° 57i 572
575
TABLE OF LEADING DATES
1308. Richard le Barber, the first Master of the Barbers' Company, is sworn at Guildhall.
1388. The Masters of the Company make a return to the King's Writ, and set forth their then ancient ordinances.
145 1. Grant of Arms to the Masters of Barbery and Surgery within the Craft of Barbers.
1462. Edward IV incorporates the Barbers by Royal Charter.
1493. Informal alliance between the Barbers (Barber-Surgeons) and the Fellowship of Surgeons.
1530. The Barbers' Ordinances are settled and allowed by Sir Thomas More.
1540. The Fellowship of Surgeons are united (by Act of Parliament 32 H. VIII) to the Company of Barbers.
1569. Grant of Arms to the Barber-Surgeons.
1605. James I grants a new Charter.
1629. Charles I grants a new Charter.
1684. All of the Company's Charters are surrendered to the King.
1685. James II grants a new Charter.
1745. The Surgeons are separated (by Act of Parliament 18 G. II) from the Barbers.
THE NAMES OF THE
MASTERS AND WARDENS
From the Year 1308.
K.TS. signifies King's Barber; K.S. King's Surgeon, and S.S. Serjeant-Surgeon.
|
An0- |
Masters of the Barbers. |
Sworn at Guildhall. |
|
|
130S |
Richard le Barber. |
December, 1308. |
|
|
I37S |
John Queldrick. |
||
|
1376 |
Lawrence de Weston. |
John de Grantone. |
|
|
1377 |
Thomas Boyvel. |
Will'"- Osneye. |
26 August, 1377. |
|
1378 |
John Paeon. |
Richd- Morys. |
15 October, 1378. |
|
1382 |
Richd Capoll. |
John Haydon. |
19 September, 1382. |
|
1383 |
Reginald Godard. |
Walter Giseboum. |
15 September, 1383. |
|
1384 |
William May. |
Simon Conyngesby. |
6 October, 1384. |
|
1386 |
John Paeon. |
John Levelyf. |
13 April, 1386. |
|
1388 |
John Shepey. |
Richd- Caupoll. |
16 April, 1388. |
|
1388 |
John Haydon. |
Henry Cook. |
10 September, 1388. |
|
1389 |
Rich1' Geddyngs. |
John Cheyr. |
22 September, 1389. |
|
1390 |
John Paeon. |
John Bestchirche. |
31 August, 1390. |
|
'391 |
John Childe. |
Will"1- Chapman. |
27 November, 1391. |
|
2 |
cAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons. |
|||
|
An" |
Masters. |
Wardens. |
Masters of the Barbers practising the art of Surgery. |
|
|
Simon Rolf. |
||||
|
!4!5 |
Richard Wrellys. |
|||
|
1416 |
John Brampton. |
John Morysch. |
Richard Clerc. |
John Parker. Simon Rolf. |
|
1417 |
Richard Wellys. |
John Queldryk. |
Will"'- Chapeley. |
John Child. John Parker. |
|
1419 |
Roger Rooke. |
John Dalton. |
John Blakye. |
Rich"- Wellys. Simon Roolf. |
|
1421 |
John Branton. |
Will"1' Shiplake. |
Will"'- Bacon. |
|
|
1423 |
Will"'- Hunnc. |
Will'"- Chapelyn. |
Willm- Ryggewyk. |
Simon Rolf. John Dalton. |
|
1424 |
Richd- Snadenham. |
John Queldryk. |
Rich'1' Merlawe. |
Richd- Welles. Simon Rolf. |
|
1428 |
Simon Poule. |
John Purchas. |
Simon Rolf. Rich"- Welles. |
|
|
1441 |
Pierce Pope. |
John Warwick. |
John Roote. |
|
|
1442 |
Pierce Pope. |
John Warwick. |
John Roote. |
|
|
1443 |
John Roote. |
John Urse. |
John Waystbe. |
|
|
1444 |
Henry Grave. |
John Grafton. |
John Mereston. |
|
|
1445 |
Henry Grave. |
John Grafton. |
John Mereston. |
|
|
1446 |
John Blakey. |
Roger Scripe. |
Will"1- Legge. |
|
|
M47 |
John Daulton. |
\Villm' Woodhouse. |
Tho5- Willot. |
|
|
An0- |
Masters. |
Wardens. |
||
|
1448 |
John Struge. |
John Hobbis. |
John Grafton. |
John Porter. |
|
1449 |
Thos- Geffery. |
John Warwick. |
Will-- Hill. |
Roger Webb. |
|
145° |
John Grafton. |
John Wale. |
John Wakeley. |
Edmund Callowe. |
|
I451 |
John Struge. |
Tho5- Willot. |
Tho5- Wallis. |
Hugh Harte. |
|
i452 |
John Wakeley. |
John I'orter. |
Willm- Legge. |
Rob'- Dasons. |
|
1453 |
John Daulton. |
Edmund Callowe. |
Roger Scripe. |
John Caster. |
|
1454 |
John Urle. |
Will"1- Hill. |
Tho5- Wallis. |
Will1"- Hayles. |
|
1455 |
John Grafton. |
John Pinchon. |
Rob'- Dasons. |
John Wilkinson. |
|
1456 |
Roger Scripe. |
Tho5- Browne. |
Will'"- Whitebred. |
Henry Brooke. |
|
1457 |
Tho5- Willot. |
John Pinchon. |
John Caster. |
John Lunne. |
|
cAnnah of the Barber-Surgeons. |
3 |
|||
|
An"- |
Masters. |
Wardens. |
||
|
1453 |
John Porter. |
Will'"- Hobbis. |
Will'"- Pollet. |
Reg'd- Young. |
|
M59 |
John Caster. |
Richd- Eastey. |
Tho'- Castard. |
John Morden. |
|
1460 |
Will"1- Legge. |
Hugh Harte. |
John Saunders. |
Tho5 Folliot. |
|
1461 |
Roger Scripe. |
Will"' Hobbes, S.S. |
Tho5 Goddard. |
Richd- Kent. |
|
1462 |
Rob' Dallahouse. |
John Pinchon. |
Rowland Frankish. |
John Springet. |
|
1463 |
Will™- Hill. |
Richd- Gastey. |
Rcgin,<!- Young. |
Richd- Cappell. |
|
1464 |
John Grafton. |
Richd- Eastey. |
Thos- Goddard. |
Will"1- Whitebred. |
|
1465 |
Tho5- Willot. |
Tho1- Wallis. |
Tho5 Collard. |
John Bone. |
|
1466 |
Reginld- Young. |
Rowland Frankish. |
Rich1' Kent. |
Rob'- Holliday. |
|
1467 |
John Caster. |
Thos- Goddard. |
Richd- Brightmore. |
John Daunt. |
|
1468 |
Rowland Frankish. |
Rob'- Holliday. |
Will"' Atwood. |
Thos- Green. |
|
1469 |
Roger Scripe. |
Rob'- Palmer. |
John Morden. |
|
|
1470 |
Tho5- Goddard. |
Richd- Brightmore. |
Will1"- Pallet. |
Barth"'- Crosby. |
|
1471 |
Will"1' Whitebred. |
Lawrence Austin. |
Will1"- Pewall. |
Rob'- Scott. |
|
1472 |
John Pinchon. |
Rob'- Scarlett. |
Richd- Lucas. |
Edmund Walsh. |
|
1473 |
Will"'- Hill. |
Rob'- Palmer. |
John Drumacks. |
John Hingham. |
|
1474 |
Rob'- Dallahouse. |
Rob'- Scott. |
John Johnson. |
William Gatard. |
|
1475 |
Rob'- Holliday. |
Lawrence Austin. |
Will"- Horton. |
Richd- Southnam. |
|
1476 |
Richd- Kent. |
BartrT- Crosby. |
Will'"- Pewall. |
John Wilson. |
|
1477 |
Reginald Young. |
Rob'- Scarlett. |
George Robinson. |
Richd- Chambers. |
|
1478 |
John Morden. |
Alex'- Slight. |
Philip Potter. |
Simon Cole. |
|
1479 |
Rob'- Studdis. |
Will'"- Horton. |
Lawrence Rogers. |
Tho5- Parkins. |
|
1480 |
Will™- Pewall. |
Rob'- Palmer. |
John Johnson. |
Richd- Moneycock. |
|
1481 |
Tho5, Goddard. |
Lawrence Austin. |
Rich'1- Lucas. |
John Denmark. |
|
1482 |
Will"1- Horton. |
Rob'- Scarlett. |
Richd- Chambers. |
Richd- Southnam. |
|
1483 |
Rob'- Holliday. |
James Scott. |
John Stanton. |
Richd- Hay ward. |
|
1484 |
John Pinchon. |
John Johnson. |
Edward Walch. |
Rob'- Lilley. |
|
1485 |
Rob'- Holliday. |
Philip Potter. |
John Tounnyage. |
Richd Hayward. |
|
i486 |
Reginald Young. |
Rich13- Chambers. |
John Wilson. |
John Papworth. |
|
1487 |
Richd- Lucas. |
Simon Cole. |
John Johnson. |
Richd- Nevell. |
|
1488 |
Rob'- Scarlett. |
Philip Potter. |
Ralph Dowell. |
Will"'- Oakley. |
|
1489 |
Rob'- Palmer. |
Richd- Hammond. |
James Ingolsby. |
Owyn Mayne. |
|
1490 |
Rob'- Holliday. |
Richd- Suddenham. |
John Johnson. |
Tho5- Walton. |
|
1491 |
John Johnson, Sen'- |
Tames Scott. |
Ralph Dowell. |
Nicholas Lyving. |
B 2
|
4 |
c/lnnals of the Barber-Surgeons. |
|||
|
Av |
Masters. |
Wardens. |
||
|
1492 |
John Johnson. |
Richd- Haward. |
Rich'1- Nevell. |
Henry Tyley. |
|
*493 |
James Scott. |
James Ingolsby. |
Tames Holland. • |
Roger Sheene. |
|
1494 |
Robert Scarlett. |
Owyn Mayne. |
Nich*1- Lyving. |
John Browne. |
|
1495 |
Rich"- Nevell. |
James Ingolsby. |
James Holland. |
Will"1- Newton. |
|
1496 |
Rob'- Holliday. |
Willm- Oakley. |
John Knott. |
Tho5- Dawes. |
|
'497 |
John Johnson. |
Roger Sheene. |
Andrew Oliver. |
Henry Haselhurst. |
|
149S |
James Scott. |
James Ingolsby. |
John Sommers. |
Henry Geery. |
|
1499 |
Richd- Heyward. |
James Holland. |
John Robertson. |
John Botelier. |
|
1500 |
James Scott. |
Tho5- Daniell. |
John Knott. |
Will"1 Maresfield. |
|
1501 |
James Ingolsby. |
Nich5- Lyving. |
Henry Geery. |
Will'"- Ashwell. |
|
1502 |
Roger Sheene. |
John Knott. |
Thos Atkinson. |
John Peerson. |
|
i5°3 |
Nich5- Lyving. |
Henry Haselhurst. |
Will1"- Lythego. |
Tho5- Apleton. |
|
i5°4 |
Tho5- Dawes. |
Thos Atkinson. |
Will" Withers. |
John Oakley. |
|
i5°5 |
Henry Haselhurst. |
John Peerson. |
Will"'- Kerkby. |
Edmd- Milliners. |
|
1506 |
James Ingolsby. |
Henry Geery. |
John Woodward. |
Thos- Gibson. |
|
i5°7 |
John Johnson. |
John Knott. |
war Ashweii. |
John Mullyns. |
|
1508 |
Nich5- Lyving. |
John Peerson. |
Will'"- Kerkby. |
John Tayler. |
|
J5°9 |
Henry Geery. |
Will'"- Lythego. |
John Woodward. |
Rob'- Misleden. |
|
1510 |
John Knott. |
Tho5- Apleton. |
War Hopkinson. |
Edwd- Potter. |
|
IS" |
John Peerson. |
Will"1- Kerkby. |
Tho5- Gibson. |
Thos- Martin. |
|
L512 |
John Johnson. |
Will1"- Lythego. |
John Oakley. |
Rob'- Maynard. |
|
1513 |
James Holland. |
Will"' Ashwell. |
John Tayler. |
Nich5- Morton. |
|
I5M |
Will'" Kerkby. |
Tho5, Gibson. |
Walter Kellet. |
Henry Baldwin. |
|
ISIS |
Will"' Lythego. |
John Woodward. |
Edwd Potter. |
Edwd- Arundell. |
|
1516 |
Tho5 Apleton. |
John Tayler. |
Rob'- Handsom. |
Rich"- Went. |
|
!Si7 |
John Johnson. |
John Oakley. |
Roger Foster. |
\Villm- Morreyson. |
|
1518 |
Tho5, Gibson. |
Henry Baldwin. |
Rob' Myneyard. |
Tho5' Twynne. |
|
ISI9 |
John Peerson. |
Walter Kellet. |
Richd- Ude. |
John Banks. |
|
1520 |
John Peerson. |
Edw'1 Potter. |
John Banks. |
Henry Cazor. |
|
1521 |
Tho5- Gibson. |
EdW Potter. |
Edwd- Arundell. |
George Brian. |
|
1522 |
Tho5- Gibson. |
Nich5- Morton. |
Rich"- Went. |
Richd- Sermont. |
|
1523 |
John Tayler. |
Nich5- Morton. |
Rich'1- Went. |
Richd- Sermont. |
|
iS24 |
John Tayler. |
Tho5- Twynne. |
Richd- Tayler. |
John Enderby. |
|
152S |
Will™- Kerkby. |
Henry Baldwin. |
Henry Cazor. |
Tho5- Viccary. |
|
oAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons. |
5 |
|||
|
An°- |
Masters. |
Wardens. |
||
|
1526 |
Edward Potter. |
John Banks. |
Rob'- Simson. |
Will'"- Kidd. |
|
1527 |
Henry Baldwin. |
Tho5- Twynne. |
Rich*'- Tayler. |
John Younge. |
|
1528 |
Walter Kellet. |
Tho*- Viccary. |
John Potter. |
Tho5- Sutton. |
|
iS29 |
Tho5 Gibson. |
Edward Arundell. |
John Enderby. |
Richd- Gowcr. |
|
153° |
Tho5- Viccary, 5.5. |
Richd- Tayler. |
Ralph Garland. |
John Ayliffe. |
|
1531 |
Henry Baldwin. |
Henry Cazor. |
Tho5- Wench. |
Nichs- Simpson. |
|
IS32 |
John Banks. |
John Potter. |
John Ayliffe. |
George Holland. |
|
IS33 |
Will'"- Kerkby. |
Ralph Garland. |
Peter Daiseman. |
James Tompson. |
|
1534 |
John Potter. |
John Goodby. |
Rob' Postle. |
John Bird. |
|
1535 |
John Potter. |
John Ayliffe. |
John Bird. |
Charles Wyght. |
|
1536 |
Tho5- Twynne. |
Ralph Garland. |
James Tompson. |
John Newman. |
|
1537 |
Nich5- Simpson, K.B. |
John Johnson. |
George Holland. |
Will'" Rewe. |
|
1538 |
Sir John Ayliffe, K.S. |
John Bird. |
Tho5- Surbut. |
George Geene. |
|
1539 |
John Penn, K.B. |
K. Barber. |
John Hutton. |
Henry Pemberton. |
|
1540 |
EdmundHannan,A".j5. |
JamesMonford,A'.5. |
William Tilley. |
Rob'- Sprignall. |
|
iS4i |
Tho5- Viccary, S.S. |
James Tompson. |
Tho5, Johnson. |
Richd- Bowie. |
|
IS42 |
John Bird. |
Charles Wyght. |
Will"'- Sherborn. |
John Gyle. |
|
1543 |
John Johnson. George Holland. |
JamesMonford,A".5. |
James Banks. James Tompson. |
Robert AVaterford Chrisf- Salmon. |
|
IS44 |
John Younge. |
Rob'- Postle. |
Rich'1 Bowie. |
John Atkinson. |
|
1545 |
John Bird. |
George Geene. |
Henry Pemberton. |
Rob'- Brownhill. |
|
1546 |
Tho5' Viccary, 5.5. |
Will'"- Tilley. |
Dan'- Sambrook. |
Tho5- Gale. |
|
1547 |
John Enderby. |
Peter Daiseman. |
Rob' Sprignall. |
John Smith. |
|
IS43 |
Tho5, Viccary, S.S. |
John Skinner. |
John Newman. |
John Gyle. WilT- Otherborn. |
|
IS49 |
Geoe- Holland. |
Rob'- Waterford. |
Rob'- Brownhill. |
Augustine Clarke. |
|
1.55° |
Geo° Geene. |
Tho5, Johnson. |
Rich" Bowie. |
Thos- Stockdale. Matthw- Johnson. |
|
I5SI |
Richd- Ferris. |
Rob'- Sprignell. |
John Barker. |
James Wood. |
|
1552 |
Christ'- Salmon. |
Tho5 Knott. |
Aug"6 Clarke. |
Rich1'- Elliot. |
|
1553 |
Richd Bowie. |
John Atkinson. |
Tho5 Whittingham. |
Hugh Lymcocke. |
|
1554 |
Rob'- Sprignell. |
Augne- Clarke. |
Will'"- Green. |
John Bonnar. |
|
1555 |
Tho5- Knott. |
Tho5- Gale. |
John Smythe. |
Tho5 Fysshe. |
|
I5S6 |
Geo. Holland, K.S. |
Rob1, Brown. |
Alexr- Mason. |
Rich'1 Tholmwood. |
6
cAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
|
An". |
Masters. |
Wardens. |
||
|
1557 |
! Thos- Viccary, S.S. |
Thos- Whittingham. |
James Wood. |
John Warren. |
|
155S John Atkinson. |
Hugh Lymcocke. |
William Walton. |
1 Geo. Vaughan. |
|
|
1559 |
George Geene. |
Will1"- Greene. |
Tho* Baylie. |
! John Smarthwaite. |
|
1560 |
Tho5 Whittingham. |
James Wood. |
John Bonnar. |
Rob'- Balthrop. |
|
1561 |
Thos- Gale. |
Alex'- Mason. |
John Standon. |
Rob'- Mudesly. |
|
1562 |
Richd- Ferris, S.S. |
Will"'- Walton. |
Rob'- Mudesly. |
Richd- Hughes. |
|
1563 |
Rob'- Brownhill. |
Rich1'- Tholmwood. |
Geo. Vaughan. |
John Weste. |
|
1564 |
WiHm- Greene. |
Rob'- Balthrop. |
Tho5 Robinson. |
Nichs- Archenbold. |
|
1565 |
Rob'- Balthrop, S.S. |
Geo. Vaughan. |
Rich4, Hughes. |
Geo. Corron. |
|
1566 |
James Wood. |
Thos- Barber. |
Nichs- Archenbold. |
Thos- Burston. |
|
1567 |
Alex'- Mason. |
Rob'- Mudesly. |
Geo. Corron. |
John Robinson. |
|
1568 |
Richd- Tholmwood. |
Nichs. Archenbokl. |
Thob Burston. |
Rich"- Wisto (died.) [ohn Field. |
|
1569 |
George Vaughan (died. ) Alex'- Mason. |
John Standon. |
John Field. |
Humphry Paris. |
|
1570 |
Thos- Barber. |
Rich''- Hughes. |
John Robinson. |
John Yates. |
|
i57i |
Thos- Barber. |
George Corron. |
Rob'- Clarke. |
Will'"- Bovey. |
|
1572 |
Rob'- Mudesly. |
John Robinson. |
Thos- Banks. |
Edwd- Ireland. |
|
iS73 |
Alex'- Mason (died.) Rob'- Balthrop, S.S. |
Thos- Burston. |
John Hitchen. |
Will'"- Bull. |
|
J574 |
Richd- Hughes. |
Thos- Robinson. |
Will'"- Bovey. |
Richd- Upton. |
|
1575 |
George Corron (died.) Thos Whittingham. |
John Feild. |
Will"' Swaine. |
John Mason. |
|
1576 |
Thos- Burston. |
Thos- Banckes. |
John Yates. |
Will'"- Crowe. |
|
iS77 |
John Feild. |
John Hitchen. |
Christ'- Swaldell. |
Henry Rankyn. |
|
i57S |
Thos- Banckes. |
John Yates. |
Rich"- Wisto. |
Leonard Coxe. |
|
1579 |
John Hitchen. |
William Bovey. |
William Crowe. |
Tho5 Bird. |
|
1580 |
Rob'- Mudesly. |
Christ'- Swaldell. |
Edward Ireland. |
John Haysie. |
|
1581 |
Will"'- Bovey. |
Will"1- Swaine. |
Henry Rankyn. |
Edwd- Griffin. |
|
1582 |
Thos- Banckes. |
Will"'- Crowe. |
Leonard Coxe. |
Richd- Wood. |
|
1583 |
Christ'- Swaldell. |
Rich'1- Wisto. |
Tho5- Bird. |
Will'"- Gale. |
|
1584 |
John Hitchen. |
Henry Ranken. |
John Haysie. |
Richd- Sprignall. |
|
1585 |
Will"- Crowe. |
Leonard Coxe. |
Rich4 Wood. |
Henry Bradley. |
|
1586 |
Richd- Wisto. |
John Haysie. |
Edward Griffin. |
John Leycock. |
|
cAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons. |
7 |
|||
|
An°- |
Masters. |
Wardens. |
||
|
1537 |
Henry Rankyn. |
Tho" Bird. |
Rich'1 Sprignall. |
John Johnson. |
|
1 5 88 : Leonard Coxe. |
Rich'1- Wood. |
Will'" Borne. |
George Denham. |
|
|
1589 John Haysie. |
Edward Griffin. |
Will"'- Gooderus. |
John Martin. |
|
|
1590 Thos Bird. |
Will"'- Gale. |
Thos- Wayte. |
John Izard. |
|
|
1 59 1 Rich*1- Wood. |
Rich'1- Sprignall. |
Geo. Baker, S.S. |
James Bates. |
|
|
1592 Edward Griffin. |
WiirGooderus,^.^'. |
Geo. Denham. |
John Dards. |
|
|
1593 |
Christ7- Swaldell. |
John Leycock. |
John Izard. |
John Burgess. |
|
1594 |
Will'"- Gooderus, S.S. |
Will'"- Borne. |
Will"1 Clowes. |
John Newsom. |
|
1595 |
Will"1- Gale. |
John Martyn. |
James Bates. |
John Peck. |
|
1596 |
Thos- Banckes. |
John Izard. |
Tho5, Warren. |
Lewis Atmer. |
|
1597 |
George Baker, S.S. |
James Bates. |
John Dards. |
John Gerrard. |
|
1598 |
John Leycock. |
John Burgess. |
Thos- Thorney. |
Robert Johnson. |
|
1599 |
Rich"- Wood. |
John Dards. |
John Newsom. |
Will"1- Martyn. |
|
1600 |
Will'"- Borne (died.) John Leycock. |
Tho5- Thorney. |
Will"1- Martyn. |
Edwd- Rodes. |
|
1601 |
John Martyn. |
Lewis Atmer. |
Christ'- Frederick. |
Rob'- Fuller. |
|
1602 |
Tho5- Thorney. |
William Martyn. |
Edwd- Rodes. |
Thos- Martyn. |
|
1603 |
Will-- Gooderus, S.S. |
John Peck. |
Rob' Fuller. |
John Richmond. |
|
1604 |
John Leycock. |
Christ'- Frederick. |
Thos- Martyn. |
Rich4 Mapes. |
|
1605 |
John Peck. |
Edwd- Rodes. |
Willm- Fyninge. |
John Fenton. |
|
1606 |
William Martyn. Thomas Thorney. |
Rob'- Fuller. |
Rich'1- Mapes. |
Randall Foster. |
|
1607 |
John Gerrard. |
Thos- Martyn. |
John Fenton. |
Tho5- Veare. |
|
1608 |
Edward Rodes. |
Richd- Mapes. |
Robert Johnson. |
Roger Jenkins. |
|
1609 |
Christ'- Frederick, S.S. |
Will"1- Fyninge. |
Randall Foster. |
Edwd- Ingolsby. |
|
1610 |
William Gale (died.) John Pecke. |
John Fenton. |
Tho5 Veare. |
John Hassall. |
|
1611 |
Robert Fuller. |
Rob'- Johnson. |
Roger Jenkins. |
Abraham Allen. |
|
1612 |
Richard Mapes. |
Randall Foster. |
Abraham Allen. |
John Kerrell. |
|
1613 |
John Fenton. |
Thomas Veare'(aW) |
Edw'1- Ingolsby. |
John Coghill. |
|
1614 |
John Hassall. |
Roger Jenkins. |
John Kerrell. |
Lewis Rogers. |
|
1615 |
Sir Peter Proby, Aid. |
Edward Ingolsby. |
John Coghill. |
Richd- Cooper. |
|
1616 |
Christ' Frederick, S..S. |
John Kerrell. |
Lewis Rogers. |
Jasper Arris. |
|
1617 |
Ralph Bovey. |
LewisRogers2(tffo/) |
Jasper Arris. |
Peter Porter. |
1 John Hassell chosen Warden.
'■ Richd- Cooper chosen Warden.
8
oAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
|
An°- |
Masters. |
Wardens. |
||
|
1618 |
Edward Ingolsby. |
Henry Ofeild. |
Peter Porter. |
Thos- Borne. |
|
1619 |
John Coghill. |
Peter Porter. |
Thos Borne. |
Thos- Allen. |
|
1620 |
Richard Cooper. |
Thos Borne. |
Thos Allen. |
John Newman. |
|
1621 |
Randall Foster. |
Thos Allen. |
Dominic Lomleine. |
John Dards. |
|
1622 |
Alexander Baker, J.P. |
Jasper Arris ' (died.) |
John Newman. |
Rich4 Wateson. |
|
1623 |
John Kerrell. |
Dominic Lomleine |
Richd- Wateson. |
Richd- Thornebury. |
|
1624 |
Joseph Fenton. |
Richd- Wateson. |
Richd- Thornebury. |
Andrew Wheatley. |
|
1625 |
Henry Ofeild. |
Rich'1- Thornebury. |
James Molines. |
John Wroodall. |
|
1626 |
William Clowes, S.S. |
James Molines. |
Andrew Wheatley |
Richd- Morrice. |
|
1627 |
Tho'Caldwell, Esquire, K.B. Thomas Borne (died.) |
Andrew Wheatley. |
John Woodall. |
Dan1 Hinxman. |
|
1628 |
ThosCald well, Esquire, K.B. |
John Borne. |
Will-- Walker. |
Arthur Dowton. |
|
1629 |
Dominic Lomeline. |
Richd Morrice. |
Arthur Dowton. |
George Roades. |
|
1630 |
Richard Wateson, Surgeon in Ordinary to the King. |
John Newman. |
Dan1 Hinxman. |
Edwd- Wraterhouse. |
|
1631 |
Richd' Thornbury. |
Dan1 Hinxman. |
Tobias Johnson. |
Henry Blackley. |
|
1632 |
James Molines. |
Arthur Dowton. |
Rich"- Powell. |
John Ward. |
|
1633 |
John Woodall. |
Rich"- Powell. |
Henry Blackley. |
George Predey. |
|
1634 |
Richard Morrice. |
Henry Blackley. |
John Heydon. |
John Davyes. |
|
163S |
Michael Andrews, Surgeon in Ordinary to the King. |
John Warde. |
Nicholas Heath. |
Will"1- Huckle. |
|
1636 |
Richard Powell. |
John Heydon. |
Will'"- Huckle. |
Lawrence Cotton. |
|
1637 |
Henry Blackley. |
Will"1- Burgin. |
Lawrence Cotton. |
Thos- Trevellion.2 (Dismissed.) |
|
1638 |
William Clowes, -S'.-S'. |
William Lingham. |
George Dunn. |
Henry Wateson. |
|
1639 |
Thomas Davyes, K.B. |
Nicholas Heath. |
Thos- Collins. |
Will-- Bignell. |
|
1640 |
John Heydon. |
Henry Wateson. |
Martin Browne. |
Thos- Browne. |
|
1 64 1 |
John Ward. |
Lawrence Cotton. |
Thos Browne. |
John Pinder. |
|
1642 |
William Burgin. |
George Dunne. |
Edward Arris. |
John Lufkin. |
|
1643 |
Nicholas Heath. |
Will"1- Bignell. |
John Lufkin. |
Henry Boone. |
|
1644 |
William Huckle. |
Thos- Collins. |
Henry Boone. |
Robert Clarke. |
|
164S |
Lawrence Cotton. |
Martin Browne. |
Robert Clarke. |
Will"1- Gurney. |
' John Dards chosen Warden.
: Will'"' Lingham chosen Warden.
|
oAnn |
als of the Barber-Surgeons. |
9 |
||
|
An°- |
Masters. |
Wardens. |
||
|
1646 |
George Dunne. |
William Kings. |
Will'" Gurney. |
Ralph Foster. |
|
1647 |
William Bignell. |
Henry Boone. |
Ralph Foster. |
Will1"- Bennett. |
|
164S |
Thomas Collins. |
RobL Clarke. |
Will"- Bennett. |
John Madocks. |
|
1649 |
Robert Clarke. |
Willm-Bennett,(<fiW) |
John Madocks. |
Tho" Allen. |
|
1650 |
William Kings. |
Will"1- Gurney. |
John Frederick. |
Chas- Stamford. |
|
1651 |
Edward Arris, Aid. |
Ralph Foster. |
Thomas Allen. |
Thos Turner. |
|
1652 |
William Gurney. |
Rob' Bullock. |
Chas- Stamford. |
Rob'- Westbrooke. |
|
1653 |
Martin Browne. |
John Madocks. |
Tho5- Turner. |
Lawrence Loe. |
|
1654 |
Sirjohn Frederick, Aid. |
Tho5- Allen. |
Abraham Clarke. |
Tho5 Bowden. |
|
1655 |
Henry Boone. |
Tho5- Turner. |
Lawrence Loe. |
Thos- Kingman. |
|
1656 |
Ralph Foster. |
Cha5- Stamford. |
Nicholas Brothers. |
John Perkins. |
|
1657 |
Robert Bullock. |
Robert Westbrook |
Will"'- Watson. |
Tho5 Calveley. |
|
165S |
John Madocks. Sirjohn Frederick,.-.//^/. |
Lawrence Loe. |
Will"' Rymmer. |
Ralph Thickness. |
|
1659 |
Thomas Allen. Charles Stamford. |
John Perkins. |
Ralph Thickness. |
John Sotherton. |
|
1660 |
Thomas Turner. |
Thomas Bowden. |
John Sotherton. |
Thomas Burton. |
|
1661 |
Humphry Painter, S.S. |
Tho5- Calveley. |
Tho5- Burton. |
Tho5- Canham. |
|
1662 |
Thomas Lisle, K.B. |
Nicholas Brothers. |
James Farre. |
Joseph Bynns. |
|
1663 |
John Knight, S.S. |
John Sotherton. |
Joseph Bynns. |
Tho5- Hall. |
|
1664 |
Ralph Foliard, K.B. |
Ralph Thickness. |
Tho" Hall. |
Tho5- Hollier. |
|
1665 |
Richard Wiseman, S.S. |
Tho5- Canham. |
Tho5 Hollier. |
John Harvie. |
|
1666 1667 |
Thomas Calveley. Lawrence Loe. |
Tho3 Hollier. James Farre. |
John Harvie. James Pearse. |
James Pearse, Duke of York's Surgeon. Will'"- Fryer. |
|
1668 |
Thomas Canham. |
James Pearse. |
Will'"- Fryer. |
Will'"- Markham. |
|
1669 |
John Knight, S.S. |
John Harvie. |
Will"'- Markham. |
Tobias Sedgwick. |
|
1670 |
James Farre. |
Tobias Sedgwick. |
Will'"- Markham. |
Henry Barker. |
|
1671 |
Ralph Thickness. |
Will"1- Fryer. |
Henry Barker. |
James Brooks. |
|
1672 |
John Harvie. |
Henry Barker. |
James Brooks. |
Henry Johnson. |
|
1673 |
Tho5- Hollier. |
James Brooks. |
Henry Johnson. |
Rich4 Powell. |
|
1674 167S |
Sir Nathaniel Heme, Alderman. James Pearse, The Kings and Duke's Surgeon. |
Henry Johnson. Rich"- Powell. |
Rich* Powell. Will'"- Perse. |
Will"1- Perse. Willm- Bellamy. |
Martin Browne chosen Warden.
IO
cA minis of the Barber-Surgeons.
|
An°- |
Masters. |
Wardens. |
||
|
1676 |
Sir John Letheuillier, Sheriff. |
Will"' Perse. |
Will'" Bellamy. |
Thos- Symonds. |
|
1677 |
Henry Johnson. John Knight, .S.^1. |
Will'"- Bellamy. |
Thos- Symonds. |
Tho' Middleton. |
|
1678 |
William Fryer. |
Thos' Symonds. |
Thos- Middleton. |
Edmund Thorold. |
|
1679 |
William Perse. |
Philip Foster. |
Thos Page. |
Richd- Cheshire. |
|
1680 |
James Brooks. |
Edmund Thorold. |
Rich'1- Cheshire. |
George Horsnell. |
|
1681 |
Edmund Thorold. |
Thos- Middleton. |
Geo. Horsnell. |
Thos- Baylie. |
|
1682 |
Richard Powell. |
Thos- Page. |
Thos- Baylie. |
Edwd- Cockaigne. |
|
1683 1684 |
Thomas Page. Richard Cheshire. |
Rich1'- Cheshire. Geo. Horsnell. |
Edw'1- Cockaigne. Rob' Leeson. |
Rob'- Leeson. Rob' Sanderson. |
|
1685 |
George Horsnell. |
Robert Eeeson. |
Rob'- Sanderson. |
John King. |
|
1686 1687 1688 |
Robert Leeson. Thomas Hobbs, 5.^. Sir Humphry Edwin, Alderman. |
Robert Sanderson1 {died.) John King. Willm- Layfield. |
John King. Will"1- Layfield. Roger Knowles. |
Will'"- Layfield. John Darling. John Stambrooke. |
|
1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 |
John Conny, Esquire. William Bellamy. William Layfield. John King. Roger Knowles. Richard Hewett. |
John Stambrooke. Roger Knowles. John Jackson. Henry Rossington. Richd Hewett. Thos- Gardiner. |
Roger Knowles. John Jackson. Henry Rossington. Richd- Hewett. John Deane. Will"1- Clarke. |
John Darling. Henry Rossington. Richd- Hewett. John Deane. Will'"- Clarke. Thos Caister. |
|
1695 1696 |
Henry Rossington. William Clarke. |
Will'" Clarke. Tho- Caister. |
Thos- Caister. George Minikin. |
George Minikin. Thos- Litchfeild. |
|
1697 |
Thomas Gardiner, S.S. |
George Minikin. |
Thos- Litchfeild. |
John Pinke. |
|
1698 |
George Minikin. |
Tho5' Litchfeild. |
John Pinke. |
James Wall. |
|
1699 |
Thomas Litchfeild. |
John Pinke. |
James Wall. |
Barthw- King. |
|
1700 |
John Pinke. |
James Wall. |
Richd- Marks. |
Will"" Oades. |
|
1701 1702 |
James Wall. Richard Marks. |
Rich"- Marks. Will'" Oades. |
Will'"- Oades. Ralph Hatley. |
Ralph Hatley. Will'"- Pleahill. |
|
1703 1704 I7°S |
Charles Bernard, S.S. Ralph Hatley. William Oades. |
Ralph Hatley. William Pleahill. John Worts. |
Will"- pleahill. John Worts. Zachh- Gibson. |
John Worts. Zachariah Gibson. Will"'- Bond. |
|
1706 |
John Worts. |
Zach1' Gibson. |
Will'"- Bond. |
Gratian Bale. |
' John Conny chosen Warden.
oAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
ii
|
An' |
Masters. |
Wardens. |
||
|
1707 |
Zachariah Gibson. |
Will'"- Bond. |
Gratian Bale. |
Will"'- Moss. |
|
1708 |
William Bond. |
Gratian Bale. |
Will1"- Moss. |
Anthy- Herenden. |
|
1709 |
Gratian Bale. |
WilliamMoss'(<//t'</. ) |
Edwd- Green. |
Simon Lynch. |
|
1710 |
Simon Lynch. |
Ed.v'1' Green. |
Will'"- Watkins. |
Richd Harvey. |
|
1711 |
Edward Green. |
Will"1- Watkins. |
Anth1'- Herenden. |
Joseph Cousins. |
|
1712 |
William Watkins. |
Anthy- Herenden. |
Joseph Cousins' {died). |
Joseph Greene. |
|
1713 |
Anthony Herenden. |
Will'"- Smith. |
Rich4 Harvey. |
Christopher Toms. |
|
1714 |
William Smith. |
Richard Harvey. |
Christ'- Toms. |
Alex' Geekie. |
|
1715 |
Richard Harvey. |
Christ'- Toms3(&(f). |
Joseph Greene. |
Robert Hayes. |
|
1716 |
Robert Hayes. |
Joseph Greene. |
John Shott. |
Will'"- Loup. |
|
1717 |
Joseph Greene. |
John Shott. |
Alex'- Geekie. |
James Northall. |
|
1718 |
John Shott. |
Alex'- Geekie. |
James Northall. |
Will'" Cotesworth, Esquire. |
|
1719 |
Alexander Geekie. |
James Northall. |
Will'"- Loup. |
Sam1- Rayson. |
|
1720 |
James Northall. |
Will"'- Loup. |
Sam'- Rayson. |
Henry Myddelton. |
|
1721 |
William Loup. |
Sam'- Rayson. |
Will'"- Cotesworth, Esquire. |
Will'"- Blanford. |
|
1722 |
Samuel Rayson. |
Will'"- Cotesworth, Esquire. |
Will1"- Blanford. |
Will"1 Cole,Esquire. |
|
1723 |
William Cotesworth, Esquire. |
Will"1- Blanford. |
Henry Myddelton. |
John Randall. |
|
1724 |
William Blanford (*#«<*). John Shott. |
Henry Myddelton. |
John Randall. |
James Feme. |
|
1725 |
Henry Myddelton. |
John Randall. |
Will'" Cole, Esquire. |
January Farmer. |
|
1726 |
John Shott. |
Will"'- Cole, Esquire. |
January Farmer. |
Henry Bull. |
|
1727 |
William Cole, Esquire. |
January Farmer. |
James Feme. |
John Nicholls. |
|
1728 |
January Farmer. |
James Feme. |
JohnNicholls4(^^). |
Ambrose Dickins, Esquire, .S..S. |
|
1729 |
Ambrose Dickins, Esq., S.S. to Queen Anne, King Ceo. I. , King Geo. II. |
Will"'- Parker. |
Claudius Amyand, Esquire, •S'.-S. |
Luke Maurice. |
|
I730 |
William Parker. |
Claudius Amyand, Esquire, S.S. |
Luke Maurice. |
Edwd- Woodward. |
|
1731 |
Claudius Amyand, Esquire, £.£. |
Luke Maurice. |
Edwd- Woodward. |
John Barnwell. |
Will™- Watkins chosen Warden.
- Will"1- Smith chosen Warden. W"j- Parker chosen Warden.
1 John Shott chosen Warden.
C 2
|
12 |
cAnnaU of the Barber-Surgeons. |
|||
|
An°- |
Masters. |
Wardens. |
||
|
1732 |
Luke Maurice. |
Edwd- Woodward. |
John Barnwell. |
Thos- Bridges. |
|
1733 |
James Feme. |
John Barnwell. |
Thos Bridges. |
John Watts. |
|
1734 |
John Barnwell. |
Thos- Bridges. |
John Watts. |
William Petty. |
|
1735 |
Edward Woodward. |
John Watts. |
Will'"' Petty. |
Dan'- Fradin. |
|
1736 |
John Watts. |
Will™- Petty. |
Dan1 Fradin. |
John Wheeler. |
|
1737 |
Thomas Bridges. |
Dan1- Fradin. |
John Wheeler. |
John Truelove. |
|
1738 |
Daniel Fradin. |
John Wheeler. |
John Truelove. |
James Dansie. |
|
1739 |
William Petty. |
John Truelove. |
James Dansie. |
Thos- Essington. |
|
1740 |
John Truelove. |
James Dansie. |
Will™- Haddon. |
Joseph Wood. |
|
1741 |
John Wheeler {died.) James Dansie. |
Will™- Haddon. |
John Hayward. |
Jonathan Medley. |
|
1742 |
William Haddon. |
John Hayward. |
Jonathan Medley. |
Joseph Sandford. |
|
1743 |
John Hayward. |
Jonathan Medley. |
Joseph Sandford. |
Humphry Negus. |
|
1744 |
Jonathan Medley. |
Joseph Sandford. |
Humphry Negus. |
Will"1- Cheselden, Esquire. |
Memorandum. — That on the 24th June, 1745, The Surgeons were by Act of Parliament
separated from The Barbers.
|
An0- |
Masters. |
Wardens. |
||
|
1745' |
Jonathan Medley. |
Humphry Negus. |
Edwd- Boxley. |
Sam'- Rutter. |
|
1745 |
Humphry Negus. |
Edwd- Boxley. |
Sam' Rutter. |
Rob' Scrooby. |
|
1746 |
Edward Boxley. |
Sam'- Rutter. |
Rob'- Scrooby. |
Richd- Swithin. |
|
1747 |
Sam'- Rutter. |
Rob' Scrooby. |
Richd- Swithin. |
John Bearblock. |
|
1748 |
Robert Scrooby. |
Richd- Swithin. |
John Bearblock. |
Will"1- Roberts. |
|
1749 |
Richard Swithin. |
John Bearblock. |
Will™- Roberts. |
Thos- Cotton. |
|
175° |
James Theobald, Esq. |
John Bearblock. |
Will™- Roberts. |
Thos Cotton. |
|
I7S1 |
John Bearblock. |
Will™- Roberts. |
Thos Cotton. |
John Whiting. |
|
I7S2 |
William Roberts. |
Tho5, Cotton. |
John Whiting. |
Rich1'- Lookes. |
|
1753 |
Thomas Cotton. |
John Whiting. |
Richd- Lookes. |
PeterTheobald,Esq. |
|
1754 |
John Whiting. |
PeterTheobald,Esq. |
John Pepys. |
Will™- Glenister. |
|
1755 |
John Pepys. |
Will"1- Glenister. |
Thomas Potter. |
Michael FAns. |
|
i756 |
Michael I'Ans. |
John Blundell. |
Will'"- Tillett. |
Charles Moore. |
|
1757 |
John Blundell. |
Will™- Tillett. |
Charles Moore. |
Thomas Griffin. |
Mr. Medley had been Master of the Barber-Surgeons from Election day, 1744, until the 24th June, 1745, and was Master of the Barbers from that date until Election day, 1745, when Mr. Negus was chosen.
|
o/liuials of the Barber-Surgeons. |
'i |
|||
|
An°- |
Masters. |
Wardens. |
||
|
I75S |
William Tillett. |
Charles Moore. |
Thomas Griffin. |
Alexander Glen. |
|
1759 |
Charles Moore. |
Thomas Griffin. |
Alex'- Glen. |
Achilles Preston. |
|
1760 |
Thomas Griffin. |
Alex'- Glen. |
Achilles Preston. |
John Lowther. |
|
1761 |
SirThosChallenor,^i& |
Alex'- Glen. |
Achilles Preston. |
John Lowther. |
|
1762 |
Alex'- Glen {died.) Achilles Preston. |
John Lowther. |
John Marshall. |
Isaac Burton (died).1 |
|
1763 |
John Lowther. |
John Marshall(<fifttf)? |
Samuel Norton. |
Will"'- Hurford. |
|
1764 |
Samuel Norton. |
Will'"- Hurford. |
Will"'- Evans. |
Will"1- Peirse. |
|
1765 |
Will1" Hurford. |
Will'"- Evans. |
Will'"- Peirse. |
Edwd- Parker. |
|
1766 |
Will'"' Evans. |
Will'"- Peirse. |
Edwd- Parker. |
Tho5- Holehouse. |
|
1767 |
Will'"- Peirse. |
Edwd- Parker. |
Thos- Holehouse. |
George Russell. |
|
1768 |
Edward Parker. |
Thos- Holehouse. |
George Russell. |
Sam1- Plackett. |
|
1769 |
Thomas Holehouse. |
George Russell. |
Sam1- Plackett. |
John Wilding. |
|
1770 |
George Russell. |
Sam1- Plackett. |
John Wilding. |
Thos- Barnett. |
|
1771 |
Sam'- Plackett. |
John Wilding. |
Thos- Barnett. |
Joseph Hill. |
|
1772 |
John Wilding. |
Thomas Barnett. |
Joseph Hill3 (re- signed). |
John Rogers. |
|
1773 |
Thomas Barnett. |
John Rogers. |
Timothy Baylie. |
Geo. Veriar, Esq'0, |
|
1774 |
John Rogers (died.) Timothy Baylie. |
Timothy Baylie.4 |
Geo. Veriar, Esq'0- |
John Paterson, Esq. |
|
1775 |
George Veriar, Esq'0- |
John Paterson, Esq. |
James Scott. |
Richd- Wainwright. |
|
1776 |
John Paterson, Esq'0- |
James Scott. |
Richd- Wainwright. |
Will'"- Stock. |
|
1777 |
James Scott. |
Richd- Wainwright. |
Will'"- Stock. |
Will"1- Stagg. |
|
1778 |
Rich'1, Wainwright. |
Will'"- Stock. |
Willra- Stagg. |
James Potter. |
|
1779 |
William Stock. |
Will'"- Stagg. |
James Potter. |
Will"1- Kippax. |
|
1780 |
William Stagg. |
James Potter. |
Will"1 Kippax. |
Wlir- Roberts. |
|
1781 |
James Potter. |
Will'"- Kippax. |
Will11'- Roberts. |
Will"1- Slade. |
|
1782 |
Will"1- Kippax. |
Will* Roberts. |
Will"1- Slade. |
Thos- Harris. |
|
17S3 |
Will1"- Roberts. |
Will"1- Slade. |
Henry Wichells. |
John Berrow, Esq'0, |
|
1784 |
William Slade. |
Henry Wichells. |
John Berrow, Esq'0 |
Will"1- Dodds. |
|
178S |
Henry Wichells. |
John Berrow, Esq. |
Will"1- Dodds. |
Tho5- Garrood. |
|
1786 |
John Berrow, Esq'0, |
Will1"- Dodds. |
Tho5- Garrood. |
Thos- Golding. |
|
1787 |
William Dodds. |
Thos- Garrood. |
Thos- Golding. |
Rob' Emerton. |
1 Sam1- Norton chosen Warden. 2 Will"1- Evans chosen Warden. 3 Timothy Baylie chosen Warden.
4 James Scott chosen Warden.
'4
zAtinals of the Barber-Surgeons.
|
An°- |
Masters. |
Wardens. |
||
|
1788 |
Thomas Garrood. |
Tho5 Golding. |
Rob'- Emerton. |
John Davison. |
|
1789 |
Thomas Golding. |
Rob'- Emerton. |
John Davison. |
Rob'- Downes. |
|
1790 |
Robert Emerton. |
John Davison. |
Robert Downes. |
Ralph Eden ' (re- signed). |
|
1791 |
John Davison. |
Robert Downes. |
Daniel Adams. |
David Lamb. |
|
1792 |
Robert Downes. |
Daniel Adams. |
David Lamb. |
John Adams. |
|
1793 |
Daniel Adams. |
David Lamb. |
John Adams2 {died). |
George Grange. |
|
1794 |
David Lamb. |
George Grange. |
Thomas Thompson. |
John Slee. |
|
1795 |
George Grange. |
Tho5- Thompson. |
John Slee. |
John Knox. |
|
1796 |
Thomas Thompson. |
John Slee. |
John Knox. |
Edmd- Humphris3 (resigned). |
|
1797 |
John Slee. |
John Knox. |
Rob' Douglas. |
James Lyon. |
|
1798 |
John Knox. |
Rob1- Douglas. |
James Lyon. |
Francis Pearson. |
|
1799 |
Robert Douglas. |
James Lyon. |
Francis Pearson. |
Jeremiah James. |
|
1800 |
James Lyon. |
Francis Pearson. |
Jeremiah James. |
Joseph Atkinson. |
|
1801 |
Francis Pearson. |
Jeremiah James. |
Joseph Atkinson. |
James Speight. |
|
1802 |
Jeremiah James. |
Joseph Atkinson. |
James Speight4 (died). |
Thos' Herbert. |
|
1803 |
Joseph Atkinson. |
Thomas Herbert. |
Willm- Long. |
James Clay. |
|
1804 |
Thomas Herbert. |
Will'"' Long. |
James Clay. |
Joseph Wells. |
|
1805 |
Willm- Long. |
James Clay. |
Joseph Wells. |
Rob'- Garwood. |
|
1806 |
James Clay. |
Joseph Wells. |
Rob'- Garwood. |
Will'"- Baylie. |
|
1807 |
Joseph Wells. |
Robert Garwood. |
Will"1- Baylie. |
Tho5- Hampshire. |
|
1808 |
Robert Garwood. |
Wiir- Baylie. |
Thos- Hampshire. |
John Wilt. |
|
1809 |
William Baylie. |
Thomas Hampshire. |
John Wilt. |
John Hart. |
|
1810 |
Thomas Hampshire. |
John Wilt. |
John Hart. |
John Driver. |
|
1811 |
John Wilt. |
John Hart. |
John Driver15 (died). |
Charles Swan. |
|
1812 |
Charles Swan. |
Thomas Rowney. |
Thomas Law. |
Richd- Jones. |
|
1813 |
Thomas Rowney. |
Thomas Law. |
Richd- Jones. |
John Benj"- Cole. |
|
1814 |
Thomas Law. |
Richd Jones. |
John Benj"- Cole. |
Thomas Stimson. |
|
1815 |
Richard Jones. |
John Benj"- Cole. |
Tho5- Stimson. |
John Papps. |
|
1816 |
John Benj"- Cole. |
Tho5- Stimson. |
Malcolm Dunnett. |
Peter Skipper. |
|
1817 |
Malcolm Dunnett. |
Peter Skipper. |
Richd- Morgan. |
Tho5, Adam. |
|
1818 |
Peter Skipper. |
Richard Morgan. |
Thos- Adam. |
Anthony Lyon. |
Dan'- Adams chosen Warden. - Thos- Thompson chosen Warden. 3 Thos- Herbert chosen Warden. ' John Field chosen Warden. s Thomas Law chosen Warden.
|
d/illlli |
its oj we barber-burgeons. |
15 |
||
|
An°- |
Masters. |
Wardens. |
||
|
1819 |
Richard Morgan (<//<•</,). Thomas Adam. |
Thos- Adam." |
Anthony Lyon. |
Will-- Vale. |
|
1820 |
Anthony Lyon. |
Will™- Vale. |
James Clapp. |
James Carpenter. |
|
1821 |
William Vale. |
James Clapp. |
James Carpenter. |
Daniel Stewart. |
|
1822 |
James Clapp. |
James Carpenter. |
Daniel Stewart. |
James Hemp. |
|
1823 |
James Carpenter. |
Daniel Stewart. |
James Hemp. |
James King. |
|
1824 |
Daniel Stewart. |
James Hemp. |
James King. |
James Lyon. |
|
1825 |
James Hemp. |
James King. |
James Lyon. |
Thos- Kidder. |
|
1826 |
James King. |
James Lyon2 (died). |
Thos- Kidder. |
Warman Thorn. |
|
1827 |
Thomas Kidder. |
Warman Thorn. |
Edwd- Grose Smith. |
Geo. Whitehead. |
|
1828 |
Warman Thorn. |
Edwd- Grose Smith. |
Geo. Whitehead. |
Thos- Wharton. |
|
1829 |
Edwd- Grose Smith. |
Geo. Whitehead. |
Thos- Wharton. |
Will- Twinch. |
|
1830 |
GeorgeWhitehead(<//V</) Thomas Wharton. |
Thos Wharton.3 |
Will-- Twinch. |
Will1"- Robinson. |
|
1831 |
William Robinson. |
Samuel Closs. |
Geo. Hadden. |
Philip Lawton. |
|
1832 |
Samuel Closs. |
George Hadden. |
Philip Lawton. |
Henry Waite. |
|
i833 |
George Hadden. |
Philip Lawton. |
Henry Waite. |
Joseph Carter. |
|
1834 |
Philip Lawton. |
Henry Waite. |
Joseph Carter. |
John Benj"- Lings. |
|
1835 |
Henry Waite. |
Joseph Carter. |
John Benjn- Lings. |
William Sallis. |
|
1836 |
Joseph Carter. |
John Benjn- Lings. |
Will"1- Sallis. |
Thos- Skegg Driver. |
|
i837 |
John Benjn- Lings. |
Will'" Sallis. |
Thos- Skegg Driver. |
Sam1- Edenborough4 (died). |
|
1838 |
William Sallis. |
Thos- Skegg Driver. |
Joel Edwards. |
George Browne. |
|
1839 |
Thos- Skegg Driver. |
Joel Edwards. |
George Browne. |
Henry Patten. |
|
1840 |
Joel Edwards. |
George Browne. |
Henry Patten. |
Robert Low. |
|
1841 |
Joel Edwards. |
Henry Patten. |
Robert Low. |
John Atkinson. |
|
1842 |
Henry Patten. |
Robert Low. |
John Atkinson. |
George Sadler. |
|
1843 |
Robert Low. |
John Atkinson. |
George Sadler. |
ThosBurn Hopgood. |
|
1844 |
John Atkinson. |
George Sadler. |
ThosBurn Hopgood. |
John Colley. |
|
1845 |
George Sadler. |
Thos BurnHopgood. |
John Colley. |
John Annis. |
|
1846 |
Thos- Burn Hopgood. |
John Colley. |
John Annis. |
Will-- Vale. |
|
1847 |
John Colley. |
John Annis. |
Will-- Vale. |
Will'"- Hemp. |
|
1848 |
John Annis. |
Will1" Vale. |
Will-- Hemp. |
Alexr- Rowland. |
|
1849 |
William Vale. |
Will- Hemp. |
Alex'- Rowland. |
Will-- Hare. |
1 James Clapp chosen Warden.
- Edward Grose Smith chosen Warden. ' Joel Edwards chosen Warden.
1 Sam1- Closs chosen Warden.
|
i6 |
c/?nnals of the Barber-Surgeons. |
|||
|
An°- |
Masters. |
Wardens. |
||
|
1850 |
William Hemp. |
Alexr- Rowland. |
Will'"- Hare. |
Richd- Haines. |
|
1851 |
Alexander Rowland. |
Will'"- Hare. |
Rich4 Haines. |
Sam'- Holehouse. |
|
1852 |
William Hare. |
Rich4 Haines. |
Donald Gray. |
Ralph Smith Kirby. |
|
1853 |
Richard Haines. |
Donald Gray. |
Ralph Smith Kirby (died). ■ |
Tho5- Will"1- Wood. |
|
1854 |
Tho5- Will-- Wood. |
James Fredk- Burn. |
John Heaps. |
Tho5- Brock. |
|
1855 |
John Heaps. |
Thos- Brock. |
Robert Low. |
James Carpenter. |
|
1856 |
Thomas Brock. |
Robert Low. |
James Carpenter. |
Tho5- Worton. |
|
1857 |
Robert Low. |
James Carpenter. |
Tho5- Worton. |
James Reeve. |
|
1858 |
James Carpenter. |
Tho5- Worton. |
James Reeve. |
Martin Love. |
|
1859 |
Thomas Worton. |
James Reeve. |
Martin Love. |
Will"1 Dunsfd- White. |
|
i860 |
Martin Love. |
Will1"- Dunsford White. |
Will"1- Riley. |
John Swainston. |
|
1861 |
Will"1- D. White. |
Willm- Riley. |
John Swainston. |
George Whiting. |
|
1862 |
William Riley. |
John Swainston. |
George Whiting. |
Henley Smith. |
|
1863 |
John Swainston. |
George Whiting. |
Henley Smith. |
Abraham Western. |
|
1864 |
Henley Smith. |
Abraham Western' (died). |
John Swainston. |
Francis Cuthbert- son3 (died). |
|
1865 |
Francis Snelling. |
John Mason. |
Thomas Carpenter. |
John Waite. |
|
1866 |
Thomas Carpenter. |
John Waite. |
Henry Sallis. |
George Driver. |
|
1867 |
John Waite. |
Henry Sallis. |
George Driver. |
Will-- Dunnett. |
|
1868 |
Henry Sallis. |
George Driver. |
Will"1- Dunnett. |
James Cornish. |
|
1869 |
George Driver. |
William Dunnett. |
James Cornish. |
John Carter. |
|
1870 |
John Carter. |
James Douglas Bennett4 (died). |
Henry Evans. |
Richard Atkinson Cordell Loader. |
|
1871 |
Henry Evans. |
R. A. C. Loader. |
Edward Stone. |
Frederick Baker. |
|
1872 |
R. A. C. Loader. |
Edwd- Stone. |
Fredk- Baker. |
H*- Edwd- Murrell. |
|
1873 |
Edward Stone. |
Fredk- Baker. |
H. Edward Murrell. |
Thos- Emberson. |
|
1874 |
Frederick Baker. |
H. Edward Murrell. |
Tho5- Emberson. |
Edward Ruff. |
|
187S |
H. Edward Murrell. |
Tho5- Emberson. |
Edward Ruff. |
Fredk- Wilson. |
|
1876 |
Thomas Emberson. |
Edward Ruff. |
Fredk- Wilson. |
Cha5- John Shoppee. |
|
1877 |
Edward Ruff. |
Fredk- Wilson. |
Cha5, John Shoppee. |
James Harvey, C.C. |
|
1878 |
Cha5- John Shoppee. |
James Harvey, C.C. |
Jas- Henry Pitcher. |
Benj"- Woolley. |
|
1879 |
James Harvey, C.C. |
Jas- Henry Pitcher. |
Benj"- Woolley. |
George Austin, sen'- |
' Will"1- Hare chosen Warden.
: Will"1' Dunsford White chosen Warden. 3 Francis Snelling chosen Warden. 1 Edwd- Stone chosen Warden.
oAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
17
|
An0- |
Masters. |
Wardens. |
||
|
1880 |
Ja5- Henry Pitcher. |
Benj"- Woolley. |
Geo. Austin, sen'- |
Will"1- Ruston. |
|
1881 |
Benj"- Woolley. |
Geo. Austin, senr- |
Will"'- Ruston. |
Rich''- Jas- Atkinson. |
|
1882 |
Geo. Austin, sen'- |
Will'"- Ruston. |
Rich'1 Ja5- Atkinson. |
Walter H> Wilkin, Aid. |
|
18S3 |
William Ruston. |
Richd- Jas Atkinson. |
Walter H>- Wilkin, Aid. |
Jonathan Denny. |
|
1884 |
Richd- Jas- Atkinson. |
Walter H* Wilkin, Aid. |
Jonathan Denny. |
Cha5 Howard Atkin- son. |
|
1885 |
Walter Hy. Wilkin, Aid. |
Jonathan Denny. |
Tho5- George Driver. |
Nathan Salaman. |
|
1886 |
Jonathan Denny. |
Thos- George Driver. |
Edwd- Cha5, Cornish . |
George Austin, junr- |
|
1887 |
Edward Chas' Cornish. |
George Austin, junr- |
W'"- Aaron Eccle- stone. |
Will1"- Lumley. |
|
1888 |
George Austin, junr- |
Wm- Aaron Eccle- stone. |
Will"1- Lumley. |
Jas- Cope Cornish. |
|
1889 |
Wm- Aaron Ecclestone. |
Will'" Lumley. |
Jas- Cope Cornish. |
Joseph Wilson. |
D
18 oAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
A LIST OF SUCH MEMBERS OF THE COMPANY AS
HAVE SERVED THE OFFICE OF
SERJEANT SURGEON.
This List, as well as the list of King's Barbers, is un- doubtedly incomplete, but contains the names of all those of whom any record exists at Barbers' Hall. A short account of the Office of Serjeant Surgeon etc., may be seen in The Medical Times for 1867, vol. 2, p. 438.
William Hobbes, W. 1461.
Thomas Vicary, M. 1530, &c.
Richard Ferris, M. 1562.
Robert Balthrop, M. 1565.
William Gooderus, M. 1594.
George Baker, M. 1597.
Christopher Frederick, M. 1609.
William Clowes, M. 1626.
Humphrey Painter, M. 1661.
John Knight, M. 1663.
Richard Wiseman, M. 1665.
Thomas Hobbs, M. 1687.
Thomas Gardiner, M. 1697.
Charles Bernard, M. 1703.
Ambrose Dickins, M. 1729.
Claudius Amyand, M. 1731.
John Ranby, S.S. to George II, sworn a foreign brother of the Company 5 October, 1722.
Sir Caesar Hawkins, Bart., S.S. to George III, admit- ted to the Livery 1736.
Thomas Gataker, S.S. to George III, was free of the Company.
M. signifies Master. W. Warden.
c/tnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
'9
A LIST OF THE KING'S BARBERS.
Nicholas Simpson, M. 1537. John Penn, M. 1539. Edmund Harman, M. 1540. Thomas Caldwell, M. 1628. Thomas Davyes, M. 1639. Thomas Lisle, M. 1662. Ralph Foliard, M. 1664.
M. signifies Master.
A LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE COMPANY WHO HAVE
SERVED THE OFFICES OF SHERIFF, ALDERMAN OR
LORD MAYOR OF THE CITY OF LONDON.
Name.
Master.
Sheriff.
Alderman.
Mayor.
Sir John Ayliffe (Grocer)
Sir Peter Proby (Grocer) Sir John Frederick (Grocer) M.P. for Dartmouth, M. P. for the City.
Edward Arris ...
Sir Nathaniel Heme ...
M.P. for Dartmouth.
Sir John Lethieullier ... Sir Humphry Edwin (Skinner) Sir William Stewart (Goldsmith) Sir John Bull (Clothworker) ... Sir Thomas Challoner ... Walter Henry Wilkin
1538
1615
'654 I 1658 ]
1651
1674
1676
1688
1761 1885
1548 1614
1655)
1674
1674 1688 1711 1718 1762
Bridge Without, 1551 Dowgate
Queenhithe
Vintry, 1653 Coleman Street
Bridge Without, 1663
Billingsgate, 1676...
Tower Cripplegate, 1 7 1 1
Aldgate, 1760 Lime Street, 1888.
1622 1661
1697 1721
D 2
HISTORICAL ACCOUNT
THE BARBERS UNINCORPORATE.
HE origin of the Barbers' Guild partook of a religious character ; and the meeting together of men of the craft for religious observances, for attending the funerals and obits of deceased members and their wives, and for feasting once a year, gradually trans- formed a semi-social and religious guild into what ultimately became a purely secular or " trade guild.'' This religious origin is borne out by the very important Return made by the Barbers of London, to the Writ of 12th Rich. II, and is strengthened by reference to the Returns made by the Barbers of Lincoln and of Norwich (both which latter are preserved at the Record Office), and which clearly point to those guilds being of a religious character ; indeed the Barbers of Norwich do not seem to have had a single secular or trade ordinance in their constitution.
1388. In the Return of the Barbers of London to the Writ of Richard II, the Masters recite that they "have found a document "amongst the articles of their records made of the time to which
99
c/lnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
" memory runneth not," concerning the points upon which the fraternity was founded ;
Primerement al honourance de Dieu et touz ses Seyntes et pur excitacon les coens des gentz a bien faire et perseverance avoir et bien faitz
Firstly to the honour of God and all his Saints, and to stir up the commons of the people to do well, and to have perseverance in well doing
Regulations were made enjoining charity, attendance at funerals and obits, against the enticing away of the servants of others, providing for the amicable settlement of disputes, and the like.
The articles above briefly referred to, contain nothing in particular as to trade regulation or inspection, leaving a pretty certain inference that they were made for the governance of a social and religious guild or fraternity. We shall presently see that in 1308, the Company partook of the nature of a trade guild, and we may therefore reasonably presume that the articles made in the time to which memory in 1388 did not run, were drawn up previous to 1308, and therefore without much hesitation we may assign the origin of the Barbers' Company to at least the xiijth- century.
In the early part of the reign of Edward II, and indeed for a long while previously, the Barbers were practitioners in the art of Surgery ; at all events they performed the minor operations of that craft, such as bleeding, tooth-drawing, cauterization, and the like.
The Barbers having been accustomed to assist the monks in the surgical operations performed by them in early times, acquired a degree of proficiency which enabled them to practise as Surgeons themselves. Up till about the xijth century the practice of Surgery and Medicine was however almost wholly confined to the Clergy, who seem to have enjoyed the double privilege of curing men's bodies as well as their souls. In 1 1 63 the Council of Tours, under Pope Alexander III,
cAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons. 2}
considering that a practice which involved in its operations the shedding of blood, was incompatible with the holy office of the clergy, forbad them to interfere in any matter of Surgery ; the consequence of this edict was that they gave over the operations of Surgery but continued to practise the healing art of Medicine.
As already said, the Clergy very frequently employed the Barbers as their assistants, and committed to them the preparation of the medicated baths and the performance of sundry minor surgical operations. No doubt the Edict of Tours was hailed with joy by the Barbers, who thus found a lucrative practice thrown in their way, and seized the opportunity of practising as Surgeons "on their own account," calling themselves Barber-Surgeons, and practising both Barbery and Surgery.
c. 1307. The archives preserved at the Guildhall have many entries concerning the Barbers' Company, and in Letter-Book D. i57B' there is an ordinance concerning the Barbers of London, which shows that at this time they were occupied in Surgery, and advertised their profession in an objectionable manner, which was very properly forbidden by the City authorities.
De Barbours. Et que nul barbier ne soit se ose ne si hardy qil mette sank en leur fenestres en apiert ou en view des gentz, mais pryvement le facent porter a Thamise sur peine des doux souldz rendre al oeps des Viscountz.
Concerning Barbers. And that no barbers shall be so bold or so hardy as to put blood in their windows, openly or in view of folks, but let them have it privily carried unto the Thames, under pain of paying two shillings to the use of the Sheriffs.
1308. The first express entry which we have concerning our Company is the presentation and admission of Richard le Barber, as Supervisor or Master of the Barbers, before the Court of Aldermen in 1308 {Letter-Book C. 96).
24 cA 'minis of the Barber-Surgeons.
Ric's le Barbour ex oppoito ecclie omni scoTi parue elect' est et p'sentaf pn Barbitonsores Iondon die Mart0 p'x0 p't fin See Lucie virgls Anno R. E. fit R. E. scdo coram dnis Nicho de ffarndon tiic maiore Iondon Johiie de Wenguue cet'isq3 AldermTs ad custodiend0 officiii Barbitonsoif &c. Et admissus est et jur° q'd quolibet mense faciet scrutiniii p0 totn officii! suii et si quos inverVit lupanar9 id alio mo inhonestos et in scandalii officii &c. eos distringat & distriaoem in cam'am apportari faciet &c.
Richard le Barbour dwelling opposite to the Church of Allhallows the Less, was chosen and presented by the Barbers of London, on Tuesday next after the feast of Saint Lucy the Virgin (13th December) in the second year of the reign of King Edward, son of King Edward, before Sir Nicholas de Farndon, then Mayor of London, John de Wengrave and other Aldermen, to have supervision over the trade of the Barbers &c. And he was admitted and made oath that every month he would make scrutiny throughout the whole of his trade, and if he should find any among them keeping brothels, or acting unseemly in any other way, and to the scandal of the trade, he was to distrain upon them, and cause the distress to be taken into the Chamber (of London) &c.
The foregoing record does not appear very creditable to the reputation of the Barbers of Edward the Second's time, but it should be remembered that in those days, and for a long period before and afterwards, the Barbers superintended the Baths (Bagnios) and that these places were not infrequently the resort of improper characters ; a few of our predecessors had perhaps, under the circumstances, been somewhat lax in their morality, and let us hope that Richard le Barber administered to those whom he found offending, due correction according to his oath and their deserts.
It would not seem from the terms of the admission, that the Master was at that period elected annually, and the Office was probably held by one man for a considerable number of years. There is no entry in the City books (which have been carefully examined for the purpose) of another admission to the Office until the year 1376, when two Masters were appointed, and then for some years subsequently two new Masters were sworn in annually.
o/Jnnals of the Barber-Surgeons. 2 5
1309. In this year we find the first record of an admission of a Barber to the freedom of the City, and several others occur about this period (see Freemen).
13 10. On Wednesday next after the feast of the Nativity, 4th Edward II, Gerard the Barber was sworn keeper of the Gate of Newgate (Letter-Book D. 1 13), and there are other entries of Barbers being appointed keepers or porters at the City gates ; from one of these, in 1375, it would seem that they were to keep a strict watch that no lepers should enter the city, and it was doubtless on account of their surgical knowledge enabling them to distinguish those afflicted with leprosy, that these offices were conferred upon them.
1 3 10. On Monday before the feast of St. Gregory the will of Richard le Barber, our first Master, was proved in the Court of Husting. To Katherine his wife and Johanna his daughter, he left tenements and rents in Bread Street, Cordwainer Street, Queenhithe, Candlewike Street, and Whitecrouche Street. To Thomas de Mangrave his apprentice, a shop in Bread Street ; to the fabric of London Bridge 20s-' and the residue to pious uses.
13 1 2. The earliest admission of a Surgeon (not a Barber Surgeon) to the freedom is that of " Magister Johes de Suthwerk cirurgicus," who was sworn on Friday before the feast of St. Barnabas, 5th Edward II, and who paid nothing for his freedom, being admitted at the instance of Hugh de Waltham, Town Clerk.
'5
Among the Archives at Guildhall are various entries relating to early Barbers, which, although not touching upon the history of our Company, may properly be preserved in these pages, and I shall therefore give translations of a few of them.
E
26 oAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
1315. On Monday next after the feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary, in the 8th Edward II, by common assent of the Mayor and Aldermen in the Hustings of pleas of Land, there was granted and demised to William de Dounesheued, Barber to Sir John de Sandale, Chancellor of our Lord the King, a certain house belonging to the Bridge of London, to have and to hold to the said William for his whole life, he paying yearly on the usual days two and a half marks to the keepers for the time being of the said Bridge, which said house is situate between a house belonging to the said Bridge in which John Mew now dwells towards the West, and a house belonging to Thomas le Maderman towards the East, in the Parish of Saint Dionis Backchurch London. And the said William, the said house and its appurtenances in all needful manner shall sustain, and against wind and rain cause the same to be defended during the whole term of his life.
And there was a proviso that if the rent should remain unpaid for a whole year that the Bridge Keepers should re-enter. {Letter- Book E. 2 8B)
13 19. On Thursday after the feast of St. Valentine, 13th Edward II, there was enrolled an obligation by which Roger the Barber (servant to John cle Dallinge, Sheriff of London) and Margaret his wife, were bound to pay ^100 to Sir John de Lauge- combe, Rector of the Church of Laumaz Heys {sic) before the feast of Easter. {Letter-Book E. 85.)
1320. On Wednesday next after the feast of Saints Fabian and Sebastian, 13th Edward II, Lawrence the Barber, one of the men sworn to keep the Poultry Market on Cornhill, laid an informa- tion against John Bakon that he the said John was a forestaller of the Market. {Letter-Book E. q6b)
1320. In the same year among the names of the Citizens assessed to contribute to a fine of ,£1,000 to the King, occurs that of Thomas the Barber. {Letter-Book E. io6B)
cAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons. 27
1320. On Monday next before the feast of St. Margaret the Virgin, 14th Edward II, the Wardship of Alice, Joane and Agnes, children of John de Wynton, Barber, deceased, was given to Joane his widow ; several shops and houses in the City belonging to the deceased are scheduled as for the benefit of the Wards, and Robert de Lamyngton, John de Bristolle, Barber, and Roger de Croidon were bound as sureties. [Letter-Book E. 114.)
Instances also occur of City Wards (sons of Barbers deceased) being apprenticed by the Chamberlain to various trades.
1340. In 14th Edward III, Hamo the Barber was assessed by the City at £\o as his contribution towards a forced loan of .£5,000 to the King [Letter-Book F. 33) and six years later (1346) Hamo was again assessed at 20s. towards a "present" of 3,000 marks to the King.
1370. On 14th March, 44th Edward III, the wardship of Alice (aged 3 years), daughter of Nicholas the Barber, was given to Gilbert Prince, who was to use her legacy of 40 marks for her benefit.
1374. On the 28th July, 1374, Lawrence de Weston, Barber (Master of the Company in 1376), and Margaret his wife, mother of the said Alice, came before the Mayor, &c, and proved that the said Alice was dead, whereupon Gilbert Prince, the Executor of Nicholas the Barber's will, was discharged, and the money paid to Lawrence and Margaret de Weston. [Letter-Book G. 244 and 3i7B)
Reverting now from individuals to the Company, we find that the Barbers existed as a Trade Guild, but unincorporated certainly from the year 1308, and that they were at first ruled by
e 2
28 c/lnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
one Master, and later on (in 1376) by two Masters, appointed annually. This Company of Barbers was composed of two classes of Members — viz., those who practised Barbery proper (perhaps in- cluding phlebotomy and tooth drawing), and those who practised Surgery, and who were, for distinction sake, called Barber-Surgeons (in the City books they are spoken of as " Barbers exercising the faculty of Surgery"). For aught we know to the contrary, a perfect harmony and good understanding existed between these two sections of the Company, and it is probable that the ranks of the latter were continually recruited from the former.
1 38 1. The earliest evidence of the existence of our Hall is to be found in Harl. MS. 541, which contains a list of Companies' Halls in the City, temp. 5 Richard II, by which it appears that the Barbers' Hall was then, as now, in the Parish of Saint Olave, Silver Street, and doubtless on the same site ; the entry is, " Barbar hall ye p'yssh of Seynt Oluf in Sylverstrete." In 1490 the Hall is known to have been on the same site.
1388. In this year Richard II sent his writs all over the Kingdom to enquire into the nature and constitution of the several guilds and fraternities, religions, social or craft, and the returns to these writs, which must have been an immense number, were formerly kept among the Records at the Tower of London. Herbert, in his History of the Livery Companies, refers to his fruitless endeavours to discover these returns, and I have made diligent enquiry at the Record Office for them also, with the undoubted result that all of those which relate to the London Trading Guilds are lost. There are, however, a great number relating to London religious guilds and to trade guilds all over the country. Two of these concerning the Barbers of Norwich and of Lincoln are so highly interesting that I have preserved them in Appendix A.
oAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons. 29
Among-st our Archives at Barbers' Hall, is a vellum book of Ordinances written out fair in 1658, and therein is to be found a copy of the return made by the Barbers of London to the writ of Richard 1 1, and which the Company caused to be extracted from the Tower Records in 1634. It is certified by William Colet as agreeing with the original, but unfortunately Mr. Colet (although he was Deputy-Keeper of the Records) or his copyist has made one or two mistakes, which necessitate a little hiatus in the translation, and he has put the year as the nth instead of the 12th of Richard II. That the latter year is the correct one is abundantly proved by the dates on the original writs and on the numerous returns still in existence at the Record Office, as also by the names of the Masters certifying, who are recorded at Guildhall as having been admitted 10th September, 12th Richard II.
Richard II was more solicitous as to the funds and property of the Guilds, than he was about their observances, and our predecessors seem to have quickly acquainted him with their pecuniary position, " the which Company have neither tenements nor rents to their common use."
The Masters recite an old document which they found in their strong box, and which will well repay perusal ; it opens with a devout dedication to the Trinity, the Virgin Mary, and the glorious company of heaven, and the first Ordinance being expressly made in honour of God and all saints, and with the intention of stirring up the people to do well and to persevere therein, we must all approve of it. It provides firstly, that decayed brethren shall have an allowance of loy^d. per week, if their poverty have not come about by their own folly. The second and third Ordinances relate to attendance at funerals and obits of deceased members. Then follow certain rules, that no man shall entice away another's servant ; the Masters to settle disputes, payment of quarterage, refusal of office, absence from Mass and the yearly feast,
)o cAnnah of the Barber-Surgeons.
the livery clothing, &c, &c. It is well to observe here the evidence of the antiquity of our livery, of the quarterage, and of the feast, all of which have come down to these days.
Some later Ordinances are added, which were apparently made in 1387. This return is probably the only one extant of the whole of those made by the London trade guilds, and is therefore of the highest interest. A copy of the original (which is in Norman French), together with a translation, follows.
Copia extracta ex Bundell' Fraternitatum et Gildar' Civitatis London remanen de Recordo prout patet in Rotulis dm Regis infra Turrim London. Anno xj° ' Ricardi Secundi.
Johan Hevdon et Hen Cook Mestres* William Chapman et William Gomine Surveyours de la Compaignie appelle ffraternite des Barbers de la Citee de Londres dauncien temps ordeigne certifiant au Counsail fire Sr- le Roy en sa Chancellarie la forme manere et condicion de touz articles obseruancez et lour circumstances contenuz en la paper de dite Compaignie en la forme quesuyt la quel compaignie nont nul tent ne rent a lour c6e oeps les queles articles la dite Compaignie nont usez en lour temps forsqz soulement pur auer lour vesture un foitz per an et paier lour quarterage pur sustiner pouerez gentz de mesme la Compaignie et un foitz per aii assembler pur manger et eslire neuells Mestres et Surveiours sanz ascun autre article de sontz escript mettre en use forsqz ceux q° tan soulement sont faitz al honour de dieu mes purtant qils ont trouez un paper one les articles de sontz escriptz fait del temps done memorie ne court ils les ont p'sentez a vre tressages discrecions.
Ceste endenture fait en noni de Dieu omnipotent pier et fitz et seynt Esperitz et de nre Dame Seynt Marie et de tout la gloriouse Compaignie de Ciel de la foundacion et de Lordinance de la fraternite des Barbers de la Cite de Londres tesmoigfi coment et sur queux pointz la dite Fraternite est funduz et ordeigne.
Primerement al honourance de Dieu et touz ses Seyntes et pur excitacon les coens des gefitz a bien faire et perseuerance auoir en bien faitz est ordeigne q° si ascun
1 A mistake for Anno xij°- Sworn Masters of the Barbers, 10 Sept., 1388. 12th Ric. II. (Letter-Book H. 235s-)
^Annals of the Barber-Surgeons. 31
frere de eel fraternite qi ad este de cell fraternite per vij anz sil cheit en mischief ou en pouerte \P auenture issint qil neit de quoy il purra viure de son propre et ces ne luy aucigne de sa propre folye qu donqz il auera chescun semaigne de lour coe boyste xd- o!5. pur sa sustenance.
Item quant ascun frere du dite fraternite soit mort les freres de la dite fraternite serront la veyle al dirige et le jour al Messe et al dirige et al Messe del Moys obit et q' chescun tiel frere mort eit xxx messes de lour coe Boyste et q° chescun frier q° soit absent sanz reasonable eucheson a ascun des ditz iiij foitz qil mette a lour coe Boyste en noun de ses offrandes et dispences queux il deust auer fait sil eust este en p'sent iij '■
Item quant ascun Meistre de la dite Fraternite eit feme Mort q° les freres de la dite ffraternite soient a La Vigile et a la Messe le jour de sont enterment et a la Moys obit et quel frer q° soit absent a ascun de tres foitz qil paie pur chescun foitz qil soit absent en lieu des costages et autres dispences queux il ferreit sil feusse present a lour cbe boyst iijd-
Item q° nul frere de la dite Fraternite abette autri seruant hors des seruice son Meistre priuement ne apertement.
Item si ascun debate surdre p° entre ascuns des freres q° dieu defend et ces soit
redresse per amour per la consideration des Meistres de la dite Fraternite
faire bonement et q nul ne sue vers autre en autre manere autant qil ad assaie sil puisse p° leide des ditz Mestrez estre recorde.
Item qn chescun frere de la dite ffraternite veigne chescun quarter del an et paie son quarterage a Collectors decell issint q° les dits Collectors ne.
Item accorde est entre toutz les ditz freres q° quel de eux qn refuse son office quant ces vient a luy sil voet estre de ces allegge qil paie a lour coe boyst.
Item si ascun frere soit absent a lour Messe et Manger quant il serra un foitz en Ian qil paiera a tant en offrandes et toutz autres choes come un.
Item q° nul des ditz freres allowe autre hors de sa Meason.
Item si ascun frere per auenture tarie ses paiements entre an et demy qil face
gree demz les ij anz sanz rien outre le certain doii. Et sil ad luy soient
p'donez issint qil paie ce gest aderer. Et a ceux pointz tenir solonc amendement si mistier soit qils soient amendez ceste Fraternite sont entre jurez et ont chescun de eux pleine sa foy et si fra chescun qi serra de la dite ffraternite. Et accorde est entre
eux endenture soient enclos en lour coe boyst et lautre demurge
vers les Mestres q° serront pur le temps de la dit fraternite.
32 zAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
Item chescun frere du dit fratemite paie en arres pur son Drap auant la mayn xld- ameyns.
Item cf chescun frere garde la liuere ij anz enterrement deuant qil le donne ou vende ou aliene la liuere en ascun manere sur peyne de paier al compaignie un noble dor sur lour grace.
Item est ordeyne le dymenge psch ensuant lassumpcon de nre Dame Ian le Roy Richard sede xj°- qe les Surveiours du dit Mistier soient esluy per lassent de tout la fTraternite et nemy per les Mestres.
Item q° nul du dit Fraternite paie plus pur son mangre q1 xiiijd- en apres.
Item ordeyne est q° chescun Meistre q° eslisera ascun autre home pur estre en son lieu cesta sauoir pur estre Meistre celuy q° eslisera tiel home pur estre Meistre apres Ian serra obligee per mesme luy a la Compaignie pur la monoy en un obligacon.
Convenit cum Recordo
Willus Colet.
A Copy taken from a Bundle " of the Fraternities and Guilds of the City of London" which remains of record, as the same is seen in the Rolls of the Lord the King, at the Tower of London.
Anno 12.
Richard II.
John Heydon and Henry Cook, Masters, William Chapman and William Gomine, Surveyors of the Company called the Fraternity of Barbers of the City of London of ancient time established, certifying to the Council of Our Lord the King, in his Chancery, the form manner and condition of all the articles, customs and their circumstances contained in the Records of the same Company in the form following : — The which Company have neither tenements nor rents to their common use, And these articles the said Company have not used in their time excepting only for to have their Livery once a year, and to pay their quarterage to maintain the poor folk of the same Company, and once a year to assemble to feast, and to elect new Masters and Surveyors without any other article of their writing to put forward except those which only are made to the honour of God ; but, however, as they have found a document amongst the articles of the Records, made of the time to which memory runneth not, they have presented it to your most wise discretions.
oAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons. 33
This Indenture made in the name of the Omnipotent God, the Father and Son and the Holy Ghost, and of our Lady Saint Mary and of all the glorious Company of Heaven, concerning the foundation of the Government of the Fraternity of Barbers of the City of London Witnesseth how and upon what points the said Fraternity is founded and ordained.
Firstly to the honour of God and all his Saints, and to stir up the Commons of the people to do well, and to have perseverance in well doing, it is ordained that if any brother of this Fraternity who has been of this Fraternity for seven years by chance fall into trouble or into poverty, and if he have nothing of his own by which he may be able to live, and it be not through his own folly, that then he shall have each week from their common box tenpence half penny for his sustenance.
Item. That when any brother of the said Fraternity dies the brethren of the said Fraternity shall go on the Vigil to the dirge, and on the day1 to the Mass, and to the dirge and to the mass of the month's obit, and that each such brother dead have thirty masses from their common box,2 and that each brother who is absent without reasonable excuse at any of the said four times, shall put into their common box in place of his offerings and expenses, as he ought to have done if he had been present, three pence.
Item. When any Master of the said Fraternity has a wife dead, the brethren of the said Fraternity shall be at the Vigil and at the Mass on the day of her burial and at the month's obit, and that brother who is absent at any of the three times shall pay for each time that he be absent, in place of the costs and other expenses which he would have borne if he had been present, three pence to their common box.
Item. That no brother of the said Fraternity entice any servant from the service of his master, privily or openly.
Item. If any dispute arise between any of the brethren, which God forbid, it is to be amicably settled by the decision of the Masters of the said Fraternity [and they are] to deal plainly,3 and that no one sue another in other manner than at the assize (?) [and then only] if he be empowered by leave of the said Masters to be recorded.
Item. That each brother of the said Fraternity shall come each quarter of the year and pay his quarterage to the collectors*
Item. It is agreed between all the said brethren that whoever of them refuses his office when it comes to him, if he wishes to be relieved of it, that he pay to their common box.
1 The day of the funeral. ! Thirty masses sung at the expense of the common box.
3 i.e., honestly. ' I am unable to complete this sentence.
K
34 a/lnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
Item. If any brother be absent from their Mass and Feast when it shall be once a year, he shall pay so much in offerings and all other things as one present.
Item. That none of the said brethren put [?] another out of his house.
Item. If any brother by chance delay his payments beyond a year-and-a-half, that he make acquittance within two years without any \penalty\ beyond the ordinary fine. And if he be thus forgiven that he settle the matter at once.
And to hold these points pursuant to amendment alone if the Mystery will that they be amended, this Fraternity are sworn among themselves and have each of them pledged his troth, and so from each who shall \_hereafter\ be of the said Fraternity. And it is agreed amongst them that this Indenture be enclosed in their common box, and the counterpart be held by the Masters for the time being of the said Fraternity.
The document which the Masters found amongst their records made in "the time to which memory runneth not" probably ends here, and the following Items (see the third one) were doubtless additional Ordinances made circa 1387.
Item. That each brother of the said Fraternity pay in pledge for his livery, when he has the same, forty pence at the least.
Item. That each brother keep the livery two whole years before he may give, or sell, or alienate it in any manner, under pain of paying to the Company for their pardon, a noble of gold.
Item. It is ordained that on the Sunday following the Assumption of our Lady in the nth year of King Richard the Second,' that the Surveyors of the said Mystery be elected by the assent of all the Fraternity, and no longer by the Masters.
Item. That none of the said Fraternity hereafter pay more than fourteen pence for his feast.
Item. It is ordained that each Master who shall choose any other man to be in his place, that is to say for to be Master ; he who shall choose such man to be Master for the year shall be bound by himself for him, in an obligation to the Company for the money.'
It agrees with the Record,
William Colet.
1 18th Aug., 1387. i.e., a guarantee for his honesty.
z/tnnals of the Barber-Surgeons. 35
Coeval with our Company of Barbers there existed in the City of London, another Fraternity or Guild, that of the Surgeons, in no way connected with the Barbers, but, like them, existing by prescription only and unincorporated. It is not to be expected that these two Companies would, in the days of so much trade protection and jealousy, exhibit an over-friendly feeling towards one another, and the records of the period, though meagre, show that this was the case. The Surgeons' Guild at no time appear to have been a numerous body, indeed there is reason to believe that frequently their numbers were less than a dozen, and they possibly never exceeded twenty.
In the researches undertaken for the purpose of this work, various references to the Surgeons' Guild have turned up, and although at this early period there was much in common between the two Fraternities, I have considered it quite apart from the subject in hand to go into any detail concerning that Guild, more especially as it has recently been so ably and fully dealt with by Mr. D'Arcy Power in his " Memorials of the Craft of Surgery."
1376. In the 50th Edward III, the Barbers made a com- plaint to the Mayor and Aldermen against unskilled practitioners in Surgery, and prayed that two Masters should be yearly appointed to inspect and rule the craft, and that none should be admitted to the freedom of the City, but upon due examination of their skill ; and this was granted by the Court, entered of record and Lawrence de Weston and John de Grantone were chosen Masters. The following is a translation of the original record concerning this matter.1
To the honourable Lords, and wise, the Mayor and Aldermen of the City of London, shew the good folks, the Barbers of the same city, that whereas from one day to
1 In this and some other cases I have adopted the able translations made by Mr. Riley in his " Memorials of London and London Life."
F 2
36 c/lnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
another there resort men, who are barbers, from uppelande' unto the said city, who are not instructed in their craft, and do take houses and intermeddle with barbery, surgery, and the cure of other maladies, while they know not how to do such things, nor ever were instructed in such craft ; to the great damage, and in deceit, of the people, and to the great scandal of all the good barbers of the said city : — therefore the said good folks do pray that it may please your honourable Lordships, for the love of God, and as a work of charity, to ordain and establish that from henceforth no such stranger, coming to the said City from uppelande, or from any other place, of whatsoever condition he be, shall keep house or shop for barbery within the same city, before that he shall be found able and skilled in the said art and office of barbery, and that, by assay and examination of the good folks, barbers of the same city, whom out of the said craft it may please you to ordain thereunto. And that it may please you to ordain and establish, that from henceforth there shall always be two good men of their said craft chosen by their common assent to be Wardens of the craft ; and that such two persons shall be presented unto the Mayor, Recorder, and Aldermen, of the said city, and sworn before them well and lawfully, to the best of their power and knowledge, to rule their said craft; and that the said Masters may inspect the instruments of the said art, to see that they are good and proper for the service of the people, by reason of the great peril that might ensue thereupon ; and that on the complaint of such two Masters, all rebellious persons in the said craft, shall be made to come before you, and whosoever shall be found in default against this Ordinance shall pay to the Chamber 40 pence. And that from henceforth no man of their craft shall be admitted to the franchise of the said city, if he be not attested as being good and able, upon good examination before you made. And that no foreigner shall keep house or shop in their craft within the said city, or the suburbs thereof. And that this Ordinance shall be enrolled in the Chamber of the Guildhall of London, for all time to last.
And the same was granted unto them. Whereupon, Laurence de Westone and John de Grantone were chosen Masters of the Barbers [Letter-Book H. 28. ,]
The foregoing ordinance must surely have given umbrage to the Surgeons' Guild as it placed the Barbers upon an equal footing with them in the examination of Surgeons, the inspection of their instruments, etc. ; and this more especially as seven years previously (in 1369) the Surgeons had obtained from the same Court an Ordinance investing them with the power of presenting the defaults of all unskilful Surgeons.
1 The general name for country places in those days.
o/liiiials of the Barber-Surgeons. jj
1382. As an example of a quack Surgeon's method of practice, and of his rogueries and punishment, the following case of Roger Clerk will be found interesting: —
Roger Clerk, of Wandelesworth,' on the 13th day of May in the 5th year (Richard II), was attached in the Chamber of the Guildhall of London, before the Mayor and Aldermen, to make answer, as well to the Mayor and Commonalty of the City of London, as to Roger atte Hacche, in a plea of deceit and falsehood : as to which, the same Roger said, that whereas no physician or surgeon should intermeddle with any medicines or cures within the liberty of the city aforesaid, but those who are experienced in the said arts, and approved therein, the said Roger Clerk, who knew nothing of either of the arts aforesaid, being neither experienced nor approved therein, nor understood anything of letters, came to the house of him, Roger atte Hacche, in the parish of St. Martin, in Ismongereslane, in London, on Thursday, the morrow of Ash Wednesday, in the 5th year, etc. ; and there saw one Johanna, the wife of the aforesaid Roger atte Hacche, who was then lying ill with certain bodily infirmities, and gave the said Roger, her husband, to understand, that he was experienced and skilled in the art of medicine, and could cure the same Johanna of her maladies, if her husband desired it.
Whereupon, the said Roger atte Hacche, trusting in his words, gave him 12 pence, in part payment of a larger sum which he was to pay him, in case the said Johanna should be healed. And upon this, the same Roger Clerk then and there gave to the said Roger atte Hacche an old parchment, cut or scratched across, being the leaf of a certain book, and rolled it up in a piece of cloth of gold, asserting that it would be very good for the fever and ailments of the said Johanna ; and this parchment, so rolled up, he put about her neck, but in no way did it profit her ; and so, falsely and maliciously, he deceived the same Roger atte Hacche. And he produced the said parchment here in Court, wrapped up in the same cloth, in proof of the matters aforesaid.
And the said Roger Clerk personally appeared, and the said parchment was shown to him by the Court, and he was asked what the virtue of such piece of parchment was ; whereupon, he said that upon it was written a good charm for fevers. Upon being further asked by the Court what were the words of this charm of his, he said ; — " Anima Christi, sanctifica me; Corpus Christi, salva me; in isanguis Christi, nebria me; cum bonus Christus tu, lava me."5 And the parchment being then examined, not one of
1 Wandsworth.
• " Soul of Christ, sanctify me ; body of Christ, save me ; blood of Christ, saturate me ; as Thou art good, Christ, wash me."
j8 oAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
those words was found written thereon. And he was then further told by the Court, that a straw1 beneath his foot would be of just as much avail for fevers, as this said charm of his was ; whereupon, he fully granted that it would be so. And because that the same Roger Clerk was in no way a literate man, and seeing that on the examination aforesaid, (as well as on others afterwards made,) he was found to be an infidel, and altogether ignorant of the art of physic or of surgery ; and to the end that the people might not be deceived and aggrieved by such ignorant persons, etc. ; it was adjudged that the same Roger Clerk should be led through the middle of the City, with trumpets and pipes, he riding on a horse without a saddle, the said parchment and a whetstone, for his lies, being hung about his neck, an urinal also being hung before him, and another urinal on his back. [Letter-Book H. 145.]
1390. In connection with the Surgeons' Guild, four Master Surgeons of the City were sworn before the Mayor, etc., in this year, and they were to make scrutiny amongst persons practising the art of Surgery, and to present defaults. [Letter-Book H. 248.] It will be remembered that in 1369 a somewhat similar Ordinance was made for the Surgeons' Guild, and this one in 1390 was probably obtained as a set off to the powers vested in the Barbers by their Ordinance of 1376, and by way of assertion of equal rights with them in matters surgical. Anyhow it is very clear that there were two distinct bodies within the City ruling the craft of Surgery at this period, each, no doubt, claiming jurisdiction over its own members, and both anxious and ready to interfere with outsiders, and probably with each other. It is curious to note that in the Ordinance of 1390, above referred to, the Masters inspecting are authorised to make scrutiny not only of men, but of " women undertaking cures, or practising the art of Surgery"; and here, in the 19th century, we find history repeating itself, and women again " intermeddling in matters surgical."
As might be expected the dual scrutiny exercised over per- sons practising surgery, by two distinct and antagonistic Companies,
1 In allusion, perhaps, to the custom of men who were ready to perjure themselves, as false witnesses, to go about with a straw sticking out from between the foot and the shoe — " men of straw." [Riley.]
zAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons. 39
produced considerable jealousy and unpleasantness, and there are various records extant indicative of cases of attempted interference with the Barbers' privileges, one of which is distinctly stated to have been the work of the Surgeons and Physicians, as doubtless also were the others.
1 410. By Letter-Book I. 94, it appears that the Ordinances for the Barbers made in 1376 were confirmed to them with the significant addition that they should enjoy the same, " without the scrutiny of any " person or persons of any other craft or trade, under any name what- " soever other than the craft or trade of the said Barbers, either as to " shaving, making incision, blood letting or any other matters pertaining " to the art of Barbery or of Surgery, in the craft of the said Barbers now " practised, or to be practised hereafter." This Ordinance is, I think, clearly directed against the Masters of the Surgeons' Guild, who had sought to exercise their authority over the Barbers using the faculty of Surgery.
1415. Complaint having been made to the Mayor and Aldermen, concerning the unskilful and fraudulent practice of certain Barbers in matters of Surgery, the privileges of the Barbers were again recorded, though the Company who had hitherto nominated their own Masters, were somewhat shorn of that privilege, as the Mayor, etc., directed the names of all the Barber (Surgeons) to be brought before them, and after due enquiry, they selected two of them for Masters, and gave them their charge and oath.
1416. "Certain trustworthy and discreet" Barber (Surgeons) complained to the Mayor, etc., that notwithstanding the last order, there were still unruly members in the craft, and a fresh Ordinance was enacted which imposed a penalty on offenders.
40 oAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
The Ordinances above referred to are to be found in Letter- Book I. 149, and are as follows :
Be it remembered, that on the 10th day of April, in the 3rd year, etc. (141s) it was intimated in a relation, and not without alarm, unto Thomas Fauconer, Mayor, and the Aldermen, how that some barbers of the said city, who are inexperienced in the art of surgery, do oftentimes take under their care many sick and maimed persons, fraudulently obtaining possession of very many of their goods thereby ; by reason whereof, they are oftentimes made to be worse off at their departure than they were at their coming : and that, by reason of the inexperience of the same barbers, such persons are oftentimes maimed ; to the scandal of such skilful and discreet men as practise the art of surgery, and the manifest destruction of the people of Our Lord the King.
And the said Mayor and Aldermen, wishing to obviate an evil and a scandal such as this, as also, to provide a fitting remedy for the same, and considering first, how that the said barbers by themselves, without the scrutiny of any other persons of any other trade or craft,1 or under any name whatsoever, have supervision and scrutiny over all men following the craft of barbery, and within the liberty of the said city dwelling, as to all manner of cases touching the art of barbery or the practice of surgery, within the cognizance, or to come within the cognizance, of the craft of the said barbers ; — as by a certain Ordinance, made and ordained in the time of Richard Merlawe,3 late Mayor, and the then Aldermen, and in the Chamber of the said City of London enrolled, of record fully appears ; — did determine and ordain that in future, by the more substantial part of all the barbers following the practice of surgery, and dwelling within the liberty of the said city, there should be chosen two of the most skilful, most wise, and most discreet men, of all the barbers following such practice of surgery, and dwelling within the liberty of the said city ; seeing that oftentimes under their scrutiny and correction there would be found cases of possible death and maiming, where, if ignorant and indiscreet men should undertake the management thereof— the which might God forbid — in their judgment grievous errors might unexpectedly ensue, by reason of such unskilfulness. And that the same Masters, so often as they should be thus chosen, on election should be presented to the Mayor and Aldermen, for the time being, there by the said Mayor and Aldermen to be accepted and sworn etc.
And lest perchance a difference of opinion might in future as to such election arise, therefore, the said Mayor and Aldermen, after taking counsel on the matter afore- said, on Friday, the 3rd day of May, in the same year (741J), caused to be brought
' See the Ordinance of 1410. - Mayor 1409-10.
oAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons. 41
before them the name of every barber who followed the practice of surgery and dwelt within the liberty of the said city, in order that, after enquiring into the duties and experiences of their practice and skill, in manner theretofore approved and customary, they might be the better able to accept such Masters. And hereupon, because that, among other names, Simon Rolf and Richard Wellys, citizens and barbers of the said city practising the art of surgery, as well for their knowledge and probity, as for the different kinds of difficult cures that had been sagaciously performed and effected by them, were by trustworthy testimony, upon sound and umblemished information, commended before any others, precept was given by the said Mayor and Aldermen to Baldwin Tettisbury, one of the Serjeants of the said Mayor, to summon the said Simon and Richard for Monday the 6th day of May then next ensuing, to appear before the said Mayor and Aldermen in the Chamber of the Guildhall aforesaid, there to make the oath to them by the said Mayor and Aldermen to be administered.
Upon which Monday the said Simon and Richard, by virtue of such summons, appeared before the Mayor and Aldermen in the Chamber aforesaid. And hereupon the said Simon and Richard were then accepted by the said Mayor and Aldermen, and sworn upon the Holy Evangelists of God, well and faithfully to watch over and oversee all manner of barbers practising the art of surgery, and within the liberty of the said city dwelling ; to maintain and observe the rules and ordinances of the craft or practice aforesaid ; no one to spare, for love, favour, gain, or hate ; diligently without concealment to present unto the Chamberlain of the said City, for the time being, such defaults as they may find ; at all times, when duly required thereto, well and faithfully to examine wounds, bruises, hurts, and other infirmities, without asking anything for their trouble ; and what they should find, at their discretion, when duly required thereto, distinctly to certify unto the Mayor and Aldermen of the said City, for the time being ; as also, well and faithfully to conduct themselves from thenceforth in future ; and all other things to do and perform, which of right are befitting or requisite for the masters or overseers of such practice to do.
Afterwards, on the fourth day of July, in the 4th year, etc. (1416) before Nicholas Wottone, Mayor, the Recorder, and the Aldermen, in full Court, upon truthful information of certain trustworthy and discreet men of the craft of Barbers, practising the art of surgery aforesaid, as of other able and substantial men of the said city, it was stated how that, notwithstanding the Ordinance aforesaid, very many inexperienced men of the said craft of Barbers, indiscreetly practising the art of surgery*, did presume, and in their presumption pretend, that they were wiser than the Masters inspecting, and, as to certain infirmities — indiscreetly excusing themselves therein, on the insufficient grounds that they
G
42 ^Annals of the Barber-Surgeons.
are not liable to the peril of maiming or of death — did altogether disdain to give notice of the same to the said Masters inspecting, according to the Ordinance aforesaid, or to be discreetly examined by them as to the same, or diligently to be questioned thereon. Upon which pretence, they did not hesitate daily to take sick persons, in peril of death and of maiming, under their care, without shewing such sick persons, or such infirmities and perils, unto the same Masters inspecting ; by reason of which presumption or unskilfulness, such sick persons were exposed to the greatest peril, either of maiming or of death. Wherefore, the said Mayor and Aldermen were prayed that, for the common advantage of the whole realm, and the especial honour of the said city, they would deign to provide some sure remedy for the same.
And accordingly, the Mayor and Aldermen, assenting to the said petition, as being just and consistent with reason, having taken diligent counsel as to the matters aforesaid, and considering that very many of such persons in these times are more in dread of loss or payment of money than amenable to the dictates of honesty or a safe conscience, did ordain and enact, that no barber, practising the art of surgery within the liberty of the said City, should presume in future to take under his care any sick person who is in peril of death or of maiming, unless he should show the same person, within three days after so taking him under his care, to the Masters inspecting, for the time being, by the barbers practising the art of surgery within the liberty of the said City to be elected, and to the Mayor and Aldermen presented, and by them specially to be admitted ; under a penalty of 6s. 8d. to the Chamber of London in form underwritten to be paid, so often as, and when, against this Ordinance they should be found to act ; namely, 5 shillings to the use of the Chamber of the Guildhall, and 20 pence to the use of the craft of the Barbers.
1423. In this year certain Ordinances were made by the Mayor (Sir William Walderne) and Court of Aldermen which are entered in Letter-Book K. 6" This record relates to what Mr. D'Arcy Power, in his " Memorials of the Craft of Surgery," has termed a "Conjoint College" of the Physicians and Surgeons, and has little to do with our Company, beyond the fact that the scrutiny and oversight of persons practising Surgery is given to the Masters of the Surgeons' Guild. The subject of these Ordinances and many very interesting remarks thereon and on the Conjoint College may be seen at p. 52, &c, of Mr. D'Arcy Power's work;
cAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons. 43
and the record itself is set forth in full at p. 299 ; furthermore, extracts from it, so far as the same relate to the privileges and practice of the Surgeons, are to be found in the beautiful old vellum MS. formerly belonging to that Guild, and now in the possession of the Barbers' Company.
Armed with this additional authority, the Surgeons' Guild again sought to interfere with and scrutinize the Barber-Surgeons of the Barbers' Company. These latter, however, must have had good friends at Court, and were not slow in asserting and obtaining confirmation of their rights and privileges, as will be seen by reference to the following record in Letter-Book K. 27"-: — -
1424. Memorandum. That on Friday the 10th day of November in the third year of the reign of Henry the Sixth from the Conquest before John Michell, Mayor, Thomas Knolles and other Aldermen, and Simon Seman and John Bithewater, Sheriffs of the City of London, It was granted and ordained that the Masters of the faculty of Surgery within the craft of Barbers of the same city, do exercise the same faculty even as fully and entirely as in the times of Thomas Fauconer late Mayor, and other Mayors, it was granted unto them, notwithstanding the false accusation [calumpnia) which the Rector and Supervisors of Physic and the Masters of Surgery pretend concerning a certain ordinance made in the time of William Walderne late Mayor {1423) and entered in the letter book K, folio 6, the which, they now endeavour to enjoin upon the said Barbers.
145 1. With the exception of a few references (which are noticed elsewhere) the City records are silent concerning the Barbers' Company until this year, when the Master and Wardens, styled here " Gardiani," with certain honest men of the Mystery of Barbers, brought a Bill before the Mayor and Aldermen, praying them to establish certain Ordinances, and to enter them of record, which was granted and done.
These Ordinances provided for the enforcement of stated penalties in cases of disobedience and related to attendance upon
G 2
44 cAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
summons, settlements of disputes, refusal of office, admission of members, evil speaking, assemblies and payments, instruction of "foreyns," employment of aliens. They are to be found in Letter-Book K. 250, and are the first written in English, all previous ones being either in Latin or Norman French in the originals.
Memorandum qH- xxv'°- die ffebruarii Anno regni Regis Henrici Sexti post conquest1 vicesimo nono veniunt hie in Cur' Dili Regis in Caifta Guyhald Civitatis london coram Nictio Wyfold Maiore & Aldermannis ejusdem Civitatf magis't & Gardian0 necnon ceti probi homines mister0 barbitonsol£ Civitatf p'dce & porrexerunt doi Maiore & Aldermannis quandam billam sive supplicacione vboJL sequent? seviem continentem Unto the ryght Worshipfull and Worshipfull lord and souv'aignes Mair and Aldremen of the Citce of London,
Besechen most mekely all p^sones enfunchised in the craft and mistier of Barbours wythin the said Citee That it please unto your lordshipf? and Right wise discrecions for to consider howe that for as moche as certein ordinnces been establisshed made and entred of Record in the chumber of the yeldhall of the said Citee all p^sonnes of the said Craft have fully in opinion for to obeye observe and kepe theim and noon other in eny Wise, So been yr- many and div°se defaultes often tymes amonges your said besechers not duely corrected for default of such other ordinnces to be made and auctorised sufficiently of record in the said chumber, like it therefore unto your said lordshippe and grete Wisdoms of your blessed disposicons for the p°petuell Wele and good Rule of the said Craft for to establissh and make these ordinaunces here folowyng p^petuelly to endure and for to be observed and putte in due execucion in the same craft And to be auctorised of record in the said chumber for ev° And your said besechers shall pray god for you.
FFirst that ev'y barbour enf°Lincheised householder and other occupier of the same craft holdyng eny shopp of barberye wythin the Citee of london shall be redy att all man! soifions of the Maisters and Wardeins of the same craft for the tyme being that is to sey for the Kyng the Mair or for eny Worshipp of the said Citee And yef eny man occupying the said craft in marie and fourme aforesaid absent him from eny such soiiions wythoute cause reasonable and thereof duely convict than he to pay at the chumber of the yeldhall xiijs- iiijd- that is to say vjs- viijd- to the same chumber and other vjs viijd- to the almes of the said craft. Also that evy man enf°uncheised under the fourme abovesaid
oAnihils of the Barber-Surgeons. 4^
that disobeyeth and kepeth not his houre of his somons at eny tyme w'oute cause reasonable and y\>f " duely convict shall paye to the almesse of the said craft at ev'y tyme y1, he maketh such defaute ijdl And yef eny of theim what so ev° he be of the same craft that disobeye this ordinnce he shall paye to the chumber of the yeldhall iijs- iiijd- at ev'y tyme that he maketh such default.
Also that yef eny mat°e of debate or difference be betwene eny p°soones of the said craft Which god defend, that none of theim shall make eny pursuyt at the coifion lawe unto the tyme y'- he that findeth him aggreved in that pntie hath made his compleint unto the maister and Wardeins of the same craft for the tyme being and they to ffynyssh the mate and the cause of the said compleint Wythin vj dayes after such compleint made and yef they conclude not and ffynyssh the same mafe Wythin the said vj dayes that yanne it be lefull to either p^tie to take the benefice of the coifion lawe Wythin this Citee So alwayes that the p''tye ageinst whom the compleint is made be not fugityf And what p^sone of the said craft that doth contrarie this ordinnce shall paye at ev9y tyme at the chaumber of the yeldhall xiijs iiij'1 that is to sey yjs viijd' to ye said chumber and oyr' yjs- viijd- to ye almesse of ye said craft.
Also that noon able pnsone of the said craft enAuicheised shall refuse eny man9 office or clothing p^tinent to the said craft Whan and What tyme that he be by his bretheren be abled and elect yrto upon pein to paye at the chumber of the yeldhall xls- that is to wete xxs to the same chumber and other xx5- to the said almesse Also what man of the said craft that absenteth him fro the said eleccion Wythoute cause reasonable or absent him fro the dyner to be made the same day and will not paye therto his pnt thanne he shall paye at the said chumber iijs- iiijd- that is to sey xxd- to the same chumber and other xx1'- to the almes of the said craft.
Also that the maisters and Wardeins of the same craft that nowe be or in tyme to come shall be, shall not take admitte or resceive eny p°sone in to the bretherhede or clothing of the same craft Wythoute the coifion assent of the bretheren of the said craft or the more pnt of theim upon pein of evfch such maister or Wardein that doth contrie this ordinnce xxs- that is to say xs to the chumber and xs to the almesse of the said craft.
FFurthermore it is ordeigned that from hens forward yef eny man occupying the said craft be imfouled and of evell Will and malice so be unavised to revile or reprof eny man of the same craft that is to seye for to lye him or wyth other dishonest Wordes misgov'ne him in presence of the said maisters and Wardeins or in eny oyr- places and p^of2 by the report of the said maisters and Wardeins be duely convict what so ev° he be
1 thereof. - Query " y of " = thereof.
46 oAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
of the same craft that is so misgovfted at eny tyme shall paye at the said chumber for ev°y such default vjs- viij '■ that is to say to the same chumber iijs- iiij* and to the Almes of the said craft iijs- iiij'1-
Also it is ordeigned that ev'y man enfuncheised of the said craft under fourme aforesaid shall assemble with his ffelaship0 of the same craft by thassignement of the said maisters and Wardeins being for the yeer in a certein place limited by theim at iiij tymes of the yeer And at ev'y such quarter day in the yeer ev'y brother enf°uncheised and being of the clothing therof shall paye to the almes abovesaid iijd- And ev'y man that is so enf'uncheised of the same craft and is not of the clothing of the same shall paye to the same almes jd- Which iiij dayes be these that is to saye the tewesday next after all hallown day the tewesday next after candelmasday the tewesday next after Trinite sonday and the tewesday next after lammas day to thentent that the said maisters and Wardeins shall enquere amongf the said compaignye so assembled that yef eny default ranker or discord be hadd or moved amongf theim that thanne the said maisters and Wardeins shall sett theim at rest accord and in unite to that they canne or may, after the fourme and custume as have been before used And what parsonne of the said craft be absent eny of the said dayes wythoute cause reasonable he shall paye for ev'y such day iiij'1 to the expenses of the said maisters.
Also it is ordeigned and establisshed that no barbour nor other able p°sonne using barbourye shall enfourme eny foreyn nor him teche in no wise in eny man0 point that belongeth to the craft of barbourye or surg°ye wherby the same foreyn shall pnceyve and take by his own capacite and exncise unto the tyme that the same foreyn be bounden app°ntice to a p°sone barbour or other p0sonne able enfuncheised using the same craft Wythin the Citee of london upon peyne to paye at the chumber of the yeldhall for ev'y such defaute iiij marc, that is to say to the same chumber xxvjs viijd and to the Almes of the said craft other xxvjs- viij4
And also that no barbour nor other able p°soone occupying the same craft shall take eny Alien nor stunger in to his sVice unto the tyme that the same alien or stunger be examined by the maist? and Wardeins of the same craft of his abilite and Connyng And thereupon the maist0 and Wardeins With other vj or viij of the moost able and Kunnyng p°sonnes of the craft shuld taxe him after his abilite after that hem semeth that he be worthy to take yeerly for his salarie And also that no Barbour shall take eny alien or sfunger that hath been or w'in s°vice wyth an other barbour enfuncheised before that he knowe well that the same s°vnt hath complete his covenntes wyth his former maister upon pein to paye for ev'y such defaute at ev°y tyme that he be founde defectif ayenst eny of these ordinances at the said chumber xiijs- iiij'1- that is to wete to the same chumber vjs viij4
o/lnnate of the Barber-Surgeons. 47
and to the said almesse vjs viij1*- and also make restitucion of the damage unto the p°tie that findeth him greved.
And also that no man occupying the said craft shall p°cure eny other mannes s'Vnt oute of snvise upon the peyn aforesaid and damage unto the p^tie pleintif And also it is ordeigned that from hensforward that no harbour enfuncheised nor eny other able p°soons occupying the said craft shall not take into his s°vice eny sffinger or forein for lasse time thanne a yeer And what p^sone enfuncheised or occupying the said craft disobeys this ordinnce shall renne in the pein of xiijs iiij'1 that to be devided in man0 and fourme above said.
And also that no p°sons of the said craft of harbours nor other able p°sone occupying the same craft huyre no ff °unchised man of the same craft oute of his shopp ne dwellyng place upon pein of xls- that is to wete to the said chumber xxs- And to the Almesse of the said Craft other xxs-
Qua quidem billa coram cfcis maiore & Aldermannis lee? & per eosdem plenius intellect^ Qua videtur eisdem q°d omnes articuli in d°ca billa contentf sunt boni & honesti ac racioni consorft, &c, &c. (The articles were ratified confirmed and ordered to be entered of Record in the books of the Chamber of London.)
Nothing is now heard of the Surgeons' Guild for some years, although they were still in existence. It is quite probable, that finding the Barbers had invariably obtained the protection and countenance of the City authorities, whenever their privileges had been assailed or called in question, they had given over their attempts at interference with them as hopeless, and allowed our worthy predecessors to continue to "exercise the faculty of surgery," in peace; and being unmolested they doubtless grew in numbers, in importance, and in the knowledge of their art, until it was admitted that their position as one of the Guilds, warranted them in applying for a Charter of Incorporation, which was granted to them by Edward IV in 1462.
141 3. Before proceeding to refer to this important epoch in the history of our Company, it will be well to introduce a very
48 oAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
remarkable letter, which was written by Thomas Arundell, Arch- bishop of Canterbury (formerly of York), to the Mayor, etc., of London, in which he complained that the Barbers, being, alas ! "without zeal for the law of God," kept their shops open on the Sabbath days, and he besought the Mayor and Aldermen (his "sons in Christ, and dearest friends ") to put a stop to this practice. No trade, perhaps, has from the earliest days, down to our own times, owned such persistent breakers of the Fourth Commandment as have the Barbers. Our records abound with by-laws, enacted and renewed over and over again on this subject, and details of the delinquencies of numerous Barbers in this respect, and of their punishments by fine and imprisonment crop up everywhere.
The Archbishop's letter reveals to us the fact, that nearly 500 years ago, men were constituted much as they are now ; in that "that which touches the body or the purse, is held more in dread than that which kills the soul," and he shrewdly suggests that the clerical punishment of "the greater excommunication," should be augmented by a fine to be levied by the Civil authority. This letter is so deeply interesting that no apology is needed for reproducing it here. The original is to be found in Letter-Book I. 125.
1413. On the 24th day of July, in the first year, etc. (Henry V) the Reverend Father in Christ, and Lord, Thomas, by Divine permission, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of all England, and Legate of the Apostolic See, sent here, to the Mayor and Aldermen of the City of London, certain Letters Close of his, containing words as follow : — ■
" Sons in Christ and dearest friends. — We know that you do seek for the things " which are of above, and that you will the more readily incline to our desires, the more " surely that the things as to which we write are known to tend to the observance of the " Divine law, the maintenance of public propriety, and the rule of the Christian profession. " We do therefore write unto you on this occasion, to intimate that when we were " presiding of late in our Provincial Council, holden at London, with our venerable
c/Jnnais of the Barber-Surgeons. 49
" brethren, the Suffragan Bishops, and our clergy of the Province of Canterbury, it was " publicly made known unto us with universal reprobation, that the Barbers of the City " of London, over the governance of which city you preside, being without zeal for the " law of God, and not perceiving how that the Lord hath blessed the seventh day and " made it holy, and hath commanded that it shall be observed by no abusive pursuit of " any servile occupations, but rather by a disuse thereof, in their blindness do keep their " houses and shops patent and open on the seventh day, the Lord's Day, namely, and do " follow their craft on the same, just as busily, and just in the same way, as on any day in " the week, customary for such work. Wherefore we, with the consent and assent of our " said Suffragans and clergy, in restraint of such temerity as this, have determined that " there must be made solemn prohibition thereof in the City aforesaid, and that, of our " own authority, and that of our said Provincial Council ; and not there only, but also " throughout the Diocese of London, and each of the cities both of our own Diocese and " of our Province of Canterbury ; to the effect, that such barbers must not keep their " houses and shops patent or open, or follow their craft, on such Lord's Days for the " future, on pain of the greater excommunication ; in the same manner as it has been " enacted and observed of late in our time, as to the City and Diocese of York, as we do " well recollect. But, dearest children, seeing that so greatly has the malice of men " increased in these days, a thing to be deplored — that temporal punishment is held more " in dread than clerical, and that which touches the body or the purse more than that " which kills the soul, we do heartily intreat you, and, for the love of God and of His law, " do require and exhort you, that, taking counsel thereon, you will enact and ordain a " competent penalty in money, to be levied for the Chamber of your City, or such other " purpose as you shall think best, upon the Barbers within the liberty of your City " aforesaid, who shall be transgressors in this respect ; that so at least, those whom fear of " the anger of God does not avail to withold from breach of His law, may be restrained " by a scourge inflicted upon their purse, in the way of pecuniary loss ; knowing that we " in the meantime, after taking counsel hereon, will devise measures for the prevention of " this, and for the due publication of our Provincial enactment aforesaid. Fare you well " always in Christ.
" Written at Ikham' on the 13th day of the month of July.
" Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury."
An Ordinance was forthwith made thereupon, to the effect, that no barber, his wife, son, daughter, apprentice, or servant, should work
' Near Wingham, Kent.
II
w
oAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
at such craft on Sundays within the liberty of the city, either in hair cutting or shaving, on pain of paying 6-s\ 2>d. for each offence ; $s. thereof to go to the new work at the Guildhall, and the remainder to the Wardens or Masters of the Barbers within the city.1
1422. In August of this year Henry V died, and thirty-two of the City Companies assisted at his obsequies, going in procession and carrying torches. From an entry in Letter-Book K. iB-, it appears that the Barbers bore four torches on this occasion.
1447. This year the Company seem to have contributed 40s. towards the cost of the Roof of the Chapel at Guildhall, as appears by the following entry in Journal IV, 198 (25th October, 26 Henry VI) —
Itifl gardiani mister0 barbitonso^ & importaverunt in Cur xls- sterlingoif p°se & mister0 sua ad coopturam Guyhatd Sc. Capelle.
' Riley p. 594.
ACCOUNT-
THE BARBERS INCORPORATE.
ITHERTO we have considered two distinct and some- what hostile fraternities, the Surgeons on the one hand, and on the other the Barbers (consisting of Barbers and Barber-Surgeons), both of them City Guilds, existing by prescription, having independent rules and Ordinances for their government and the scrutiny and correction of abuses in their respective Crafts, the former Company few in number, the latter far more numerous and popular ; the Surgeons without, and the Barbers with, a Livery.
Of these two fraternities, the Barbers by the regular and every day nature of their calling, as shavers and hair cutters, together with the practice of Surgery combined by so many of them, were the most likely to become the more popular Company ; their fees would surely be on a lower scale than those of the more aristocratic Surgeons, and their numbers and constant intercourse with the citizens, in their capacity as Barbers, enabled them easily to extend their connection as Surgeons.
In all their contentions with the Surgeons' Guild, as far as we know, they held their own well, and thus it was that their place in the City, as a Livery Guild of at that time an ancient standing, their
H 2
52 oAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
position as the professors of useful and scientific arts, their numbers and presumable affluence, all rendered it desirable that they should be placed upon the same footing as the better class of Guilds, by their acquisition of a Charter of Incorporation, which they accordingly obtained from the young King Edward IV in the first year of his reign (1462).
Thomas Knot (Master, 1555) has recorded in one of our books, a Translation of this Charter, which Mr. J. Flint South (who does not appear to have seen the original Latin one) has transcribed, and this has been adopted by Mr. D'Arcy Power (page 326). Thomas Knot wrote a good hand, and was a zealous champion of the Barber- Surgeons in his time, but he made egregious blunders in some of the writings recorded over his signature, and although there is not great fault to be found with him in this instance, it is suggested that the Translation given below, is perhaps a more literal one than that which Knot has handed down.
The Charter is still preserved at our Hall, and is contained on a small skin of parchment ; the initial letters of the title, which were at the time left to be illuminated have never been filled in, and the document is therefore not the work of art which one is accustomed to see in Charters of this period ; it bears signs of having been frequently used, the ink in some places being worn, and the words only legible with the aid of a magnifying glass. The great seal pendant is not quite perfect, but is a beautiful specimen and highly artistic. The followincr is the text of the Charter : —
o
(E)dwardus dei gra (R)ex (A)nglie & (F)rancie & (D)ominus (H)ibnie. (O)mnibus ad quos p°sentes Ire p°uenint saltffi (S)ciatis qd nos considerantes qualit? Ditci nob p°bi & liBi hoies mistere Barbitonso^ Ciuitatis nre london vtentes mistera siue facilitate Sirurgicoif. tarn circa vuliia plagas lesiones & alias infirmitates ligeo^ nro:i ibidem curand0 & Sauand0 q"m in extraccoe sanguinis & denciu h°m9 ligeo^ nro^ g'ndes & multiplices intendencias & labores p"5 longa tempera sustir.uerunt & supportauerunt
cA minis of the Barber-Surgeons. 53
indiesq3 siitinere & supportare non desistunt qualit0 etiam p° ignoranciam negligenciam & insipienciam nonnullos h°m9 barbitonsos tam libos hoim Ciuitatis nre p°dre qam alios Sirurgicos forincecos & non liBoif hoim eiusdem Ciuitatis indies ad eandem Ciuitatem confluenciii & in mistera Sirurgicos minus sufficient"5 erudito:'. qam plurima ac quasi infinita mala diu'sis ligeis nris in \uln1b3 plagis lesionib^ & aliis infirmitatib^ suis p° huius modi Barbitonsores & Sirurgicos sauandis & curandis ob eos defe'm ante hec tempora euenerunt quos quidem ligeos nros alii ea de causa viam vniu'se carnis sunt ingressi alii autem eadem causa tanqam insanabiles & incurabiles sunt ab om!b5 derelecti similia q3 mala vel peiora infutur3 in hac parte euenire formidat0 nisi remedin congruil sup0 hoc p0 nos cicius p°uidetu° Nos enim attendentes & intime adutentes q°d huiusmodi mala ligeis nris ob defVtu0 debit sup°uis scrutinii correccois & punicois huiusmodi barbitonsos & Sirurgicos minus sufficient0 in eisdem misteris siue facultatib3 vt p°dcin est erudit° & instruct0 euenire contingunt. Ad humilem supplicacoem dilcos nob0 p'Mcos p°bo:i &: libos hoim p°dce mistere Barbitonsos in Ciuitate nra p°dca concessim9 eis q°d mistera ilia & omes hoies eiusdem mistere de Ciuitate p°dca sint in re & noie vnii corpus & vna Coitas p°petua. Et q°d duo principales eiusdem Coitatis vna cii assensu duodecim vel octo p°sonas ad minus Coitatis illius in mistera Sirurgie maxime expert singulis annis elig°e possint & fac°e de Coitate ilia duos magros siue Gubnatores in mistera Sirurgie0 maxime expt°. Ad sup°uidend° regend0 & gubiiand0 mister0 & Coitatem p°dict° & omes hoies eiusdem mistere negociti eosdem imppfn. Et q°d q°dem magri siue gubnatores & Coitas heant successionem p°petuam & coe sigillum negociis dee Coitatis imp'pin s°uitur°. Et q°d ipi & successores sui imp'pm sint p°sone habiles & capaces ad p°quirend° & possidend0 in feodo & p°petuitate tras ten0 redditus & alias possessiones quascunq3 usq3 ad valorem quinq3 marcas p° annu ulta reprisas et q°d ipi noiii magros siue Gubnatos & Coitatis mistere barbitonsos london p°litare & implitari possint coram quibuscuq3 indicib3 in Curiis & acciob3 quibuscuq3 Et o°d p°dci magri siue Gubnatores & Coitas & eos successores congregacoes licitas & honestas de seip°is ac statuta & ordinacoes p° salubri gubnacoe sup°uisu & correccoe misteria p°dict° s°cdiri necessitatis exigenciam quociens & quando opus fuit face valeant licite & impune siue occone vel impedimento nri heredimi vel successor nros Justic' Escacios Vicecomitum Coronatos aut alios Balliuos vel ministros nros heredemi vel successor nros quoscuqs dumodo statuta & ordinacoes ilia cont° leges & consuetudines regni nri AngP nullo modo existant. Preteria volum9 & concedhn9 p° nos heredb5 & successor^ nris quantii in nob est q°d magri siue Gubnatores p°dce Coitatis p° tempore existeiv1 & eos successores imppm tieant sup°uisum scrutini'ii correcco°em & gubnaco''em oini & singulos libos boirri dee Ciuitatf Sirurgicos vtencm mistera Barbitonsos in eadem Ciuitate ac alios Sirurgicos forincecos quos CUCJ3 mistera ilia Sirurgicf aliquo modo
5^ oAnnah of the Barber-Surgeons.
frequentancm & vtencfn infra eandem Ciuitatem & suburbia eiusdem ac punicoem eoiidem tam litSon qam forincecon p° delictis suis in non p°fecte exequend9 faciend9 & vtend9 mistera ilia necnon supr,uisum & scrutinm omimodou instrumenton emplaston & alia:i medicinal & eon receptf p°dcos Barbitonsores & Sirurgic^ huiusmodi ligeis nris pQ eon plagis & vulnibj lesionib5 & huiusmodi infirmitatibj curand9 & sauand9 dand9 imponend9 & vtend9 quociens & quando opus fuit p° comodo & vtilitate eondem ligeon nfoTf ita q''d punicio huiusmodi Barbitonson vtencin dca mistera Sirurgicf ac huiusmodi Sirurgicf forincecon sit in pr,missis delinquenciYi p'' fines amciamenta & imprisonamenta corpon suon & p' alias vias ronabiles & congruas exequatur9. Et q°d nullus Barbitonson vtens dca mistera Sirurgicf infra dcam Ciuitatem aut suburb eiusdem aut alius Sirurgicus forincecus quicuijj & exequend9 faciend9 & execend9 eandem misteram Sirurgic9 aliquo modo infutur9 in eadem Ciuitate vel Suburb eiusdem admittat3 nisi primiciis p° dcos magros siue gubnatores vel eon successores ad hoc habiles & sufficientes in mistera ilia eruditus approbetf & p° plenar0 comprobaeone sua in hac parte maiori Ciuitatis p''dict9 p' tempore existen9 p'' eosdem magros siue Gubnatores ad hoc p^sentet1 Volumus eciam & concedim9 p' nob heredibj & successorib, nris quant'u in nob est q'd dci magri siue gubnatores ac Coitas pdc mistere Barbitonson nee successores sui nee eon aliquis quoquo modo infutur9 infra Ciuitatem nfam p°dcan & Suburb eiusdem sumoniunt" aut ponant3 neq5 eon aliquis sumoniat" aut ponat3 in aliquib3 assisis iuratis enquestis inquisicoib5 attinctis aut aliis recognicoibj infra dcam Ciuitatem & Suburb eiusdem impostimi coram maiore aut vicecountf seu Coronatf dee Ciuitatis nre p'' tempore existen9 capiend9 aut pr' aliquem officiariii siue ministm s'uu vel officiarios siue ministros suos sumoniand0 licet iidem Jurati inquisicoes seu recognieoes sum fuiiit sup'' bri vel briT35 nri vel heredimi nron de recto Sed q°d dci maiiri siue Gubnatores ac coitas mistere antedce & successores sui ac eon quiftt v'sus nos heredes & successores nros ac v'sus maiorem & vicecomites Ciuitatis nre p°dce p° tempore existen9 & quosciiq^ Officiar9 & ministros suos sint hide quieti &: penitus exonati imppm p° p°sentes. Et vlterius nos consideraeoe p°misson de gra nra s°pati concessim9 p° nob & successor^ nris p'Yatis magris siue Gubnatorib5 ac Coit'ati dee Mistera Barbitonson & successorib} suis hanc libtatem videlt q"'d ipi p"'petuis futuris temporibj pr'sonas habiles & sufficient9 eruditos & informatos in dct'i mistera Sirurgic9 & p° macros siue Gubnatores mistera illius p'' tempore existen9 in forma pr'dcti approbat1 & maiore Ciuitatis p°dee pr' tempore existen9 vt p9dcam est p^sentat in eandem misteram Barbitonson ad libtafes dee Ciuitatis hend9 & gaudend9 scdm consuetudinem dee Ciuitatis admitte & recipr'e valeant & non alias p°sonas quasciiq, neq3 alio Modo aliquo mandato aut requisiede nri heredimi seu successor nron pr; briis inscriptf vel alitf qualitf cumq3 incontrm factf seu faciendf non obstante Et licet iidem magri siue Gubnatores ac Coiatas & eon successores hac libtate continue in futurf vsi fiiint
cAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
55
conta aliquod mandatum siue requisicoem nri heredii seu successor nroii aut aliquot alio1.; quo^cutj} in forma p°di;a fiendf ipi tamen finem contemptu depnditum erga nos heredes seu successores nros aut dampnu vel malum aliquod in bonis seu corporib} suis erga quoscumq^ alios ea occone nullo modo incurrant nee eoit aliquis incurrat. Et hoc absq5 fine seu feodo p° p°missis seu sigillacoe p'sentum nob faciendf soluendf vel aliqualitf reddendf aliquo statute ordinacoe vel actu incontrm ante hec tempora editf factf ordinate seu p''uis non obstantf. In cuius rei testimonm has Iras nfas fieri fecim9 patente-. Teste me ipo apud Westm vicesimo quarto die ffebruarii Anno regni nri primo.
Pekham.
p°bre de priuato sigillo & de dat(J p'dct auctoritate parliamenti & p'' decern libris soluitf in hanapnio
(Endorsed.)
Irto in Cur9 Domini Regis in Cama Guihalde Ciuitatf London in libro signatf3 cum litta. 1. fof tercio decimo. Anno regni Regis Edward) quarti post conquestum Tercio.
Translation.
Edward by the grace of God, King of England and France, and Lord of Ireland, To all to whom these present letters shall come, health. Know ye, that we considering how our beloved, honest, and free men of the Mystery of Barbers of our City
-V) cAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
of London, exercising the Mystery or Art of Surgery, as well respecting wounds, bruises, hurts, and other infirmities of our liegemen, and healing and curing the same, as in letting blood, and drawing the teeth of our liege men, have for a long time undergone and supported, and daily do undergo and support, great and manifold applications and labours ; and also, how through the ignorance negligence and stupidity of some of the men of the said Barbers, as well of the freemen of our said City, as of other Surgeons foreigners and not freemen of the said City, and who daily resort to the said City, and in the mystery of Surgery are not sufficiently skilled, whereby very many and almost infinite evils have before this time happened to many of our liegemen, in their wounds, hurts, bruises, and other infirmities, by such Barbers and Surgeons, on account of their defect in healing and curing ; from which cause, some of our said liegemen have gone the way of all flesh, and others, through the same cause, have been by all given over as incurable and past relief, and it is to be dreaded, that similar or greater evils may in future arise on this head, unless proper remedy is by us, speedily provided for the same. We therefore, heartily weighing and considering that such evils do happen to our liegemen for want of the examinations, corrections, and punishments by a due supervision of such Barbers and Surgeons as are insufficiently skilled and instructed in the said mysteries or arts as aforesaid ; have at the humble request of our aforesaid beloved, honest, and freemen of the said Mystery of Barbers in our said city, granted to them that the said Mystery, and all men of the said Mystery aforesaid, may be in deed and name one body and one perpetual Community, and that two Principals of the said Community may, with the consent of twelve persons, or at least eight of the said Community who are best skilled in the mystery of Surgery, every year elect and make out of the Community, two Masters or Governors of the utmost skill, to superintend rule and govern the Mystery and Community aforesaid and all men of the said Mystery, and of the businesses of the same for ever. And that the said Masters or Governors and Community may have a perpetual succession and common seal to serve for the affairs of the said Community for ever, and that they and their successors for ever may be able and capable to acquire and possess in fee and perpetuity lands, tenements, rents, and other possessions whatsoever, to the value of five marks per annum, besides reprises. And that they, by the name of the Masters or Governors and Community of Barbers of London, may be able to plead and to be impleaded before whatsoever Justices in Courts, and actions whatsoever. And that the said Masters or Governors and Community, and their successors, may lawfully and honestly assemble themselves, and make statutes and ordinances for the wholesome government, superintendence, and correction of the said Mystery, according to the exigency of the necessity, as often and whenever it may be requisite, lawfully and unpunishably, without leave or hindrance of us, our heirs or successors, Justices,
cAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons. 57
Escheators, Sheriffs, Coroners, or any other Bailiffs, or servants of us, our heirs or successors; provided that such statutes or ordinances are not in any ways contrary to the laws and customs of our Kingdom of England. We further will and grant, for us, our heirs and successors, as far as in us lies, that the Masters or Governors of the aforesaid Community for the time being, and their successors for ever, shall have the superintendence, scrutiny, correction, and government of all and singular the freemen of the said City who are Surgeons, exercising the Mystery of Barbers within the said City, and of all other foreign Surgeons whomsoever, in anywise practising and using the said Mystery of Surgeons in the said City and the suburbs thereof, and the punishment of them, as well freemen as foreigners, for their offences in not perfectly following, practising and using that mystery, and also the superintendence and scrutiny of all kinds of instruments, plaisters, and other medicines, and their recipes, by such Barbers and Surgeons given, applied, and used for our liege men, for curing and healing their wounds, bruises, hurts and such kind of infirmities, when and as often as shall be requisite for the convenience and utility of our liege men ; so that punishment of such Barbers exercising the said mystery of Surgeons, so offending in the premisses, be executed by fines, amerciaments, and imprisonments of their bodies, and by other reasonable and suitable means ; and that no Barber exercising the said mystery of Surgeons in the said City and suburbs thereof, or any other foreign Surgeon whatsoever, shall in future be admitted to follow, practise and exercise the said mystery of Surgeons, in anywise, within the said City or the suburbs thereof, unless he be first approved by the said Masters or Governors, or their successors, for this purpose able and sufficient as skilled in the said Mystery, and for his plenary approbation in this behalf, by the said Masters or Governors to the Mayor of the said City for the time being, presented. We also will and grant, for us our heirs and successors, as far as in us lies, that neither the said Masters or Governors and community of the said Mystery of Barbers, nor their successors, nor any of them shall hereafter, in anywise be summoned or appointed on any assizes, juries, inquests, inquisitions, attainders, or other recognizances, within the said City or suburbs thereof for the time to come, before the Mayor or Sheriffs or Coroners of our said City for the time being, by any summoning officer or his servant, or summoning officers or their servants, although the said juries, inquisitions, or recognizances should be summoned by a writ or writs of right, of us or our heirs, but that the said Masters or Governors and Community of the aforesaid Mystery and their successors shall, from henceforth for ever, be peaceably and entirely exonerated towards us, our heirs and successors, and towards the Mayor and Sheriffs of our said City for the time being, and every of their officeis and servants, by these presents. And further, we, in consideration of the premisses, do of our special grace, for us and our successors,
I
58 cAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
grant to the said Masters or Governors and Community of the said Mystery of Barbers, and their successors, this liberty, to wit, that they in all future times may admit and receive persons apt and sufficiently skilled and informed in the said Mystery of Surgery, and by the Masters or Governors for the time being of the said Mystery, in manner aforesaid approved, and presented to the Mayor of the said City for the time being as aforesaid, into the said Mystery of Barbers to the fredom of the said City, to be held and enjoyed according to the custom of the said City ; and no other persons whomsoever, nor in any other manner, any mandate or requisition of us, our heirs or successors, by written letters or otherwise howsoever made or to be made to the contrary notwithstanding. And although the said Masters or Governors and Community and their successors should contumaciously use this liberty in future against any mandate or requisition of us, our heirs, or successors, or any others whomsoever to be made in form aforesaid, neither they nor any of them shall in anywise incur any fine, contempt, or loss towards us, our heirs or successors, or any damage or punishment in their goods or bodies, or towards any other persons whatsoever, on that account ; And this without fine or fee for the sealing of these presents, to be done paid or otherwise rendered unto us ; any statute, ordinance, or any act to the contrary, before this time published made ordained or provided notwithstanding In witness whereof, we have caused these our letters to be made patent. Witness myself at Westminster the twenty-fourth day of February in the first year of our reign.
Pekham. By writ of privy seal, and of the date aforesaid, by authority of Parliament, and for ten pounds paid into the hanaper. (Endorsed.)
Inrolled in the Court of the Lord the King, in the chamber of the Guildhall of the City of London in the book marked with the letter 1. folio thirteen in the third year of the reign of King Edward the Fourth from the Conquest.
The chief point which strikes us on reading the foregoing Charter is, that it contains a great deal relative to Surgery, and little, indeed nothing, concerning Barbery, and yet it is granted ostensibly to the Barbers !
Now the Surgical side being the more important one of the craft, and the raison d'etre of the Charter being in a great measure to provide for the regulation of Surgery and the correction of abuses in
zA nn als of the Barber-Surgeons. ^cj
that profession, this silence as to Barbery and recognition of Surgery would seem to be an evidence that the practice of the latter, more or less, was the rule rather than the exception with members of the Company of Barbers ; and, as the Masters or Governors were empowered to make "statutes and ordinances" (by-laws) for the governance of the mystery, it was doubtless considered unnecessary to descend into any details concerning shaving and the like in a Royal Charter.
The preamble of this Charter is exceedingly quaint and interesting, reciting how through the " ignorance, negligence and stupidity " of various Barbers and other practitioners in Surgery, many of the King's lieges had "gone the way of all flesh." Then at the request of "our beloved, honest and free men of the said Mystery of Barbers," the King grants to them, to be one body perpetual, etc., that two of the chief men of the Company (no doubt the two then existing Masters "exercising the faculty of Surgery") may with twelve or at least eight other skilled Barber-Surgeons, elect two Masters annually : this provision in itself is singular, as it would seem to imply that the body then incorporated was to be ruled by two Masters only ; but a reference to our list of Masters and Wardens will shew that from the year 1448 the Company has been ruled by four Masters, and so on in unbroken succession to the present time1 ; these other two Masters therefore were Masters of the Barbers proper, about whom nothing was said in the Charter, but who were chosen annually in accordance with ancient custom, the Chief or First Master being alternately a Barber, and a Barber-Surgeon.
The Corporation was to have perpetual succession, and a Common seal, to hold lands of a certain value, to be able to plead and
1 The term "Wardens" is a more modern designation used for convenience sake ; the Master and the three Wardens are, strictly speaking, the four " Masters or Governors."
I 2
60 aAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
to be impleaded, to make by-laws, to have the scrutiny and correction of (apparently all) Surgeons in the City and suburbs, as also the oversight of all their instruments and medicines, etc., and to have the power of inflicting punishment, by fine or imprisonment, on offenders. None were to practise Surgery until examined and approved by the Masters and presented to the Mayor, and authority was given for the freemen of the Company to be admitted into the freedom of the City.
Another clause in the Charter was one which, whilst it con- ferred a valuable privilege upon the Company, was a source of continual strife and conflict with the Civic authorities, for by it all our freemen claimed to be exempted from serving on Juries and inqui- sitions, and this immunity, though constantly disputed, was as often asserted and maintained, with various qualifications.
In The Times, November 26, 1839, is an account of the exemp- tion of certain freemen of the Company from serving on Juries at the Central Criminal Court. In this instance neither the claimants nor the Recorder knew much about the matter — for one of the applicants said, in reply to the Recorder, " I rest my claim on the Charter of Henry VIII " // And, further on in the discussion, the same bold Barber had the effrontery to declare that "the privilege was confirmed by an Act passed in the reign of George II." This was the Act which separated the Surgeons from the Barbers, and which did not confirm to the latter the exemption claimed, but our freeman gained his point, and the Recorder only grumbled.
As recently as 1868, a case was submitted to Sir J. D. Coleridge (now Lord Chief Justice) as to the legality of the exemption, and he gave his opinion in favour of it. However, since then the Jury Act has, alas! swept away this cherished immunity, and thus let the Barbers down to the level of their fellow citizens.
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Grant by Richard Thornburv, Citizen and Draper of London, to Robert Ferbras, Citizen and Surgeon, John Dagvile, Surgeon, William Sipnam, Grocer, and Walter Bartlot, Fishmonger, Citizens of London, for ever, of all his title in two shops and solars with their appurtenances, in the parish of Saint John upon Wralbroke, formerly belonging to John Blounde of Braughyng in the County of Hertford, and which had been already conveyed to the Grantees by John Thornbury, gentleman, and Walter Thornbury, Clerk, which shops were situate between the tenements of William Horn, Citizen and Draper, towards the north and south, and the tenement of the Prior and Convent of the Blessed Mary without Bishopsgate towards the east, and the King's highway leading from Walbroke to Dowgate towards the west. Dated I Ith May, 2 Edward IV (1462)-
cAnnah of the Barber-Surgeons. 61
With the possession of their Charter the Company were now in an unassailable position, and we hear no more of their molestation by the Guild of Surgeons.
1470. The Company about this period came into possession of some freehold houses in St. John the Baptist upon Walbrook, to be held both for trust and corporate purposes. These houses are stated in our books to have been devised to us by Will (dated 2nd Dec, 1470) of Robert Ferbras. There are three old title deeds of the period still at the Hall, relating to these houses, and in the Court of Husting at Guildhall are two Wills of Robert Ferbras, Surgeon, both proved, one dated 4th Nov., 1470, and the other 17th April, 1472 — but neither of these contain the bequest to the Barbers. It is, therefore, probable that Robert Ferbras conveyed the houses to the Company in his life- time, and this fact being overlooked in course of years, it came to be said that they passed by his Will.
1482. 26th April. — The Company applied to the Court of Alder- men, presenting a set of ordinances for the government of the craft and for the regulation of apprentices, praying that the same might be allowed and ratified, which was done. The official entry under this date is in Letter-Book L. 1 74, and the following are the Ordinances : —
Ordinacio ) Memorand q°d sexto decimo die Aprilis Anno regni Regis Edwardi
BarbitonscY ( quarti post conqm vicesimo scdo p^foi hoies Artis sive mistere Barbitonsoii Civitatis london ven° hie in Cur° di'i Dm Regis in Cam's Guyhald Civitatf p°dci coram Willme Haryot milite ac maiore & Aldfis ejusdem Civitatis et porrexernt eisdem maiore & Aldris quandam billam sive supplicacoem Cujus tenor sequitur in hec verba.
To the right hono'able lord the Mair And the right wirshipful Sov'aignes the Aldermen of the Citee of London Mekely besechen your goode lordship and maister- shippes all the p°sones enfraunchesed in the crafte and mistere of Barbours w'in the Citee of london That it wold pleas the same your lordshipp and maistershippes for the Wirship
62 c/Jnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
of the said Citee And for the goode Rule to be had w'in the saide Craft to graunte and establissh thise articles folowyng And theym to be entred of Recorde in the Chambre of the said Citee before your said lordship and maistershippes hereafter for to be observed and executed.
FFirst that there shall no ffraunchesed Barbor- w'in the said Citee take any man or Child to be his Apprentice before that he hath pr'sented the same man or Child unto the maister and Wardeyns of the said Craft for the tyme being, to thentent that the same maister and Wardeyns may duely examyne ov'see serche and behold by the Colour and complexion of the said man or Child if he be avexed or disposed to be lepur or gowty maymed or disfigured in any p°ties of his body Whereby he shall fall in disdeyn or lothefulnesse unto the sight of the Kingf liege people And also to be examyned of his birth and of his kynrede or if there be on hym any bonde claymed, And if he be founde defectif in any of thise poyntf that than no fraunchesed Barbo'' of the saide Citee shall take hym to his Apprentice uppon payn to pay v"- Whereof that one half shall Remayn unto the Chambre of the said Citee.
Also that ev°y enfraunchesed barbour that taketh any apprentice shall pay to the almes of the said Craft for the same Apprentice iijs- iiijd' to be paied in founne folowyng that is to sey, at the first p°sentacion of the App°ntice xxd- and that other xxd- in the same yeere When he shall be enrolled And the names of the maister and app°ntice and the yeres of app°ntishode of the same app^ntice shalbe writen in a book by the said maisf & Wardeyns And he that disobeith this article or orden'nce shall pay unto ye almes of the said Craft of harbours xiijs iiij'1 that one half thereof to be applied to thuse of the said Chambre and that other half to the almes of the said Craft. And if it so be that the said Apprentice Dye w'in the first yere, or voide so that the said maisf take none avauntage by the same App°ntice, that than the same money stonde for the next App°ntice, And if it hapne the said maister to take any p°fet \_profit~\ for the said App°ntice by way of Sale or s\ice and that so p'Ved before the said maister and Wardeyns that than the saide maister of the said App°ntice to be charged for the said \\f iiij1-
Then follows the usual Ratification (in Latin) of the above Articles.
1487. The next notice which we have of the Barbers in the City books, indicates that there had been quarrels and dissensions among them, and that the rules of the Craft had been set at nought by its members, whereupon a Book of Ordinances was presented to the Court
cA/mals of the Barber-Surgeons. 6)
of Aldermen for approval and ratification and the same is entered at this date, 20 July 2 Hen vij, in Letter-Book L. 235^ as follows : — ■
Memorandum q°d xx°- die Julij Anno regni Regis Henrici septum secundo, Gardiani & at pt>i hoies Artf sive occupacois de Barbours Civitatf london vener0 hie in Cur° dci dni Regis in Canra Guilhald ejusdem Civitatf coram Henrico Colet milite maiore & Aldris Civitat(J p°dci & porrexnunt eisdm maori & Aldris quanda billam sive supplicaoem Cujus tenor sequif' in hec verba,
To the right honourable lord the maire and fulle discrete sov'aignes thald^men of the Citee of london Shewen mekely unto yor' good lordeship and maisfshippes the maister and the Wardeyns and the good ffolke of the Crafte or Science of Barbours Surgeons of the said Citee that Where as they of longe tyme have been in discorde and not of oon conformite, but ev'y man in effect of the said Crafte or Science hathe taken and folowed his own singuler way and apetite as menne be' under no Rule nor obedience, contrarie to all godly policie for lacke of good Rules and ordenancf hadde and used within the same Crafte or Science, and in especiall for takyng of over many app°nticf and settyng awerk of money2 fforeyns corny ng cute of Seint Martyns, Westmynster, Suthwerk and other placf nere unto this Citee to the distruccion of the good ffolke enfraunchised of the said Crafte or Science, but if3 a remedie by yor noble and grete wisdomes the rather be p'Vided in that behalf. That it wold pleas yor' good lordeship and maistershippes for the good Rule and sadde4guydyng hereafter to be hadde amongf the good ffolkf of the said Crafte within the same Crafte to graunt to yor saide be- sechers certeyn Articles hereaft? ensuying from hensforth to be obs°ved and kept and afore you here in this hono'able Court to be establisshed and entred of Record for ever to endure.
FFirst that no p°sone of the said Crafte or science ne none other enfraunchised within the saide Crafte and kepyng open shoppe of the same Crafte or Science within the same Cite from hensforth in any wyse p°sume to take uppon him to sette a werke within his house or Shoppe any s0 vaunt or s°vauntf or allowes5 or other beyng fforeyns or estraungiers, but6 ev°ry suche p^sone so enfraunchised in the saide Crafte or science or in any other and occupie the same Crafte or Science within the Citee aforesaid present any such s'Vaunt or s°vauntf allowes and other before the maistPs and Wardeyns of the same Crafte or Science of Barbours for the tyme beyng within iij daies next after his comyng to his saide maister to thentent that the saide maister and Wardeyns have knowledge of their habilitie and cunyng7 before they be sette any lenger in occupation in the saide Crafte or Science, And what man9 p^sone8 aforesaid hereafter be founde
1 Being = living. 2 Many. :l But if = unless. 'Wise.
:' Hired servants. 6 Unless. ' Skill. s Manner of person.
64 cAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
doyng the contrarie of this ordenance shall forfeit and pay at ev°y tyme that he is so founden defectif xls' the oon half thereof to be applied to thuse of the Chambre of this hono'able Citee and the other half to the Coen boxe of the said Crafte.
Also that no mar? p°sone' enfraunchised in the saide Crafte or in any other kepying an open Shoppe and occupieth the same Crafte within the Citee from hensforth take or set a Werke within his house or shoppe or ellf where within the same Citee any moo- S9 vaunts allowes at oones3 beyng fforeyns or Straungiers but oonly ij p°sones and the same ij p°sones to be p°sented by their maister before the maister and Wardeyns of the said Crafte or Science of Barbours for the tyme beyng within iij daies next corftyng in to suche s°vice to their suche maist° And that the same fforeyns or straungiers shall take or have of their saide maister suche wages for their suche s°vice as it shalbe thought by the saide Maister and Wardeyns of the said Crafte of Barbours that they canne des'Ve and none other, And what maner of p°sone aforesaid hereafter be founde doyng contrarie to this orden'ncf shall forfeit at ev°ry tyme that he is founde defectif v'ij to be divided and applied to suche uses as be aforeherced.'1
Also if it fortune hereafter any p°sone enfraunchised in the saide Crafte of barbours or in any other occupying the same Crafte of barbours within the Citee to take any mo s'VauntC allowes at oones beyng fforeyns or straungiers than onely ij as is aforeherced5 Wherethurgh6 he renneth in the forfaiture of the said penaltie of vlij for the saide offence, and than that the maister and Wardeyns of the saide Crafte of Barbours for the tyme beyng havyng knowleche therof put not the said penaltie of v'1' in execucion accordyng to the teno'- of the saide Acte thereof made, within xiiij daies after that the said maist0 and Wardeyns have knowleche thereof, that than the said maist° and Wardeyns for the tyme beyng so founden defectif shall forfeit and lose at ev'y tyme xiijs- iiijd- to be divided and applied to suche uses as be aforeherced.
Also that no man0 p^sones enfraunchised in the said Crafte or in any other occupying the same Crafte within the said Citee from hensforth take any moo app°ntices at oones than iij uppon payne of forfaiture of va at ev°y suche tyme as he is founde defectif doyng contrarie of this Article, to be divided and applied to suche uses as be afore reherced Savyng allway that it shalbe lefull to ev°y suche p^sone oon yeere before the t°me of app°ntishode of any his app°nticf be expired to take a nother app^ntice in the stede of hym that is nygh comyng oute of his t°mes of app^ntishode to thentent that the same newe app^ntice may have his due erudicion and lernyng in the said Crafte or Science of Barbours before the t9mes and 7 of the rather app'Vitice.
1 Manner of person. '-' More. ' Once. ' Afore rehearsed.
5 Afore rehearsed. 8 Wherethrough = whereby. ; A blank in the original.
^Annals of the Barber-Surgeons. 65
Also if any p'son of the said Crafte or Science selle away his app°ntice to a nother manne within his t°mes of app'ntishode that than it shalnot be lefull to any suche p°sone so silling away his app°ntice to take any newe in his stede duryng the t9me to come of app°ntishode of that appr'ntice so sold Nevertheles if it fortune any app°ntice to dye within the t°mes of his app°ntishode that than it shall be laufull to the mast0 of that app°ntice so dying to take a nother in his stede when so ev9 it shall lyke hym.
Provided all way that it shalbe lefull to ev°y p°sone of the said Crafte nowe havyng many app°nticC to reteyne and holde fulle as many app''nticf as he hathe the day of makyng of this Acte or ordenance unto suche tyme as the t°me of their app^nticialite shalbe fully accomplisshed So all way that no suche p°sone take any mo app''ntices unto suche tyme as the nu'bre of the said app^nticf be reduced and brought unto the said nu°bre of iij appr,nticf uppon payn of forfaiture of vIL to be divided and applied to suche uses as been afore reherced.
Also that no foreyn Barbour from this tyme foreward occupie the Craft or Science of Barbours or Surgeon Barbor within the ffraunchise of the said Citee but if he be lymytted and assigned therto by the maister and Wardeyns of the same Craft for the tyme beyng uppon payn of forfaiture of v"- as often as any suche p°sone so be founde defectif, to be divided and applied to suche uses as be aforeherced. Provided allway that if it canne be thought for the wele of the kyngf people that if any foreyn Barbours or foreyn Surgeon be founden of such habilitie and connyng of Surgerie or of that Crafte that it were necessarie to have hym to occupie within the ffraunchise of this Citee, that than he be admitted therto by the Chamrjleyn of london and by the Maister and Wardeyns of the said Crafte of Barbours for the tyme beyng, With that the same fforeyn fynde suertie sufficient to be bounde to the said Chamrjleyn and Maister and Wardeyns for to do make him self free of the saide Crafte or Science of Surgeon Barbours and to obey and p°fourme the Rules and ordenancf of the same Crafte and to be under the correcion of the same Crafte, provided allway that the kyngf^ people be served in price of their Cure and shavyng in tyme to come aswell and as safely as they have been in tymes passed.
Then follows the usual Ratification (in Latin) of the above Articles.
1490. A declaration made by one Bryan Sandford, dated 8th March, 1490, was produced to the Committee of the House of
K
66 c/lnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
Commons in 1745, in which it was stated that the Company were at that time possessed of the freehold of their Hall in Monkwell Street.
1493. On the 1 2th July in this year, an agreement was entered into between the Barbers' Company and the Surgeons' Guild which would indicate that the two bodies were now on amicable terms, working harmoniously for the increase of the credit of the profession, and for the correction of inexperienced surgeons and empirics. This " Composition " is of so interesting a nature that it is here given in full, as extracted from the fine old Book of Ordinances at the Hall ; it did not unite the two bodies in any way beyond this, that they agreed to follow the same rules and practice with regard to the government of all Surgeons ; that each guild was to choose two Wardens, and that the four so chosen were to act in a conjoint capacity as rulers or masters in matters surgical, and thus comprehend all Surgeons, whether of the Barbers' Company, the Surgeons' Guild, or "foreyns."
HIS present wrytyng endentyd of coptosicyons made the xijth day of July i° the zere of owyr lord God M'CCCClxxxxiij and the viij"1 zere of the reyne of kyng harry the vijth William Martyn then beyng mayre of this cyte of london betwyxt the ffelishippis of surgeons enfraunches0 w' in the cyte of london on that on p'ty And the felishippis of harbours surgeons and surgeons harbours enfraunchessid i° the seyd cyte on the other parte witnesyth that the sayde felyshippys of ther comon assent and mere mocyons ben codescedyd and agreyd togethir the day and the zere aboue sayd, in man and fourme folowyng. That is to sey that eiiy p°son and p°sons of the faculte or scyens of surgeons admyttyd and sworne to eytti of the sayde felyshippis from hens forward shall stond and a byde w' ther felyshippis as they now do and dyd before thys present composicyon.
zAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons. 67
.LSO that from hens forth non of the sayde felyshippis shall admyt nor reseyue in to ther felishippys any alyent straung0 or foreyn vsyng the sayde faculte or scyens of surgery w'owten knowleg or ciisent of the wardes of bothe the seyd felishippys. All so for the welth and suerte of the kyngf lege people And the honour of the seyde felyshyppys, It is agreyd be twyxt the same two felyshippis that non alyent straunger nor foreyn shall use nor ocopy the seyde faculte or scyens of surtiy withyn this cyte or subbers of the same unto such tyme as he shewhym selfe to the mayer for the time beyng, and by the iiij wardeyns of bothe the saide felishippis, that is to sey of eytri of the sayde felishippis, tweyn, and oth° suche as by theyr wysdomys they will call vnto them, be dewly examyned & approuyd to be sufficyent of conyng and habilyte in the sayde faculte. And yf any such p°son or p^sones bi the sayde iiij wardens as is afore sayde be taken reputed and a lowed to be sufficient of konyng and habylite i° the seyd faculte or scyens of surgery that then the p°son or p^sonys so knowen and admyttyd shall be sworne to all the good rewlys and ordenans of y" seyd faculte or scyens of surgery, and to be under the coreccyon of the iiij wardens for the tyme beyng to the entent that at all tymes he may be under dwe coreccyon for the sauegard of y" kyngis lege people. And if any suche alyent straung'1 or foreyn of p^sumcon refuse to be examyned of the seyde wardens in man & fourme as is a fore seyd, Or yf any suche straunger or foreyn so examyned be the seyde wardens be Juged onsufficient of conyng and neiitheles takyth upon hym to occupy or vse the seyde faculte of sunjy w'yn the seyde cyte or subbars of the same, Then take the name of hym or them so doyng and p°sent hym by the sayd iiij wardens to the mayer for the tyme beyng, to the entent that by his wysdom, and advice of hys honerabyll brethern may set suche direccyon as shall be thought resonabil formacion1 therof, restrayne hym from the ocupacon of the same scyens w' in the sayde cyte. Also it is agreyd and copoundyd betwyxte the sayde felyshippys that from hensforth eiiy of the seyde felyshippis and seiially by them selfe, Chese of themselfe two discrete p^sons usyng the fete of surgery to be seiially wardens of the sayde seiiall felishippis, and that these iiij wardens for the tyme beyng when and as oftyn as nede shall requere, Shall haue the syght and good gounaunce of the seide faculte of surgery. And eiiy p°son or p°sonys of eiiy of the sayde felyshippis that happenys or shall fortune to haue any Jeop°de= or dowtefull cure, dredyng deth or may,3 he or they hauing at eny tyme to come, shall shew and p°sent the cure or curys in as short tyme as nede shall be reqVed, And at the leste at the thyrde dressyd 4 to the saide iiij wardens for the tyme beyng, Or any other p°son or p°sonys that is to seye, to
'? "For reformation." -Jeopardy. 3 Maiming. ' ? " Day " or " dressing. "
K 2
68 oAnnah of the Barber-Surgeons.
one of yche of the seyde felishippis, and the same wardens and yf them seme nedefull shall call unto them ij or iij, or more if nede req°re, of the wysest and best exp°te me of the said felishippis occupyeng the saide faculte of surgery as them semeth most expedyent, for the cause or causis aforesayde. Also in this coposycion yt is ordeyned and agreyd, that none of the iiij wardens for the zere beyng neyther any other p°son of the sayde felishippis ocopyeng the crafte of surii'i, Put any man of thes sayde felishipis oute of ther cure otherwyse then the honeste of the crafte wolle, but that yche of them be redy to helpe eche other w' counsell or deed, y' worship profyte and the honeste of the crafte, and helpyng of the seke be had and done on all sydis. And if ony of thes iiij wardens for the tyme bey°g or any other p°son or p°sonys of the seyde felyshippis do the cotrary that eche suche doer content the valvyr ' of the cure, After discressyon and Jugemet of the same iiij wardens for the zere beyng, And also for his trespas to paye aftur discression and Jugemet of the iiij wardens. Also if any p°son of the sayde felishippis dislaunder or depute any of the saide felishippis onrightfully ownonestly and ef it so maye be prouyd upon hym by two or thre witnesse, that he paye for that trespas iij,j iiij'1', and ouer that to make amendis to y" seide p°sons the whiche he hath so disslaunderd aftur Jugement of onest men of the seyd felyshippis not founden in non suche defaute.
This p°sent coposicyon was made the daye and zere a bowe wreton by Roberd taylour, Rob'- Halyday, Thorns Koppisley, Thorns Thornton, Ihoii Harte, John Marhifi, Roberd Beuerly, James Scote, James Ingoldysby, John Taylour, Richard Swedenhm, Nicholas Leueryng, John Wilson. In rowlid in Raffe Osterigis tyme, mayer.
Of the persons assenting to this composition, the following were Barber-Surgeons, viz. : Rob'- Halyday (Master 1475, 1483, 1485, 1490, 1496), James Scott (M. 1493, 1498, 1500), James Ingoldysby (M. 1501, 1506), John Taylour (M. 1523, 1524), and Nicholas Leveryng (M. 1503, 1 508), the others were most likely belonging to the Guild of Surgeons.
An Ordinance by way of addenda to the above was made, imposing penalties upon any who should break any of the foregoing rules; the first offence to be punished by a fine of 10s., the second 20s., and the third offence to be remitted to the Mayor and Aldermen for punishment after their discretion.
' ? " Value."
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FAC-SIMILE OF THE DIPLOMA GRANTED BY THE MASTER AND WARDENS OF THE BARBER- SURGEONS TO ROBERT ANSON (8 AUG., 1497), ENABLING HIM TO
practise as a surgeon. (See p. 6g.)
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fimuie abptT qui* ftifittte to otopp i vCt ttie fliadife 06 Ikja-jji 00 rmcff a boiBte ueas r&atmtti& a$ mutevs fpfifeb* vltmdmiB mtmnp otijetf bi&0&& t bpuas $ tije femeHota* ttjus apioupfl au5 afaApD rettmutf as ait &\Mmmilbe upb ftadtr apumjiD ano abdeO to ocypp *}nar #fc tn tije (ijfo faniite t flip plare t»^ea aui ao ofle asl#iabeft^be9f tot (jam tyiraiftti Iipntaub^imiiib to Ifptxv be Hies jjfcoies tomfctestBtytf of ixt tymitputtt ti\t mapti fmle of barbouts anD ofiturgma libomte |of touto^gmeaftfclmitott. tt^t jom^hiljatt; 06 t^e fcpb mtuouflfte tbe/tn^tap of 4u0uft^r ^eueofi piu^bub 0oD,aj.caccijpm'utj,
oAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons. 69
How long this agreement, so beneficial for the practice of Surgery, continued in force is unknown ; but the probabilities are that the old jealousies soon re-appeared and that each Guild worked on its own lines until 1540, as, by the uniting Act then passed, it was specially remarked as desirable that the two Companies should come together, and be incorporated in one.
1497. We shall now present to the reader's notice a highly important document, being a diploma granted by the Master and Wardens of the Barbers' Company to one of their freemen, enabling him to practise as a Surgeon. This is in all probability the earliest English diploma of a Surgeon extant and cannot fail by the quaintness of its composition, and the details given, to prove of much interest. We notice in it, that our Company as usual, did not fail to rehearse its prerogatives and practice, and we also observe that thus early the Company provided an instructor and examiner in the science, Dr. John Smith, before whom came in the Common Hall, Robert Anson, and in the presence of a "great audience of many right well expert men in Surgery and others, was openly examined in divers things con- cerning the practice," etc.
THE LETT0 PATE OF B°BOURS cv: OF SURGEOS B°BORS.
=5%7j)0 all trew crysten people to whom thes present lettris shall come. SP&C Roberd Halidai ' mastur of harbours and of surgeon harbours of
london, and Willfn Okeley, John Knote ' and Thomas Dawes 3 wardens of the same gretyng, knowe ye that wher as the moste excellent Pryns in cryst and soiieyn lord Edward by the grace of god kyng of ynglod and of ffraunce, lord of Ierlond, for many p'Younde cosider- acyons his gee movyng, hathe grauntyd the well to hym T cryst, the approuyd fremen the coialte of harbours and of surgeon harbours of the cyte of londo, The serche and oiisyght correcyon and ponyshement, examinacon & approbacion of all fremen
1 Master 1475, 14S3, 1485, 1490, 1496. ' Master 15 10. :1 Master 1504.
jo fi/lnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
usyng or hauntyng the conyng of surgery and burbory, And of all maner of men foreyns usyng or hauntyng any p\iculer p°te of surgery withyn the seyde cyte or subbers ther of, As a bowte new woundys, olde soris, and other lesyons what so eii they be, Also in drawyng of teeth ventosyng scarificacons and suche oth° manwall operacons, lyke as the lettres patentes of owre seyde lege lord the kyng ther upon made planyly may apere. We therfore the saide Roberde, YVilliri, John & Thorns at this tyme masturs and wardens of the saide felishyp, ffor the comyn p°fyte weth1 and relefe socour of owr lordis the kyngC lege people, entedyng to p°uyde men of good capasite and abill I maners and conyng, sufficiently lerned, enfourmed, and labored by long experyens, and other in the seide craft of surgery, — haue prayed and requyred mastur John Smyth doctour I phesik, Instructour & examener of the seide feliship, and be ' the same for that intent chosen and elect to entur & examynacyon for the cawses a boue saide, w' divers p°sons whiche long tyme, w'owte auctorite, haue vsed and haunted w' experyens the conyng of surgery, wheruppon aftur dewe and dyuers monycions made in this be halue, Roberd Anson on of the seide coialte at the comyn hall of the same 1 london appered, i his p°pyr p°son, the first day of August last past, submyttyng hym selfe to the examynron and thaposicion,3 wher and when the seide Roberd by the sayde John Smyth, in a gret audiens of many ryght well expert men T surgery & other, was opyly examyned I dyuers thingf cocernyng the practise op\tife and directif in the seyde crafte of Surgery. And ther albe it he hathe a fore this many tymys been well approuyd, 5et now he is newly habelyd, be 4 the seyde doctour and felyship, and founde abyll and discrete to ocopy & vse the practise of surgery, as well a bowte new woundis, as cansers, fystelis, vlceracions & many other disessis & dyuers ; & the same Robert thus aprouyd and abelyd we haue, as an expert man T the seyd faculte, aprouyed and abeled to ocupy & practyse in the seyd faculte, i eiiy place, when and as ofte as hym best lyketh we haue lycensid hym and graiitid to hym by thes p°sentes. I witnes wherof we haue putte the comyn scale of barbours and of surgeon b'bours of london, geuen at london i the comyn hall of the seyd Comonalte the viij day of August the zere of oure lord god M'CCCClxxxxvij.
1499. In this year the Company obtained from Henry VII a confirmation of their Charter, paying but 20s. for the same. This Inspeximus Charter recites and confirms that of Edward IV with the very noticeable exceptions, that four Masters or Governors are named instead of two, and that they are described as of " the
1 Wealth. - By. * " The apposition " = the questioning. ' By.
oAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons. yi
Mystery of Barbers and Surgeons," and not " Barbers " only, as in Edward's grant.
The original, in excellent preservation, with the great seal of England pendant, is at the Hall, and the text is as follows : —
Henricus dei gratia Rex Anglie Francie & Dominus Hibernie Omnib3 ad quos p^sentes littere pervenerunt, salutem. Inspeximus litteras patentes recolende memorie domine E. quarti nuper Regis Anglie progenitoris nostri factas in hec verba.
Edwardus dei gracia Teste me ipso apud Westmonasteriii
vicesimo quarto die Februarii Anno regni nostri primo. Nos autem litteras predictas ac omnia & singula in eis contenta rata habentes et grata ea pro nobis et heredibus nostris quantum in nobis est acceptamus & approbamus ac dilectis ligeis nostris Rico Haywarde Jacobo Holand Johanni Robertson et Johanni Boteler nunc Magistris sive Gubernatoribj mistere Barbitonso^ et Sirurgico^ infra Civitatem nram predcam & eo^ Successorib5 per p^sentes ratificamus et confirmamus sicut Ire predce ronabilis testant? In cujus rei testioin has Iras nras fieri fecimus patentes. Teste me i[io apud Westm quinto die Decembris Anno regni nostri quinto decimo.
Clerk. pro viginti solidis solutis in hanaperio.
(Endorsed.)
Intratur in libro signato cum Ira. m. tempore Nich'i Ahvyne
maioris Civitatis londou Anno Regni Regis Henrici septum
quinto decimo. Pakknham.
Translation.
Henry by the grace of God, King of England and France, and Lord of Ireland, To all to whom these present letters shall come, health. We have inspected the letters patent of the Lord Edward the fourth, of gracious memory, late King of England, our
progenitor, made in these words, " Edward by the grace of God
Witness my self at Westminster the 24th day of February in the first year of our reign." We also, the aforesaid letters, and all and singular therein contained ratifying and granting, for us and our heirs, as much as in us lies do accept and approve, and to our beloved lieges, Richard Haywarde, James Holand, John Robertson, and John Boteler, now Masters or Governors of the Mystery of Barbers and Surgeons within our City aforesaid, and to their successors, by these presents, do ratify and confirm, as in the
72 cAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
aforesaid letters is reasonably testified. In Witness whereof, we have caused these our letters to be made patent. Witness myself at Westminster the fifth day of December in the fifteenth year of our reign.
Clerk. for twenty shillings paid into the hanaper.
(Endorsed.)
Entered in the book marked with the letter m. in the time of Nicholas Alwyne, Mayor of the City of London, in the fifteenth year of the reign of King Henry the Seventh.
Pakenham.
151 i. In this year an Act of Parliament was passed, which infringed on the privileges of the Barbers' Company, inasmuch as it placed the approbation and licensing of Surgeons in the hands of certain clerical dignitaries, to wit, the Bishop of London and Dean of St. Paul's (while for the country the several Bishops or their Vicars general were nominated). This Act was possibly the outcome of some laxity on the part of our Company, or of an intolerable growth of quackery, with which it could not cope, the pretenders to surgical knowledge being a "great multitude" of ignorant persons, and women, using sorcery, witchcraft and noxious remedies. This Act of Parlia- ment (3 Hen. VIII, cap. XI) as given below, is from an original copy in the possession of Mr. Charles J. Shoppee (Master 1878).
% AN ACTE CONCERNYNG THE APPROBATION OF PHISICIONS
AND SURGIONS.
To the kyng our souerayne lorde, and to all the lordes spiritual and temporall, & comons in this present parlyament assembled. Forasmoche as the science and connynge of phisike & surgerie (to the perfet knowlege whereof, be requisite both great lernyng and rype experience) is dayly within this realme exercised by a great multitude of ignorant p°sons : of whome the great part haue no maner of insight in the same, nor in any other kynde of lernynge, some also can no letters on the boke, so farforthe that common artificers, as smythes, weauers, and women, boldely and customably take upon
oAnnah of the Barber-Surgeons. 7?
them greate cures and thinges of greate difrlcultie : in the whiche they partly use sorcerye, and witchcrafte, partly apply suche medicines unto the disease, as be very noyous and nothyng metely therfore to the highe displeasure of god, great infamye to the facultie, and the greuous hurte, damage, and destruction of many of the kynges liege people : most specially of them that can not discerne the unconnynge from connynge. Be it therfore (to the suertie and comforte of all maner people) by auctoritie of this present parliament enacted, that no persone within the citie of London, nor within seuen myles of the same, take upon hym to exercise and occupie as a phisition or surgion, excepte he be fyrst examyned, approued, and admytted by the byshop of London, or by the deane of Paules, for the tyme beinge, calling to hym or them foure doctours of phisike, and for surgery, other experte persons in that facultie, and for the fyrste examination suche as they shall thynke conuenient, and afterwarde alway foure of them that haue ben so approued, upon the peine of forfayture, for euery moneth that they do occupie as phisitions or surgions, not admytted nor examyned after the tenour of this acte, of v.li. to be enployed the one halfe therof to thuse of our soueraine lorde the kynge, and the other halfe therof to any person that wyll sue for it by action of dette, in whiche no wager of lawe nor protection shalbe alowed.
^1" And ouer this, that no persone out of the sayd citie and precinte of vii. myles of the same, except he haue ben (as is aforesayd) approued in y" same, take upon hym to exercise and occupie as a phisition or surgion, in any diocesse within this realme, but if he be fyrste examined and approued by the bysshoppe of the same dyocese, or he beynge out of the dioces by his vycare generall : either of them callyng to them suche experte persones in the sayde faculties, as their discretion shal thynke conuenient, and gyuyng theyr letters testimonials under theyr seale to hym that they shall so approue, upon lyke peyne to them that occupie contrary to this acte (as is above sayde) to be leuied and employed after the forme before expressed.
5[ Prouyded alway, that this acte nor any thynge therin contayned, be preiudiciall to the uniuersities of Oxforde and Cambrydge or eyther of them, or to any priuileges graunted to them.
This Act seems to have invested the Bishops, etc., with the power of licensing all Surgeons, and if so, would have taken away that privilege from our Company ; the point is however doubtful, and I am inclined to think that the Act did not operate to the prejudice of the
L
j4 oAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
Company, only in so far as it suffered from the existence of another licensing authority.
Mr. D'Arcy Power has pointed out that the Act very soon became unpopular, and that it was almost immediately practically repealed by another one, which provided that it should be " lawful to any person being the king's subject, having knowledge or experience of the nature of herbs, etc., to minister in and to any outward sore or wound according to their cunning." (Memorials of the Craft of Surgery, p. 85.)
This latter Act, which in its effect would flood the land with quacks, must however have remained the law until the Act of 32 Hen. VIII, whereby the Barber- Surgeons were reinstated in their ancient rights; and it is the fact, that down to the 1 8th Century the Ecclesiastics claimed and enforced their rights (under the Act 3 Hen. VIII) to license Surgeons, notwithstanding other Acts passed since then, which although not expressly extinguishing their power, certainly did not save it. The Barber-Surgeons' Company seem to have examined the Surgeons, and, if approved, to have given a certificate under Seal, which was presented to the Bishop who thereupon issued his licence. This practice was not however universal, and I think only applied to some Surgeons who were not free of the Company. In some cases the Bishop licensed Surgeons, without reference to the Company, and thousands have been licensed by the Company without regard to the Bishop. It is almost impossible to say now what course was followed, the practice certainly varying with the times (see Surgery).
15 13. In this year an Act of Parliament was passed exempting Surgeons from juries, inquests, etc. This must have been passed in
c/imials of the Barber-Surgeons. 75
the interest of the Surgeons' Guild, as the Barber- Surgeons were surely exempt under their Charter from Edward IV.
1 5 12. The Barbers' Company having applied to the King (Henry VIII) for a confirmation of their Charter, their request was acceded to. Henry is, on more than one occasion, spoken of in the books as "our patron," and there is no doubt but that he was very friendly both to our Company and to individual members of it, as witness his gift of the grace cup, and the legacies in his will to various members of the Company, with some of whom, as Pen, Harman, Ayliff, etc., he was on as intimate terms as a king could be with a subject ; there would therefore be, we may be sure, but little difficulty in obtaining an Inspeximus.
In one of our Minute Books, Thomas Knot (Master 1555) has transcribed what purports to be a copy of Henry's Inspeximus Charter with the date 12th of May "in the xviijth yere of our Reigne" (/.£'., 1526), and he appends a certificate that he has compared and agreed it with the original ! Now we possess the original at Barbers' Hall and it is dated 12th March 3rd Henry VIII (i.e., 15 12), and it would indeed be a strange thing for Henry VIII in 1526 to recite and confirm Henry VII's Charter, when he had already done so in 15 12. More- over I have searched the Patent Rolls and whilst there is no record in 1526, there is the entry of the 1512 Charter, and further to fix the date, both Philip and Mary, and Elizabeth in their Inspeximus Charters recite the 1 5 1 2 Charter.
It has been necessary to enter into this detail, as the date of the Charter is important when we come to consider Holbein's picture ; and as my friend Mr. D'Arcy Power has (p. 338) quoted this pretended Charter not having seen the real one, he, very naturally trusting old
yo oAnnaU of the Barber-Surgeons.
Thomas Knot's statement, has fallen into the pit dug some three hundred years ago.
The following is the Text of the Charter, and it will not be necessary to append a translation, as it follows much on the same lines as that of Henry VII : —
Henricus dei gracia Rex Anglie et Francie et Dominus Hibernie Omnibus ad quos presentes Ire pVenerunt saltifi Inspeximus litteras patentes domini H. nuper R''gis Anglie septum patris nostri precarissimi de confirmacione factas in hec verba
Henricus dei gracia Teste me ipo apud Westmonasterium quinto die
Decembr0 Anno regni nfi quinto decimo. Nos autem litteras predictas ac omnia & singula in eisdem contenta rata hentes &: grata ea pro nobis & heredibus nris quantum in nobis est acceptamus & appro bamus ac dilectis ligeis nris Johi Peerson Witto Kyrkeby Thome Gybson & Thome Martyn nunc Magistris sive Gubernatoribus mistere Barbitonsorum et Sirurgicorum infra Civitatem nrsim predictam & eorum successoribus per presentes ratificamus & confirmamus sicut Ire predicte ronabiliter testantur. In cujus rei testimonium has Iras nriis fieri fecimus patentes. Teste me ipo apud Westmonasterium duodecimo die Marcii Anno regni nri tercio.
VONO.
pro viginti solidis solutis in Hanap'^io.
The Great Seal, though still pendant, has been considerably damaged.
1525. This year the Company received a Precept from the Mayor, ordering them to provide for the " Midsummer Watch."
To the Wardens of the Barber Surgeons,
We woll and charge you that for the hounour of this Citie ye do ordeyne & p'pare ageinst the watches to be kept within this Citie in the nightf^ of the vigilles of Sent John Baptist & Seint Peter nowe next comynge iiij honest & comely p°sones suche as ye will answere for, w' Bowes & arrowes clenely harneysed and arrayed yn Jakettf of whytte, havynge tharmes of this Citie, to waytte and attende uppon us in the said Watches, And to come to Blackwell Hall and there to be, for the not fayllynge hereof as ye tendre the honour of this Citie and also will answere at your pells. Gyven in the Guihall of the said Citie the xiiij day of Junij the xvij year of the Reigne of our Soveraigne lorde King Henry the viij"'-
c/lnnals of the Barber-Surgeons. yy
An Acl of Parliament was passed in the 20th Henry VII, which provided that the governing bodies of Guilds should not make any by-laws or ordinances, without the same should be approved by the Chancellor, the Lord Treasurer, and the Chief Justices of the King's Bench and Common Pleas, or any three of them, etc., and in 1530 our Company, being desirous of settling many points for the government of the mystery, drew up a long set of interesting Ordinances, which were presented to Sir Thomas More the Chancellor,
Sir John Fitzjames and Sir Robert Norwiche the Chief [ustices, and were signed by them on the 14th May, 1530. The original (with More's autograph) is at the Hall, and after reciting: the Act of 20th Henry VII, ordains the following oaths and articles :—
The oath of a freeman.
The oath of the Masters and Governors with directions as to searches. Ordinance as to attending on summons. ,, quarterage.
presentation of apprentices.
number of servants to be kept by freemen and liverymen.
wages of servants.
enticing away of servants.
opening shop.
teaching the mystery to any but apprentices.
sueino- brother freemen at common law.
" opprobrios condicions or dishonest wordes."
refusal to come on the Livery, and admission into the Livery.
Sunday trading.
presenting patients in danger of death.
reading Lectures concerning Surgery.
yS eAnnals of the Barber-Surgeons.
Ordinance as to supplanting another of his patient. ,, ,, the Dinners.
excess of words in debate. „ departing from the Common assembly, seniority. ,, ,, Barbers setting up shop.
Sir Thomas More's Ordinances, as above, will be found in full in the Appendix B, the transcript being made from the original.1
1540. This year is one of the most memorable in the annals of the Barber-Surgeons, as it witnessed the union of the unincorporated Guild of Surgeons, with their more accredited fellow-craftsmen, the incorporated Company of Barbers. It has been suggested by more than one writer that such an union is shrouded in mystery, difficult of explanation, and that in those days, with science advancing (slowly, it is true), it might have been expected that we should read of a divorce- ment, rather than a combination of two crafts, which then, as now, were dissimilar both in their operations, and in the training and intelligence necessary for their practice.
But it is essential to bear in mind that though the Charter of Edward IV was ostensibly to the Barbers, it really was granted to a fraternity, which to a great extent practised as Barber-Surgeons, some of whom were Surgeons pure and simple, others combined both branches, while others still carried on the more humble craft of Shavers and Hair-Dressers ; those of the Company who practised Surgery did no doubt consider it a reproach to be dubbed " Barbers," and for distinction sake called themselves and were well known as " Barber-Surgeons," indeed they had so far established this title to
1 The copy of these Ordinances given by Mr. D'Arcy Power (p. 339) is taken from one made by our old friend Thomas Knot, and is not literally, though it is substantially, accurate.
c/Jnnals of the Barber-Surgeons. 79
themselves and to their Company, as to get it recognised and so named in the Inspeximus Charter of Henry VII (less than forty years after their original Charter as " Barbers" had been granted to them). This is to a great extent confirmed by the words of the Act now about to be referred to, which distinctly says that there was then a Company of " Surgeons occupy inge and exercisynge the sayde scyence and
faculty of surgery commonly called the Barbours
of London."
The Union therefore was not a joining of Barbers with Surgeons (that had existed from the earliest times), but was the consolidation of the "Guild of Surgeons" with another body of Surgeons who were incorporated, and practised under the name of " Barbers " in conjunction with actual working Barbers ; and, as the Act provided what the Surgeons should and should not do, and the like as to actual Barbers, limiting their operations also, most if not all difficulty and apparent incongruity in the union seems to vanish.
The Act (32 Hen.